prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Melody Of The World or Ladies Love Danger?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
White: Melody of Death
White: Melody of Death (Korean: 화이트: 저주의 멜로디; RR: Hwaiteu: Jeojooui Mellodi, lit  White: The Melody of the Curse) is a 2011 South Korean horror film by Kim Gok and Kim Sun 
The film was pre-sold in Malaysia and Singapore with the teaser trailer and poster released at the Hong Kong Film Mart  The movie was a commercial success grossing US$ 5,3 Million and ending up being the highest-grossing horror movie and among Top 30 highest-grossing movies in South Korea in 2011 

Plot
The girl group Pink Dolls, which consists of A-rang, Je-ni, Shin-ji, and Eun-ju, make their debut on stage but fail to achieve popularity  They and the record company moved to a renovated studio that was burnt down in a fire 15 years ago  Eun-ju's sponsor (someone who funds an idol or group on the condition they receive sexual favors) was credited for making the move, and renovations happen  Eun-ju is bullied by the other three members for her involvement with the sponsor and considers quitting  Her vocal trainer and best friend, Soon-ye encouraged her to remain in the group as she believes they will find success and gain attention with their new song  While cleaning up in the dance rehearsal room, Eun-ju finds a VHS tape titled "WHITE" and plays it in her dorm room  The footage is of an old, unreleased music video  When the group's manager finds her watching the tape, she demands to permitted its song to be remade as their next single 
When Pink Dolls receives overnight popularity with their debut of the song "White," which has become a viral hit, the manager seeks to re-record the song but with the main vocalist overtaking the song  The tension begins to rise as Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji become hostile and jealousy against each other as they fight over the spot  During this time, a ghost attacks the three members on different occasions; Je-ni by strangling her with microphone cords, A-rang by causing her to fall off a music-video set, and Shin-ji by crushing her with camera equipment  Fearing the song is cursed and that she will be the next victim, Eun-ju examines hidden images within the video with Soon-ye and an editor and from there believe that a trainee named Jang Ye-bin, who died before the studio caught fire, wrote the song  Eun-ju meets up with her sponsor and asks about the circumstances surrounding Ye-bin and replies that she died by suicide  After returning to the rehearsal room in a fit of depression, Eun-Ju finds a suicide note beside power sockets that may have started the fire and she smashes the sockets with a hammer until she fell asleep in the morning 
Confident that the curse is broken, Eun-ju wants to get more attention by reinventing "White" with a new image, including dressing and dying her hair in white, and using the stage name "White"; but she takes credit for the song to her solo performance, and alienates those around her  While Soon-ye was destroying the evidence, she re-watched the video and noticed new details they had never seen  While doing so, she and the editor learned that Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji, who had been hosts for a music television show, died from drinking bleach on air  Soon-ye calls Eun-ju, who is on her way to a venue to perform "White," and warns her that the curse is not over, but Eun-ju ignores her  Soon-ye soon learns that the writer of the song was not Ye-bin, but a back-up dancer who was bullied by Ye-bin by disfiguring her face with acid and caused the back-up dancer to commit suicide by drinking bleach  Her ghost killed Ye-bin, who caused the fire when attempting to burn the suicide note 
Soon-ye rushes to the venue to rescue Eun-ju but is unable to enter the stage with all the doors locked  During Eun-ju's performance, the stage goes blackout, and the electricity begins to malfunctions  Eun-ju's sponsor and manager try to get her off the stage, but they are both killed by stage equipment, and the ghost attempts to attack her  Afterward, the doors all open, and the panicking crowd starts to rush out of the building, Soon-ye enters and she and Eun-ju attempt to reunite, but Eun-ju trips in the crowd and gets trampled to death  The electricity eventually sets the venue on fire  After the incident, Soon-ye destroyed all of the remaining evidence of the song in the studio's karaoke room  However, the karaoke machine announces that the next song playing is "White," alluding to the possibility that the curse has not been broken 

Cast
Ham Eun-jeong as Eun-ju, a leader of the Pink Dolls, who is a former back-up dancer
Hwang Woo-seul-hye as Soon-ye, a vocal trainer, and Eun-ju's best friend
May Doni Kim as Shin-ji, a rapper/dancer who is excellent for dancing performance 
Choi Ah-ra as A-rang, a visual/singer who is addicted to plastic surgery
Jin Se-yeon as Je-ni, a lead singer who is insecure with hitting high notes
After School as Pure
Byun Jung-soo as Talent Agent
Kim Young-min as Lee Tae-Yong
Kim Ki-bang as Manager
Yoo Mo-ri as Jang Ye-bin
Kim Soo-hyun as White
Lee Jun-ho as Music Fever host

Soundtrack
The soundtrack contains 3 versions of the song "White," the original (the one featured on the VHS tape), another sung by Pink Dolls (Ham Eun-jeong, May Doni Kim, Choi Ah-ra and Jin Se-yeon), and a solo version with just Eun-jeong 

Reception
Box office
The film grossed US$1,265,702 its opening weekend landing at the fifth position of the box office chart  In total the film grossed US$5,299,831 by the end of its theatrical run  The film received a total of 791,133 admissions nationwide 

Accolades
Listicles
Release
White was released in Japan as a DVD on March 02, 2012 by NBC Universal  A re-issue ws released in the same country on July 21, 2017 
Passage 2:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 3:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 4:
Walter Ruttmann
Walter Ruttmann (28 December 1887 – 15 July 1941) was a German cinematographer and film director, an important German  abstract experimental film maker, along with Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling and Oskar Fischinger  He is best known for directing the semi-documentary 'city symphony' silent film, with orchestral score by Edmund Meisel, in 1927, Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis  His audio montage Wochenende (Weekend) (1930) is considered a major contribution in the development of audio plays 

Biography
Ruttmann was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a wealthy mercantilist  He graduated high school in 1905 and began architectural studies in Zürich in 1907  In 1909 Ruttmann began painting in Munich, where he befriended Paul Klee and Lyonel Feininger, and he would later paint in Marburg Ruttmann was conscripted into the army in 1913, first serving in Darmstadt, and shortly after the outbreak of World War I he was sent to the Eastern Front, where he served as an artillery lieutenant and a gas defense officer  After spending 1917 in a hospital for post traumatic stress disorder, he began making films  Ruttmann had the financial means to work independently of the major German studios of the time  He founded Ruttmann-Film S R O  in Munich and patented an animation table, in June 1920 
His first productions were the first fully animated German cartoons and abstract animated films  Lichtspiel: Opus I, produced between 1919 and 1921, premiered on 27 April 1921 at the Berlin Marmorhaus, and released for German theatrical distribution in 1922, is the "oldest fully abstract motion picture known to survive, using only animated geometric forms, arranged and shown without reference to any representational imagery" 
Opus I and Opus II, were experiments with new forms of film expression, and the influence of these early abstract films can be seen in some of the early work of Oskar Fischinger  Ruttmann and his colleagues of the avant garde movement enriched the language of film as a medium with new formal techniques In 1926 he worked with Julius Pinschewer on Der Aufsteig, an experimental film advertising the GeSoLei trade fair in Düsseldorf In 1926, Ruttmann licensed a Wax Slicing machine from Oskar Fischinger to create special effects for  The Adventures of Prince Achmed, an  animated fairy tale film, for Lotte Reiniger, making the moving backgrounds and magic scenes Ruttmann was a prominent exponent of both avant-garde art and music  His early abstractions played at the 1929 Baden-Baden Festival to international acclaim despite their being almost eight years old  Together with Erwin Piscator, he worked on the film Melody of the World (1929), though he is best remembered for Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis, 1927) 
Weekend (Wochenende), commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour, and presented on 13 June 1930, is a pioneering work of musique concrète, a montage of sound clips, recorded using film optical sound track from the Tri-Ergon process  Ruttmann recorded the streets sounds of Berlin with a camera, but without images, this was before magnetic tape  Hans Richter called it “a symphony of sound, speech-fragments, and silence woven into a poem ”A pacifist, he traveled to Moscow in 1928 and 1929  During the Nazi period he was replaced by Leni Riefenstahl as director of the documentary which eventually became Triumph of the Will (1935), supposedly because Ruttmann's editing style was considered too "Marxist" and Soviet influenced  He died in Berlin 15 July 1941 due to an embolism after leg amputation 

Culture and Media
Segments from Ruttmann's experimental films Lichtspiel: Opus II (1923) and Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925) are used in the credits of the German neo-noir television series Babylon Berlin  Soundtracks to sped-up versions of Lichtspiel: Opus I and Opus IV have been proposed in 2023 

Select filmography
Lichtspiel: Opus I (1920)
Der Sieger (1922)
Das Wunder (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus II (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus III (1924, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Das wiedergefundene Paradies (1925)
Der Aufstieg (1926)
Spiel der Wellen (1926)
Dort wo der Rhein    (1927)
Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (1927)
Melody of the World (Melodie der Welt) (1929)
Wochenende (1930) [an experimental film with sound only, no image]
Feind im Blut (1931)
In der Nacht (1931)
Steel (1933)
Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich
Altgermanische Bauernkultur (1934)
Metall des Himmels (1935)
Schiff in Not (1936)
Mannesmann (1937)
Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit (1938)
Waffenkammern Deutschlands (1940)
Deutsche Panzer (1940)
Krebs (1941)

Further reading
Cowan, Michael  Walter Ruttmann and the Cinema of Multiplicity: Avant-garde-Advertising-Modernity  Amsterdam, NL: Amsterdam University Press, 2014  ISBN 9789089645852
Dombrug, Adrianus van  Walter Ruttmann in het beginsel  Purmerend, NL: J  Muusses, 1956 
Goergen, Jeanpaul  Walter Ruttmann: Eine Dokumentation  Berlin: Freunde der deutschen Kinemathek, 1989   ISBN 9783927876002
Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham The Music and Sound of Experimental Film  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017   ISBN 9780190469900
Quaresima, Leonard, editor  Walter Ruttmann: Cinema, pittura, ars acustica  Calliano (Trento), Italy: Manfrini, 1994  ISBN 9788870245035
Passage 5:
Melody of Death
Melody of Death is a 1922 British silent crime film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Philip Anthony, Enid R  Reed and Dick Sutherd  It is an adaptation of the 1915 novel The Melody of Death by Edgar Wallace 

Cast
Philip Anthony as Gilbert Standerton
Enid R  Reed as Enid Cathcart
Dick Sutherd as George Wallis
H  Agar Lyons as Sir John Standerton
Frank Petley
Hetta Bartlett as Mrs Cathcart
Bob Vallis
Passage 6:
H  Bruce Humberstone
H  Bruce "Lucky" Humberstone (November 18, 1901 – October 11, 1984) was an American film director  He was previously a movie actor (as a child), a script clerk, and an assistant director, working with directors such as King Vidor, Edmund Goulding, and Allan Dwan 

Early years
Humberstone was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida 

Film
One of 28 founders of the Directors Guild of America, Humberstone worked on several silent movie films for 20th Century Fox  Humberstone did not specialize; he worked on comedies, dramas, and melodramas  Humberstone is best known today for the seminal film noir I Wake Up Screaming (1941) and his work on some of the Charlie Chan films  In the 1950s, Humberstone worked mostly on TV  He retired in 1966 

Recognition
Humberstone has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 

Death
Humberstone died of pneumonia in Woodland Hills, California, on October 11, 1984, aged 82, and was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California 

Partial filmography as director
Passage 7:
Ladies Love Danger
Ladies Love Danger is a 1935 American comedy film directed by H  Bruce Humberstone and written by Samson Raphaelson, Robert Ellis and Helen Logan  The film stars Mona Barrie, Gilbert Roland, Donald Cook, Adrienne Ames, Hardie Albright and Herbert Mundin  The film was released on May 3, 1935, by Fox Film Corporation 

Plot
Cast
Passage 8:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 9:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Melody of the World
Melody of the World (German: Melodie der Welt) is a 1929 German film directed by Walter Ruttmann  It is also known as World Melody  The film is structured like a symphony and consists of documentary footage from all over the world, contrasted and juxtaposed to show a number of human activities as they take form in different cultures  There are also staged scenes with actors 
The film was produced by Tonbild-Syndikat AG as an assignment from Hapag  It has an original score by Wolfgang Zeller  It was advertised as Germany's first feature-length sound film 

Cast
Ivan Koval-Samborskij as sailor
Renée Stobrawa as sailor's wife
Grace Chiang as Japanese woman
O  Idris as Malayan temple dancer
Wilhelm Cuno as general director of Hapag

Release
The world premiere took place on 27 July 1929 at the Deutsches Kammermusikfest in Baden-Baden  The film was released in regular German cinemas on 10 May 1930, distributed by Deutsches Lichtspiel-Syndikat AG 

See also
List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sonic Powered
Sonic Powered Co , Ltd  is a Japanese software development company based in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture  It mainly focuses on mobile and console games, and software for business purposes 

History
Sonic Powered was first formed in Nagoya on February 14, 1995  Then incorporated on April 1, 1998 
The company was developing games such as Tetris and Space invaders for Sharp Zaurus, a PDA of Japanese brand Sharp 
In 2006, the company started developing simulation games such as I am an Air Traffic Controller Airport Hero (for PSP and later for 3DS) and later Japanese Rail Sim 3D for 3DS  The Japanese Rail Sim series uses real-life footage of Japanese railways 
A few of the Airport Hero and most of the Japanese Rail Sim games are translated and released in North America and Europe  And following the game Waku Waku Sweets: Happy Sweets Making for 3DS being localized and released in 2018, over 4 years after its original release in Japan, it seems fair to assume the company is not focusing solely on the Japanese market anymore 

Video games
Game in all territories:
Actraiser Renaissance (2021, Switch, PS4)
Games only in Japanese:

Games also released in other languages:
Passage 2:
Mobile and Ohio Railroad Depot
Mobile and Ohio Railroad Depot may refer to:

Mobile and Ohio Railroad Depot (Murphysboro, Illinois), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Illinois
Mobile and Ohio Railroad Depot (Aberdeen, Mississippi), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Mississippi
Passage 3:
List of Roman Catholic churches in Leicester
This is a list of Catholic churches in greater Leicester, in Leicestershire, England, which corresponds to the area of the Deanery of Leicester in terms of Catholic governance  The Deanery of Leicester falls under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham and covers the city of Leicester and its surroundings, including several communities within and without the city limits: Braunstone, New Parks, Aylestone, Eyres Monsell, Wigston, Netherhall, Rushey Mead, Beaumont Leys, Knighton, Oadby, Birstall, Rothley, Market Harborough, Husbands Bosworth, Earl Shilton, Hinckley, Market Bosworth, Lutterworth, and Narborough A deanery is a geographical group of parishes under the oversight of an appointed dean, which as of 2020 is the Rev  Mgr  John Hadley 

Churches
The Roman Catholic church assisted in the creation of a Polish Catholic church located on Wakerley Road in Leicester  Its parish was established in 1948 and celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2018  It was created to serve members of the Polish Armed Forces and their families in nearby military camps, and began with Dominican support by meeting within the Roman Catholic Holy Cross Priory  In the 1960s, with more than 4,000 parishioners, an effort to raise funds and secure a separate facility was undertaken, resulting in the parish assuming use of a former Methodist church on Melbourne Road 

Former churches
The chapel of Rothley Temple, built c 1240, associated with the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller, survives as part of the Rothley Court Hotel in the village of Rothley 
Ruins of the Abbey of Saint Mary de Pratis, more commonly known as Leicester Abbey, survive, and are Grade I listed   The abbey was an Augustinian religious house, founded in the 12th century by Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, and grew to become the wealthiest religious establishment within Leicestershire  Looted and destroyed in 1645 during the English Civil War 
There was a church named St  Michael's, of one of Leicester's oldest parishes, which was demolished by about 1450   "Very little is known" about the church  It was perhaps located near what is now Vine Street and Elbow Lane   This was in the northeast part of the medieval walled town, an area which is believed to have largely depopulated after devastation in the siege of 1173 

See also
List of Roman Catholic churches in the United Kingdom
Anglican churches in Leicester
Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham
Passage 4:
Open Mobile
Open Mobile was a mobile network operator that offers mobile phone services exclusively in Puerto Rico  The company was established on June 12, 2007, as a relaunch of NewComm Wireless Services (formerly d/b/a Movistar)  Its new owners, M/C Partners and Columbia Capital, acquired Movistar's assets for $160 million USD after Movistar filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in December 2006 
Open Mobile's business model is based on the advance payment and unlimited local call services  The company was able to achieve positive EBITDA after 5 months of its relaunch  Since 2015, the company began to offer safelink mobile re-certification procedures In 2014, Verizon Wireless signed a 2G and 3G roaming agreement with Open Mobile to allow Verizon customers to use Open Mobile's network without charge  This agreement came when Claro shut down the former Verizon CDMA network in Puerto Rico in favor of GSM, UMTS, and LTE 
On February 23, 2017, Sprint and Open Mobile announced an agreement to combine their businesses in Puerto Rico and the U S  Virgin Islands into a new joint venture  Both companies will continue to operate separately until the transaction closes  The transaction close was subject to review and approval by the Federal Communications Commission, along with other regulatory authorities  The merger was approved in September 2017, with Sprint becoming the majority shareholder In the summer of 2018, all of the Open Mobile stores were changed to Boost Mobile stores As part of Sprint's merger with T-Mobile, Open Mobile customers will be transferred to T-Mobile  Customers who choose not to be transferred will be able to find a new carrier 
Passage 5:
Mobile and Ohio Railroad
The Mobile and Ohio Railroad was a railroad in the Southern U S  The M&O was chartered in January and February 1848 by the states of Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee   It was planned to span the distance between the seaport of Mobile, Alabama and the Ohio River near Cairo, Illinois   On September 13, 1940 it was merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad to form the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad At the end of 1925 M&O operated 1,161 miles (1,868 km) of road and 1,536 miles (2,472 km) of track; that year it reported 1785 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 49 million passenger-miles 

History
The Mobile and Ohio Railroad was conceived after hard times in Mobile following the Panic of 1837  The port was not generating the business that it had before the panic and businessmen and citizens in the city were inspired with a plan for a railroad to restore commerce to the city   The first section of track opened for service in 1852 between Mobile and  Citronelle, Alabama and was constructed in 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge  The line made it to Columbus, Kentucky on April 22, 1861, steamboats were then used to connect with the Illinois Central Railroad at Cairo 
The start of the Civil War shortly after the completion of the line saw it converted to military use and it quickly became a military target for both sides during the war   Following the conflict the M&O had to be almost entirely rebuilt and was facing near total financial ruin due in part to an unpaid debt of $5,228,562 that had been owed by the Confederate government   It was placed in receivership in 1875 and did not emerge until eight years later By 1870 the operators had seen the need to complete the line all the way to Cairo and make it the northern terminus instead of Columbus, but financial problems stood in the way   Finally on May 1, 1882 the extension to Cairo was opened   The company then acquired the St  Louis and Cairo Railroad, which was narrow gauge   They converted it to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge and had a line from Mobile to St  Louis, Missouri In 1896 the company decided to build a line from its Columbus, Mississippi, terminal toward Florida   On June 30, 1898 the Tuscaloosa to Montgomery line opened in Alabama, along with two short branch lines   That same year they decided to build a 39-mile (63 km) line from Mobile to Alabama Port and Bayou La Batre, naming it the Mobile and Bay Shore Railway   It was completed in 1899 The M&O's stockholders and bondholders accepted a stock exchange plan in 1901 from Southern Railway   A merger of the two was attempted in 1902 but vetoed by Mississippi governor James K  Vardaman   Thereafter the M&O continued operations under Southern's control



ground_truth: Melody Of The World

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Maria (Wife Of Boris I Of Bulgaria)'s husband?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 2:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Passage 3:
Dance of Death (disambiguation)
Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death 
Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:

Books
Dance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloy
Dance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R  L  Stine
Dance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child

Theatre and film
The Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August Strindberg
The Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank Wedekind
The Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W  H  Auden

Film
The Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice Brady
The Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent film
The Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent film
The Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph Dawson
The Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von Stroheim
The Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama film
Dance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris Karloff
Dance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence Olivier
Dance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul Chun

Music
Dance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title song
The Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John Fahey
The Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)
"Death Dance", a 2016 song by Sevendust

See also
Dance of the Dead (disambiguation)
Danse Macabre (disambiguation)
Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the dead
La danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur Honegger
Totentanz (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Place of origin
In Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations  It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances 

Acquisition of municipal citizenship
Swiss citizenship has three tiers  For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:

Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality 
Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required  This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton 
Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen  
Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare  The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence  Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence 
However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin  As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years  In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship 
A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent 

International confusion
Almost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin  The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents  This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents  Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace  More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin 

Significance and history
A citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality  To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence 
The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away  In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law  The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%) In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare 

See also
Ancestral home (Chinese)
Bon-gwan
Registered domicile


== Notes and references ==
Passage 5:
Maria Pietersdr Olycan
Portrait of Maria Pietersdochter Olycan is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1638, now in the São Paulo Museum of Art  It is considered a pendant to the portrait of Maria's husband Andries van Hoorn 

Life
Maria Pietersdr Olycan was born in Haarlem in 1607 as the daughter of the wealthy brewers Pieter Jacobsz Olycan and Maritge Claesdr  Voogt  She was the younger sister of the brewer Jacob Pietersz Olycan  Maria's older sister Dorothea married Cornelis van Loo, the son of another brewer, Claes van Loo  Her brother Nicolaes van Olycan married Agatha Dicx, the daughter of the brewer and mayor, Dirk Dicx  Maria's younger sister Hester married the brewer Tyman Oosdorp 
On 25 July 1638 Maria married the widower Andries van Hoorn, also a brewer  He had a daughter Christine by his first marriage and a brewery of his own  His sister Agatha had married the brewer Cornelis Guldewagen  Andries and Maria had a daughter of their own, also called Maria, in 1639, but Maria Pietersdr Olycan died only five years later in 1655  Andries survived his second wife by 22 years and lived to see his daughter Christine's wedding in 1657 to Adriaan Noirot, and his daughter Maria's wedding in 1662 to the diplomat jhr  mr  Cornelis Ascanius van Sypesteyn  He also lived to see the Sypesteyn house be searched by a mob in 1672 on suspicion of hiding Johan de Witt, and though nothing was found, C A  van Sypesteyn continued to be mistrusted and was stabbed to death in 1673 in Gorinchem  Maria van Hoorn outlived both her parents and her husband and died in 1704 

Painting
Maria's dress reflects the height of fashion in 1638  The millstone collar has made way for layers of intricate lace that edge see-through linen collars that come together with a brooch in a manner that suggests a decolleté  She is holding a fan and wears matching pearl bracelets and a pearl necklace  Her hair is wrapped around a diadem that is studded with gold dangles  This portrait was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1910, before the sitter was identified  He wrote "384  PORTRAIT OF A WOMAN  M  206  Half-length  She is turned slightly to the left, and looks at the spectator  Her left hand is at her breast ; her right hand holds her fan  She wears a black dress trimmed with lace, a close-fitting cap, a white lace collar and wristbands, and a pearl necklace  Grey background  Painted about the years 1635-40  Canvas, 31 1/2 inches by 25 1/2 inches  Exhibited in the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition, London, 1903, No  45  Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No  31  Purchased in the Isle of Wight, 1896, from the grandson of George IV 's cook, who had formerly owned it, by the London dealers Dowdeswell  In the possession, successively, of the London dealer C  Wertheimer ; of the Paris dealer C  Sedelmeyer ; and the London dealers T  Agnew and Sons  In the collection of J  Pierpont Morgan, London "
Of this portrait's pendant, Hofstede de Groot noted that it did not resemble the wedding portrait of Michiel de Wael that he included as #242  Of this portrait of an as yet unidentified man, he wrote:282  PORTRAIT OF A MAN SEATED  M  135  Half-length  He faces right, and leans his left hand on a stick  He has a moustache and slight imperial  He wears a large black felt hat, a black costume, a white ruff, and yellowish-grey gloves  Doubtfully identified as a portrait of Michiel de Wael  [Compare 242 ] Inscribed, "AETAT SVAE 32 AN 1638" (the last numeral is not clear); canvas, 34 inches by 26 1/2 inches  Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No  30  Bought in Paris by an elder Seymour (for  40)  Sale  Arthur Seymour, London, April I, 1897, No  113 (T  Agnew and Sons)  In the collection of J  Pierpont Morgan, London  
In 1974 Seymour Slive tried to trace the remark about the king's cook but there is no reference in the Royal collections of such a statement  He remarked on Andries' portrait bearing an inscription and coat of arms while Maria's portrait lacks this, but notes that coats of arms were generally added by later descendants 

Wedding pendant
See also
List of paintings by Frans Hals
Passage 6:
Sennedjem
Sennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II  He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth"  He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis  His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886  When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs 

See also

TT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)
Passage 7:
Boris I of Bulgaria
Knyaz Boris I (also Bogoris), venerated as Saint Tsar Boris I (Mihail) the Baptizer  (Church Slavonic: Борисъ А҃  / Борисъ-Михаилъ Bulgarian: Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907), was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in 852–889  At the time of his baptism in 864, Boris was named Michael after his godfather, Emperor Michael III  The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history Despite a number of military setbacks, the reign of Boris I was marked with significant events that shaped Bulgarian and European history  With the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864 paganism (i e  Tengrism) was abolished  A skillful diplomat, Boris I successfully exploited the conflict between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Papacy to secure an autocephalous Bulgarian Church, thus dealing with the nobility's concerns about Byzantine interference in Bulgaria's internal affairs 
When in 885 the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius were banished from Great Moravia, Boris I gave them refuge and provided assistance which saved the Glagolithic and later promoted the development of the Cyrillic script in Preslav and the Slavic literature  After he abdicated in 889, his eldest son and successor tried to restore the old pagan religion but was deposed by Boris I  During the Council of Preslav which followed that event, the Byzantine clergy was replaced with Bulgarian, and the Greek language was replaced with what is now known as Old Church Slavonic 
He is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church, as the Prince and baptizer of Bulgaria, and as Equal-to-the-Apostles, with his feast day observed on May 2 and in Synaxis of all venerable and holy Fathers of Bulgaria (movable holiday on the 2nd Sunday of Pentecost) 

Name and titles
The most common theory is that the name Boris is of Bulgar origin  After his official act of conversion to Christianity, Boris adopted the Christian name Michael  He is sometimes called Boris-Michael in historical research 
The only direct evidence of Boris's title are his seals and the inscription found near the town of Ballsh, modern Albania, and at Varna  There he is called by the Byzantine title "Archon of Bulgaria", which is usually translated as "ruler", and in the 10-11th centuries also as "Knyaz" (Кнѧзъ, Bulg )  In the Bulgarian sources from that period, Boris I is called "Knyaz" or "Tsar" ("Царь", Bulg ), and during the Second Bulgarian Empire, "Tsar" In modern historiography Boris is called by different titles  Most historians accept that he changed his title after his conversion to Christianity  According to them, before the baptism he had the title Khan or Kanasubigi, and after that Knyaz 

Reign
Central Europe in the 9th century
The early 9th century marked the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the Greek East and Latin West, which would ultimately lead to the schism between the Orthodox Church in Constantinople and the Catholic Church in Rome 
As early as 781, the Empress Irene began to seek a closer relationship with the Carolingian dynasty and the Papacy  She negotiated a marriage between her son, Constantine, and Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard  Irene went as far as to send an official to instruct the Frankish princess in Greek; however, Irene herself broke off the engagement in 787, against her son's wishes  When the Second Council of Nicaea of 787 reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene, the result was not recognized by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited even though Charlemagne was by then ruling more than three provinces of the old Roman empire  While this improved relations with the Papacy, it did not prevent the outbreak of a war with the Franks, who took over Istria and Benevento in 788 
When Charlemagne was proclaimed Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Leo III, the Pope was effectively nullifying the legitimacy of Irene  He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy and to honour his protector Charlemagne  Irene, like many of her predecessors since Justinian I, was too weak to protect Rome and its much reduced citizenry and the city was not being ruled by any emperor  Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not seen as an usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians  It was, however, seen as such in Byzantium, but protests by Irene and her successor Nicephorus I had no great effect 
Mojmír I managed to unite some Slavic princes and established Great Moravia in 833  His successor, Rastislav, also fought against the Germans  Both states tried to maintain good relations with Bulgaria on account of its considerable military power 

Military campaigns
Boris I was the son and successor of Presian I of Bulgaria  In 852 he sent emissaries to Eastern Francia to confirm the peace treaty of 845  At the time of his accession he threatened the Byzantines with an invasion, but his armies did not attack, and he received a small area in Strandzha to the southeast  The peace treaty was not signed, however, although both states exchanged temporary delegations  In 854 the Moravian Prince Rastislav persuaded Boris I to help him against East Francia  According to some sources, some Franks bribed the Bulgarian monarch to attack Louis the German  The Bulgarian-Slav campaign was a disaster, and Louis scored a great victory and invaded Bulgaria  At the same time the Croats waged a war against the Bulgarians  Both peoples had coexisted peacefully up to that time, suggesting that the Croats were paid by Louis to attack Bulgaria and distract Boris' attention from his alliance with Great Moravia  Kanasubigi Boris could not achieve any success, and both sides exchanged gifts and settled for peace  As a result of the military actions in 855, the peace between Bulgaria and Eastern Francia was restored, and Rastislav was forced to fight against Louis alone  In the meantime, a conflict between the Byzantines and Bulgarians had started in 855–856, and Boris, distracted by his conflict with Louis, lost Philippopolis (Plovdiv), the region of Zagora, and the ports around the Gulf of Burgas on the Black Sea to the Byzantine army led by Michael III and the caesar Bardas 

Serbia
After the death of Knez Vlastimir of Serbia circa 850, his state was divided between his sons  Vlastimir and Boris' father had fought against each other in the Bulgarian-Serbian War of 839–842, which resulted in a Serbian victory, and Boris sought to avenge that defeat  In 853 or 854, the Bulgarian army led by Vladimir-Rasate, the son of Boris I, invaded Serbia, with the aim of replacing the Byzantine overlordship over the Serbs  The Serbian army was led by Mutimir and his two brothers; they defeated the Bulgarians, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars  Boris I and Mutimir agreed to peace (and perhaps an alliance), and Mutimir sent his sons Pribislav and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace  Boris himself gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs"  An internal conflict among the Serbian brothers resulted in Mutimir banishing the two younger brothers to the Bulgarian court  Mutimir, however, kept a nephew, Petar, at his court for political reasons  The reason for the feud is not known, though it is postulated that it was a result of treachery  Petar would later defeat Pribislav, Mutimir's son, and take the Serbian throne 

Motivations for baptism and conversion to Christianity
There are a number of versions as to why Boris converted to Christianity  Some historians attribute it to the intervention of his sister who had already converted while being at Constantinople   Another story mentions a Greek slave in the ruler's court   A more mythological version is the one in which Boris is astonished and frightened by an icon of Judgement day and thus decides to adopt Christianity  Richard B  Spence sees the decision as deliberate, practical, and politic For a variety of diplomatic reasons, Boris became interested in converting to Christianity  In order to both extend his control over the Slavic world and gain an ally against one of the most powerful foes of the Bulgars, the Byzantine Empire, Boris sought to establish an alliance with Louis the German against Ratislav of Moravia  Through this alliance, Louis promised to supply Boris with missionaries, which would have effectively brought the Bulgars under the Roman Church   However, late in 863, the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Michael III declared war on Boris and the Bulgars during a period of famine and natural disasters   Taken by surprise, Boris was forced to make peace with the Byzantines, promising to convert to Christianity according to the eastern rites, in exchange for peace and territorial concessions in Thrace (he regained the region of Zagora recently recovered by the Byzantines)   At the beginning of 864, Boris was secretly baptized at Pliska by an embassy of Byzantine clergymen, together with his family and select members of the Bulgarian nobility   With Emperor Michael III as his godfather, Boris also adopted the Christian name Michael Separate from diplomatic concerns, Boris was interested in converting himself and the Bulgarians to Christianity to resolve the disunity within the Bulgarian society  When he ascended to the throne, the Bulgars and Slavs were separate elements within Boris' kingdom, the minority Bulgars constituting a military aristocracy  Richard Spence compares it to the relationship between the Normans and Saxons in England  Religious plurality further contributed to divisions within the society  The Slavs had their own polytheistic belief system while the Bulgar elite believed in Tangra, the Sky God, or God of Heaven 
The arrival of Methodius and his followers introduced the Cyrillic alphabet, freeing the Bulgarians from dependence on Greek as a written and liturgical language  A Slavic Christian culture developed that helped unify the realm 

Baptism of the Bulgarians and the establishment of the Bulgarian Church
After his baptism, the first major task that Boris undertook was the baptism of his subjects and for this task he appealed to Byzantine priests between 864 and 866  At the same time Boris sought further instruction on how to lead a Christian lifestyle and society and how to set up an autocephalous church from the Byzantine Patriarch Photios   Photios' answer proved less than satisfactory, and Boris sought to gain a more favorable settlement from the Papacy   Boris dispatched emissaries led by the kavhan Peter with a long list of questions to Pope Nicholas I at Rome in August 866, and obtained 106 detailed answers, detailing the essence of religion, law, politics, customs and personal faith   Stemming from his concerns with the baptism of the Bulgarians, Boris also complained to Nicholas about the abuses perpetrated by the Byzantine priests responsible for baptizing the Bulgarians and how he could go about correcting the consequences resulting from these abuses  The pope temporarily glossed over the controversial question of the autocephalous status desired by Boris for his church and sent a large group of missionaries to continue the conversion of Bulgaria in accordance with the western rite  Bulgaria's shift towards the Papacy infuriated Patriarch Photios, who wrote an encyclical to the eastern clergy in 867 in which he denounced the practices associated with the western rite and Rome's ecclesiastical intervention in Bulgaria  This occasioned the Photian Schism, which was a major step in the rift between the eastern and western churches 
To deliver his response to Boris’ questions, Pope Nicholas I sent two bishops to Bulgaria: Paul of Populonia and Formosus of Porto  The Pope expected that these priests would execute their episcopal responsibilities to address Boris’ concerns, but did not intend for them to be elevated to the positions that they assumed in the Bulgar hierarchy  In Bulgaria, the activities of Bishop Formosus (later Pope Formosus) met with success, until the pope rejected Boris' request to nominate Formosus as archbishop of Bulgaria  Nicholas justified the rejection of the request by arguing that it was “uncanonical to transfer an already established bishop from one see to another”  The new Pope Adrian II refused Boris' request for a similar nomination of either Formosus or Deacon Marinus (later Pope Marinus I), after which Bulgaria began to shift towards Constantinople once again   At the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 870 the position of the Bulgarian church was reopened by Bulgarian envoys, and the eastern patriarchs adjudicated in favor of Constantinople   This determined the future of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, which was granted the status of an autocephalous archbishopric by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and an archbishop of its own  Later in the 870s, the Patriarch of Constantinople surrendered Bulgaria to the Papacy, but this concession was purely nominal, as it did not affect the actual position of Bulgaria's autocephalous church The Christianization of the Bulgarians as a result of Boris’ actions had profound effects not only on the religious belief system of the Bulgarians but also the structure of the Bulgarian government  Upon embracing Christianity, Boris took on the title of Tsar and joined the community of nations that embraced Christ, to the great delight of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later given the name Byzantium by historians Toward the end of his reign, Boris began to increase the number of native Bulgarian clergy  Consequently, Boris began to send Bulgarians to Constantinople to obtain a monastic education and some of these Bulgarians returned to their homeland to serve as clergymen  In 885, Boris was presented with a new opportunity to establish a native clergy when Slavic-speaking disciples of St  Cyril and St  Methodius were forced to flee from Moravia after a German-inspired reaction to the death of the apostle 

Changes to Bulgarian culture brought on by Clement and Naum
In 886 Boris' governor of Belgrade welcomed the disciples of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, who were exiled from Great Moravia into Bulgaria and sent them on to Boris in Pliska  Boris happily greeted two of these disciples, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav, who were of noble Bulgarian Slavic origin  To utilize the disciple's talents, Boris commissioned Clement to be a “teacher” in the province of Kutmichevitsa 
Both Clement and Naum were instrumental in furthering the cultural, linguistic and spiritual works of Cyril and Methodius  They set up educational centers in Pliska and in Ohrid to further the development of Slavonic letters and liturgy  Clement later trained thousands of Slavonic-speaking priests who replaced the Greek-speaking clergy from Constantinople still present in Bulgaria  The script that was originally developed by Cyril and Methodius is known as the Glagolitic alphabet 
In Bulgaria, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav created (or rather compiled) the new Bulgarian script, later called Cyrillic that was declared the official alphabet in  893  Old Bulgarian was declared as the official language in the same year  In the following centuries this script was adopted by other Slavic peoples and states  The introduction of Slavic liturgy paralleled Boris' continued development of churches and monasteries throughout his realm 

Reactions to religious conversion
Conversion to Christianity met great opposition among the Bulgarian elite  Some refused to become Christians while others apostatized after baptism and started a rebellion against Boris for forcing them to be baptized  Some people did not object necessarily to the Christian religion but to the fact that it was brought by foreign priests, which, as a result, established external foreign policy  By breaking the power of the old cults, Boris reduced the influence of the boyars, who resisted the khan's authority  In the summer of 865 a group of Bulgar aristocrats (boyars) started an open revolt  Boris ruthlessly suppressed it and executed 52 boyars together with their entire families  Thus the Christianization continued 

End of Boris' reign
In 889 Boris abdicated the throne and became a monk  His son and successor Vladimir attempted a pagan reaction, which brought Boris out of retirement in 893  Vladimir was defeated and Boris had him blinded, his wife shaved and sent to a monastery  Boris gathered the Council of Preslav placing his third son, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria, on the throne, threatening him with the same fate if he too apostatized  Boris returned to his monastery, emerging once again in c  895 to help Simeon fight the Magyars, who had invaded Bulgaria in alliance with the Byzantines  After the passing of this crisis, Boris resumed monastic life and died in 907  The location of his retreat, where perhaps he was interred, is not certain; it may be near Preslav, or Pliska, or in a monastery near Varna or Ravda 

Legacy
St  Boris Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Boris I of Bulgaria 
Boris I's life is featured in the 1985 film "Boris I" (Борис Първи), with Stefan Danailov in the title role 

See also
Christianization of Bulgaria
Cyril and Methodius
Glagolitic alphabet

Footnotes
Passage 8:
Maria (wife of Boris I of Bulgaria)
Maria (Bulgarian: Мария) was a Bulgarian royal consort as the wife of the Knyaz Boris I of Bulgaria  Her parents are unknown  She is mentioned in one charter from 850/96, together with her family members  
These are the children of Boris and Maria:

Vladimir of Bulgaria
Gavriil (Gabriel)
Simeon I of Bulgaria
Jacob
Anna

Footnotes


== External links ==
Passage 9:
Place of birth
The place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born  This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person  Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones 
As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred  The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live  If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Context 3:  From 1908 the M&O was considered to be a highly prosperous railroad, but net income declined sharply after 1926 and by 1930 the M&O had a net deficit of almost $1,000,000   On June 3, 1932, the M&O went into receivership again   Southern was accused of having violated the Clayton Antitrust Act by using the M&O for its own profit at the expense of the M&O, though the case was dropped in 1933   Southern sold its M&O bonds in 1940 to the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad   The GM&N was then combined with the M&O to form the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad 

See also
List of defunct Alabama railroads
List of defunct Illinois railroads
List of defunct Kentucky railroads
List of defunct Mississippi railroads
List of defunct Missouri railroads
List of defunct Tennessee railroads
Passage 6:
Open Mobile (disambiguation)
Open Mobile is a mobile network operator offering mobile phone services exclusively in Puerto Rico
OpenMobile is a mobile network operator offering mobile phone services exclusively in The Netherlands
Open Mobile may also refer to:

Open Mobile Terminal Platform, a former industry forum in the wireless services area
Open Mobile Alliance, a standards body which develops open standards for the mobile phone industry
Passage 7:
Interstate 10 in Alabama
Interstate 10 (I-10) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Santa Monica, California, to Jacksonville, Florida  In Alabama, the Interstate Highway runs 66 269 miles (106 650 km) from the Mississippi state line near Grand Bay east to the Florida state line at the Perdido River  I-10 is the primary east–west highway of the Gulf Coast region of Alabama  The highway connects Mobile, the largest city in South Alabama, with Pascagoula, Mississippi, to the west and Pensacola, Florida, to the east  Within the state, the highway connects Mobile and Mobile County with the Baldwin County communities of Daphne and Fairhope  I-10 connects Mobile and Baldwin County by crossing the northern end of Mobile Bay and the southern end of the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta via the George Wallace Tunnel in Mobile and the Jubilee Parkway viaduct system between Mobile and Daphne 

Route description
I-10 enters Mobile County from Jackson County, Mississippi, near just north of where US Route 90 (US 90) crosses the state line near Grand Bay  The four-lane freeway has an eastbound welcome center ahead of its first interchange, a diamond interchange with the western end of State Route 188 (SR 188) due north of the center of Grand Bay  I-10 continues east-northeast through a partial cloverleaf interchange with County Road 39 (CR 39) north of Irvington  The highway crosses the Fowl River and curves more northeast through a diamond interchange with CR 30 (Theodore Dawes Road) west of the community of Theodore  I-10 expands to six lanes ahead of a pair of interchanges near Tillmans Corner: a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 90 (Government Boulevard) and a full cloverleaf interchange with SR 193 (Rangeline Road) 

I-10 enters the city of Mobile at Halls Mill Creek just east of SR 193  The highway has a directional-T interchange with the southern end of I-65, which serves Montgomery and Birmingham  I-10 continues northeast from I-65 as an eight-lane freeway that parallels CSX's NO&M Subdivision rail line  The highway has a complex interchange with SR 163 (Dauphin Island Parkway) just east of the Dog River; the interchange includes a flyover from southbound SR 163 to eastbound I-10 and a left-ramp flyover from westbound I-10 to southbound SR 163  I-10 and the railroad form the northern margin of Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley (formerly Brookley Air Force Base), along which the freeway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Michigan Avenue  North of the airport, the interstate has a pair of half-diamond interchanges with Duval Street and Broad Street; the half-interchanges are connected by a one-way pair of frontage roads I-10 crosses over a Canadian National Railway/Illinois Central Railroad rail line and leaves the CSX rail line as it curves north toward downtown Mobile  The freeway has a four-ramp partial cloverleaf junction with Virginia Street and a pair of half-diamond interchanges with Texas Street (southbound exit, northbound entrance) and Canal Street (northbound exit, southbound exit)  North of Canal Street, I-10 has a directional-T interchange with Water Street, which provides access to downtown Mobile  Within that interchange, the freeway reduces to four lanes and curves east and descends into the George Wallace Tunnel to pass under the Mobile River  I-10 resurfaces on Blakeley Island and has an interchange with US 90 and US 98 (Battleship Parkway) west of Battleship Memorial Park 

I-10 leaves Blakeley Island, the city of Mobile, and Mobile County on Jubilee Parkway, a dual-viaduct crossing of several rivers at the northern end of Mobile Bay  The first major segment is a crossing of Polecat Bay, and the confluence of the Spanish River and the Tensaw River, within which the interstate enters Baldwin County  The viaduct continues through a cut in an island, then continues across Chacaloochee Bay, within which the freeway has a diamond interchange with US 90 and US 98 (Battleship Parkway), which mostly follow causeways across the great expanse of water  Beyond the interchange, I-10 continues across the bay and the mouth of the Apalachee River, Bay John, the mouth of the Blakeley River, and D'Olive Bay  The dual viaducts reach the eastern shore just west of a five-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with US 90 and US 98 south of the center of Spanish Fort and north of Fairhope 

I-10 continues east as a four-lane freeway along the northern edge of the city of Daphne  The freeway has a diverging diamond interchange with SR 181 (Malbis Plantation Parkway) in the northeastern corner of the city near the hamlet of Malbis  I-10 has a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 59 on the northern edge of Loxley  The interstate crosses the Fish River and has a diamond interchange with the Baldwin Beach Express, a new county highway that connects I-10 with the beach communities of Gulf Shores and Orange Beach  I-10 has one more interchange in Alabama, a diamond interchange with CR 64 (Wilcox Road)  Beyond CR 64, the freeway parallels and then crosses the Styx River, then the westbound highway has a welcome center just west of the Perdido River, where I-10 leaves Alabama and enters Escambia County, Florida, and Pensacola 

Exit list
See also
U S  roads portal
Passage 8:
PrimeStar
PrimeStar was a U S  direct broadcast satellite broadcasting company formed in 1991 by a consortium of cable television system operators (TCI Satellite Entertainment Group, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications, Comcast and MediaOne) and GE Americom, the satellite arm of General Electric, collectively referred to as the PrimeStar Partners  PrimeStar was the first medium-powered DBS system in the United States but slowly declined in popularity with the arrival of DirecTV in 1994 and Dish Network in 1996 

Technology
PrimeStar was a medium-powered DBS-style system utilizing FSS technology that used a larger 3-foot (91 cm) satellite dish to receive signals 
Broadcast originally in analog, they later converted to digital technology   The system used the DigiCipher 1 system for conditional access control and video compression   The video format was MPEG-2  Primestar's satellite receivers were made by General Instrument 
PrimeStar was owned by a consortium of cable television companies who leased equipment to subscribers through the local cable company 
The company was in the process of converting to a high-powered DBS platform when it was purchased and shut down by DirecTV   The Tempo-1 and Tempo-2 DBS satellites acquired by PrimeStar from the defunct ASkyB were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively 

History
The system initially launched using medium-powered FSS satellites that were facing obsolescence with the onset of high-powered DBS and its much smaller, eighteen-inch satellite dishes   In a move to convert the platform to DBS, PrimeStar, originally based in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania before moving to the suburbs of Denver, Colorado in 1997,  bid for the 110-degree satellite location that was eventually awarded to a never-launched direct broadcast satellite service by MCI and News Corporation called ASkyB, or American Sky Broadcasting, named after News Corp's British Sky Broadcasting, also named as a combination of the merged companies British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television 
The ASkyB company sold the incomplete Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 DBS satellites to PrimeStar in the process of going out of business   PrimeStar launched Tempo-2 in 1997 but it was not used for many years  PrimeStar stored the other satellite, Tempo-1, until the company and the two satellites were purchased by DirecTV   DirecTV eventually launched the Tempo 1 satellite after years of delays as the DirecTV-5 satellite in 2002  Meanwhile, ASkyB's license for the 110-degree satellite location, and an uplink center, was resold to EchoStar, the parent company of Dish Network  The 110-degree satellite is now named EchoStar West 110 and is the most commonly used satellite, along with 119 as both can be received with a single wide-format parabolic dish, providing signal to North America 
PrimeStar Partners sold its assets to DirecTV in 1999 and after briefly being known as PrimeStar by DirecTV all subscribers were converted to the DirecTV platform  The PrimeStar brand and its FSS broadcast platform was shut down  Meanwhile, Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 satellite remained and were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively, and moved to several locations to serve DirecTV customers 

Features
During Primestar's years as a competing satellite television provider, it originally had a 95-channel lineup  However, beginning on April 20, 1997, Primestar announced it would add 65 channels, for a total of 160 channels  However, due to a lack of capacity on the FSS platform, many channels only aired for part of the day or week (e g , MuchMusic USA aired weekdays from 2:00 a m  to 5:00 p m  ET, and weekends from 12:00 to 5:00 p



ground_truth: Preslav

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Open Mobile and Primestar located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: m  ET)  Primestar, also at this time in 1997, grouped their channels by category, (e g , "NEWS", "FAMILY", "SPORTS", "MOVIES", etc ), and added a color-coded button on the remote for each category  When pressed, it would bring the user to the beginning of that category, (e g , pressing the orange "FAMILY" button would bring the user to Nickelodeon which was first in that category)  Primestar called this feature "Hyper-Surfing"  (Earlier remotes that lacked the buttons could instead use repetitive channel numbers to bring them to the desired category )

New uses for old equipment
Old PrimeStar satellite dishes are popular among hobbyists for free-to-air (FTA) satellite broadcasts on the Ku band transponders of FSS satellites 
The dishes are also popular for wireless computer networking as high-gain Wi-Fi antennas  The antennas are also used by amateur (ham) radio operators to transmit two-way amateur television 

See also
AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service), a defunct satellite broadcaster that also used medium-powered FSS satellites and larger dishes 
DirecTV, a direct competitor using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes 
Dish Network, a direct competitor using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes 
Orby TV, a short-lived discount DBS operator that leased service instead of operating their own fleet 
Shaw Direct, a Canadian broadcaster using medium-powered FSS satellites and larger dishes 
Bell Satellite TV, a Canadian broadcaster using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes 
Free-to-air
Passage 9:
Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal
The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal is a historic train station in Mobile, Alabama, United States   Architect P  Thornton Marye designed the Mission Revival style terminal for the Mobile and Ohio Railroad   It was completed in 1907 at a total cost of $575,000   The Mobile and Ohio merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad in 1940 to form the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad 

Trains in final years
Major trains served:

Gulf, Mobile & Ohio:
Gulf Coast Rebel: St  Louis, Missouri - Mobile
Southern Railway:
Goldenrod: Birmingham, Alabama - Mobile

Demise
The last GM&O passenger trains into Mobile terminal station were the Gulf Coast Rebels, which made their last runs on October 14, 1958   Louisville & Nashville passenger service in Mobile called at a separate L&N station located about 1 mile distant   Passenger service in the Amtrak era continued at the former L&N passenger station Mobile station  GM&O Terminal Station continued to serve as railroad offices  It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 15, 1975  It had suffered neglect, extensive interior alteration, and partial removal of the train shed by this time  The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad vacated the old terminal building in 1986 and for fifteen years it suffered from demolition-by-neglect  The Alabama Historical Commission and the Alabama Trust for Historic Preservation named it as one of their "Places in Peril" in 1996  In 2001 the City of Mobile and a private company invested more than $18 million to restore the local landmark with the developer taking advantage of the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentive program  Today the building houses private offices and the city's The Wave Transit System  The renovated facility was extensively damaged by flooding during Hurricane Katrina 

See also
Mobile station (Amtrak)
Passage 10:
Open Mobile Terminal Platform
The Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) was a forum created by mobile network operators to discuss standards with manufacturers of mobile phones and other mobile devices   During its lifetime, the OMTP included manufacturers such as Huawei, LG Electronics, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung and Sony Ericsson 

Membership
OMTP was originally set up by leading mobile operators   At the time it transitioned into the Wholesale Applications Community at the end of June 2010, there were nine full members: AT&T, Deutsche Telekom AG, KT, Orange, Smart Communications, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, Telenor and Vodafone  OMTP also had the support of two sponsors, Ericsson and Nokia 

Activities
OMTP recommendations have hugely helped to standardise mobile operator terminal requirements, and its work has gone towards helping to defragment and deoptionalise operators' recommendations  OMTP's focus was on gathering and driving mobile terminal requirements, and publishing their findings in their Recommendations  OMTP was technology neutral, with its recommendations intended for deployment across the range of technology platforms, operating systems (OS) and middleware layers 
OMTP is perhaps best known for its work in the field of mobile security, but its work encompassed the full range of mobile device capabilities  OMTP published recommendations in 2007 and early 2008 on areas such as Positioning Enablers, Advanced Device Management, IMS and Mobile VoIP  Later, the Advanced Trusted Environment: OMTP TR1 and its supporting document, 'Security Threats on Embedded Consumer Devices' were released, with the endorsement of the UK Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith OMTP also published requirements document addressing support for advanced SIM cards  This document defines also advanced profiles for Smart Card Web Server, High Speed Protocol, Mobile TV and Contactless OMTP has also made significant progress in getting support for the use of micro-USB as a standard connector for data and power  A full list of their recommendations can be found at GSMA com 

BONDI
In 2008, OMTP launched a new initiative called BONDI (named after the Australian beach); the initiative defined new interfaces (JavaScript APIs) and a security framework (based on XACML policy description) to enable the access to mobile phone functionalities (Application Invocation, Application Settings, Camera, Communications Log, Gallery, Location, Messaging, Persistent Data, Personal Information, Phone Status, User Interaction) from browser and widget engine in a secure way  The BONDI initiative also had an open source Reference Implementation at https://web archive org/web/20130509121758/https://web archive org/web/20130509121758/http://bondi omtp org//  An Approved Release 1 0 of BONDI was issued in June 2009 
An open source project for a comprehensive BONDI SDK was started at https://web archive org/web/20130528132818/http://bondisdk org/ 

Universal Charging System
In February 2009, OMTP expanded its Local Connectivity specification (based on micro-USB) to describe requirements for a common charger and common connector to enable sharing the same battery charger through different phones  The OMTP Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity was adopted by GSM Association in the Universal Charging System (UCS) initiative  This has been further endorsed by the CTIA and the ITU  In June, 2009 the European Commission reached an agreement with several major mobile phone providers on requirements for a common External Power Supply (EPS) to be compatible with new data-enabled phones sold in the European Union   The EPS shares most of the key attributes of the UCS charger 

Wholesale Applications Community
In June 2010, the OMTP transitioned itself into the new Wholesale Applications Community  All OMTP activities ceased at that time and were either taken over within the WAC organisation or other standards or industry associations  In turn, in July 2012 WAC itself was closed, with the OMTP standards being transferred to GSMA, and other assets and personnel transferring to Apigee 

See also
Mobile security
TRRS standards



ground_truth: yes