prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director born later, Woman In The Moon or Changeland?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Changeland
Changeland is a 2019 comedy-drama film written and directed by Seth Green 
It was released on June 7, 2019, by Gravitas Ventures 

Plot
While a troubled man goes through a personal crisis, he meets up with his estranged friend in Thailand 

Cast
Seth Green as Brandon
Breckin Meyer as Dan
Brenda Song as Pen
Macaulay Culkin as Ian
Clare Grant as Dory
Randy Orton as Martin
Rose Williams as Emma
Kedar Williams-Stirling as Marc

Production
The film was announced on June 21, 2017  It marks the feature directorial debut of Seth Green, who also stars in the film alongside Breckin Meyer, Macaulay Culkin, Brenda Song, Clare Grant, Rose Williams, Kedar Williams-Stirling and Randy Orton  Filming in Thailand began that same week  Patrick Stump, who composed the film score, has an uncredited cameo appearance as an airline passenger in the film's opening scene 

Release
In March 2019, Gravitas Ventures acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for a June 7, 2019 release 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 10 reviews with an average rating of 6 10/10  On Metacritic, it has a score of 42 out of 100, based on four critics 
Passage 2:
Fred Roy Krug
Fred R  Krug is an American film and television producer-director born in Bern, Switzerland 
Passage 3:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 4:
Fritz Lang
Friedrich Christian Anton Lang (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈkʁɪsti̯an ˈantɔn laŋ]; December 5, 1890 – August 2, 1976), better known as Fritz Lang ([fʁɪt͡s laŋ]), was an Austrian film director, screenwriter, and producer who worked in Germany and later the United States  One of the best-known émigrés from Germany's school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the "Master of Darkness" by the British Film Institute  He has been cited as one of the most influential filmmakers of all time Lang's most celebrated films include the groundbreaking futuristic Metropolis (1927) and the influential M (1931), a film noir precursor  His 1929 film Woman in the Moon showcased the use of a multi-stage rocket, and also pioneered the concept of a rocket launch pad (a rocket standing upright against a tall building before launch having been slowly rolled into place) and the rocket-launch countdown clock  His other major films include Dr  Mabuse the Gambler (1922), Die Nibelungen (1924), and after moving to Hollywood in 1934, Fury (1936), You Only Live Once  (1937), Hangmen Also Die! (1943), The Woman in the Window (1944), Scarlet Street (1945) and The Big Heat (1953)  He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939 

Early life
Lang was born in Vienna, as the second son of Anton Lang (1860–1940), an architect and construction company manager, and his wife Pauline "Paula" Lang (née Schlesinger; 1864–1920)  His mother was born Jewish and converted to Catholicism  His father was described as a “lapsed Catholic ”  He was baptized on December 28, 1890, at the Schottenkirche in Vienna  He had an elder brother, Adolf (1884–1961) Lang's parents were of Moravian descent  At one point, he noted that he was “born [a] Catholic and very puritan"  Ultimately describing himself as an atheist, Lang believed that religion was important for teaching ethics After finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art  He left Vienna in 1910 in order to see the world, traveling throughout Europe and Africa, and later Asia and the Pacific area  In 1913, he studied painting in Paris 
At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for military service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania, where he was wounded four times and lost sight in his right eye, the first of many vision issues he would face in his lifetime  While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios and ideas for films  He was discharged from the army with the rank of lieutenant in 1918 and did some acting in the Viennese theater circuit for a short time before being hired as a writer at Decla Film, Erich Pommer's Berlin-based production company  In 1919, he married Jewish Lisa Rosenthal, who died under mysterious circumstances of a single gunshot wound deemed to have been fired by a sidearm weapon from World War I 

Career
Expressionist films: the Weimar years (1918–1933)
Lang's writing stint was brief, as he soon started to work as a director at the German film studio UFA, and later Nero-Film, just as the Expressionist movement was building  In this first phase of his career, Lang alternated between films such as Der Müde Tod ("The Weary Death") and popular thrillers such as Die Spinnen ("The Spiders"), combining popular genres with Expressionist techniques to create an unprecedented synthesis of popular entertainment with art cinema 

In 1920, Lang met his future wife, the writer Thea von Harbou  She and Lang co-wrote all of his movies from 1921 through 1933, including Dr  Mabuse, der Spieler ("Dr  Mabuse the Gambler," 1922 - which ran for over four hours, in two parts in the original version, and was the first in the Dr  Mabuse trilogy), the five-hour Die Nibelungen (1924), the dystopian film Metropolis (1927), and the science fiction film Woman in the Moon (1929)  Metropolis went far over budget and nearly destroyed UFA, which was bought by right-wing businessman and politician Alfred Hugenberg  It was a financial flop, as were his last silent films Spies (1928) and Woman in the Moon, produced by Lang's own company In 1931, independent producer Seymour Nebenzahl hired Lang to direct M for Nero-Film  His first "talking" picture, considered by many film scholars to be a masterpiece of the early sound era, M is a disturbing story of a child murderer (Peter Lorre in his first starring role) who is hunted down and brought to rough justice by Berlin's criminal underworld  M remains a powerful work; it was remade in 1951 by Joseph Losey, but this version had little impact on audiences, and has become harder to see than the original film 
During the climactic final scene in M, Lang allegedly threw Peter Lorre down a flight of stairs in order to give more authenticity to Lorre's battered look  Lang, who was known for being hard to work with, epitomized the stereotype of the tyrannical Germanic film director, a type embodied also by Erich von Stroheim and Otto Preminger; Lang wore a monocle, adding to the stereotype 
In the films of his German period, Lang produced a coherent oeuvre that established the characteristics later attributed to film noir, with its recurring themes of psychological conflict, paranoia, fate and moral ambiguity 
At the end of 1932, Lang started filming The Testament of Dr  Mabuse  Adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, and by March 30, the new regime banned it as an incitement to public disorder  Testament is sometimes deemed an anti-Nazi film, as Lang had put phrases used by the Nazis into the mouth of the title character  A screening of the film was cancelled by Joseph Goebbels, and it was later banned by the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda  In banning the film, Goebbels stated that the film "showed that an extremely dedicated group of people are perfectly capable of overthrowing any state with violence", and that the film posed a threat to public health and safety Lang was worried about the advent of the Nazi regime, partly because of his Jewish heritage, whereas his wife and co-screenwriter Thea von Harbou had started to sympathize with the Nazis in the early 1930s, and later joined the NSDAP in 1940  They soon divorced  Lang's fears would be realized following his departure from Austria, as under the Nuremberg Laws he would be identified as half-Jewish by ethnicity even though his mother was a converted Roman Catholic, and he was raised as such 

Emigration
According to Lang, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels called Lang to his offices to inform him – apologetically – that The Testament of Dr  Mabuse was being banned but, nevertheless, he was so impressed by Lang's abilities as a filmmaker (especially Metropolis), that he offered Lang the position of head of German film studio UFA  Lang said it was during that meeting he had decided to leave for Paris – but that the banks had closed by the time the meeting was over  Lang claimed that, after selling his wife's jewelry, he fled by train to Paris that evening, leaving most of his money and personal possessions behind  However, his passport of the time showed that he traveled to and from Germany a few times during 1933 Lang left Berlin for good on July 31, 1933, four months after his meeting with Goebbels and his initial departure  He moved to Paris, having divorced Thea von Harbou, who stayed behind, earlier in 1933 In Paris, Lang filmed a version of Ferenc Molnár's Liliom, starring Charles Boyer  That was Lang's only film in French (excluding the French version of Testament)  He then moved to the United States 

Hollywood career (1936–1957)
Lang made twenty-three features in his 20-year American career, working in a variety of genres at every major studio in Hollywood, and occasionally producing his films as an independent  He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939 Signing first with MGM Studios, Lang's crime drama Fury (1936) saw Spencer Tracy cast as a man who is wrongly accused of a crime and nearly killed when a lynch mob sets fire to the jail where he is awaiting trial  However, in Fury, he was not allowed to represent black victims in a lynching scenario or to criticize racism, which was his original intention  By the time Fury was released, Lang had been involved in the creation of the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, working with Otto Katz, a Czech who was a Comintern spy  He made four films with an explicitly anti-Nazi theme, Man Hunt (1941), Hangmen Also Die! (1943), Ministry of Fear (1944) and Cloak and Dagger (1946)  Man Hunt, wrote Dave Kehr in 2009, "may be the best" of the "many interventionist films produced by the Hollywood studios before Pearl Harbor" as it is "clean and concentrated, elegant and precise, pointed without being preachy "

His American films were often compared unfavorably to his earlier works by contemporary critics, although the restrained Expressionism of these films is now seen as integral to the emergence and evolution of American genre cinema, film noir in particular  Scarlet Street (1945), one of his films featuring Edward G  Robinson and Joan Bennett, is considered a central film in the genre 
One of Lang's most praised films noir is the police drama The Big Heat (1953), known for its uncompromising brutality, especially for a scene in which Lee Marvin throws scalding coffee on Gloria Grahame's face  As Lang's visual style simplified, in part due to the constraints of the Hollywood studio system, his worldview became increasingly pessimistic, culminating in the cold, geometric style of his last American films, While the City Sleeps (1956) and Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956) 

Last films (1959–1963)
Finding it difficult to find congenial production conditions and backers in Hollywood, particularly as his health declined with age, Lang contemplated retirement  The German producer Artur Brauner had expressed interest in remaking The Indian Tomb (from an original story by Thea von Harbou, that Lang had developed in the 1920s which had ultimately been directed by Joe May), so Lang returned to Germany to make his "Indian Epic" (consisting of The Tiger of Eschnapur and The Indian Tomb) 
Following the production, Brauner was preparing for a remake of The Testament of Dr  Mabuse when Lang approached him with the idea of adding a new original film to the series  The result was The Thousand Eyes of Dr  Mabuse (1960), whose success led to a series of new Mabuse films, which were produced by Brauner (including the remake of The Testament of Dr  Mabuse), though Lang did not direct any of the sequels  Lang was approaching blindness during the production, and it was his final project as director 
In 1963, he appeared as himself in Jean-Luc Godard's film Contempt 

Death and legacy
On February 8, 1960, Lang received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture industry, located at 1600 Vine Street 

Lang died from a stroke on August 2, 1976 and was interred in the Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles While his career had ended without fanfare, Lang's American and later German works were championed by the critics of the Cahiers du cinéma, such as François Truffaut and Jacques Rivette  Truffaut wrote that Lang, especially in his American career, was greatly underappreciated by "cinema historians and critics" who "deny him any genius when he 'signs' spy movies     war movies     or simple thrillers " Filmmakers that were influenced by his work include Jacques Rivette, William Friedkin, Steven Spielberg, Christopher Nolan, Luis Buñuel, Osamu Tezuka, Alfred Hitchcock, Jean-Luc Godard and Stanley Kubrick Lang is credited with launching or developing many different genres of film  Philip French of The Observer believed that Lang helped craft the "entertainment war flick" and that his interpretation of the story of Bonnie and Clyde "helped launch the Hollywood film noir"  Geoff Andrew of the British Film Institute believed he set the "blueprint for the serial killer movie" through M In December 2021 Lang was the subject for BBC Radio 4's In Our Time 

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive has preserved a number of Lang's films, including Human Desire and Man Hunt 

Filmography
Awards
Silver Hand in 1931, for his film M, by the German Motion Picture Arts Association
Commander Cross, Order of Merit in 1957 and 1966
Golden Ribbon of Motion Picture Arts in 1963 by the Federal Republic of Germany
Order of Arts and Letters from France in 1965
Plaque from El Festival Internacional del Cine de San Sebastian in 1970
Order of the Yugoslavia Flag with a Golden Wreath in 1971
Honorary Professor of Fine Arts by the University of Vienna, Austria, in 1973
Passage 5:
Jacques Décombe
Jacques Décombe is a French author, actor and director born in 1953 

Biography
After he studied at the Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, he was the director of the shows of Les Inconnus at the request of Didier Bourdon and won the Molière Award for best comedy show  (See fr:Molière du meilleur spectacle comique) in 1991  He also directed shows by Charlotte de Turckheim, Chevallier et Laspalès, Patrick Timsit, Les Chevaliers du fiel   
Passage 6:
Woman in the Moon
Woman in the Moon (German Frau im Mond) is a German science fiction silent film that premiered 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo cinema in Berlin to an audience of 2,000   It is often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films  It was directed by Fritz Lang, and written by his wife Thea von Harbou, based on her 1928 novel The Rocket to the Moon  It was released in the US as By Rocket to the Moon and in the UK as Girl in the Moon  The basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time by this film, including the use of a multi-stage rocket  The film was shot between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg near Berlin 

Plot
Helius (Willy Fritsch) is an entrepreneur with an interest in space travel  He seeks out his friend Professor Mannfeldt (Klaus Pohl), a visionary who wrote a treatise claiming that there was probably much gold on the Moon, only to be ridiculed by his peers  Helius recognizes the value of Mannfeldt's work  However, a gang of evil businessmen have also taken an interest in Mannfeldt's theories, and send a spy (Fritz Rasp) who identifies himself as "Walter Turner" 
Meanwhile, Helius's assistant Windegger (Gustav von Wangenheim) has announced his engagement to Helius's other assistant, Friede (Gerda Maurus)  Helius, who secretly loves Friede, avoids their engagement party 
On his way home from his meeting with Professor Mannfeldt, Helius is mugged by henchmen of the gang  They steal the research that Professor Mannfeldt had entrusted to Helius, and also burgle Helius's home, taking other valuable material  Turner then presents Helius with an ultimatum: the gang know he is planning a voyage to the Moon; either he includes them in the project, or they will sabotage it and destroy his rocket, which is named Friede ("peace")  Reluctantly, Helius agrees to their terms 
The rocket team is assembled: Helius; Professor Mannfeldt and his pet mouse Josephine; Windegger; Friede; and Turner  After Friede blasts off, the team discovers that Gustav (Gustl Gstettenbaur), a young boy who has befriended Helius, has stowed away, along with his collection of science fiction pulp magazines 
During the journey, Windegger emerges as a coward, and Helius's feelings for Friede begin to become known to her, creating a romantic triangle 
They reach the far side of the Moon and find it has a breathable atmosphere, per the theories of Peter Andreas Hansen, who is mentioned near the beginning of the film  Mannfeldt discovers gold, proving his theory  When confronted by Turner, Mannfeldt falls to his death in a crevasse  Turner attempts to hijack the rocket, and in the struggle, he is shot and killed  Gunfire damages the oxygen tanks, and they come to the grim realization that there is not enough oxygen for all to make the return trip  One person must remain on the Moon 
Helius and Windegger draw straws to see who must stay and Windegger loses  Seeing Windegger's anguish, Helius decides to drug Windegger and Friede with a last drink together and take Windegger's place, letting Windegger return to Earth with Friede  Friede senses that something is in the wine  She pretends to drink and then retires to the compartment where her cot is located, closes and locks the door  Windegger drinks the wine, becoming sedated  Helius makes Gustav his confidant and the new pilot for the ship  Helius watches it depart, then starts out for the survival camp originally prepared for Windegger  He discovers that Friede has decided to stay with him on the Moon  They embrace, and Helius weeps into her shoulder while Friede strokes his hair and whispers words of comfort to him 

Influence
Lang, who also made Metropolis, had a personal interest in science fiction  When returning to Germany in the late 1950s, he sold his extensive collection of Astounding Science Fiction, Weird Tales, and Galaxy magazines  Several prescient technical/operational features are presented during the film's 1920s launch sequence, which subsequently came into common operational use during America's postwar space race:

The rocket ship Friede is fully built in a tall building and moved to the launch area
As launch approaches, intertitles count down the seconds from six to "now" ("now" was used for zero), and Woman in the Moon is often cited as the first occurrence of the "countdown to zero" before a rocket launch
The rocket ship blasts off submerged in a pool of water; water is commonly used today on launch pads to absorb and dissipate the extreme heat and to damp the noise generated by the rocket exhaust
In space, the rocket ejects its first stage and fires its second stage rocket, predicting the development of modern multistage orbital rockets
The crew recline on horizontal beds to cope with the G-forces experienced during lift-off and pre-orbital acceleration
Floor foot straps are used to restrain the crew during zero gravity (Velcro is used today) These items and the overall design of the rocket led to the film being banned in Germany from 1933–1945 during World War II by the Nazis, due to similarities to their secret V-2 project 
Rocket scientist Hermann Oberth worked as an advisor on this movie  He had originally intended to build a working rocket for use in the film, but time and technical constraints prevented this from happening  The film was popular among the rocket scientists in Wernher von Braun's circle at the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)  The first successfully launched V-2 rocket at the rocket-development facility in Peenemünde had the Frau im Mond logo painted on its base  Noted post-war science writer Willy Ley also served as a consultant on the film  Thomas Pynchon's 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow, which deals with the V-2 rockets, refers to the movie, along with several other classic German silent films 
Oberth also advised Hergé for Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon (1953/4), which has plot points strongly influenced by Woman in the Moon 

Cast
Klaus Pohl as Professor Georg Manfeldt
Willy Fritsch as Wolf Helius
Gustav von Wangenheim as Ingenieur Hans Windegger (as Gustav v  Wangenheim)
Gerda Maurus as Stud  astr  Friede Velten
Gustl Gstettenbaur as Gustav (as Gustl Stark-Gstettenbaur)
Fritz Rasp as Der Mann "who calls himself Walter Turner"
Tilla Durieux as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Hermann Vallentin as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Max Zilzer as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Mahmud Terja Bey  as  Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Borwin Walth as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Karl Platen as Der Mann am Mikrophon
Margarete Kupfer as Frau Hippolt, Haushälterin bei Helius
Alexa von Porembsky as Eine Veilchenverkäuferin (as Alexa v  Porembska)
Gerhard Dammann as Der Werkmeister der Helius-Flugwerften (as Dammann)
Heinrich Gotho as Der Mieter vom II  Stock (as Gotho)
Alfred Loretto as Zwei eindeutige Existenzen (as Loretto)
Max Maximilian as Grotjan, Chauffeur bei Helius (as Maximilian)
Edgar Pauly as Zwei eindeutige Existenzen (as Pauly)
Die Maus Josephine as Maus

See also
1929 in science fiction
Passage 7:
Sepideh Farsi
Sepideh Farsi (Persian: سپیده فارسی; born 1965) is an Iranian director 

Early years
Farsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris to study mathematics   However, eventually she was drawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photography before making her first short films  A main theme of her works is identity  She still visits Tehran each year 

Awards/Recognition
Farsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best First Feature in 2009  She won the FIPRESCI Prize (2002), Cinéma du Réel and Traces de Vie prize (2001) for "Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker" and Best documentary prize in Festival dei Popoli (2007) for "HARAT" 

Recent News
One of her latest films is called Tehran Bedoune Mojavez (Tehran Without Permission)   The 83-minute documentary shows life in Iran's crowded capital city of Tehran, facing international sanctions over its nuclear ambitions and experiencing civil unrest   It was shot entirely with a Nokia camera phone because of the government restrictions over shooting a film   The film shows various aspects of city life including following women at the hairdressers talking of the latest fads, young men speaking of drugs, prostitution and other societal problems, and the Iranian rapper “Hichkas”   The  dialogue is in Persian with English and Arabic subtitles  In December 2009, Tehran Without Permission was shown at the Dubai International Film Festival 

Filmography
Red Rose (2014)
Cloudy Greece (2013)
Zire Âb / The house under the water (2010)
Tehran bedoune mojavez / Tehran without permission (2009)
If it were Icarus (2008)
Harat (2007)
Negah / The Gaze (2006)
Khab-e khak / Dreams of Dust (2003)
Safar-e Maryam / The journey of Maryam (2002)
Mardan-e Atash / Men of Fire (2001)
Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker (2000)
Donya khaneye man ast / The world is my home (1999)
Khabe Âb / Water dreams (1997)
Bâd-e shomal / Northwind (1993)
Passage 8:
Claude Weisz
Claude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris 

Filmography
Feature films
Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateurs
Jury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973

La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma français
Competition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, Montréal

On l'appelait    le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries "Laurel Wreath"
Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, Cairo

Paula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVD

Short and mid-length
La Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)
L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)
Un village au Québec
Montréal
Deux aspects du Canada (1969)
La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)
Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)
L'huître boudeuse
Ancienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)
Passementiers et Rubaniers
Le quinzième mois
C'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)
Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)
Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films "militants"

Television
Series of seven dramas in German
Numerous documentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)
Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)
Contemplatives    et femmes (TF1 - 1976)
Suzel Sabatier (FR3)
Un autre Or Noir (FR3)
Vivre en Géorgie
Portrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)
Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)

Television documentaries
La porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)
Une histoire balbynienne (2002)
Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)
Hana et Khaman (unfinished)
En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)
Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtre
Les quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autre
Histoire du peuple kurde (in development)
Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)
Réalisation de films institutionnels et industriels
Passage 9:
Seth Green
Seth Benjamin Green (né Gesshel-Green; born February 8, 1974) is an American actor  His film debut came with a role in the comedy-drama film The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), and he went on to have supporting roles in comedy films throughout the 1980s, including Radio Days (1987) and Big Business (1988)  
During the 1990s and 2000s, Green began starring in comedy films such as Idle Hands (1999), Rat Race (2001), Without a Paddle (2004) and Be Cool (2005)  During this time he became known for his portrayal of Scott Evil, Dr  Evil's son, in the Austin Powers film series (1997–2002)  Green has also taken serious roles in films, including The Attic Expeditions (2001) and Party Monster (2003)  He has provided the voice for Howard the Duck in a number of Marvel Cinematic Universe films and series, including Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  2 (2017)  In 2019, he wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy-drama film Changeland 
Green's first lead role on television was on the ABC sitcom Good & Evil in 1991, for which he won a Young Artist Award  Green later gained attention for his supporting roles as Oz, a teenage guitarist and the boyfriend of Willow Rosenberg, on the fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2000), and as the voice of Chris Griffin on the Fox adult animated sitcom Family Guy (1999–present)  He also voiced Leonardo in the Nickelodeon animated series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014–2017) and Joker in the Mass Effect video game series (2007–2012)  Green created, directs, writes, and produces the adult animated comedy series Robot Chicken and its spinoffs (2005–present), which have earned him three Primetime Emmy Awards and five Annie Awards 

Early life
Seth Benjamin Gesshel-Green was born in Overbrook Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Barbara (Gesshel) and Herbert Green  He has one sister, Kaela  Green later legally changed his name to Seth Benjamin Green  He was raised Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony  His ancestors were from Russia, Poland, and Scotland  Green started acting at the age of 7  His early comic influences included Monty Python, Blackadder, Saturday Night Live, Richard Pryor, Bill Cosby, Porky's, and Caddyshack 

Career
Early work
Green's first movie roles were in the 1984 films Billions for Boris and The Hotel New Hampshire; the second film cast him alongside Jodie Foster and Rob Lowe  He appeared in the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love, playing Patrick Dempsey's character's little brother, Chuckie Miller  He starred in Woody Allen's Radio Days (1987) as Joe (a 1930s–1940s boy based on Allen) and appeared in Big Business (1988) and, in the same year, My Stepmother Is an Alien, which also starred Buffy the Vampire Slayer co-star Alyson Hannigan 
In 1984, Green portrayed Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer in the Jell-O Gelatin Pops commercials featuring The Little Rascals  In 1991, Green rose to fame in a Rally's "Cha Ching" commercial, which earned him an appearance at a New Orleans Saints game  Green was given a key to New Orleans in honor of his role in the popular commercial Green appeared in the horror TV series It (as Richie Tozier, age 12) and Ticks, all three Austin Powers movies (as Dr  Evil's son, Scott), and Enemy of the State and The Italian Job (as a computer specialist in both)  He was also in the films Can't Hardly Wait, Rat Race, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Without a Paddle (alongside Matthew Lillard), Idle Hands, Party Monster, Airborne, and Old Dogs  Green also had a role in the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer 
In 1994, he starred alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt in the short-lived series The Byrds of Paradise  He worked with Hewitt again in 1998's Can't Hardly Wait  Green is not related to Bruce Seth Green, who directed some episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer  On occasion, some sources confuse the two and have credited Seth as the director  As an actor in the series, he was close to co-star Alyson Hannigan because they were lovers in the show  He played Daniel "Oz" Osbourne, a calm, mild-mannered member of the band Dingoes Ate My Baby who gets turned into a werewolf  He is very popular among fans of the series  Green has starred on Fox's Greg the Bunny and guest-starred on The X-Files, That '70s Show, Will & Grace, MADtv, Reno 911!, Entourage, Grey's Anatomy, The Wonder Years, Heroes, The Facts of Life, The Drew Carey Show, and My Name Is Earl 

Family Guy
Green provides the voice of Chris for the animated television sitcom  Family Guy  Green primarily voices Chris Griffin, the teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and, in many respects, a younger version of his father, and Neil Goldman, a neighbor of the Griffins  Green did an impression of the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  Green has stated that his main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's 

Howard the Duck
Green provides the voice of Howard the Duck for the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Vol  2 (2017) and the Disney+ animated series What If   ?, as well as the Disney XD animated series Guardians of the Galaxy (2015–19) and Ultimate Spider-Man (2016) Developing the character with James Gunn, Green did an impression of Danny DeVito, "being sort of a gruff and cynical sarcastic character [who] doesn't know what the Earth species of duck even is and doesn't think of himself that way and is offended by that generalization "

Later work
Green is a co-creator, co-producer, writer, director, and most frequent voice of the Emmy-winning stop-motion sketch parody comedy TV series Robot Chicken, for which he does many voices and has appeared in animated form  Green is friends with the band Fall Out Boy, making a cameo in their music video, "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race"  He also appeared in "Weird Al" Yankovic's "White & Nerdy" music video  He made two appearances on The Soup in 2007 and 2008, using his first appearance to lampoon Internet celebrity Chris Crocker  He voiced the character Jeff "Joker" Moreau, pilot of the Normandy-SR starship series in the video games Mass Effect, Mass Effect 2, and Mass Effect 3  He is a producer of The 1 Second Film and appears in the "making of" documentary that accompanies its feature-length credits  Green is also the co-creator (with Hugh Sterbakov) of the comic Freshmen, published by Top Cow Productions 
Green, along with Robot Chicken co-producer Breckin Meyer, appeared in the NBC show Heroes during the 2008–09 season  In January 2009, Green worked with David Faustino (Bud Bundy from Married    with Children) for an episode of Faustino's show Star-ving – Faustino is often mistaken for Green  Later in the same year, he worked with one of his idols, Robin Williams in comedy film Old Dogs, which also starred John Travolta  On July 13, World Wrestling Entertainment's official website announced Green as the special guest host for the July 13 episode of WWE Raw, and on that night, Green competed in the main event, a six-man tag team match, which his team won by disqualification  He was also in attendance for WWE's biggest event of the year, WrestleMania XXVI on March 28, 2010  Green guest-starred in the third season of the acclaimed sitcom Husbands  Green became the new voice of Leonardo in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles beginning in its third season (following Jason Biggs' departure from the role) In 2019, he wrote and released his first movie named Changeland, starring Brenda Song and Macaulay Culkin  The movie was released on June 7, 2019 In 2021, Green reprised the role of Todo 360 in Star Wars: The Bad Batch In 2022, Green voiced Thunderbolt in season three of Stargirl where the character was previously voiced by Jim Gaffigan 

Personal life
After getting engaged on New Year's Eve in 2009, Green married actress Clare Grant on May 1, 2010, in Northern California  They worked together on Robot Chicken, Warren the Ape, Changeland, Holidays, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H , and her Saber and "Geek and Gamer Girls Song" viral videos In 2000, Green stated, "God is, to me, pretty much an idea  God is, to me, pretty much a myth created over time to deny the idea that we're all responsible for our own actions " In 2013, he said that he had "a deep belief in the divinity of the Universe, and I had no ability to really comprehend the scope or magnitude of all the things that I don't understand" 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Video games
Theme park attractions
Awards and nominations
See also
List of recurring That '70s Show characters
Passage 10:
Yolonda Ross
Yolonda Ross is an American actress, writer and director 

Life and career
Ross was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska  She began her acting career in New York, appearing in the episodes of television series New York Undercover and Third Watch  Before landing the leading role in the independent drama film, Stranger Inside (2001)  The movie produced by HBO, first premiered on television, but Ross was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance  She later had supporting roles in a number of independent productions and guest-starred on Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and in 2011 had a recurring role of HBO's Treme Ross co-starred alongside LisaGay Hamilton in the critically acclaimed 2013 independent drama film, Go for Sisters  She received Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination for her performance in film  She later was cast opposite Viola Davis in Lila & Eve  In 2015, Ross played Robyn Crawford, the friend, assistant, and reported girlfriend of Whitney Houston, in the Lifetime movie, Whitney directed by Angela Bassett In 2017, Ross had a recurring role opposite Viola Davis in the ABC legal thriller How to Get Away with Murder  The following year she was cast in a series regular role in the Showtime drama series, The Chi 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Consenting Adults (1992 film)
Consenting Adults is a 1992 American mystery crime-thriller film directed by Alan J  Pakula, and stars Kevin Kline, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Kevin Spacey and Rebecca Miller  The original music score was composed by Michael Small  The film's tagline is: "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife "

Plot
Composer Richard Parker and his wife Priscilla live an ordinary suburban life until they meet their new neighbors Eddy and Kay Otis  The two couples become friends  Kay's talent for blues singing gets Richard's attention, while Eddy is attracted to Priscilla  It becomes clear that Eddy is a scam artist when he fakes a neck injury after an auto accident for the insurance proceeds (the majority of which he offers to the Parkers as a gift)  Eddy chastises Richard for not living dangerously, and suggests they swap mates for an evening 
The plot takes a nasty turn when Richard does sleep with Kay (supposedly without her realizing that he is not her husband) and Kay turns up dead the next morning, bludgeoned to death by a baseball bat  Later, it is revealed that Eddy spent the night elsewhere in order to establish an airtight alibi  Richard's semen is found in her body, and his fingerprints are on the bat (from when the two couples played a friendly game of softball earlier the previous day), so he's charged with the crime  Priscilla disowns and divorces Richard due to his infidelity  Eddy soon becomes Priscilla's lover and a substitute father to Richard's daughter, Lori 
A distraught Richard finally finds a ray of hope when he hears Kay singing in a radio talent show and realizes she's alive  With the help of private investigator David Duttonville, who was hired by the insurance company from which Eddy is attempting to collect a $1 5 million indemnity claim, Richard tracks her down and learns the truth of how he was betrayed  Kay is guilt-ridden over her part in it, but terrified by Eddy's threat to implicate her if she testifies  Eddy, anticipating what Richard intends to do next, murders Kay and slips away  Implicated in a second murder, Richard flees the scene as police sirens approach 
Priscilla discovers a plane ticket Eddy used on the night of the second murder  Realizing Eddy's guilt, she worries over what to do about it  Richard performs a commando-style raid on Eddy's house, but Eddy, anticipating this move as well, reveals to Priscilla his plan to murder her and shoot Richard as a homicidal intruder  Working together, Richard and Priscilla eventually kill Eddy using the original murder weapon, the baseball bat  Richard and Priscilla are later seen moving into a very secluded house with no neighbors visible for miles 

Cast
Kevin Kline as  Richard Parker
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as  Priscilla Parker
Kevin Spacey as  Eddy Otis
Rebecca Miller as  Kay Otis
Forest Whitaker as  David Duttonville
E  G  Marshall as  George Gutton
Kimberly McCullough as  Lori Parker
Billie Neal as  Annie Duttonville
Benjamin Hendrickson as  Jimmy Schwartz

Reception
It holds a 23% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 13 reviews  On Metacritic it has a score of 39% based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews "Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert sharply disagreed on the movie: Siskel found it depressing, mean-spirited and lacking in well-developed characters; Ebert said it was a good thriller with very interesting characters and that "the entire movie is a comedy "Vancouver Province film critic Michale Walsh panned the film, stating: 'Adults? Pond Scum, Actually '

Remakes
The film was remade in Pakistan in 1995 as Jo Darr Gya Woh Marr Gya, starring Jawed Sheikh, Nadeem Baig, Neeli, and Reema Khan  The movie was a hit and earned a golden jubilee  The film's music was composed by Robin Ghosh and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan  An Indian remake was also made in the 2001, Ajnabee, starring Akshay Kumar, Bobby Deol, Kareena Kapoor, and Bipasha Basu 
Passage 2:
Michael Small
Michael Small (May 30, 1939 – November 24, 2003) was an American film score composer known for his scores to the movies Klute, The Parallax View, Marathon Man, and The Star Chamber 

Personal life
Small was born in New York City but grew up in Maplewood, New Jersey  His father, Jack Small, was an actor and later, the general manager of the Shubert Theater in New York City  Small did his undergraduate work at Williams College where he was graduated with a degree in English  He later studied for a year at Harvard University 
Small died from prostate cancer on November 24, 2003; he was 64 years old 

Filmography
Passage 3:
Tarcisio Fusco
Tarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores  He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco 

Selected filmography
Boccaccio (1940)
Free Escape (1951)
Abracadabra (1952)
The Eternal Chain (1952)
Beauties in Capri (1952)
Milanese in Naples (1954)
Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)
Passage 4:
Abe Meyer
Abe Meyer (1901–1969) was an American composer of film scores 

Selected filmography
Painted Faces (1929)
Honeymoon Lane (1931)
Unholy Love (1932)
A Strange Adventure (1932)
Take the Stand (1934)
Legong (1935)
The Unwelcome Stranger (1935)
Suicide Squad (1935)
The Mine with the Iron Door (1936)
The Devil on Horseback (1936)
Song of the Trail (1936)
County Fair (1937)
The 13th Man (1937)
Raw Timber (1937)
Roaring Timber (1937)
The Law Commands (1937)
The Painted Trail (1938)
My Old Kentucky Home (1938)
The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)
Saleslady (1938)
Numbered Woman  (1938)
The Marines Are Here (1938)
Fisherman's Wharf (1939)
Undercover Agent (1939)
Passage 5:
Thomas Morse
Thomas Morse (born June 30, 1968) is a composer of film and concert music 

Life and composing career
He began his musical career while in high school, writing his first orchestral work  After receiving a bachelor's degree in composition from the University of North Texas, Morse began a composition master's degree at USC in Los Angeles, changing over to the film scoring program in the second year In the years that followed, Morse composed orchestral scores for more than a dozen feature films including The Big Brass Ring, based on an Orson Welles script, with William Hurt & Miranda Richardson who received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance; The Sisters (Maria Bello & Elizabeth Banks); and The Apostate (with Dennis Hopper), as well as the noted orchestral score for Jerry Bruckheimer's CBS series The Amazing Race Working parallel in the field of popular music, he created string arrangements on songs for numerous artists including a posthumous Michael Hutchence release entitled Possibilities In 2013 he signed a worldwide publishing agreement with Music Sales Group in New York, parent company of G  Schirmer 

Notable music for film and television
Notable music for film and television:
2014 Come Back to Me
2005 The Sisters
2001-2005 The Amazing Race (69 Episodes)
2001 Lying in Wait
2000 The Apostate
1999 The Big Brass Ring

Opera
2017 Frau Schindler

Other works
2013 Code Novus (album)
Passage 6:
Alonso Mudarra
Alonso Mudarra (c  1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument



ground_truth: Changeland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of Sextus Barbour's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Philip Pendleton Barbour
Philip Pendleton Barbour (May 25, 1783 – February 25, 1841) was the tenth speaker of the United States House of Representatives and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States  He is the only individual to serve in both positions  He was also a slave owner Born in Gordonsville, Virginia, Barbour established a legal career in Gordonsville after studying at the College of William & Mary  Several members of Barbour's family, including his brother, James Barbour, went on to hold prominent political office  Barbour won election to the House of Representatives in 1814 as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party  He served a single term as Speaker from 1821 to 1823 and declined to seek re-election to Congress in 1824  Barbour returned to Congress in 1827 as an ally of Andrew Jackson 
Barbour served in Congress until 1830, when he accepted appointment as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia  President Jackson appointed Barbour to the Supreme Court in 1835 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation in 1835 of Gabriel Duvall  Barbour served on the Court until his death in 1841  On the Court, Barbour generally supported Jacksonian principles and states' rights 

Early and family life
Barbour was born near Gordonsville, Orange County, Virginia, as the son of a planter, Thomas Barbour, who was a legislator, neighbor and early political sponsor of James Madison  He was named for his ancestor Philip Pendleton, through whom he was related to Edmund Pendleton, a politician and judge  The family was one of the First Families of Virginia, descended from a Scottish merchant who married a Miss Taliaferro and made his home in nearby Culpeper County, Virginia Like his brother James Barbour, Philip attended common and private schools before beginning formal legal studies under jurist St  George Tucker in Williamsburg, Virginia, but financial circumstances forced Tucker to end this arrangement in 1799 
He soon moved to Kentucky to make his fortune, where after a year reading law, he was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in Bardstown  After another year, friends persuaded him to return to Virginia and resume his studies at the College of William & Mary, so in 1802, he began practicing law near his family home in Gordonsville In 1804, Barbour married a local planter's daughter, Frances Johnson, with whom he had one son named Sextus Barbour 

Political and early judicial career
Barbour practiced law for eight years before he started his public life as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1812 to 1814   When U S  Representative John Dawson died, Barbour won the special election to fill the seat, and served as a Jeffersonian Republican in the U S  House of Representatives from September 19, 1814 to March 4, 1825, reaching the office of Speaker from 1821 to 1823  Barbour entered politics as the nation witnessed a political shift in which former state's rights activists such as current President James Madison, Henry Clay, and his brother James, now a U S  Senator, began supporting nationalistic policies  Throughout this shift in power, Philip Barbour remained a strong advocate of Jeffersonian "Old Republican" principles of states' rights and maintaining a strict construction of the Constitution 

First term in Congress
Barbour's reputation for constitutional conservatism grew with his opposition to the Bonus Bill of 1817  The Bill permitted the federal funding of internal
improvement projects such as building roads like that being constructed to connect Buffalo, New York to New Orleans, Louisiana, through Washington  Barbour viewed federally funded internal projects as outside the sphere of Congress' powers and therefore unconstitutional and undermining state sovereignty  Barbour viewed states as sovereign, political communities, independent of an overarching political dynasty and free to secede from the Union if the federal government infringed on the rights of the states, an argument that he employed when countering restrictions to Missouri's admission to the Union as a slave state  
Barbour also defended Missouri's ban on free Black Americans entering the state  To those who argued that this ban was a violation of Article IV of the Constitution, he replied that banning free Black Americans was no different than banning destitute white men who would become a burden on the state  He argued that the term "citizen" did not apply to Black Americans, whether free or not His opposition to national restrictions on slave states served to foment his passion for states' rights but also develop his pro-slavery argument in politics  As a Congressman, Barbour was the first prominent politician to openly contest the constitutionality of protective tariffs 

Cohens v  Virginia
In Cohens v  Virginia (1821), Congressman Barbour represented the Commonwealth of Virginia to argue the issue of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to hear the case, in which two men from Baltimore were convicted for selling D C  lottery tickets in Virginia  Barbour unsuccessfully argued that the Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction, since the law banning the sale of foreign lottery tickets was not meant to affect Virginia, rendering this a purely local issue  He also maintained that the suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment, which prohibits suit against a state without its consent  However, Chief Justice Marshall held that the Court had jurisdiction based on the Supremacy Clause, Art  VI, cl  2  This case strengthened Barbour's reputation as an Old Republican leader in a political system in which Virginian influence was waning and power was shifting between parties with the election of Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States 

Jacksonian Democratic-Republican Party
Andrew Jackson's election in 1828 led to the bifurcation of the Old Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democratic Republicans and the opposing National Republicans  Jackson formed the Democratic party on the foundation of Old Republican principles, such as Jefferson's displeasure with Hamilton's National Bank  During his two terms, President Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, and advocated for individual liberty, states' rights, and slavery 

State judge and second term in Congress
Barbour declined to run for re-election in 1824 and turned down an offer from Thomas Jefferson to become the professor of law in the University of Virginia in 1825  Instead, he accepted election by Virginia legislature as a judge of the General Court of Virginia succeeding the late Hugh Holmes  Barbour served for two years as a state judge 
In 1827, Barbour returned to his seat in the House of Representatives as a Jacksonian  For the first two years of his second stint in the House, he was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee 
In 1829, Barbour became one of the first Jeffersonian Old Republicans to join the Jacksonian Democrats in opposition to the National Bank  He fought to expose the Second Bank of the United States as a private enterprise, endowed with federal funds while only masquerading as a government institution  Although his anti-Bank campaign did not take hold, Barbour's advocacy for state sovereignty, the removal of the National Bank, and the legalization of slavery in territories such as Missouri earned him favor with President Andrew Jackson 
Also in 1829, while continuing to serve as a U S  Representative, Barbour became a delegate for the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830, and the Convention elected him their second president, after the Convention's first president, James Monroe, had to withdraw due to failing health on December 8  As such, Barbour (with distinguished Virginians such as Monroe, James Madison, and John Marshall) helped restrict discussion of slavery's role in the Commonwealth, and limited the rancorous assembly's debates to issues of representation and suffrage (Virginia had been one of the last states to allow only landowners to vote, and slaveholders had disproportionate power)  The resulting constitution was adopted in 1830, despite the votes against it from the state's northern and western areas (much of which ultimately split off to become West Virginia during the American Civil War decades after Barbour's death) 

Federal district judge and the 1832 campaign season
Barbour also turned down offers of a chancellorship and the post of U S  Attorney General before finally resigning his congressional seat October 15, 1830 to accept President Jackson's appointment to become judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia  Jackson appointed Barbour by recess appointment on October 8, 1830, to a seat on that court vacated by George Hay  Barbour was formally nominated on December 14, 1830, and two days later he was confirmed by the Senate, and received his commission, serving thereafter until March 17, 1836 In 1832, Democrats unhappy with the selection of Martin Van Buren as their party's vice-presidential nominee held a convention in Virginia, at which they nominated Jackson for president and Barbour for vice president  Barbour eventually withdrew his candidacy and endorsed the Jackson-Van Buren ticket, but the alternative Democratic ticket still appeared on the ballot in several Southern states 
Barbour also refused nominations for judge of the court of appeals, for Governor, and for United States Senator 
Although it was unknown whether Barbour could gain favor with voters outside Virginia, Barbour's campaigning on the Democratic ticket illuminated the similarities in parties and gained favor for the Democratic party   Voters reasoned that, if a man like Barbour, loyal to his party even when his fellow Virginians chose different principles, could switch to the Democratic party, then the Democrats must hold the same values  By joining the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Barbour entrenched Old Republican principles into a new political dynasty, therefore continuing the legacy of Jefferson and further validating the strength of Democratic principles  This was similar to Lincoln's argument that secession should not occur due to the state of perpetual Union that had existed since the first draft of the Constitution before the term "Union" was first used to describe the North during the Civil War  Therefore, Barbour's resignation allowed the second party system to coalesce by unifying the Democratic Party on the ideologies of war in the American system through the national reform retrenchment and economy, and a restoration of republican constitutionalism 

United States Supreme Court
Appointment
In 1835, Chief Justice Marshall's death and Justice Gabriel Duvall's resignation created two vacancies on the Supreme Court  President Jackson, at the end of his second Presidential term, nominated Judge Barbour to fill Duvall's vacancy  Nationalists feared Jackson's appointment of Barbour because Barbour's anti-administration Congressional legacy and Democratic beliefs suggested that he would attempt to undermine the federal supremacy achieved during the Marshall Court  This fear made the finalization of the decision an arduous process with two attempts at delaying the Senate's decision  On March 15, 1836, the Senate approved the appointment of Barbour by a vote of 30-11 

Tenure
Barbour served on the Supreme Court for five years  He heard 155 cases, for which he authored one major opinion and two dissents  His passion for states' rights, strict constructionism, and limits on federal power helped shape the legacy of the Taney Court 
During Barbour's first term (1837), he heard three cases that mitigated Marshall's accomplishment of judicial nationalism, Briscoe v  Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Charles River Bridge v  Warren Bridge, and New York v  Miln  Justice Barbour authored the majority opinion in New York v  Miln  In 1824, the state of New York passed a law that required all ship masters to provide a report delineating personal information of passengers in order to prevent smuggling and immigration of the impoverished for whom the state could not provide  Ship master Miln refused to comply with the law and was therefore jailed and fined  The case went to the Court on the issue of whether the statute violated the Commerce Clause, U S  Const , Art  1, § 8  Barbour held that the New York statute did not violate the Commerce Clause, because it was an exercise of the power granted to the state to "regulate their internal police and to take care that no detriment comes to the commonwealth " People were "not the subject of commerce, and not being imported goods, cannot fall within a train of reasoning founded upon the construction of a power given to Congress to regulate commerce and the prohibition to the states from imposing a duty on imported goods "  Justice Barbour argued that the statue was valid as an act of police power to protect the health and welfare of the community  Because it is within the powers of the state to have jurisdiction over its people and things within its territorial boundaries, then "the authority of a state is complete, unqualified, and exclusive "Justice Barbour's holding in Miln was supported by Taney's opinion in Charles River Bridge that the people have rights and it is the duty of both the state and the nation to preserve those rights in order to ensure the happiness and welfare of every citizen  Miln helped Barbour develop a states' rights constitutional vision for the Supreme Court, by narrowing the scope of federal commerce power while expanding state policing power  For both Briscoe v  Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and Charles River Bridge v  Warren Bridge, Barbour voted with the majority, simultaneously gaining more power for states and weakening Marshall Court nationalism 
While Barbour did not spend enough time on the court to amass a large body of judicial opinions, he authored dissents in Kendall v  United States ex rel  Stokes (1838) and Holmes v  Jennison (1840)  These two dissents sought to diminish federal authority by supporting Jacksonian political aspirations and opposing restrictions to state sovereignty  Kendall dealt with judicial supervision of executive acts  In 1835, President Jackson appointed Amos Kendall the Postmaster General for the United States  A firm, Stockton and Stokes, had had a contract with the previous Postmaster General, and demanded payment of outstanding debts thereunder, which Kendall declined, in favor of the debt-ridden U S  Postal Service's other creditors 
The Court viewed Kendall as a proceeding against an Executive Branch official who acted within the scope of his powers  The Court dealt with the issues of whether it had jurisdiction to hear the case under Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and whether it had the power to issue a writ of mandamus under Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to an official of the Executive Branch  The majority held that the Supreme Court could issue a writ of mandamus to "compel the Postmaster General to perform any ministerial duty devolved on him by law " This issue and holding is similar to that in Marbury v  Madison (1803), which also involved writs of mandamus to an executive officer and held that the Supremacy Clause in Article VI and the notion of popular sovereignty granted the Court jurisdiction over state court cases and the power of judicial review to make legitimate and final rulings on constitutional questions 
Justices Taney and Catron concurred with Barbour's opinion that it was never within the scope of judicial power to control executive actions  Although Barbour believed that "Congress has the constitutional power to give to the federal judiciary …authority to issue the writ of mandamus," Barbour did not believe that the lower court had the "power to issue the writ in question"  Even though the Postmaster General was subject to direction and control of the President with respect of the duties imposed by law, when the law is 'ministerial,' Congress can limit and regulate the executive officials  Because Congress created the executive office, then Congress could monitor executive decisions, but the President is not controlled by the federal courts  While the majority opinion served to further define separation of powers by holding acts of the executive branch as subject to the rulings of the Supreme Court, Barbour's dissenting opinion sought to discourage judicial supervision of executive acts by applying President Jackson's departmental theory, the notion that the executive branch has the right to interpret the Constitution for itself  Barbour's opinion in Kendall demonstrated his loyalty to President Jackson's political agenda 
Barbour made his most powerful argument in favor of states' rights in Holmes v  Jennison (1840), which focused on the extradition of a fugitive from Vermont to Canada  In 1838, George Holmes, a resident of Quebec, was convicted of murdering Louis Paschal Achille Tache in Canada  Holmes escaped to the United States where he was detained under issue of warrant in Vermont  Silas H  Jennison, the governor of Vermont, issued the warrant stating that Holmes, being a citizen of the lower province of Canada, would be arrested and returned to suffer prosecution according to the Canadian justice system, even though the United States had no extradition treaty with Canada  Because the Vermont Supreme Court refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus, Holmes petitioned to the Supreme Court on grounds that he was unlawfully imprisoned and deprived of his personal liberties 
The case became a contentious debate further polarizing the Court between nationalists and states' rights Justices  Holmes focused on whether the Court had the authority to review the case based on Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and whether the governor's warrant violated the Extradition Clause of Article IV, section 2 of the Constitution, which gave the federal government power to surrender a fugitive to a foreign government  Chief Justice Taney believed that the case fell within the Court's jurisdiction and that the federal government had the exclusive power to engage in foreign relations and so believed that the governor had violated the Extradition Clause 
However, as the Court divided 4-4 over the issue of jurisdiction, the Court dismissed the petition   The Vermont Supreme Court subsequently ordered Holmes released in light of the fact that five of the eight Justices expressed the opinion that the governor had violated the Extradition Clause, an expression of the principle that the Constitution gives state officers no power to take independent actions concerned with foreign governments  Barbour was one of the four Justices who disagreed with the Chief Justice  Barbour believed that, because "there is no treaty on the subject of surrendering fugitives," between Vermont and Canada, then the returning of fugitives to Canada did not violate a power granted to the federal government by the Constitution, and therefore the "authority, exercised by the Governor of Vermont, is not repugnant to the power of making treaties in its dormant state, because, in the language of the Chief Justice before cited, it is not the mere existence of the power but its exercise which is incompatible with the exercise of the same power by the states " Barbour opined that, because the Constitution did not explicitly define the affairs of states with foreign countries, Governor Jennison was completely within his rights to order the extradition 
Barbour's opinion in Holmes accorded with his opinion in New York v  Miln that the state has the duty to maintain the welfare of its people  Holmes v  Jennison provides an example of Barbour's strict reading of the Constitution, which allowed him to read a more pronounced states' rights view into the text 

Death and legacy
Barbour died of a coronary thrombosis on February 25, 1841, while asleep in his bed, and partway through the arguments of John Quincy Adams, who sought freedom for African captives in the Amistad Case  Justice Story (although opposing slavery and personally more nationalist than Barbour) eulogized Barbour as earning the respect of his colleagues by his commitment to personal values, persistence in fighting for his beliefs, and legal acumen Barbour owned fifty-four slaves at the time of the 1840 census An Episcopalian throughout his life, Philip Pendleton Barbour was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D C  Barbour's long-time friend and fellow Virginian, Peter V  Daniel, succeeded him on the U S  Supreme Court, and continued Barbour's legacy of maintaining Jacksonian principles, states' rights, and strict constructionist reading of the Constitution Locations named after him include Barbour County, West Virginia, Philippi, West Virginia and its Philip Barbour High School 
Barbour's tenure on the Court demonstrated his loyalty to President Jackson's national vision while applying a narrowed reading of state's rights into the Constitution  Barbour's decisions in major Court cases created an enduring Jacksonian legacy on the Taney Court  Barbour's furtherance of Jacksonian principles of departmental theory in his Kendall dissent, his states' rights advocacy in his majority opinion in New York v  Miln, and textualist reading of the Constitution in order to distinguish state from Congressional power in his dissent in Holmes, all served in this regard 
Barbour's opinions began to unravel the work of Marshall's Court, and set a precedent for future cases as the country became more polarized  Barbour's arguments for the authority of the President to interpret the Constitution in Kendall, and those in defense of the states' police power in Cohens v  Virginia, allowed Chief Justice Taney to rule that slaves were not citizens in Dred Scott v  Sanford (1857)  Ironically, they were also used by President Abraham Lincoln to issue a suspension of habeas corpus in 1861 

See also
Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Passage 2:
Obata Toramori
Obata Toramori (小畠虎盛, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period  He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" 
He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters  
He was the father of Obata Masamori 

See also
Isao Obata
Passage 3:
Arthur Beauchamp
Arthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand  He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield 

Biography
Beauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861 He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington)  Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds  He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884  He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton  Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned   He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian  He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a "fixer" for  Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct  Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro  At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session 

See also
Yska, Redmer (2017)  A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903  Dunedin: Otago University Press  pp  91–99  ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4 
Passage 4:
James Barbour (singer)
James Barbour (born April 25, 1966) is an American singer and theatre actor who played the title role in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera from February 2015 until December 2017  Among his other credits are the Beast in Beauty and the Beast and Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities, for which he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award 
In 2008, Barbour pleaded guilty to two counts of endangering the welfare of a child, and he admitted to engaging in sexual activities with a 15-year-old on more than one occasion 

Early life and education
Barbour was born April 25, 1966, in Cherry Hill, New Jersey  He graduated from Hofstra University, where he majored in English and Theatre with a minor in Philosophy and Physics 

Career
Barbour made his Broadway debut in 1993, in the production of Cyrano: The Musical  He also played Billy Bigelow in Carousel in 1994 and the Beast in Beauty and the Beast in 1998  He was nominated for a Drama League Award in the Outstanding Actor In A Musical category for his role as Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre  He played Leon Czolgosz in Assassins  He also appeared in the Broadway production of Urinetown, and in the national tours of The Secret Garden and Camelot  He also co-founded Laughing Dog Entertainment with the theatre director Steve Binder He played Lancelot in the 2005 Hollywood Bowl production of Camelot  In late 2007, he performed the role of Sydney Carton in a pre-Broadway musical adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities at the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida  In 2008, Barbour reprised his role in the Broadway production of A Tale of Two Cities, which closed after 60 performances  In the New York Times, critic Ben Brantley wrote that he disliked both the production and Barbour's performance in it  Barbour was nominated for the Drama League, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards in the Best Actor in a Musical category for his role in A Tale of Two Cities In 2011, it was announced that he would play the supporting role of Jack Favel in the Broadway musical adaptation of Rebecca  The production was plagued with legal and financial problems, and the production has been indefinitely postponed after multiple delays  Barbour then played the title role in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera for nearly three years, from February 2015 until December 2017 He launched a holiday concert series at New York's Sardi's Restaurant in 2008  Each performance featured a guest performer, including Brandi Burkhardt, Natalie Toro, Deborah Gibson, Marla Schaffel, Marc Kudisch, and Kevin Earley  He repeated the holidays concerts in 2009 in both New York and Los Angeles  In 2010, he expanded these concerts to six cities  He followed this with a second Sardi's concert series, "Love Songs", featuring numerous Broadway classics  The annual holiday concert series has since moved to Birdland, a Manhattan jazz club In March 2017, Barbour's likeness was immortalized in a caricature portrait on the wall at Sardi's  The same year, he finished writing The Ghosts of the Majestic, a solo show about John Raitt, Robert Goulet, and Ezio Pinza, three notable actors that performed at the Majestic Theatre 

Personal life
Barbour is married to fellow performer Dana Stackpole, with whom he has two daughters He has been an Artist Committee Board member of The Actors Fund of America for since 2000 during which time he has performed many charitable fundraisers in support of the Fund and Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS  In 2014, he gave a fundraising performance for Scientology  He has given benefit concerts for his alma mater, Hofstra University 

Arrest
In April 2006, Barbour was arrested and charged with five counts of sexual abuse and sodomy, after a woman accused him of committing statutory rape against her in 2001, when she was 15 years old  In December 2006 he was indicted by a grand jury in New York for said crime In January 2008, Barbour pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of endangering the welfare of a minor in exchange for a lesser sentence in jail and three years' probation  Also, in accordance with his plea bargain, Barbour made a public allocution to these misdemeanors  He served his sentence at Rikers Island, which lasted for 36 days beginning on February 29, 2008 

Broadway appearances
Cyrano: The Musical (1993)
Carousel (1994)
Beauty and the Beast (1998–1999)
Jane Eyre (2000)
Urinetown (2001)
Assassins (2004 & 2012)
A Tale of Two Cities (2008)
The Phantom of the Opera (2015-2017)

Filmography
Beauty and the Beast: A Concert on Ice (1996) (TV)
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996) (TV)
Cyrano: The Musical (1997) (TV)
Just Shoot Me! (1997) (TV)
Houdini (1998)
Sex and the City (1999) (TV)
Twinkle Toes (1999)
The District (2000) (TV)
That's Life (2001) (TV)
Eight Crazy Nights (2002)
Ed (2003) (TV)
Alchemy (2005)

Discography
Bring Me Giants (2010)
A Gift of Christmas (2009)
A Tale of Two Cities, The Musical: International Studio Cast Recording (2008)
Broadway in Concert (with Hershey Felder) (2007)
Dracula: The Musical Concept Recording
Jane Eyre – Original Cast Recording
Assassins – Broadway Cast Recording
Love Songs
The Gift

Awards
2001 Drama League Award – Edward Rochester, Jane Eyre ~ The Musical (WIN)
2006/7 LA Weekly Garland Award – Back From Broadway (WIN)
2007 Sarasota Magazine Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (WIN – Tie)
2008-2009 BroadwayWorld Fan Choice Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Finalist /Runner-Up )
2009 Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Nomination)
2009 Drama Desk Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Nomination)
Passage 5:
Ross Barbour (footballer)
Ross Barbour (born 1 February 1993) is a Scottish semi-professional footballer who plays for Darvel in the West of Scotland League Premier Division 

Playing career
Kilmarnock
A member of Kilmarnock's under 19 squad, Barbour was promoted to the first team on 17 December 2011, where he was an unused substitute in their match against Dundee United  He went on to make his debut aged 19, on 7 April 2012 as a second-half substitute in a 6–0 defeat to champions Celtic  On 22 May 2014, Barbour signed a new two-year contract with the club 

Kirkintilloch Rob Roy
On 25 March 2016, Barbour signed for Junior club Kirkintilloch Rob Roy on a short-term contract after he was released by Kilmarnock 

Stranraer
Barbour signed for Stranraer in July 2016  After only one month at Stranraer, Barbour left the club, citing differences with Manager Brian Reid 

Troon
Barbour signed for Troon on 24 August 2016  after leaving Stranraer 

Linlithgow Rose
Upon the expiry of his contract at Troon, Barbour joined East of Scotland side Linlithgow Rose in July 2018, where he revelled in a previously unfamiliar midfield role  After the departure of Manager Mark Bradley, Barbour requested a move back to his native West Coast 

Troon return
On 24 October 2019  Barbour re-signed for Troon 

Career statistics
As of 30 August 2016
Passage 6:
Antwain Barbour
Antwain La'Mar Barbour (born June 27, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Hoops Club of the Lebanese Basketball League 
Kentucky High School Sweet 16 State Champion 2000 (Elizabethtown) 
MVP Kentucky High School State Tournament 2000 

Career
After playing for Kentucky Wildcats at NCAA, Barbour joined Kentucky Colonels of ABA league in 2004 
Next season he played in the Continental Basketball Association with Yakima Sun Kings and on 2006 he arrives to Spain for finishing the 2005–06 LEB season with UB La Palma  He only played four games, but it was sufficient for signing for Tenerife Rural 
On the team of the island of Tenerife, Barbour played during two seasons and a half becoming one of the most spectacular players of the LEB League  He has got the scoring record at this league, with 50 points against CB Lucentum Alicante After two seasons reaching the promotion playoffs to Liga ACB and a half of another one, he leaves Tenerife for signing for Erdemir SK of the Turkish Basketball League  In this first season in Turkey, he becomes runner-up of the Turkish Cup Basketball and finishes the 2008–09 season saving the spot in the TBL  When he arrived, the team was in the 15th position On 2009, he returns to Spain to play at Lagun Aro GBC, team of the Liga ACB, the top Spanish basketball league  One year later, Barbour comes back to Zonguldak for playing again at Erdemir SK 
For the 2011–12 season, Antwain Barbour signed with KK Cibona On July 3, 2013, Barbour signed with Mersin BB  After a stint in Poland he came back with Mersin BB on December 10, 2014 
Passage 7:
Cleomenes II
Cleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC  He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him  Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC  Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus 

Life and reign
Cleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r  380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids)  Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371  His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370  Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC  In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r  524–490) 

Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes  He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity"  Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322)  However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r  400–c 360), Archidamus III (r  360–338), and Agis III (r  338–331)  As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes  Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315 Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336  In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373  Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:
Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting "
As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority  Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely 
Passage 8:
Roy Barbour
Roy Hilton Barbour (born 2 June 1935) is a Rhodesian former field hockey player  He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics 
Passage 9:
Sextus Barbour
Dr  Sextus Barbour (July 26, 1813 – December 20, 1848) was a prominent American physician and planter  As the son of Philip P  Barbour (May 25, 1783 – February 25, 1841), U S  Congressman from Virginia and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Barbour was a scion of the Barbour political family 

Early life and education
Barbour was born on July 26, 1813, in Orange County, Virginia  He was the sixth child of Philip P  Barbour and his wife Frances Todd Johnson Barbour was a matriculant at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1834 

Writings
Sometime between 1839 and '43, Barbour wrote "Directions for Writing" which is widely cited in literature on writing and grammar:In notes in the third person, the address, and date, are to be placed, on the right side just below the last line  Both letters, and notes, are to be addressed, to the persons for whom they are intended, on the left side, of the lower part of the paper  The place of abode of the person to whom sent, to be first  This is the case when they are in the third person  The letter, or note should never be carried so, near the bottom, as not to have room for the usual conclusion, and signature or to crunch it  Postscripts should if possible be avoided, and, on no account should civilities be postponed to this part  All letters should be enveloped but such as are sent by the post  Nothing should be written when [?] the inside of the envelope; not must any address, be put on the enclosed letter  A half sheet to be used for the envelope 
A hiring agreement in 1846 between Barbour and his eldest brother Edmund Pendleton Barbour serves as a historically significant source for the safety of, hiring of, and caring for slaves  The agreement did not list a price for a slave's services but included the standard food and clothing clause along with an additional clause stating that "the boy Edwin not be allowed to cross the Libertyville millpond or the watercourse when it is high "

Death
Both Barbour and his brother Thomas Barbour, also a physician, died of cholera during the 1848-49 St  Louis cholera epidemic  The epidemic killed 4,500 people, one-tenth of the population of St  Louis  Barbour died on December 20, 1848, and his brother Thomas died the following year in June 1849 
Passage 10:
John Templeton (botanist)
John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the "Father of Irish Botany"  He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies 

Family
Templeton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner  The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class  Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude "drudgery and fear" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning  Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill  Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged  The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813 
The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history 

United Irishman
Like many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament  But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish "test" or pledge  In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago 
She hoped his sisters would "soon follow him " Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish "Cranmore" (crann mór, 'big tree') 
Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence  He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr  James MacDonnell  MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend  (While unable to "forget the amiable Russell", time, he conceded,  "softened a little my feelings": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands) 

Garden
The garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: "Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today " "Box from Mr  Taylor" Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden 

Botanist
John Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens  Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary  An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there  This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists  He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast) [1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton  The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued  Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48  Others were in The Queen's University Belfast  All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334 
Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society 

Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants  His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr  John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs  Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal  I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force  The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledge

Botanical Manuscripts
The MSS  left by Templeton consist of seven volumes  One of these is a small 8vo  half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp  of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities  In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F  M  More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr  Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast  It was lent by his son, Dr  R  Templeton, to my brother, Alex  G  More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards " The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species  They are now lent to the Belfast Museum  About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them 

Vol  1 —Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text 
Vol  Il —Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured 
Vol IIl —Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures  At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced 
Vol  IV Fungi, 112 folios 
Vol  V —Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text  *Vol  VI —Mosses and Hepatics  117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good  Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast  The earliest published reference to his MSS  is in the "* Flora of Ulster," by Dickie, published in 1864, where there is this indefinite allusion—‘* To the friends of the late Mr  Templeton I am indebted for permission to take notes of species recorded in his manuscript " The MS  was most likely the small volume now in the Royal Irish Academy Library  In the introduction to the "*‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland"’ (1888), there is a brief biographical sketch of Templeton, but no mention of any MS  However, in a ‘‘ Supplement" to the Flora (1894), there is this note— ‘* Templeton, John, four volumes of his ‘ Flora Hibernica’ at present deposited with the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, contain much original matter, which could not be worked out in time for the present paper " This fixes the approximate date of the MSS  being loaned to the Belfast Museum  They were not known to the authors of the ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica’"’ in 1866, while in the second edition (1898) the small volume of the MSS  in R 1 A  Library is described in the Index of Authors under its full title—Catalogue of the Native Plants of Ireland, by John Templeton, A L S 

Notable plant finds
Antrim:Northern beech fern Glenaan River, Cushendall 1809: intermediate wintergreen Sixmilewater 1794: heath pearlwort :Muck Island Islandmagee  1804: dwarf willow Slievenanee Mountain 1809: thin-leaf brookweed beside River Lagan in its tidal reaches – gone now 1797: Dovedale moss Cave Hill 1797: Arctic root Slemish Mountain pre 1825: Cornish moneywort  formerly cultivated at Cranmore, Malone Road, Belfast1 pre-1825 J  persisted to 1947: rock whitebeam  basalt cliffs of the Little Deerpark, Glenarm 15 July 1808: yellow meadow rue Portmore Lough 1800:  Moschatel Mountcollyer Deerpark 2 May 1820 , Bearberry  Fair Head pre 1825, Sea Bindweed Bushfoot dunes pre 1825,  Flixweed , 'Among the ruins of Carrickfergus I found Sisymbrium Sophia in plenty' 2 Sept  1812 – Journal of J  Templeton J4187, Needle Spike-rush Broadwater pre 1825, Dwarf Spurge Lambeg gravel pit 1804, Large-flowered Hemp-nettle, Glenarm  pre 1825
Down:
Field Gentian Slieve Donard 1796: Lesser Twayblade Newtonards Park pre 1825:  Rough poppy 15 July 1797: Six-stamened Waterwort Castlewellan Lake 1808: Great Sundew going to the mountains from Kilkeel 19 August 1808: Hairy Rock-cress Dundrum Castle 1797: Intermediate Wintergree Moneygreer Bog 1797 Cowslip Holywood Warren pre 1825 long gone since: Water-violet Crossgar 7th July 1810 Scots Lovage Bangor Bay 1809, Mountain Everlasting  Newtownards 1793, Frogbit boghole near Portaferry, Parsley fern, Slieve Binnian, Mourne Mountains  19 August 1808, Bog-rosemary Wolf Island Bog 1794,  Marsh Pea Lough Neagh
Fermanagh: Marsh Helleborine

Natural History of Ireland
John Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham  He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808  John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially "Zoophytes") and insects, notably garden pest species  He planned a 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'  This was not published, even in part, but A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq  of Cranmore with localities, descriptions, and illustrations Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472[2], 1836   Catalogue of Irish Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arachnoida, selected from the papers of the late John Templeton Esq  Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 9–14 [3] and 1837 Irish Vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late  John Templeton Esq Mag  Nat  Hist   1: (n  s ): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton)  Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'The Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation 

Dublin
Templeton was a regular visitor to the elegant Georgian city of Dublin (by 1816 the journey was completed in one day in a wellington coach with 4 passengers) and he was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society By his death in 1825 the Society had established a Botanic at Glasnevin "with the following sections:
1 The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, - Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit; and forest-tree plants 
2  Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu  3  Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus  4  Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany  5  Medicinal plants  6  Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle  7  Plants used in rural economy  8  Plants used in dyeing  9  Rock plants  10  Aquatic and marsh plants  - For which an artificial marsh has been formed  11  Cryptogamics  12  Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics" 
Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library 
"Second Room  Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes  1  Mammalia  2  Aves  3  Amphibia  4  Pisces  5  Insectae  6  Vermes  Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species" and the Leske collection 
The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; "amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, "Gramitia Austriaca" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host" Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the 
Kirwanian Society  founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden  Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons 

Death and legacy
Never of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, "leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death"  The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him 
In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution  With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum) 
Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much  Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as "the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced" Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods  Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and Topographical

Contacts
Thomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary 
George Shaw
James Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora Britannica
James Lee
Samuel Goodenough
Aylmer Bourke Lambert
James Sowerby
William Curtis
Joseph Banks
Robert Brown 
Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)
Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804) 
John Walker
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel
Jonathan Stokes
Walter Wade

Other
John Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets  His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses  He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon  His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811 

Gallery
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See also
Late Enlightenment
James Townsend Mackay
Context 3:   He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar 

Biography
The place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there   He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana   When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life   While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities   Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will 

Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela ("Three books of music in numbers for vihuela"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville   These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument  The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by "tono", or mode 
Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs  Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years    The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets)   Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast 

References and further reading
John Griffiths: "Alonso Mudarra", Grove Music Online ed  L  Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance   New York, W W  Norton & Co , 1954   ISBN 0-393-09530-4
Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)
The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)
Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative Hypertext
Jacob Heringman and Catherine King: "Alonso Mudarra songs and solos"  Magnatune com (http://www magnatune com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)

External links
Free scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Passage 7:
Henri Verdun
Henri Verdun (1895–1977) was a French composer of film scores 

Selected filmography
Napoléon (1927)
The Sweetness of Loving (1930)
The Levy Department Stores (1932)
The Lacquered Box (1932)
The Weaker Sex (1933)
The Flame (1936)
Girls of Paris (1936)
The Assault (1936)
Les Disparus de Saint-Agil (1938)
The Woman Thief (1938)
Ernest the Rebel (1938)
Rail Pirates (1938)
The Fatted Calf (1939)
Camp Thirteen (1940)
The Man Without a Name (1943)
The Bellman (1945)
My First Love (1945)
The Murderer is Not Guilty (1946)
Distress (1946)
The Fugitive (1947)
The Ironmaster (1948)
The Tragic Dolmen (1948)
The Ladies in the Green Hats (1949)
La Fugue de Monsieur Perle (1952)
The Lovers of Midnight (1953)
The Big Flag (1954)
Blood to the Head (1956)
Passage 8:
Walter Ulfig
Walter Ulfig was a German composer of film scores 

Selected filmography
Das Meer (1927)
Venus im Frack (1927)
Svengali (1927)
Bigamie (1927)
Homesick (1927)
The Awakening of Woman (1927)
The Famous Woman (1927)
Alpine Tragedy (1927)
The Strange Case of Captain Ramper (1927)
Assassination (1927)
Queen Louise (1927)
Homesick (1927)
Das Schicksal einer Nacht (1927)
The Hunt for the Bride (1927)
The Orlov (1927)
Serenissimus and the Last Virgin (1928)
Mariett Dances Today (1928))
The Woman from Till 12 (1928)
The Beloved of His Highness (1928)
The Schorrsiegel Affair (1928)
It Attracted Three Fellows (1928)
Miss Chauffeur (1928)
The King of Carnival (1928)
The Weekend Bride (1928)
Honeymoon (1928)
Spring Awakening (1929)
The Right of the Unborn (1929)
The Heath Is Green (1932)
Höllentempo (1933)
The Two Seals (1934)
Pappi (1934)
Mädchenräuber (1936)

Bibliography
Jung, Uli & Schatzberg, Walter  Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene  Berghahn Books, 1999 

External links
Walter Ulfig at IMDb
Passage 9:
Bert Grund
Bert Grund (1920–1992) was a German composer of film scores 

Selected filmography
Crown Jewels (1950)
Immortal Light (1951)
I Can't Marry Them All (1952)
We're Dancing on the Rainbow (1952)
My Wife Is Being Stupid (1952)
Knall and Fall as Detectives (1952)
The Bachelor Trap (1953)
The Bird Seller (1953)
The Immortal Vagabond (1953)
The Sun of St  Moritz (1954)
The Witch (1954)
The Major and the Bulls (1955)
Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)
Love's Carnival (1955)
The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz (1956)
Between Time and Eternity (1956)
That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958)
Arena of Fear (1959)
The Thousand Eyes of Dr  Mabuse (1960)
The Count of Luxemburg (1972)
Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV series)
Die Wächter (1986, TV miniseries)
Carmen on Ice (1990)
Passage 10:
Simon Higgins
Simon Higgins is an Australian screenwriter and author of books for young adults, born in 1958 in England  He arrived in Australia in 1963 after first living in Nigeria, Africa 

Career
Originally a police officer  then private investigator in Adelaide, South Australia, working predominantly on homicide cases, he turned to writing in 1998 To date he has had 12 novels published, often combining the crime, speculative fiction and historical adventure genres  His works have been divided between Random House, the Hachette Group and Pulp Fiction Press  His short stories have also been published by Pan Macmillan/Ford Street Publishing His debut novel, Doctor Id, published in Australia 1998, subsequently released in Italy and serialised in Japan, was listed as a 1999 Notable Book of the Year by the Children's Book Council of Australia Higgins’ second novel, Thunderfish was also listed as a 2000 Notable Book by the CBCA 
One of the sequels to Thunderfish, titled Under No Flag, was shortlisted for a Ned Kelly Crime Writing Award in 2002 In 2007 Higgins won a Fellowship of Australian Writers (FAW) National Literary Award for an unpublished novel about historical Asia Higgins trained and competed in Japan in the traditional sword art of Iaido, and placed fifth in Iaido's world titles in Kyoto in 2008 
He has stated that this personal immersion in traditional Asian warrior culture and discipline inspired his most successful novels, which featured samurai and ninja His 2008 novel, Moonshadow: Eye of the Beast, was an Australian bestseller, was shortlisted for the 2008 Aurealis Fantasy Award and subsequently published in the United States, Germany, Indonesia and England As a result, Higgins was invited to appear on Australia's highest rating children's TV show, Saturday Disney, to discuss the book and demonstrate swordplay Higgins has written short stories for several anthologies, in the horror, science fiction and historical adventure genres He has also authored numerous articles on the craft of writing and creative brainstorming A prolific public speaker and teacher of creative writing, he is known for incorporating martial arts demonstrations into his presentations to middle school, high school and university-level writing students in Australia, England and Asia Higgins has been repeatedly noted in teaching journals and the Australian media for his efforts to ‘masculinise reading’ In 2010, in recognition of his efforts to promote greater understanding of Asian cultures, Higgins was invited by the Australian government's Asia Education Foundation to become an Ambassador for Asia Literacy His novel, Moonshadow: Eye of the Beast, was subsequently made a recommended school curriculum text by the Asia Education Foundation In 2013 Higgins received an Australian Government Endeavour Executive Fellowship Award to live and study ‘Screenwriting for Film & TV Animation’ in China This led to his ongoing creative collaboration with Crane Animation, based in Guilin, China, first in the role of creative consultant, then as a screenwriter for their award-winning series Gemini Fables and as coach of the company's in-house writing team 



ground_truth: Gordonsville, Virginia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the composer of film Consenting Adults (1992 Film) born?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Synopsis
The film looks at the lives of three women living in Bhubaneshwar  Vijaya's husband died a few days after their wedding and she is trying to cope with her feelings for a kind, local teacher  Her friend, Sonia, is caught between modernity and traditional notions of female virtue while Aunt Nila has difficulty in facing up to getting old 

Cast
Robin Das as Pratap
Vijayani Mishra as  Vijaya
Sonia Mohapatra  as Sonia
Surya Mohanty as Sales Representative
Deba Das as Deb
Muktabala Rautray as Widow
Anjana Chowdhury

Crew
Susant Misra - Director
Susant Misra - Story & Screenplay
Jugala Debata -   Producer
Chakradhar Sahu - Editor
Devdas Chhotray - Dialogue
Jugala Debata - Director of Photography
Vikash Das - Music
Asim Basu - Art Director
Himanshu Shekhar Khatur - Sound

Music
Vikash Das has arranged music for this film

Review
Susant Mishra's Indradhanura Chhai (Shadows of the Rainbow ) shows how urbanization and the consequent rise of modern consumerism have affected the traditional social and family structures in Bhubaneswar  Against the backdrop of this changing cityscape, Indradhanura Chhai explores the multidimensional conflicts of its characters, their changing perceptions about human nature and personal relationships  With hypnotic visual rhythms, Susant Mishra shows the lives of three women living in the modernizing town of Bhubaneswar, its skyline dominated by magnificent temple architecture 

Awards & participation
Sochi International Film Festival, Russia( 1995) -Grand Prix for the Best Feature Film
National Film Awards, India(1994) -Special Jury award
Cannes Film Festival, (1995) - Official Selection in Un Certain Regard
Orissa State Film Awards, (1994) - Best Direction, Best Dialogues & Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress and Special Jury Award
Cairo International Film Festival
Rotterdam International Film Festival
Moscow International Film Festival
International Film Festival for Nouveau Cinema, Montreal
Festival at Institute Lumiere, Paris
Screened as the Closing Film of the Indomania "100 Years of Indian Cinema" Celebration in Paris
1st Bhubaneswar Film Festival
Passage 4:
The Death of the West (disambiguation)
The Death of the West is a 2001 book by paleoconservative commentator Patrick J  Buchanan 
The Death of the West may also refer to:

Death of the West (album), a 2002 Babylon Whores album
The Death of the West (album), a 1994 Sol Invictus album
Passage 5:
Kayra
Kayra or Kaira (Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰖𐰺𐰀) is the creator god in Turkic mythology  He is the god who planted the tree of life called Ulukayın  Kayra is described as both father and mother, and resides in the 17th layer of heaven He is the supreme god of the pantheon and the son of sky deity named Tengri  This son, Kara Han (the black king or ruler of the land – Kara may mean land, earth, black or in a sense strong, powerful), left his father's home in the heaven and went to live in the underworld  On occasion, identified as Kara-Khan (black king), he was the primordial god and his father was the ancordial god called Tengri 

Etymology
The name of this deity is found in several forms, as is that of his opponent  "Kayra-Khan" may be translated as "merciful king", while the form "Kara Han" signifies "black king"  For this reason, authority on Turkic Mythology Deniz Karakurt, considers Kara-Han and Kayra-Han to be two different deities  Furthermore, the Turkish word kara can mean both black and land, with the result that Kara Han can mean not only 'Black (Dark) Ruler' but also 'Ruler of the Land' 

God of Creation
In ancient Turkic  belief known as Altai myth of creation, Tangri (God) Kara Han is neither male nor female nor even human in form, but a pure-white goose that flies constantly over an endless expanse of water (time), the benign creator of all that is, including the other, lesser gods  Among all Altai people the dualistic division is most clear (Ulgen and Erlik), and the highest god, Tengre Kaira Khan, is a good power  But before Ak Ana appears to urge it to create, Kara-han becomes anxious, creation occurring in a context of loneliness, turmoil and fear: the water becomes turbulent, but it reassures itself that it "need not fear" (the implication of such self-reassurance being that it is indeed afraid)  Supreme being in the universe it created, Kara-han is the ruler of the three realms of air, water and land, seated on the seventeenth level of the universe, from which it determines the fate of its creation  After creating the universe it planted the nine-boughed tree of life, from the branches of which came the ancestors of humans  Thus emerged the nine races (nine clans) 
It has three sons: Ulgan, Mergen and Kyzaghan 
A Tuvinian / Soyoth legend, told as follows: The giant turtle which supported the earth moved, which caused the cosmic ocean to begin flooding the earth  An old man who had guessed something like this would happen, built a raft  Boarded it with his family, and he was saved  When the waters receded, the raft was left on a high wooded mountain, where, it is said, it remains today  After the flood Kaira-Khan created everything around the world  Among other things, he taught people how to make Araq (some kind of liquor) 

See also
Bai-Ulgan
Turul
Passage 6:
Black King
Black King may refer to:

The black king (chess)
A black king (playing card), either the King of Spades or the King of Clubs
Black King (comics), a number of comics characters
Black King, a character in Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror
Black King (Ultra monster), a kaiju from Return of Ultraman
Lampropeltis getula, the Black King Snake
The Black King (film), a 1932 race film starring A B  DeComathiere
Dub, King of Scotland, King of Alba, occasionally referred to as The Black King

See also
Black Is King, a 2020 film and visual album by Beyoncé
Passage 7:
The Death of Black King
The Death of Black King (Czech: Smrt černého krále) is a 1971 Czechoslovak film  The film starred Vlastimil Brodský, Jaroslav Marvan, Josef Vinklář, Josef Kemr, Stanislav Fišer, etc 
Passage 8:
The Death of Nelson
The Death of Nelson may refer to any of the following paintings depicting the death of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson:

The Death of Nelson (West painting), an 1806 work by Benjamin West
The Death of Nelson, 21 October 1805, an 1807 work by Arthur William Devis
The Death of Nelson (Maclise painting), an 1859–64 work by Daniel Maclise
Passage 9:
The Death of Tragedy
The Death of Tragedy may refer to:

The Death of Tragedy (Abney Park album) (2005)
The Death of Tragedy (Tragedy Khadafi album) (2007)
The Death of Tragedy, a 1961 work of literary criticism by George Steiner



ground_truth: New York