prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Duleep Singh's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 2:
Victor Duleep Singh
Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 July 1866 – 7 June 1918) was the eldest son of Maharani Bamba Müller and Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of Lahore, and of the Sikh Empire, and the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 

Biography
Victor Duleep Singh was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Lady Anne Blanche Alice Coventry whom he would later marry  In 1887 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, with a special Cadetship and left it the following December to be commissioned as Lieutenant into the 1st (Royal) Dragoons  

In 1889 Singh was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in British North America  In December, he was rumoured to be engaged to marry Jeanne Turnure, daughter of Lawrence Turnure, a New York City banker, after staying at the Turnure house in Newport, Rhode Island, the previous summer; the rumour was however denied by the banker  In February the following year, Singh took a three-month leave of absence from the army to meet his father in Paris, when rumours of unpaid creditors in Halifax became current for the first time  He continued to serve in the Royal Dragoons until he resigned his commission in 1898 On the death of his father, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, on 23 October 1893, Victor succeeded him as Head of the Royal House of the Punjab On 4 January 1898, Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh married Lady Anne Coventry, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Coventry, who was eight years younger than himself  The marriage created a sensation: it was the first time an Indian prince had married an English noblewoman, and the marriage was made possible primarily due to the intervention of the Prince of Wales (subsequently King Edward VII)  The wedding took place at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, London, where Queen Victoria was also represented  Although Queen Victoria gave the couple her blessing, she allegedly told Lady Anne to never have children with the Prince  The marriage remained childless Singh was declared bankrupt on 4 September 1902, with debts totaling £117,900 (approximately £12 8 million in today's value), despite his £8,250 annual allowance and his wife's income of £2,500  The bankruptcy was attributed to bad investments and to gambling, something that plagued him for the rest of his life He died, without legitimate issue, aged 51, on 7 June 1918, and was buried at the Anglican Cemetery above Monte Carlo  Beside him is the grave of his wife who died aged 82, on 2 July 1956 

Honours
National dynastic honours
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

National honours
United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Frederick Duleep Singh
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh, MVO, TD, FSA (23 January 1868 – 15 August 1926), also known as Prince Freddy, was a younger son of Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 

Early life
Prince Frederick was born in London as the third son (the second surviving after the oldest son died on the first day after his birth) of Sir Duleep Singh and Bamba Müller, the former Maharaja and Maharani Duleep of Lahore  
He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge where he read History (B A  1890; M A  1894)  At Cambridge, he was a member of the Pitt Club He was deeply interested in archaeology, contributing articles to various periodicals and became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries  He wrote Portraits in Norfolk Houses (1929, two volumes) alongside Rev  Edmund Farrer, and with Farrer and his friend Charles Partridge compiled and published Portraits in Suffolk Houses  He was East Anglia representative of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and reported on about 50 historic building cases for it 

Career
He lived at Old Buckenham Hall and for 20 years, at Blo' Norton Hall near Thetford  He was a staunch monarchist, possibly due to his father's good relationship with Queen Victoria, even hanging a portrait of republican Oliver Cromwell upside-down in his lavatory at Blo' Norton  His collection of Jacobite and Stuart relics (and the Cromwell painting) were presented to Inverness Museum  He gave to the town of Thetford the timber-framed Ancient House (now a museum) together with his collection of portraits 

Military
Prince Frederick served with Yeomanry regiments from 1893 to 1919 

Appointed Second Lieutenant: – Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry – 12 August 1893 
Promoted Lieutenant: 21 July 1894 
Promoted Captain: 19 August 1898 In July 1901, Prince Frederick transferred to the Norfolk Yeomanry from the Suffolk Yeomanry and was promoted to the rank of major  He resigned his commission in 1909 but rejoined the Norfolk Yeomanry in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I and was on active service in France for two years and with the General Staff 

Honours
Punjabi
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

British
United Kingdom: Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 1901
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Territorial Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the 1914 Star Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Victory Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 5:
Ranjit Singh
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839), popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century  He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye  He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10  After his father died, he fought several wars to expel the Afghans in his teenage years and was proclaimed as the "Maharaja of Punjab" at age 21  His empire grew in the Punjab region under his leadership through 1839 Prior to his rise, the Punjab region had numerous warring misls (confederacies), twelve of which were under Sikh rulers and one Muslim  Ranjit Singh successfully absorbed and united the Sikh misls and took over other local kingdoms to create the Sikh Empire  He repeatedly defeated invasions by outside armies, particularly those arriving from Afghanistan, and established friendly relations with the British Ranjit Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity  His Khalsa army and government included Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, including the rebuilding of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar as well as other major gurudwaras, including Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Bihar and Hazur Sahib Nanded, Maharashtra under his sponsorship  Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh 

Early years
Ranjit Singh was born in a Jat Sikh family on 13 November 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in Gujranwala, Punjab region (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)  His mother Raj Kaur was the daughter of Jat Sikh Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind  Upon his birth, he was named Buddh Singh after his ancestor who was first in line to take Amrit Sanchaar  The child's name was changed to Ranjit (literally, "victor in battle") Singh ("lion") by his father to commemorate his army's victory over the Chattha chieftain Pir Muhammad 

Ranjit Singh contracted smallpox as an infant, which resulted in the loss of sight in his left eye and a pockmarked face  He was short in stature, never schooled, and did not learn to read or write anything beyond the Gurmukhi alphabet  However, he was trained at home in horse riding, musketry and other martial arts At age 12, his father died  He then inherited his father's Sukerchakia Misl estates and was raised by his mother Raj Kaur, who, along with Lakhpat Rai, also managed the estates  The first attempt on his life was made when he was 13, by Hashmat Khan, but Ranjit Singh prevailed and killed the assailant instead  At age 18, his mother died and Lakhpat Rai was assassinated, and thereon he was helped by his mother-in-law from his first marriage 

Personal life
Wives
In 1789, Ranjit Singh married his first wife Mehtab Kaur, the muklawa happened in 1796  She was the only daughter of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya and his wife Sada Kaur, and the granddaughter of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, the founder of the Kanhaiya Misl  This marriage was pre-arranged in an attempt to reconcile warring Sikh misls, wherein Mehtab Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in 1786  However, the marriage failed, with Mehtab Kaur never forgiving the fact that her father had been killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father and she mainly lived with her mother after marriage  The separation became complete when Ranjit Singh married Datar Kaur of the Nakai Misl in 1797 and she turned into Ranjit's most beloved wife  Mehtab Kaur had three sons, Ishar Singh who was born in 1804 and twins Sher Singh and Tara Singh born in 1807  According to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, she was the only one to bear the title of Maharani  She died in 1813, after suffering from a failing health 
His second marriage was to, Datar Kaur (Born Raj Kaur) the youngest child and only daughter of Ran Singh Nakai, the third ruler of the Nakai Misl and his wife Karmo Kaur  They were betrothed in childhood by Datar Kaur's eldest brother, Sardar Bhagwan Singh, who briefly became the chief of the Nakai Misl, and Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh  They were married in 1797; this marriage was a happy one  Ranjit Singh always treated Raj Kaur with love and respect  Since Raj Kaur was also the name of Ranjit Singh's mother, she was renamed Datar Kaur  In 1801, she gave birth to their son and heir apparent, Kharak Singh  Datar Kaur bore Ranjit Singh two other sons, Rattan Singh and Fateh Singh  Like his first marriage, the second marriage also brought him strategic military alliance  She was exceptionally intelligent and assisted him in affairs of the State  During the expedition to Multan in 1818, she was given command alongside her son, Kharak Singh  Throughout her life she remained Ranjit Singh's favorite  and for no other did he have greater respect for than Datar Kaur, who he affectionately called Mai Nakain   Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort  During a hunting trip with Ranjit Singh, she fell ill and died on 20 June 1838 
Ratan Kaur and Daya Kaur were wives of Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujrat (a misl north of Lahore, not to be confused the state of Gujarat)  After Sahib Singh's death, Ranjit Singh took them under his protection in 1811 by marrying them via the rite of chādar andāzī, in which a cloth sheet was unfurled over each of their heads  The same with Roop Kaur, Gulab Kaur, Saman Kaur, and Lakshmi Kaur,  looked after Duleep Singh when his mother Jind Kaur was exiled  Ratan Kaur had a son Multana Singh in 1819, and Daya Kaur had two sons Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh in 1821 Jind Kaur, the final spouse of Ranjit Singh  Her father, Manna Singh Aulakh, extolled her virtues to Ranjit Singh, who was concerned about the frail health of his only heir Kharak Singh  The Maharaja married her in 1835 by 'sending his arrow and sword to her village'  On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to Duleep Singh, who became the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire His other wives included, Mehtab Devi of Kangara also called Guddan or Katochan and Raj Banso, daughters of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra 
He was also married to Rani Har Devi of Atalgarh, Rani Aso Sircar and Rani Jag Deo According to the diaries, that Duleep Singh kept towards the end of his life, that these women presented the Maharaja with four daughters  Dr  Priya Atwal notes that the daughters could be adopted  Ranjit Singh was also married to Jind Bani or Jind Kulan, daughter of Muhammad Pathan from Mankera and Gul Bano, daughter of Malik Akhtar from Amritsar 
Ranjit Singh married many times, in various ceremonies, and had twenty wives  Sir Lepel Griffin, however, provides a list of just sixteen wives and their pension list  Most of his marriages were performed through chādar andāz  Some scholars note that the information on Ranjit Singh's marriages is unclear, and there is evidence that he had many concubines  Dr  Priya Atwal presents an official list of Ranjit Singh's thirty wives  The women married through chādar andāzī were noted as concubines and were known as the lesser title of Rani (queen)  While Mehtab Kaur and Datar Kaur officially bore the title of Maharani (high queen), Datar Kaur officially became the Maharani after the death of Mehtab Kaur in 1813  Throughout her life was referred to as Sarkar Rani  After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's youngest widow Jind Kaur  According to Khushwant Singh in an 1889 interview with the French journal Le Voltaire, his son Dalip (Duleep) Singh remarked, "I am the son of one of my father's forty-six wives " Dr  Priya Atwal notes that Ranjit Singh and his heirs entered a total of 46 marriages  But Ranjit Singh was known not be a "rash sensualist" and commanded unusual respect in the eyes of others  Faqir Sayyid Vaḥiduddin states: "If there was one thing in which Ranjit Singh failed to excel or even equal the average monarch of oriental history, it was the size of his harem " George Keene noted, "In hundreds and in thousands the orderly crowds stream on  Not a bough is broken of a wayside tree, not a rude remark to a woman" 

Punishment by the Akal Takht
In 1802, Ranjit Singh married Moran Sarkar, a Muslim nautch girl  This action, and other non-Sikh activities of the Maharaja, upset orthodox Sikhs, including the Nihangs, whose leader Akali Phula Singh was the Jathedar of the Akal Takht  When Ranjit Singh visited Amritsar, he was called outside the Akal Takht, where he was made to apologise for his mistakes  Akali Phula Singh took Ranjit Singh to a tamarind tree in front of the Akal Takht and prepared to punish him by flogging  Then Akali Phula Singh asked the nearby Sikh pilgrims whether they approved of Ranjit Singh's apology  The pilgrims responded with Sat Sri Akal and Ranjit Singh was released and forgiven  An alternative holds that Ranjit went to visit Moran on his arrival in Amritsar before paying his respects at Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara, which upset orthodox Sikhs and hence was punished by Akali Phula Singh  Iqbal Qaiser and Manveen Sandhu make alternative accounts on the relationship between Moran and the Maharaja; the former stating they never married, while the latter state that they married  Court chronicler, Sohan Lal Suri makes no mention Moran's marriage to the Maharaja or coins being struck in her name  Bibi Moran spent the rest of life in Pathankot  Duleep Singh makes a list of his father's queens which also does not mention Bibi Moran 

Issue
Kharak Singh (22 February 1801 – 5 November 1840) was the eldest and the favorite of Ranjit Singh from his second and favorite wife, Datar Kaur  He succeeded his father as the Maharaja 
Ishar Singh son of his first wife, Mehtab Kaur  This prince died in infancy in 1805 
Rattan Singh (1805–1845) was born to Maharani Datar Kaur  He was granted the Jagatpur Bajaj estate as his jagir 
Sher Singh (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was elder of the twins of Mehtab Kaur  He briefly became the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 
Tara Singh (4 December 1807 – 1859) younger of the twins born of Mehtab Kaur 
Multana Singh (1819–1846) son of Ratan Kaur 
Kashmira Singh (1821–1844) son of Daya Kaur 
Pashaura Singh (1821–1845) younger son of Daya Kaur 
Duleep Singh (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  Ranji Singh's youngest son, the only child of Jind Kaur According to the pedigree table and Duleep Singh's diaries that he kept towards the end of his life mention another son Fateh Singh was born to Mai Nakain, who died in infancy  According to Henry Edward only Datar Kaur and Jind Kaur's sons are Ranjit Singh's biological sons It is said that Ishar Singh was not the biological son of Mehtab Kaur and Ranjit Singh, but only procured by Mehtab Kaur and presented to Ranjit Singh who accepted him as his son  Tara Singh and Sher Singh had similar rumors, it is said that Sher Singh was the son of a chintz weaver, Nahala and Tara Singh was the son of Manki, a servant in the household of Sada Kaur  Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported,
"Though reported to be the Maharaja's son, Sher Singh's father has never thoroughly acknowledged him, though his mother always insisted on his being so  A brother of Sher, Tara Singh by the same mother, has been even worse treated than himself, not being permitted to appear at court, and no office given him, either of profit or honour " Five Years in India, Volume 1
Henry Edward Fane, London, 1842Multana Singh, Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh were sons of the two widows of Sahib Singh, Daya Kaur and Ratan Kaur, that Ranjit Singh took under his protection and married  These sons, are said to be, not biologically born to the queens and only procured and later presented to and accepted by Ranjit Singh as his sons 

Establishment of the Sikh Empire
Historical context
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and declined in its ability to tax or govern most of the Indian subcontinent  In the northwestern region, particularly the Punjab, the creation of the Khalsa community of Sikh warriors by Guru Gobind Singh accelerated the decay and fragmentation of the Mughal power in the region  Raiding Afghans attacked the Indus river valleys but met resistance from both organised armies of the Khalsa Sikhs as well as irregular Khalsa militias based in villages  The Sikhs had appointed their own zamindars, replacing the previous Muslim revenue collectors, which provided resources to feed and strengthen the warriors aligned with Sikh interests  Meanwhile, colonial traders and the East India Company had begun operations in India on its eastern and western coasts By the second half of the 18th century, the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and parts of north India) were a collection of fourteen small warring regions  Of the fourteen, twelve were Sikh-controlled misls (confederacies), one named Kasur (near Lahore) was Muslim controlled, and one in the southeast was led by an Englishman named George Thomas  This region constituted the fertile and productive valleys of the five rivers – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej  The Sikh misls were all under the control of the Khalsa fraternity of Sikh warriors, but they were not united and constantly warred with each other over revenue collection, disagreements, and local priorities; however, in the event of external invasion such as from the Muslim armies of Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan, they would usually unite Towards the end of 18th century, the five most powerful misls were those of Sukkarchakkia, Kanhayas, Nakkais, Ahluwalias and Bhangi Sikhs  Ranjit Singh belonged to the first, and through marriage had a reliable alliance with Kanhayas and Nakkais  Among the smaller misls, some such as the Phulkias misl had switched loyalties in the late 18th century and supported the Afghan army invasion against their Khalsa brethren  The Kasur region, ruled by Muslim, always supported the Afghan invasion forces and joined them in plundering Sikh misls during the war 

Military campaigns
Rise to fame, early conquests
Ranjit Singh's fame grew in 1797, at age 17, when the Afghan Muslim ruler Shah Zaman, of the Ahmad Shah Abdali dynasty, attempted to annex Panjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers  The battle was fought in the territory that fell in Ranjit Singh controlled misl, whose regional knowledge and warrior expertise helped resist the invading army  This victory gained him recognition  In 1798, the Afghan ruler sent in another army, which Ranjit Singh did not resist  He let them enter Lahore, then encircled them with his army, blocked off all food and supplies, burnt all crops and food sources that could have supported the Afghan army  Much of the Afghan army retreated back to Afghanistan In 1799, Raja Ranjit Singh's army of 25,000 Khalsa, supported by another 25,000 Khalsa led by his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur of Kanhaiya misl, in a joint operation attacked the region controlled by Bhangi Sikhs centered around Lahore  The rulers escaped, marking Lahore as the first major conquest of Ranjit Singh  The Sufi Muslim and Hindu population of Lahore welcomed the rule of Ranjit Singh  In 1800, the ruler of Jammu region ceded control of his region to Ranjit Singh In 1801, Ranjit Singh proclaimed himself as the "Maharaja of Punjab", and agreed to a formal investiture ceremony, which was carried out by Baba Sahib Singh Bedi – a descendant of Guru Nanak  On the day of his coronation, prayers were performed across mosques, temples and gurudwaras in his territories for his long life  Ranjit Singh called his rule as "Sarkar Khalsa", and his court as "Darbar Khalsa"  He ordered new coins to be issued in the name of Guru Nanak named the "NanakShahi" ("of the Emperor Nanak") 

Expansion
In 1802, Ranjit Singh, aged 22, took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl, paid homage at the Harmandir Sahib temple, which had previously been attacked and desecrated by the invading Afghan army, and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold 

On 1 January 1806, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with the British officials of the East India Company, in which he agreed that his Sikh forces would not attempt to expand south of the Sutlej river, and the Company agreed that it would not attempt to militarily cross the Sutlej river into the Sikh territory In 1807, Ranjit Singh's forces attacked the Muslim ruled Kasur and, after a month of fierce fighting in the Battle of Kasur defeated the Afghan chief Qutb-ud-Din, thus expanding his empire northwest towards Afghanistan  He took Multan in 1818, and the whole Bari Doab came under his rule with that conquest  In 1819, he successfully defeated the Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers and annexed Srinagar and Kashmir, stretching his rule into the north and the Jhelum valley, beyond the foothills of the Himalayas The most significant encounters between the Sikhs in the command of the Maharaja and the Afghans were in 1813, 1823, 1834 and in 1837  In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general Dewan Mokham Chand led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of Shah Mahmud led by Fateh Khan Barakzai  The Afghans lost their stronghold at Attock in that battle 
In 1813–14, Ranjit Singh's first attempt to expand into Kashmir was foiled by Afghan forces led by Azim Khan, due to a heavy downpour, the spread of cholera, and poor food supply to his troops In 1818, Darbar's forces led by Kharak Singh and Misr Dewan Chand occupied Multan, killing Muzaffar Khan and defeating his forces, leading to the end of Afghan influence in the Punjab In July 1818, an army from the Punjab defeated Jabbar Khan, a younger brother of governor of Kashmir Azim Khan, and acquired Kashmir, along with a yearly revenue of Rs seventy lacs  Dewan Moti Ram was appointed governor of Kashmir 

In 1823, Yusufzai Pashtuns fought the army of Ranjit Sing north of the Kabul River In 1834, Mohammed Azim Khan once again marched towards Peshawar with an army of 25,000 Khattak and Yasufzai tribesmen in the name of jihad, to fight against infidels  The Maharaja defeated the forces  Yar Mohammad was pardoned and was reinvested as governor of Peshawar with an annual revenue of Rs one lac ten thousand to Lahore Darbar In 1837, the Battle of Jamrud, became the last confrontation between the Sikhs led by him and the Afghans, which displayed the extent of the western boundaries of the Sikh Empire On 25 November 1838, the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh, the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the Dal Khalsa to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India  In 1838, he agreed to a treaty with the British viceroy Lord Auckland to restore Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne in Kabul  In pursuance of this agreement, the British army of the Indus entered Afghanistan from the south, while Ranjit Singh's troops went through the Khyber Pass and took part in the victory parade in Kabul 

Geography of the Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire, also known as the Sikh Raj and Sarkar-a-Khalsa, was in the Punjab region, the name of which means "the land of the five rivers"  The five rivers are the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum, all of which are tributaries of the river Indus The geographical reach of the Sikh Empire under Singh included all lands north of Sutlej river, and south of the high valleys of the northwestern Himalayas  The major towns at time included Srinagar, Attock, Peshawar, Bannu, Rawalpindi, Jammu, Gujrat, Sialkot, Kangra, Amritsar, Lahore and Multan Muslims formed around 70%, Hindus formed around 24%, and Sikhs formed around 6–7% of the total population living in Singh's empire: 2694

Governance
Ranjit Singh allowed men from different religions and races to serve in his army and his government in various positions of authority  His army included a few Europeans, such as the Frenchman Jean-François Allard, though Singh maintained a policy of refraining from recruiting Britons into his service, aware of British designs on the Indian subcontinent  Despite his recruitment policies, he did maintain a diplomatic channel with the British; in 1828, he sent gifts to George IV and in 1831, he sent a mission to Simla to confer with the British Governor General, William Bentinck; while in 1838, he cooperated with them in removing the hostile Islamic Emir in Afghanistan 

Religious policies
As consistent with many Punjabis of that time, Ranjit Singh was a secular king and followed the Sikh path  His policies were based on respect for all communities, Hindu, Sikh and Muslim  A devoted Sikh, Ranjit Singh restored and built historic Sikh Gurdwaras – most famously, the Harmandir Sahib, and used to celebrate his victories by offering thanks at the Harmandir  He also joined the Hindus in their temples out of respect for their sentiments  The veneration of cows was promoted and cow slaughter was punishable by death under his rule  He ordered his soldiers to neither loot nor molest civilians He built several gurdwaras, Hindu temples and even mosques, and one in particular was Mai Moran Masjid, built on the behest of his beloved Muslim wife, Moran Sarkar  The Sikhs led by Singh never razed places of worship to the ground belonging to the enemy  However, he did convert Muslim mosques into other uses  For example, Ranjit Singh's army desecrated Lahore's Badshahi Mosque and converted it into an ammunition store, and horse stables  Lahore's Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) was converted into "Moti Mandir" (Pearl Temple) by the Sikh army, and Sonehri Mosque were converted into a Sikh Gurdwara, but upon the request of Sufi Fakir (Satar Shah Bukhari), Ranjit Singh restored the latter back to a mosque  Lahore's Begum Shahi Mosque was also used as a gunpowder factory, earning it the nickname Barudkhana Wali Masjid, or "Gunpowder Mosque "Singh's sovereignty was accepted by Afghan and Punjabi Muslims, who fought under his banner against the Afghan forces of Nadir Shah and later of Azim Khan  His court was ecumenical in composition: his prime minister, Dhian Singh, was a Hindu (Dogra); his foreign minister, Fakir Azizuddin, was a Muslim; and his finance minister, Dina Nath, was also a Hindu (Brahmin)  Artillery commanders such as Mian Ghausa were also Muslims  There were no forced conversions in his time  His wives Bibi Mohran, Gilbahar Begum retained their faith and so did his Hindu wives  He also employed and surrounded himself with astrologers and soothsayers in his court Ranjit Singh had also abolished the gurmata and provided significant patronage to the Udasi and Nirmala sect, leading to their prominence and control of Sikh religious affairs 

Administration
Khalsa Army
The army under Ranjit Singh was not limited to the Sikh community  The soldiers and troop officers included Sikhs, but also included Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  Hindu Brahmins and people of all creeds and castes served his army, while the composition in his government also reflected a religious diversity  His army included Polish, Russian, Spanish, Prussian and French officers  In 1835, as his relationship with the British warmed up, he hired a British officer named Foulkes However, the Khalsa army of Ranjit Singh reflected regional population, and as he grew his army, he dramatically increased the Rajputs and the Sikhs who became the predominant members of his army  In the Doaba region his army was composed of the Jat Sikhs, in Jammu and northern Indian hills it was Hindu Rajputs, while relatively more Muslims served his army in the Jhelum river area closer to Afghanistan than other major Panjab rivers 

Reforms
Ranjit Singh changed and improved the training and organisation of his army  He reorganised responsibility and set performance standards in logistical efficiency in troop deployment, manoeuvre, and marksmanship  He reformed the staffing to emphasise steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla warfare, improved the equipment and methods of war  The military system of Ranjit Singh combined the best of both old and new ideas  He strengthened the infantry and the artillery  He paid the members of the standing army from treasury, instead of the Mughal method of paying an army with local feudal levies While Ranjit Singh introduced reforms in terms of training and equipment of his military, he failed to reform the old Jagirs (Ijra) system of Mughal middlemen  The Jagirs system of state revenue collection involved certain individuals with political connections or inheritance promising a tribute (nazarana) to the ruler and thereby gaining administrative control over certain villages, with the right to force collect customs, excise and land tax at inconsistent and subjective rates from the peasants and merchants; they would keep a part of collected revenue and deliver the promised tribute value to the state  These Jagirs maintained independent armed militia to extort taxes from the peasants and merchants, and the militia prone to violence  This system of inconsistent taxation with arbitrary extortion by militia, continued the Mughal tradition of ill treatment of peasants and merchants throughout the Sikh Empire, and is evidenced by the complaints filed to Ranjit Singh by East India Company officials attempting to trade within different parts of the Sikh Empire According to historical records, states Sunit Singh, Ranjit Singh's reforms focused on military that would allow new conquests, but not towards taxation system to end abuse, nor about introducing uniform laws in his state or improving internal trade and empowering the peasants and merchants  This failure to reform the Jagirs-based taxation system and economy, in part led to a succession power struggle and a series of threats, internal divisions among Sikhs, major assassinations and coups in the Sikh Empire in the years immediately after the death of Ranjit Singh; an easy annexation of the remains of the Sikh Empire into British India followed, with the colonial officials offering the Jagirs better terms and the right to keep the system intact 

Infrastructure investments
Ranjit Singh ensured that Panjab manufactured and was self-sufficient in all weapons, equipment and munitions his army needed  His government invested in infrastructure in the 1800s and thereafter, established raw materials mines, cannon foundries, gunpowder and arm factories  Some of these operations were owned by the state, others operated by private Sikh operatives However, Ranjit Singh did not make major investments in other infrastructure such as irrigation canals to improve the productivity of land and roads  The prosperity in his Empire, in contrast to the Mughal-Sikh wars era, largely came from the improvement in the security situation, reduction in violence, reopened trade routes and greater freedom to conduct commerce 

Muslim accounts
The mid 19th-century Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced the Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's Empire and governance  According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals  The initial momentum for the Empire building in these accounts is stated to be Ranjit Singh led Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury" According to Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ranjit Singh's rule led to further persecution of Muslims in Kashmir, expanding the previously selective persecution of Shia Muslims and Hindus by Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers between 1752 and 1819 before Kashmir became part of his Sikh Empire  Bikramjit Hasrat describes Ranjit Singh as a "benevolent despot" 
The Muslim accounts of Ranjit Singh's rule were questioned by Sikh historians of the same era  For example, Ratan Singh Bhangu in 1841 wrote that these accounts were not accurate, and according to Anne Murphy, he remarked, "when would a Musalman praise the Sikhs?" In contrast, the colonial era British military officer Hugh Pearse in 1898 criticised Ranjit Singh's rule, as one founded on "violence, treachery and blood"  Sohan Seetal disagrees with this account and states that Ranjit Singh had encouraged his army to respond with a "tit for tat" against the enemy, violence for violence, blood for blood, plunder for plunder 

Decline
Singh made his empire and the Sikhs a strong political force, for which he is deeply admired and revered in Sikhism  After his death, empire failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire began to decline  The British and Sikh Empire fought two Anglo-Sikh wars with the second ending the reign of Sikh Empire  Sikhism itself did not decline Clive Dewey has argued that the decline of the empire after Singh's death owes much to the jagir-based economic and taxation system which he inherited from the Mughals and retained  After his death, a fight to control the tax spoils emerged, leading to a power struggle among the nobles and his family from different wives  This struggle ended with a rapid series of palace coups and assassinations of his descendants, and eventually the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British 

Death and legacy
Death
In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver  According to the chronicles of Ranjit Singh's court historians and the Europeans who visited him, Ranjit Singh took to alcohol and opium, habits that intensified in the later decades of his life  However, he neither smoked nor ate beef, and required all officials in his court, regardless of their religion, to adhere to these restrictions as part of their employment contract   He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839  Four of his Hindu wives- Mehtab Devi (Guddan Sahiba), daughter of Raja Sansar Chand, Rani Har Devi, the daughter of Chaudhri Ram, a Saleria rajput, Rani Raj Devi, daughter of Padma Rajput and Rani Rajno Kanwar, daughter of Sand Bhari along with seven Hindu concubines with royal titles committed sati by voluntarily placing themselves onto his funeral pyre as an act of devotion Singh is remembered for uniting Sikhs and founding the prosperous Sikh Empire  He is also remembered for his conquests and building a well-trained, self-sufficient Khalsa army to protect the empire  He amassed considerable wealth, including gaining the possession of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan, which he left to Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha in 1839 

Gurdwaras
Perhaps Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the Harmandir Sahib, the most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, which is now known popularly as the "Golden Temple"  Much of the present decoration at the Harmandir Sahib, in the form of gilding and marblework, was introduced under the patronage of Singh, who also sponsored protective walls and water supply system to strengthen security and operations related to the temple  He also directed construction of two of the most sacred Sikh temples, being the birthplace and place of assassination of Guru Gobind Singh – Takht Sri Patna Sahib and Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, respectively – whom he much admired  The nine-storey tower of Gurdwara Baba Atal was constructed during his reign 

Memorials and museums
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan, marks the place where Singh was cremated, and four of his queens and seven concubines committed sati 
On 20 August 2003, a 22-foot-tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the Parliament of India 
A museum at Ram Bagh Palace in Amritsar contains objects related to Singh, including arms and armour, paintings, coins, manuscripts, and jewellery  Singh had spent much time at the palace in which it is situated, where a garden was laid out in 1818 
On 27 June 2019, a nine-feet bronze statue of Singh was unveiled at the Haveli Maharani Jindan, Lahore Fort at his 180th death anniversary  It has been vandalised several times since, specifically by members of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 

Crafts
In 1783, Ranjit Singh established a crafts colony of Thatheras near Amritsar and encouraged skilled metal crafters from Kashmir to settle in Jandiala Guru  In the year 2014, this traditional craft of making brass and copper products got enlisted on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO  The Government of Punjab is now working under Project Virasat to revive this craft 

Awards
In 2020, Ranjit Singh was named as "Greatest Leader of All Time" in a poll conducted by 'BBC World Histories Magazine' 

In popular culture
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a documentary film directed by Prem Prakash covers his rise to power and his reign  It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division 
In 2010, a TV series titled Maharaja Ranjit Singh aired on DD National based on his life which was produced by Raj Babbar's Babbar Films Private Limited  He was portrayed by Ejlal Ali Khan
Maharaja: The Story of Ranjit Singh (2010) is an Indian Punjabi-language animated film directed by Amarjit Virdi 
A teenage Ranjit was portrayed by Damanpreet Singh in the 2017 TV series titled Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh  It aired on Life OK produced by Contiloe Entertainment 

See also
Baradari of Ranjit Singh
History of Punjab
Charat Singh
Hari Singh Nalwa
List of generals of Ranjit Singh
Koh-i-Noor
Battle of Balakot

Notes
Passage 6:
Duleep Singh
Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, GCSI (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), or Sir Dalip Singh, and later in life nicknamed the "Black Prince of Perthshire", was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's youngest son, the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur He was placed in power in September 1843, at the age of five, with his mother ruling on his behalf, and after their defeat in the Anglo-Sikh War, under a British Resident  He was subsequently deposed by the British Crown, and thereafter exiled to Britain at age 15 where he was befriended by Queen Victoria, who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja: "Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful"  The Queen was godmother to several of his children  He died at 55, living most of his final years in the United Kingdom His mother had effectively ruled when he was very young and he managed to meet her again on 16 January 1861, in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom  During the last two years of her life, his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule  In June 1861, he was one of the first 25 Knights in the Order of the Star of India 

Early years
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, Duleep Singh lived quietly with his mother, Jind Kaur Aulakh, at Jammu ruled by Gulab Singh, under the protection of the Vizier, Raja Dhian Singh  He and his mother were recalled to Lahore in 1843 after the assassinations of Maharaja Sher Singh and Dhian Singh, and on 16 September, at the age of five, Duleep Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, with Maharani Jind Kaur as Regent 
On 13 December 1845 the British East India Company declared war on the Sikhs and, after winning the First Anglo-Sikh War, retained the Maharaja as nominal ruler, but replaced the Maharani by a Council of Regency and later imprisoned and exiled her  Over thirteen years passed before Duleep Singh was permitted to see his mother again 
After the close of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849, he was deposed at the age of ten and was put into the care of Dr John Login and sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh on 21 December 1849, with tight restrictions on who he was allowed to meet  No Indians, except trusted servants, could meet him in private  As a matter of British policy, he was to be culturally anglicised in every possible aspect  His health was reportedly poor and he was often sent to the hill station of Landour near Mussoorie in the Lower Himalaya for convalescence, at the time about 4 days' journey  He would remain for weeks at a time in Landour at a grand hilltop building called The Castle, which had been lavishly furnished to accommodate him 

Conversion to Christianity
In 1853, under the tutelage of his long-time retainer Bhajan Lal (himself a Christian convert), he converted to Christianity at Fatehgarh with the approval of the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie  His conversion remains controversial, and it occurred before he turned 15  He later had serious doubts and regrets regarding this decision and reconverted to Sikhism in 1886 He was also heavily and continuously exposed to Christian texts under the tutelage of the devout Sir John Spencer Login  His two closest childhood friends were both English Anglican missionaries  In May 1854 he was sent into exile in Britain 

Life in exile
London
Duleep Singh arrived in England in late 1854 and was introduced to the British court  Queen Victoria showered affection upon the turbaned Maharaja, as did the Prince Consort  Duleep Singh was initially lodged at Claridge's Hotel in London before the East India Company took over a house in Wimbledon and then eventually another house in Roehampton which became his home for three years  He was also invited by the Queen to stay with the Royal Family at Osborne, where she sketched him playing with her children and Prince Albert photographed him, while the court artist, Winterhalter, made his portrait He eventually got bored with Roehampton and expressed a wish to go back to India but it was suggested by the East India Company Board he take a tour of the European continent which he did with Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login  He was a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, from 1855 until his death 

Castle Menzies
On his return from Continental Europe in 1855 he was given an annual pension of £25,000 a year (approximately £2,500,000 in today's value) provided he "remain obedient to the British Government," and was officially under ward of Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login, who leased Castle Menzies in Perthshire, Scotland, for him  He spent the rest of his teens there, but at 19 he demanded to be in charge of his household  Eventually, he was given this and an increase in his annual pension 
In 1859 Lt Col James Oliphant was installed as Equerry to the Maharaja at the recommendation of Sir John Login  Oliphant was to be a possible replacement should anything happen to the Maharaja's most trusted friend Sir John Login (who did indeed die four years later in 1863) In the 1860s, Singh moved from Castle Menzies to Grandtully Castle 

Mulgrave Castle
From 1858 to 1862 Duleep Singh rented Mulgrave Castle, near Whitby 

Sir Samuel White Baker
While Sir Samuel White Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh  In 1858–1859, the two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest  On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube  The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market  There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, destined for the Ottoman Pasha of Vidin  Baker was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants  The two ran away in a carriage together and eventually, as Florence Baker, she became Baker's lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed 

Reunion with his mother
When he was 18, Singh wrote to his mother in Kathmandu, suggesting that she should join him in Great Britain, but his letter was intercepted by the British authorities in India and did not reach her  He then sent a courier, Pundit Nehemiah Goreh, who was also intercepted and forbidden to contact the Maharani  Duleep Singh then decided to go himself  Under cover of a letter from Login he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, who reported that the Maharani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her ' The British government decided she was no longer a threat and she was allowed to join her son on 16 January 1861 at Spence's Hotel in Calcutta and return with him to England 

Auchlyne and Aberfeldy
In 1858 the lease of Castle Menzies expired and Duleep Singh rented the house at Auchlyne from the Earl of Breadalbane  He was known for a lavish lifestyle, shooting parties, and a love of dressing in Highland costume and soon had the nickname "the Black Prince of Perthshire"  (At the same time, he was known to have gradually developed a sense of regret for his circumstances in exile, including some inner turmoil about his conversion to Christianity and his forced departure from the Punjab)  His mother stayed in Perthshire with him for a short time, before he rented the Grandtully Estate, near Aberfeldy  Following the death of his mother and Sir John Login in 1863, he returned to England 

Elveden Estate
Maharaja Duleep Singh (as he became in June 1861) bought (or the India Office purchased for him) a 17,000 acres (69 km2) country estate at Elveden on the border between Norfolk and Suffolk, close to Thetford, in 1863  He enjoyed living in Elveden Hall and the surrounding area and restored the church, cottages, and school  He transformed the run-down estate into an efficient game preserve and it was here that he gained his reputation as the fourth best shot in England The house was remodelled into a quasi-oriental palace where he lived the life of a British aristocrat  Maharaja Duleep Singh was accused of running up large expenses and the estate was sold after his death to pay his debts  Today, Elveden is owned by The 4th Earl of Iveagh, the head of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family of brewing fame; it remains an operating farm and private hunting estate 

Re-initiated into Sikhism
In 1864, Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller in Cairo and established his family home at Elveden Hall in Suffolk  He eventually became disaffected and embittered with the British, and he reverted to Sikhism 
While in exile, he sought to learn more about Sikhism and was eager to return to India  Though previous efforts were thwarted by his handlers, he re-established contact with his cousin Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who on 28 September 1884 left Amritsar for England along with his sons Narinder Singh and Gurdit Singh and a Sikh granthi (priest), Pratap Singh Giani  He also brought a list of properties held by Sir Duleep Singh in India  All this renewed his connection with Sikhism The British Government decided in 1886 against his return to India or his re-embracing Sikhism  Despite protests from the India Office, he set sail for 'home' on 30 March 1886  However, he was intercepted and arrested in Aden, then part of Aden Settlement, where the writ of the Viceroy of India began  He could not be stopped from an informal re-conversion ceremony in Aden, far less grand and symbolic than it would have been in India, done by emissaries sent by Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who was earlier planning the Pahaul ceremony at Bombay  Sir Duleep was forced to return to Europe 

Death
Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris in 1893 at the age of 55, having seen India after the age of fifteen during only two brief, tightly controlled visits in 1860 (to bring his mother to England) and in 1863 (to cremate his mother's body) 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's wish for his body to be returned to India was not honoured, in fear of unrest, given the symbolic value the funeral of the son of the Lion of the Punjab might have caused and the growing resentment of British rule  His body was brought back to be buried according to Christian rites, under the supervision of the India Office, in Elveden Church beside the grave of his wife Maharani Bamba, and his son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh  The graves are located on the west side of the Church 

A life-size bronze statue of the Maharaja, showing him on a horse, was unveiled by the then Prince of Wales in 1999 at Butten Island in Thetford, a town which benefited from his and his sons' generosity In an auction at Bonhams, London, on 19 April 2007, the 74 cm high white marble portrait bust of Maharaja Duleep Singh by Victorian sculptor John Gibson, R A , in Rome in 1859 fetched £1 7 million (£1 5 million plus premium and tax) A film titled Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice, was made in 2007, directed by P S  Narula 

Heraldry
The Maharaja and his family used a coat of arms which was drawn up by Prince Albert, despite not being registered at the College of Arms  It contained a coronet, lions, and a shield with a cross, along with the motto "Prodesse quam conspicii" ("to do good rather than be conspicuous") 

Family
Sir Duleep Singh married twice, first to Bamba Müller in 1864, and then to Ada Douglas Wetherill (1869-1930) in 1889  He had eight children in total 
He had seven children from his marriage to Bamba  Their first child and male heir died aged one day in 1865  The others were:

Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 Jan 1866-7 Jun 1918)
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh (23 Jan 1868-15 Aug 1926)
Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh (29 Sep 1869-10 Mar 1957)
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh (27 Oct 1871-8 Nov 1942)
Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (8 Aug 1876-22 Aug 1948)
Prince Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh (1879-1 May 1893)He also had two children from his marriage to Wetherill:

Princess Pauline Alexandra Duleep Singh (26 Dec 1887-10 Apr 1941)
Princess Ada Irene Beryl Duleep Singh (25 Oct 1889-14 Sep 1926)All the eight children died without legitimate issue, ending the direct line of the Sikh Royalty There is a memorial at Eton College in England to Princes Victor and Frederick, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh's two sons who studied at Eton in the 1870s 

Maharani Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba Müller was an Arabic-speaking, part-Ethiopian, part-German woman, whose father was a German banker and whose mother was an Abyssinian Coptic Christian slave  She and Sir Duleep met in Cairo in 1863 on his return from scattering his mother's ashes in India; they were married in Alexandria, Egypt, on 7 June 1864  The Maharani died in London on 18 September 1887 

Ada Douglas Wetherill
Ada Douglas Wetherill (born 15 January 1869 in Kennington, Surrey, the daughter of a civil engineer) had been Duleep's mistress before he decided to return to India with his family, and upon being stopped in Aden by the British authorities he abandoned his family and moved to Paris, where she joined him  They married in Paris on 28 April 1889  She stayed with him through his years in Paris and also travelled with him to St  Petersburg, Russia, where he failed to persuade the Czar of the benefits of invading India through the north and reinstalling him as ruler  She died in Sussex on 6 August 1930 
Queen Victoria and Maharaja Duleep Singh reconciled their differences before he died  Out of loyalty to Maharani Bamba, the Queen refused to receive Ada, whom she suspected had been involved with the Maharaja before Maharani Bamba's death in 1887 

Miscellany
In 1854, Madame Blavatsky, the founder of the  Theosophical Society, met her Master Morya in England, who was in her words, "in the company of a dethroned native prince"  This "native prince" according to general consent was Sir Duleep Singh 
He was a member of the Freemasons and was admitted into the lodge in 1861 On 21 October 1893, the day before Sir Duleep Singh's death, Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the eldest son of Sir Duleep Singh, had visions of his father looking at him through a picture frame 
Duleep Singh remembered his servant James Cawood who died in 1865 with a gravestone in Killin cemetery, Killin, Scotland A 2017 film, The Black Prince, by the Indian-born film director Kavi Raz told the story of Duleep and his relationship with Queen Victoria 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's character is featured in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed: Syndicate game  He is featured as a young Duleep Singh, which based on his real-life struggle as an exiled ruler in Victorian London 

Further reading
Sikh History in 10 Volumes, by Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer  Published by Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2009–2012 
Sir John Login And Duleep Singh, by Lady Lena Login  W  H  Allen & Co , London  1890 
Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence, by Dhuleep Singh, Ganda Singh  Published by Punjabi University, 1977 
Sikh Portraits by European Artists,, by Aijazuddin, F S  Sotheby Parke Bernet, London and Oxford U  Press, Karachi and New Delhi, 1979 
The Duleep Singh's: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah, by Peter Bance (Bhupinder Singh Bance)  Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-3488-3
The Maharajah's Box: An Imperial Story of Conspiracy, Love and a Guru's Prophecy, by Campbell, Christy  HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-653078-8 The Maharaja's Box
Queen Victoria's Maharajah, Duleep Singh, 1838–93, by Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand  1980  ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7
Duleep Singh: The Maharaja of Punjab and the Raj, by Rishi Ranjan Chakrabarty  Published by D S  Samara, 1988  ISBN 0-9514957-0-4 
Maharaja Duleep Singh: The Last Sovereign Ruler of the Punjab, by Prithipal Singh Kapur  Published by Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Dharam Parchar Committee, 1995 
Maharaja Duleep Singh, Fighter for Freedom, by Baldev Singh Baddan  Published by National Book Shop, 1998  ISBN 81-7116-210-X 
 Maharaja Daleep Singh, by Balihar Singh Randhawa  Sikh Literary & Cultural Stall, 1998  ISBN 1-900860-01-5 
The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative, by Surjit Singh Jeet  Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 1999 
The Annexation of the Punjaub, and the Maharajah Duleep Singh, by Thomas Evans Bell  Adamant Media Corporation, 2001  ISBN 0-543-92432-7 
Maharaja Dalip Singh Cheated Out, by Avtar Singh Gill  Jaswant Printers  2007
The Exile, by Navtej Sarna  Penguin, 2008  ISBN 978-0-670-08208-7 
Sovereign, Squire & Rebel: Maharajah Duleep Singh and the heirs of a Lost Kingdom, by Peter Bance, Coronet House Publishing, London, 2009
The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Capt  Amarinder Singh, ISBN 978-8174367792
Passage 7:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 8:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 9:
Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba, Lady Singh (Bamba Müller; 6 July 1848 – 18 September 1887)  Brought up by Christian missionaries, she married Maharaja Duleep Singh and became Maharani Bamba, wife of the last Maharaja of Lahore  Her transformation from illegitimate girl, born to a German father and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother, living in a Cairo mission to a Maharani living a life of luxury with the "Black Prince of Perthshire" has been compared to the "Cinderella" story 

Biography
Bamba Müller was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker with the company Todd Müller and Co , by his mistress of Abyssinian descent called Sofia  The name Bamba was Arabic for pink  Her father already had a wife and he therefore placed his illegitimate daughter in the care of missionaries in Cairo  Her father had requested and paid for her education, and remained in contact with the missionaries  Müller became an enthusiastic and charismatic member of the Christian community and was the only female in a select group of communicants at the American Presbyterian Mission school in Cairo 

The prince
Duleep Singh was the last ruler of the Sikh Empire, being dethroned by the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Sikh War  In 1863, Singh was being supervised in Britain where he was a friend of Queen Victoria and kept a large social circle  He was known as the "Black Prince of Perthshire" around his home in Scotland  Singh was given money by the East India Company administration on condition that he complied with the demands of the British government  Duleep had been taken to Britain when a child and raised as a Christian  This was after he had been persuaded to agree to the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company  The treaty also included handing the Koh-i-Nor diamond as well, which became part of the Crown Jewels  Singh was separated from his mother, Maharani Jindan Kaur  His mother remained in India, although eventually she was allowed to rejoin her son in England  Duleep collected her after special permission was given  Duleep was allowed by the East India Company to visit India for the second time to bury his mother after she died in Britain, although the body remained at Kensal Green Cemetery for nearly a year whilst this was negotiated upon  His mother's ashes were not allowed to be buried in Lahore (the main city of the Punjab), but had to be placed in a memorial in Bombay instead 

The proposal
On his return from Bombay Duleep passed through Cairo and visited the missionaries there on 10 February 1864  He visited again a few days later and was taken around the girls' school, where he first met Bamba Müller, who was an instructor  She was the only girl there who had committed herself to a Christian life  On each visit Duleep made presents to the mission of several hundreds of pounds 
Duleep Singh wrote to the teachers at the missionary school at the end of the month in the hope that they would recommend a wife for him as he was to live in Britain and he wanted a Christian wife of Eastern origin  Queen Victoria had told Duleep that he should marry an Indian princess who had been educated in England, but he desired a girl with less sophistication  The final proposal had to be done via an intermediary as Duleep did not speak Arabic, Müller's only language   The missionaries discussed this proposal with Müller  She was unsure whether to accept the proposal offered via the missionaries  Her first ambition was to rise to teach children in a missionary school  Her father was consulted but he left the choice to his daughter  Müller eventually made her decision after praying for guidance  She decided that the marriage was God's call for her to widen her ambitions  Singh made a substantial contribution of one thousand pounds to the school and married Müller on 7 June 1864 in the British Consulate in Alexandria, Egypt  The ceremony was described as brief, with few witnesses  Both of them wore European dress though Duleep wore a turban  Bamba wore simple jewellery including pearls  She had a short sleeved, moire, antique dress, orange blossoms in her hair, and a veil  The Prince made his vows in English, whilst Bamba spoke in Arabic 

Family and death
The couple had three sons and three daughters whom they brought up at Elveden Hall in Suffolk, England  Her six children were: Victor Albert Jay (1866–1918), Frederick Victor (1868–1926), Bamba Sophia Jindan  (1869–1957), Catherina Hilda (1871–1942), Sophia Alexandra (1876–1948), and Albert Edward Alexander (1879–1893) 
Victor and Frederick both joined the British Army whilst Frederick became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London  One of her daughters, Bamba Sophia Jindan, returned to Lahore as the wife of a Dr Sutherland  She was known as Princess Bamba Sutherland 
In 1886 her husband resolved to return to India  On his way there he was arrested in Aden and forced to return to Europe  Bamba died on 18 September 1887 and was buried  at Elveden  The cause of death was reported as "comprehensive renal failure brought on by an acute case of diabetes, made worse by her drinking (of alcohol)" Bamba's husband went on to marry again in 1889 to Ada Douglas Wetherill and had two more children 
Her son Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh died aged thirteen in Hastings on 1 May 1893 and was buried next to his mother  When Bamba's husband died, his body was brought back to England and buried with his wife and son at Elveden 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Lynn Reynolds
Lynn Fairfield Reynolds (May 7, 1889 – February 25, 1927) was an American director and screenwriter  Reynolds directed more than 80 films between 1915 and 1928  He also wrote for 58 films between 1914 and 1927  Reynolds was born in Harlan, Iowa and died in Los Angeles, California, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound 

Death
Returning home in 1927 after being snowbound in the Sierras for three weeks, Reynolds telephoned his wife, actress Kathleen O'Connor, to arrange a dinner party at their Hollywood home with another couple  During the dinner, Reynolds and O'Connor engaged in a heated quarrel in which each accused the other of infidelity  With his guests following in an attempt to calm him down, Reynolds left the table to retrieve a pistol from another room where he shot himself in the head 

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Thomas Kennedy
Thomas or Tom Kennedy may refer to:

Politics
Thomas Kennedy (Scottish judge) (1673–1754), joint Solicitor General for Scotland 1709–14, Lord Advocate 1714, Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1720–21
Thomas Kennedy, 9th Earl of Cassilis (bef  1733–1775), Scottish peer, Marquess of Ailsa
Thomas Kennedy (1776–1832), politician in Maryland, United States
Thomas Francis Kennedy (1788–1879), Scottish Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1818–1834
Thomas Daniel Kennedy (1849?–1877), Connecticut state legislator
Thomas Kennedy (Australian politician) (1860–1929), Australian politician
Tom Kennedy (British politician) (1874–1954), Scottish Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs
Thomas Laird Kennedy (1878–1959), politician in Ontario, Canada
Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), American miner, president of the UMWA 1960–1963, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania 1935–1939
Thomas Kennedy (Irish politician) (died 1947), Irish Labour Party politician and trade union official
Thomas P  Kennedy (1951–2015), American politician, Massachusetts state senator
Thomas Blake Kennedy (1874–1957), United States federal judge

Entertainment
Thomas E  Kennedy (born 1944), American fiction writer, essayist and translator
Tom Kennedy (actor) (1885–1965), American actor
Tom Kennedy (television host) (1927–2020), American television game show host
Tom Kennedy (producer) (c  1948–2011), American film trailer producer, director and film editor
Tom Kennedy (musician) (born 1960), jazz double-bass and electric bass player
Tom Kennedy (Neighbours), a character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Bob Hornery

Sports
Tom Kennedy (Australian footballer) (1906–1968), Australian rules footballer
Tom Kennedy (wheelchair rugby) (born 1957), Australian Paralympic wheelchair rugby player
Tom Kennedy (English footballer) (born 1985), English footballer
Thomas J  Kennedy (1884–1937), American Olympic marathon runner
Thomas Kennedy (basketball) (born 1987), American basketball player
Tom Kennedy (quarterback) (1939–2006), American football quarterback
Tom Kennedy (wide receiver) (born 1996), American football wide receiver

Others
Tom Kennedy (journalist) (born 1952), Canadian journalist
Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), president of the United Mine workers
Thomas Fortescue Kennedy (1774–1846), Royal Navy officer
Thomas Kennedy (RAF officer) (1928–2013), British pilot
Thomas Kennedy (violin maker) (1784–1870), British luthier
Thomas A  Kennedy (born 1955), American CEO and chairman, Raytheon Company
Thomas Francis Kennedy (bishop) (1858–1917), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States

See also
Thomas L  Kennedy Secondary School (established 1953), high school in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Passage 3:
Space Probe Taurus
Space Probe Taurus (a k a  Space Monster) is a 1965 low budget black-and-white  science fiction/action/drama film from American International Pictures, written and directed by Leonard Katzman, and starring Francine York, James E  Brown, Baynes Barrow, and Russ Fender 

Plot
In the late 20th century, when crewed missions to outer space have become routine, a distress call from the spaceship Faith One requests its immediate destruction  It has been contaminated by an infectious gas, leaving all crew dead except for its commander (Bob Legionaire)  The mission is aborted and the spaceship is destroyed By 2000, a new propulsion technology has been developed  Four astronauts aboard the spaceship Hope One set off to find new planets for colonization  Their mission takes them past a space platform circling Earth  General Mark Tillman (James Macklin) at Earth Control HQ tells a TV reporter (John Willis) that all is going according to the pre-flight plan 
The crew of gravity-controlled Hope One consists of the pilot/commanding officer, Colonel Hank Stevens (James Brown), and three scientists: Dr  John Andros (Baynes Barron), Dr  Paul Martin (Russ Bender), and Dr  Lisa Wayne (Francine York)  It is quickly revealed that Stevens did not want a woman on the mission, but he is stuck with Dr  Wayne anyway 
Not long into their voyage, Hope One comes upon an unknown spacecraft  Earth Control instructs them to investigate and they encounter a grotesque alien  The alien attacks Dr  Andros, forcing Stevens to shoot and kill it  Radiation levels then rise on the alien spacecraft, so Stevens sets a bomb to blow it up 
After a fiery meteorite storm leads to an emergency landing in the ocean of an Earth-like escaped moon, Tillman takes time to apologize to Wayne for his sexist remarks, which results in a quick reconciliation and a more-than-friendly kiss  While repairs continue, giant crabs take an interest in the spaceship  The crew decides to test the atmosphere to see if it contains breathable air, which it does  Andros then volunteers to go scout the nearest land mass  A sea monster almost intercepts him, but the scientist reaches shore, while his comrades continue repairs and worry about him  Upon his return, Andros is again attacked by the sea monster and, after making it back safely to the spaceship, perishes after confirming that the planet can support human life and plants can grow  The crew confirms this to Earth, names the planet Andros One, and rockets back safely to Earth 

Cast
Francine York as Dr  Lisa Wayne
James Brown as Col  Hank Stevens
Baynes Barron as Dr  John Andros
Russ Bender as Dr  Paul Martin
John Willis as TV Reporter
Bob Legionaire as Faith I Crewman
James Macklin as Gen  Mark Tilman
Phyllis Selznick as Earth Control Secretary
John Lomma as Earth Control
Passage 4:
Mix in
Mix in  may refer to:

A mix-in is some type of confectionery added to ice cream
Mixin is a class in object-oriented programming languages
Passage 5:
Tom Mix in Arabia
Tom Mix in Arabia is a 1922 American silent adventure film directed by Lynn Reynolds and starring Tom Mix, Barbara Bedford and George Hernandez 

Cast
Tom Mix as Billy Evans
Barbara Bedford as Janice Terhune
George Hernandez as Arthur Edward Terhune
Norman Selby as Pussy Foot Bogs
Edward Peil Sr  as Ibrahim Bulamar
Ralph Yearsley as Waldemar Terhune
Hector V  Sarno as Ali Hasson
Passage 6:
Tom
Tom or TOM may refer to:

Tom (given name), a diminutive of Thomas or Tomás or an independent Aramaic given name (and a list of people with the name)

Characters
Tom Anderson, a character in Beavis and Butt-Head
Tom Beck, a character in the 1998 American science-fiction disaster movie Deep Impact
Tom Buchanan, the main antagonist from the 1925 novel The Great Gatsby
Tom Cat, a character from the Tom and Jerry cartoons
Tom Lucitor, a character from the American animated series Star vs  the Forces of Evil
Tom Natsworthy, from the science fantasy novel Mortal Engines
Tom Nook, a character in Animal Crossing video game series
Tom Servo, a robot character from the Mystery Science Theater 3000 television series
Tom Sloane, a non-adult character from the animated sitcom Daria
Talking Tom, the protagonist from the Talking Tom & Friends franchise
Tom, a character from the Deltora Quest books by Emily Rodda
Tom, a character from the 1993 action/martial arts movie Showdown
Tom, a character from the cartoon series Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)
Tom, a character from the anime and manga series One Piece
Tom (Paralympic mascot), the official mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Tom, a fictional dinosaur from the children's cartoon Tom
Tom, the main protagonist from the British children's live-action series Tree Fu Tom
Tom, a character from the children's series Tots TV
T O M , the robot host/mascot of Adult Swim's Toonami action block

Entertainment
Tom (1973 film), a blaxploitation film
Tom (2002 film), a documentary film directed by Mike Hoolboom
Tom (instrument)
Tom (American TV series)
Tom (Spanish TV series)
Tom, a 1970 album by Tom Jones
Tom-tom drum

Geography
Tom (Amur Oblast), in Russia, a left tributary of the Zeya
Tom (river), in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob

Biology
A male cat
A male turkey

Transport
Thomson Airways ICAO code
Tottenham Hale station, London, England (National Rail station code)

Acronyms
Territoire d'outre-mer or overseas territory
Text Object Model, a Microsoft Windows programming interface
Theory of mind, the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have states that are different from one's own
Translocase of the outer membrane, a protein for intracellular protein-equilibrium
Troops Out Movement, campaigned against British involvement in Northern Ireland
Tune-o-matic, a guitar bridge design
Target operating model, a description of the desired state of an organizational model in a business at a chosen date

Other uses
TOM (mascot), three Bengal tigers that have been the mascot of the University of Memphis sports teams
Tom (pattern matching language), a programming language
Tom, Oklahoma
TOM Group, a Chinese media company
TOM Online, a Chinese mobile internet company
TOM (psychedelic)
Tom (gender identity), a gender identity in Thailand

See also
Tom Tom (disambiguation)
Mount Tom (disambiguation)
Peeping Tom (disambiguation)
Thomas (disambiguation)
Tom Thumb (disambiguation)
Tomás (disambiguation)
Tomm (disambiguation)
Tommy (disambiguation)
Toms (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Leonard Katzman
Leonard Katzman (September 2, 1927 – September 5, 1996) was an American film and television producer, writer and director  He was most notable for being the showrunner of the CBS oil soap opera Dallas 

Early life and career
Leonard Katzman was born in New York City on September 2, 1927, to a Jewish family
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Year of The Rabbit
The Year of the Rabbit (Spanish: El año del conejo) is a 1987 Argentine comedy drama film directed by Fernando Ayala and written by Oscar Viale  Starring Gerardo Romano, the film had its premiere on August 13, 1987 

Synopsis
In his mid-50s, a man reassesses his family and work life 

Main cast
Luisina Brando
Federico Luppi
Gerardo Romano
Ulises Dumont
Juan Carlos Dual
Ludovica Squirru
Katja Alemán
Andrea Barbieri
Raúl Rizzo
Emilio Vidal

Other cast
Luis Alday
Martín Andrade
Olga Bruno
Ana María Colombo
Adrián Cuneo
Manuel Cuneo
Cristina Czetto
Sandra Domínguez
Héctor Ezcurra
Daniel Galarza
Maruja Pibernat
Nilda Raggi
Felisa Rocha
Enrique Sabattini
Carlos Santamaría
Carlos Silva
Alejandra Sirlin
Jorge Varas
Hebe Castro Zinny

External links
The Year of the Rabbit at IMDb
Passage 2:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 3:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 4:
Fernando Ayala
Fernando Ayala (2 July 1920 – 11 September 1997) was an Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer of the classic era  He is widely considered one of the most important Argentine film directors and producers in the history of the cinema of Argentina 
Ayala initially began as a trainee assistant director in 1942, in El Viaje, and within two years he had become an assistant director  By 1949 he had obtained his first job as director, and from 1958 he also served as producer for the films he directed and some others  Between 1950 and 1987 he was involved in the direction and production of well over 40 films, such as Ayer fue primavera in 1955 and Argentinísima and Argentinísima II in 1972 and 1973 respectively  In 1963 he was a member of the jury at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival  His 1983 film The Deal was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Diploma 

Filmography
Director
Passage 5:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art



ground_truth: 27 June 1839

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who is older, Space Probe Taurus or Tom Mix In Arabia?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He began his career in the 1940s, while still in his teens, working as an assistant director for his uncle, Hollywood producer Sam Katzman  He started out on adventure movie serials such as Brenda Starr, Reporter (1945), Superman (1948), Batman and Robin (1949), The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1951), Riding with Buffalo Bill (1954), et al  During the 1950s he continued working as assistant director, mostly with his uncle, in feature films such as A Yank in Korea (1951), The Giant Claw (1957), Face of a Fugitive (1959) and Angel Baby (1961)  Besides his big screen work, Katzman also served on television shows, including The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok, The Mickey Rooney Show and Bat Masterson 
In 1960, Katzman made his production debut, serving not only as assistant director, but also as associate producer, on all four seasons of adventure drama Route 66 (1960-1964), which he would later regard as his favorite production  His additional early work in television production (and occasional writing and directing) includes shows crime drama Tallahassee 7000 (1961), western drama The Wild Wild West (1965-1969), the second season of crime drama Hawaii Five-O (1969-1970), legal drama Storefront Lawyers (1970-1971), the final five seasons of western drama Gunsmoke (1970-1975) as well as its spinoff series Dirty Sally (1974), legal drama Petrocelli (1974-1976) for which he was nominated an Edgar Allan Poe Award, and the two science fiction dramas The Fantastic Journey (1977) and Logan's Run (1977-1978)  In 1965, he wrote, produced and directed the science fiction film Space Probe Taurus (also known as Space Monster)  Aside from his work as assistant director, this was his only venture into feature films 

Dallas
In 1978, Katzman served as producer for the five-part miniseries Dallas, which would evolve into one of television's longest running dramas, lasting until 1991  While the series was created by David Jacobs, Katzman became the de facto show runner during the second season of the show, as Jacobs stepped down to create and later run Dallas spin-off series Knots Landing  Under Katzman's lead, Dallas, whose first episodes had consisted of self-contained stories, evolved into a serial, leading into the '80s trend of prime time soap operas While Katzman headed Dallas' writing staff from the show's second season, he remained producer, with Philip Capice serving as executive producer  The creative conflicts between Capice and Katzman eventually led to Katzman stepping down from his production duties on the show for season nine, instead being billed as "creative consultant" (during this time he also worked on the short-lived drama series Our Family Honor)  However, increased production costs and decreasing ratings caused production company Lorimar—along with series star Larry Hagman (J  R  Ewing)—to ask Katzman to return to the show in his old capacity  Katzman agreed, reportedly under the condition that he would have "total authority" on the show, and as of the tenth season premiere he was promoted to executive producer, and Capice was let go 
Katzman remained as executive producer on Dallas until the series finale in May 1991  Besides his production work, he also wrote and directed more episodes of the series than anyone else 

After Dallas
Following "Dallas", Katzman went on to create the short-lived crime drama Dangerous Curves (1992-1993), which aired as a part of CBS' late-night drama block Crimetime After Primetime, and serve as executive producer for the second season of the action drama Walker, Texas Ranger (1994-1995)  His last work was the 1996 "Dallas" reunion movie J R  Returns, which he also wrote and directed 

Personal life and death
Katzman fathered his first child, Gary Katzman, with Eileen Leener (1929-2019)  Katzman did not raise his first child and left his mother when he was 4 years old  The child was eventually adopted and took the surname Klein  Through Gary Klein, Katzman is the biological grandfather of Ethan Klein of the Israeli-American YouTube comedy channel h3h3Productions Leonard Katzman and his wife LaRue Farlow Katzman  had three children  His daughter, actress Sherril Lynn Rettino (1956-1995), predeceased her father by one year  She played the recurring character Jackie Dugan on Dallas from 1979-91  His sons Mitchell Wayne Katzman and Frank Katzman, as well as son-in-law John Rettino, all worked on the production of Dallas' later seasons  Both sons were also involved in the production of Dangerous Curves; Walker, Texas Ranger; and J  R  Returns 
Katzman died of a heart attack in Malibu, California on September 5, 1996, three days after his 69th birthday, and more than two months prior to the airing of his last production, Dallas: J R  Returns  He was interred in the Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles 

Filmography
Excluding work as assistant director 

Awards
1997: Lone Star Film & Television Awards - Special Award
Passage 8:
Thomas Ford
Thomas or Tom Ford may refer to:

Thomas Ford (martyr) (died 1582), English martyr
Thomas Ford (composer) (c  1580–1648), English composer, lutenist, and viol player
Thomas Ford (minister) (1598–1674), English nonconformist minister
Thomas Ford (politician) (1800–1850), governor of Illinois
Thomas Ford (rower), British rower
Thomas H  Ford (1814–1868), American politician in Ohio
Tom Ford (baseball) (1866–1917), baseball pitcher
Thomas F  Ford (1873–1958), California politician
Thomas Ford (architect) (1891–1971), British architect
Thomas Gardner Ford (1918–1995), Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Tom Ford (born 1961), American designer
Thomas Mikal Ford (1964–2016), American actor
Tom Ford (presenter) (born 1977), British television presenter
Tom Ford (snooker player) (born 1983), English snooker player
Tom Ford (squash player) (born 1993), British squash player
"Tom Ford" (song), a 2013 song by Jay-Z

See also
Tommy Ford (disambiguation)
Passage 9:
Thomas Walker
Thomas or Tom Walker may refer to:

Entertainment
Thomas Walker (actor) (1698–1744), English actor and dramatist
Thomas Walker (author) (1784–1836), English barrister, police magistrate and writer of a one-man periodical, The Original
Thomas Bond Walker (1861–1933), Irish painter
Tom Walker (singer) (born 1991), Scottish singer-songwriter
Tom Walker (Homeland), a character in the TV series Homeland
Tom Walker, British actor and comedian known for his character Jonathan Pie, a fictional British news reporter
Tom Walker (comedian), Australian comedian, mime and Twitch streamer

Law
Thomas Joseph Walker (1877–1945), Judge for the United States Customs Court
Thomas Glynn Walker (1899–1993), United States federal judge
Thomas Walker (attorney) (born 1964), U S  attorney

Politics
Thomas Walker (died 1748) (1660s–1748), Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle, 1735–1741
Thomas Walker (merchant) (1749–1817), English political radical in Manchester
Thomas Eades Walker (1843–1899), British Member of Parliament for East Worcestershire, 1874–1880
Thomas Gordon Walker (1849–1917), British Indian civil servant
Thomas Walker (Australian politician) (1858–1932), member of two different state parliaments
Thomas Walker (Canadian politician) (died 1812), Canadian lawyer and politician
Thomas J  Walker (1927–1998), provincial MLA from Alberta, Canada
Thomas Walker (American politician) (1850–1935), Alabama state legislator

Sports
Tom Walker (cricketer) (1762–1831), English cricketer
Thomas Walker (Yorkshire cricketer) (1854–1925), English cricketer
Tom Walker (1900s pitcher) (1881–1944), baseball player
Tom Walker (1970s pitcher) (born 1948), American baseball player
Tommy Walker (footballer, born 1915) (1915–1993), Scottish footballer and manager
Tom Walker (footballer) (born 1995), English footballer

Other
Thomas Walker (academic) (died 1665), English academic at Oxford University
Thomas Walker (explorer) (1715–1794), American explorer
Thomas Walker (slave trader) (1758–1797), British slave trader
Thomas Walker (died 1805), Irish publisher of Walker's Hibernian Magazine
Thomas Walker (philanthropist) (1804–1886), Australian politician and banker
Thomas Larkins Walker (c 1811–1860), Scottish architect
Thomas Walker (journalist) (1822–1898), English editor of The Daily News
Thomas A  Walker (1828–1889), English civil engineering contractor
T  B  Walker (1840–1928), Minneapolis businessman who founded the Walker Art Center
Thomas William Walker (1916–2010), soil scientist
Thomas Walker (naval officer) (1919–2003), United States Navy officer
Thomas B  Walker Jr  (1923–2016), American investment banker, corporate director and philanthropist
Tom Walker (priest) (born 1933), Anglican priest and author
Thomas J  Walker, namesake of the Thomas J  Walker House in Knoxville, Tennessee
Thomas Walker & Son, manufacturers of nautical instruments, Birmingham, England

See also
Tommy Walker (disambiguation)
Passage 10:
Thomas Baker
Thomas or Tom Baker may refer to:

Politicians
Thomas Cheseman or Thomas Baker (c  1488–1536 or later), Member of Parliament for Rye
Thomas Baker (died 1625), Member of Parliament for Arundel
Tom Baker (Nebraska politician) (born 1948), member of Nebraska Legislature
Thomas Guillaume St  Barbe Baker (1895–1966), Fascist activist and former British Army and RAF officer
Colonel Thomas Baker (1810–1872), founder of Bakersfield, California

Sports
Thomas Baker (cricketer) (born 1981), English cricketer who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Northamptonshire County Cricket Club
Tom Baker (footballer, born 1934), Wales international football player, commonly called George
Tom Baker (bowler) (born 1954), American bowler
Tom Baker (1930s pitcher) (1913–1991), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants
Tom Baker (1960s pitcher) (1934–1980), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
Tom Baker (footballer, born 1905) (1905–1975), British footballer
Thomas Southey Baker (1848–1902), English amateur rower and footballer

Military
Thomas Baker (Royal Navy officer) (1771–1845), Royal Navy admiral
Thomas Durand Baker (1837–1893), Quartermaster-General to the Forces
Thomas Baker (Medal of Honor recipient) (1916–1944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient
Thomas Baker (aviator) (1897–1918), Australian soldier and aviator of the First World War
Thomas Baker (general) (born 1935), United States Air Force general

Religion
Thomas Baker (missionary) (1832–1867), English Christian missionary cannibalised in Fiji
Sir Thomas Baker (Unitarian) (1810–1886), English Unitarian minister and Mayor of Manchester
Thomas Nelson Baker Sr  (1860–1941), African-American minister, author and philosopher
Tom Baker (priest) (1920–2000), Anglican clergyman

Actors
Tom Baker (born 1934), played The Doctor on Doctor Who from 1974 to 1981
Tom Baker (American actor) (1940–1982)

Education
Tom Baker (professor) (born 1959), law professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School
Thomas E  Baker, professor of Constitutional law and former administrative assistant to William Rehnquist
Thomas Baker (college president) (1871–1939), president of Carnegie Mellon University
Thomas Baker (entomologist), American professor at Penn State University

Others
Thomas Baker (antiquarian) (1656–1740), English antiquarian
Thomas Baker (artist) (1809–1864), English landscape painter and watercolourist
Thomas Baker (Peasants' Revolt leader) (died 1381), English landowner
Thomas Baker (musician), composer and producer of musical stage productions
Thomas Baker (mathematician) (1625?–1689), English mathematician
Thomas Baker (dramatist) (c  1680–1749), English dramatist and lawyer

Other uses
Tom Baker Cancer Centre, a hospital in Canada
Tom Baker (24 character)
DC Tom Baker, a character on The Bill
Tom Baker, protagonist in the 2003 film Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel
"Tom Baker", a song by Human League on some versions of Travelogue
Context 3:  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 6:
Drew Esocoff
Drew Esocoff (born c  1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football 

Early life
Esocoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University  While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his students was Todd Bowles 

Career
Esocoff has worked for ESPN and ABC, serving as director for Monday Night Football, SportsCenter, and the NBA Finals, as well as five Super Bowls  Since 2006, he has served as director for NBC Sunday Night Football 
As of 2015, Esocoff has won 11 Emmy Awards 
Passage 7:
Jack Arnold (director)
Jack Arnold (born John Arnold Waks; October 14, 1916 – March 17, 1992) was an American actor and film and television director, best known as one of the leading filmmakers of 1950s science fiction films  His most notable films are It Came from Outer Space (1953), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Tarantula (1955), and The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957) 

Early years
Jack Arnold was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Russian immigrants : 53  As a child he read a lot of science fiction, which laid the foundations for his genre films of the 1950s 
He hoped to become a professional actor and in his late teens he enrolled in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, where his classmates included Hume Cronyn, Betty Field and Garson Kanin  After graduating he worked as a vaudeville dancer and, in 1935, began getting roles in Broadway plays  He was acting in My Sister Eileen when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and he immediately enlisted as a cadet for pilot training : 53 While Arnold intended to become a pilot, a shortage of planes meant he was temporarily placed in the Signal Corps, where he took a crash course in cinematography  He then became a cameraman and learned the techniques of filmmaking by assisting Robert Flaherty on various military films  After eight months with Flaherty he became a pilot in the Air Corps : 53  While stationed at Truax Airfield at New Rochelle, New York, he met Betty, who would later become his wife 

Career
Following the end of World War II and the end of Arnold's term of service, he formed a partnership with an air squadron buddy, Lee Goodman, to form a film production company  Their new company, called Promotional Films Company, made fundraising films for various non-profit organizations  He also continued acting on stage during this period, in plays including a revival of The Front Page, and played opposite Bela Lugosi and Elaine Stritch in Three Indelicate Ladies : 54 

By 1950, after his documentary films had received more exposure, he was commissioned to produce and direct With These Hands, a documentary about working conditions of the early 20th century  It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Arnold directed a number of 1950s science fiction films  The best known of these, It Came from Outer Space (1953), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Tarantula (1955), and The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957) are noted for their atmospheric black-and-white cinematography and sophisticated scripts  The Incredible Shrinking Man is considered his "masterpiece," a fantasy film with few equals in intelligence and sophistication, notes author John Baxter  While all the films display a "sheer virtuosity of style and clarity of vision "Arnold's main collaborator at Universal Studios was producer William Alland  Revenge of the Creature (1955) was Clint Eastwood's debut film 
Arnold also made some non-sci-fi films, mostly Westerns   His best Western is often considered to be No Name on the Bullet (1959), about a town frightened to hysteria by the arrival of a gunman who never reveals who he is after or why   The film was shot in color and CinemaScope and was later restored from the original negative for airing on the "Grit" digital broadcast channel 
He also worked as the director of The Mouse That Roared (1959), in which Peter Sellers played three roles, one of them in drag  His later films included Hello Down There (1969), Black Eye (1974), the British sex comedy The Bunny Caper aka Sex Play (1974), Boss Nigger (1975) and The Swiss Conspiracy (1976) 
Arnold began his television career in 1955 with several episodes of Science Fiction Theater  He went on to direct the long-running television series Perry Mason and Peter Gunn  He also directed episodes of such television shows as Nanny and the Professor, Alias Smith and Jones, The Fall Guy, The Brady Bunch, Gilligan's Island, Wonder Woman, Ellery Queen, Mr  Terrific, Mr  Lucky, and The San Pedro Beach Bums, as well as the TV movie Marilyn: The Untold Story (1980) 

Death and legacy
Arnold died of arteriosclerosis in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 75  Later that year, the UCLA Film Archive held a tribute "Jack Arnold: The Incredible Thinking Man" film festival which screened a number of his films  The Archive also produced and screened a bio-documentary about his life, The Incredible Thinking Man 

Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Monster on the Campus
Monster on the Campus (a k a  Monster in the Night and Stranger on the Campus) is a 1958 American black-and-white science fiction/horror film from Universal-International, produced by Joseph Gershenson, directed by Jack Arnold, from a script by David Duncan, that stars Arthur Franz, Joanna Cook Moore, Nancy Walters, Troy Donahue, and Whit Bissell  The film was theatrically released as a double feature with the British horror film Blood of the Vampire 
The film's storyline tells of a university science professor who accidentally comes into contact with the irradiated blood of a coelacanth, which causes him to "regress" to being a primitive caveman 

Plot
Dr  Donald Blake, a science professor at Dunsford University, receives a coelacanth  A student, Jimmy, asks Blake if the fish is really a million years old  Blake replies, "It's the species that's old  No change in millions of years  See, the coelacanth is a living fossil, immune to the forces of evolution"  Blake teaches his students that man is the only creature that can decide whether to evolve or devolve and that "unless we learn to control the instincts we've inherited from our ape-like ancestors, the race is doomed "
Inside the lab, Blake scratches himself on the teeth of the partially-thawed coelacanth, accidentally sticking his bloody hand into the water-filled container which held the fish  Molly Riordan, the assistant to Dr  Cole Oliver, is with Blake and offers him a ride home  Blake says he does not feel well and passes out when they get to Molly's car 
A person or persons unknown attacks Molly at Blake's home  Madeline Howard, Blake's fiancée and daughter of Dr  Gilbert Howard, president of the university, arrives and finds the home in shambles and Blake moaning on the ground  Madeline calls the police after seeing the corpse of Molly hanging by her hair in a tree 
Detective Lt  Mike Stevens and Detective Sgt  Eddie Daniels find a "deformed" handprint on a window and Blake's tie clasp in Molly's dead hand  They take Blake downtown when he admits that he cannot remember anything after getting into Molly's car 
Concluding that someone holding a grudge is trying to implicate Blake in Molly's murder, Stevens releases him  He assigns Daniels as Blake's bodyguard and tells Blake that Molly's autopsy showed she died of fright 
In his lab, Blake shoos away a dragonfly that lands on the coelacanth  The dragonfly later returns, now two feet in length  Blake and Jimmy try to catch the giant insect with a net when it lands on the coelacanth again  Blake stabs the dragonfly  While examining its body, he does not notice its blood has dripped into his pipe  Lighting up and smoking, he immediately feels ill  As the dragonfly shrinks back to its standard size, a large, hairy hand reaches out and squashes the insect  Then Blake's lab is trashed, and Jimmy's visiting girlfriend is killed  The police find huge footprints near her body and conclude they are from the same source 
Blake learns that the coelacanth has blood plasma preserved by gamma rays  If it gets into the bloodstream of an animal or person, it causes them to revert to a more primitive state temporarily  He realizes that he might have received a dose of the irradiated plasma  If so, then Blake has been reverting to a troglodyte with large hands, feet, dark skin, heavy body hair, and prominent brow ridges 
He decides to take some days off at Dr  Howard's remote cabin  Blake plans to learn whether he is the beast  He rigs the cabin with cameras on trip wires and injects himself with coelacanth plasma  His caveman self wrecks the room, trips the camera's wires, and is photographed  He grabs an axe and leaves 
While driving to the cabin, Madeline runs off the road and crashes when the caveman appears in her headlights  A local forest ranger arrives and calls the Dunsford police for help  The caveman carries the unconscious Madeline into the forest, with the ranger in pursuit 
Waking up, Madeline struggles with the beast  The ranger shoots the caveman when she breaks free  The caveman then kills the ranger with his axe and collapses  Blake, once again himself, returns to the cabin and develops a photo, showing it to Madeline 
Lt  Stevens, Detective Sgt  Powell and Dr  Howard arrive at the cabin  Blake tells them that he not only knows who the murderer is, but where to find him  Out in the woods, he explains to Howard what his experiment proved and injects himself with coelacanth plasma  Again transformed into the caveman, he chases Howard, forcing the two detectives to shoot him  As the beast lies dying, he slowly transforms back into Blake 

Cast
Arthur Franz as Dr  Donald Blake
Joanna Moore as Madeline Howard
Judson Pratt as Lt  Mike Stevens
Nancy Walters as Sylvia Lockwood
Troy Donahue as Jimmy Flanders
Phil Harvey as Sgt  Powell
Helen Westcott as Nurse Molly Riordan
Alexander Lockwood as Dr  Gilbert Howard
Whit Bissell as Dr



ground_truth: Tom Mix In Arabia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died first, The Year Of The Rabbit or Monster On The Campus?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Oliver Cole
Ross Elliott as Sgt  Eddie Daniels
Anne Anderson as Student (uncredited)
Louis Cavalier as Student (uncredited)
Richard H  Cutting as Forest Ranger Tom Edwards (uncredited)
Hank Patterson as Night Watchman Mr  Townsend (uncredited)
Ronnie Rondell Jr  as Student (uncredited)
Eddie Parker as the Monster (uncredited)

Production
Production took place between April and May 1958  The on-campus scenes of Dunsford University were filmed at Occidental College in Eagle Rock, a suburb of Los Angeles, California The working title of the film was Monster in the Night  Although Universal music director Joseph Gershenson had received executive producer credit on some films of the 1940s, Monster on the Campus marked the first film for which he received sole credit as producer  This was the film debut of Nancy Walters  Arthur Franz only played Prof  Donald Blake  Once the makeup transformation scenes were over, stuntman Eddie Parker did every scene as the monster Science fiction film critic Bill Warren writes that director Jack Arnold said in an interview with Cinefastastique magazine (Vol 4 No 2, 1975) that the film was shot in 12 days, and that Arnold told Photon magazine (No 26, 1975), "I didn't really hate it, but I didn't think it was up to the standards of the other films that I have done" 

Reception
Monster on the Campus had a wide international release  Its U S  premiere was in Bismarck, North Dakota on 17 December 1958, followed by Finland on 1 May 1959, West Germany on 22 January 1960, France on 27 January 1960, and Mexico on 3 March 1960  The film was also released in the UK, Belgium, Greece, Italy, the Soviet Union, Argentina, and Brazil  In the UK, it was given an "X" certificate by the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), which meant at the time that the film could not be exhibited to people under age 16  In 2016, BBFC reclassified the DVD of Monster on the Campus  It now has a PG rating According to Warren, there were few reviews of Monster on the Campus when it first came out because it was the "bottom half of a double-bill with the more colorful Blood of the Vampire"  He quotes a few contemporary reviews  It was called "'a pretty fair shocker'" in Daily Variety  Jack Moffitt, in The Hollywood Reporter, said the film emphasized the "'human rather than the monstrous side of this modern 'Dr  Jekyll' story"  The Monthly Film Reporter, however, called it "'depressing,'" even though it had been "'tailored for the horror market '"BoxOffice magazine in its issue of 19 January 1959 showed positive reviews from most of the publications listed in its "Review Digest"  BoxOffice, Film Daily, and The Hollywood Reporter all rated it as "very good"; Harrison's Report and Variety rated it "good"; Parents' Magazine gave it a "fair" rating; and the New York Daily News had not reviewed the film The reviewing division of the Catholic News Service evaluated Monster on the Campus in 1958 for its "artistic merit and moral suitability"  This resulted in The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) giving the film a rating of "A-III," which meant it was suitable for adults, although USCCB cautioned that it contained "stylized violence with some intense menace" Many of the more recent reviews have centered on the monster/caveman/ape-man makeup  Warren writes, "The mask is unconvincing, with tiny shell-like teeth and a built-in scowl; it resembles similar Universal-International over-the-head masks of the period, as seen in Abbott and Costello Meet Dr  Jekyll and Mr  Hyde, Tarantula and other outings"  Bryan Senn notes that keeping the monster off-camera until near the end of the film is a good idea, as it adds a "bit of build-up and mystery", but doing so "only makes the rubbery mask and hirsute padded shoulders (making him look like a simian linebacker) that much more disappointing when finally revealed" But reviews have noted more than just makeup  Phil Hardy writes that "cinematographer [Russel] Metty and special effects man [Clifford] Stine make the most of the ape-man's path of destruction through the campus but the script lacks any sparkle"  Senn calls the film "visually flat, with the 'action' taking place in labs, offices and cabins, and with exteriors consisting of one back-lot hillside"  And Warren says that the film is "hampered by trivial locations and drab sets  The film has no arresting images  The best [Arnold] can come up with is a swift glance the ape-man gives a mirror before smashing it and one shot of a woman dangling by her hair from a tree"  In summary, he calls the film "routine, unimaginative and foolish     Jack Arnold's worst science fiction film" But not every reviewer disliked Monster on the Campus  Critic Ken Hanke wrote that "part of the charm of this little movie is that the monster is so hokey  No, it's not classic horror, but it's a good bit of fun"  He gave the film a score of 4 5 out of 5 stars Popularity with the public is harder to judge  The film holds a 5 8/10 from 1,111 votes on the Internet Movie Database and a low 22% from 270 viewers at the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes 

Academic interest
Monster on the Campus has attracted a fair amount of academic interest  Prof  Cyndy Hendershot in 2001 wrote that the film examines "issues of conformity and individuality" through a "metaphor of monstrous transformation"  Hendershot says that while Blake the professor represents conformity, his caveman self is a representation of individuality  But he cannot be conformist and individualistic at the same time  His employer, Dunsfield University, "conspires to stamp out individuality that does not follow the direction of the organization as a whole"  That is, "while Monster on the Campus adopts the typical sf/horror plot of the mad scientist versus the blind authorities", the film "frames the issue specifically within the world of the organization man"  According to Hendershot, a man such as Blake - driven from within toward individualism and not at all a good organization man who willingly submits to conformity imposed on him from the outside - cannot win  His personal goal of knowledge for the sake of knowledge is not that of the university, which seems more interested in the publicity that owning a rare coelacanth will bring  "But, if the film condemns the other-directed society as stifling scientific knowledge, it equally condemns Blake's rampant inner-directed man  It reveals, in fact, that the individual within is a beast" Also in 2001, Hendershot looked at Monster on the Campus as an exploration of a "wide variety of issues related to the emergence of teen culture in Fifties America"  Specifically, her focus is on juvenile deliquency, which she says "provoked feelings of intense horror" in adults at the time  The Dunsfield Police, for example, "suspect the teenagers on campus of being guilty" of the murders of Molly and Daniels, yet the "true criminal is located at the heart of adult authority on campus"  However, unlike many films in which young people are the villains, Monster on the Campus inverts things, so that "only the students emerge as having any clear moral sense about the horrors that are occurring on campus"  In other words, "the kids in Monster on the Campus are fine; it's the adults that have to be watched, as they may transform into monsters at any moment" Prof  Patrick Gonder looks at the film in racial terms  He writes that Monster on the Campus was released just a few years after the 1954 US Supreme Court decision in Brown v  Board of Education  In that light, he says, "the monster on the campus is the demonized black male student, threatening to contaminate the purity of white women and cause the reversal of white evolutionary potential  The Caveman is imaged as a racist caricature of the African American: bestial, violent and corrosive to the tenets of white society"  However, Gonder goes on to point out that the "creature and the professor are one and the same: several times, Blake comments on how the beast is 'within' him"  And at the end of the film Blake solves his problem: he "does not turn himself in but instead organizes his own lynch mob by purposefully (for the first time) transforming himself into the Caveman, thus forcing the police officers to shoot him" 

Home media
Monster on the Campus had its U S  VHS release in 1994  Universal Pictures released Monster on the Campus as part of a DVD boxed set called The Classic Sci-Fi Ultimate Collection, which features four other Universal films: The Incredible Shrinking Man, The Mole People, The Monolith Monsters, and Tarantula  Shout Factory released the film on Blu-ray in a package including the trailer and subtitles on 25 June 2019 

Popular culture
Monster on the Campus has been referenced in a number of other films and television programs  Among other examples, it was shown on Svengoolie in 1981 and 2013; scenes from it were used in the films Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and American Grindhouse (2010); and it was mentioned in the Canadian comedy Ding et Dong le film (1990) In music, The Modern Airline, a neo-New Wave band from Brooklyn, New York, released a song titled "Monster on the Campus" in 2017 
Passage 9:
G  Marthandan
G  Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema  His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus

Early life
G  Marthandan was born to M  S  Gopalan Nair and P  Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala  He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery 

Career
After completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995  His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998  He worked as an associate director for 18 years He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role  His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles  Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes 

Filmography
As director
As associate director
As actor
TV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episode

Awards
Ramu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)
JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)
Passage 10:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)



ground_truth: Monster On The Campus