prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Do director of film Betrayal (1932 Film) and director of film The Godsend (Film) share the same nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Gabrielle Beaumont
Gabrielle Beaumont (7 April 1942 – 8 October 2022) was a British film and television director 
Her directing credits range from Hill Street Blues to Star Trek: The Next Generation  She became the first woman to direct an episode of Star Trek, with the episode "Booby Trap"  Beaumont lobbied to have Joan Collins cast as Alexis Colby in Dynasty Beaumont was best known for directing, writing and producing the television special Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess  She directed a film version of Bernard Taylor's The Godsend Daphne du Maurier was her cousin Beaumont died at her home in Fornalutx on 8 October 2022, at the age of 80 

Selected filmography
Sources:
Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess
Beastmaster III: The Eye of Braxus
The Other Woman
Moment of Truth: Cradle of Conspiracy
Fatal Inheritance
Riders
Star Trek: The Next Generation
L A  Law
He's My Girl
Hill Street Blues
Gone Are the Dayes
Secrets of a Mother and Daughter
Dynasty
Death of a Centerfold: The Dorothy Stratten Story
M*A*S*H
The Waltons
The Godsend
Passage 2:
The Godsend (film)
The Godsend is a 1980 British horror film directed by Gabrielle Beaumont, written by Olaf Pooley, and starring Malcolm Stoddard, Cyd Hayman, Angela Pleasence, Patrick Barr, Wilhelmina Green, and Joanne Boorman  It follows a family who adopt an infant girl from a strange woman, only to find that, as they raise her, their other children begin to die in a series of mysterious accidents  It is based on the 1976 novel The Godsend by Bernard Taylor  The film was released in the United States on 11 January 1980 by The Cannon Group, Inc 

Plot
Alan and Kate Marlowe are out an walk with their kids, Davy, Lucy, Sam, and baby Matthew  Kate meets a pregnant stranger and she comes home with them  It is apparent that Alan finds something "off" about her right away, as she intensely stares at him, but he does not say anything  Left briefly unattended, she cuts their telephone line  Alan is about to drive her home, but she goes into labor, and Kate helps her deliver a baby girl  The next day, Kate sees the woman is gone, having abandoned the child with them  Despite Alan's reservations, Kate wants to keep the baby, whom they name Bonnie  Later on, they find Matthew dead in a playpen with Bonnie 
At a family picnic, Davy and Bonnie wander off, and they search for them desperately  Kate finds Bonnie on the bank of a creek with scratches on her hands, while Alan finds that Davy has drowned in the creek  Alan attempts to perform CPR on Davy, but is unsuccessful  Later, Kate and Alan agree that the scratches on Bonnie must have been from Davy saving her  Bonnie starts to break things and Sam gets blamed for them, despite him saying he did not do it  Kate attributes this to Sam's jealousy of Bonnie  One day, the family is playing hide and seek and Alan finds Sam dead in a barn  Later, Alan finds Bonnie's ribbon next to where Sam's body was 
The Marlowes begin to receive letters accusing them of killing their children and Kate falls into a depression  When a reporter comes to their house and upsets Kate, Alan agrees to move the family to London  Bonnie becomes ill with the mumps, and purposely kisses Alan as he takes a nap  He becomes ill with the mumps too, and has a flashback in a dream, to the circumstances of the deaths of his sons, and Bonnie being nearby in each one 
At a playground, Alan watches Bonnie throw an unoccupied swing in the path of a swing Lucy is swinging on  The chains on the swing twist together, but Lucy does not fall off, and Alan is able to save her before she is hurt  Alan tries to discuss his concerns about Bonnie with Kate, saying she is not normal  Kate strongly disagrees, saying that Bonnie loves Lucy and was only playing  Alan says Bonnie loves Lucy the same way she loved their three boys, and Kate is disgusted at the insinuation  Alan tells Kate his theories about Bonnie being involved in the deaths, but she is still in disbelief  Alan uses an analogy about Bonnie, saying that a cuckoo lays its eggs in another nest, and the fledgling pushing the others out to get the full attention of the parents 
Alan wants to send Bonnie away, but Kate refuses, so he kidnaps Lucy  Alan goes to see Kate, who is distraught that Alan will not tell her where Lucy is  Alan gives Kate an ultimatum to choose Bonnie or Lucy  She refuses to do so and he leaves  Later, they find out that Kate has had an accident and is in the hospital  Alan rushes back to London, where he learns that Kate had been pregnant, but miscarried due to the accident 
Back at their apartment, Alan finds out from neighbor, Mr  Taverner, that Kate tripped over a doll at the top of a staircase and that Mrs  Taverner has taken Bonnie on a trip  Kate comes to Alan's work to tell him she wants a divorce  He is alarmed to learn that Bonnie is home alone with Lucy  Alan calls Lucy, telling her to go next door to the Taverners  Bonnie has them locked in, and as Kate and Alan get home, Bonnie has used mind control on Lucy to make her jump out of a window to her death  Alan tries to kill Bonnie, but Mr  Taverner pulls him off of her  Kate decides to stay with Bonnie, and Alan leaves her  At a park, Alan sees the strange woman who gave birth to Bonnie, and is now pregnant, and talking to the mother  He runs after them to warn the family, but they are already gone 

Cast
Release
The Cannon Group, Inc  released The Godsend theatrically in the United States on 11 January 1980, premiering it in Los Angeles  It screened in numerous U S  cities through the following weeks, as well as in Canada  The film screened in the United Kingdom in June 1981 as a double feature alongside Schizoid (1980) 

Critical response
Joe Pollack of the St  Louis Post-Dispatch wrote that, "though not a perfect film, [it] is a pretty good example     The film has moments when it drags, but it has many others that are both fascinating and scary " The Austin American-Statesman's Patrick Taggart panned the film as "nothing but a study in how decent actors—Malcolm Stoddard and Cyd Hayman—are made to throw talent into a bottomless pit of ineptness on all fronts " Bob Curtright of The Wichita Eagle praised the film as "a cut above similar fare  It's low-key and sneaky rather an extravagant and graphic "George Meyer, a film professor and critic, wrote in The Tampa Tribune that, "instead of frightening the viewer with costly gimmicks, Beaumont exploits some basic human fears, most of them involving our protective feelings about children," adding that while the film "makes good use of its limitations, it retains the look and feel of a limited effort  If it weren't for those few squirmy moments, the film's appeal would be even more limited " John Dodd of the Edmonton Journal commended the film's focus on suspense over graphic violence, but felt it would have been better-suited as a television film 

Home media
Scream Factory released the film on Blu-ray in 2015 as part of a double-feature with The Outing (1987)  The disc went out-of-print in February 2021 
Passage 3:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 4:
Hanro Smitsman
Hanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television 

Film and Television Credits
Films
Brothers (2017)
Schemer (2010)
Skin (2008)
Raak (aka Contact) (2006)
Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment "Groeten uit Holland")
Engel en Broer (2004)
2000 Terrorists (2004)
Dajo (2003)
Gloria (2000)
Depoep (2001)

Television
20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei (2013)
De ontmaskering van de vastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)
Moordvrouw (2012-)
Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)
Getuige (2011)
Vakantie in eigen land (2011)
De Reis van meneer van Leeuwen(2010)
De Punt (2009)
Roes (2 episodes, 2008)
Fok jou! (2006)
Van Speijk (2006)

Awards
In 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at the Avanca Film Festival In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn Film Festival, the first place jury prize for "Best Live Action under 15 minutes" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, and the Prix UIP Ghent Award for European Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the film also won the Best Actor Award   It also won the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year 
Passage 5:
Betrayal (1932 film)
Betrayal is a 1932 British crime film directed by Reginald Fogwell and starring Stewart Rome, Marjorie Hume and Leslie Perrins  A woman attempts to save her husband from being hanged for a crime he didn't commit  It is based on a play No Crime of Passion by Hubert G  Griffith 

Cast
Stewart Rome as John Armytage
Marjorie Hume as Diana Armytage
Leslie Perrins as Clive Wilson
Henry Hewitt as Sir Robert Blackburn KC
J  Fisher White as John Lawrence KC
Frank Atherley as Judge
E  H  Williams as- Butler
Charles Childerstone as Doctor
Passage 6:
Brian Johnson (special effects artist)
Brian Johnson (born 29 June 1939 or 29 June 1940) is a British designer and director of film and television special effects 

Life and career
Born Brian Johncock, he changed his surname to Johnson during the 1960s  Joining the team of special effects artist Les Bowie, Johnson started his career behind the scenes for Bowie Films on productions such as On The Buses, and for Hammer Films   He is known for his special effects work on TV series including Thunderbirds (1965–66) and films including Alien (1979), for which he received the 1980 Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (shared with H  R  Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Ayling and Nick Allder)  Previously, he had built miniature spacecraft models for Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey Johnson's work on Space: 1999 influenced the effects of the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s  Impressed by his work, George Lucas visited Johnson during the production of the TV series to offer him the role of effects supervisor for the 1977 film  Having already been commissioned for the second series of Space: 1999, Johnson was unable to accept at the time  He worked on the sequel, The Empire Strikes Back (1980), whose special effects were recognised in the form of a 1981 Special Achievement Academy Award (which Johnson shared with Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren and Bruce Nicholson) 

Awards
Johnson has won Academy Awards for both Alien (1979) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980)  He was further nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Dragonslayer (1981)  In addition, Johnson is the recipient of a Saturn Award for The Empire Strikes Back and a BAFTA Award for James Cameron's  Aliens 

Filmography
Special effects
Director
Scragg 'n' Bones (2006)
Passage 7:
Rachel Feldman
Rachel Feldman is an American director of film and television and screenwriter of television films 

Life and career
Born in New York City, New York, Feldman began her career as a child actor performing extensively in commercials and television series Her credits as a television director include: ((The Rookie)), ((Criminal Minds)), ((Blue Bloods)), and some beloved shows like Doogie Howser, M D , The Commish, Dr  Quinn, Medicine Woman, Picket Fences, Sisters,Lizzie McGuire, at the start of her career  
She has written and directed several features including: Witchcraft III: The Kiss of Death (1991), Post Modern Romance (1993), She's No Angel (2001) starring Tracey Gold, Recipe for a Perfect Christmas (2005) starring Christine Baranski, Love Notes (2007) starring Laura Leighton, Lilly (2023) starring Patricia Clarkson 

Films
Feature Films
Lilly (2023) - Director/Writer
Love Notes (2007) - Writer
Recipe for a Perfect Christmas ((2005) - Writer
She's No Angel (2001) - Writer/Director
Witchcraft III: The Kiss of Death (1991)  - Director

Shorts
Here Now (2017) - Writer/Director
Happy Sad Happy (2014) - Writer/Director
Post Modern Romance (1993) - Writer/Director
Wunderkind (1984) - Writer/Director
Guistina (1981) - Writer/Director

Activism
Feldman is active in the fight for gender equality in the film and television industry  Her activism takes form in speaking out about issues such as equal pay, job stability for women, sexual harassment, sexual discrimination and female representation within the industry  Feldman is also an activist for women behind the camera, who can be seen in the Geena Davis produced documentary This Changes Everything 
Feldman was the former chair of the DGA Women's Steering Committee (WSC)  The focus of the WSC is to support and uplift women in the film and television industry 

Personal life and education
Feldman grew up in the Bronx and now lives in Los Angeles  She attended New York University where she received a Master of Fine Arts Degree and has taught classes in directing and screenwriting at the USC School of Cinematic Arts Feldman is married to artisan contractor and colorist Carl Tillmanns; together they have two children, Nora and Leon  They are both alumni of Sarah Lawrence College, where they first met 
Passage 8:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 9:
Howard W  Koch
Howard Winchel Koch (April 11, 1916 – February 16, 2001) was an American producer and director of film and television 

Life and career
Koch was born in New York City, the son of Beatrice (Winchel) and William Jacob Koch  His family was Jewish  He attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey  He began his film career as an employee at Universal Studios office in New York then made his Hollywood filmmaking debut in 1947 as an assistant director  He worked as a producer for the first time in 1953 and a year later made his directing debut  In 1964, Paramount Pictures appointed him head of film production, a position he held until 1966 when he left to set up his own production company  He had a production pact with Paramount for over 15 years Among his numerous television productions, Howard W  Koch produced the Academy Awards show on eight occasions  Dedicated to the industry, he served as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1977 to 1979  In 1990 the Academy honored him with The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and in 1991 he received the Frank Capra Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
Together with actor Telly Savalas, Howard Koch owned the thoroughbred racehorse Telly's Pop, winner of several important California races for juveniles including the Norfolk Stakes and Del Mar Futurity 
Howard W  Koch suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died in at his home in Beverly Hills, California on February 16, 2001  He had two children from a marriage of 64 years to Ruth Pincus, who died in March 2009  In 2004, his son Hawk Koch was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Filmography
Director
Film (director)

Shield for Murder (1954)
Big House, U S A  (1955)
Untamed Youth (1957)
Bop Girl Goes Calypso (1957)
Jungle Heat (1957)
The Girl in Black Stockings (1957)
Fort Bowie (1957)
Violent Road (1958)
Frankenstein 1970 (1958)
Born Reckless (1958)
Andy Hardy Comes Home (1958)
The Last Mile (1959)
Badge 373 (1973)Television (director)

Maverick (1957) (1 episode)
Hawaiian Eye (1959) (2 episodes)
Cheyenne (1958) (1 episode)
The Untouchables (1959) (4 episodes)
The Gun of Zangara (1960) (TV movie taken from The Untouchables (1959 TV series))
Miami Undercover (1961) (38 episodes)
Texaco Presents Bob Hope in a Very Special Special: On the Road with Bing (1977)

Producer
Film (producer):

War Paint (1953)
Beachhead (1954)
Shield for Murder (1954)
Big House, U S A  (1955)
Rebel in Town (1956)
Frankenstein 1970 (1958)
Sergeants 3 (1962)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
Come Blow Your Horn (1963)
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)
The Odd Couple (1968)
On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970)
A New Leaf (1971)
Plaza Suite (1971)
Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972)
Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (1975)
The Other Side of Midnight (1977)
Airplane! (1980)
Some Kind of Hero (1982)
Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)
Ghost (1990)Television (producer)

Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (1973)
Passage 10:
Reginald Fogwell
Reginald Fogwell (23 November 1893, Dartmouth, Devon -1977) was a British film director, producer and screenwriter 

Selected filmography
Director

The Warning (1928)
Cross Roads (1930)
The Written Law (1930)
Madame Guillotine (1931)
Guilt (1931)
Betrayal (1932)
The Wonderful Story (1932)
Murder at the Cabaret (1936)Screenwriter

Two Can Play (1926)
The Guns of Loos (1928)
Glorious Youth (1929)
Warned Off (1930)
Such Is the Law (1930)
Prince of Arcadia (1933)
Two Hearts in Waltz Time (1934)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Place of birth
The place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born  This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person  Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones 
As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred  The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live  If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth
Passage 2:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Passage 3:
Dag Ole Teigen
Dag Ole Teigen (born 10 August 1982 in Volda) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party (AP)  He represented Hordaland in the Norwegian Parliament, where he met from 2005-2009 in the place of Anne-Grete Strøm-Erichsen, who was appointed to a government position  He was elected on his own right to serve a full term from 2009-2013 
Teigen was a member of the Standing Committee on Health and Care Services from 2005-2009, and a member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs from 2009-2013 
He holds a master's degree in public policy and management from the University of Agder (2014), and a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Bergen (2004)  He participated at The Oxford Experience in 2013 
He was elected to the municipality council of Fjell in 2003  He is a member of Mensa 

Parliamentary Committee duties
2005 - 2009 member of the Standing Committee on Health and Care Services 
2009 - 2013 member of the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs 

External links
"Dag Ole Teigen" (in Norwegian)  Storting 
Passage 4:
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke KG (c  1423 – 27 July 1469), known as "Black William", was a Welsh nobleman, soldier, politician, and courtier 

Life
He was the son of William ap Thomas, founder of Raglan Castle, and Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam, and grandson of Dafydd Gam, an adherent of King Henry V of England  His father had been an ally of Richard of York, and Herbert supported the Yorkist cause in the Wars of the Roses  In 1461 Herbert was rewarded by King Edward IV with the title Baron Herbert of Raglan (having assumed an English-style surname in place of the Welsh patronymic), and was invested as a Knight of the Garter 
Soon after the decisive Yorkist victory at the Battle of Towton in 1461, Herbert replaced Jasper Tudor as Earl of Pembroke which gave him control of Pembroke Castle – and with it, he gained the wardship of young Henry Tudor  However, he fell out with Lord Warwick "the Kingmaker" in 1469, when Warwick turned against the King  Herbert was denounced by Warwick and the Duke of Clarence as one of the king's "evil advisers"  William and his brother Richard were executed by Warwick in Northampton, after the Battle of Edgcote, which took place in South Northamptonshire, near Banbury Herbert was succeeded by his son, William, but the earldom was surrendered in 1479  It was later revived for a grandson, another William Herbert, the son of Black William's illegitimate son, Sir Richard Herbert of Ewyas 

Marriage and children
He married Anne Devereux, daughter of Walter Devereux, Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Elizabeth Merbury  They had at least ten children:

William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (5 March 1451 – 16 July 1491) 
Sir Walter Herbert  (c  1452 – d  16 September 1507) Married Lady Anne Stafford, sister to the Duke of Buckingham 
Sir George Herbert of St  Julians 
Philip Herbert of Lanyhangel 
Cecilie Herbert 
Maud Herbert  Married Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland 
Katherine Herbert  Married George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent 
Anne Herbert  Married John Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Powis, 9th Lord of Powys (died 1497) 
Isabel Herbert  Married Sir Thomas Cokesey 
Margaret Herbert  Married first Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle and secondly Sir Henry Bodringham William had three illegitimate sons but the identities of their mothers are unconfirmed:

Sir Richard Herbert of Ewyas  Father of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (10th Creation)  Probably son of Maud, daughter of Adam ap Howell Graunt (Gwynn) 
Sir George Herbert  The son of Frond verch Hoesgyn  Married Sybil Croft 
Sir William Herbert of Troye  Son of Frond verch Hoesgyn  Married, second, Blanche Whitney (née Milborne) see Blanche Milborne  They had two sons 

See also
The White Queen (miniseries)
Passage 5:
Angelitha Wass
Angelitha Wass (Hungarian: [ˈɒŋɡɛlitɒ ˈvɒʃʃ]; 15th century – after 1521) was a Hungarian lady's maid of Anne of Foix-Candale, Queen consort of Bohemia and Hungary, and later a mistress of Anne's son, Louis II Jagiellon, King of Hungary 

Life
She became pregnant by King Louis and gave birth to an illegitimate son, János (John) Wass, self-titled "Prince John"  John was never officially recognized as the son of the king  His and his mother's names appear in the sources of the Chamber in Pozsony (now Bratislava) as either János Wass or János Lanthos, which could refer to the fact that he used his mother's name first, then that of his occupation (lantos means 'lutanist, bard') 
Angelitha Wass married a Hungarian nobleman but did not have any further issue  She died as a widow 
Passage 6:
Anne Devereux
Anne Devereux, Countess of Pembroke (c
Context 3: Passage 1:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 2:
Elisaeus Adougan
Elisaeus Adougan was a late 14th century and early 15th century Scottish cleric  His name has been said to have occurred for the first time in a papal letter datable to 25 November 1390, but this letter is simply a repetition of another addressed to him, dated 2 August that year; both letters address him as the rector of the parish church of Kirkmahoe, and authorise him to take up the position of provost of the Collegiate Church of Lincluden providing he resigned Kirkmahoe within a period of two years 
This Collegiate Church, previously a Benedictine nunnery, was erected only on 7 May 1389, after a petition of Archibald Douglas ("the Grim"), Lord of Galloway, to Avignon Pope Clement VII  Papal authorisation came in a letter to the Bishop of Glasgow, inside whose diocese Lincluden lay, which stated:   as is contained in the petition of Archibald, Lord of Galloway, his predecessors founded and built the monastery of Lincluden, O  CLUN ,     and endowed it for the maintenance of eight or nine nuns, to be ruled by a prioress, while right of patronage remained with the lords of Galloway    The letter goes into the details of the monastery's problems and decline, details provided to the papacy by the Lord of Galloway, and asks Bishop Walter Wardlaw:to ascertain that these facts be true and having transferred the nuns to a house of the Cluniac or Benedictine order, to erect the collegiate church and hospice     He still held both Lincluden and Kirkmahoe on 17 May 1391, when the Pope wrote to him providing him to a canonry and prebend of Glasgow Cathedral Elisaeus retained his position as provost of Lincluden until 1406  In that year he was elected and received papal provision to the vacant diocese of Galloway  This election was ascribed by historian Michael Brown to the influence of the Lord of Galloway, now Archibald Douglas II  In a lost MacDowall charter, witnessed by Robert Keith and datable to 1412, he was said to have been in his seventh year of consecration  Nothing more is known about Elisaeus's career as Bishop of Galloway; the time of his death is not known either, but he died sometime before 14 June 1415, when there occurs the earliest evidence that a successor for Galloway was needed 

Notes
Passage 3:
William Nolan (bishop)
William Nolan (born 26 January 1954) is a Scottish prelate of the Catholic Church who has been Archbishop of Glasgow since February 2022  He was previously Bishop of Galloway from 2015 to 2022 

Early life
William Nolan was born on 26 January 1954 and baptised in St Patrick’s Church, Craigneuk  He was the fourth of eleven children born to William and Catherine Nolan and has five brothers and five sisters  He attended Cathedral Primary School, Motherwell, St Patrick’s Primary School, Craigneuk, St Vincent’s College, Langbank, and, from 1967 to 1971, St Mary’s College, Blairs 

Priest
Nolan completed his studies for ordination at the Pontifical Scots College, Rome, from 1971 to 1978, earning a license in sacred theology from the Gregorian University in June 1978 Nolan was ordained priest for the Diocese of Motherwell on 30 June 1977  He was assistant priest at Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride, from 1978 to 1980 and at St  David’s, Plains, from 1980 to 1983  He was Vice-Rector of the Scots College in Rome from 1983 to 1990  Returning to Scotland, he was assistant priest at St Bridget’s, Baillieston, from 1990 to 1994  While parish priest at Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride, from 1994 to 2014 he held several other assignments, including judge of the National Ecclesisatical Tribunal in Scotland, dean of his zone, head of permanent formation of the clergy of Motherwell, and a member and vice-president of the Presbyteral Council  He became vicar general of the Motherwell Diocese in June 2014 In 2013, Nolan was appointed administrator of St John Ogilvie Parish in Blantyre when its pastor, Matthew Despard, was suspended during a canonical investigation  Despard had published an attack on the Church hierarchy and tangled with Bishop Joseph Toal, apostolic administrator of the diocese  Despard's refusal to accept his removal produced an extended dispute with Nolan 

Bishop
Pope Francis appointed Nolan on 22 November 2014 to succeed John Cunningham as bishop of Galloway  Nolan received his episcopal consecration on 14 February 2015 from Leo Cushley  The Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Antonio Mennini and Bishop emeritus Maurice Taylor served as principal co-consecrators  At the time of his appointment, the Galloway diocese had "a troubled history of rebel priests" and Nolan's predecessor had been incapacitated by poor health for several years He managed the scandal of a priest of the diocese who stole parish funds to support a gambling addiction in 2015 and was jailed in June 2016  Nolan suffered a heart attack in August 2016 In January 2021, Nolan called upon the UK government to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and abandon its nuclear arsenal  In May 2021, along with Bishop Paul McAleenan, he criticized the government's plans for asylum seekers  In 2021, he established a Scotland-wide Care of Creation Office to reflect the priorities of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si' and anticipating the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November On 4 February 2022, Pope Francis appointed him to succeed Philip Tartaglia as archbishop of Glasgow  He was installed there on 26 February He is the president of Justice and Peace Scotland, a national body that advocates on a variety of social issues from climate change to nuclear weapons  He serves on the board of the Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund  Within the Scottish Bishops Conference he heads the Commission on Justice and Peace  and The Tablet magazine has described him as "Scotland’s justice and peace bishop" 
Passage 4:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 5:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 6:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 7:
Alan of Galloway
Alan of Galloway (before 1199 – 1234) was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate  As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland, he was one of the most influential men in the Kingdom of Scotland and Irish Sea zone 
Alan first appears in courtly circles in about 1200, about the time he inherited his father's possessions and offices  After he secured his mother's inheritance almost two decades later, Alan became one of the most powerful magnates in the Scottish realm  Alan also held lands in the Kingdom of England, and was an advisor of John, King of England concerning Magna Carta  Alan later played a considerable part in Alexander II, King of Scotland's northern English ambitions during the violent aftermath of John's repudiation of Magna Carta  Alan participated in the English colonisation of Ulster, receiving a massive grant in the region from the English king, and simultaneously aided the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the western and northern peripheries of the Scottish realm  Alan entered into a vicious inter-dynastic struggle for control of the Kingdom of the Isles, supporting one of his kinsmen against another  Alan's involvement in the Isles, a region under nominal Norwegian authority, provoked a massive military response by Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, causing a severe crisis for the Scottish crown 
As ruler of the semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway, Alan was courted by the Scottish and English kings for his remarkable military might, and was noted in Norse saga-accounts as one of the greatest warriors of his time  Like other members of his family, he was a generous religious patron  Alan died in February 1234  Although under the traditional Celtic custom of Galloway, Alan's illegitimate son could have succeeded to the Lordship of Galloway, under the feudal custom of the Scottish realm, Alan's nearest heirs were his surviving daughters  Using Alan's death as an opportunity to further integrate Galloway within his realm, Alexander forced the partition of the lordship amongst Alan's daughters  Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway, descending from the native dynasty of Fergus, Lord of Galloway 

Background
Alan was born sometime before 1199  He was the eldest son of Lochlann of Galloway, Frenchified as Roland, and his wife, Helen de Morville  His parents were likely married before 1185, possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to Henry II, King of England in 1186  Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters  The name of one of Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young  The other, Thomas, became Earl of Atholl by right of his wife  One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne  The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel Alan's mother was the daughter of Richard de Morville, Anglo-Norman lord of Cunninghame and Lauderdale, and sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland  Alan's father was the eldest son of Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway  The familial origins of Fergus are unknown, and he first appears on record in 1136  The mother of at least two of his children, Uhtred and Affraic, was an unknown daughter of Henry I, King of England  It was probably not long after Fergus' emergence into recorded history that he gave away Affraic in marriage to Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of the Isles  One after-effect of these early twelfth-century marital alliances was that Alan—Fergus' great-grandson—was a blood relative of the early thirteenth-century kings of England and the kings of the Isles—men who proved to be important players throughout Alan's career 

Early career
Roland died in December 1200, after which Alan succeeded to the lordship of Galloway  Alan also inherited the constableship of Scotland, a pre-eminent position which had passed to Roland from the Morvilles by right of Roland's wife, the only surviving heir of Richard de Morville  As constable, Alan, like the earls of the realm, was responsible for leading the king's royal forces  It is uncertain whether the constable of this period took precedence over the earls in command of the king's army, or if the constable had charge of the realm's numerous marischals  His attachment to the importance of his position as constable is evidenced by the fact that this title tends to have taken priority over his hereditary title as ruler of Galloway Even before Roland's death, Alan was active in courtly circles, perhaps serving as his father's deputy  Alan's first known important attestation occurs late in December 1199, when he witnessed a royal charter at Forfar  From this point in his career until 1209, Alan appears to have been most often in the attendance of the Scottish king, witnessing several of the latter's royal charters  Alan's eminent standing in society is partly evidenced by the fact that, within these sources, his name tends to appear amongst the top four recorded names, and is usually the first name of non-comital rank  His second marriage, in about 1209, to the king's niece, Margaret, eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon also reveals Alan's significant social standing  From about 1210 to 1215, his activity in Scottish affairs dwindles dramatically, whilst his activity in English affairs increases steadily 

Ulster ambitions
At some point in the first quarter of the thirteenth century, Alan was granted a vast swathe of territory in Ulster from John, King of England  The transaction itself almost certainly took place in the aftermath of the John's expedition to Ireland in 1210  The exact date of the transaction, however, cannot be ascertained due to a gap in English charter records between the months of April 1209 and May 1212  The brunt of John's nine-week Irish campaign appears to have been directed at wayward Anglo-Norman magnates—the troublesome Lacy family in particular  With his subsequent destruction of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster, and the confiscation of the latter's Irish earldom, John was evidently in a position to reward his own supporters with the Lacys' former possessions  A date of 1210 for Alan's grant, as well as the possibility of his participation in the English expedition of the same year, may be evidenced by the record of a certain "Alan, son of Roland" in the king's service that year Other sources, however, point to 1212 as the year of Alan's grant  For instance, the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I states that, when the English and Scottish kings concluded their treaty at Norham in February 1212, Alan did homage for the "extensive" Irish lands that the English king had given him  The fifteenth-century historian Walter Bower echoed this statement, adding that Alan obtained a lordship of one hundred sixty knights' fees, and took an oath on William's behalf to uphold the treaty



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Anne Devereux's husband?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  1430 – after 25 June 1486), was an English noblewoman, who was Countess of Pembroke during the 15th century by virtue of marriage to William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke 
She was born in Bodenham, the daughter of Sir Walter Devereux, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and his wife Elizabeth Merbury  Anne's grandfather, Walter, was the son of Agnes Crophull  By Crophull's second marriage to Sir John Parr, Anne was a cousin to the Parr family which included Sir Thomas Parr; father of King Henry VIII's last queen consort, Catherine Parr 

Marriage
About 1445, Anne married William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, in Herefordshire, England  He was the second son of Sir William ap Thomas of Raglan, a member of the Welsh Gentry Family, and his second wife Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam William Herbert was a very ambitious man  During the War of the Roses, Wales heavily supported the Lancastrian cause  Jasper Tudor, 1st Earl of Pembroke and other Lancastrians remained in control of fortresses at Pembroke, Harlech, Carreg Cennen, and Denbigh  
On 8 May 1461, as a loyal supporter of King Edward IV, Herbert was appointed Life Chamberlain of South Wales and steward of Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire  King Edward's appointment signaled his intention to replace Jasper Tudor with Herbert, who thus would become the premier nobleman in Wales  Herbert was created Lord Herbert on 26 July 1461  Herbert was then ordered to seize the county and title of Earl of Pembroke from Jasper Tudor  By the end of August, Herbert had taken back control of Wales with the well fortified Pembroke Castle capitulating on 30 September 1461  
With this victory for the House of York came the inmate at Pembroke; the five-year-old nephew of Jasper Tudor, Henry, Earl of Richmond  Determined to enhance his power and arrange good marriages for his daughters, in March 1462 he paid 1,000 for the wardship of Henry Tudor  Herbert planned a marriage between Tudor and his eldest daughter, Maud  At the same time, Herbert secured the young Henry Percy who had just inherited the title of Earl of Northumberland  
Herbert's court at Raglan Castle was where young Henry Tudor would spend his childhood, under the supervision of Herbert's wife, Anne Devereux, who ensured that young Henry was well cared for 

Issue
The Earl and Countess of Pembroke had three sons and seven daughters:
Sir William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Earl of Huntingdon, married firstly to Mary Woodville; daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and thus sister to King Edward IV's queen consort Elizabeth Woodville  He married secondly to Lady Katherine Plantagenet, the illegitimate daughter of King Richard III 
Sir Walter Herbert, husband of Lady Anne Stafford
Sir George Herbert
Lady Maud Herbert, wife of Sir Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, 7th Lord Percy 
Lady Katherine Herbert, wife of Sir George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent 
Lady Anne Herbert, wife of Sir John Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Powis 
Lady Margaret Herbert, wife of Sir Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle, and of Sir Walter Bodrugan 
Lady Cecily Herbert, wife of John Greystoke 
Lady Elizabeth Herbert, wife of Sir Thomas Cokesey 
Lady Crisli Herbert, wife of Mr  Cornwall The Earl of Pembroke also fathered several children by various mistresses 
Passage 7:
Anne Devereux-Mills
Anne Devereux-Mills (born March 2, 1962) is an American businesswoman, author, public speaker and entrepreneur  Anne Devereux-Mills spent the first 25 years of her career building and leading advertising agencies in New York City  She is now co-host of the Bring a Friend podcast and the Chief Instigator (and Founder) of Parlay House, a 7000+ member organization in 12 cities worldwide that champions and inspires women to connect and make meaningful change for themselves and for others 

Early life
Anne Devereux-Mills was born in Seattle, Washington, the daughter of Gene Bruce Brandzel and Elizabeth Ettenheim Brandzel and sister to Rachel Brandzel Weil and Susan Brandzel  She attended John Muir Elementary School, Eckstein Middle School and the Lakeside School  Devereux-Mills left Seattle in 1980 to attend Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts where she became President of the Senior Class and an active member of College Government 

Career
Devereux-Mills began her career in the Political Risk Department of Marsh and McLennan in New York City, but after just a few years, realized that her strengths lay elsewhere  Parlaying her skills in communications and client management through a series of career experiments, she found herself in the field of advertising where she specialized in healthcare  Once landing in a field that combined her strengths and her passions, she quickly climbed the corporate ladder, helping found the first Direct-to-consumer advertising agency for healthcare brands, called Consumer Healthworks, part of WPP  A few years later, she moved to Omnicom Group, building a direct to consumer practice for Harrison and Star where she went on to become president, then to Merkley and Partners where she was CEO of the Healthcare Division  From Merkley, she moved to BBDO where she was CEO of BBDO World Health as well as managing director and Chief Integration Officer  She then transitioned to TBWA\Chiat\Day as CEO of the global healthcare practice as well as chairman and CEO of LLNS Devereux-Mills left the field of advertising in 2009  Hit with the triple threat of progressing cancer, opting to have cancer surgery, Devereux-Mills moved to San Francisco where she founded Parlay House, a salon-style gathering for women that now has a national presence and thousands of members who come together to connect about what they care about rather than what they "do"  She is an active mentor of the SHE-CAN organization which takes high-performing women from post-genocide countries and helps them gain an American education so that they can then return to their countries and become the next generation of leaders  Devereux-Mills was one of the first supporting members of the iHUG Foundation which helps break the cycle of poverty for children in Kabalagala, Uganda by augmenting education with nutrition, healthcare and support services 
Until her retirement in April 2019, Devereux-Mills was one of a handful of women to serve as chairman of the board of a public company in her role at Marchex in Seattle, Washington  Devereux-Mills first served as a director on the Marchex board beginning in 2006, and was appointed Chairman in October 2016  Marchex is a leader in mobile marketing and call analytics  She was also on the Board of Lantern, a company that brought Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to people through mobile technology, thereby expanded access to clinical help and reduced the cost of care  Combining her career success, her interest in creating opportunities to connect and empower women as well as her natural leadership skills, Devereux-Mills is now a public speaker, who is focusing on issues of female empowerment, reframing reciprocity, and creating a new version of feminism that can address the issues so prevalent in our society 

Book: The Parlay Effect
In The Parlay Effect: The Transformative Power of Female Connection, Anne Devereux-Mills uses her insights as Founder of Parlay House to show how small actions can result in a meaningful boost in self-awareness, confidence and vision  Through a combination of scientific research and personal stories, The Parlay Effect offers a blueprint for anyone who is going through a life transition who wants to find and create communities that have a positive and multiplying effect in their impact 

Honours and awards
Working Mother of the Year from the She Runs It, (formerly Advertising Women of New York)
Leading Women in Technology from the All-Stars Foundation
Activist of the Year from Project Kesher
The Return, her documentary received a 2017 Emmy- nomination

Recorded talks
The Guild: Reframing Reciprocity, 2017
Watermark: Doing Well By Doing Good, 2016
The Battery: Small Actions Have Ripple Effects in Social Justice Reform, 2016
SHE-CAN: Pulling Women Forward SHE-CAN: Revolution 2 0, 2015
Passage 8:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 9:
Anne Devereux-Mills
Anne Devereux-Mills (born March 2, 1962) is an American businesswoman, author, public speaker and entrepreneur  Anne Devereux-Mills spent the first 25 years of her career building and leading advertising agencies in New York City  She is now co-host of the Bring a Friend podcast and the Chief Instigator (and Founder) of Parlay House, a 7000+ member organization in 12 cities worldwide that champions and inspires women to connect and make meaningful change for themselves and for others 

Early life
Anne Devereux-Mills was born in Seattle, Washington, the daughter of Gene Bruce Brandzel and Elizabeth Ettenheim Brandzel and sister to Rachel Brandzel Weil and Susan Brandzel  She attended John Muir Elementary School, Eckstein Middle School and the Lakeside School  Devereux-Mills left Seattle in 1980 to attend Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts where she became President of the Senior Class and an active member of College Government 

Career
Devereux-Mills began her career in the Political Risk Department of Marsh and McLennan in New York City, but after just a few years, realized that her strengths lay elsewhere  Parlaying her skills in communications and client management through a series of career experiments, she found herself in the field of advertising where she specialized in healthcare  Once landing in a field that combined her strengths and her passions, she quickly climbed the corporate ladder, helping found the first Direct-to-consumer advertising agency for healthcare brands, called Consumer Healthworks, part of WPP  A few years later, she moved to Omnicom Group, building a direct to consumer practice for Harrison and Star where she went on to become president, then to Merkley and Partners where she was CEO of the Healthcare Division  From Merkley, she moved to BBDO where she was CEO of BBDO World Health as well as managing director and Chief Integration Officer  She then transitioned to TBWA\Chiat\Day as CEO of the global healthcare practice as well as chairman and CEO of LLNS Devereux-Mills left the field of advertising in 2009  Hit with the triple threat of progressing cancer, opting to have cancer surgery, Devereux-Mills moved to San Francisco where she founded Parlay House, a salon-style gathering for women that now has a national presence and thousands of members who come together to connect about what they care about rather than what they "do"  She is an active mentor of the SHE-CAN organization which takes high-performing women from post-genocide countries and helps them gain an American education so that they can then return to their countries and become the next generation of leaders  Devereux-Mills was one of the first supporting members of the iHUG Foundation which helps break the cycle of poverty for children in Kabalagala, Uganda by augmenting education with nutrition, healthcare and support services 
Until her retirement in April 2019, Devereux-Mills was one of a handful of women to serve as chairman of the board of a public company in her role at Marchex in Seattle, Washington  Devereux-Mills first served as a director on the Marchex board beginning in 2006, and was appointed Chairman in October 2016  Marchex is a leader in mobile marketing and call analytics  She was also on the Board of Lantern, a company that brought Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to people through mobile technology, thereby expanded access to clinical help and reduced the cost of care  Combining her career success, her interest in creating opportunities to connect and empower women as well as her natural leadership skills, Devereux-Mills is now a public speaker, who is focusing on issues of female empowerment, reframing reciprocity, and creating a new version of feminism that can address the issues so prevalent in our society 

Book: The Parlay Effect
In The Parlay Effect: The Transformative Power of Female Connection, Anne Devereux-Mills uses her insights as Founder of Parlay House to show how small actions can result in a meaningful boost in self-awareness, confidence and vision  Through a combination of scientific research and personal stories, The Parlay Effect offers a blueprint for anyone who is going through a life transition who wants to find and create communities that have a positive and multiplying effect in their impact 

Honours and awards
Working Mother of the Year from the She Runs It, (formerly Advertising Women of New York)
Leading Women in Technology from the All-Stars Foundation
Activist of the Year from Project Kesher
The Return, her documentary received a 2017 Emmy- nomination

Recorded talks
The Guild: Reframing Reciprocity, 2017
Watermark: Doing Well By Doing Good, 2016
The Battery: Small Actions Have Ripple Effects in Social Justice Reform, 2016
SHE-CAN: Pulling Women Forward SHE-CAN: Revolution 2 0, 2015
Passage 10:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Context 3:  Certain documentary sources appear to lend credibility to aforementioned accounts  Specifically, a confirmation charter from John to Alan, dating to 1215; a somewhat dubious copy of a letter from William to John, which makes reference to Alan's seal; and the copy of a letter from the Irish justiciar concerning the delivery of seisin to Alan's proxies, which appears to date to April or May 1212  In July 1213, Alan was granted right to the forests and fairs upon his Irish lands 

There is reason to suspect that Alan obtained William's approval in regard to his dealings with John  In 1211, Ross and Moray, the northern peripheries of the Scottish realm, were invaded by Gofraid mac Domnaill, a member of the Meic Uilleim, a kindred that contested the kingship  Facing continued opposition early in 1212, William likely undertook the treaty negotiations at Norham as a means of retaining good relations with John, and the agreement itself was likely concluded in the context of shared security concerns  The Meic Uilleim appear to have drawn support against the Scottish crown from peripheral regions of the realm, and likely from Gaelic Ulster as well  In fact, Gofraid's invasion may well have been based from Ulster, and could have been an after-effect of John's campaign there  The most powerful native Gaelic ruler in the region during this period was Áed Méith Ua Néill, King of Tír Eoghain, a figure who appears to have not only seized upon the power vacuum created by Hugh's fall, but may have also aided the Meic Uilleim insurrection in Scotland  The successful implementation of Alan's massive grant in Ulster, therefore, would have not only served English interests in the region, but would have also dramatically increased the security of the Scottish realm  In effect, the alliance between John and Alan appears to have been a coordinated campaign constructed by the English and Scottish crowns in an effort to secure the control of outlying territories where their royal authority was disputed The territories granted to Alan encompassed most of what is today northern County Antrim and far north-eastern County Londonderry, stretching from Glenarm to Coleraine  The vast scale of Alan's allotment suggests that it was almost certainly a speculative grant, with little prospect that he could assemble the necessary men and resources to enfeoff and populate the area  Furthermore, his territories lay on the fringes of former Lacy power, in a region where native Gaelic power was still strong  Alan was not the only member of his family allotted Ulster lands from the English  His brother, Thomas, and his cousin, Donnchad mac Gilla Brigte, Earl of Carrick, also received grants of lands nearby 

In English service
In July 1212, John summoned Alan to send one thousand of the "best and most vigorous" Gallovidian troops to assist the English forces in a planned campaign directed at northern Wales  The fact that William appears to have been in John's presence at Carlisle in late June, conceivably with Alan and Thomas as well, suggests that John's solicitation for Alan's military support had William's consent  In fact, the Scots had previously received military aid against the Meic Uilleim in the form of Brabantine mercenaries lent by John, which may reveal that William used John's summons as an opportunity to make recompense  Although Alan accepted the summons, he refused to pay for the troops' upkeep as John had originally requested  This may show that Alan reasoned that his refusal would avoid any suggestion that Galloway owed England military service  Late in 1214, William died and was succeeded by his son, Alexander II  According to Gesta Annalia I, it was shortly after Alexander's coronation that Alan received royal confirmation of his right to the constableship Up until 1215, Alan was able to successfully serve both his liege lords: the kings of England and Scotland  As time progressed, however, the political situation in England began to deteriorate, and John faced ever-mounting baronial resistance  Meanwhile, in Scotland, Alexander associated himself with some John's leading opponents  Although Alan likely attempted to maintain dual allegiances for as long as possible, he soon threw in his lot with John's cause  From about January to Easter, John had been in continuous negotiations with the rebel barons  On 5 May 1215, after a breakdown in mediations, the rebels renounced their fealty to the king  On the same day, John authorised a prest of three hundred merks to Alan, an act that appears to reveal the importance that the king placed upon Alan's substantial military arsenal 

Midway through June, John was forced to accept the terms of his opponents, and so confirmed the charter of liberties known as Magna Carta, a concession that led most of the rebel barons to renew their pledges of homage to him  Alan's involvement in the negotiations is evidenced by the fact that he was in the king's presence in Windsor on 3 June, when he is recorded to have exchanged gifts with the king  Furthermore, Alan's name is one of twenty-seven advisors recorded in the preamble of the charter, revealing that he was one of the magnates who counselled the king regarding the document  Clear evidence of Alan's influence on the deliberations may be the inclusion of a provision—clause fifty-nine—requiring John to satisfy certain grievances claimed by Alexander  By the end of June, Alan was confirmed in his Irish lands, whilst Thomas received custody of the castle of Antrim, and was granted an Ulster lordship centred at Coleraine  Also in 1215, Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, the Justiciar of Ireland, was ordered by the English Crown to allow Alan to transport goods between Ulster and Galloway 

End of English-Scottish ambiguity
When John later repudiated Magna Carta, and Alexander took up arms against him, Alan sided with the latter, and appears to have taken a considerable part in the subsequent conflict  In 1216, for instance, Alan was identified as a rebel in arms by an English government memorandum, and the Chronicle of Melrose reports that Gallovidians formed part of the Scottish army that invaded Northumberland in July 1217  Furthermore, when the English ordered Alexander to hand over custody of the castle of Carlisle in September 1217, Alan's name was also included in the correspondence directed at the Scots 

A particular war-time charter granted by Alan, confirming the lands of Kirkby Thore and Hillbeck to John of Newbiggin, also evidences Alan's allegiance with Alexander against John  Although these particular lands laid within Westmorland, and had been granted by John to Robert de Vieuxpont in 1203, Alan's Morville ancestors had held the district as late as 1173, giving him a claim to the region  The charter itself may have been granted in Westmorland, no earlier than about June 1216 and no later than about October 1217, and indicates that Robert's effective overlordship of the region had been superseded by Alan  The names of many of those who attested the charter had strong familial or tenurial connections with Scotland, and many were open opponents of John  Not only does the charter reveal that Alan pursued territorial claims whilst serving Scottish interests, but it forms part of a body of evidence suggesting that Alexander envisaged the imposition of Scottish royal authority over Northumberland  Although Alan's war-time acquisitions in northern England were only temporary, appearing to have lasted about a year, the after-effects of his influence reverberated for years to come  For instance, in about 1219 his clerk was indicted for unlawfully drawing revenues in Penrith, and in 1223 Robert de Vieuxpont was still having difficulty regaining possession of lands that Alan had confirmed to John of Newbiggin 

Re-engagement with the English
The peace secured between the English and Scottish kings did not lead to Alan's speedily return to business south of the border  Contributing factors to Alan's tardiness in English affairs were likely the death of his mother in June 1217, and his subsequent succession to the Morville inheritance of Lauderdale and Cunningham, substantial territorial blocks within the Scottish realm  In fact, Alan does not appear to have enjoyed the same amiable relationship with Henry's regime as he had during John's administration, and it wasn't until 1220 that matters concerning Alan's fealty to Henry, and the confirmation of Alan's English and Irish estates were finally settled  In April of that year, correspondence was sent on behalf of Alan to Henry explaining that Alan and his brother were unable to make use of their Ulster lands  The English Crown thereupon ordered that Alan's lands were to restored to him, with a directive to that effect issued to Geoffrey de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland, and a request for Alan to attend the upcoming summit between Alexander and Henry at York  Consequently, in June, Alan rendered homage to Henry at the aforementioned assembly, where he duly received confirmation of his English and Irish possessions, and was one of the twelve Scottish magnates who swore to uphold Alexander's oath that the latter would marry one of Henry's sisters, either Joan or Isabella 

Peripheral operations
Little is certain of Alan's activities in the early 1220s, although his position as constable suggests that he was involved in Alexander's peripheral campaigns during these years  One such operation, directed deep into the Highlands against a certain Domnall mac Niall, seems to have been based from Inverness, and perhaps directed into the Strathspey and Great Glen regions  Alexander's success in this campaign may have led to his establishment of the Comyns in Badenoch, and to the creation of lordships in Stratherrick, Boleskine, and Abertarff  It is unknown if this campaign was connected to the maritime operations undertaken by Alan's brother in the same year  According to the Annals of Loch Cé, Thomas had slain Diarmait Ua Conchobair, a claimant to the kingship of Connacht, whilst the latter was en route to Connacht with a mercenary fleet recruited in the Hebrides  In fact, this clash may have been related to an ultimately unsuccessful Scottish intrusion into Argyll in the same year 

The only record of this Argyllian campaign is preserved by Gesta Annalia I, which notes that Alexander's forces included Gallovidians  Both this source and the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland by Andrew Wyntoun, reveal that Alexander's troops mounted a second and successful assault the following year, resulting in the region's submission  The target of Alexander's animosity may have been Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill, Lord of Kintyre, who appears to have held Kintyre and the outer Islands of the Clyde  It is uncertain if the latter had been aiding the Meic Uilleim, although his recorded involvement with Thomas in 1212 against the Cenél nEógain suggests otherwise  If, on the other hand, Ruaidrí had involved himself with Diarmait, an opponent of Henry's ally Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, Ruaidrí would have placed himself at odds with both English and Scottish interests  Whatever the case, following the second royal campaign into Argyll, Alexander soon consolidated his authority in the Firth of Clyde through the apparent expulsion of Ruaidrí, the construction of a royal castle at Tarbert, the erection of a royal burgh at Dumbarton in 1222, and the eventual endowment of Cowal to the family of the royal steward 

Ulster ambitions ended
In 1223 and 1224, Hugh de Lacy waged war to recover his former Irish lands, allied himself to Áed Méith, and soon overran most of Ulster  In regard to Alan's family during this resurgence, the Annals of Ulster reveal that Áed Méith destroyed Thomas' castle at Coleraine  Alan wrote to Henry in 1224, stating that he had been active in the king's service from June to September, and was about to launch a planned invasion of Ireland, but had just received intelligence indicating that a deal had been concluded between Hugh and the justiciar; additionally in his letter, Alan asked the king for confirmation of such a truce, and requested, in the event that Hugh were to be restored to favour, that his own and his brother's lands would be safeguarded by the king  Although Alan received a royal licence to colonise his Irish lands the following year, there is no evidence that he or his brother were able to develop them Late in 1225, Thomas received monetary aid from the king in the form of an annuity of one hundred marks, likely meant to cover the military and territorial losses suffered by Thomas in Ulster  Despite the reassurances from the English that the brothers' lands were to be protected, there is evidence suggesting that, by as late as 1227, their lands were still under threat from Hugh  In 1229, Alan and Thomas were listed amongst other Irish tenants-in-chief summoned to take part in a planned English military campaign in France  Although Thomas obeyed the king, Alan—who had not received royal compensation for his toils in Ireland—declined Henry's summons  It was likely in the same year that Alan married Hugh's daughter, Rose, as recorded by the Chronicle of Lanercost  It is possible that Alan commenced this union in an effort to salvage something of his family's prospects in Ulster which had by then fallen under Hugh's overlordship  It may have also been an attempt by Alan to gain another ally to assist him in the Isles  In any case, the Irish ambitions that Alan had doggedly pursued since 1212 had finally come to an end 

Instability and kin-strife in the Isles
Although the return and restoration of Hugh almost certainly contributed to Alan's inability to succeed in Ulster, the latter may have overextended his resources pursuing interests in the Isles  When Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles died in 1187, he had apparently intended that his younger son, Amlaíb Dub, would succeed to the kingship  Since the latter had been only a child at the time, the Islesmen instead inaugurated Ragnall, Gofraid's eldest (albeit illegitimate) son  As the first quarter of the thirteenth century began to wane, contentions between the half-brothers broke out into outright war, and Alan is recorded aiding Ragnall against Amlaíb Dub From the perspective of the Scots, the instability in the Isles was almost certainly a cause for concern  Conflict amongst the Islesmen could have led to hostilities overflowing into the Scottish realm, and feuding in the Isles could have been exploited by elements opposed to the Scottish crown  As a result, it is possible that Scots decided to support one half-brother against another, in the expectation that the victor would destroy the power of his rival, thus restoring stability in the region  Of the two, Ragnall appears to have been the most palatable to the Scots, and may have been a key player in Scottish plans to counter the threat of the Meic Uilleim, and their probable Ulster supporters, the Uí Néill 

In about 1225, the Chronicle of Mann records that Alan aided Ragnall in an unsuccessful military expedition in the Hebrides against Amlaíb Dub  Shortly afterwards in about 1225 or 1226, the same source states that an unnamed daughter of Ragnall married Thomas, Alan's illegitimate son  Unfortunately for Ragnall, the marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the chronicle records that the Manxmen had him removed from power and replaced with Amlaíb Dub  The recorded resentment of the marital alliance may indicate that Alan's son was intended to eventually succeed Ragnall, who was perhaps about sixty years-old at the time  A plan intended to place a Scottish magnate's son on the throne would have been almost certainly encouraged by the Scottish crown, considering its potential to bring stability to the region, and the prospect of expanding Scottish royal authority Following his expulsion, Ragnall appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway  In 1228, whilst Amlaíb Dub and his chieftains were absent in Hebrides, the chronicle records the invasion of Mann by Ragnall, Alan, and Thomas  The attack appears to have resulted in the complete devastation of the southern half of the island, since the chronicle declares that it was almost reduced to a desert  The chronicle's report that Alan installed bailiffs on Mann, with instructions to collect tribute from the island and send it back to Galloway, may reveal the price that Ragnall had to pay for Alan's support in the affair  Suffering serious setbacks at the hands of his enemies, Amlaíb Dub reached out for English assistance against Ragnall, as evidenced from correspondence dating to the same year, between Henry and Amlaíb Dub, in which the latter alluded to aggression dealt from Alan  Gallovidian successes were short-lived, however, as once Alan left Mann for home, Amlaíb Dub and his forces arrived on the scene, and routed the remaining Gallovidians 

Early in January 1229, Ragnall launched yet another invasion of Mann  Although the chronicle's description of the attack alludes to Gallovidian involvement, as it states that the expedition originated from Galloway, the fact that Ragnall commanded only five ships suggests that this support may have been waning  Weeks later, Ragnall and Amlaíb Dub met in battle on Mann, where the former was finally defeated and slain  The lack of substantial Gallovidan support in Ragnall's final foray may have been due to a flare-up of insurrection in Scotland that required Alan's immediate attention as constable of the realm  According to Bower, a certain Gilla Escoip, who was almost certainly a Meic Uilleim, had burned the castle of Abertarff and sacked Inverness  Alexander's presence at Elgin in June 1228 corroborates Bower's claim that royal forces operated in the north against Gilla Escoip  The campaign itself appears to have been long and arduous, as Bower reports that Gilla Escoip and his two sons were slain in the following year  Alexander appears to have conducted further operations in the north in 1230, about the time that the Meic Uilleim were extirpated once and for all 

Although Alan's marital alliance with Ragnall had likely been welcomed by the Scottish crown, the fact that the two were unable to quickly deal with Amlaíb Dub caused serious repercussions  The Meic Uilleim insurrection of 1228–1230, for instance, may have been a byproduct of the instability prolonged by Alan's involvement in the Isles  Even so, Alan's actions appear to have also led to the end of Irish support for the Meic Uilleim  If he had indeed married Rose in 1229, for instance, this union may well have compelled her father to disassociate Áed Méith from lending support to the Meic Uilleim  Whatever the case, Uí Néill ambitions in the Isles appear to have come to an abrupt end with Áed Méith's death the following year, after-which the latter's kin became embroiled for years in a struggle against the Meic Lochlainn over the kingship of Tír Eoghain 

Escalation and confrontation in the Isles
The death of Alan's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles  In fact, it is probable that Alan and certain members of the Meic Somairle—Dubgall and Donnchad, sons of Dubgall mac Somairle—continued to harass the recently inaugurated Amlaíb Dub  According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the court of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, the nominal overlord of the Isles, in the summer of 1229  Specifically, the saga singles out the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle as "unfaithful" to the Norwegian king, and several versions of the source describe Alan as the "greatest warrior at that time", possessing a large force of men and ships with which he plundered throughout the Hebrides  Early in 1230, Amlaíb Dub arrived at the king's court, having been forced from the Isles by Alan and his allies 

Several versions of the saga allege that Alan had boasted that it was no harder to sail to Norway than it was to sail from Norway to Scotland, suggesting that Alan thought himself capable of even invading Norway  In fact, this bluster may well have been designed by Amlaíb Dub to direct further Norse animosity at Alan  Whatever the case, the saga reveals that Hákon had begun preparations for a military campaign in the Isles well before Amlaíb Dub's arrival  In fact, the king is stated to have appointed a certain Óspakr as King of the Isles, giving him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the region  Within days of Amlaíb Dub's arrival in Norway, Óspakr's twelve-ship fleet set sail for the Isles, gaining another twenty after reaching Orkney  The campaign itself is documented in several sources, such as the Chronicle of Mann, the Chronicle of Lanercost, and the Icelandic annals, with the most detailed source being Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar  Once in the Isles at Islay, the fleet met up with three members of the Meic Somairle, apparently kinsmen of Óspakr, including the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle  At about this point, the saga states that the fleet had reached a size of eighty ships, a number which suggests a fighting force of about three thousand men Meanwhile, news of the gathering Norse fleet reached Alexander, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis  On 28 May, Alan is recorded in the presence of the king at Ayr, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled  It was probably June when the Norse fleet finally rounded Kintyre, entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where Óspakr's forces stormed and captured the castle of Rothesay  The fortress itself was a holding of Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland, which may well reveal the anxiety felt by the Meic Somairle in the face of the steward's steadily increasing regional influence



ground_truth: Banbury

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Thomas Of Galloway (Bastard)'s father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, forced the Norse to withdraw to Kintyre  In fact, the Eirspennill version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, whilst the Flateyjarbók, Frísbók, and Skálholtsbók versions number it at one hundred and fifty  These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand or three thousand men 

It was perhaps following the Norse withdrawal to Kintyre that Óspakr succumbed to wounds suffered on Bute, whereupon command was assumed by Amlaíb Dub  The latter then used the fleet to serve his own needs, diverting it to Mann, where he used it to reinstate himself on the island  There the Norwegians overwintered before returning for home in 1231, and following the death of Ragnall's illegitimate son Gofraid Donn, King of the Isles the same year, Amlaíb Dub regained complete control of the island kingdom  The events of 1230–1231 marked a dramatic end of Alan's ambitions in the Isles  Even though it had not been his intention, Alan's prolonged campaigning against Amlaíb Dub had caused a grave international crisis  In fact, the Norse had not been intent on solely restoring order in the Isles, but had directed their retaliatory campaign squarely at Scottish-held territories, thereby endangering the recent westward advances of the Scottish crown  Although Alan's unexpected appearance in force off Kintyre had overawed the Norse, the Scots had only narrowly averted full-scale war, and as a result, Alan almost certainly incurred Alexander's subsequent displeasure 

Family
Alan was married three times  His first wife appears to have been a daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester  It was likely upon this union that Alan gained the English lordship of Kippax as maritagium from his father-in-law  Alan's second marriage, to David's daughter Margaret, is dated to 1209 by the Chronicle of Lanercost and Chronicle of Melrose  The date of Alan's third marriage, to Hugh's  daughter Rose, is generally thought to date to 1229, as stated by the Chronicle of Lanercost  Another possible date for this marriage is about a decade earlier  Alan's second marriage, therefore, allied him to the Scottish royal family, and his first and third marriages allied him to the two main branches of the powerful Lacy family—firstly the Pontefract branch, and afterwards the Woebley branch 

Alan had several children from his first two marriages, although only daughters appear to have reached adulthood  One daughter from his first marriage died whilst a Scottish hostage of the English king, her death being reported in June 1213  Helen, another daughter from Alan's first marriage, married Roger de Quincy  Although the date of this union is unknown, it may have taken place before Alan's death, and could well have been the point when her husband came into possession of Kippax  At some point before 1234, Christiana, one of Alan's daughters from his second marriage, married William de Forz  In 1233, Dervorguilla, a younger daughter from Alan's second marriage, married John de Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle   Alan had a son named Thomas  A product of Alan's second marriage, he was his only known legitimate male offspring  Although the date of this son's death is unknown, he may have lived into in the 1220s  Additionally, Alan had an  illegitimate son, also named Thomas 

Death
Thomas, Alan's brother, died in 1231, possibly from injuries suffered in a tournament accident  Alan's death, about three years later in 1234, is recorded by the Annals of Ulster, the Chronicle of Melrose, and the Chronicle of Lanercost—the later specifying the month February  Alan's body was interred at Dundrennan Abbey, a Cistercian religious house founded by his paternal great-grandfather  There amongst the monastic ruins, a particular dilapidated effigy of grey stone is generally identified as his  As the last Gallovidian ruler in the legitimate patrilineal line descended from Fergus, Alan's death brought an abrupt end to about half a century of stable Gallovidian rule under he and his father, and the lack of a legitimate male heir to succeed himself led to a sudden succession crisis It is possible that Alan had hoped that his illegitimate son, Thomas, would be able succeed to the lordship  Celtic custom would not have barred the latter from the succession  According to feudal practice, however, Alan's nearest heirs were his three daughters  As it turned out, the Gallovidian succession was quickly seized upon by the Scottish crown  The prospect of Alan's illegitimate son succeeding to the lordship threatened to reignite Gallovdian interests in the Isles, and thereby threatened the welfare of the Scottish realm  On the other hand, the husbands of Alan's daughters were prominent men of Anglo-Norman descent, and the prospect of bringing about the demise of the semi-autonomous lordship, through its division between such eminent Englishmen, was an advantageous opportunity that Alexander could not pass up 

Although it is possible that the people of Galloway regarded Alan's illegitimate son as their rightful lord, the Chronicle of Melrose states that they appealed to Alexander to take the whole lordship into his own hands, suggesting that whilst the Gallovidians were willing to accept that illegitimacy indeed excluded Alan's son from the inheritance, they were unwilling to accept female succession  Whatever the case, Alexander denied the Gallovidian's their request, quickly crushed their subsequent retaliatory uprising, and went ahead with the tripartite partitioning  One of the Scots who played a key part in the king's destruction of the Gallovidian resistance was Ferchar mac in tSagairt, Earl of Ross, a rising star in Alexander's administration, who happened to be Amlaíb Dub's father-in-law Following Alan's death, the constableship passed to Roger de Quincy, husband of Alan's eldest surviving daughter, Helen  Alan's Irish lands were not inherited by his daughters  Forty years after his death, these lands are recorded in the hands of the Bissets, although precisely how this came about is uncertain  The succession of the Irish and Gallovidian lands of Alan's brother, Thomas, is also uncertain  In fact, Thomas' lands should have passed to his son, Patrick, had the latter not died on the eve of his inheritance (under suspicious circumstances, apparently at the hands of the Bissets) 

Assessment
Throughout his career, Alan appears to have moved seamlessly between the native Gaelic environment of Galloway, and the Frankish cultural environment of the English and Scottish royal courts  In this respect, Alan followed in his father's footsteps, who first appears in records under forms of the native Gaelic name Lochlainn, before adopting forms of the continental Roland  In fact, Alan's own name may also be evidence of Frankish influence on his family  Surviving charters concerning Alan's lordship reveal that his dependants were almost exclusively drawn from the Frankish milieu  Few of these sources concern Galloway specifically, however, and not one concerns the ancestral Gallovidian patrimony  Comparatively more charter evidence survives documenting the holdings of his cousin, Donnchad, who ruled nearby Carrick  In contrast to the acta concerning Alan, these sources reveal that many of Donnchad's dependants were drawn from the native aristocracy, which could be evidence that Alan's lordship in Galloway followed a similar course 

Although it is debatable to what extent the dramatic events of 1230–1231 influenced Alexander's break-up of Galloway, Alan's standing in the king's service diminished after 1231 and starkly contrasted that of the royal steward, Walter fitz Alan  As the lord of Renfrew, North Kyle and Bute, and allied in marriage to the nearby earls of Carrick and Lennox, the steward was the most powerful Scottish magnate in the Clyde region after Alan  Whilst Alan's career declined, the climb of the steward's steward's standing can be gauged with his reception of the office of Justiciar of Scotia and his continued consolidation of Cowal  Alexander, therefore, appears to have turned from Alan to Walter fitz Alan, entrusting the latter with the task of imposing royal authority further west into Argyll 

The sheer scale of the military resources at Alan's disposal was remarkable, as indicated by John's request of one thousand of Alan's best warriors, and by the sheer size of his galley-fleet of 1230–1231  As a native kindred of Gaelic heritage, Alan's family was remarkable for its religious foundations and endowments  Alan himself endowed St Andrew's Priory, in Northampton, where his father was interred  In 1218, Alan founded Tongland Abbey, a Premonstratensian religious house in Galloway, He went on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in 1220, accompanied by Walter fitz Alan, and Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale  There they observed the translation of the remains of St Thomas of Canterbury on 7 July, marking the martyred saint's jubilee  In fact, Alan's Morville ancestors were closely related to Hugh de Morville, one of the saint's killers, and this relationship may partly account for Alan's pious journey 

Ancestry
Notes
Citations
Passage 8:
Thomas of Galloway (bastard)
Tomás mac Ailein, sometimes known as Thomas of Galloway (1208 – after 1296), was an illegitimate son of Alan of Galloway, Constable of Scotland and the last Mac Fearghusa Lord of Galloway  After the death of his father, who left no legitimate sons, King Alexander II of Scotland planned to divide the lordship between the husbands of Alan's three daughters 
Thomas, along with his associate Gille Ruadh, led an unsuccessful rebellion against the king, with the aim of maintaining Galloway's status as an independent sub-kingdom  Thomas was imprisoned for the next 60 years and released by Edward I after the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 and the death of Alexander III in 1286, though he was taken back into custody later that year 
Thomas married a daughter of Ronald, King of Man about a decade prior to the death of his father   Thomas had a son, Cane McGillolane, who was the eponymous ancestor of Clan MacLellan 
Passage 9:
Gille Brigte of Galloway
Gille Brigte or Gilla Brigte mac Fergusa of Galloway (died 1185), also known as Gillebrigte, Gille Brighde, Gilbridge, Gilbride, etc , and most famously known in French sources as Gilbert, was Lord of Galloway of Scotland (from 1161 with Uchtred; 1174 alone, to 1185)  Gilla Brigte was one of two sons of the great Fergus, the builder of the "Kingdom" of Galloway 

Background, marriage and family
In the struggle that arose after the death of Fergus between Gille Brigte and Uchtred, Gille Brigte emerged the stronger  The partitioning of Galloway left Gille Brigte with the western part, the part less exposed to the armies of the Scottish and English Kings We do not know for certain to whom Gille Brigte was married  Richard Oram suggests the strong likelihood that his main wife was a daughter of Donnchad II, Mormaer or Earl of Fife and the most important native lord in Scotland  The introduction of the name Donnchad (or Duncan) into the family naming pattern is some evidence of this, as is the later marriage of Gille Brigte's great-granddaughter Marjorie to the Fife petty-lord Adam de Kilconquhar  
Gille Brigte had two known children:

Donnchad
Máel Coluim

Events of 1174 & approach to England
From 1161 until 1174, Gille Brigte and Uchtred shared the lordship, with Gille Brigte in the west, and Uchtred in the east  In 1174, King William le Lion of Scotland invaded England in an attempt to regain Northumberland  He brought with him the two meic Fergusa, Gille Brigte and Uchtred  During the invasion, William was caught off-guard, and captured while besieging the castle at Alnwick  Benedict of Peterborough reported that:

When they [the brothers] heard that their lord the king of Scotland was taken, they immediately returned with their Galwegians to their own lands, and at once expelled from Galloway all the bailiffs and guards whom the king of Scotland had set over them; and all the English and French whom they could seize they slew; and all the defences and castles which the king of Scotland had established in their land they besieged, captured and destroyed, and slew all whom they took within them
Despite the implications that both brothers were involved, it is clear that only Gilla Brigte was, and that Uchtred opposed him  For Benedict goes on to tell us that, in relation to the same year, Gille Brigte's son Máel Coluim was besieging Uchtred on an island in Galloway  Máel Coluim mac Gille Brigte captured Uchtred  Uchtred was blinded, castrated and had his tongue cut out  
What Gille Brigte did at this time might have changed British history for ever  Gille Brigte sent a messenger, and asked King Henry II for direct lordship (i e  without the Scottish king as a middle man)  Henry sent a delegation to investigate  This delegation consisted of Roger de Hoveden and Robert de Vaux  Thanks to the former, we have a record of the embassy  It is reported by Benedict of Peterborough that Gille Brigte offered the King of England a one-off payment of 2000 marks, and a yearly tribute of 500 cows and 500 swine, if the King would "remove them [the Galwegians] from the servitude of the king of Scotland" (Anderson,  p  258)   
However, when the delegation discovered the fate of Uchtred, Henry's cousin, they rejected the request  Gille Brigte's fratricide effectively prevented any deal  Gille Brigte's bad fortune was compounded later in the year, when Henry and William signed the Treaty of Falaise  Gille Brigte was forced to come to terms with the two kings  In 1176, Gille Brigte travelled into England, was fined 1000 marks by Henry, and handed over his son Donnchad into Henry's custody as a hostage to ensure good behaviour 

The Lordship of Gille Brigte
Gille Brigte's reign is characterized by a large degree of hostility towards the Scottish kings  Unlike his brother Uchtred, he was no friend to incoming Normans  He maintained a Gaelic following  Such a policy made him popular in the province, but alienated him from his nominal Franco-Gaelic overlords, King Máel Coluim IV and then King William  William cultivated the loyalty of Uchtred's son Lochlann (Roland), using him as a card in the game for control over the Galwegian lordship  In the 1180s, tension between Gille Brigte and William was high, with Gilla Brigte being known to have made frequent raids into the Scottish controlled territory of eastern Galloway  When Gille Brigte died in 1185, he was at war with William  
Gille Brigte's timely death, with Donnchad still in Henry II's custody, eased the way for William to install Lochlann as Gille Brigte's successor 

Footnotes
Passage 10:
Henry Wemyss
Henry Wemyss (died 1541) was a prelate from the 16th century Kingdom of Scotland  He appears in the sources in the bishopric of Galloway for the first time in 1517, and rose to become Bishop of Galloway in 1526, a position he held until his death in 1541 

Biography
Origin
He was said to have been the son of John Wemyss, fifth son of Sir John Wemyss of Wemyss, by a daughter of Sir John Arnot of Arnot (in Fife); if true, this would make him a relative of David Arnot, sometime Bishop of Galloway who resigned that bishopric in Wemyss' favour; Robert Keith thought he may have been related to King James V, as a brother, but this was a mistake based on textual misreading (mispunctuating) which resulted in Henry's name being confused with that of James Stewart, Earl of Moray, the King's actual brother 

Earlier career
Henry is found as the Official of the diocese of Galloway on 8 February 1517, and again on 16 January 1522; the last known holder of this position occurred on 12 March 1512, so that Henry must have taken this position at some point between 1512 and 1517  Henry was parson of the parish church of Auchterderran (Outherdekan), Fife, in the diocese of St Andrews, and is found to be Archdeacon of Galloway on 9 December 1522; like his position as Official, it is not known when he ascended the archdeaconry, and the last occurrence of a predecessor occurs on 9 November 1513 

Bishopric of Galloway
Henry Wemyss received provision to the bishopric of Galloway (with the position of Dean of the Chapel Royal, Stirling) when David Arnot resigned his bishopric on 23/4 January 1526; Arnot retained right of return upon any future vacancy and half of the revenue of the diocese  Although Arnot also resigned his position as Commendator of Tongland for, once again, a lifelong pension and with right of return on vacancy, Arnot may have effectively held on to Tongland Abbey for a few more years; repeated crown nominations of Wemyss to Tongland failed, apparently because of Arnot, while William Stewart, a canon of Glasgow Cathedral, also got crown nomination until the Pope finally agreed to give Bishop Henry Wemyss Tongland Abbey in commendam in 1530, with Stewart resigning his rights The commend of Dundrennan Abbey came into Wemyss' possession after a crown nomination on 11 December 1529, to which he was admitted on 24 April 1530  Henry also retained the Archdeaconry of Galloway after becoming bishop, at least until he resigned the position to Patrick Arnot on 11 February 1531  Bishop Wemyss was a frequent attender of parliament, and his name occurs frequently as a witness to charters under the Great Seal of Scotland  He appeared for the last time in the latter capacity on 14 March 1541  He died soon after this date, and was certainly dead by 21 May  On 25 May, Andrew Durie, Abbot of Melrose, was put in charge of the vacant temporalities of Galloway and Tongland; Durie indeed succeeded Wemyss to these positions later in the year There survive some correspondences between Bishop Henry Wemyss and William Kennedy, Abbot of Crossraguel, written in the English language  Bishop Henry and Abbot William have been said to have been close friends  Two letters sent by Bishop Wemyss, dated to 5 July, and to 5 December 1536, survive; the first was addressed to "Jhone Makmaister and maister Patrik Ryschert", officials at Crossraguel Abbey, and the second to Abbot William; they concern certain revenues pertaining to one Ninian Boyd and his land at Culmoyr (Cùl Mòr, "big back"), over which the bishop may have had rights; Culmoyr was in the now defunct parish of Clashant, later belonging to the MacDowall kindred of Garthland  Bishop Wemyss' signature has survived on the letter to Abbot William 

Notes



ground_truth: 1234