prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which award the director of film Tiramisu (2002 Film) earned?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 2:
Dante Lam
Dante Lam Chiu-yin (simplified Chinese: 林超贤; traditional Chinese: 林超賢; pinyin: Lín Chāoxián, born 1 July 1964) is a Hong Kong filmmaker, actor and action choreographer 

Background
He was trained in the tradition of John Woo as an assistant director and worked as an actor and producer  He often writes and supervises his own choreography  In 2008 he won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director for his work on Beast Stalker His 2018 film Operation Red Sea is the second-highest-grossing Chinese film of all time and 9th in the international box office list of 2018  It won him the Hundred Flowers Award for Best Director and the award for Best Action Choreography at the 38th Hong Kong Film Awards In the aftermath of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Lam was contracted by the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) to produce a video, Guarding Our City, intended to help rehabilitate the police force's public image  The 15-minute video was released on 23 January 2021 

Filmography
Director
Option Zero (1997)
Beast Cops (1998)
When I Look Upon the Stars (1999)
Jiang hu: The Triad Zone (2000)
Runaway (2001)
Hit Team (2001)
Tiramisu (2002)
The Twins Effect (2003)
Naked Ambition (2003)
Love on the Rocks (2004)
Heat Team (2004)
Undercover Hidden Dragon (2006)
Sparkling Red Star (2007)
The Sniper (2008)
Beast Stalker (2008)
Storm Rider Clash of the Evils (2008)
Fire of Conscience (2010)
The Stool Pigeon (2010)
The Viral Factor (2011)
Unbeatable (2013)
That Demon Within (2014)
To the Fore (2015)
Operation Mekong (2016)
Operation Red Sea (2018)
The Rescue
Guarding Our City (2021)
The Battle at Lake Changjin (2021)
The Battle at Lake Changjin II (2022)
Bursting Point (2023)
Operation Red Sea 2 (2024)
Passage 3:
John Farrell (businessman)
John Farrell is the director of YouTube in Latin America 

Education
Farrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) 

Career
His business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements He co-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico  After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard   Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas com  There he established a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services  He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and media channels 

Google
Farrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America  On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo  He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business  John is also part of Google’s Latin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region  He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO 
Passage 4:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 5:
Tiramisu (2002 film)
Tiramisu is a 2002 Hong Kong romantic fantasy film directed by Dante Lam  It stars Nicholas Tse and Karena Lam in their first film collaboration 

Plot
While a mail man (Nicholas Tse) delivers package to Jane Chan (Karena Lam), a dancer  Jane dies  He meets Jane's ghost on a subway train and begins a romantic relationship 

Cast
Nicholas Tse as Ko Fung
Karena Lam as Jane Chan (aka Chan Jing) 
Eason Chan as Buddy
Candy Lo as Tina
Vincent Kok as Lawrence
Chan Kit-ling as Sue
Kitty Yuen as Monica
Lawrence Chou as Doctor
Ng Siu-kong as Jane's father
Ting Chu-wai as Jane's mother
Lam Nag-man as Chan Wing
Bobby as Bobby
Lam Ching as Doctor's girlfriend
Lung Yuen-lam as Dancing teacher
Chiu Ho-yin as Jerry
Lo Ka-yu as Lydia
Dancers
Karen Chan
Ng Lai-hing
Chan Yuk-chu
Tam Kit-yu
Linda Choi
Tse Pui-kei
Chow Kam-yin
Wong Lai-hung
Lam San
Yip Wing-yan
Ma Cheung-ching
Yiu Wing-chi
Mai To
Lee Kong as Old ghost husband
Wei Wei as Old ghost wife
Chow Yu-kei as Monica's boyfriend
Jazz band members
Wong Wing-kei
Yuen Chan-ting
Chan Man-tin
Doddy P  Marcelo
Lee Tok-fai
Ha Sek-hang
Siu Ping-lam as Newspaper editor
Jackie Lam as Accident victim
Ho Yung-mui as Minibus driver
Benny Tse as Truck driver
Wong Chui-yee as Convenience store clerk
Preliminary's judges
Chan Chuen-mo
Leung Man-wai
Yau Kwok-hung
Chun Lam
Ng Yu-lit also as Final judge
Howard G  Harris as Final judge
Adelaide Chung as Final judge
Lisa Marie Bell-Jones as Final judge
John Nash as Final judge
Poon Long-fong as Kid in convenience store
Chan Chun-shan as Arrowed kid in convenience store
Shek Cheuk-kan as Kid playing piano
Lee Kin-shing as Pastor
Wong Yu-mei as Waitress
Man Kwai-pui as Waiter
Woo Chi-ming as Waiter
Sin Yan-kau as Waiter
Wong Ming-yan as Cleaner
Altan Au as Cleaner
Chan Wing-yin as Cleaner
Plato Lai as Cleaner
Sam Ho-lin as Cleaner
Couriers
Poon Yuk-sung
Chan Wing-hei
Chan Chi-san
Chik Chi-fung
Chan Wing-cheung
Tsang Hing-cheung
Chung Yung
Passage 6:
John Donatich
John Donatich is the Director of Yale University Press 

Early life
He received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude  He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduating summa cum laude 

Career
Donatich worked as director of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992 His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice 
He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director of national accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisher and vice president of Basic Books  While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008   While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authors as Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida 
In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press   At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E  H  Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T  J   Clark   Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis, Norman Manea and Claudio Magris  He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform 
In 2009, he briefly gained media attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, The Variations 

Books
Ambivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St  Martin's Press, 2005 
The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012

Articles
Why Books Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp  329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742

Personal life
Donatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella 
Passage 7:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 8:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 9:
Michael Govan
Michael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art  Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City 

Early life and education
Govan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D C  area, attending Sidwell Friends School He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art  Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate  After receiving his B A  from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego 

Career
As a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R  Guggenheim Foundation  Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R  Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain  Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation 

Dia Art Foundation
From 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City  There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present  Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon  Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for "needlessly and permanently" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building  During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest  Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015 

LACMA
In February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M  Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art  Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961  "I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum," Govan has written, "[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that "Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark  Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion  LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1 6 million in 2016 

Artist collaborations
Since his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists  In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world  Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo  Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a "gritty cavern deep inside the earth     crossed with a high-style urban lounge "Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists  These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard  Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016 In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived  In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years  In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum 

Zumthor Project
Govan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor  As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments  Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard  The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmental collections  Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans  Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of "driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own"  Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a "giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1 5 miles  Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support 
On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that "no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 "To Rome and Back" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as "bland and ineffectual" and an "unsuccessful sample of what's to come" 

Personal life
Govan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage  He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]  That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region 
Los Angeles CA 90020
United States  He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport 
Passage 10:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 



ground_truth: Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Emergency Wedding?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III  
Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain  Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms  She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766  In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden  Their coronation was on 29 May 1772 
The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful  The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy  Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court  She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends  However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion  The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again 
After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813 

Early life
Princess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen  She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene  She received her own royal household at birth 
Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V  She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage  She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden  The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family  The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost  The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia  The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm After the death of her mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate  She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia 

In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige  The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance  Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin  She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement  However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity  This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika  Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: "His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen"  In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated 
When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: "why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: "She would suit you better!"

Crown Princess
On 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom  She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire  In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself  As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: "Watch out, Madame!", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court 
The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way  She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden  Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace  At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: "By God, how beautiful she is!", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: "terrible fear of the Queen"  On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment in the society life  Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant  Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend  Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous 
Sophia Magdalena was known to be popular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, while Louisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats  The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, and officially demonstrated their support  Sophia Magdalena was advised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters from the Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, the Queen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queen encouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home  This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship  In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile the couple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriage remained unconsummated After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden  The following year, on 29 May, Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen 

Early reign as Queen
The coronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772  She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolute monarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates in the revolution of 1772  At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, who painted her as pro-Danish  Denmark was presumed to oppose the coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark 
Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herself pleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, for whom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat  The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and the sympathies were on her side  In the contemporary paper Dagligt Allehanda, a fable was presented about Rävinnan och Turturduvan ("The She Fox and the Turtle Dove")  The fable was about the innocent turtle dove (Sophia Magdalena) who was slandered by the wicked she fox (Louisa Ulrika), who was supported by the second she fox (Anna Maria Hjärne) and the other foxes (the nobility)  The fable was believed to have been sent from the Caps party Queen Sophia Magdalena was of a shy and reserved character, and was never a member of the King's inner circle  At the famous amateur court theater of Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena is occasionally named as participator in the documents  In 1777, for example, she dressed as an Italian sailor and participated in a battle between Italian and Spanish sailors  Usually it was rather her role to act as the passive lady of games and tournaments, and to decorate the winner with the award  She did her ceremonial duties, but disliked the vivid lifestyle of the court around her outgoing spouse As queen, she was expected to do a great deal of representation – more than what had been expected from previous queens due to her husband's adoration of representation  On formal occasions, she was at her best: she performed beautifully according to royal court etiquette, and was seen as dignified and impressive  For instance, on 17 September 1784, she cut the cord to let off the first air balloons from the Stockholm observatory  During the King's Italian journey in 1783–84, she hosted a grand formal public dinner every two weeks  During that time, she appeared at the Royal Swedish Opera and at the French Theater, but otherwise preferred her solitude  This attracted attention as during the absence of the King she had been expected to represent the royal couple all the more 
Sophia appeared to have enjoyed nature trips in the country side with only one lady-in-waiting and two footmen, however, her country side visitations were stopped because it was deemed 'unsuitable'  Several of her ladies-in-waiting were well known Swedish women of the era, among them The Three Graces: Augusta von Fersen, Ulla von Höpken and Lovisa Meijerfelt, as well as Marianne Ehrenström and Charlotta Cedercreutz, who were known artists 
Sophia Magdalena was a popular Queen: on 22 July 1788, for example, during the absence of her spouse in Finland, several members of the Royal Dramatic Theater and the musical society Augustibröder, among them Bellman, took a spontaneous trip by boat from the capital to Ulriksdal Palace, where she was, and performed a poem by Bellman to her honor at the occasion of her name day 

In the famous diary of her sister-in-law, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, Sophia Magdalena is described as beautiful, cold, silent and haughty, very polite and formal, reserved and unsociable  When she performed her duties as Queen, her sister-in-law, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, described her as "Forced to meet people" Sophia Magdalena preferred to spend her days in solitude whenever she could  She had two very intimate friends, Maria Aurora Uggla and Baroness Virginia Charlotta Manderström, but otherwise rarely participated in any social life outside of what was absolutely necessary to perform her representational  duties  She frequently visited the theater, and she also had a great interest for fashion  As a result of this, she was somewhat criticized for being too vain: even when she had no representational duties to dress up for and spend her days alone in her rooms, she is said to have changed costumes several times daily, and according her chamberlain Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, she never passed a mirror without studying herself in it  She was also interested in literature, and educated herself in various subjects: her library contained works about geography, genealogy and history  She educated herself in Swedish, English, German and Italian, and regularly read French magazines  According to Augusta von Fersen, Sophia Magdalena was quite educated, but she was not perceived as such because she rarely engaged in conversation In 1784, after the King had returned from his trip to Italy and France, the relationship between the King and Queen soured  At this time, Gustav III spent more and more time with male favorites  In 1786, this came to an open conflict  The King had taken to spend more time at intimate evenings with his favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, from which he excluded her company  When he gave some of her rooms at the Royal Palace to Armfelt, Sophia Magdalena refused to participate in any representation until the rooms were given back to her, and she also banned her ladies-in-waiting from accepting his invitations without her permission 
In 1787, she threatened him with asking for the support of the parliament against him if he took their son with him to Finland, which she opposed, and the year after, she successfully prevented him from doing so  She also reprimanded him from allowing his male favorites to slander her before him 
Queen Sophia Magdalena was never involved in politics, except for one on one occasion  In August 1788, during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the King gave her the task to enter in negotiations with Denmark to prevent a declaration of war from Denmark during the ongoing war against Russia  He asked her to call upon the Danish ambassador Reventlow and give him a letter to be read in the Danish royal council before her brother, the Danish King  He gave her the freedom to write as she wished, but to use the argument that she spoke as a sister and mother to a son with the right to the Danish throne and upon her own initiative 
Sophia Magdalena called upon the Danish ambassador, held a speech to him followed by a long conversation and then handed him a letter written as a "warm appeal" to her brother  A copy was sent to Gustav III, and her letter was read in the royal Danish council, where it reportedly made a good impression  However, her mission was still unsuccessful, as the Russo-Danish alliance made it unavoidable for Denmark to declare war shortly afterward  At the time, there was a note that she met two Russian prisoners of war in the park of the Haga Palace, and gave them 100 kronor each 

At the parliament of 1789 Gustav III united the other estates against the nobility and to gain support for the war and for his constitutional reform  Coming into conflict with the nobility, he had many of its representatives imprisoned  This act led to a social boycott of the monarch by the female members of the aristocracy, who followed the example of Jeanna von Lantingshausen as well as the King's sister and sister-in-law, Sophie Albertine of Sweden and Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte  The Queen did not participate in this political demonstration and refused to allow any talk of politics in her presence  She was nevertheless involved in the conflict  When the King informed his son about the event, he discovered the child to be already informed in other ways than what he had intended  He suspected Sophia Magdalena to be responsible, and asked the governor of the prince, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, to speak to her  Gyldenstolpe, however, sent one of the king's favorites, Baron Erik Boye  The Queen, who despised the favorites of the King, furiously told Boye that she spoke to her son how she wished and that only her contempt for him prevented her from having him thrown out of the window  She was known to dislike the reforms of 1789, and she did let it be known to its representatives  At the celebrations of the Victory at Fredrikshamn in 1790, she refused to be escorted by riksråd Count Joakim Beck-Friis, who was in favor of the reform, and demanded to be escorted by Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, who was in opposition to it 
In the autumn of 1790, the King chose to remain in the summer residence of Drottningholm Palace well in to the autumn because of the social boycott  Finally, the Queen returned to the capital without his consent  He accused her of having been manipulated by the female courtiers into participating in the political demonstration, and refusing him the company of her ladies-in-waiting by leaving  This applied especially to Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie and Augusta von Fersen, who did not participate in the boycott: he suspected Hedvig Eleonora von Fersen to have persuaded the Queen to participate in the boycott  This is however is not considered to have been true: though the Queen did oppose to the act of 1789, she is reported never to have allowed any one to speak of politics in her presence  The reason to why she wished to leave was reportedly due to her health, as Drottningholm was quite cold by that time of the year and she had been afflicted by an ear infection  The King did in any case suspect her of being in political opposition to him, and before his trip to Aachen in 1791, he ordered that his son was to be separated from her during his absence abroad  When she was made aware of this, Sophia Magdalena caused a public scene when she visited him in his box at the opera and demanded to be given access to her son  This led to a heated argument and she left the box with the words: "I will have my vengeance, monsieur! I give you my sacred vow on that!"

Succession issues
Sophia Magdalena is mostly known in Swedish history for the scandal created around the consummation of her marriage and the questioned legitimacy of her son  Her marriage was a then normal arranged royal match for political convenience, in which Sophia Magdalena at first was described by her spouse as "cold as ice"  Sophia Magdalena's religious upbringing and introverted character made her avoid the lively and spontaneous Gustavian court life, which made her even less attractive in the eyes of her outgoing spouse Their marriage was not consummated until 1775, nine years after the wedding  The status quo between Gustav III and his consort was nurtured by the Queen Dowager, Louisa Ulrika, who did not want competition in her influence over her son  There were rumors that the King was a homosexual or sexually underdeveloped  His sexuality, which had much effect on Sophia Magdalena's life, as a royal marriage was designed to produce offspring, has been much debated  His sexual inexperience has been blamed on immaturity or him also being asexual 
As a teenager, Gustav had a crush on Axel von Fersen's mother, Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, though this affection was never physical  In 1768, he had another infatuation with the noble Charlotte Du Rietz, but this is not believed to have been sexually consummated either  Various documents written during his lifetime alleged that he was bisexual or homosexual 
His sister-in-law, Princess Charlotte, claims that the King did participate in homosexual activity after his trip to Italy in 1784 and that there were several rumors about this: she claims that she herself had witnessed that the park at Drottningholm Palace had become a place where male courtiers searched for homosexual partners, and in a letter to Sophie von Fersen, she writes in code: 

"It is said that the King recently attacked a young man in the park at night and offered him the post of chamberlain to the Queen if he agreed to his lusts, but the young man preferred to leave  Agree that this is to take things too far  It is said that the trips to Svartsjö Palace are made to be provide privacy, it is unbelievable, but it is what it is said  I could tell you a million things about this "
In 1791, Sophia Magdalena herself paid a surprise visit to the King during his stay at the Gustav III's Pavilion, where the King had spent more time since he came in conflict with the nobility after the 1789 parliament; and where he was reputed to indulge in orgies  She found the King in bed, and he asked one of his favorites, Count Fabian Wrede, to show her around  In the King's private chamber, however, the Queen found the actor and page of the King, Lars Hjortsberg, sleeping, naked  The Queen reacted by interrupting the tour by saying to Wrede that he apparently did not know his way around Haga, as he had obviously showed her the chamber of the staff rather than the King by mistake Some sources explain that both the Queen and the King had serious anatomical problems resulting in erotic complications  Erik Lönnroth has concluded that there is no factual proof for the rumors that Gustav III was inclined toward homosexuality or bisexuality, nor that Gustav Adolf was illegitimate 

During the Coup of Gustav III on 19 August 1772, Sophia Magdalena was at Ekolsund Castle  After having been told of the successful coup where her consort had reinstated absolute monarchy, she confided to her Mistress of the Robes, Countess Anna Maria Hjärne, that she was afraid that she would now be divorced by Gustav, because she knew she was not liked by him, because she had not given birth, and because she knew she was being slandered before him  Gustav III was told of this and her words led to a conflict  At a following ball at Ekolsund, the King told Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, that he did plan to divorce her on the grounds of pro-Danish plots and adultery with riksråd Count Fredrik Sparre and Marcus Gerhard Rosencrone of the Danish legation in Stockholm  Von Fersen, however, convinced him not to by saying that she should not be regarded to participate in pro-Danish plots just for her love of her Danish chamber-maids, and that as a neglected wife, she should not be blamed for enjoying the compliments of Count Ribbing, which were not grounds for suspicions of adultery  During this period, it had been noted that Count Ribbing was often seen in the company of the Queen and had paid her compliments and made her laugh, among other things by caricaturing her Mistress of the Robes Countess Anna Maria Hjärne  Countess Hjärne had informed the King that the Queen was pregnant, "And the riksråd Ribbing is her favorite "The King had given Countess Ulrica Catharina Stromberg the task to investigate this, and she was told by the chamber madame of Sophia Magdalena, Charlotta Hellman, that: "information, which where dubious, especially since the clearest evidence could be gathered from the linen of the Queen"  Her contact with Rosencrone is said to have been restricted to the fact that he handled her correspondence with Denmark  After the reconciliation of Sophia Magdalena and Gustav III, he apologized to her for having believed these rumors 
In 1774, the King arranged the marriage between his brother, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, and Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, to solve, for the time being, the immediate question of an heir to the throne  The Duchess had false pregnancies and miscarriages only, which may have hastened the King to expedite the consummation of his own marriage and produce a son of his own 
In 1778, Sophia Magdalena gave birth to Gustav Adolf, successor to the throne, and in 1782, she gave birth to a second son, Charles Gustav, who only lived for one year  It was suggested in some circles that King Gustav's first son was sired by someone else  When the heir was born, the father was believed, by the Queen Dowager among others, to be Count Adolf Fredrik Munck af Fulkila, then Riksstallmästare  This rumor was believed by elements of the public and the royal court, and her acquiescence to it led to a year-long break between the Queen Dowager and her son 

Succession scandal
The King, claiming to be sexually inexperienced, called upon Munck to help him with a reconciliation with his spouse, instruct the couple in the ways of sexual intercourse, and physically show them how to consummate their marriage  Munck, a Finnish nobleman and, at the time, a stable master was, at that point, the lover of Anna Sofia Ramström, the Queen's chamber maid  Through Anna Sofia Ramström, Munck contacted Ingrid Maria Wenner, who was assigned to inform the queen of the king's wish, because she was married and the confidant of the queen  Munck and Ramström were to be present in a room close to the bedchamber, ready to be of assistance when needed, and he was, at some points, called into the bedchamber  Munck himself writes in his written account, which is preserved at the National Archives of Sweden, that to succeed, he was obliged to touch them both physically When it became known that Munck participated in the reconciliation between the royal couple, there were rumours that he was the father of Sophia Magdalena's firstborn These became the subject of accusations from the political opposition, as late as in 1786 and 1789,: 132  where it was claimed that the whole nation was aware of the rumour that the King had asked Munck to make the Queen pregnant : 118  Pamphlets to that end were posted on street corners all over Stockholm : 143 This was also caricatured by Carl August Ehrensvärd in private letters discovered later – his drawing was published in 1987 —, where he passed on a number of rumors and jokes about Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena and Munck without inferring that he believed they were true  There was also a rumour that the King and Queen had divorced in secret and that the Queen had married Munck There is no proof that Munck was the father of the crown prince  Erik Lönnroth has suggested that the anatomical problems mentioned in Munck's account, known only to a few initiated persons, were the primary factor in their delay in producing an heir  At the time, the rumors became more persistent, however, when the royal couple presented Munck with gifts: the King promoted him, and the Queen gave Munck a pension, a diamond ring, and a watch with her image A few socialites took the Queen Mother's side in supporting and spreading the rumors, such as Anna Charlotta Schröderheim and Eva Helena Löwen The circle around the King's brother, Duke Charles, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, who desired the throne, also encouraged these rumors  Their mother was quoted as saying, during the pregnancy of Sophia Magdalena, that there were rumors among the public that the future child was illegitimate, and that she herself believed that the King had hired Munck to impregnate the Queen, and that she would never accept that the throne would come into the hands of "a common nobleman's illegitimate offspring" : 103–4 The Queen Mother ordered Duke Charles to interrogate Munck, and word spread to the King, who was shocked  Sophia Magdalena was equally shocked by the accusations  She swore she would never speak to the Queen Dowager again, and indeed she never did 
The King arranged for his mother to make a public apology for her accusation in the presence of the rest of the Royal Family the 12 May 1778  The scene gained a lot of attention and broke the bonds between Gustav III and his mother  The scandal disturbed celebrations, as did an accident with the public banquet  The public was invited to a great feast to celebrate the birth of the heir, but too many people were let in, and the crowd panicked  Between sixty and one hundred people were trampled to death in the crowd 
Sven Anders Hedin, a medical doctor at the royal court, and married to one of the Queen's chambermaids, Charlotta Hellman, contributed two statements which have been quoted in connection with the scandal  In the summer of 1780, during the King's absence abroad, he passed through the private apartments of the Queen, which were expected to be empty at that hour  There, he claimed to have seen the Queen and Baron Munck embracing each other through the not-quite closed door to her bedroom   To warn them that they were not alone, he hummed a tune and pretended to speak to himself, saying that he would be in trouble if the Queen discovered him there, and then left the room  He claimed to have found three expensive court costumes in his room a few days after this event  In October 1781, Hedin met the King in the corridor on his way to the Queen's bedchamber  Gustav III asked Hedin what time it was, and Hedin claims to have added to his reply: "In nine months, I will be able to answer exactly!" in which Hedin insinuated that the King had expected him to remember the time should the fatherhood of the next child be questioned 

In 1782, Sophia Magdalena had a second son  After the death of her younger son in 1783, her marriage deteriorated  In May 1784, Sophia Magdalena is believed to have had a miscarriage, and after this, there are no further notes of any pregnancies  A brief reconciliation in 1787 was deemed by Duchess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte in her diaries as temporary, with no hope of being complete and lasting,: 191  as the King was not "receptive to female charm": another insinuation that he was homosexual 
In 1787, Sophia Magdalena deposited a sum of 50 000 riksdaler in an account for Munck, which was generally rumoured to be a "farewell gift" : 156–7   At this point, Munck had started an affair with the ballerina Giovanna Bassi, to whom Sophia Magdalena showed great dislike : 157   The King was terrified when he heard that the Queen had made that deposit, and he tried to prevent the transaction from becoming public knowledge, which, however, did not succeed : 157  Munck was, however, continued to be used as a go-between and a messenger between the King and the Queen, especially during conflicts 
A child of Giovanna Bassi's, rumored to be the child of Munck, bore a strong likeness to the Crown Prince 

Queen Dowager
On 16 March 1792 Gustav III was attacked and mortally wounded  Sophia Magdalena was reportedly shocked and horrified by the attack  The conspirators intended to make her the regent of her son during his minority : 443  As a Guardian government had been necessary by putting a minor monarch on the throne, their plan was to offer this role to Sophia Magdalena by taking military control and offering the Queen dowager the role of presiding over the guardian council instead of her brother-in-law Duke Charles  Directly after she was told of the attack, Sophia Magdalena sent for the king's favorite, Gustav Mauritz Armfelt, and was taken by him to the sick bed of the King  There, she took the hands of the King between hers and cried out to Armfelt: "How horrifying! Such a cruel atrocity!" She was kept informed of his state by Armfelt, but she was prevented from further visits because Gustav did not wish to receive visits from women because of the smell from his wounds  At the death of Gustav III 29 March 1792, she attempted to visit him, but she was blocked by her brother-in-law Duke Charles, who fell on his knees before her to stop her from entering the bed room 
Sophia Magdalena caused a scandal as it was noted that she did not dress in mourning except when she was forced to do so at visits and on formal occasions : 442   This criticism was likely worsened because she was exposed to some suspicions, as it was known that the conspirators had planned to make her regent 
As Queen Dowager, it was a relief to Sophia Magdalena to withdraw from public life  Her brother-in-law, Duke Charles, became regent, and she eschewed a political role  As a widow, Sophia Magdalena lived a withdrawn life  She did not wish to take part in any representational duties, and she gave up her quarters at Drottningholm Palace to be relieved of them  She lived in the Royal Palace in Stockholm during the winter, and at Ulriksdal Palace during the summer  She lived in a circle of her own court, and seldom entertained any guests other than her lifelong friends Maria Aurora Uggla and Virginia Manderström  It is noted that, although she had hated the male favorites of her spouse during his lifetime, she gave several of them positions in her court as a widow  Sophia Magdalena had a close relationship with her son, King Gustav IV Adolf, who visited her regularly and with whom she shared an interest in religion 

In 1797, she insisted on skipping the protocol at the reception of her daughter-in-law, Frederica of Baden  The etiquette demanded that as Queen Dowager, she should not greet her daughter-in-law at the stair of the royal palace with the rest of the royal family, but wait for her in her own salon, but she refused: "I know myself how I suffered, when I arrived to Sweden, and how painfully I reacted to the cold reception I was given by Queen Louisa Ulrika  As for my daughter-in-law, I have decided to spare her from having to experience such bitter emotions!" During the reign of her son, she seldom showed herself at court except on Sundays and at court presentations, and preferred to stay at her estate  She regularly met her son and his family on family visits, but she did not participate in court life 
In 1809 she witnessed the coup and following abdication of her son, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, after Sweden lost Finland to Russia  She was deeply affected by his deposition  On the day of the coup, she was informed by her friend Maria Aurora Uggla, and in her company she immediately rushed to the quarters of her son  She was prevented from seeing him by guards, and burst into tears in the arms of Uggla  Shortly after, she was visited in her quarters by Duke Charles in the company of guards, who officially told her what had happened and made her burst into tears again by officially banning her from seeing her son  When she, during the captivity of her son, formally applied for permission to see him, and was told by Charles that she could not unless given permission by the government, she publicly commented: "The government was not asked for permission for the murder of my husband, neither any permission was sought to depose and imprison my son, but I must have their permission, to speak to my child " She was never to see her son again, but she corresponded with him for the rest of her life  He was sent into exile and replaced by his paternal uncle Charles XIII, but she remained in Sweden until her death  She did, however, say goodbye to her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren when they left Stockholm to join Gustav Adolf 
In January 1810, she was presented to the elected heir to the throne, Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden  During his visit, he stopped before the portrait of her grandson Gustav, and informed her that he wished to adopt him for his successor  Later that year (2 November 1810), she was presented to the next elected heir to the throne, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte  He regarded her with suspicion and believed that she did not wish to see him, but she commented: "I am grateful for the sensitivity of the Crown prince, but he is mistaken, if he believes that I do not wish to see him! It would be unfair if I were to hold the least bit of dislike toward him, for it is not he who has deposed my son!" At the meeting, her face was said to have turned white, but at the end, she is said to have been delighted by his charm  In 1811, she was one of the few in the Swedish Court who were nice to Désirée Clary 
In September 1812, Germaine de Staël was presented to her, and gave her the impression of her: "Her Majesty analyzed my books as an educated woman, whose judgement showed as much thoroughness as well as delicate feeling  Never has any one impressed me such as your Queen! I almost dared not reply to her, so taken was I by the royal glory around her – it gave me such respect, that I shivered!" When the Crown Prince banned any contact between Swedes and the former royal family, Germaine de Staël asked that an exception was to be made for Sophia Magdalena, and it was: her letters were however read by foreign minister Lars von Engeström 

Later life and death
Sophia Magdalena lived more isolated towards the end of her life and was affected by worsened health  From 1812, she devoted much of her time to her friendship with the young amateur botanic Baron Anton Fredrik Wrangel  She never fully recovered after having suffered a stroke in May 1813 

Children
In popular culture
The affair of the consummation of her marriage and the succession scandal was portrayed in SVT's period drama production of "Gustav III:s äktenskap" (The Marriage of Gustav III) in 2001, where Sophia Magdalena was portrayed by Danish actress Iben Hjejle 
It was also used to inspire the novel Drottningens juvelsmycke, famous in Sweden, where the character of Tintomara is portrayed as a half sibling of Gustav IV Adolf through Count Munck 

Ancestry
Inline references
Bibliographic references
Alm, Mikael (2003–2006)  Sophia Magdalena  Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish)  Vol  32  Retrieved 28 April 2022 
Bech, Claus (1983)  Sophie Magdalene  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  13 (3 ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendals Forlag  ISBN 8700055514 
Jørgensen, Harald (1942)  Sophie Magdalene (PDF)  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  22 (2 ed )  Copenhagen: J H  Schultz Forlag  pp  314–315 
Laursen, Laurs (1902)  "Sophie Magdalene af Danmark"  Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish) (1st ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag  XVI: 179–180 
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeberg, 1906
Stålberg, Wilhelmina (1864), Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Notes on Swedish women] (in Swedish), Runeberg 
Munk (in Swedish), SE: Passagen, archived from the original on 9 January 2001
Personakt för Gustav III av >> Holstein-Gottorp, Född 1746-01-24 (in Swedish), NU: Historiska Personer, archived from the original on 9 November 2007, retrieved 9 November 2007
Starbäck, Carl Georg; Bäckström, Per Olof (1885–1986), "Nionde bandet  Gustaf III  Gustaf IV Adolf", Berättelser ur svenska historien [Tales from the history of Sweden] (in Swedish)
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical hand-dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeber, 1906
Andersson, Ingvar (1979)  Gustavianskt [The Gustavian age] (in Swedish)  Fletcher & Son  ISBN 91-46-13373-9 
Ribbing, Gerd, Gustav III:s hustru Sofia Magdalena [Sophia Madalena, wife of Gustav III]
Hartmann, Godfred (1993)  "Gode Dronning" – Om den svenske konge Gustaf III's dronning Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) og hendes ulykkelige skæbne ["Good Queen" – About the Swedish king Gustaf III's queen Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) and her unfortunate fate] (in Danish)  København: Gyldendal  ISBN 87-00-15758-9 

Primary sources
af Klercker, Cecilia, ed  (1942)  Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas Dagbok [The diaries of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte] (in Swedish)  Vol  IX  PA Norstedt & Söners förlag  Unknown ID 412070  on WorldCat

Further reading
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Passage 2:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 3:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 4:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 5:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 6:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 7:
Emergency Wedding
Emergency Wedding (titled Jealousy in the UK) is a 1950 American comedy film directed by Edward Buzzell and starring Larry Parks, Barbara Hale and Willard Parker  It is a remake of You Belong to Me, a film in which Parks appeared in a bit part 

Plot
Dr  Helen Hunt is a physician married to millionaire Peter Judson Kirk Jr  who is jealous that his wife is spending too much time with her male patients  He makes a fool of himself trying to prove her guilt, which causes his wife to leave  But when he donates funds for a new hospital, she returns to him 

Cast
Larry Parks as Peter Judson Kirk
Barbara Hale as Dr  Helen Hunt
Willard Parker as Vandemer
Una Merkel as Emma
Alan Reed as Tony
Eduard Franz as Dr  Heimer
Irving Bacon as Filbert - Mechanic
Don Beddoe as Forbish - Floorwalker
Jim Backus as Ed Hamley
Vince Gironda as Gym Guy

Reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic A  H  Weiler wrote that Claude Binyon's script was largely a facsimile of Dalton Trumbo's script for the 1941 film You Belong to Me  Weiler described Emergency Wedding as "lightweight without being especially gay or serious" and "an unimpressive reproduction "
Passage 8:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 9:
Edward Buzzell
Edward Buzzell (November 13, 1895 – January 11, 1985) was an American film actor and director whose credits include Child of Manhattan (1933); Honolulu (1939); the Marx Brothers films At the Circus (1939) and Go West (1940); the musicals Best Foot Forward (1943), Song of the Thin Man (1947), and Neptune's Daughter (1949); and Easy to Wed (1946) 
Born in Brooklyn, Buzzell appeared in vaudeville and on Broadway, and he was hired to star in the 1929 film version of George M  Cohan's Little Johnny Jones with Alice Day  Buzzell appeared in a few Vitaphone shorts and the two-strip Technicolor short The Devil's Cabaret (1930) as Satan's assistant  He wrote screenplays in the early 1930s and later produced the popular The Milton Berle Show, which premiered on television in 1948 
In 1926, Buzzell married actress Ona Munson, who later played Belle Watling in Gone with the Wind  They divorced in 1931  He married socialite Sara Clark on August 11, 1934, but the marriage only lasted five weeks  He married actress Lorraine Miller on December 10, 1949  He died in Los Angeles in 1985 at the age of 89  Buzzell's brother, Samuel Jesse Buzzell, was a music patent attorney in New York City; his daughter (Edward's niece) Gloria Joyce Buzzell was married to Academy Award-winning film producer Harold Hecht, and his son (Edward's nephew) Loring Buzzell was a music publisher and partner in the firm Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music, and was married to singer Lu Ann Simms 

Filmography
As Actor

Midnight Life (1928)
Little Johnny Jones (1929)
Hello Thar (short, 1930)
The Royal Four-Flusher (short, 1930)
The Devil's Cabaret (short, 1930)
The Lone Star Stranger (short, 1931)
Check and Rubber Check (short, 1931)
She Served Him Right (short, 1931)
The Youngest Profession (1943)
Passage 10:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Context 3: Passage 1:
Daniel Burman
Daniel Burman (born 29 August 1973, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine film director, screenplay writer, and producer 
According to film critic Joel Poblete, who writes for Mabuse, a cinema magazine, Daniel Burman is one of the members of the so-called "New Argentina Cinema", which began circa 1998  In fact, film critic Anthony Kaufman, writing for indieWIRE, said Burman's A Chrysanthemum Burst in Cincoesquinas (1998) has been cited as the beginning of the "New Argentine Cinema" wave 

Biography
Burman is of Polish-Jewish descent, and he was born and raised in Buenos Aires  He holds both Argentine and Polish citizenship, like his films' character, Ariel  He studied law before changing to audiovisual media production In 1995, he launched his own production company together with Diego Dubcovsky, BD Cine (Burman and Dubcovsky Cine)  Burman is also a founding member of the Academy of Argentine Cinema His loose trilogy of films, Esperando al Mesías (2000), El Abrazo Partido (2004), and Derecho de Familia (2006), were all written and directed by Burman and star Uruguayan actor Daniel Hendler  They are largely autobiographical, dealing with the life of a young neurotic Jew in contemporary Buenos Aires 
He frequently collaborates with other Argentine Jews, notably writer and klezmer musician Marcelo Birmajer, and César Lerner  His comedic touches often bring comparison to Woody Allen, a comparison Burman is quick to reject   He said, "It's not a measurable comparison  But I'm very happy with it  I admire him more than anyone else in the world "Burman's films have been featured in many film festivals around the world  El abrazo partido (2003) took the Grand Jury Prize at the Berlin International Film Festival, as well as best actor for Hendler  Burman was co-producer of the successful 2004 film, The Motorcycle Diaries, as well as Garage Olimpo (1999) 

Opinions on filmmaking
In an interview with Brian Brooks, who writes for indieWIRE com, an online community of independent filmmakers and aficionados, Burman discussed his approach to filmmaking  He said: "I don't have goals when I make a film, except to create as faithfully as possible the story I wanted to tell, and that the sensations that provoked me to tell the story are also caused when reading the script ""I don't love film in itself; it's not like I was debating the merits of using different types of camera-work, like traveling shots  I love film because it's a story-telling tool," he said in an interview he did for TimesSquare com 

Interconnections between films
It is arguable that the loose trilogy of films — Esperando al Mesías (2000), El Abrazo Partido (2003), and Derecho de Familia (2006) — happen in the same "universe"  The three share common traits: They are written and directed by Burman and all star Daniel Hendler in the title role as a young Jew  Additionally, several actors and actresses appear twice in the films  Because Hendler's characters share similar traits (they are all named Ariel: Ariel Goldstein, Ariel Makaroff and Ariel Perelman respectively) and because some characters from one film seem to appear in another, the trilogy is usually considered as happening in the same universe
Several continuity changes show that the three Ariels are different people: In the first movie, Ariel's father is a restaurant owner, and his mother dies; in the second film, his father has been long gone, and his mother tends to a small shop; in the third movie, his father dies in the film, and his mother has been long dead  However, a character named Estela from the first film appears in the second, and is both times played by Melina Petriella  This at least connects the first two movies to the same universe  Additionally, Juan José Flores Quispe appears in the second and third movie as "Ramón"  Although his character, unlike Estela, varies from film to film, this suggests that the second and third film also share the same universe and, thus, the trilogy itself is set in the same storyline, with the "Ariel persona" showing either different aspects of the same character or simply being a mere coincidence 

Filmography
Producer
El Crimen del Cacaro Gumaro (2014) a k a  "The Popcorn Chronicles"

Director
¿En qué estación estamos? (1992, short)
Post data de ambas cartas (1993, short)
Help o el pedido de auxilio de una mujer viva (1994, short)
Niños envueltos (1995, short)
Un Crisantemo Estalla en Cinco Esquinas (1998) a k a  A Chrysanthemum Burst in Cincoesquinas
Esperando al Mesías (2000) a k a  Waiting for the Messiah
Todas Las Azafatas Van Al Cielo (2002) a k a  Every Stewardess Goes to Heaven
El Abrazo Partido (2004) a k a  Lost Embrace
18-J (2004)
Derecho de Familia (2006) a k a  Family Law
Encarnación (2007)
El nido vacío (2008)
Brother and Sister  (2010)
La suerte en tus manos  (2012)
Mystery of Happiness  (2014)
The Tenth Man (2016)

Television
La pista (1997)
Un cuento de Navidad (2002)
Yosi, the Regretful Spy (2022)

Awards
Bangkok World Film Festival: Best Film; El Abrazo partido; 2004 
Berlin International Film Festival: Silver Berlin Bear; Jury Grand Prix; for El Abrazo partido; 2004 
Clarin Entertainment Awards: Clarin Award Best Film Screenplay; for Derecho de familia; 2006 
Clarin Entertainment Awards: Won Clarin Award Best Film Screenplay; for El Abrazo partido; 2004 
Festróia - Tróia International Film Festival: Golden Dolphin; for Todas las azafatas van al cielo; 2002 
Havana Film Festival: Best Unpublished Screenplay; for El abrazo partido; 2002 
Havana Film Festival: Won Grand Coral, Third Prize; for Esperando al mesías; 2000 
Lleida Latin-American Film Festival: Best Director; Best Film; ICCI Screenplay Award; all for El Abrazo partido; 2004 
Lleida Latin-American Film Festival: Best Film; for El Esperando al mesías 2001 
Mar del Plata Film Festival: Audience Award; Best Ibero-American Film; SIGNIS Award; all for Derecho de familia; 2006 
Santa Fe Film Festival: Luminaria Award; Best Latino Film; for Todas las azafatas van al cielo; 2002 
Sochi International Film Festival: FIPRESCI Prize; for Un Crisantemo estalla en cinco esquinas; 1998 
Sundance Film Festival: NHK Award; for Every Stewardess Goes to Heaven (Latin America); 2001 
Valladolid International Film Festival: FIPRESCI Prize; for Esperando al mesías; For an honest, both realistic and symbolic depiction of human hopes in Buenos Aires nowadays; 2002 
Passage 2:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 3:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 4:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997



ground_truth: Ona Munson

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of the director of film A Chrysanthemum Bursts In Cincoesquinas?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 5:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 6:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 7:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 8:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 9:
A Chrysanthemum Bursts in Cincoesquinas
Un crisantemo estalla en cinco esquinas (English: A Chrysanthemum Bursts in Cincoesquinas) is a 1998 Argentine, Brazilian, French, and Spanish comedy-drama film written and directed by Daniel Burman, in feature film debut  It was produced by Diego Dubcovsky  It stars José Luis Alfonzo, Pastora Vega and Martin Kalwill, among others 
Film critic Anthony Kaufman, writing for indieWIRE, said Burman's A Chrysanthemum Burst in Cincoesquinas (1998) has been cited as the beginning of the "New Argentine Cinema" wave 

Synopsis
The story takes place in South America at the turn of the 20th century  As a child, Erasmo was left with a nurse by his parents, who had to escape a waging civil war   Erasmo is now a grown man   He has lost his parents, and now his foster mother is brutally murdered  He seeks to avenge her death, and the culprit is the landowner and head of state, El Zancudo  Erasmo befriends a poor Jew named Saul, who is prepared to help him in his undertaking  Along the way, Erasmo finds allies, adversaries, love, and then Magdalena 

Cast
José Luis Alfonzo as Erasmo
Pastora Vega as La Gallega
Martin Kalwill as Saul
Valentina Bassi as Magdalena
Millie Stegman as La Boletera
Walter Reyno as El Zancudo
Roly Serrano as Cachao
Ricardo Merkin as Doctor
Aldo Romero as Lucio
María Luisa Argüello as Elsa
Sandra Ceballos as Mother
Guadalupe Farías Gómez as Albina
Antonio Tarragó Ross as Chamamecero

Distribution
The film was first presented at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 11, 1998  It opened in Argentina on May 7, 1998  It screened at the Muestra de Cine Argentino en Medellín, Colombia 

Awards
Wins

Sochi International Film Festival, Sochi, Russia: FIPRESCI Prize, Daniel Burman 
Passage 10:
Jason Moore (director)
Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television 

Life and career
Jason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University  Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run  He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003   He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction  Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour  Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008  He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008 Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City  The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011 For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters  As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton  A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998 In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow  He also served as an executive producer on the sequel  He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015  Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie 

Filmography
Films

Pitch Perfect (2012)
Sisters (2015)
Shotgun Wedding (2022)Television

Soundtrack writer

Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)
The Voice (2015) (1 episode)



ground_truth: Buenos Aires