prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Was Dudley Russell or Juan René Serrano born first?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Irving Rubirosa
Irving Rubirosa Serrano (born 3 May 1979) is a Mexican former professional football player and coach 

Career
Born in Chimalhuacán, Rubirosa made his Mexican Primera División debut with Atlante F C  in 1999  He was involved in a player exchange with Chiapas for Fernando Martel in January 2004  He joined Monarcas Morelia in the summer of 2004, and moved to Deportivo Toluca F C  one year later  Rubirosa returned to Jaguares in the summer of 2006  He joined C F  Monterrey in 2007, but did not play again in the Primera 
After 10 seasons of senior football, the experienced midfielder joined Primera A side Indios de Ciudad Juárez in January 2008 Rubirosa made five substitute's appearances for the Mexico national football team in friendlies while Ricardo La Volpe was manager in 2003 

Honours
Manager
Oaxaca

Ascenso MX: Apertura 2017
Passage 2:
Juan René Serrano
Juan René Serrano Gutiérrez (born 23 February 1984 in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is an athlete from Mexico  He competes in archery 
Serrano competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's individual archery   He won his first match, advancing to the round of 32   In the second round of elimination, he was defeated  His final rank was 20th overall 
Serrano was also a member of the 12th-place Mexican men's archery team at the 2004 Summer Olympics 
Rene Serrano won 3rd place at the Archery World Cup in Turkey – Antalya 2007 
Rene Serrano Won 2nd place overall in the 2007 Archery World Cup Final held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates  He defeated Alan Wills in the semi-finals but lost to Baljinima Tsyrempilov in the finals 

2008 Summer Olympics
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Serrano finished his ranking round with a total of 679 points, the highest score, one point in front of Mangal Singh Champia and Viktor Ruban  This gave him the first seed for the final competition bracket in which he faced Joseph Muaausa in the first round, beating the Samoan 116–88  In the second round Serrano was too strong for Daniel Morillo (112–111) and via Maksim Kunda (110–106) in the third round he advanced to the quarter-finals  There he had no problem beating Vic Wunderle 113–106  In the semi-final he came into trouble and was unable to win his match against South Korean Park Kyung-Mo (112–115)  In the bronze medal match he was not capable to recover from his defeat and Bair Badënov took the medal with 115–110 

2011 Pan American Games
Serrano was named the flag bearer for the Mexico at the 2011 Pan American Games 

Individual performance timeline
Passage 3:
Enzo Serrano
Enzo Serrano (born 19 January 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Central Norte 

Career
Serrano began his career with Gimnasia y Esgrima  He made his first appearances during the 2016–17 Primera B Nacional season under Mario Sciacqua, starting fixtures against Atlético Paraná and Brown; his final match of the season versus Instituto saw him receive his first senior red card  Serrano made twenty appearances across his opening two campaigns with the club 

Career statistics
As of 14 January 2019 
Passage 4:
José Serrano (pentathlete)
José Serrano (born 15 April 1957) is a Spanish modern pentathlete  He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics 
Passage 5:
Dudley Russell
Lieutenant General Sir Dudley Russell KBE, CB, DSO, MC (1 December 1896 – 4 February 1978) was a senior officer of both the British Army and the British Indian Army, and served during World War I and World War II, where he commanded the 8th Indian Infantry Division during the Italian Campaign from late 1943 until the end of the war in 1945 

Early career
Russell received a temporary commission in 1914 and in 1915 joined the 7th (Service) Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) with whom he served during World War I  In October 1917 he transferred to the British Indian Army and in November was commissioned as a lieutenant into the 97th Deccan Infantry serving in Egypt  In March 1919, as an acting captain he was awarded the MC, the citation for which read In  the  attack on the Tabsor system of trenches on the 19th September, 1918, he displayed conspicuous gallantry and leadership  His personal example of coolness, the marked skill with which he led his company under very heavy artillery and machine-gun fire, and his initiative in locating the objective, enabled the two attacking companies to capture the position with promptness and very few casualties
Russell's promotion to substantive captain did not come until 1923 but was antedated to June 1919 In the 1922 reorganisation of the Indian Army his regiment became the 3rd Battalion of the 19th Hyderabad Regiment  During the period between the world wars he attended the Staff College, Quetta  In 1935 he transferred to the 6th Royal (Scinde) battalion 13th Frontier Force Rifles  In 1936 he qualified as a higher standard interpreter in Pashto which resulted in his widely used nickname of "Pasha"  He was promoted lieutenant colonel in April 1938 and commanded the 6th Battalion from 1938 to 1940 

World War II
East Africa
In August 1940 his battalion joined 9th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the newly formed 5th Indian Infantry Division and was shipped to the Sudan  Here he was appointed the division's GSO1 (senior headquarters staff officer), replacing Frank Messervy who took command of Gazelle Force which was being formed as a mobile strike force to operate against the Italians along the border with Eritrea From October 1940 to August 1941 during the East African Campaign Colonel Russell continued in this role performing a key function in the campaign fought by 4th and 5th Indian Infantry Division in Eritrea  He negotiated the surrender of the Italian forces commanded by Amadeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta at Amba Alagi  For his services in East Africa Russell was awarded the OBE 

North Africa
The 5th Indian Division moved to Cairo in June 1941 and then Iraq in August, returning to Egypt in October more or less coincidental with Russell's promotion to brigadier and assuming command of the 4th Indian Infantry Division's 5th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of XIII Corps in the newly created British Eighth Army On 18 November 1941 Eighth Army launched Operation Crusader  Initially Russell's brigade, short of transport, was delegated to protect lines of communication  By 26 November it was moving to the front  By mid December the brigade was involved in intense fighting against the armour of Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps at Alem Hamsa where the 1st Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) were destroyed as a fighting unit and were temporarily replaced by 1st Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles In March 1942 4th Indian Division was dispersed and the brigade was sent to Palestine but hastily summoned back to the western desert after Rommel's breakthrough at the Battle of Gazala  Initially attached to 5th Indian Division, the brigade was transferred to 10th Indian Infantry Division as it withdrew from Libya to the defensive position at Mersa Matruh in Egypt  On 28 June the brigade found its line of withdrawal from Metrsa Matruh cut and was forced to break out southwards into the desert in small parties before turning east and reforming behind the defensive position at El Alamein  For his leadership of the brigade in the period from November 1941 to April 1942 Russell was awarded in September 1942 the DSO Having reorganised, the brigade was once more attached to 5th Indian Division and during mid July fought in the battles of Ruweisat Ridge, part of series of engagements now called the First Battle of El Alamein  The brigade continued to hold positions on or near the Ruweisat Ridge up to November and the Second Battle of El Alamein  By this time 5th Indian Division had been relieved and the brigade was once more part of 4th Indian Division  For his services between May and October Russell was mentioned in dispatches 4th Indian Division's initial role in the second Alamein battle was to make diversionary displays from Ruweisat Ridge while the main offensive went into the north  In early November the 2nd New Zealand Division had made a salient into the Axis lines and 5th Indian Brigade were attached to the exhausted 51st (Highland) Infantry Division to complete the breakthrough  By dawn on 4 November the brigade had secured its objectives opening the way for the British armour 

Iraq and Syria
In January 1943 Russell was appointed acting major-general and appointed to command 8th Indian Infantry Division in Iraq  When the German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad removed the threat to Iraq and Persia from the Caucasus the division was moved to Syria for training  In June 1943 the division was ordered to seize the island of Rhodes but the armistice with Italy forestalled the operation 

Italy
In September 1943 the division landed in Taranto in southern Italy, destined to become engaged for the rest of the war fighting on the Italian Front  For the next three months the division fought up the eastern side of Italy as part of Eighth Army's V Corps, making crossings of the rivers Biferno, Trigno and in late November the Sangro  By mid-December they had crossed the Moro but General Sir Bernard Montgomery, the Eighth Army commander, called off offensive operations as deteriorating winter weather and conditions underfoot made further attacks impractical and 8th Indian Division were tasked to hold the front between Orsogna and the Apennine Mountains At the beginning of May 1944, 8th Indian Division had been attached to XIII Corps and switched in secrecy across the Apennines to the mouth of the Liri valley beneath Monte Cassino for the fourth Battle of Monte Cassino, Operation Diadem  8th Indian and British 4th Division were given the job to get across the fast-flowing Rapido river and establish bridgeheads  The attack went in on the night of 11 May and by 09 00 the next morning Russell's divisional engineers had erected a Bailey bridge to allow supporting armour into the bridgehead to repel German armoured counterattacks  By 13 May the Germans fell back and 1st Canadian Infantry Division passed through the bridgehead to lead the advance  8th Indian Division now came under X Corps for a 150-mile advance before being rested at the end of June  In August 1944 Russell was awarded the CBE After three weeks' rest the division re-joined XIII Corps, which by this time formed the right wing of the U S  Fifth Army, under Mark Clark, to liberate Florence before moving into the central Apennines and advance north east to confront the Gothic Line  Monte Citerna on the Gothic line was taken on 9 September but this only heralded another two and a half months fighting, making slow progress in poor conditions and wild terrain In late 1944, as Eighth Army ground its way forward across the division's front from the right, the Germans withdrew from 8th Indian Division's sector to shorten their front line and lines of communication  In late December Russell was ordered to take two brigades to the far western wing of the Fifth Army where the inexperienced U S  92nd Infantry Division was thought by the new Fifth Army commander, Lieutenant General Lucian K  Truscott, to be very vulnerable  On 26 December the Germans broke through towards Russell's rearguard positions but the attack was not carried through and 8th Indian Division recovered the lost ground  The division was then withdrawn to rest at Pisa On 8 February Indian Division was moved to the Adriatic front once more to join Eighth Army's V Corps once again and take up positions on the river Senio  The main attack on the Senio started on 9 April 1945  By the evening 8th Indian Division, with the New Zealanders on their left, had in furious fighting against desperate defence created a bridgehead one and a half miles deep  On 11 April they made a strongly opposed crossing of the river Santerno before allowing the British 78th Division to pass through into the Argenta Gap  After a brief pause for rest, during which time 78th Division and British 56th Division had forced the Argenta Gap defences, 8th Indian Division were put back in the front line to take Ferrara and be the first Eighth Army formation to reach the river Po  After crossing the Po the division crossed the river Adige on 28 April and was ordered to halt Following the formal cessation of hostilities on 2 May, 8 Indian Division was repatriated to India during June  Russell's temporary rank of major-general was made substantive in November and he was appointed Companion of the Bath (CB)  He was also mentioned in despatches and received the United States Legion of Merit, Degree of Commander 

Post war
The 8th Indian Division was disbanded in April 1946 and Russell was appointed to command 5th Indian Division  In 1947 Russell became C-in-C Delhi and East Punjab Command in the acting rank of lieutenant-general before in 1948 becoming Chief Advisor to the Indian Army  He was knighted KBE in the 1950 New Year's honours list at the request of the Indian government and retired in July 1954 retaining the honorary rank of lieutenant-general 

Personal
He married Elizabeth Birket in 1929 

Honours and decorations
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire 2 January 1950 (CBE 31 August 1944, OBE, 30 December 1941)
Companion of the Order of the Bath 5 June 1945
Distinguished Service Order 9 September 1942
Military Cross 8 March 1919
Mention in Despatches 24 June 1943, 23 June 1945
Commander, Legion of Merit (United States) 2 August 1945

Notes
Passage 6:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 7:
Juan de Courten (elder)
Juan Courten y Gonzalez (10 October 1730 – 21 December 1796) was a Spanish military officer  He began his career in the War of the Austrian Succession at the age of 14  Courten fought in the Spanish–Portuguese War (1761–1763), the Invasion of Algiers in 1775, and the Great Siege of Gibraltar  He was the last Spanish governor of Oran in 1792  As a lieutenant general, he led an infantry division during the War of the Pyrenees against the First French Republic in several actions including Perpignan, Peyrestortes, Truillas, Boulou, and the Black Mountain  He was appointed Captain General of Aragon in 1795 

Early career
Born on 10 October 1730, in Tortosa, Courten hailed from a family that migrated to Spain from the Valais, in present-day Switzerland  His father was Brigadier General Jean-Etienne Amand de Courten, a military engineer  In 1692, his grandfather Amand de Courten had married Anne Judith Herreford, the daughter of a rich English merchant, and the couple had three sons  Amand was killed in the Siege of Venlo on 13 September 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession  Jean-Etienne Amand was born in 1695 in Dunkirk and went to the Royal Military Academy in Barcelona in 1719 to study engineering  He married Ana Antonio Gonzales in 1726 and was killed in the siege of Tortona on 3 September 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession 
Juan Antonio de Courten joined the Spanish army at the age of 12 and served in the Walloon Guards Regiment  He became an ensign on 11 January 1744 while in garrison at Rimini  He participated in the War of the Austrian Succession, fighting at the Battle of Velletri on 12 August 1744 and the Battle of Piacenza on 16 June 1746  He was also present at the sieges of Alessandria, Tortona, and Valenza during this period  On 13 August 1746 he became a second lieutenant  Promotion to first lieutenant came on 22 September 1754 and the following year he was appointed adjutant major of an artillery detachment Courten served in the Spanish–Portuguese War of 1761 to 1763  He was promoted to captain on 14 May 1768  In 1775 Courten took part in the Invasion of Algiers, a humiliating defeat of the Spanish army at the hands of the Moors  Because of public anger at the disaster, the officers who were involved were disgraced and posted far from the royal court  Officers whose reputations suffered in the debacle were Alejandro O'Reilly, Antonio Ricardos, Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión, Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, Marquis de las Amarillas, Domingo Izquierdo, Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana, and Ventura Caro  These men banded together in a secret society within the military to push for modernization  Courten was a member of this group Courten fought under Ventura Caro in the Great Siege of Gibraltar which lasted from 1779 to 1783  He was elevated in rank to brigadier general on 1 January 1783 and to mariscal de campo on 14 January 1789  With the temporary rank of lieutenant general, he was put in command of the Walloon Guards  Courten was the last Spanish governor of Oran  He commanded from 4 November 1790 to 17 February 1792  On that date the port passed into the hands of the Ottoman Empire  Oran had been under Spanish control since 1732  Courten followed royal orders to evacuate Oran, removing all Spanish property accumulated during the long occupation 

War of the Pyrenees
Promoted to teniente general, Courten played a prominent role in the War of the Pyrenees against the First French Republic which began in 1793  The army commander Ricardos had a good opinion of Courten's military competence and entrusted him with important commands  He led the 1st, 2nd, and 6th Battalions of the Walloon Guards in the Battle of Perpignan on 17 July 1793  His troops acquitted themselves well in this unsuccessful action  On 17 September 1793 he fought at the Battle of Peyrestortes  The French attacked his division in its camp at Le Vernet and forced it to retreat with a loss of 1,200 soldiers, 26 guns, and seven colors  He played a notable part in the Spanish victory at the Battle of Truillas five days later  At Truillas, 24,000 French attacked in the morning but were stopped  Don Juan Courten and the Count de la Union led an infantry counterattack that helped win the battle  The French lost 1,500 prisoners and 10 artillery pieces After directing his troops in an action at the Col de Banyuls on 14 December, the 63-year-old general became ill  He fought in the Battle of Boulou in late April and early May 1794  In October 1794 an order of battle listed Teniente General Courten as commanding the following units  They were two battalions of the Burgos Line Infantry Regiment, one battalion each of the Principe Line Infantry, Granada Militia, and Voluntarios de Tarragona Light Infantry, the first battalions of the España, Extremadura, Granada, Malaga, and Savoia Line Infantry, and one company of Granaderos de Cordoba Courten commanded the left wing at the Battle of the Black Mountain  On 17 and 18 November 1794 Pierre Augereau's French division defeated Courten and forced his troops to withdraw  The climax of the battle came on 20 November when the French overran the Roure redoubt in the center and put the Spanish army to flight  Both army commanders were killed in the hard-fought action, Conde de la Unión and Jacques François Dugommier  In 1795 Courten was appointed Captain General of Aragon  He died near Zaragoza on 21 December 1796 

Family
The Curten family was originally from Italy but moved to Switzerland where they settled near the Simplon Pass  By charging tolls on travelers they became wealthy and built a castle in the Valais canton  Later they altered the family name to Courten  The family was important enough that they raised a regiment of mercenary Swiss soldiers to serve in the French royal army  This arrangement continued until the Swiss regiments were suppressed by the French Legislative Assembly on 20 August 1792  In 1789 the De Courten Regiment Nr  88 was commanded by Antoine-Pancrace, Comté de Courten who was born on 6 October 1720 and died later that year on 27 November  Other leading officers were Joseph Hyacinthe Elie and Charles de Preux  After 1792 the regiment was taken into the army of King Charles IV of Spain  In 1808 the Spanish army included the Preux Swiss Regiment Nr  6 with 1,708 men in two battalions  The unit was stationed at Madrid A younger Juan de Courten was promoted to mariscal de campo in 1810 and commanded troops at the Siege of Tarragona in May and June 1811 

Notes
Passage 8:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 9:
Maximiliano Serrano
Maximiliano Serrano (born 5 August 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder 

Career
Defensores de Belgrano were Serrano's first club  He played the opening seven years of his career with the club, participating in one hundred and eighty-five matches whilst scoring seven goals; the final two arrived in a Primera B Metropolitana victory over Platense on 24 August 2013  In January 2016, Serrano was signed by Almirante Brown of the third tier  He featured eight times in the 2016 Primera B Metropolitana campaign, with the midfielder netting his first goal on the final day against Comunicaciones  One goal in fifty-two fixtures followed across the next two seasons Serrano joined Acassuso on 30 June 2018  Two goals, against San Telmo and All Boys respectively, followed across twenty-seven matches for the club as they reached the promotion play-offs; though they would lose out to All Boys  July 2019 saw Serrano join fellow Primera B Metropolitana team Talleres  He netted on his second appearance against Deportivo Armenio, which came in the midst of six games for them  He departed midway through the season 

Career statistics
As of 28 October 2020 
Passage 10:
Diego Serrano
Diego Serrano (born February 5, 1973) is an Ecuadorian  actor 

Career
Serrano was born on February 5, 1973, in Quito, Ecuador  He has appeared on The Young and the Restless as Diego Guittierez (2001–02) and the long-running, defunct soap opera Another World as Tomas Rivera (1993–97)  In 2000, he starred alongside star Jennifer Love Hewitt on the Fox television series Time of Your Life   He also appeared in the 2005 film The Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green playing Kyle Underhill, a professional baseball player who comes out as gay and authors an autobiography   Serrano played the role of Richard in the film The Ode (2008) based on the novel Ode to Lata by Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla   He also appeared as "Eddie Diaz" with Rosie Perez, Marianne Jean-Baptiste, and Tony Award winner Patti Lupone in Nancy Savoca's The 24 Hour Woman 

Personal life
Serrano was in a long-term relationship with actress Cote de Pablo, but they were reported as having broken up in June 2015 
Context 2: Passage 1:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 2:
Vytautas Straižys
Vytautas Straižys (20 August 1936 – 19 December 2021) was a Lithuanian astronomer  In 1963–65 he and his collaborators created and developed the Vilnius photometric system, a seven-color intermediate band system, optimized for photometric stellar classification  In 1996 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences  Straižys was an editor of the journal Baltic Astronomy  He spent a lot of time working at the Molėtai Astronomical Observatory  Asteroid 68730 Straizys in 2002 was named after him 

Early life and professional history
Straižys was born in Utena on 20 August 1936  In 1959, he graduated from Vilnius University in astrophysics  In 1959–62, he was a graduate student of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences  In 1962–67, he was a scientific researcher at the same institute  From 1967 to 1990, he headed the Astrophysical Department of the Institute of Physics, Vilnius  In 1990–2003, he was the head of the Astronomical Observatory of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy of Vilnius University  In 1991–96 Associate Director of the same Institute  In 2003, he became a chief researcher  In 2013, he became a professor emeritus  In 1992–93 academic year: visiting professor in Union College, Schenectady, New York 

Scientific activity
Main directions of the scientific research: multicolor photometry of stars, stellar physical parameters, stellar classification, interstellar extinction, interstellar clouds, star clusters, Galactic structure  One of the authors of the Vilnius photometric system for the classification of stars  In 1969–90 conducted the construction of the Molėtai Observatory in Lithuania and the Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan  He was author of 324 scientific papers published between 1957 and 2009 and of three monographs: Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Vilnius, 1977, in Russian), Metal-Deficient Stars (Vilnius, 1982, in Russian) and Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Tucson, Arizona, 1992 and 1995, revised version, in English)  From 1977 to 1991 he was editor of the Bulletin of the Vilnius Astronomical Observatory, from 1992 to 2021 editor of an international journal Baltic Astronomy  Scientific adviser of 22 doctoral dissertations 

Personal life and death
Straižys died on 19 December 2021, at the age of 85 

Membership
International Astronomical Union (IAU, 1967)
Institute for Space Observations, New York (1988)
European Astronomical Society (EAS, 1990)
American Astronomical Society (AAS, 1991)
Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP, 1991)
American Planetary Society (1991)
Astronomical Society of New York (1992)
Lithuanian Astronomical Union (president 1995–2003)
Vice-President and President of the IAU Commission on Stellar Classification (1979–85)
Expert Member (1991–95) and Corresponding Member (since 1996) of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

Honours
Awards

Lithuanian Republic Science Award (1973)
Nomination as a distinguished scientist of Lithuania (1986)
Chretien Grant of the American Astronomical Society (2000)
Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, Officer's Cross (2003)
Lithuanian National Science Award (2004)Named after him

Asteroid 68730 Straizys

Publications
V  Straizys, Multicolor Stellar Photometry (in Russian), Mokslas Publishers, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1977
V  Straizys, Metal-Deficient Stars (in Russian), Mokslas Publishers, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1982
V  Straizys, Multicolor Stellar Photometry (in English), Pachart Publishing House, Tucson, Arizona, 1992 (2nd publication in 1995)
V  Straizys, The Milky Way (in Lithuanian), Mokslas Publishers, 1992
V  Straizys, Astronomy, 1993 (a textbook for secondary schools, in Lithuanian)
A  Azusienis, A  Pucinskas, V  Straizys, Astronomy, 1995 (a textbook for universities, in Lithuanian, 2nd revised publication in 2003)
V  Straizys, Astronomical Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Lithuanian), Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, 2002 (2nd publication in 2003)
Passage 3:
John Allen (Oxford University cricketer)
John Aubrey Allen (born 19 July 1974) is an Australian teacher, rugby player and cricketer Allen was born in Windsor, New South Wales  He attended Bede Polding College in South Windsor, before graduating with a BA in human movement studies at the University of Technology Sydney, where he also completed his Diploma of Education  He played rugby for several clubs, most notably for the Brumbies who he represented in the Ricoh Championship  He also played Grade cricket for Hawkesbury Cricket Club near Sydney  At 21, he moved to England to study for his master's degree at University College, Oxford  While at Oxford, Allen was awarded his blue in rugby union and cricket Allen played as a centre in rugby union and as a forward in rugby league  He captained Oxford University RFC in 2003, leading the team to a draw in The Varsity Match against Cambridge at Twickenham in December that year  Earlier in the year, he scored a try late in the game to seal Oxford's victory in the Rugby League Varsity Match at the Athletic Ground, Richmond For Oxford University Cricket Club, he played in two first-class matches, including the varsity match



ground_truth: Dudley Russell

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Vytautas Straižys or Mirjam Polkunen?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: After completing his master's, Allen returned to teaching in Australia and in 2017 was working as Director of Sport and Co-Curricular at Trinity Grammar School in Sydney, New South Wales 
Passage 4:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 5:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 6:
Mirjam Polkunen
Maire Mirjam Polkunen (2 March 1926 – 22 June 2012) was a Finnish writer, literature researcher, translator and dramatist  Among other awards, she won the Eino Leino Prize in 1969  Her Finnish rendering of Zeno's Conscience was awarded with the Mikael Agricola Prize in 1972 
Passage 7:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 8:
Greg A  Hill (artist)
Greg A  Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator  He is 
Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario 

Early life
Hill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario 

Art career
His work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad  His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography 

Curatorial career
Hill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada 

Awards and honours
In 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts 
Passage 9:
Tom Dickinson
Thomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: 

Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant and politician of York, England
Thomas R  Dickinson, United States Army general
J  Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomer
Tom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in England
Tom Dickinson (American football), American football player
Passage 10:
Wesley Barresi
Wesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer  He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak  In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022 

Career
Wesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal  Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament  However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Power Le Poer Trench
Power Le Poer Trench (1770–1839) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as firstly Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, then Bishop of Elphin and finally Archbishop of Tuam 

Life
He was the second surviving son of William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty, among his nine brothers and nine sisters was his elder brother Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, and Lady Emily La Touche was a younger sister  Born in Sackville Street, Dublin, on 10 June 1770, he was first educated at a preparatory school at Putney, whence he went for a short time to Harrow, and afterwards at the academy of Mr  Ralph at Castlebar, in the immediate neighbourhood of his home  Trench matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin, on 2 July 1787, where his tutor was Matthew Young, afterwards bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, and graduated B A  on 13 July 1791  Later in the same year (27 November) Trench was ordained deacon, and, having received priest's orders on 24 June 1792, he was in the same month inducted into the benefice of Creagh, in which his father's residence and the great fair town of Ballinasloe were situated  In the following year (5 November 1793) he was presented to the benefice of Rawdenstown, County Meath  He obtained a faculty to hold the two cures together, and combined with their clerical duties the business of agent on his father's Galway estate  Trench was a man of great bodily strength and a fine horseman, and he retained a fondness for field sports to the end of his days  During the Irish rebellion of 1798 he acted as a captain in the local yeomanry raised by his father to resist the French invading army under Humbert 
In 1802 Trench was appointed to the see of Waterford, in succession to Richard Marlay, and was consecrated on 21 November 1802  In 1810 he was translated to the bishopric of Elpin, and, on the death of Archbishop Beresford, was on 4 October 1819 advanced to the archepiscopal see of Tuam  In May 1834, on the death of James Verschoyle, the united sees of Killala and Achonry were, under the provisions of the Irish Church Temporalities Act, added to the charge of Trench  By the same act, the archdiocese of Tuam was reduced, on Trench's death, to an ordinary bishopric 
In the history of the Irish church Trench chiefly deserves to be remembered for his activity in promoting the remarkable evangelical movement in the west of Ireland which was known in Connaught as the Second Reformation, and which, chiefly through the agency of the Irish Society, made a vigorous effort to win converts to Protestantism  From 1818 to his death Trench was president of the Irish Society; and it is evidence of his large-heartedness that the religious controversies in which his leadership of this movement involved no wise impaired the remarkable personal popularity which he enjoyed among his Roman Catholic neighbours  Holding strong views as to the paramount importance of the 'open bible,' Trench was a strenuous opponent of the mixed system of national education founded by Mr  Stanley (Lord Derby), and was one of the founders of the Church Education Society  Trench was a man of strong and masterful character, and during the twenty years of his archiepiscopate was one of the foremost figures in the Ireland of his day 
He died on 26 March 1839  Trench married, on 29 January 1795, his cousin Anne, daughter of Walter Taylor of Castle Taylor, co  Galway  By her, he had two sons, William and Power, and six daughters  Elizabeth, his third daughter, married Captain Henry Gascoyne in 1830  Another daughter Anne married James O'Hara, MP for Galway in 1823 
Passage 2:
Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty
Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, 1st Marquess of Heusden  (19 May 1767 – 24 November 1837), styled The Honourable from 1797 to 1803 and then Viscount Dunlo to 1805, was an Anglo-Irish peer, a nobleman in the Dutch nobility, and a diplomat  He was an Irish, and later British, Member of Parliament and a supporter of Pitt  Additionally he was appointed Postmaster General of Ireland, and later, of the United Kingdom 

Background and education
Clancarty was the son of William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty and Anne, daughter of Charles Gardiner and his seat was Garbally Court in Ballinasloe, East County Galway where he was associated with the Great October Fair  His brother was Power Le Poer Trench (1770–1839), archbishop of Tuam  He was educated at Kimbolton School and St John's College, Cambridge 

Political career
Trench represented Newtown Limavady in the Irish House of Commons from 1796 to 1798  He sat further for County Galway from 1798 to a short time before the Act of Union, when he was replaced by "Humanity Dick" Martin 
He was credited with resolving various border disputes in Holland, Germany and Italy at the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, and in his role as Ambassador to the Netherlands  For his service as ambassador to The Hague, he was awarded the hereditary title of Marquess of Heusden in the peerage of The Netherlands on 8 July 1815 by William I of the Netherlands, following the defeat of Napoleon in Brabant, in that same province's southern reaches  Trench was elected one of the 28 representative peers of Ireland on 16 December 1808  His seat in the House of Lords became hereditary when he was created Baron Trench (4 August 1815) and Viscount Clancarty (created 8 December 1823), in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, his older peerages being Irish peerages  He was a Commissioner for the Affairs of India and Custos Rotulorum of County Galway 
In the same Royal Decree that awarded the Marquessate of Heusden, K B  of 8 July 1815, numbers 13 and 14, and Arthur Wellesley was granted the Netherlands' Kingdom hereditary nobility-title Prince of Waterloo, following his recent exploits at Waterloo in modern-day Kingdom of Belgium 

Postmaster General
Between 1807 and 1809 Trench was one of the joint Postmasters General of Ireland and he was appointed Postmaster General of the United Kingdom being one of the last joint holders of that office from 1814 to 1816 

Family
On 6 February 1796 he married Henrietta Margaret Staples, daughter of John Staples and Harriet Conolly  They had the following children:

Lady Lucy Le Poer Trench (d  1839), married Robert Maxwell
Lady Louisa Augusta Anne Le Poer Trench (b  23 December 1796, d  7 February 1881), married Reverend William Le Poer Trench
Lady Harriet Margaret Le Poer Trench (b  13 October 1799, d  1885), married Thomas Kavanagh "the MacMurrough", a descendant of Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh
Lady Emily Florinda Le Poer Trench (b  7 November 1800), married Giovanni Cossiria
Lady Frances Power Le Poer Trench (b  22 January 1802, d  28 December 1804)
William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty (b 21 September 1803, d  26 April 1872), married Lady Sarah Juliana Butler, daughter of Somerset Richard Butler, 3rd Earl of Carrick
Hon  Richard John Le Poer Trench (b  1805)
Commander Hon  Frederick Robert Le Poer Trench (b  23 July 1808, d  April 1867), married Catherine Maria Thompson

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Power Henry Le Poer Trench
Power Henry Le Poer Trench (11 May 1841 – 30 April 1899) was a British diplomat Trench was the son of William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty and Lady Sarah Juliana Butler 

Career
Trench was Secretary of the British Embassy in Berlin between 1888 and 1893 In Mexico, he was the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary  between 1893 and 1894 He was the British Minister in Tokyo in 1894-1895 

See also
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Japan
Anglo-Japanese relations

Notes
Passage 4:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 5:
Nicholas Trench, 9th Earl of Clancarty
Nicholas Le Poer Trench, 9th Earl of Clancarty, 8th Marquess of Heusden (born 1 May 1952), is an Anglo-Irish peer, as well as a nobleman in the Dutch nobility  Lord Clancarty serves as an elected Crossbench hereditary peer in the British House of Lords  His earldom is in the Peerage of Ireland  He was educated at Westminster School  He also studied at Ashford Grammar School, Plymouth Polytechnic, University of Colorado, Denver, USA, and Sheffield University 

Family
Lord Clancarty was born in Uxbridge, on 1 May 1952, the only son of Power Edward Ford Le Poer Trench, second son of the fifth Earl from his second marriage  He is married to the journalist Victoria Lambert and has one daughter with her 

Membership of House of Lords
In 1995 he succeeded to the titles on the death of his childless uncle, Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty  He took his seat in the House of Lords at this time as Viscount Clancarty, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, because titles in the Peerage of Ireland did not entitle their holders to sit even before the House of Lords Act 1999 removed the majority of the hereditary peers 
Under the terms of that Act, Clancarty lost his automatic right to a seat; he was unsuccessful in the election by the Crossbench hereditary peers of 28 of their number to continue to sit after the Act came into force, finishing 37th in a field of 79 candidates He was an unsuccessful candidate in four by-elections caused by the deaths of sitting hereditary peers, being runner-up on two occasions  In 2010 he returned to the House after winning the by-election to replace the 4th Viscount Colville of Culross Besides being a British and an Irish peer, he also belongs to the Dutch nobility as Marquess of Heusden  Besides H M  King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, who is also Marquess of Veere and Vlissingen, Lord Clancarty is the only marquess in Dutch nobility 

Career
Clancarty is a self-employed artist, freelance writer, and translator 
Passage 6:
Robert Le Poer Trench
Robert Le Poer Trench (c 1811 – 8 February 1895) was a judge and an Attorney-General of Victoria Trench was the third son of Ven  Charles Le Poer Trench, D D , of Ballinasloe, County Galway, Archdeacon of Ardagh, and grandson of the first Earl of Clancarty  He entered as a student of the Middle Temple in May 1839, and was called to the Bar in June 1842  Having emigrated to Victoria, he was clerk of petty sessions at Kilmore, Victoria and afterwards at Ballarat  In 1855 he was admitted to the Victorian Bar, and quickly obtained a large practice, especially in mining cases  Though he never entered parliament he was Attorney-General in the first Graham Berry Government from August to October 1875, and in Berry's second Administration, from May 1877 to March 1878, when he was appointed a Commissioner of Land Tax, and a County Court Judge in April 1880  Mr  Trench, who was appointed Q C  in 1878, subsequently retired on a pension 
Passage 7:
William Le Poer Trench
Colonel The Hon  William Le Poer Trench CVO, JP (17 June 1837 – 16 September 1920) was an Anglo-Irish politician and British army officer 
He was the third son of William Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty and Lady Sarah Juliana Butler 
He married Harriet Maria Georgina Martins, daughter of Sir William Martins, on 21 April 1864 
He fought in the Second Opium War between 1857 and 1858, commanding a ladder company at the capture of Guangzhou and Nankow, and was mentioned in despatches  He gained the rank of Colonel in the service of the Royal Engineers 
Between 1872 and 1874, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for County Galway, having unseated the elected MP, John Philip Nolan, on petition; the case was one of the most controversial Irish cases of its time and permanently damaged the reputation of the judge, William Keogh 
He held the office of Justice of the Peace for Westminster, London, Buckinghamshire, and Middlesex  He was made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912 He was scandalised by the marriage on 10 July 1889 of his 20-year-old son and heir, William LePoer-Trench, to a London showgirl, Isabel Maud Penrice Bilton, who used the stage name of Belle   As a result, he did all in his power to dissolve the marriage   When this was unsuccessful he stopped his son's allowance, and resorted to selling lands in order to diminish his heir's eventual income, but his daughter-in-law's income from the stage was too great for these expedients to have much impact 
Passage 8:
William Le Poer Trench (Royal Navy officer)
Rear-Admiral The Hon  William Le Poer Trench (4 July 1771 – 14 August 1846) was born in Garbally, Galway, Ireland to William Power Keating Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty and Anne Gardiner  He acted for a considerable period as the agent of the estates of his father's family in Ireland He was made a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1793; promoted to the rank of Commander in 1799; to that of Post Captain 1802; and to that of Rear Admiral in 1840 In 1819 he was appointed Secretary to the Board of Customs and Port Duties in Ireland 

Family
He was married twice, first on 8 March 1800 to Sarah Cuppage, daughter of John Loftus Cuppage  Sarah died in June 1834, and on 1 February 1837 William married a second time to Margaret Downing, daughter of Dawson Downing and Anne Boyd 

See also
O'Byrne, William Richard (1849)  "Trench, William Le Poer"   A Naval Biographical Dictionary   John Murray – via Wikisource 
Passage 9:
Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty
William Francis Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty, 7th Marquess of Heusden (18 September 1911 – 18 May 1995) was a prominent ufologist   He was an Irish peer, as well as a nobleman in the Dutch nobility 

Biography
He was the fifth son of William Frederick Le Poer Trench, 5th Earl of Clancarty by Mary Gwatkin Ellis  He had four older half-brothers born to the 5th Earl's first wife, Isabel Maud Penrice Bilton, the actress known as Belle Bilton, who died of cancer in 1906  Brinsley was educated at the Pangbourne Nautical College 
From 1956 to 1959 Clancarty edited the Flying Saucer Review and founded the International Unidentified Object Observer Corps  He also found employment selling advertising space for a gardening magazine housed opposite Waterloo station 
In 1967, he founded Contact International and served as its first president  He also served as vice-president of the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA)  Clancarty was an honorary life member of the now defunct Ancient Astronauts Society which supported the ideas put forward by Erich von Däniken in his 1968 book Chariots of the Gods? 
In 1975 he succeeded to the earldom on the death of his half-brother, Grenville Sydney Rocheforte, 7th Earl of Clancarty, giving him a seat in the British Parliament  He used his new position to found a UFO Study Group at the House of Lords, introducing Flying Saucer Review to its library and pushing for the declassification of UFO data 
Four years later he organised a celebrated debate in the House of Lords on UFOs which attracted many speeches on both sides of the question  In one debate, Lord Strabolgi, for the Government, declared that there was nothing to convince him that any alien spacecraft had ever visited the Earth 

Private life
Clancarty first married, in 1940, Diana (1919–1999), daughter of Sir William Younger, Bt  This marriage was dissolved in 1947  He married secondly, in 1961, Mrs Wilma Belknap (née Vermilyea) (1915–1995) and that marriage was dissolved in 1969  His third marriage was in 1974, to Mrs Mildred Allewyn Spong (née Bensusan) (1895–1975)  She died in 1975 but Clancarty remarried a fourth time, in 1976, to Mrs May Beasley (née Radonicich) (1904–2003) 
He lived most of his life in South Kensington and died in Bexhill-on-Sea in 1995, leaving his extensive collection of papers to Contact International 
He was succeeded to the earldom by his nephew Nicholas Le Poer Trench (b  1952) 

Hollow Earth theory
In 1974, Trench published Secret of the Ages: UFOs from Inside the Earth, a book which theorised that the centre of the Earth was hollow, with entrances to its interior located at both the north and south polar areas  The interior, he suggested, consisted of large tunnel systems connecting a large cavern world  Trench also believed that the lost continent of Atlantis actually once existed and that these tunnels were probably constructed all over the world by the Atlanteans, for various purposes 
Trench believed that there was no actual North Pole, but instead a large area with a warm sea dipping gradually into the interior of the Earth  He said that humans were 'living on the deck of a ship, unaware of the life going on under our feet'  One argument he put forward for this theory was that whilst the Earth is spherical, it is flattened at the poles  Additionally, he questioned how all icebergs could be composed of frozen fresh water, if no rivers were flowing from the inside of the Earth to the outside  He had also suggested that a large proportion of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) emanated from the Earth's interior  These objects were likely to have been created by a group of much more technically advanced beings, similar to humans, but a group that likely possessed extrasensory abilities, as well as the ability to manipulate psychic phenomena  Another argument for the Hollow Earth theory was that everything he suggested, nebulae, comets and planets, are hollow and these conditions would certainly prove favourable for a hollow Earth 
Whilst Trench had in one of his earlier books disregarded the Hollow Earth theory, he admitted to at the time 'being educated along with millions of other people to believe that the Earth had a liquid molten core' 

Other claims
According to Trench in his book The Sky People, Adam and Eve, Noah and many of the other characters from the Bible originally lived on Mars  Trench believed that Adam and Eve were experimental creations of extraterrestrials  His claim was that the Biblical description of the Garden of Eden was inconsistent with what was on Earth and as Mars contained canals, that the Garden of Eden must have been located on Mars  He further claimed that the north polar ice cap melted on Mars, and this caused the descendants of Adam and Eve to move to Earth Trench also claimed to know a former U S  test pilot who said he was one of six persons present at a meeting between President Eisenhower and a group of aliens, which allegedly took place at Edwards Air Force Base on 4 April 1954  Clancarty reported that the test pilot told him "Five different alien craft landed at the base  Three were saucer-shaped and two were cigar shaped    the aliens looked something like humans, but not exactly "He claimed that he could trace his descent from 63,000 BC, when beings from other planets had landed on Earth in spaceships 

Bibliography
The Sky People (1960)
Men Among Mankind (1962)
Forgotten Heritage (1964)
The Flying Saucer Story (1966)
Operation Earth (1969)
The Eternal Subject (1973)
Secret of the Ages: UFO's from Inside the Earth (1974) 
Reptiles from the Internal World (1979)
China in the Closet: A Romantic Mystery (1981)
Egos and Sub-Egos (1983)
UFOs: Just Shiny Birds? with Anna Robb (1984) 
Passage 10:
William Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty
William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty, 2nd Marquess of Heusden (21 September 1803 –  26 April 1872), styled Viscount Dunlo between 1805 and 1837, was an Irish peer, as well a nobleman in the Dutch nobility  He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge Trench was born in Castleton, County Kildare, Ireland the son of Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty and Henrietta Margaret Staples  On 8 September 1832, he married Lady Sarah Juliana Butler  They had six children 

Richard Somerset Le Poer Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty (13 January 1834 – 29 May 1891) married Lady Adeliza Georgiana Hervey
Major Hon  Frederick Le Poer Trench (10 February 1835 – 17 December 1913) married (1) Harriet Mary Trench (2) Catherine Simpson
Colonel William Le Poer Trench (17 June 1837 – 16 September 1920) married Harriet Maria Georgina Martins
Lady Anne Le Poer Trench (1839 – 12 March 1924) married Frederic Sydney Charles Trench
Power Henry Le Poer Trench (11 May 1841 – 30 April 1899)
Lady Sarah Emily Grace Le Poer Trench (6 December 1843 – 2 August 1875) married John Melville Hatchell 



ground_truth: Mirjam Polkunen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did William Le Poer Trench's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
Rohmer typically populates his films with people in their twenties and the settings are often on pleasant beaches and popular resorts, notably in La Collectionneuse (1967), Pauline at the Beach (1983), The Green Ray (1986) and A Summer's Tale (1996)  These films are immersed in an environment of bright sunlight, blue skies, green grass, sandy beaches, and clear waters  He explained that "people sometimes ask me why most of the main characters in my films are young  I don't feel at ease with older people     I can't get people older than forty to talk convincingly "Rohmer preferred to use non-professional actors in his films  He usually held a large number of rehearsals before shooting and would shoot his films very quickly  He spent little time editing his films  He usually shot his films chronologically, and often shot scenes during the time of day in which they took place  He explained that "my films are based on meteorology  If I didn't call the weather service everyday, I couldn't make my films because they're shot according to the weather outside  My films are slaves to weather "The director's characters engage in long conversations—mostly talking about man–woman relationships but also on mundane issues like trying to find a vacation spot  There are also occasional digressions by the characters on literature and philosophy as most of Rohmer's characters are middle class and university educated 
A Summer's Tale (1996) has most of the elements of a typical Rohmer film: no soundtrack music, no close-ups, a seaside resort, long conversations between beautiful young people (who are middle class and educated) and discussions involving the characters' interests from songwriting to ethnology 
Rohmer said he wanted to look at "thoughts rather than actions", dealing "less with what people do than what is going on in their minds while they are doing it "
Beginning in the late 1970s during the production of Perceval le Gallois Rohmer began to reduce the number of crew members on his films  He first dispensed with the script supervisor, then (controversially) cut out the assistant director, then all other assistants and technical managers until, by the time he shot The Green Ray in 1986, his crew consisted only of a camera operator and a sound engineer  Rohmer stated that "I even wonder if I could work in the usual conditions of filmmaking "His style was famously criticised by Gene Hackman's character in the 1975 film Night Moves who describes viewing Rohmer's films as "kind of like watching paint dry" Rohmer was a highly literary man  His films frequently refer to ideas and themes in plays and novels, such as references to Jules Verne (in The Green Ray), William Shakespeare (in A Winter's Tale) and Pascal's wager (in Ma nuit chez Maud) 

Personal life and death
Rohmer's brother was the philosopher René Schérer  In 1957, Rohmer married Thérèse Barbet  The couple had two sons  The elder, René Monzat (b  1958), is an author and investigative journalist at, most recently, Le Monde and Mediapart  His work focuses on the French far-right Rohmer was a devout Catholic and "ecological zealot"  For years he had no telephone and refused to get into cars, which he called "immoral pollutors"  For many years he was known to jog two miles to his office every morning  He was well known for his need for personal privacy and sometimes wore disguises, such as a false moustache at the New York premiere of one of his films  Rohmer's mother died without ever knowing that her son was a famous film director 

Rohmer died on the morning of 11 January 2010 at the age of 89 after a series of strokes : 1345  He had been admitted to hospital the previous week The former Culture Minister Jack Lang called Rohmer "one of the masters of French cinema"  Director Thierry Fremaux called his work "unique" Rohmer's grave is in district 13 of Montparnasse Cemetery 
At the 2010 César Awards, actor Fabrice Luchini presented a special tribute to Rohmer:

I'm going to read a remarkable text written by Jacques Fieschi, writer, director, creator of "the cinematographe", challenger of Les cahiers du cinéma, which recently published a special edition on Eric Rohmer  Truffaut once said he was one of the greatest directors of the 20th century, Godard was his brother, Chabrol admired him, Wenders couldn't stop taking photos of him  Rohmer is a tremendous international star  The one and only French director who was in coherence with the money spent on his films and the money that his films made  I remember a phrase by Daniel Toscan Du Plantier the day Les Visiteurs opened, which eventually sold 15 million tickets: "Yes but there is this incredible film called L'arbre, le maire et la médiathèque that sold 100,000 tickets, which may sound ridiculous in comparison, but no, because but it was only playing in one theater for an entire year " A happy time for cinema when this kind of thing could happen  Rohmer  Here is a tribute from Jacques Fieschi: "We are all connected with the cinema, at least for a short time  The cinema has its economical laws, its artistic laws, a craft that once in a while rewards us or forgets us  Éric Rohmer seems to have escaped from this reality by inventing his own laws, his own rules of the game  One could say his own economy of the cinema that served his own purpose, which could skip the others, or to be more accurate that couldn't skip the audience with its originality  He had a very unique point of view on the different levels of language and on desire that is at work in the heart of each and every human being, on youth, on seasons, on literature, of course, and one could say on history  Éric Rohmer, this sensual intellectual, with his silhouette of a teacher and a walker  As an outsider he made luminous and candid films in which he deliberately forgot his perfect knowledge of the cinema in a very direct link with the beauty of the world " The text was by Jacques Fieschi and it was a tribute to Éric Rohmer  Thank you 
On 8 February 2010, the Cinémathèque Française held a special tribute to Rohmer that included a screening of Claire's Knee and a short video tribute to Rohmer by Jean-Luc Godard 

Awards and nominations
Filmography
Features
Notes
Passage 3:
Julie Bertuccelli
Julie Mathilde Charlotte Claire Bertuccelli is a French director born February 12, 1968, in Boulogne-Billancourt She is particularly known for her documentary La Cour de Babel released in 2014 and the feature film L'Arbre released in 2010 

Biography
After studies in hypokhâgne, then khâgne, and a master of philosophy, Julie Bertuccelli became, for ten years, assistant director on many feature films, TV movies and short films with Otar Iosseliani, Rithy Panh, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Emmanuel Finkiel, Bertrand Tavernier, Jean-Louis Bertuccelli, Christian de Chalonge, René Féret, and Pierre Etaix Following an introduction to documentary filmmaking in 1993 at Ateliers Varan, she directed fifteen documentaries for Arte, France 3 and France 5, including Une liberté!, La Fabrique des Judges, Welcome to the department store, A world in fusion, Otar Iosseliani, the whistling blackbird, The Glasberg Mystery, Antoinette Fouque, what is a woman?    
His first feature film Since Otar left     has been crowned by twenty awards in France and abroad, including the Grand Prize of the Critics' Week at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival, the César de la meilleur first work in 2004, the Marguerite Duras Prize 2003 and the Michel d'Ornano Award 2003 in Deauville 
L'Arbre is her second feature film  It was nominated for three Césars Her documentary The Court of Babel, released in theaters in March 2014, has been selected in several festivals, including those of New York, Rome, Abu Dhabi, Sheffield, Rio, Montreal, Tokyo, Cairo, and San Francisco 
Her documentary Latest News from the Cosmos (November 2016), received the Audience Award from the Rencontres du Cinéma Documentaire in Montreuil and the FIFA Grand Prix in Montreal (2018) 
Her last feature film, Claire Darling with Catherine Deneuve and Chiara Mastroianni, released in French theaters in February 2019 Claire Darling grossed $0 in North America and a total worldwide of $1 million  With 85 000 spectators in France, the film is a heavy public failure 
Julie Bertuccelli has chaired the Scam since June 2017, having been the first woman elected to this position in 2013, as well as the brand new Cinematheque of the documentary she created with Scam (with which she also created the Eye of 'Or, the Documentary Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 2015)  She was co-chair with Michel Hazanavicius of the Civil Society of Producers' Authors Producers (ARP) in 2016 
She is the daughter of the director Jean-Louis Bertuccelli and the widow of cinematographer Christophe Pollock 

Filmography
Director
Documentaries
1993: Un métier comme un autre
1994: Une liberté !
1995: Un dimanche en champagne
1995: Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame
1996: Trait d'union
1996: Saint-Denis, les couleurs de la ville
1997: La Fabrique des juges
1999: Bienvenue au grand magasin
2000: Les Îles éoliennes (coll  Voyages, Voyages)
2006: Un monde en fusion
2006: Otar Iosseliani, le merle siffleur (Coll  Cinéastes de notre temps)
2007: Stage Les chantiers nomades: l'acteur concret au cinéma, autour des objets
2008: Le Mystère Glasberg
2008: Antoinette Fouque, qu'est-ce qu'une femme (Coll  Empreintes)
2014: La Cour de Babel
2016: Dernières nouvelles du cosmos

Feature films
2003: Depuis qu'Otar est parti…
2010: L'Arbre
2018:  Claire Darling

Scriptwriter
2002: Depuis qu'Otar est parti…
2010: L'Arbre
2018: Claire Darling

Assistant director
1988–1990: Divers série: Salut les homards, Les six compagnons, Souris noire from Pierre Étaix
1990: Aujourd'hui peut-être from Jean-Louis Bertuccelli
1990: Kaminsky, un flic à Moscou from Stéphane Kurc
1991: Promenades d'été from René Féret
1991: La Chasse aux papillons from Otar Iosseliani
1992: Precheur en eau trouble from Georges Lautner
1992: Trois couleurs: Bleu from Krzysztof Kieślowski
1992: Trois couleurs: Blanc from Krzysztof Kieślowski
1993: Les Dessous du Moulin Rouge from Nils Tavernier
1994: Le Clandestin from Jean-Louis Bertuccelli
1994: Madame Jacques sur la Croisette from Emmanuel Finkiel
1995: L'Appât from Bertrand Tavernier
1995: Le Bel Été 1914 from Christian de Chalonge
1996: Brigands, chapitre VII from Otar Iosseliani
1997: Un soir après la guerre from Rithy Panh

See also
List of female film and television directors
Passage 4:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 5:
L'Arbre, le maire et la médiathèque
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque (French: L'Arbre, le maire et la médiathèque; known also as Les sept hasards) is a 1993 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Éric Rohmer  The film was shown at the 1993 Montreal World Film Festival where it received the FIPRESCI prize  
The frame story involves the mayor of an isolated French village who, to further his political ambitions, secures a grant to build a sporting and cultural centre, but the necessary felling of a fine willow outrages the schoolteacher and his daughter  Within the frame there is much debate about the current state of France: city versus country, agriculture versus industry, conservatism versus progress, the environment versus growth 

Plot
In Saint-Juire-Champgillon, a remote village of traditional left-wing adherence in the Vendée, Julien Dechaumes has inherited the manor house and grounds and has been elected mayor, though he spends much of his time in Paris with his mistress  There he successfully lobbies the Ministry of Culture for a grant to build a state-of-the-art sports and media centre  By enhancing his reputation in the area, it will boost his chances of entering national politics under the socialist banner  
Opinion in the village is mixed, with the most passionate opposition coming from the schoolteacher, for whom the destruction of a 100-year-old willow symbolises all that is wrong about the plan  When a journalist on a left-wing magazine visits the village to talk to people, her editor cuts her piece to focus on the teacher and the tree  The teacher's ten-year-old daughter explains to the mayor that all the children want is not the sophisticated facilities on offer but just green space and trees  A survey reveals that the water table has dropped alarmingly, needing costly groundworks that make the whole project unviable 

Cast
Pascal Greggory as Julien Dechaumes, the mayor
Arielle Dombasle as Bérénice Beaurivage, the mayor's lover
Fabrice Luchini as Marc Rossignol, the school teacher
Clémentine Amouroux as Blandine Lenoir, the reporter
François-Marie Banier as Régis Lebrun-Blondet, the magazine editor

External links
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque at IMDb
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque at AllMovie
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque at Rotten Tomatoes
Passage 6:
William le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle
William "Willy" le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle (French pronunciation: ​[wiljam lə mɛːʁ də vaʁtse dɛʁmal]; 7 March 1879 –1966) was a Belgian tennis player  He has been named as among the best male tennis players in Belgian history Le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1904 and 1908 Le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle was born into the Belgian nobility, the son of Marie-Léon-Hubert le Maire Warzée d'Hermalle (born 1848) and Noëmie Constance Caroline Georgine Valérie de Warzée d'Hermalle (born in Beaufays in 1850)  His elder brother, Marie-Georges-Gérard-Léon le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle, Baron de Warzée d'Hermalle (1877–1931), was a diplomat and Belgian ambassador to Iran, Japan and China, who married Dorothy Hall, daughter of Irish writer Owen Hall 
Passage 7:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 8:
Isaac Le Maire
Isaac Le Maire  (c  1558 in Tournai – September 20, 1624 in Egmond aan den Hoef) was a Walloon-born entrepreneur, investor, and a sizeable shareholder of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)  He is best known for his constant strife with the VOC, which ultimately led to the discovery of Cape Horn 
Isaac Le Maire was born in 1558 or 1559 in Tournai  He learned the trade from his merchant brother-in-law Jacques van de Walle  Isaac had four brothers, three of whom were merchants  Already in 1584 he was registered in Antwerp as a wealthy grocer  At the time, he was also captain of the company of the Antwerp militia  He rented the house of Bourgognien Schilt, but in 1585 after the fall of Antwerp he fled to the northern Netherlands 
In 1585 he settled in Amsterdam  He was married in Antwerp to Maria Jacobsdr  Walraven and they had 22 children, and one of them, his son Jacob, would go down in history as an explorer  In 1641 his son Maximiliaen became the first VOC chief of Dejima in Japan 
Initially, Isaac Le Maire was the largest shareholder in the VOC 

Merchant in Amsterdam
In 1592 his name was registered for the first time in Amsterdam as a participant in the oldest marine insurance policy  In the following years he grew into the trade in European waters  Initially, he wasn't one of the wealthiest merchants, but he could make major investments by ensuring warrant positions within the direct and indirect family network  
Together with Peter van de Pulle and Dirck van Os he constituted a company for trading in Russia  They carried Baltic grain and timber to Spain  Ships with leather, wax, fur and caviar from Archangelsk often were destined for Venice and Livorno  They also traded in bills of exchange, chartering and marine insurances  Between 1594 and 1598 he had a major position in the fish trade between British ports and Spain 
After Cornelis de Houtman made the first trip to the Indies from 1595 to 1597, Le Maire, like many other merchants, plunged into the Indian adventure  In 1599 he and several others in Amsterdam established the Brabant Company, which carried out two voyages to the Indies  The Brabant Company was very successful, it quickly yielded the company 400% profit 
In 1600 he decided to concentrate on trade with the East Indies, but at that time he already acted in the West Indies as well  In 1601 he officially became a citizen of Amsterdam, which was no doubt because of the merger of the New Brabant Company and the Old Company into the First United East Indies Company in Amsterdam  This company, in which Le Maire was a participant, fitted out eight ships to the Indies, led by Jacob van Heemskerk 

Shareholder of the Dutch East India Company
In 1602, at the insistence of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, all Dutch trading companies merged into the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) (also known as the Dutch East India Company)  Le Maire applied for shares for the sum of 85,000 guilders and he became the largest shareholder in the VOC   He got the high position of governor of the VOC  But he soon fell into conflict with the VOC and the Amsterdam Consistory as a result of malpractice concerning the journey of Wybrand van Warwijck in 1602  There were rumours that Le Maire intentionally did not submit receipts and other evidence of his share in the costs  The partners of the VOC let him be sued by the sheriff, but Le Maire settled the matter for 1200 guilders  The details of the offence were held secret  Because of this matter le Maire was forced to leave the VOC in 1605, while he also had to waive acting as a competitor of the VOC  This event was the foundation of his resentment and opposition against the VOC for the rest of his life  After leaving the VOC, he threw himself upon the European coasting trade, especially in grain  However, the thought of the lucrative trade with the Indies haunted him 

Competitor of the Dutch East India Company
Le Maire found his first opportunity to thwart the VOC in the efforts of France to set up a French trading company for India  King Henry IV of France invited him in 1607 for that purpose  Le Maire advised the French on the establishment and organization of a company, and in doing so ignored the competition stipulation with the VOC  However, at that time a French company was not yet established 
Next came the idea to involve Henry Hudson in the French plans  Hudson had already made two unsuccessful attempts for England to find a new North-Eastern passage, and in 1608 he came to the Netherlands to interest the VOC for that plan  He came in contact with Le Maire who proposed to the king of France to finance this expedition  With this attempt to find a new route to the Indies, Le Maire would not commit a breach of contract with the VOC, because the VOC only had a patent to trade via the Cape of Good Hope and the Strait of Magellan, until then the only two known routes to the Indies  The VOC got scent of this intention and offered Hudson a better contract, which ultimately led to his famous third voyage in 1609, discovering the river that was named after him  After the VOC had caught away Hudson, Le Maire and the king of France secretly came to an agreement to make the North-Eastern journey with another captain  The newly to be discovered strait would be named after the French king, and the new discoveries would be made under the French flag  However, the voyage, led by Melchior van den Kerckhove, was a failure 
In 1609, Isaac Le Maire travelled together with Joris van Spilbergen, Balthazar de Moucheron and others to Paris, again to discuss the formation of a French East India Company  De Moucheron played a double role in these discussions, because at one point he asked the ambassador of the Netherlands what it would be worth if he would disrupt the proceedings  The discussions so flagged because of mistrust by the French in Le Maire  Within the VOC the intrigues of Le Maire led to indignation, but it did not result in actual actions against him, probably because the Republic was not looking for a conflict with France during the war with Spain  In 1610 the King of France was killed and thus plans for a French East India Company were shelved 

Speculator against the Dutch East India Company
Isaac Le Maire also tried to use his knowledge of the VOC to cross the company financially  In 1609 he and eight others founded a secret company with the purpose to trade in VOC shares  Le Maire owned nearly one quarter of its shares  This so-called "Grote Compagnie" sold short shares of the VOC, that is, without actually owning them  By the time these shares were to be delivered, there was an interest in keeping the share price as low as possible  Le Maire probably expected that the competition by the still to be created French East India Company would ensure that the share price of the VOC dropped significantly  However, the French company was shelved  Rumours were spread to depress the prices, anyway  Such activities were detrimental to the (existing) VOC shareholders, who sometimes were forced to sell their shares at a low price  In particular, in 1609 the share price fell significantly, and the VOC imputed this to the machinations of Le Maire 
The VOC attempted via the States-General of the Netherlands to impose restrictions on free trade in VOC shares, which the company of Le Maire fiercely resisted  They claimed, the price drop was the result of the bad course of actions of the VOC  But the States-General decided in 1610 to prohibit the sale of shares not in possession (short selling)  During 1610 and 1611 the stock price of the VOC increased  The company of Le Maire then suffered big losses because many shares had to be delivered at a lower price than the market  They were therefore compelled to deliver shares at a loss  Several members of his company went bankrupt and Le Maire had also suffered significant losses, but he could still meet his obligations  This fiasco led him to withdraw from Amsterdam 

Dutch East India Company monopoly broken
Isaac Le Maire sold his property in Amsterdam and retired to his possessions in Egmond aan den Hoef, which he had bought between 1598 and 1600 from the estate of the Count of Egmont  After some time, he again started to make plans to break the VOC monopoly  The VOC owned by patent from the States-General the Dutch monopoly on travels to the Indies via the Cape of Good Hope and through the Strait of Magellan, until then the only two known passages to the Indies  From various travel accounts Le Maire assumed that south of the Magellan Strait another passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean could exist  In 1614 he founded the Austraalse Compagnie for the purpose of discovering this passage, which would fall outside the VOC monopoly  The voyage was prepared in Hoorn  Two ships were fitted out, the Eendracht and the Hoorn  The journey would be made under the responsibility of his son Jacob Le Maire  Willem Schouten was recruited as an experienced captain  The sailing orders expressly forbade a passage through the Strait of Magellan, even if a new route to the Pacific Ocean could not be found  Furthermore, the expedition was forbidden to trade on the coasts where the VOC had a trading post  At that time, there was still the expectation that a great unknown South Land would exist  Isaac Le Maire hoped to discover it, and in this way tap into an unimagined trading area  But above all, his motive was to circumvent the VOC monopoly  But Isaac gave his son a remarkable secret instruction: although the official sailing order was that no trade should be driven on the coasts where the VOC was established, on arrival in the Indies his son had to make clear to the administrators of the VOC that their monopoly had not been violated, because they had not sailed via the Cape of Good Hope or the Strait of Magellan  Then, he should ask permission to still be allowed to trade  Isaac le Maire anticipated it would not be granted, so Jacob would then have to do everything needed to win Governor-General Gerard Reynst, who had been, like Isaac Le Maire, a participant in the Brabant Company, for their cause  This even went so far as to Jacob asking Van Reynst the hand of one of his daughters  In this way Isaac le Maire tried to sow dissension within the VOC, because if Gerard Reynst allowed them to trade in this way it could lead to a major conflict within the VOC 
On June 14, 1615 the two ships set sail from Texel  The journey was a success in that, with the discovery of the passage round Cape Horn, the monopoly of the VOC was indeed broken, but the unknown South Land was not discovered, and the secret instruction could not be put into action because Gerard Reynst was already deceased 
After the ships had left Texel, the VOC got wind of the real intention of the travel  Therefore, the order was sent to the Indies that, if the expedition would arrive there, the ships would have to be confiscated because of a breach of the VOC's patent  And so it happened  Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten were sent back to the Republic, but Jacob Le Maire died during the return voyage  The VOC attempted to rewrite history by assigning the new discoveries to Willem Schouten 

The aftermath of the voyage
Isaac Le Maire had to fight many years to obtain his right  In 1619 the court ruled that the ship Eendracht was unlawfully seized by the VOC  The journals were to be returned to Le Maire, and in 1622 Le Maire could finally publish the Spieghel der Australische Navigatie door den Wijtvermaerden ende Cloeckmoedighen Zee-heldt Jacob Le Maire, to do justice to the discoveries of his son  For the damage, he was awarded 64,000 pounds  However, the court ruled that the Austraalse Compagnie was not allowed to trade in the Indian region, but that they did have the right to travel across the newly discovered route around Cape Horn  However, one year earlier the Dutch West India Company was established and in its patent it received also the monopoly on travels through the Strait of Magellan and other routes in that region  This was contrary to the rights that were granted to Le Maire's Austraalse Compagnie 
Le Maire died on September 20, 1624  He was buried in the Buurkerk in Egmond-Binnen, and on his tombstone he had written that he had lost during 30 years (except for his honour) 1 5 million guilders, a considerable sum at that time  His Australian Company continued the legal fight, but ultimately the States-General decided in 1644 to the detriment of the company 

See also
Financial history of the Dutch Republic
Passage 9:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 10:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 



ground_truth: 26 April 1872