prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Soldier (1998 American Film)?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 2:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 3:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 4:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 5:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 6:
Soldier (1998 American film)
Soldier is a 1998 American science fiction action film directed by Paul W  S  Anderson, written by David Webb Peoples, and starring Kurt Russell, Jason Scott Lee, Jason Isaacs, Connie Nielsen, Sean Pertwee and Gary Busey  The film tells the story of a highly skilled and emotionally distant soldier who is left for dead, befriends a group of refugees, then faces his former superiors who are determined to eliminate them 
The film was released worldwide on October 23, 1998  Upon its release, Soldier received generally negative reviews, although many praised the action sequences and Russell's performance  The film was a box-office bomb, grossing $14 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million 

Plot
In 1996, as part of a new military training program, a group of orphaned infants are selected shortly after birth and raised as highly disciplined soldiers with no understanding of anything but military routine  They are trained to be ruthless professionals, and anyone considered physically or mentally unworthy is executed  The survivors are turned into ultimate fighting machines, but have no understanding of the outside world 
In 2036, Sgt  Todd 3465 is a hardened veteran and one of the original 1996 infants, but his unit is about to be replaced by a superior one, with the original unit likely to be deactivated  Colonel Mekum, leader of the original project, introduces a new group of genetically engineered soldiers, designed with superior physical attributes and a complete lack of emotion, except complete aggression 
Captain Church, the commander of Todd's unit, insists on testing the new soldiers' abilities against his own  One new soldier, Caine 607, easily defeats three of the original soldiers, but Todd gouges out Caine's eye before falling from a great height; the body of a dead soldier cushions his fall, and he is knocked unconscious  Mekum orders their bodies disposed of like garbage, declaring them obsolete, while the remaining older soldiers are demoted to menial support roles 
Dumped on Arcadia 234, a waste disposal planet, Todd limps toward a colony whose residents crash-landed there years earlier; as they were believed dead, no rescue missions have been attempted  Todd is sheltered by Mace and his wife Sandra  Though they try to make him welcome, Todd has difficulty adapting to the community due to his extreme conditioning and their conflict-free lives  While Todd develops a silent rapport with their mute son, Nathan, who had been traumatized by a snakebite as an infant, he soon begins to experience flashbacks from his time as a soldier and mistakes one of the colonists for an enemy, nearly killing him  To make matters worse, in a later conflict with a coiled snake, Todd forces Nathan to face it down and strike back to protect himself  His parents disapprove of the lesson, unsure of how to deal with Todd 
Fearful, the colonists expel Todd from the community  Experiencing strong emotion for the first time, Todd appears confused when he is overcome by loss and cries for the first time  A short time later, Mace and Sandra are almost bitten by a snake while they sleep, but they are saved by Nathan, who uses Todd's technique  Now understanding the value of Todd's lesson, they seek him to reintegrate him into the community, but the others resist 
The new genetically engineered soldiers arrive on the garbage planet, and, since the world is listed as uninhabited, Colonel Mekum decides to use the colonists' community as the target in a training exercise  The soldiers spot Mace and kill him just after he finds Todd  Though out-manned and outgunned, Todd's years of battle experience and superior knowledge of the planet allow him to return to the colony and kill the advance squad  Nervous that an unknown enemy force may be confronting them, Colonel Mekum orders the soldiers to withdraw and return with heavy artillery  Using guerrilla tactics, Todd outmaneuvers and defeats all of the remaining soldiers, including Caine 607, whom he defeats in vicious hand-to-hand combat 
Panicking, Mekum orders the transport ship's crew, composed of Todd's old squad, to set up and activate a portable doomsday device powerful enough to destroy the planet  He orders the ship to lift off, leaving the squad behind  When Captain Church objects, Mekum shoots him in cold blood  Before they can take off as planned, Todd appears, and his old comrades silently side with him over the army that has discarded them, and take over the ship  They leave Mekum and his aides on the planet and evacuate the remaining colonists  In an attempt to disarm the device, Mekum accidentally sets it off, killing him and his aides  Todd pilots the ship from Arcadia just ahead of the shockwave and sets course for the Trinity Moons, the colonists' original destination  He picks up Nathan and points to their new destination, while looking out upon the galaxy 

Cast
Production
Development and writing
The script was 15 years old at the time of production Kurt Russell spoke only 104 words in the entire movie despite being in 85% of the scenes  During the first week of shooting he broke his left ankle, then the top of his right foot four days later, so the entire production needed to be rescheduled  The filmmakers first shot scenes involving Russell lying down, followed by scenes of Russell sitting, Russell standing but not moving, and so on 

Release
Home media
Soldier  was released on VHS and DVD on March 2, 1999, and on Blu-ray on July 26, 2011 

Reception
Box office
Soldier grossed $14 6 million in the United States 

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 15% approval rating based on 53 reviews and an average rating of 3 8/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "A boring genre film and a waste of a good set " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle commented that "the action is handled fairly well, but it's routine, and there's no satisfaction in seeing Todd waste men who are no more bloodthirsty than he is " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly criticized the film's overuse of genre clichés, saying "any cliché you can dream up for a futuristic action movie, any familiar big-budget epic you can think to rip off, Soldier has gotten there first " Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune described the film as "a big, clanging, brutal actioner in which we search the murk in vain for the sparks of humanity the moviemakers keep promising us " Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader found the film to be enjoyable, calling Russell's performance "persuasive" and saying "this appealing formulaic action adventure displays a lot of conviction in its not-too-flashy action scenes and a little levity in the gradual socialization of Russell's character " Similarly, Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a rating of 3 5 out of 5 and called it "a potent comic-book-style action-adventure "

Connection with Blade Runner franchise
Soldier was written by David Peoples, who co-wrote the script for the 1982 film Blade Runner  He considers Soldier to be a "spin-off sidequel"-spiritual successor to Blade Runner, seeing both films as existing in a shared fictional universe  The film obliquely refers to various elements of stories written by Philip K  Dick (who wrote the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, on which Blade Runner is based), or film adaptations thereof  A Spinner from Blade Runner can be seen in the wreckage on the junk planet in the film and Russell’s character is shown to have fought in the battles referenced in Roy Batty’s (Rutger Hauer) dying monologue: the Shoulder of Orion and Tannhäuser Gate 
Passage 7:
Paul W  S  Anderson
Paul William Scott Anderson (born 4 March 1965) is an English filmmaker who regularly works in science fiction films and video game adaptations 
Anderson made his feature film debut with the British independent film Shopping (1994), and found commercial success with his second film, the Hollywood-produced Mortal Kombat (1995), based on the first couple of video games of the same name by Midway Games  He is best known as the creative voice behind the first six films of the Resident Evil film series (2002–2016), which stars Milla Jovovich (whom he married in 2009), and is based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  The series's first six films, of which Anderson directed four, have collectively grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the most commercially successful video game adaptation of all time  Other of Anderson's notable films are Event Horizon (1997), an initial critical and commercial disappointment that found renewed appreciation on home media; Alien vs  Predator (2004), based on the crossover concept of the same name between the Alien and Predator franchises; and Death Race (2008), a remake/prequel to 1975's Death Race 2000 
Anderson and producer Jeremy Bolt founded Impact Pictures in 1992, under which most of Anderson's films have been made 

Early life
Anderson was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, England  At the age of nine, he started making films with a Super-8 camera  After attending Newlands Preparatory School, Gosforth and Newcastle's Royal Grammar School, he became the youngest person ever to graduate from the University of Warwick, with a B A  in film and literature 

Career
Anderson began his professional career as a writer on the British crime drama film comedy series El C I D , which ran for three series, from 1990 to 1992, and starred Alfred Molina in its first two  He met producer Jeremy Bolt and they founded Impact Pictures in 1992, looking to raise money for Anderson's feature film debut as director, from an action crime drama script of his own, called Shopping  After much trouble securing funding, Shopping, which stars Sean Pertwee, Jude Law (in his first feature film role) and Sadie Frost, was released in the United Kingdom in 1994  The censors of the British Board of Film Classification were not happy with the film's violence of and delayed its release for months  When it was eventually released, critics panned it and some cinemas decided to ban it for promoting an "irresponsible" outlook  In the United States it received only an edited, direct-to-video release two years later  Anderson credits Shopping for inspiring Channel Four Films, who had financed it, to also finance the more successful Shallow Grave and Trainspotting films by Danny Boyle, which in turn, he believes, made critics reassess his film in more positive light in later years, as one of the first in a new wave of British films concerning its youth  Shopping is Anderson's one and only British film, as he grew up watching American and mainland European movies, never imagining himself a British filmmaker  When Shopping was accepted in the Sundance Film Festival, American studios noticed its impressive look and style despite its relatively small $2 million budget, which led to opportunies in Hollywood for Anderson 

Mortal Kombat and commercial success
Anderson directed the fantasy martial arts video game adaptation Mortal Kombat in 1995  Using a script written by Kevin Droney, the film was based on the first entry in the video game franchise by Midway Games, Mortal Kombat, although elements and characters were borrowed from the original game's sequel, Mortal Kombat II  The film featured an ensemble cast, including Robin Shou as Liu Kang and Christopher Lambert as Raiden  Anderson became interested in the project because he often played the game at arcades  The production company decided to hire him based on the accomplished visual flair of Shopping, which was filmed on a very low budget  Anderson, who at the time knew nothing about visual effects or fight scenes, had to study every book on visual effects that he could find, and learned about filming the fight scenes while they were being shot, often consulting those who were experienced in fight choreography on set, such as Shou  The film underwent extensive reshoots in order to add additional fights based on feedback from test screenings, which were attended by fans of the video game franchise  The production company decided to release Mortal Kombat in August 1995, in the hope that the film would become a summer blockbuster  Previous video game adaptations, such as Super Mario Bros , Double Dragon, and Street Fighter had received particularly negative reviews; although Street Fighter was a commercial success, Double Dragon failed to break even, while Super Mario Bros  became a notorious box-office bomb  Mortal Kombat was better received by critics, who gave it a mixed to negative reception  Critics praised the atmosphere, visuals, and fighting sequences, but criticized the plot, dialogue, and acting  It fared better with audiences and fans of the video games, and scored a high A− on a CinemaScore poll  As a result, it spent three weeks as the highest-grossing film at the US box office, and earned over $122 million worldwide, produced on a budget of $18 million  It proved a major success for Anderson, and has been recognised one of the first financially successful film adaptations of a video game  Anderson and most cast members, including Lambert, declined to return for the sequel, Mortal Kombat: Annihilation, which, when released, was critically panned and underperformed at the box office 

Event Horizon, Soldier and The Sight
The success of Mortal Kombat gave Anderson free rein to choose his next project, the science fiction action film Soldier, written by Blade Runner screenwriter David Peoples  Peoples' script—and eventually the film itself—contains references to his work on Blade Runner, and can be considered to be taking place in the same universe, as a sidequel or standalone sequel of sorts  Kurt Russell became attached to star, but decided to take some time off to build up his body, as required by the role, which delayed the production  In the meantime, Anderson directed the 1997 science fiction horror film Event Horizon, written by Philip Eisner and starring Laurence Fishburne and Sam Neill  Despite praise for its visuals and production design, it was not well received by critics or audiences (D+ on a Cinemascore poll), and failed to break even, which Anderson blamed on a tight post-production schedule and studio-enforced cuts  It later sold well on home video and gained a small cult following  Plans to complete a director's cut restoring the deleted footage were abandoned when it was discovered that most of it had been lost or degraded  Soldier was eventually completed and released in 1998, but was a critical and commercial disaster, making less than $15 million in the US, on a budget of $60 million, and releasing straight-to-video in several other markets  Anderson has expressed his regret that the planned location shoots had to be changed to studio soundstages due to the El Niño hurricane, which ended up compromising the film's look  He also verbalized his disappointment with Warner Bros , whom he believes tried to market the film to the same male teen audience as Mortal Kombat, rather than to grown-up audiences, including women After his last two films' poor performances, Anderson was forced to put his planned remake of the cult film Death Race 2000 on hold, and he set about writing and directing the 2000 supernatural mystery drama TV film The Sight, starring Andrew McCarthy  It was meant as a pilot for a potential series, but despite achieving high ratings  it was not picked up  Anderson made his earlier films as "Paul Anderson", the name he registered with the Directors Guild of America, but with The Sight he began crediting himself as "Paul W  S  Anderson", as filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson had registered himself with the Writers Guild of America as "Paul Anderson", making it impossible for either of them to both write and direct films as "Paul Anderson" 

Resident Evil, Alien vs  Predator and Death Race
Anderson returned to cinema screens in 2002 with Resident Evil, a science fiction action horror film loosely based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  Anderson came up with the idea of adapting the games after playing the first couple of them for days in his apartment  Because Constantin Film, who had acquired the rights to the series, were not willing to spend more money than they already had on failed attempts (including a script by George A  Romero), Anderson convinced them to write the script, titled The Undead, on spec  If they liked it, he would sell it to them as a Resident Evil film; if not, he would take it elsewhere and try to make it unrelated to the games  He saw the film as a prequel of sorts to the first game in the series, and as such did not include any of the games' characters, a fact criticized by fans  Instead, it stars Milla Jovovich as an original character, Alice  Jovovich is the only actor that reprised her role in all of the series' six films  In comparison to Anderson's previous two films, Resident Evil was produced on a moderate budget of $33 million and became a commercial success with a little over $100 million at the box office  It also performed strongly on home media  Critically, Resident Evil was not received well, although, similarly to Mortal Kombat, some reviews characterized it as one of the better attempts at adapting a video game  It received the "fair" rating of B by audiences on a Cinemascore poll  Its relative popularity made Capcom put homages to it in video games Resident Evil 4 and Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles  Anderson did not direct, but he wrote, produced, and was otherwise heavily involved with the making of two sequels, Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), which completed the first of the eventual two trilogies of Resident Evil films  In these two sequels, Anderson began to introduce characters from the games, albeit in supporting roles compared to Alice  Both films received similarly negative reviews to the first, but were even bigger commercial successes Anderson's next project was Alien vs  Predator, based on the crossover concept of the same name of the Alien and Predator franchises, popularized by a series of Dark Horse comics and hinted at in Predator 2  A film version had been stuck in development hell for several years, despite the franchise's crossing into every other form of media, from books to comics to video games  Anderson directed the film from a script of his own, and it was released in 2004  It received negative reviews, and a B on a Cinemascore poll by audiences  It was a big commercial success, however, grossing somewhat over $170 million on a $60 million budget  A sequel was made, Aliens vs  Predator: Requiem, in which Anderson was not involved, and which failed to match Anderson's film's commercial or even critical performance, a fact that Anderson has used to defend his film After completing Alien vs  Predator, Anderson resumed work on his planned remake of Death Race 2000, which was released as Death Race in 2008  The science fiction action thriller stars Jason Statham, and Anderson directed it based on his own screenplay  He refers to it as more of a prequel than a remake on the commentary of the home video releases  It received an average reception by critics, and scored a solid B+ on a Cinemascore poll  It grossed little over $75 million on a budget of $45 million, failing to prove a commercial success on the level of Anderson's previous two films  Anderson wrote and produced two straight-to-video prequels, Death Race 2 (2011) and Death Race 3: Inferno (2013), set before the events of the 2008 film  He later wrote and executive-produced Death Race: Beyond Anarchy (2018), a sequel to the first film  
The Resident Evil productions were criticized for unsafe filming and using shell companies to avoid liability  During the filming of Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016), crew member Ricardo Cornelius died when he was caught beneath a Humvee sliding off of a rotating platform  Stunt-woman Olivia Jackson lost most of an arm and was partially paralyzed when she collided with a camera crane during the filming of a motorcycle stunt in rain and freezing conditions  It was determined that she was wearing inadequate safety equipment, and that the stunt's timing had been changed without her knowledge  During the filming of Resident Evil: Retribution (2012), twelve extras were hospitalized with leg, neck, and back wounds after falling from a collapsing high-wheeled platform 

Resident Evil, The Three Musketeers and Pompeii
In 2010, Anderson wrote and directed the first installment in a second trilogy of Resident Evil films, titled Resident Evil: Afterlife  The film continues the storyline from where that last one ended  Anderson envisioned the new trilogy as a way to make use of a new stylistic approach, using slow motion and 3D  Anderson filmed in native 3D, using the Sony F35 camera, mounted on the Fusion Camera System, which was previously used in Avatar  Despite negative reviews by critics, and a lukewarm B in a Cinemascore poll by audiences, the film grossed $300 million on a budget of $60 million, making over $150 million that the previously most successful film in the franchise, Resident Evil: Extinction 
Anderson's next film was the 2011 3D romantic action adventure film The Three Musketeers, from a screenplay by Andrew Davies and Alex Litvak based on the novel of the same name  Matthew Macfadyen, Ray Stevenson, Luke Evans and Logan Lerman respectively star as the characters from the novel Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and d'Artagnan, while Milla Jovovich plays Milady de Winter  Furthermore, Christoph Waltz stars as Cardinal Richelieu, Orlando Bloom plays the Duke of Buckingham and Mads Mikkelsen appears as Captain Rochefort  The film failed to impress critics who reviewed it negatively, and scored a B on a Cinemascore poll  Commercially it did not perform very well, grossing around $132–140 million on a reported budget that ranges between $75 and 90 million Anderson wrote and directed the fifth installment in the Resident Evil film franchise, Resident Evil: Retribution, in 2012  Anderson brought back several actors from the original trilogy of films to play alternate versions of their characters  The film received generally negative reviews, and a C+ on a Cinemascore poll, the series' lowest  Produced with a budget of $65 million, it grossed $240 million on the box office which is $60 million lower than the previous film's gross, but still overall larger than the grosses of each films of the original trilogy In 2014 his 3D historical disaster romance film named Pompeii was released  Inspired by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 that destroyed Pompeii, a city of the Roman Empire, the film was written by Janet Scott Batchler, Lee Batchler and Michael Robert Johnson and stars Kit Harington, Emily Browning, Carrie-Anne Moss, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Jessica Lucas, with Jared Harris, and Kiefer Sutherland  The film was generally negatively received by critics, and was rated a B on a Cinemascore poll  Pompeii was a modest box office success on the box office, grossing $108–118 million on a reported budget between $80 and 100 million In late 2016 in Japan, and early 2017 in the rest of the world, Anderson's Resident Evil: The Final Chapter was released, which according to both him and Jovovich is the last Resident Evil film they will be involved with  Anderson designed the film "to come full circle", provide answers to some of the series' mysteries, and provide closure for the character of Alice  He decided to abandon the previous two films' stylistic approach of using slow motion in favor of a more fast and gritty feeling, and he also decided to convert the film in 3D in post, instead of filming with 3D cameras  His first daughter with Jovovich, Ever Gabo Anderson, was cast in a double role, as both a young version of Alice, and the character of Red Queen introduced in the original film  The film received average to negative reviews, slightly better than the previous installments, and more along the lines of the original film  It was rated B by audiences on a Cinemascore poll, which is the highest rating in the series, and shared with the first and second films  The film grossed $312 million, on a budget of $40 million, in large part due to a record $94 3 million opening in China, making it Anderson's highest-grossing film 

Monster Hunter
In December 2020, Anderson directed Monster Hunter, based on Capcom's Monster Hunter video-game franchise  It was released in December 2020 following delays relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a disappointing gross of $43 million against a $60 million budget  It received mixed to negative reviews 

Future projects
Anderson is set to write and direct an adaptation of George R R  Martin's short story, In The Lost Lands  Peter V  Brett's fantasy novel The Warded Man was optioned for film production by Anderson and longtime producing partner Jeremy Bolt, but a 2016 update of Brett's website stated that they were no longer involved in the project 

Personal life
Anderson began dating Resident Evil star Milla Jovovich in 2002 after the film  He proposed to her in 2003, and they were "engaged on-and-off for four years" before becoming a couple again early in 2007  On 3 November 2007, Jovovich gave birth to their first child, daughter Ever Anderson, in Los Angeles, California  They married on 22 August 2009  Their second child, a daughter, Dashiel, was born in April 2015  In August 2019, Jovovich revealed that they were expecting a third daughter, Osian, after losing her pregnancy two years prior  Their third daughter was born in February 2020 

Filmography
Film
Also cameo appearance in The Shot (short film, 2011) 
Producer

The Dark (2005)
DOA: Dead or Alive (2006)
Pandorum (2009)Executive producer

Here Are the Young Men (2020)
Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021)

Direct-to-video
Television
Commercial
Doom 3 "Warnings" (2005) 
Volkswagen "Bus", "Chase", "Explosion" (2014) 

Reception
Critical reception to Anderson's films has been negative  While Mortal Kombat and some of the Resident Evil films commonly feature on lists about the best film adaptations of video games, such lists mention that films of the genre are, at best, lackluster  Anderson has repeatedly stated he considers himself a "populist filmmaker", who only cares about whether his movies entertain the audience and make them cheer in the cinema, rather than their reception by professional critics 
Passage 8:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 9:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Context 3: Passage 1:
Valley of Death
Valley of Death may refer to:

Places
Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern Poland
Valley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of Balaclava
Valley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum Run
Valley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)
The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in Russia
The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in Indonesia
Valley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, Brazil

Other uses
The Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio play
The Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film
"Valley of Death", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversy
A literary element of "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
A reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venture capital
"The Valley of Death", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All Wars

See also
All pages with titles containing Valley of Death
Death Valley (disambiguation)
Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)
Passage 2:
Enheduanna
Enheduanna (Sumerian: 𒂗𒃶𒌌𒀭𒈾, also transliterated as Enheduana, En-hedu-ana, or variants) was the entu (high) priestess of the moon god Nanna (Sīn) in the Sumerian city-state of Ur in the reign of her father, Sargon of Akkad (r  c  2334 – c  2279)  She was likely appointed by her father as the leader of the religious cult at Ur to cement ties between the Akkadian religion of her father and the native Sumerian religion 
Enheduanna has been celebrated as the earliest known named author in world history, as a number of works in Sumerian literature, such as the Exaltation of Inanna feature her as the first person narrator, and other works, such as the Sumerian Temple Hymns may identify her as their author  However, there is considerable debate among modern Assyriologists based on linguistic and archaeological grounds as to whether or not she actually wrote or composed any of the rediscovered works that have been attributed to her  Additionally, the only manuscripts of the works attributed to her were written by scribes in the First Babylonian Empire six centuries after she lived, written in a more recent dialect of the Sumerian language than she would have spoken  These scribes may have attributed these works to her as part of the legendary narratives of the dynasty of Sargon of Akkad in later Babylonian traditions 
The cultural memory of Enheduanna and the works attributed to her were lost some time after the end of the First Babylonian Empire  Enheduanna's existence was first rediscovered by modern archaeology in 1927, when Sir Leonard Wooley excavated the Giparu in the ancient city of Ur and found an alabaster disk with her name, association with Sargon of Akkad, and occupation inscribed on the reverse  References to her name were then later discovered in excavated works of Sumerian literature, which initiated investigation into her potential authorship of those works  Enheduanna's archaeological rediscovery has attracted a considerable amount of attention and scholarly debate in modern times related to her potential attribution as the first known named author  She has also received considerable attention in feminism, and the works attributed to her have also been studied as an early progenitor of classical rhetoric  English translations of her works have inspired a number of literary adaptations and representations 

Background
Enheduanna's father was Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Akkadian Empire  In a surviving inscription Sargon styles himself "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil"  The inscription celebrates the conquest of Uruk and the defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar to the gate of Enlil": "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land, governor of Enlil: he defeated the city of Uruk and tore down its walls, in the battle of Uruk he won, took Lugalzagesi king of Uruk in the course of the battle, and led him in a collar to the gate of Enlil"  Sargon then conquered Ur and "laid waste" the territory from Lagash to the sea, ultimately conquering at least 34 cities in total 

Irene J  Winter states that Sargon, having conquered Ur, likely sought to "consolidate the Akkadian dynasty's links with the traditional Sumerian past in the important cult and political center of Ur" by appointing Enheduanna to an important position in the native Sumerian moon god cult  Winter states that is likely that the position she was appointed to already existed beforehand, and that her appointment to this role, and the attribution to Nanna would have helped her forge a syncreticism between the Sumerian religion and the Semitic religion  After Enheduanna, the role of high priestess continued to be held by members of the royal family  Joan Goodnick Westenholz suggests that the role of high priestess appears to have held a similar level of honor to that of a king; as the high priestess of Nanna, Enheduanna would have served as the embodiment of Ningal, spouse of Nanna, which would have given her actions divine authority  However, although the Giparu in Ur where the en priestess of Nanna worshipped has been extensively studied by archaeologists, we have no definitive information about what their duties were 

Rebellion of Lugal-Ane
Toward the end of the reign of Sargon's grandson Narām-Sîn, numerous former city-states rebelled against the Akkadian central power  From hints in the song Nin me šara ("the Exaltation of Inana"), the events can be reconstructed from the point of view of Enheduanna: A certain Lugal-Ane came to power in the city of Ur, who as the new ruler invoked the legitimacy of the city god Nanna  Lugal-Ane is probably identical with a Lugal-An-na or Lugal-An-né, who is mentioned in ancient Babylonian literary texts about the war as king of Ur  Apparently Lugal-Ane demanded that the high priestess and consort of the moon god Enheduanna had to confirm his assumption of power  En-ḫedu-anna, as representative of the Sargonid dynasty, refused, whereupon she was suspended from her office and expelled from the city  The mention of the temple E-ešdam-ku indicates that she then found refuge in the city of Ĝirsu  In this exile, she composed the song Nin me šara, the performance of which was intended to persuade the goddess Inanna (as Ištar the patron goddess of her dynasty) to intervene on behalf of the Akkadian empire At least, King Narām-Sîn succeeded in putting down the rebellion of Lugal-Ane and other kings and restored the Akkadian central authority for the remaining years of his reign  Probably Enheduanna then returned to her office in the city of Ur 

Archaeological artifact
In 1927, as part of excavations at Ur, British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley discovered an alabaster disk shattered into several pieces, which has since been reconstructed  The reverse side of the disk identifies Enheduanna as the wife of Nanna and daughter of Sargon of Akkad  The front side shows the high priestess standing in worship as what has been interpreted as a nude male figure pours a libation  Irene Winter states that "given the placement and attention to detail" of the central figure, "she has been identified as Enheduanna" Two seals bearing her name, belonging to her servants and dating to the Sargonic period, have been excavated at the Giparu at Ur Two of the works attributed to Enheduanna, "The Exaltation of Inanna" and "Inanna and Ebih" have survived in numerous manuscripts due to their presence in the Decad, an advanced scribal curriculum in the First Babylonian Empire of the 18th and 17th centuries BCE  Black et al  suggest that "perhaps Enheduanna has survived in scribal literature" due to the "continuing fascination with the dynasty of her father Sargon of Akkad" 

Attributed works
The first person to connect the disk and seals with literary works excavated in Nippur was Adam Falkenstein, who observed that the Temple Hymns and two hymns to Inanna: The Exaltation of Inanna and another "Hymn to Inanna" (at the time not yet reconstructed) contained references to Enheduanna  Falkenstein suggested that this might be evidence of Enheduanna's authorship, but acknowledged that the hymns are only known from the later Old Babylonian period and that more work would need to be done constructing and analyzing the received texts before any conclusions could be made  In 1989, Westenholz suggested that Inanna and Ebih and two other hymns, to Nanna at Ur, might also have been written by her 

Temple hymns
These hymns have been reconstructed from 37 tablets from Ur and Nippur, most of which date to the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods  Each hymn is dedicated to a particular deity from the Sumerian pantheon and a city with which the deity was associated, and may have helped to create syncreticism between the native Sumerian religion and the Semitic religion of the Akkadian empire  However, some of these poems, such as hymn 9, addressed to the temple of the deified king Sulgi from the later Third Dynasty of Ur, cannot have been written by Enheduanna or anyone in the Akkadian empire, showing that the collection may have gained additional poems over time The first translation of the collection into English was by Åke W  Sjöberg, who also argued that the mention of a "subscript" or colophon of two lines near the end of the composition appear to credit her with composition of the preceding text  However, Black shows that in the majority of manuscripts, the line following this colophon, which contains the line count for the 42nd and final hymn, demonstrates that the preceding two lines are part of the 42nd hymn  Black concludes that: "At most    it might be reasonable to accept a claim for (Enheduanna)'s authorship or editorship" for only Hymn 42, the final hymn in the collection 

Hymns dedicated to Inanna
The Exaltation of Inanna
Nin me šara ("Mistress of the innumerable me"; modern also The Exaltation of Inana / Inana B) is a hymn to the goddess Inanna of 154 lines  According to Claus Wilcke, the text "belongs to the most difficult that exists in the literary tradition in Sumerian"  The first complete edition of Nin me šara was produced by Hallo / van Dijk in 1968  A fundamentally new edition based on a broader textual foundation as well as recent linguistic research and textual criticism was published by Annette Zgoll in 1997, with further improvements in Zgoll 2014 and 2021 The work refers to the rebellion of Lugal-Ane and Enheduanna's exile  Probably composed in exile in Ĝirsu, the song is intended to persuade the goddess Inanna to intervene in the conflict in favor of Enheduanna and the Sargonian dynasty  To reach this, the text constructs a myth: An, the king of the gods, endows the goddess Inanna with divine powers and has her execute his judgment on all the cities of Sumer, making her herself the ruler of the land and most powerful of all the gods  When now the city of Ur rebels against her rule, Inanna passes her judgment over it and has it executed by Nanna, the city god of Ur and her father  Inanna has thus become the mistress of heaven and earth alike - and thus empowered to enforce her will even over the originally superior gods (An and Nanna), which results in the destruction of Ur and Lugal-Ane 

Hymn to Inanna
This hymn (incipit in-nin ša-gur-ra) which is only partially preserved in a fragmentary form, is outlined by Black et al  as containing three parts: an introductory section (lines 1-90) emphasizing Inanna's "martial abilities"; a long, middle section (lines 91-218) that serves as a direct address to Inanna, listing her many positive and negative powers, and asserting her superiority over other deities, and a concluding section (219–274) narrated by Enheduanna that exists in a very fragmentary form Black et al  surmise that the fragmentary nature of the concluding section makes it unclear whether Enheduanna composed the hymn, the concluding section was a later addition, or that her name was added to the poem later in the Old Babylonian period from "a desire to attribute it to her"  They also note that the concluding section also appears to reference "some historical events which cannot be elucidated " This poem also contains a potential reference to the events described in Inanna and Ebih, which has led Westenholz to suggest that that poem may have been written by Enheduanna as well The first English translation of this work was by Sjöberg in 1975 

Inanna and Ebih
This hymn (incipit in-nin me-huš-a) is characterized by Black et al  as "Inanna in warrior mode " The poem starts with a hymn to Inanna as "lady of battle" (lines 1–24) then shifts to a narration by Inanna herself in the first person (lines 25–52), where she describes the revenge she wants to take on the mountains of Ebih for their refusal to bow to her Inanna then visits the sky god An and requests his assistance (lines 53–111), but An doubts Inanna's ability to take revenge (lines 112–130)  This causes Inanna to fly into a rage and attack Ebih (lines 131–159)  Inanna then recounts how she overthrew Ebih (lines 160–181) and the poem ends with a praise of Inanna (lines 182–184) 
The "rebel lands" of Ebih that are overthrown in the poem have been identifiedwith the Jebel Hamrin mountain range in modern Iraq   Black et al  describe these lands as "home to the nomadic, barbarian tribes who loom large in Sumerian literature as forces of destruction and chaos" that sometimes need to be "brought under divine control" 

Hymns dedicated to Nanna
These two hymns, labeled by Westenholz as Hymn of Praise to Ekisnugal and Nanna on [the] Assumption of En-ship (incipit e ugim e-a) and Hymn of Praise of Enheduanna (incipit lost)  The second hymn is very fragmentary 

Authorship debate
The question of Enheduanna's authorship of poems has been subject to significant debate  While Hallo and Åke Sjöberg were the first to definitively assert Enheduanna's authorship of the works attributed to her, other Assyriologists including Miguel Civil and Jeremy Black have put forth arguments rejecting or doubting Enheduanna's authorship   Civil has raised the possibility that "Enheduanna" refers not to the name, but instead the station of EN-priestess that the daughter of Sargon of Akkad held 
For the Inanna and Nanna poems, Black et al  argue that at best, all of the manuscript sources date from at least six centuries after when she would have lived, and they were found in scribal settings, not ritual ones, and that "surviving sources show no traces of Old Sumerian    making it impossible to posit what that putative original might have looked like "Despite these concerns, Hallo says that there is still little reason to doubt Enheduanna's authorship of these works  Hallo, responding to Miguel Civil, not only still maintains Enheduanna's authorship of all of the works attributed to her, but rejects "excess skepticism" in Assyriology as a whole, and noting that "rather than limit the inferences they draw from it" other scholars should consider that "the abundant textual documentation from Mesopotamia    provides a precious resource for tracing the origins and evolution of countless facets of civilization "Summarizing the debate, Paul A  Delnero, professor of Assyriology at Johns Hopkins University, remarks that "the attribution is exceptional, and against the practice of anonymous authorship during the period; it almost certainly served to invest these compositions with an even greater authority and importance than they would have had otherwise, rather than to document historical reality" 

Influence and legacy
Enheduanna has received substantial attention in feminism  In a BBC Radio 4 interview, Assyriologist Eleanor Robson credits this to the feminist movement of the 1970s, when, two years after attending a lecture by Cyrus H  Gordon in 1976, American anthropologist Marta Weigle introduced Enheduanna to an audience of feminist scholars as "the first known author in world literature" with her introductory essay "Women as Verbal Artists: Reclaiming the Sisters of Enheduanna"  Robson says that after this publication, the "feminist image of Enheduanna    as a wish fulfillment figure" really took off  Rather than as a "pioneer poetess" of feminism, Robson states that the picture of Enheduanna from the surviving works of the 18th century BCE is instead one of her as "her father's political and religious instrument"  Robson also stresses that we have neither "access to what Enheduanna thought or did" or "evidence that (Enheduanna) was able to write", but that as the high priestess and daughter of Sargon of Akkad, Enheduanna was "probably the most privileged woman of her time" Enheduanna has also been analyzed as an early rhetorical theorist  Roberta Binkley finds evidence in The Exaltation of Inanna of invention and classical modes of persuasion  Hallo, building on the work of Binkley, compares the sequence of the Hymn to Inanna, Inanna and Ebih, and the Exaltation of Inanna to the biblical Book of Amos, and considers these both evidence of "the birth of rhetoric in Mesopotamia "

See also
Adad-guppi – Assyrian priestess of the moon god Sin
Anna Komnene – Byzantine historian (1083–1153)
Diotima of Mantinea – Ancient Greek woman or fictional figure in Plato's Symposium
Hypatia – Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician (died 415)
Kushim – Sumerian person, c  3400–3000 BC
Puabi – Queen of Ur
List of female poets

Notes
Passage 3:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 4:
Dance of Death (disambiguation)
Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death 
Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:

Books
Dance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloy
Dance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R  L  Stine
Dance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child

Theatre and film
The Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August Strindberg
The Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank Wedekind
The Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W  H  Auden

Film
The Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice Brady
The Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent film
The Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent film
The Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph Dawson
The Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von Stroheim
The Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama film
Dance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris Karloff
Dance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence Olivier
Dance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul Chun

Music
Dance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title song
The Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John Fahey
The Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)
"Death Dance", a 2016 song by Sevendust

See also
Dance of the Dead (disambiguation)
Danse Macabre (disambiguation)
Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the dead
La danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur Honegger
Totentanz (disambiguation)
Passage 5:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Passage 6:
Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀 Šarrugi), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC  He is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire 
He was the founder of the "Sargonic" or "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century after his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer 
The Sumerian king list makes him the cup-bearer to king Ur-Zababa of Kish His empire is thought to have included most of Mesopotamia, parts of the Levant, besides incursions into Hurrian and Elamite territory, ruling from his (archaeologically as yet unidentified) capital, Akkad 
Sargon appears as a legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian literature of the 8th to 7th centuries BC 
Tablets with fragments of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Library of Ashurbanipal 

Name
The Akkadian name is normalized as either Šarru-ukīn or Šarru-kēn  The name's cuneiform spelling is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, 
šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in  
In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed as 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in) 
In Late Assyrian references, the name is mostly spelled as LUGAL-GI NA or LUGAL-GIN, i e  identical to the name of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II 
The spelling Sargon is derived from the single mention of the name (in reference to Sargon II) in the Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, in Isaiah 20:1 
The first element in the name is šarru, the Akkadian (East Semitic) for "king" (c f  Hebrew śar שַׂר)  The second element is derived from the verb kīnum "to confirm, establish" (related to Hebrew kūn כּוּן) A possible interpretation of the reading Šarru-ukīn is "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king"  Such a name would however be unusual; other names in -ukīn always include both a subject and an object, as in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has established an heir" 
There is some debate over whether the name was an adopted regnal name or a birth name  
The reading Šarru-kēn has been interpreted adjectivally, as "the king is established; legitimate", expanded as a phrase šarrum ki(e)num The terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" were used in Assyriology based on the chronologies of Nabonidus before the historical existence of Sargon of Akkad was confirmed  
The form Šarru-ukīn was known from the Assyrian Sargon Legend discovered in 1867 in Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh 
A contemporary reference to Sargon thought to have been found on the cylinder seal of Ibni-sharru, a high-ranking official serving under Sargon  Joachim Menant published a description of this seal in 1877, reading the king's name as Shegani-shar-lukh, and did not yet identify it with "Sargon the Elder" (who was identified with the Old Assyrian king Sargon I) 
In 1883, the British Museum acquired the "mace-head of Shar-Gani-sharri", a votive gift deposited at the temple of Shamash in Sippar  This "Shar-Gani" was identified with the Sargon of Agade of Assyrian legend 
The identification of "Shar-Gani-sharri" with Sargon was recognised as mistaken in the 1910s  Shar-Gani-sharri (Shar-Kali-Sharri) is, in fact, Sargon's great-grandson, the successor of Naram-Sin It is not entirely clear whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was directly named for Sargon of Akkad, as there is some uncertainty whether his name should be rendered Šarru-ukīn or as Šarru-kēn(u) 

Chronology
Primary sources pertaining to Sargon are sparse; the main near-contemporary reference is that in the various versions of the Sumerian King List 
Here, Sargon is mentioned as the son of a gardener, former cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish  He usurped the kingship from Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to his own city of Akkad  Note that the Weidner chronicle has Sargon ruling directly after Ur-Zababa and does not mention Lugal-zage-si  Various copies of the king list give the duration of his reign as either 40 or 54-56 years  Numerous fragmentary inscriptions relating to Sargon are also known In absolute years, his reign would correspond to c  2334–2279 BC in the middle chronology  His successors until the Gutian conquest of Sumer are also known as the "Sargonic Dynasty" and their rule as the "Sargonic Period" of Mesopotamian history Foster (1982) argued that the reading of 55 years as the duration of Sargon's reign was, in fact, a corruption of an original interpretation of 37 years  An older version of the king list gives Sargon's reign as lasting for 40 years Thorkild Jacobsen marked the clause about Sargon's father being a gardener as a lacuna, indicating his uncertainty about its meaning  Ur-Zababa and Lugal-zage-si are both listed as kings, but separated by several additional named rulers of Kish, who seem to have been merely governors or vassals under the Akkadian Empire The claim that Sargon was the original founder of Akkad has been called into question with the discovery of an inscription mentioning the place and dated to the first year of Enshakushanna, who almost certainly preceded him  The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19:51) states that it was Sargon who "built Babylon in front of Akkad " The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20:18–19) likewise states that late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Agade " Van de Mieroop suggested that those two chronicles may refer to the much later Assyrian king, Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, rather than to Sargon of Akkad Some of the regnal year names of Sargon are preserved, and throw some light in the events of his reign, particularly the conquest of the surrounding territories of Simurrum, Elam and Mari, and Uru'a, thought to be a city in Elam:

Year in which Sargon went to Simurrum
Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a
Year in which Uru'a was destroyed
Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
Year in which Mari was destroyed

Historiography
Language and script used in records
Sargon appears to have promoted the use of Semitic (Akkadian) in inscriptions 
He frequently calls himself "king of Akkad" first, after he apparently founded the city of Akkad  He appears to have taken over the rule of Kish at some point, and later also much of Mesopotamia, referring to himself as
"Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil" During Sargon's reign, East Semitic was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script previously used in the Sumerian language into what is now known as the "Akkadian language"  A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual 

Year names
While various copies of the Sumerian king list and later Babylonian chronicles credit Sargon with a reign length ranging from 34 to 56 years, dated documents have been found for only four different year-names of his actual reign  The names of these four years describe his campaigns against Elam, Mari, Simurrum (a Hurrian region), and Uru'a (an Elamite city-state) 

Nippur inscription
Among the most important sources for Sargon's reign is a tablet of the Old Babylonian period recovered at Nippur in the University of Pennsylvania expedition in the 1890s  The tablet is a copy of the inscriptions on the pedestal of a statue erected by Sargon in the temple of Enlil  Its text was edited by Arno Poebel (1909) and Leon Legrain (1926) 

Conquest of Sumer
In the inscription, Sargon styles himself "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil"  

It celebrates the conquest of Uruk and the defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar to the gate of Enlil":
Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land, governor of Enlil: he defeated the city of Uruk and tore down its walls, in the battle of Uruk he won, took Lugalzagesi king of Uruk in the course of the battle, and led him in a collar to the gate of Enlil 
Sargon then conquered Ur and E-Ninmar and "laid waste" the territory from Lagash to the sea, and from there went on to conquer and destroy Umma:
Sargon, king of Agade, was victorious over Ur in battle, conquered the city and destroyed its wall  He conquered Eninmar, destroyed its walls, and conquered its district and Lagash as far as the sea  He washed his weapons in the sea  He was victorious over Umma in battle, [conquered the city, and destroyed its walls]  [To Sargon], lo[rd] of the land the god Enlil [gave no] ri[val]  The god Enlil gave to him [the Upper Sea and] the [Lower (Sea) 
Sargon permitted the inhabitants of the territories he conquered to retain their native leaders and traditions  Yet, they were obligated to follow him and pay a tribute in exchange for safety  The people of Sargon's dominion were devoted to him because of his policies, which served to maintain peace  In addition, he proclaimed Akkadian the official language of the government and imposed regular weights and measurements 

Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia, as far as the Mediterranean Sea
Submitting himself to the (Levantine god) Dagan, Sargon conquered territories of Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, including Mari, Yarmuti (Jarmuth?) and Ibla "up to the Cedar Forest (the Amanus) and up to the Silver Mountain (Aladagh?)", ruling from the "upper sea" (Mediterranean) to the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf) 
Sargon the King bowed down to Dagan in Tuttul  He (Dagan) gave to him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla, as far as the Cedar Forest and the Silver Mountains

Conquests of Elam and Marhashi
Sargon also claims in his inscriptions that he is "Sargon, king of the world, conqueror of Elam and Parahshum", the two major polities to the east of Sumer  He also names various rulers of the east whom he vanquished, such as "Luh-uh-ish-an, son of Hishibrasini, king of Elam, king of Elam" or "Sidga'u, general of Parahshum", who later also appears in an inscription by Rimush Sargon triumphed over 34 cities in total  Ships from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at anchor in his capital of Akkad He entertained a court or standing army of 5,400 men who "ate bread daily before him" 

Sargon Epos
A group of four Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" or Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a military commander asking the advice of many subordinates before going on campaigns  
The narrative of Sargon, the Conquering Hero, is set at Sargon's court, in a situation of crisis  Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the virtue of heroism, and a lecture by a courtier on the glory achieved by a champion of the army, a narrative relating a campaign of Sargon's into the far land of Uta-raspashtim, including an account of a "darkening of the Sun" and the conquest of the land of Simurrum, 
and a concluding oration by Sargon listing his conquests 

The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's campaign against the Anatolian city of Purushanda in order to protect his merchants 
Versions of this narrative in both Hittite and Akkadian have been found  
The Hittite version is extant in six fragments, the Akkadian version is known from several manuscripts 
found at Amarna, Assur, and Nineveh 
The narrative is anachronistic, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century milieu  The same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of the West (Mediterranean Sea) and ended up in Kuppara, which some authors have interpreted as the Akkadian word for Keftiu, an ancient locale usually associated with Crete or Cyprus Famine and war threatened Sargon's empire during the latter years of his reign  The Chronicle of Early Kings reports that revolts broke out throughout the area under the last years of his overlordship:

Afterward in his [Sargon's] old age all the lands revolted against him, and they besieged him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward to battle and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed  Afterward he attacked the land of Subartu in his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad  The soil from the trenches of Babylon he removed, and the boundaries of Akkad he made like those of Babylon  But because of the evil which he had committed, the great lord Marduk was angry, and he destroyed his people by famine  From the rising of the sun unto the setting of the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest 
A  Leo Oppenheim translates the last sentence as "From the East to the West he [i e  Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted upon (him as punishment) that he could not rest (in his grave) "

Chronicle of Early Kings
Shortly after securing Sumer, Sargon embarked on a series of campaigns to subjugate the entire Fertile Crescent  According to the Chronicle of Early Kings, a later Babylonian historiographical text:

[Sargon] had neither rival nor equal  His splendor, over the lands it diffused  He crossed the sea in the east  In the eleventh year he conquered the western land to its farthest point  He brought it under one authority  He set up his statues there and ferried the west's booty across on barges  He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours and ruled in unity the tribes of the lands  He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, so that there was not even a perch for a bird left 
In the east, Sargon defeated four leaders of Elam, led by the king of Awan  Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys, and kings of Susa, Waraḫše, and neighboring districts became vassals of Akkad 

Origin legends
Sargon became the subject of legendary narratives describing his rise to power from humble origins and his conquest of Mesopotamia in later Assyrian and Babylonian literature  Apart from these secondary, and partly legendary, accounts, there are many inscriptions due to Sargon himself, although the majority of these are known only from much later copies  The Louvre has fragments of two Sargonic victory steles recovered from Susa (where
they were presumably transported from Mesopotamia in the 12th century BC) 

Sumerian legend
The Sumerian-language Sargon legend contains a legendary account of Sargon's rise to power  It is an older version of the previously known Assyrian legend, discovered in 1974 in Nippur and first edited in 1983 The extant versions are incomplete, but the surviving fragments name Sargon's father as La'ibum  After a lacuna, the text skips to Ur-Zababa, king of Kish, who awakens after a dream, the contents of which are not revealed on the surviving portion of the tablet  For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cup-bearer  Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of the goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the goddess in a river of blood  Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands of Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, but Inanna prevents it, demanding that Sargon stop at the gates because of his being "polluted with blood " When Sargon returns to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again and decides to send Sargon to king Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with a message on a clay tablet asking him to slay Sargon  The legend breaks off at this point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king 

The part of the interpretation of the king's dream has parallels to the biblical story of Joseph, the part about the letter with the carrier's death sentence has similarities to the Greek story of Bellerophon and the biblical story of Uriah 

Birth legend
A Neo-Assyrian text from the 7th century BC purporting to be Sargon's autobiography asserts that the great king was the illegitimate son of a priestess  
Only the beginning of the text (the first two columns) is known, from the fragments of three manuscripts  
The first fragments were discovered as early as 1850 
Sargon's birth and his early childhood are described thus: 

My mother was a high priestess, my father I knew not  The brothers of my father loved the hills  My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates  My high priestess mother conceived me, in secret she bore me  She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid  She cast me into the river which rose over me  The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water  Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me  Akki, the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener  While I was a gardener, Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and     years I exercised kingship 
Similarities between the Sargon Birth Legend and other infant birth exposures in ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted by psychoanalyst Otto Rank in his 1909 book The Myth of the Birth of the Hero  The legend was also studied in detail by Brian Lewis, and compared with many different examples of the infant birth exposure motif found in European and Asian folktales  He discusses a possible archetype form, giving particular attention to the Sargon legend and the account of the birth of Moses  Joseph Campbell has also made such comparisons Sargon is also one of the many suggestions for the identity or inspiration for the biblical Nimrod  Ewing William (1910) suggested Sargon based on his unification of the Babylonians and the Neo-Assyrian birth legend  Yigal Levin (2002) suggested that Nimrod was a recollection of Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter 

Family
The name of Sargon's main wife, Queen Tashlultum, and those of a number of his children are known to us  His daughter Enheduanna was a high priestess of the moon God in Ur who composed ritual hymns  Many of her works, including her Exaltation of Inanna, were in use for centuries thereafter  Sargon was succeeded by his son Rimush; after Rimush's death another son, Manishtushu, became king  Manishtushu would be succeeded by his own son, Naram-Sin  Two other sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) and Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known 

Legacy
Sargon of Akkad is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire (in the sense of the central government of a multi-ethnic territory), although earlier Sumerian rulers such as Lugal-zage-si might have a similar claim  His rule also heralds the history of Semitic empires in the Ancient Near East, which, following the Neo-Sumerian interruption (21st/20th centuries BC), lasted for close to fifteen centuries until the Achaemenid conquest following the 539 BC Battle of Opis Sargon was regarded as a model by Mesopotamian kings for some two millennia after his death  The Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the heirs of Sargon's empire  
Sargon may indeed have introduced the notion of "empire" as understood in the later Assyrian period; the Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written in the first person, has Sargon challenging later rulers to "govern the black-headed people" (i e  the indigenous population of Mesopotamia) as he did  An important source for "Sargonic heroes" in oral tradition in the later Bronze Age is a Middle Hittite (15th century BC) record of a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his immediate successors as "deified kings" (dšarrena) Sargon shared his name with two later Mesopotamian kings  Sargon I was a king of the Old Assyrian period presumably named after Sargon of Akkad  Sargon II was a Neo-Assyrian king named after Sargon of Akkad; it is this king whose name was rendered Sargon (סַרְגוֹן) in the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah 20:1) 
Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus showed great interest in the history of the Sargonid dynasty and even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of his successors 

In popular culture
The fanciful adventure film The Scorpion King: Rise of a Warrior (2008) imagines Sargon of Akkad as a murderous army commander wielding black magic  He is the film's main villain, portrayed by Randy Couture The twentieth episode of the second season of Star Trek: The Original Series, "Return to Tomorrow", features an ancient, telepathic alien named Sargon who once ruled a mighty empire 
American Rock Group They Might Be Giants refer to Sargon of Akkad in the track "The Mesopotamians" on their 2007 album The Else, along with Hammurabi, Ashurbanipal and Gilgamesh 
Carl Benjamin, British far-right YouTuber and political commentator, goes by the online pseudonym "Sargon of Akkad" on his YouTube channel 
The Return of Rome expansion pack for the video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition features a campaign called "Sargon of Akkad", which depicts his conquest of Sumer and the rise of the Akkadian Empire 

See also
Media related to Sargon of Akkad at Wikimedia Commons
History of Mesopotamia
List of kings of Akkad
List of Mesopotamian dynasties

Notes
Passage 7:
Sennedjem
Sennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II  He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth"  He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis  His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886  When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs 

See also

TT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)
Passage 8:
Place of origin
In Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations  It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances 

Acquisition of municipal citizenship
Swiss citizenship has three tiers  For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:

Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality 
Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required  This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton 
Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen  
Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare  The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence  Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence 
However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin  As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years  In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship 
A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent 

International confusion
Almost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin  The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents  This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents  Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace  More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin 

Significance and history
A citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality  To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence 
The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away  In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law  The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%) In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare 

See also
Ancestral home (Chinese)
Bon-gwan
Registered domicile


== Notes and references ==
Passage 9:
Place of birth
The place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born  This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person  Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones 
As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred  The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live  If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)



ground_truth: Milla

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country the performer of song I Believe In Your Sweet Love is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bonnie Tyler
Gaynor Sullivan  (née Hopkins; born 8 June 1951), known professionally as Bonnie Tyler, is a Welsh singer who is known for her distinctive husky voice  Tyler came to prominence with the release of her 1977 album The World Starts Tonight and its singles "Lost in France" and "More Than a Lover"  Her 1977 single "It's a Heartache" reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, and number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 
In the 1980s, Tyler ventured into rock music with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman  He wrote Tyler's biggest hit "Total Eclipse of the Heart", the lead single from her 1983 UK chart-topping album Faster Than the Speed of Night  Steinman also wrote Tyler's other major 1980s hit "Holding Out for a Hero"  She had success in mainland Europe during the 1990s with Dieter Bohlen, who wrote and produced her hit "Bitterblue"  In 2003, Tyler re-recorded "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with singer Kareen Antonn  Their bilingual duet, titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)", topped the French charts 
Rocks and Honey was released in 2013 and features the single "Believe in Me", which she performed representing the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden  After reuniting with the producer David Mackay, she released Between the Earth and the Stars (2019) and The Best Is Yet to Come (2021) 
Her work has earned her three Grammy Award nominations and three Brit Award nominations (including twice for British Female Solo Artist), among other accolades  In 2022 she was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to music 

Early life
Tyler was born Gaynor Hopkins in Skewen, Wales, to a coal miner father Glyndŵr and mother Elsie Hopkins  She grew up in a four-bedroom council house with three sisters and two brothers  Her siblings had varied music tastes, exposing her to artists such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and the Beatles  Hopkins and her family were deeply religious Protestants  Her first public performance took place in a chapel as a child, singing the Anglican hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful" Leaving school with no formal qualifications, Hopkins began working in a grocery shop  In 1969, she entered a local talent contest, and after coming in second place, was inspired to pursue a career in singing  Responding to a newspaper advertisement, she found work as a backing singer for Bobby Wayne & the Dixies before forming her own soul band called Imagination  It was around this time that she changed her name to Sherene Davis, to avoid being confused with Welsh folk singer Mary Hopkin 

Career
1975–1978: The World Starts Tonight and Natural Force
In 1975, Davis was spotted singing with her band in the Townsman Club, Swansea, by talent scout Roger Bell, who invited her to London to record a demo track  After many months had passed, she received a phone call from RCA Records, offering her a recording contract  They also recommended that she change her name again  After compiling a list of surnames and first names from a newspaper, Davis found a new name in "Bonnie Tyler" Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe became her managers, songwriters and producers  "My! My! Honeycomb" was released as her debut single in April 1976, and failed to impact any charts worldwide  RCA increased their promotional efforts for the release of Tyler's second single, "Lost in France", arranging for her to meet with a party of journalists at a French château  The single had no immediate impact upon its release in September 1976, but became a Top 10 single by the end of the year  Tyler's next single "More Than a Lover" was favoured by some critics, and she performed the song on the BBC's Top of the Pops on 31 March 1977  The song peaked at number 27 in the UK Despite producing two popular singles, Tyler's debut album, The World Starts Tonight, proved unsuccessful in Europe, except in Sweden, where it climbed to number 2 "It's a Heartache" saw Tyler return to prominence again in 1978, reaching number 4 in the United Kingdom  The song also became her first hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 Her second studio album Natural Force, released in the same year, was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) with sales of over half a million copies  "Here Am I" was released as a third single in the spring of 1978, but the song failed to sustain her success in the United Kingdom and the United States, though it charted in other European countries 

1979–1981: Diamond Cut and Goodbye to the Island
Tyler's third studio album, Diamond Cut, was released in 1979  Most of the songs were again written and produced by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe Diamond Cut was a hit in Norway and Sweden, but it only charted on the Billboard 200 at number 145  AllMusic declared the album to be the high point of Tyler's early career, "and a dynamite showcase for Tyler's inimitable voice"  Record Mirror rated the album three stars out of five, stating that "only a minority of the material [was] holding her back", and that the album is "essential listening" for Country music fans "Two singles were released from Diamond Cut; those were "My Guns Are Loaded" and "Too Good to Last"  Tyler also released "(The World Is Full of) Married Men", which was used as the theme song for the film of the same name  Tyler appears in the film singing the song during the title sequence  It peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1979  Record Mirror criticised the song; its reviewer wrote: "Bonnie stops chewing gravel for a minute or two   " and continued with "she ends up sandpapering my eardrums again  Ouch "Tyler's first tour of Japan took place in 1979  During her visit, she represented the United Kingdom in the World Popular Song Festival held in Tokyo  Tyler won the competition with the song "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", written by Scott and Wolfe  "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released in 1979, and listed as a single of the week in 1979 by Record Mirror upon its release Both singles featured on Tyler's final studio album with RCA  Goodbye to the Island was released in 1981, recorded in the Algarve, Portugal  AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five, with other critics predicting that Tyler was "doomed to be a one-hit wonder"  Phil Hendricks from Cherry Records said that Tyler "[proved] time and time again that she was one of those rare artists who was able to take the odd chart flop on the chin and bounce back having suffered little collateral damage "

1982–1989: The CBS Years
After her contract with RCA expired, Tyler signed with CBS/Columbia  A&R man Muff Winwood asked Tyler to scout a new producer  She considered Phil Collins, Jeff Lynne and Alan Tarney, but Jim Steinman was her first choice  "I'm a huge fan of his records, especially his solo album, and when my manager and I were discussing my comeback we both agreed that I had to sound the best or nobody would take me seriously " Steinman initially declined, but reconsidered after Tyler sent him demos of the rock material she was hoping to record After their initial meeting, Tyler returned to Steinman's apartment in New York a few weeks later where he performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Rory Dodd  Steinman described the song as "a Wagnerian-like onslaught of sound and emotion", and a "showpiece" for Tyler's voice  Her fifth album was recorded at the Power Station in New York, with members of the E Street Band, Rick Derringer on guitar, Rory Dodd and Eric Troyer on backing vocals, and Steinman as producer "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was released in the UK on 11 February 1983  It became one of the best-selling singles of all time with over six million units sold  Her fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night, debuted at no  1 on the UK Albums Chart and no  3 on the Cashbox and 4 on the Billboard 200, selling over one million copies in the United States  Tyler's commercial success led to several award nominations, including two Grammys, two AMAs and a BRIT Award  Tyler was named Best Recording Artist at the Variety Club of Great Britain Awards, and she received a Goldene Europa Tyler also found success through some of her soundtrack recordings in the mid-80s  In 1984, she released "Holding Out for a Hero" from the Footloose soundtrack  In the following year, her recording of "Here She Comes" for Giorgio Moroder's restoration of the 1927 film Metropolis earned Tyler a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance  Tyler also declined an offer to record the theme for the James Bond spin-off Never Say Never Again 
In 1986, Tyler released her sixth studio album, Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire  In another collaboration with Jim Steinman, the album also featured songs written by Desmond Child and Bryan Adams and a cover of "Band of Gold" by Freda Payne  "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)" became the album's most successful single, selling over 250,000 units in France  The music video, directed by Steinman and Stuart Orme, received six nominations at the Billboard Video Music Conference In 1987, Tyler collaborated with Mike Oldfield on the title track to his album Islands  In the following year, Tyler played Polly Garter in George Martin's album Under Milk Wood, a radio drama by Dylan Thomas  The music was composed by Elton John, and features vocal contributions from Tom Jones, Anthony Hopkins and Mary Hopkin Tyler asked Desmond Child to produce her seventh album, Hide Your Heart, which came out on 9 May 1988  The album featured collaborations with Michael Bolton, Albert Hammond and Diane Warren  The album's singles, "Hide Your Heart", "Save Up All Your Tears" and "The Best" became major hits for other artists 

1990–2000: Success in continental Europe
In 1990, Tyler signed to Hansa/BMG Ariola and began working with various producers for her eighth studio album  She collaborated with Dieter Bohlen, Giorgio Moroder, Nik Kershaw and Roy Bittan  "We used so many producers in efforts to capture many different moods for many different territories, because we believed in the international crossover potential of Tyler," stated David Brunner, A&R manager for Hansa Bitterblue was released on 11 November 1991  In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Tomas Mureika noted that the album marked a "much more mainstream and less bombastic" direction in Tyler's career  The title track was released a month ahead of the album and became a top 40 hit in several European countries  It was named ‘Catchy Song of the Year' at the RSH-Gold Awards  In the following year, "Bitterblue" was released as a promotional single in the United States where it was met with criticism  Billboard wrote that "bombastic production, with a rush of bagpipes and a choir of chirping children at the forefront, overpower Tyler's distinctive raspy voice "While Bitterblue was never released in the UK or US, the album was a commercial success in mainland Europe  It topped the charts in Austria and Norway, achieving 4× Platinum status in the latter country with eleven weeks at no  1 Tyler's subsequent albums, Angel Heart (1992) and Silhouette in Red (1993), were also successful in mainland Europe  Both albums featured a greater share of songs written and produced by Dieter Bohlen  Tyler was named Best International Singer at the Goldene Europa Awards in 1993, and Best Pop/Rock Singer at the ECHO Awards in 1994 In 1995, Tyler moved to EastWest Records and released Free Spirit  The album featured collaborations with a variety of producers including Humberto Gatica, David Foster and Jim Steinman  The lead single, a cover of Air Supply's "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)", reached no  45 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1996  The album was re-released in March 1996 featuring a cover of "Limelight" by the Alan Parsons Project  The track was used as a theme for the German team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia Tyler's twelfth studio album, All in One Voice, was released in 1998  Much of the album was recorded with Jimmy Smyth in Dublin, and Harold Faltermeyer in Hamburg In 1998, Tyler appeared on Rick Wakeman's orchestral album Return to the Centre of the Earth on the song "Is Anybody There?"  The album also included narration from Star Trek actor Patrick Stewart and vocals from Ozzy Osbourne, Katrina Leskanich and Justin Hayward 

2001–2003: Greatest Hits and Heart Strings
On 14 September 2001, Tyler released Greatest Hits, a compilation album containing seventeen tracks  The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 18, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 60,000 units  Greatest Hits reached the Top 10 in a further five European countries In 2002, Tyler began working on her thirteenth studio album, Heart Strings  EMI approached her with the idea of recording a cover album with an orchestra and Tyler's band  She selected thirteen songs by artists such as U2, The Beatles and Bruce Springsteen  The songs were arranged by composers Nick Ingman and Karl Jenkins, and performed by the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra Heart Strings was released on 18 March 2003, and was followed by a tour in Germany  The album charted in Europe, reaching the Top 50 in five countries 

2004–2005: Success in France
In 2003, vocalist Kareen Antonn invited Tyler to re-record "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a bilingual duet in French and English  The new version was re-titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)" and released in December 2003  It went to no  1 in Belgium and France, where it held the top position for ten weeks, selling over 500,000 units  The success of the single was considered to be Tyler's comeback in France, and received overwhelmingly positive reviews from music critics Tyler's fourteenth studio album Simply Believe was released in April 2004  It featured seven new songs and various re-recordings and covers  Tyler and Antonn recorded "Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)" as a second bilingual duet  It peaked at number 12 in France  Tyler co-wrote the title track of the album, and two additional songs, with producer Jean Lahcene  Simply Believe spent 23 weeks on the French Album Charts and peaked at number 18 
Tyler released her fifteenth studio album Wings in the spring of 2005  It was recorded in Paris, and featured twelve new songs, two of which were also recorded in French, and new versions of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache"  Tyler promoted the album with an extensive tour of Europe, including a televised performance at the Sopot International Song Festival in Poland, and recorded concerts at La Cigale in Paris and at the Fiestas del Pilar in Zaragoza, Spain  Footage from all three concerts appeared on Tyler's live DVD Bonnie on Tour which was released in 2006  Wings was issued in the UK in 2006 under the title Celebrate  Tyler also received the Lifetime Achievement Steiger Award in 2005 

2006–2011: From the Heart: Greatest Hits and Best of 3 CD
In 2006, Tyler made her first appearance on US television in years when she performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with actress Lucy Lawless on Celebrity Duets  In the following year she recorded a new version of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with punk band BabyPinkStar and released From the Heart: Greatest Hits, which reached number 2 in Ireland and number 31 in the UK 
In April 2009, Tyler joined Welsh male voice choir Only Men Aloud! on their UK tour to perform "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  They recorded the song for their second studio album Band of Brothers, which was released in October  In the same year, she also recorded the title song for Mal Pope's new musical Cappuccino Girls, and performed the song at the opening night in Swansea's Grand Theatre  Tyler also made a cameo on Hollyoaks Later to sing "Holding Out for a Hero" in a dream sequence with Carmel McQueen (Gemma Merna) In 2010, Tyler appeared in a television advertisement for MasterCard singing a parody of "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  She released "Something Going On" with Country singer Wayne Warner and a new version of "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)" with Matt Pétrin in July and August respectively  In October, she toured with Robin Gibb in Australia and New Zealand 

In 2011, Tyler appeared on Swedish TV show Kvällen är din ("The Evening Is Yours" in English), singing "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Swedish singer Niklas Paulström  Tyler also performed "It's a Heartache"  She also made a guest appearance in the music video "Newport (Ymerodraeth State of Mind)", a parody of the Jay-Z and Alicia Keys song "Empire State of Mind" for the BBC's Comic Relief charity  Also in 2011, Tyler won an award at the BMI London Awards for "It's a Heartache" gaining over 3 million airplays on US television and radio since it was first recorded in 1977  She also appeared on the Ukrainian version of X Factor as one of the three British guests, alongside Kylie Minogue and Cher Lloyd  She performed "It's a Heartache", "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero"  In December 2011, a portrait of Tyler by Rolf Harris, owned by Cathy Sims, was valued at £50,000 on BBC's Antiques Roadshow In September 2011, Tyler released a new compilation titled Best of 3 CD, which charted at number 36 in France  The album featured a cover of "Eternal Flame" by The Bangles, which was recorded as a duet with Laura Zen in French and English and released as a single 

2012–2018: Rocks and Honey and the Eurovision Song Contest
In early 2012, Tyler began working on her sixteenth album, Rocks and Honey  She travelled to Nashville, Tennessee in search of material for the album  It was recorded at the Blackbird Studios in Nashville, and produced by David Huff  Tyler sent the album to the BBC ahead of its release for feedback  After hearing the third track "Believe in Me", they asked Tyler to represent the United Kingdom with the song at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  Although she was initially reluctant, Tyler accepted, describing Eurovision as "great publicity for my album" Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's entrant on 7 March 2013, and was met with a mixed reaction  "Believe in Me" was released on 13 March, and peaked at number 93 in the United Kingdom  As a member of the "Big Five", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to the Eurovision Grand Final on 18 May  Tyler finished in 19th place with 23 points  Reacting to the results, Tyler stated, "I did the best that I could do with a great song", adding, "I'm so glad and so happy that I did it because it was an incredible experience  It was like the Grammy awards all over again "Following the Eurovision Song Contest, Tyler became the first representative for the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio Award  She received the accolades for Best Song and Best Female Singer Rocks and Honey was released on 6 May 2013 in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 52 on the UK Albums Chart  The album was titled in reference to the contrast between Tyler and Vince Gill's voice on their duet "What You Need from Me", which was likened to "rocks and honey"  "This Is Gonna Hurt" and "Love Is the Knife" were released as the second and third singles in August and September 2013 respectively, though both songs failed to chart In 2014, Tyler released "Miserere" on Rhydian Roberts's album One Day like This, and "Fortune" on Spike's album 100% Pure Frankie Miller In June 2015, Tyler appeared on Die schönsten Disney Songs aller Zeiten, a one-off televised celebration of popular Disney songs in Germany  She performed "Circle of Life" from The Lion King  In September 2015, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero" on Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, Nicole Scherzinger and Alec Baldwin In 2016, Tyler featured on Frankie Miller's album Double Take  In March 2017, Tyler released a new single titled "Love's Holding On" with German metal band Axel Rudi Pell In August 2017, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas with American dance-rock band DNCE to mark the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017  The song received an increase of 31,000 online downloads, which led to a placement of number 13 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart  In November, she released a new compilation titled Remixes and Rarities  The album debuted numerous tracks from her back catalogue that had not previously been released on CD In March 2018, Tyler embarked on a 22-date tour of Germany and Austria to celebrate the 40th anniversary of "It's a Heartache", with Sharron Levy as support 

2019–present: Recent albums
In February 2019, Tyler released "Hold On" as the lead single from her seventeenth studio album, Between the Earth and the Stars  The album followed in March 2019 and peaked at no  34 on the UK Albums Chart  It was recorded with David Mackay, who produced Tyler's first two albums in the 1970s  Between the Earth and the Stars features three duets with Rod Stewart, Francis Rossi and Cliff Richard  Tyler embarked on a 23-date tour of Europe to support the album in April 2019, culminating with an appearance at BBC Proms in the Park in Hyde Park, London, and a headline concert at the London Palladium in September  Her show at L'Olympia in Paris was filmed and released through Canal+ In August 2019, Cherry Red Records released a box set compiling Tyler's first four studio albums  Classic Pop magazine described The RCA Years as "a thoroughly-researched 4CD-set"  In November 2019, Tyler made a guest appearance at Ben Zucker's concert at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, Berlin to sing "It's a Heartache"  Their duet features on his live album, Wer Sagt das?! Zugabe!, released in May 2020 In December 2019, Tyler released a new version of her 2005 song "Streets of Stone" for The World's Big Sleep Out, an international homeless charity event  On 14 December 2019, she performed at the Vatican's annual Concerto di Natale in the presence of Pope Francis In May 2020, Tyler released "Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)" with Lorraine Crosby as a charity single in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust  It reached no  64 on the UK Downloads Chart  Her latest studio album, The Best Is Yet to Come, followed in February 2021 
On 2 September 2022, Tyler and Mike Batt released their duet "Into the Sunset" as a digital single  The track was originally released on the soundtrack to The Dreamstone in 1990  In October 2022, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" live with the cast of Tanz der Vampire in Stuttgart to mark the musical's 25th anniversary In November 2022, Tyler embarked on her first ever tour of South America, with eight dates in Brazil, and one date in Uruguay  Speaking with El País, Tyler stated that she hopes to release another studio album in 2023 

Artistry
Influences
Born into a musical family, Tyler grew up listening to a wide range of musical genres  One of Tyler's earliest musical memories was listening to her mother singing opera music in the family home  Tyler attended church until she was sixteen years old  Her first ever performance was singing "All Things Bright and Beautiful" in church  She was also exposed to the music of Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Beatles and other 1960s bands due to her siblings' musical tastes  Frankie Miller was the first live act that Tyler saw, and she later recorded duets with him Tyler's two biggest influences from a young age were Janis Joplin and Tina Turner  She cites "River Deep – Mountain High" as being her all-time favourite song  Other artists that influenced Tyler in her youth include Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Meat Loaf, Joe Cocker, Dusty Springfield and Tommy Steele  She has also expressed admiration for contemporary artists such as Guns N' Roses, Anastacia, Toni Braxton, Duffy, and Eminem  She has also expressed interest in collaborating with Adele, whom she describes as "a great song writer, singer and performer "

Vocal style
Tyler's music contains elements of country, rock, pop, blues and Celtic  Her voice has been likened to Rod Stewart and Kim Carnes as a result of her vocal cord nodule operation in the 1970s, sometimes even being referred to as "the female Rod Stewart", and, after her collaborations with Jim Steinman, "the female Meat Loaf"  Soon after her operation, when recording her second album, Natural Force, the studio band complimented Tyler's changed voice  Reviewers from AllMusic have described Tyler's voice as "inimitable", "wonderfully gritty", and an "effective instrument" for drawing notice to her first managers, Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe In a review of Rocks and Honey, OMH Media described Tyler's vocals as being "good for only one thing and that's belting out gravelly vocals," suggesting that she sounds like Johnny Cash in his later years when she "tries to restrain [her voice] " With reference to her modern voice, The Yorkshire Times wrote that Tyler's vocals have "still got what it takes to make you tingle " Jim Steinman told People magazine that he wrote "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a "showpiece for [Tyler's] voice " AllMusic said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics "

Songwriting
Though songwriting has never been a significant part of Tyler's career, she has co-written a handful of B-Sides and other tracks  "Gonna Get Better", a B-Side to the 1980 Japanese single "Sayonara Tokyo", was written with her brother, Paul Hopkins In 2001, Tyler co-wrote four songs with Gary Pickford-Hopkins on his GPH album, and duetted with him on the track "Loving You Means Leaving You"  Tyler was also involved in writing several tracks for her 2005 album Wings, including its singles "Louise" and "Celebrate" 

Philanthropy
Tyler has featured in three charity supergroups  In 1986, she joined the Anti-Heroin Project to record "It's a Live-In World"  The proceeds were donated to the Phoenix House Charities who funded heroin recovery centres in the UK 
In the following year, Tyler featured as a chorus vocalist in the British-American charity group Ferry Aid, who released a cover of "Let It Be" by the Beatles  Proceeds were donated to a charity supporting the victims of the Zeebrugge Disaster  The single sold over 500,000 copies in the UK where it topped the charts for three weeks  In 1990, Tyler joined Rock Against Repatriation to record a cover of "Sailing"  It was a protest song in response to the repatriation of Vietnamese boat people who fled to Hong Kong  The single peaked at no  89 on the UK Singles Chart Since the 1990s, Tyler has been a patron of the Bobath Children's Therapy Centre in Cardiff, Wales, who provide care for children with cerebral palsy  In 2013, she campaigned for Bobath to be recognised at the Pride of Britain Awards  Tyler is also an ambassador for the Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales  In January 2005, Tyler performed at the Rock for Asia benefit concert in Ingolstadt, Germany, raising funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  The event was recorded and released on DVD  In 2007, Tyler recorded "I Don't Know How to Love Him" for Over the Rainbow, a charity album conceptualised by Anneka Rice on the television show Challenge Anneka  The album reached no  1 on the UK Compilation Chart, with proceeds going to the Association of Children's Hospices On 1 November 2009, Tyler performed as the headline act at the Pinktober Women in Rock concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In the following year, she co-headlined at a benefit concert alongside Leo Sayer raising funds for Variety, the Children's Charity, in New Zealand  In 2012, Tyler was named patron of the AAG animal charity association in Guia, Portugal  Tyler re-recorded "Holding Out for a Hero" for the 2013 Children in Need appeal  In 2014, she endorsed the BUAV's campaign to make it mandatory for animals in testing laboratories to be re-homed  In 2020, Tyler contributed to a cover of "Don't Answer Me" by the Alan Parsons Project to raise funds for Bergamo, an Italian city that was deeply impacted by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic 

Personal life
In July 1973, Tyler married Robert Sullivan  He is a property developer and 1972 Olympic judo competitor  They have no children; Tyler miscarried when she was aged 39  Tyler and her family are Protestant Since 1988, Tyler and her husband have owned a five-bedroom home in Albufeira, Portugal in the Algarve  Tyler had recorded one of her albums there in the late 1970s, and the couple spend much of the year there  In 2005, Tyler was filmed in the Algarve for the Polish entertainment TV show Zacisze gwiazd, which explores the houses of actors and musicians Tyler and Sullivan have invested in property  As of a 1999 interview, they owned farmland in Portugal and New Zealand, 22 houses in Berkshire and London, and 65 stables offering horse boarding services  In a 2013 interview, Tyler stated that the farm in New Zealand had been converted to a dairy farm twelve years after they purchased the land  In the same interview, she stated that she and Sullivan also own a quarry 

Discography
Studio albums
The World Starts Tonight (1977)
Natural Force (1978)
Diamond Cut (1979)
Goodbye to the Island (1981)
Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983)
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire (1986)
Hide Your Heart (1988) also known as Notes From America
Bitterblue (1991)
Angel Heart (1992)
Silhouette in Red (1993)
Free Spirit (1995)
All in One Voice (1998)
Heart Strings (2003) also known as Heart & Soul
Simply Believe (2004)
Wings (2005) also known as Celebrate
Rocks and Honey (2013)
Between the Earth and the Stars (2019)
The Best Is Yet to Come (2021)

Honours, awards and recognition
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache" have estimated sales of over 6 million units each, and are among the best-selling singles of all time Tyler's 1976 breakthrough with "Lost in France" led to her nomination for Best British Female Newcomer at the 1977 Brit Awards  In the 1980s, she received nominations for two more Brit Awards, and three Grammy Awards  In 2013, she was presented with the Gold Badge award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) In 1979, Tyler won the 10th World Popular Song Festival with "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", representing the United Kingdom  Tyler also became the first and only representative of the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio award in 2013  She was also one of the first western artists to tour the Soviet Union In addition to her music awards, Tyler has received local honours in Wales; including being named freeman of Neath Port Talbot in 2011, and an honorary degree and doctorate from Swansea University in 2013  She is also an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama  In 2016, she was honoured by the Lord Mayor of Swansea for Services to Music Tyler was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to music 

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Passage 2:
Sweet Love
Sweet Love may refer to:

"Sweet Love" (Anita Baker song), 1985
"Sweet Love" (Company of Strangers song), 1992
"Sweet Love" (Chris Brown song), 2012
"Sweet Love" (Commodores song), 1976
Passage 3:
Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)
"Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)" is a song written by Johnny MacRae and Bob Morrison, and recorded by American country music artist George Jones   It was released in January 1983 as the first single from his album Shine On  The song peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart  "Shine On" was Jones' sixth Top 10 solo hit in less than three years  The song also displayed some of the pop elements that producer Billy Sherrill would introduce into George's sound over the course of his next few albums 

Chart performance
Passage 4:
O Valencia!
"O Valencia!" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife 
The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy  It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers  The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang  At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's "sworn enemy") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer 

Track listing
The 7" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with "Culling of the Fold" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing "After the Bombs" as the B-side 

Music videos
For the "O Valencia!" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage  Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment "Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now" and accused the band of stealing the idea  The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of "O Valencia!", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2  The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of "the Boss", plan an escape to an unknown location  At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the "Valencia" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape  Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads "Office"  The letters have all burnt out except for the "O", creating the title of the song  The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers  Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis)  They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan  Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him  The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca  They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch  After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection  2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe  The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town  Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick 
The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums)  The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for "Sixteen Military Wives"  The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket 
Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage 
Passage 5:
I Believe in Your Sweet Love
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler  It was released as a standalone single in November 1979, and Tyler later re-recorded it for her fourth studio album, Goodbye to the Island (1981)  The song was written by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe, who co-produced the track with Hugh Murphy 
The song was a hit in Canada, where it reached number 27 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart  Record Mirror nominated it as a single of the week upon its release 

Background
Tyler's success was in decline (except in Scandinavian countries) after she failed to match the success of her 1978 single "It's a Heartache" with subsequent releases  Diamond Cut (1979) only reached number 145 in the United States, and its most successful singles "Too Good to Last" and "My Guns Are Loaded" only saw regional success in mainland Europe and Canada 
Tyler released two singles in late 1979: "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", which saw her win the World Popular Song Festival in Japan; and "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" 
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released on Tyler's album Lost in France: The Early Years (2005) 

Music video
The video was filmed in Beaulieu Palace House in Brockenhurst, United Kingdom 

Charts
External links
Lyrics to this song at Genius
Passage 6:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 7:
I Believe in Everything (song)
"I Believe in Everything" is a song by John Entwistle  "I Believe in Everything" was released as a single in 1971  The B-side was "My Size"  The song also appears on Entwistle's debut solo album, Smash Your Head Against the Wall  When Entwistle was asked about the song in comparison to the rest of the album, he said:

I've been saying a lot of stuff that I didn't really believe in  I sort of wrote it for the heads, really, the people thinking, "ah, so that's where Entwistle's brain's at, he really sort of believes in the devil and hell and all that sort of business " So I wrote a number that touches on reincarnation, then goes into the absurd, with Father Christmas and the whole bit and right at the end just to prevent the heads from thinking that I did believe in everything like I was saying, 'cause they always seem to believe that you actually believe in your own words  I believe in some of them but not all of them, so I just wrote the joke in to throw them off, and it's done it 
The song ends with a chorus of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" 

Personnel
John Entwistle – vocals, bass
Dave "Cyrano" Langston – guitar
Jerry Shirley – drums
Keith Moon – backing vocals
Passage 8:
Believe in Me (Bonnie Tyler song)
"Believe in Me" is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey (2013)  American songwriter Desmond Child composed the song with British songwriters Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide  It was released as the album's lead single on 13 March 2013  The song was written to "uplift the world", and was completed by Child whilst having dinner with Tyler 
The song was recorded in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee  The lyrics depict Tyler telling a lover who does not believe in love or religion to just believe in her  "Believe in Me" was selected as the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom  To comply with the song duration rules, the album version was cut to three minutes and three seconds for radio play and for live performance  The photograph used for the cover art was taken by Tyler's nephew, Andrew Hopkins  Following the Eurovision Song Contest, the song peaked at No  93 in the United Kingdom, but did not chart elsewhere 
"Believe in Me" received mixed reviews from music critics, and the song was largely blamed for Tyler's mediocre final score in the Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final  Despite the single's chart placing and result at Eurovision, both Tyler and the single won categories in the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards; the first time a UK representative has won in a category in the ESC Radio's history 

Background and release
Tyler had been working on her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey since 2008  She recorded the album in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee, and released the album on 8 March 2013 in Europe, one day after Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest  The official release of "Believe in Me" followed a week later, released on 13 March by Celtic Swan Recordings in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 15 March in Europe  At her appearance on The One Show Tyler explained that the song had already been written before the BBC suggested it as the Eurovision entry when she sent a demo of Rocks and Honey to them  The song has also been added to the SingStar store as a karaoke track  A remix single of the song by Blutonium Boy & Matty Menk was released on 13 May by Celtic Swan Recordings The music video was published on the BBC's official YouTube channel on 6 March 2013  The video was shot in East Sussex in a beach hut and on a nearby beach  Alongside the music video film crew there was a second crew that filmed a 'making-of' video  The BBC published the film in late March 

Composition
Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide's involvement in composing "Believe in Me" is unknown, though when it was announced that the song would represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, Bonnie Tyler told The Telegraph that Child finished composing the song at dinner 

"When I got to Nashville, I was looking for songs around the publishers, and got in touch with Desmond and he said "come up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll give you some songs " He'd already recorded some of these demos, but I said "I really love these two songs " And he said "But "Believe in Me" isn't finished yet  I tell you what, come back up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll finish writing it then," which is what he did  I'll never forget that night, we got there and Bob Ezrin was there, the producer of The Wall for Pink Floyd  After dinner [Child] wrote the second verse "
Welsh singer Paul Child conducted an interview with Desmond Child in Nashville in April 2013 to discuss his work with Bonnie Tyler, both with "Believe in Me" and in the beginnings when he wrote her hit single "If You Were a Woman" in the 1980s  Paul Child drew similarities between the lyrical and rhythmic structure of "Believe in Me" and the Labelle song "Lady Marmalade", specifically with the lines "Voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?" and "[   ] and you laugh at the thought of putting your faith in stuff, like love"  Desmond stated that they (Child, Christy and Braide) wanted to write a song that would "uplift the world, and we're so thrilled that Bonnie sang it and that it got chosen to represent the UK "

Reception
Critical response
Upon its initial release, the song received mixed reviews from music critics  UKMIX described the song as "quite blissful with a smooth vocal delivery and some pretty nice lyrics," but despite not being able to fault the song, the reviewer was unsure that the song was the right choice for the Eurovision Song Contest and predicted that Tyler would suffer the same criticism that Engelbert Humperdinck received the previous year  Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the song two stars out of five, stating that the song is a "polar opposite to the slew of Euro-club bangers entering this year's contest," but applauded Tyler for entering the Eurovision Song Contest with the contrasting song  The Guardian held a poll on their website asking the public if they expected Tyler to be successful at Eurovision  The results were fairly even with 46% predicting that Tyler would win and 54% voting that they didn't expect Tyler to win  Ann Gripper from the Daily Mirror described the song as "heartfelt," and went on to say that Tyler "can still sing " She criticised the songwriters' choice of "above" and "stuff" as the first rhyming lyrics, but noted the line "you never see the rainbow, you just curse the rain" as an improvement, and an opportunity to "have some fun with the staging on finals night in Malmo " Gripper concluded by saying that it "doesn't get into your head like (2012 Sweden winning song) "Euphoria"," and stated that unless the staging is "spectacular", the song won't be remembered by voting time 

Commercial performance
Commercially, the song reached minor success on record charts  On 19 May 2013, "Believe in Me" scored the highest Eurovision-related new entry on that week's Top 100 UK Singles Chart, despite finishing 19th in the contest  The song climbed up to No  86 in the UK mid-week charts following its debut at No  93, but dropped out of the Top 100 by the following week 

Accolades
Bonnie Tyler won Best Song (with 12 6% of the vote) and Best Female Singer (with 16 9% of the vote) at the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards, and became the first representative of the United Kingdom to receive an award from ESC Radio since its initiation in 2006 

Eurovision Song Contest 2013
Tyler was selected by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  The first rehearsal took place on 12 May, the second on 15 May and the performance in front of the jury on 17 May 2013  Tyler's final performance of "Believe in Me" took place on 18 May during the Grand Final, with Anthony Goldsbrough (guitar and backing vocals), Michael Gazzard (guitar and backing vocals), Hayley Sanderson (guitar and backing vocals), Kristen Cummings (keyboards and backing vocals) and Grant Mugent-Kershaw (drums)  The song was staged with Tyler standing by a microphone stand with her backing group before walking down the catwalk onto a rising platform The song finished in 19th place with points from Ireland (7), Malta (5), Spain (4), Romania (3), Switzerland (2), Sweden (1) and Slovenia (1), a total of 23 points 

Reaction to the Eurovision results
Several journalists and singers have made public their views on the song and the result  Irish entrant and three-time winner of Eurovision Johnny Logan complimented Tyler, but argued that the song wasn't strong enough  He continued, "If you're going to win Eurovision, to go through some of the incredible voting I've noticed over the last few years, you have to have something that's going to stand out above everything else  Otherwise you're just going to hope to pick up 10 or 11 votes " Similarly, Nathan Moore agreed that the song was not strong enough, but said "It was a great idea to get Bonnie involved, there's a lot of love for Bonnie out there " Mick Dalley (of Yahoo! News) agreed that "although Tyler herself was on form, singing beautifully and rousing the crowd with her podiumed finale, "Believe in Me" was simply not good enough as a song" 1997 UK winner Katrina Leskanich (of Katrina and the Waves) stated that she was underwhelmed by Denmark's entry, and expected Tyler to have scored higher than she did  British journalist Dave Goodman acknowledged that Tyler's entry was an improvement on the previous year, though argued that it was a combination of a poor position in the running order and the song that kept the UK from scoring higher During promotion for Rocks and Honey in France, Bonnie Tyler spoke out against the Eurovision Song Contest's incidents  After being asked if she believes the contest is rigged, she replied, "I think so "
"The next day after the Eurovision, the Russians were complaining to Azerbaijan, "why didn't you give us the ten points we paid for?" Excuse me! "We paid for?" Is this a competition?     I don't care about that  We [United Kingdom] haven't won for sixteen years, and I didn't expect to win  It's too bad that politics come in to it, it should be a songwriting competition, not who lives next door to you "
The Daily Mail claimed that Tyler overheard the conversation of Russians complaining to Azerbaijanis and spread the rumour; Tyler challenged this and said that she had seen it on Sky News 

Performances and promotion
Tyler first performed the song in Berlin, Germany where she featured as a guest on the Rock Meets Classic Tour in February to March 2013  Tyler was still involved with the tour when it was announced that she would be representing the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in May, and after appearing on The One Show in London, she returned to Germany to begin promoting "Believe in Me"  On 19 April, she stopped off at the Cologne Cathedral and the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Berlin for a photo shoot and unveiled wax figurines of the members of ABBA  On 28 April, the Leute Heute (German TV show) film team published a video from visiting Tyler's house a few weeks before to interview her on her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest  At mid-day, Tyler was interviewed and then performed an acoustic version of the song on BBC Radio 2's Weekend Wogan with her Eurovision group  Her final television appearance in the UK was on 3 May, when she performed "Believe in Me" on The Graham Norton Show After arriving in Malmö on 10 May, Tyler was received positively by the press and by the other Eurovision entrants  Particular support came from Finland's entrant Krista Siegfrids and Malta's entrant Gianluca Bezzina  Before the voting concluded, the UK received 2 more points from Switzerland and the Lithuanian spokesperson spoke "I love you, Bonnie Tyler" despite the UK not scoring any Lithuanian votes 

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single 

Track listings and formats
Germany Maxi CD single"Believe in Me" (Radio edit) – 3:01
"Believe in Me" (Album version) – 3:57
"Stubborn" – 3:46UK Digital download"Believe in Me" (Eurovision edit) – 3:01

Charts
Release history
Passage 9:
I Believe in Love (Bonnie Guitar song)
"I Believe in Love" is a song written by Boudleaux Bryant and recorded by American country artist, Bonnie Guitar 
The song was recorded in January 1968 and officially released as a single in April  "I Believe in Love" peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, becoming her third and final top ten on any Billboard list  The single also became Guitar's final major hit as a musical artist  Additionally, "I Believe in Love" reached a peak of number thirty on the Canadian RPM Country Songs chart in August 1968  It became her final chart appearance on the latter chart  The single was later issued on Guitar's album for Dot Records, also entitled I Believe in Love 

Chart performance
Passage 10:
Bernie Bonvoisin
Bernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁnaʁ bɔ̃vwazɛ̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁni bɔ̃vwazɛ̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director  He is best known for having been the singer of Trust 
He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song "Ride On" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott 

External links
Bernie Bonvoisin at IMDb



ground_truth: United Kingdom

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Enheduanna's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  90?)
Odo (d  c 879)
Passage 7:
Marion Byron
Marion Byron (born Miriam Bilenkin; 1911 – 1985) was an American movie comedian 

Early years
Born in Dayton, Ohio, Byron was one of five daughters of Louis and Bertha Bilenkin 

Career
She made her first stage appearance at the age of 13 and followed it with a role in Hollywood Music Box Review opposite Fanny Brice  It was while appearing in this production that she was given the nickname 'Peanuts' on account of her short stature  While appearing in 'The Strawberry Blonde', she came to the attention of Buster Keaton who signed her as his leading lady in the film Steamboat Bill, Jr  in 1928 when she was just 16  From there she was hired by Hal Roach who teamed her with Anita Garvin in a bid to create a female version of Laurel & Hardy  The pairing was not a commercial success and they made just three short features between 1928-9 - Feed 'Em and Weep (1928), Going Ga-Ga (1928) and A Pair of Tights (1929) 
She left the Roach studio before it made talking comedies, then worked in musical features, like the Vitaphone film Broadway Babies (1929) with Alice White, and the early Technicolor feature Golden Dawn (1930) 
Her parts slowly got smaller until they were unbilled walk-ons in movies like Meet the Baron (1933), starring Jack Pearl and Hips Hips Hooray (1934) with Wheeler & Woolsey; she returned to the Hal Roach studio for a bit part in the Charley Chase short It Happened One Day (1934)  Her final screen appearance was as a baby nurse to the Dionne Quintuplets in Five of a Kind (1938) 

Family
Byron married screenwriter Lou Breslow in 1932 and they had two sons, Lawrence and Daniel  They remained together until her death in Santa Monica on July 5, 1985, following a long illness  Her ashes were later scattered in the sea 

Selected filmography
Five of a Kind (1938)
Swellhead (1935)
Gift of Gab (1934)
It Happened One Day (1934)
Hips, Hips, Hooray! (1933)
Only Yesterday (1933)
Meet the Baron (1933)
Husbands’ Reunion (1933)
College Humor (1933)
Melody Cruise (1933)
Breed of the Border (1933)
The Crime of the Century (1933)
The Curse of a Broken Heart (1933)
Lucky Devils (1933)
Trouble in Paradise (1932)
They Call It Sin (1932)
Love Me Tonight (1933)
The Hollywood Handicap (1932)
Week Ends Only (1932)
The Tenderfoot (1932)
The Heart of New York  (1932)
Running Hollywood (1932)
Working Girls (1931)
Children of Dreams (1931)
Girls Demand Excitement (1931)
The Bad Man (1930)
The Matrimonial Bed (1930)
Golden Dawn (1930)
Song of the West (1930)
Playing Around (1930)
Show of Shows (1929)
The Forward Pass (1929) - Mazie
So Long Letty (1929)
Social Sinners (1929)
Broadway Babies (1929)
The Unkissed Man (1929)
His Captive Woman (1929)
A Pair of Tights (1929)
Going Ga–Ga (1929)
Is Everybody Happy? (1929)
Feed’em and Weep (1928)
The Boy Friend (1928)
Plastered in Paris (1928)
Steamboat Bill, Jr  (1928)
Passage 8:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl  late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria 

Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios  Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife  On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife  According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium  According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca  998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava  Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil 
Passage 9:
Empress Shōken
Empress Dowager Shōken (昭憲皇太后, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (一条勝子, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan  She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (昭憲皇后, Shōken-kōgō)  She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War 

Early life
Lady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan  She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch  Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family  Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox  As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5  By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy  By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama  She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850  They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (美子), which was intended to reflect her 
serene beauty and diminutive size 
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered  The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868 

Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869  She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years  However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children  Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince  On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo  In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations 

Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing  On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S  Grant during his visit to Japan  She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881  Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers  From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers  When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University  In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto  While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society  She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross  Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities  After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895  While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay 

Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (皇太后, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō  She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband  Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo  On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shōken Kōtaigō (昭憲皇太后)  Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture 

Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888

Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St  Catherine, 13 December 1887
 Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
 Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
 German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
 Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908

Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
Ōmiya Palace

Notes
Passage 10:
Hafsa Hatun
Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه خاتون, "young lioness") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 

Life
Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids  She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids  Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid  Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died  Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families 

Charities
Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid  She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry 

See also
Ottoman dynasty
Ottoman Empire



ground_truth: Akkadian empire