prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Catherine Of Taranto, Countess Of Copertino's mother die?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Catherine of Bosnia, Grand Princess of Hum
Catherine of Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: Katarina Kotromanić / Катарина Котроманић; 1294–1355) was daughter of Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia and sister of Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia 
She was daughter of Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia and his wife Elizabeth of Syrmia  She was born in 1294, in Srebrenik  She had six siblings, five brothers, Stephen II, Vladislav, Ninoslav, Miroslav and unknown brother, and a sister named Mary  In autumn 1314 she was in exile with family in Dubrovnik  Catherine will marry prince Nikola of Hum sometime before 1338  Nikola was knyaz from Hum 1322, which Stephen II, brother of Catherine, at the time Ban of Bosnia, annexed to his realm  After the annexation, Ban granted Nikola positions in župas in Bosansko Primorje, at the southern edge of the realm, region between the Neretva Delta and Ragusa, bestowing him with the right to rule most of the Popovo  He is ruled this župa as long as he lived  Catherine and Nikola had two sons:

Vladislav Nikolić
Bogiša NikolićCatherine died in 1355 in Bribir 
Passage 2:
Catherine of Austria, Lady of Coucy
Catherine of Austria (German: Katharina von Habsburg; French: Catherine d'Autriche; 9 February 1320 – 28 September 1349) was the daughter of the Habsburg Duke Leopold I of Austria and the wife successively of the French nobleman Enguerrand VI, Lord of Coucy and the German Konrad von Hardeck, Burgrave of Magdeburg 

Early life and family
Catherine was the oldest of two daughters born to Leopold I, Duke of Austria and his wife Catherine of Savoy  Her younger sister was Agnes of Austria, who married Bolko II the Small, Duke of Świdnica  On their father's side, the two were granddaughters of Albert I of Germany, while their maternal grandparents were Amadeus V, Count of Savoy and his second wife Maria of Brabant Her father died when Catherine was 6 years of age, and she and 4-year-old Agnes were placed under the guardianship of their paternal uncles, Frederick the Fair and Albert II, Duke of Austria 

Marriages
At the age of 18, Catherine married her first husband Enguerrand VI, Lord of Coucy, a French nobleman  The marriage contract was signed at Vincennes on 25 November 1338  The marriage produced one son, Enguerrand  The couple were married for eight years when in 1346, Enguerrand VI was killed in one of a series of battles which ended with the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346, as part of the Hundred Years' War between France and England  Their son Enguerrand succeeded his father as Lord of Coucy, and he later married Isabella, eldest daughter of King Edward III of England 
Catherine remarried nearly two years after her first husband's death in February 1348 to Konrad, Burgrave of Magdeburg  The couple were married for just over a year when Konrad succumbed to the Black Death on 25 September 1349, Catherine herself dying three days later; she was buried at Königsfelden  She was outlived by her son Enguerrand 
Passage 3:
Catherine of Taranto, Countess of Copertino
Catherine of Taranto (sometimes Caterina d'Enghien Orsini del Balzo) was the daughter of Mary of Enghien and Raimondo Orsini del Balzo di Nola and sister of Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo 
She married the knight Tristan de Clermont (1380 – c  1432), a member of the French family of Clermont-Lodève, who became Count of Copertino as part of her dowry 
She and Tristan had two daughters: 

Isabella of Clermont (c  1424 – 30 March 1465), who became Queen of Naples and Jerusalem by marriage to Ferdinand I of Naples, illegitimate son of King Alfonso V of Aragon 
Sancia di Chiaromonte (died 30 March 1468), Countess of Copertino and Lady of Nardò  In 1436 she married Francesco II del Balzo (1410–1482), 3rd Duke of Andria, who became Count of Copertino as part of her dowry 
Passage 4:
Joan of Taranto
Joan of Taranto (died March 1323) was Queen of Armenia by marriage to Oshin, King of Armenia  As daughter of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, she was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou 

Life
Joan was daughter of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, and his first wife Thamar Angelina Komnene Joan's parents did not have a good relationship: Philip suspected Thamar of acting in her family's interests over his during the two-year conflict that raged between the Capetian House of Anjou and Epirus, despite the fact that she had pawned the remainder of her jewellery to help him pay for the military effort  Distrustful of Thamar, Philip decided to divorce her and in 1309 accused her of having committed adultery  She was forced into confessing that she had had sexual relationships with at least forty of the lords of his court, and that she had formed a particular relationship with Bartolomeo Siginulfo, the Grand Chamberlain of Taranto  Thamar became an outcast, probably never seeing her children again, she either became a nun or was imprisoned by Philip  In either case she died not long afterwards in 1311 
Shortly following her mother's death, Joan acquired a stepmother in Catherine of Valois, who Philip married in July 1313  From this marriage Joan acquired five half-siblings, including Philip II, Prince of Taranto 

Queen
In February 1316, Joan married her first husband, Oshin, King of Armenia  Joan was Oshin's third wife, from his first marriage he had had a son Leo  From this marriage she adopted the name Eirene  The couple were only married for four years 
Upon his death, on 20 July 1320, Oshin was succeeded by his minor son Leo (sometimes referred to as Leo V)  It was believed that Oshin was poisoned 
Soon after Oshin's death, his cousin Oshin of Korikos became regent  He wished to make himself and his family more secure in Armenia  Steps were taken to make this happen; Oshin married Joan, who was forced into the marriage  Oshin married his daughter Alice off to Joan's stepson Leo  Oshin was also probably responsible for the deaths of King Oshin's sister Isabella and two of her sons, in order to remove rival claimants 
Joan died in March 1323, she was outlived by her ill-fated second husband 
Six years after Joan's death, Leo reached majority, he took revenge on his regent  Joan's husband and brother-in-law Constantine, Constable of Armenia and Lord of Lampron, and Leo's wife Alice were all murdered on the king's orders, the head of Oshin being sent to the Ilkhan and of Constantine to Al-Nasr Muhammad 

Issue
In her first marriage she had one child:

George (1317 – after 1323), died youngOshin and Joan had one daughter:

Maria who consecutively married two Armenian Kings of Cilicia, Constantine V and Constantine VI  She had issue 
Passage 5:
Catherine of Cleves (1417–1479)
Catherine of Cleves (25 May 1417 – 10 February 1479) was Duchess of Guelders by marriage to Arnold, Duke of Guelders  She acted as regent of Guelders during the absence of her spouse in 1450  The Hours of Catherine of Cleves was commissioned for her 

Life
Catherine was the daughter of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and Marie of Burgundy  She was a niece of Philip the Good 

Duchess and regent
Catherine lived with her parents until 1431, despite already having been married the year before  She had close ties with Philip of Burgundy, who was mistrusted by her husband  Catherine had her daughter Mary raised at the Burgundian court  When her husband punished Driel, he lost support in his duchy  Catherine acted as intermediate between her husband and the Estates of the realm  In 1450, Duke Arnold went on a pilgrimage to Rome and Palestine  During his absence, Catherine acted as regent She supported her son Adolf when he took over power from his father  Charles, Duke of Burgundy had Adolf taken capture in 1470, when he proved an unreliable ally to Burgundy  Catherine spent her last years in Lobith, where she died in 1476 

Book of Hours
The Hours of Catherine of Cleves was commissioned for her when she married Arnold, Duke of Guelders, on 26 January 1430  It shows her lineage, as well as herself in prayer  The hours had been lost for four hundred years before resurfacing in 1856  It is one of the most richly decorated books of its kind that is preserved 

Issue
Catherine and Arnold had:

Mary (c  1431–1463), who became Queen of Scotland by marriage to James II
William (born c  1434), died young
Margaret (c  1436–1486, Simmern), married on 16 August 1454 to Frederick I, Count of Palatine-Simmern 
Adolf (1438–1477)
Catherine (1439 – 1496), Regent of Guelders in 1477–1481 

Ancestry
Passage 6:
Catherine of Valois–Courtenay
Catherine II, also Catherine of Valois or Catherine of Taranto (before 15 April 1303 – October 1346), was the recognised Latin Empress of Constantinople from 1307–1346, although she lived in exile and only had authority over Crusader States in Greece  She was Princess consort of Achaea and Taranto, and also regent of Achaea from 1332–1341, and Governor of Cephalonia from 1341–1346 

Life
She was born in 1303, sometime before 15 April, the eldest daughter of Charles, count of Valois, and Catherine I Her mother was recognized as Empress of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by the Latin states in Greece, despite the city having been captured by the Empire of Nicaea in 1261  Catherine inherited her claims as the titular Empress on 11 October 1307  She was still a child and remained in the custody of her father, who managed her claims to the empire until his death in 1325 
An early betrothal to Hugh of Burgundy, made on 15 April 1303 when she was an infant, was renounced in 1312 

Naples
In July 1313, Catherine married Philip I of Taranto, King of Albania and Prince of Achaea, who was the younger brother of Robert, King of Naples  She associated her husband as titular Emperor (Philip II), and retained the claim to the empire after his death on 23 December 1332  Robert, his eldest surviving son, succeeded him as Prince of Taranto in 1331  Catherine became influential at the court of Naples 
Her court was more worldly than the pious court of King Robert and his pious wife, Sancha of Majorca  During the reign of her niece, Joanna I of Naples, she opposed the marriage of Joan's younger sister, Maria of Calabria, to Charles, Duke of Durazzo  This was because Maria was heir presumptive to the throne of Naples, and the Durazzos were rivals to her own family  She and her family were compensated with a cash settlement from the royal treasury 

Achaea
In 1333, her son Robert received the Principality of Achaea through an agreement with his uncle, John of Gravina  However, the thirteen-year-old boy was deemed too young to reign alone, and his mother became his co-ruler for the rest of her life  Initially ruling through appointed baillis, in summer 1338 Catherine mustered a fleet and took her whole household to Achaea, where she took an active part in its government   She gave refuge to Nikephoros II Orsini of Epirus, and supported him in his attempt to assert himself in his land against the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos 

Final Years
Her presence in Achaea was no longer needed by the time Robert reached adulthood in 1341  She became Governor of Cephalonia and spent the last five years of her life in this responsibility  After the murder of Joan's husband, Andrew of Hungary, Joan sought a new husband amongst her Taranto cousins  Catherine supported her younger son, Louis of Taranto, against her older son, Robert  She sheltered Charles of Artois, a bastard son of Robert the Wise, and his son Bertrand, who were both suspected of complicity  When asked to give them up, she refused and stated she would punish them herself if they were guilty 
She died in Naples in October 1346  Queen Joan organized her funeral at the church of San Domenico 

Issue
By Philip I of Taranto, Catherine II had four children:

Margaret (c  1325–1380), married Francis of Baux, Duke of Andria  By Francis, she was the mother of James of Baux, Prince of Achaea and titular Emperor of Constantinople 
Robert (1326–1364), Prince of Taranto, titular Emperor of Constantinople (as Robert II) 
Louis (1327/28–1362), Prince of Taranto and King of Naples by right of his wife 
Philip II (1329–1374), Prince of Taranto and Achaea, titular Emperor of Constantinople (as Philip III) 

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 7:
Isabella of Clermont
Isabella of Clermont (c  1424 – 30 March 1465), also known as Isabella of Taranto, was queen of Naples as the first wife of King Ferdinand I of Naples, and a feudatory of the kingdom as the holder and ruling Princess of the Principality of Taranto in 1463–1465 

Life
Born on January 1424 in Copertino (in southern Apulia), Isabella was the elder daughter of Tristan de Clermont, Count of Copertino, and Caterina Orsini Del Balzo  She was also the niece and heir of childless Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo, Prince of Taranto  Her maternal grandmother, Mary of Enghien, was queen consort of Naples from 1406 until 1414 
On 30 May 1444/1445, Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragon, then Duke of Calabria (1423–1494), natural son of Alfonso V of Aragon who had recently conquered the Neapolitan kingdom from French Angevins, and thus was the new liege lord of Isabella and her family  Alfonso arranged this marriage in order to give a good future to his favorite bastard son, by giving him his own principality by marriage  Also, Alfonso wanted his loyal people (such as his own son) to have feudal fiefs in his new kingdom, which would happen in the future as soon as Ferdinand and Isabella succeeded in Taranto  The marriage also strengthened the king's grip on the current lords of Taranto 
On 27 June 1458 Isabella's husband became, by the will of his father, king of Naples  Isabella became queen  They no longer wanted to make Taranto their principal holding, but it was still a strong possession, and in 1463 Isabella succeeded her uncle Giovanni Antonio as princess of Taranto 
Queen Isabella died on 30 March 1465, and was buried in San Pietro Martire  Her heir was her eldest son, the future King Alfonso II of Naples 

Issue
Isabella had six children with Ferdinand:

Alfonso II of Naples (4 November 1448 – 18 December 1495)
Eleanor of Naples (22 June 1450 – 11 October 1493), duchess of Bari and Ferrara
Frederick IV of Naples (19 April 1452 – 9 November 1504)
John of Naples (25 June 1456 – 17 October 1485), archbishop of Taranto and then cardinal
Beatrice of Naples (14 September/16 November 1457 – 23 September 1508), queen of Hungary
Francis of Naples, Duke of Sant Angelo (16 December 1461 – 26 October 1486)
Passage 8:
Mary of Enghien
Mary of Enghien, also known as Maria d'Enghien (1367 or 1370 – 9 May 1446), was Countess of Lecce from 1384 to 1446 and Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Sicily, Jerusalem and Hungary from 1406 to 1414 by marriage to Ladislaus of Naples 

Biography
Early life
Probably born in Lecce, she was the daughter of John of Enghien, Count of Castro, and Sancia Del Balzo  Her father was the third son of Isabella of Brienne (who died in 1360) and her husband, Walter of Enghien (who died in 1345) 
Her paternal grandmother Isabella survived her brother Walter VI of Brienne, titular Duke of Athens etc , who died without issue at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356  As his heir, she became Countess of Lecce and Brienne etc  and titular Duchess of Athens  As her eldest son, Walter, had died before her brother, her second son, Sohier of Enghien, became her heir  She allowed her inherited lands to be divided among her numerous children during her lifetime  Mary's father, the third (but second surviving) son, had received the County of Lecce and the Lordship of Castro 

Countess of Lecce
Mary's father, John, died in 1380, leaving minor children  Mary's brother Peter of Enghien, also known as Pyrrhus (Pyrro or Pirro), became Count of Lecce  However, Peter died childless in 1384 and was succeeded by Mary and her husband, Raimondo del Balzo Orsini di Nola, whom she married in Taranto the same year 
Chroniclers describe her as beautiful, fearless and adventurous: adored by her children, loved by her first husband, besieged by King Ladislaus of Naples and treated cruelly by the king's sister 
She stayed in her castles of Lecce and Copertino when Raimondo travelled and served the king against the papal troops and the supporters of the junior Angevin line  She was occupied by her children, Marias, Caterina, Giovanni Antonio and Gabriele 
Raimondo became Prince of Taranto (in her hereditary rights) and died in 1406 

Queen of Naples
After her husband's death, she was besieged in Taranto (1406) and resisted the troops of Ladislaus until he decided to propose to her  Thus forced to marry Ladislaus, the wedding took place in the chapel of the Castle of Taranto  Her second marriage remained childless  Ladislaus died on 6 August 1414; his sister and successor, Joanna II of Naples, described as cruel, hated Mary and imprisoned her  However, Joanna's husband, James II, Count of La Marche, soon allowed her to leave   She returned to Lecce after Joanna had expelled her and her children from the royal estates to Tarentine lands 
Mary lived a long life and died in Lecce at the age of 78  In 1444 she witnessed the marriage of her granddaughter Isabella of Clermont, daughter of Tristan and Catherine and heiress to considerable feudal estates in Southern Italy, to Ferdinand of Aragon  He was the illegitimate son of King Alfonso V of Aragon, who had conquered Southern Italy in 1441 

Children
Her children were:

Maria del Balzo Orsini (died after 1410), married Antonio di Acquaviva, Duke of Atri, etc  Childless 
Caterina del Balzo Orsini, also known as Catherine of Taranto  Married to Bartholomew Tristan of Clermont (Bartolomeo Tristano di Chiaramonte or Chiaromonte), a knight of the French de Clermont-Lodeve family  Tristan became Count of Capertino with his wife's dowry (the Catherine del Balzo Orsini, who lived almost at the same time and married Giulio Antonio di Aragona di Acquaviva, Duke of Atri, etc , bringing him the dowry of Casamassima and Conversano, was apparently not this Catherine but a relative, perhaps the daughter of Giovanni Antonio or the daughter of Gabriel, Duke of Venosa) 
Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini, John, Prince of Taranto  Died childless in 1463, when his niece Isabella brought the fiefs to her husband King Ferrante 
(possibly natural son of her husband) Gabriele del Balzo Orsini (d  1453), Count of Ugento, etc , Duke of Venosa  Married Giovanna Caracciolo del Sole dei Duchi di Melfi 
Passage 9:
Euphrosina Heldina von Dieffenau
Euphrosina Heldina von Dieffenau, or Heldin (died 1636), was a Swedish courtier 
Originally from Germany, she became courtier to Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg in 1590  After the death of Catherine's  mother, Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern, she became the lady-in-waiting, nurse and in practice foster mother of Catherine  She were the confidant of Catherine and the two of them had a close relationship for the rest of their life, sometimes by letters, which are preserved  She married a German officer in Swedish service, but remained in the service of Catherine also after Catherine's marriage as her Mistress of the Robes  She was described as educated and seen as a role model for female nobles in this regard, could speak Latin and was given the task to practice reading and prayer with the heir to the throne, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, and converse with foreign ambassadors 
Passage 10:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Context 2: Passage 1:
John Vernou Bouvier III
John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III ( BOO-vee-ay; May 19, 1891 – August 3, 1957) was an American Wall Street stockbroker and socialite  He was the father of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and of socialite Lee Radziwill, and was the father-in-law of John F  Kennedy 

Early life and education
John Vernou Bouvier III was born in Manhattan in 1891  His nickname, "Black Jack", referred to his flamboyant lifestyle Bouvier's great-grandfather, Michel Charles Bouvier (1792-1874), was a French cabinetmaker from Pont-Saint-Esprit, Occitania  Michel immigrated to Philadelphia in 1815 after fighting in the Napoleonic Wars, worked for Joseph Bonaparte, married, was widowed, and then married Louise Clifford Vernou (1811-1872) In addition to crafting fine furniture, Michel Bouvier had a business distributing firewood  To support that business, he acquired large tracts of forested land, some of which contained a large reserve of coal  Michel further grew his fortune in real estate speculation  His sons, Eustes, Michel Charles (M C ), and John V  Bouvier Sr , distinguished themselves in the world of finance on Wall Street  They left their fortunes to their only remaining male Bouvier heir, Major John Vernou Bouvier Jr  (1866-1948), who used some of the money to buy an estate known as Lasata in East Hampton, Long Island Major John Vernou Bouvier, Jr , a successful attorney, and Maude Frances Sergeant (1869-1940) had five children, of whom John Vernou Bouvier III was the eldest  Their other children were William Sergeant "Bud" Bouvier, who was born in 1893 and died from alcoholism in 1929; Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, who was born in 1895 and became the wife of Phelan Beale, Sr  and the mother of Edith Bouvier Beale, Phelan Beale, Jr , and Bouvier Beale; and twins Maude Reppelin Bouvier Davis and Michelle Caroline Bouvier Scott Putnam (born 1905) John Vernou Bouvier III attended Philips Exeter Academy and Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School  He then studied at Columbia College, his father's alma mater, where he played tennis for two years before transferring to the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University  While attending Yale, he was a member of the Book and Snake secret society and the Cloister Club  He graduated in 1914 

Career and military service
Upon his graduation, he went to work as a stockbroker at his father and uncle's firm: Bouvier, Bouvier & Bouvier   In 1917, he left the firm to join the United States Navy  When the Navy proved to be too strenuous, he transferred to the United States Army, where he served as a major  His 1920 engagement announcement  stated he had served in the Army Air Service   Bouvier was discharged in 1919, whereupon he went back to work as a stockbroker on Wall Street In 1940 Bouvier became a hereditary member of the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati 

Personal life
On April 7, 1920, the New York Sun published an engagement announcement for Bouvier and Miss Eleanor Carroll Daingerfield Carter, of Baltimore   The announcement stated she was a descendant of Reverdy Johnson  The engagement was later called off   
Bouvier later married Janet Norton Lee, a daughter of real estate developer James T  Lee, on July 7, 1928, at St  Philomena's Church in East Hampton   They had two daughters, Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier (1929–1994) and Caroline Lee Bouvier (1933–2019)   Bouvier's drinking, gambling, and philandering led to the couple's divorce in June 1940  Bouvier never remarried 
In June 1942, Janet Lee Bouvier married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr  Janet reportedly did not want her ex-husband to escort his daughter, Jacqueline, down the aisle for her 1953 wedding to John F  Kennedy as he had done at the wedding of his other daughter, Lee, the previous year, so Jacqueline was instead escorted by her step-father  However, some reports indicated Bouvier was too intoxicated to escort his daughter, leading Auchincloss to step in to give the bride away By the mid-1950s, Bouvier had sporadic contact with his daughters and family  He spent the majority of his time drinking alone at his New York City apartment located at 125 East 74th Street 

Later life and death
In the spring of 1957, Bouvier was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer  He checked into Lenox Hill Hospital on July 27, 1957 to undergo chemotherapy  On August 1, he fell into a coma  He died two days later, on August 3, aged 66   His funeral, which was arranged by his daughters Jacqueline and Lee, was held at St  Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan after which his body was buried in the Bouvier family plot at Most Holy Trinity Catholic Cemetery in East Hampton, New York 

In popular culture
Bouvier is thought to be the "Wall Street Jack" mentioned in the lyrics of "Forty Second Street", from the musical 42nd Street He was portrayed by Rod Taylor in the TV film biography Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy in 1981 
He was portrayed by Fred Ward in the TV film biography ‘’Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis’’ in 2000
Passage 2:
Ludwig von Westphalen
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx 

Biography
Early life
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm  He was the youngest son of Philipp von Westphalen (1724–92), who himself was the son of a Blankenburg postmaster  Philipp von Westphalen had been ennobled in 1764 with the predicate Edler von Westphalen by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick for his military services  He had served as the duke's de facto "chief of staff" during the Seven Years' War  Through his mother, Jane Wishart of Pittarrow, he was the descendant of many Scottish and European noble families He received extensive education and spoke German and English, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, French and Spanish  He studied at the Collegium Carolinum, the forerunner of today's Braunschweig University of Technology, and at Göttingen 

Career
In 1794, he entered government's service in Brunswick  In 1797 he married Elisabeth von Veltheim, who bore him four children  In 1804 he entered the government service of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) 
With the establishment of the Napoleonic state in Westphalia (the Kingdom of Westphalia) in 1807, he entered its service  He was likely motivated in this by a desire to see reforms carried out  He did, however, oppose the French dominance of the local government, and other policies, and for his critique he was eventually arrested by orders from Louis-Nicolas Davout and imprisoned in the fortress of Gifhorn  In the same year, he lost his first wife  In the summer of 1809 Louis was appointed sub-prefect of Salzwedel, where three years later in 1812 he married Karoline Heubel; they had three children  After Salzwedel was again under Prussian administration, in 1816 Ludwig von Westphalen was transferred to the newly established regional government in Trier 

Personal life
It was in Trier that he met and befriended Heinrich Marx, the father of Karl Marx  The children of the respective families, in particular Jenny and Edgar von Westphalen, and Sophie and Karl Marx, became close friends as well  In 1836, Jenny von Westphalen and Karl Marx became engaged; at first secretly but Ludwig approved the marriage in 1837, even though some saw Marx, who was both middle class and younger than her, as well as of Jewish descent, as an inappropriate partner for the noble daughter  In fact, Ludwig was seen as the mentor and role model of Karl Marx, who referred to him as a "dear fatherly friend"  Ludwig filled Marx with enthusiasm for the romantic school and read him Homer and Shakespeare, who remained Marx's favorite authors all his life  Marx also read Voltaire and Racine with Ludwig  Ludwig devoted much of his time to the young Marx and the two went for intellectual walks through "the hills and woods" of the neighbourhood  It was Ludwig who first introduced Marx to the personality and socialist teachings of Saint-Simon  Marx dedicated his doctoral thesis "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature" written in 1841 to Ludwig in a most effusive manner in which Marx wrote "You, my fatherly friend, have always been for me the living proof that idealism is no illusion, but the true reality" In 1842, Marx was present at the deathbed of Ludwig von Westphalen  Jenny and Karl became married in 1843, a year after Ludwig's death 
He was the father of Ferdinand von Westphalen, a conservative and reactionary Prussian Minister of the Interior 

Death
He died on 3 March 1842 in Trier 
Passage 3:
Barthold A  Butenschøn Sr 
Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson 
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen  Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M  Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr  and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn  Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp He took commerce school and agricultural school  He was hired in the family company N  A  Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910  He eventually became chief executive officer  The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920  The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s  He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk  He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap  He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964 He was buried in Enebakk 
Passage 4:
John Adams (merchant)
John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c  1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council  He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton 

Biography
Adams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams  Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710  Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life  There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor  Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did  He also held several other public positions in the province  Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727 Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730  After this, he was less active in community activities and trade  Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed  He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724  In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died  With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government  (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position ) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president  This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life  He died some time after 1745 

Notes
Passage 5:
James Armour (Master mason)
James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns  His birth year was shown here as 1730  The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour  Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731  The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731  His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock  James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i e  John  The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730 

Life and background
At Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith  James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard  His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband 

Family
James' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd)  Three siblings died in childhood  Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834  He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried  He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787  James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822  Their offspring were James and Betthaia  Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane  Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself  The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson 

Occupation and social standing
James was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one  He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire  Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations  William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church  James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life  Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was "Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous " William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that "he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that "The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!" 

Association with Robert Burns
James had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation  When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns  The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith  Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant 

Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their "Marriage by Declaration" possibly witnessed by James Smith  This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out  This act did not in fact effect its legality   Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had "   cut my very veins", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over "the unlucky paper" and had agreed to go to Paisley 
James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant "in meditatione fugae" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her  Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan 
Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock  Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable   Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family 
Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger  She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill  It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel  The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard  Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant  On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed "Your most affectionate son  R  Burns "Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law 

The Inveraray marble Punch Bowl
Of the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns  As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson  He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms    Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, my BROTHERS!” taken from Burns’s “The Epistle to J  Lapraik ”Alexander died in 1812 and it was then sold at auction in 1815 for the impressive price of 80 Guineas to a London publican who, falling upon hard times,  sold it to Archibald Hastie Esq of London  A copy is held by the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum at Alloway, whilst the original is in the British Museum in London, presented to that institution by Archibald Hastie in 1858 

See also
Adam Armour
Jean Armour
Robert Burnes
William Burnes
Passage 6:
Lee Kun-hee
Lee Kun-hee (Korean: 이건희; Hanja: 李健熙, Korean: [iːɡʌnɣi]; 9 January 1942 – 25 October 2020) was a South Korean business magnate who served as the chairman of Samsung Group from 1987 to 2008, and again from 2010 until his death in 2020  He is also credited with the transformation of Samsung to one of the world's largest business entities that engages in semiconductors, smartphones, electronics, shipbuilding, construction, and other businesses  Since Lee Kun-hee became the chairman of Samsung, the company became the world's largest manufacturer of smartphones, memory chips, and appliances  He was the third son of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chul  With an estimated net worth of US$21 billion at the time of his death, he was the richest person in South Korea, a position that he had held since 2007 
He was convicted twice, once in 1996 and subsequently in 2008, for corruption and tax evasion charges, but was pardoned on both instances  In 2014, Lee was named the world's 35th most powerful person and the most powerful Korean by Forbes's list of the world's most powerful people along with his son, Lee Jae-yong 

Early life
Lee Kun-hee was born on 9 January 1942 in Daegu, during the Japanese occupation of Korea  He was the third son of Lee Byung-chul, the founder of the Samsung group, which was set up as an exporter of fruit and dried fish  He went on to get a degree in economics from Waseda University, a private university in Japan  He studied for a masters program in business from the George Washington University in Washington, D C , but did not get a degree 

Career
First period at Samsung
Lee joined the Samsung Group in 1966 with the Tongyang Broadcasting Company, and later went on to work for Samsung's construction and trading company He took over the chairmanship of the conglomerate on 24 December 1987, two weeks after the death of his father, Lee Byung-chul  In 1993, believing that Samsung Group was overly focused on producing large quantities of low-quality goods and was not prepared to compete in quality, Lee famously said, "Change everything except your wife and kids"  This call was an attempt to drive innovation at the company and to face up to the competition at that time from rivals like Sony Corporation  In a declaration now known as the 'Frankfurt Declaration', he had his executives gather in the German city in 1993 and called for a change in the company's approach to quality, even if it meant lower sales  The company went on to become the largest manufacturer of televisions, outpacing Sony corporation in 2006 

Scandals and controversies
Lee was convicted for having paid bribes to president Roh Tae-woo in 1996  He was subsequently pardoned by president Kim Young-sam On 14 January 2008, Korean police raided Lee's home and office in an ongoing probe into accusations that Samsung was responsible for a slush fund used to bribe influential prosecutors, judges, and political figures in South Korea  On 4 April 2008, Lee denied allegations against him in the scandal  After a second round of questioning by the South Korean prosecutors, on 11 April 2008, Lee was quoted by reporters as saying, "I am responsible for everything  I will assume full moral and legal responsibility ” On 21 April 2008, he resigned and stated: "We, including myself, have caused troubles to the nation with the special probe; I deeply apologize for that, and I'll take full responsibility for everything, both legally and morally "On 16 July 2008, The New York Times reported the Seoul Central District Court had found Lee guilty on charges of financial wrongdoing and tax evasion  Prosecutors requested that Lee be sentenced to seven years in prison and fined 350 billion won (approximately US$312 million)  The court fined him 110 billion won (approximately US$98 million) and gave him a three-years suspended sentence  However, on 29 December 2009, South Korean president Lee Myung-bak pardoned Lee, stating that the intent of the pardon was to allow Lee to remain on the International Olympic Committee  In Lee Myung-bak's corruption trial, this pardon was revealed to have been in exchange for bribes; further bribery and other political corruption between former President Lee and Lee Kun-hee was also exposed Think Samsung, a 2010 book by Kim Yong-chul, former Samsung legal counsel, alleged that Lee was guilty of corruption  In particular, it claimed that he stole up to 10 trillion won (approximately US$8 9 billion) from Samsung subsidiaries, tampered with evidence, and bribed government officials to guarantee his son would succeed him 

Return to Samsung
On 24 March 2010, Lee announced his return to Samsung Electronics as its chairman  He continued in this position until 2014, when he suffered an incapacitating heart attack and his son, Lee Jae-yong, became the Samsung group's de facto leader  He is credited with having transformed Samsung into the world's largest manufacturer of smartphones, televisions, and memory chips  At the time of his death, the company was worth US$300 billion, and with an estimated net worth US$20 7 billion per Bloomberg's billionaire index, he was the richest person in South Korea; a position that he had held since 2007 Following his death, Lee's heirs are expected to face an estate tax of around US$10 billion, which might potentially result in dilution of the family's stake in the conglomerate  This stems from South Korea's high estate tax of 50% for estates larger than US$3 billion, which is second only to Japan, amongst the OECD countries 

Personal life
Lee Kun-hee was married to Hong Ra-hee until his death  Hong is the daughter of Hong Jin-ki, the former chairman of the JoongAng Ilbo and Tongyang Broadcasting Company His siblings and some of their children are also executives of major Korean business groups  Lee Boo-jin, his eldest daughter, is president and CEO of Hotel Shilla, a luxury hotel chain, as well as president of Everland Resort, a theme park and resort operator that is "widely seen as the de facto holding company for the conglomerate" according to the Associated Press Lee had four children: the eldest child and the only son, Lee Jae-yong (born 1968), and three daughters, Lee Boo-jin (born 1970), Lee Seo-hyun (born 1973), and Lee Yoon-hyung (1979–2005) who died by suicide Lee's older brother Lee Maeng-hee and older sister Lee Sook-hee initiated legal action against him in February 2012, asking a South Korean court to award them shares of Samsung companies totaling US$850 million (913 563 billion won), which they claim their father willed to them  Court hearings began in May 2012  On 6 February 2014, courts in South Korea dismissed the case 

Illness and death
Lee was treated for lung cancer in the late 1990s and was tested again for cancer in 2005, at the MD Anderson Medical Center in Houston, Texas, with no subsequent concerns being announced  He was hospitalized in Seoul in May 2014 after suffering a heart attack, and lapsed into a coma, which he remained in until his death on 25 October 2020, at the age of 78 Lee's death triggered the largest inheritance tax bill in history, of 12 trillion won ($10 78 billion) 

Posthumous
The heirs to the late Lee announced in the Spring of 2021 that the businessman's multibillion-dollar collection of more than 23,000 works of art would be dispersed throughout public institutions in South Korea  Contrary to this announcement, the country's minister of culture, sports, and tourism, Hwang Hee, announced plans to build a new museum dedicated to the Lee collection 
Passage 7:
Ogawa Mataji
Viscount Ogawa Mataji (小川又次, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army  He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama 

Life and military career
Ogawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka  He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period 
After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874  He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874  Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876  From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month 
In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison  He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880  In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison  In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison  Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment  In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office  German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army  Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin") from General Kawakami Soroku 

First Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade  At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army  In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron)  He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division  In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class 

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata   The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang  At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo  In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905  He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906   In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November 
Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery  His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura 

Decorations
1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  
1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 
1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 
1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class
Passage 8:
Hong Ra-hee
Hong Ra-hee (born 15 July 1945) is a South Korean billionaire businesswoman who is the director of Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art  She is the widow of Lee Kun-hee, who was the richest person in South Korea  She is known as the most powerful art collector in South Korea 

Career
Hong graduated from Seoul National University  She majored in Applied Arts  She is the co-founder of Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, which she has built with her husband in 2004  Hong's collection includes Lee Ufan, Do-ho Suh, Whanki Kim, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and Andy Warhol 
Hong began her career at JoongAng Ilbo Publishing from 1975 to 1980 
She served as a Chairperson of Samsung Arts and Cultural Foundation since 1995 

Family
Her daughters are joint presidents of Samsung C&T Corporation, while her daughter Lee Seo-hyun oversees Samsung's fashion division, and her other daughter Lee Boo-jin oversees the resort division, which included the Everland Resort  Her father Hong Jin-ki was chairman of JoongAng Ilbo, and also an identified Chinilpa  Her brother Hong Seok-hyun is the ex-CEO of JoongAng Media Group  It is now run by Hong Jeongdo, Hong's nephew 
Her ex-daughter-in-law was Lim Se-ryung, the daughter of Daesang Group's chairman Lim Chang-Wook  Lim was married to Hong's son Lee Jae-yong in 1998 and divorced in 2009 
Passage 9:
Harry Smith (athlete)
Harry James Smith (July 30, 1888 – November 20, 1962) was an American long-distance runner  He was most notable for competing in the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm  He was also the father of Hart wrestling family matriarch Helen Hart and the father-in-law of Stu Hart 

Early life
He was born in the Bronx, New York, and was of Irish descent  Smith came from a relatively well off family and had a brother named Frank  Both of them suffered from bipolar disorder His athletic interest began when he was a child  At the age of 12 Smith was playing craps with some friends in an alley when a police officer spotted them and ran after them, attempting to arrest them for illegal gambling  The man caught all of them except Smith  Another day when the officer found Smith, the officer advised him to pursue competitive running 

Career
He competed in the marathon for the United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics  He finished in 17th place  He shared rooms with Jim Thorpe on the way to the Olympics  Smith also ran the Boston Marathon 10 years in a row  He finished 10th at the 1912 event with a time of 2:27:46  He finished in the top three at the 1913 event  Smith also participated in at least three Run for the Diamonds events  Harry came in at third place in both 1911 and 1913  He came first and won in 1912  Smith was USA Outdoor Track & Field Champion 10000 m in 1912, a victory he shared with Hannes Kolehmainen  Later in 1912 Smith won a race called the Union Settlement Road Race and was given a gold medal award, handed to him by congressman Amos Pinchot  He won the Coney Island Derby Race in 1913 Smith refrained from competing in the fall of 1914 due to sore feet  While in training Smith had a diet that had him consume little water and instead eat a lot of vegetables  He was of the belief that a marathon runner should never look behind themself, as this throws off one's timing while running  He made an exception to this however when he once encountered Tom Longboat while in a race and exchanged a glance with him  This later became a story he would tell his five daughters  Smith was a member and Captain of the Pastime Athletic Club  Supposedly Smith was an early underground sports agent  After his athletic career ended he became a sports columnist for The New York Tribune 

Personal life
He was married to a Greek woman named Elizabeth "Ellie" Poulis  Ellie's parents were from the town of Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania  She was born on Ellis Island while her parents were in quarantine and waiting to be granted entry into the United States  Ellie was a dancer and artist in her younger years  Harry and Ellie were the parents of five girls, Helen, Diana, Patricia "Patsy", Elizabeth "Betty" and Joanie Some time during the 1930s he was the victim of a hit-and-run accident which left him with permanent injury on one of his legs, he was bedridden for a long time and walked with a limp for the rest of his life  This left the family in financial troubles  He and his wife helped raise their daughter, Helen Hart's oldest son Smith when she and her husband, Stu, suffered an automobile accident while she was pregnant with their second child, Bruce  His daughter Diana married Jock Osler descendant of Sir William Osler and his daughter Patsy married a man named Jack Forrest, who was the great great grandnephew of Nathan Bedford Forrest 

Legacy
His granddaughter Diana Hart dedicated the fourth chapter, "Roots", in her book Under the Mat to discussing Smith's life  She also named her son Harry  The younger Harry is a professional wrestler 

See also
List of people with bipolar disorder
Passage 10:
Peter Burroughs
Peter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management  He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis 

Early career
Burroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire 
His first dramatic role was that of the character "Branic" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur  He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave 

Film career
Burroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis  He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2) 

Personal life
His daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis  He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress  His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis 

Filmography



ground_truth: Lecce

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the father-in-law of Hong Ra-Hee?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Robert Hartford-Davis
Robert Hartford-Davis (born William Henry Davis, 23 July 1923 – 12 June 1977) was a British born producer, director and writer, who worked on film and television in both in the United Kingdom and United States   He is also sometimes credited as Michael Burrowes or Robert Hartford 

Biography
Hartford-Davis was born in Ramsgate, Kent in 1923 as William Henry Davis; he changed his name on becoming a television director in 1955  His television career encompassed drama, comedy and entertainment shows  Bob, as he liked to be called, started his career as an electrician in a South London film studio, where he went on to develop his skills as a cameraman  During the fifties he made a number of short films  These were innovative with the choice of cast and script content  In the late fifties he became an agent and worked for Roy Rogers, amongst others (in England) 
His talents included co-writing many scripts for 'exploitation' movies and he used media events and people to forward his career  The Yellow Teddy Bears is a prime example of his vivid imagination, using an article in a national newspaper as fodder 
Robert dealt with the downturn of the film industry in the UK by investing his own money in two movies, The Fiend and Nobody Ordered Love 

Personal life
Hartford-Davis married Betty Hale in 1943 and there were three children from this marriage;  Jean, Marian and Penelope were born in the next ten years  His wife also co-wrote I'm Not Bothered and an innovative play on the trial of Christ, We the Guilty  Robert and Betty were divorced in 1957  Robert went on to marry three or four more times  There was also another son, Scott Hartford-Davis, born in the late fifties 
Robert died on 12 June 1977 from a massive stroke 

Filmography
1956: I'm Not Bothered (TV series)
1960: Police Surgeon (TV series)
1962: Crosstrap
1963: That Kind of Girl
1963: The Yellow Teddy Bears
1964: The Black Torment
1964: Saturday Night Out
1965: Gonks Go Beat
1966: The Sandwich Man
1968: Corruption
1969: The Smashing Bird I Used to Know (a k a  School for Unclaimed Girls)
1971: Nobody Ordered Love
1971: Incense for the Damned
1972: The Fiend
1972: Black Gunn
1974: The Take
1977: Dog and Cat (TV series)

External links
Robert Hartford-Davis at IMDb
Robert Hartford-Davis at Hollywood com
Passage 2:
Logan Sandler
Logan Sandler is an American writer and director who is best known for his first feature film Live Cargo 

Early life and education
Sandler graduated from SFTV within Loyola Marymount University's Film School in 2011 with a B A  in Film Production, and three years later, while earning an M F A  from AFI in Film Directing, he developed his first feature film, Live Cargo  He developed the script with the late Seth Winston and co-writer Thymaya Payne  In 2015, Sandler was awarded the Institute's Franklin J  Schaffner Fellow Award for his short film, Tracks 

Career
Sandler's senior thesis, All It Will Ever Be premiered at the Bermuda International Film Festival in 2012  Sandler's second short film Tracks screened at various festival around the world, including AFI FEST, Marfa Film Fest, Cambridge Film Festival, and the Miami International Film Festival  The film won the Lexus Audience Award for Best Short film at the Miami International Film Festival and best actor for Keith Stanfield at the 24 FPS International Film Festival Sandler's debut feature film Live Cargo was filmed in the Bahamas, and premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2016  The film stars Dree Hemingway, Keith Stanfield, and Robert Wisdom  In addition to the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival, Live Cargo had its European premiere at the Warsaw International Film Festival, then went on to screen at the American Film Festival in Poland, the São Paulo International Film Festival, the Denver Film Festival, the Key West Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival, the Bahamas International Film Festival, and AFI FEST Sandler has collaborated with Stanfield on music videos, co-directing the group MOORS’ single Gas  The music video premiered on Vice’s music channel Noisey IONCINEMA com chose Sandler as their IONCINEPHILE of the Month for April 2017, a feature that focuses on an emerging filmmaker from the world of cinema  When asked about his favorite films of his formative years Sandler said, "I fell in love with Jean Luc Godard’s Contempt and Weekend  I was blown away by Agnes Varda’s Cleo from 5 to 7  Michelangelo Antonioni’s films really struck a chord with me as well  After seeing L’Avventura and Blowup, I went online and ordered every film of his I could find  The Passenger’s penultimate shot blew me away  I watched that 7 minute shot over and over  It’s probably my favorite shot in the history of cinema "

Critical reception
Angelica Jade Bastien for Roger Ebert wrote of the film, "In 'Live Cargo,' director/co-writer Logan Sandler strives to tell a story that finds poetry in the commonplace by shirking narrative conventions "Chuck Wilson for The Village Voice wrote, "The well-acted Live Cargo, which also features Robert Wisdom and Sam Dillon, is at its best when it observes character acting silently against landscape, as when Nadine goes snorkeling and uses a spear gun to jab at sharks, a juxtaposition of natural beauty and human fury typical of Sandler’s poetic approach ” Wilson as well called Sandler "a filmmaker to watch "Katie Walsh in her IndieWire review wrote, ”Anchored by a quartet of equally strong and understated performances, LIVE CARGO proves itself to be a singularly artful film of great emotional heft ”  Walsh gave the film an A - grade Stephen Saito for The Moveable Fest in his review and interview wrote, "While there’s intrigue aplenty as anxieties rise higher than the tide, the assured hand of director Logan Sandler, who co-wrote the script with Thymaya Payne, guides 'Live Cargo' admirably as a thriller that may appear immediately as monochrome but shifts quickly into varying degrees of grey ”H  Nelson Tracey of Cinemacy wrote that Sandler's, “Live Cargo is an unforgettable debut and a promise of greater heights to come ”Justin Lowe of the Hollywood Reporter in his review stated, “A pronounced sense of style and place suffuses the entire film, boding well for Sandler’s future projects ”

Awards/Nominations
Passage 3:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 4:
Scotty Fox
Scott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame 

Awards
1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)
1995 AVN Hall of Fame inductee
Passage 5:
Dan Milne
Dan Milne is a British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role in EastEnders 

Career
He started his career in 1996 and made an appearance in Murder Most Horrid and as a pub poet in In a Land of Plenty  He then appeared in EastEnders as David Collins, Jane Beale's dying husband 
As a member of the Young Vic, he collaborated with Tim Supple to originate  Grimm Tales, which toured internationally, culminating in a Broadway run at the New Victory Theater  Since that time he has collaborated on more than seven major new works, including Two Men Talking, which has run for the past six years in various cities across the world  In 2013, he replaced Ken Barrie as the voice of the Reverend Timms in the children's show, Postman Pat 
Passage 6:
Season of Strangers
Season of Strangers (sometimes referred as haiku film) is 1959 unfinished American 16 mm black and white Avant-garde-experimental short film directed by Maya Deren 

Production
The film began as a part of Deren's workshop which took place in Woodstock, New York, during July 6 to July 25 in 1959  Deren after claimed that the location was important for the structure of the film  Also the lyrical aspect of Japanese Haiku motivated the fim as well 
Passage 7:
Marshall Leib
Marshall Leib (January 26, 1939 – March 15, 2002) was an American singer and one of the original members of The Teddy Bears   Leib and his high school friend, producer Phil Spector, formed the trio  Leib performed background harmony vocals on the Teddy Bears hit "To Know Him Is to Love Him", which became the number one song in the United States in 1958  It had since been covered by numerous artists such as Dolly Parton and Amy Winehouse 

Biography
Leib was involved with the movie "Ode to Billie Joe" which featured the hit "Ode To Billie Joe" by Bobbie Gentry  He also worked with Herb Alpert, Jerry Moss, The We Five, Chris Montez and Ralph Williams/The Marauders during their early years at A&M Records In 1966, Leib was hired by Randy Wood to produce the album "Songs of Protest and Anti-Protest" by "Chris Lucey" (who was in actuality Bobby Jameson) for Surrey Records In 1967, Leib produced a twelve song L P  for a group called The Brownstones that featured top session drummer Sandy Konikoff along with vocalist Aaron Brownstone, guitarist Dick Douglas and bassist Tom Hankins  He was attempting to create a "supergroup", but the vocalist was killed in a motorcycle accident and Konikoff went on to play with Taj Mahal and others  Collectors are looking for a copy of this Leib-produced missing LP, but it is believed that ABC Records destroyed all copies Leib later became involved with the L A  Street Scene, a yearly festival held in the streets of downtown L A  that was the precursor to the modern super festival Leib collected Ferrari automobiles and belonged to a Ferrari club   He was also a classic (antique) automobile aficionado   In the 1990s, Leib produced an album of female vocal Christmas songs   Leib married, divorced, and later suffered a fatal heart attack   He is survived by two biological sons (Jason Leib and Lucas Leib) and one adopted son, Jason Lawrence 
Passage 8:
Maya Deren
Maya Deren (born Eleonora Derenkovskaya, Ukrainian: Елеоно́ра Деренко́вська; May 12 [O S  April 29] 1917 – October 13, 1961) was a Ukrainian-born (then part of the Russian Empire, now independent Ukraine) American experimental filmmaker and important part of the avant-garde in the 1940s and 1950s  Deren was also a choreographer, dancer, film theorist, poet, lecturer, writer, and photographer 
The function of film, Deren believed, was to create an experience  She combined her expertise in dance and choreography, ethnography, the African spirit religion of Haitian Vodou,  symbolist poetry and gestalt psychology (student of Kurt Koffka)  in a series of perceptual, black-and-white short films  Using editing, multiple exposures, jump-cutting, superimposition, slow-motion, and other camera techniques to her advantage, Deren abandoned established notions of physical space and time, innovating through carefully planned films with specific conceptual aims Meshes of the Afternoon (1943), her collaboration with her husband at the time Alexander Hammid, has been one of the most influential experimental films in American cinema history  Deren went on to make several more films, including but not limited to At Land (1944), A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945), and Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946), writing, producing, directing, editing, and photographing them with help from only one other person, Hella Heyman, her camerawoman 

Early life
Deren was born May 12 [O S  April 29] 1917 in Kyiv, Ukraine, Russian Empire, now independent Ukraine, into a Jewish family, to psychologist Solomon Derenkowsky and Gitel-Malka (Marie) Fiedler, who supposedly named her after Italian actress Eleonora Duse In 1922, the family fled the Ukrainian SSR because of antisemitic pogroms perpetrated by the White Volunteer Army and moved to Syracuse, New York  Her father shortened the family name from Derenkovskaya to "Deren" shortly after they arrived in New York  He became the staff psychiatrist at the State Institute for the Feeble-Minded in Syracuse  Deren's mother was a musician and dancer who had studied these arts in Kyiv  In 1928, Deren's parents became naturalized citizens of the United States Deren was highly intelligent, starting fifth grade at only eight years old  She attended the League of Nations International School of Geneva, Switzerland for high school from 1930 to 1933  Her mother moved to Paris, France to be nearer to her while she studied  Deren learned to speak French while she was abroad Deren enrolled at Syracuse University at sixteen, where she began studying journalism and political science  Deren became a highly active socialist activist during the Trotskyist movement in her late teens  She served as National Student Secretary in the National Student office of the Young People's Socialist League and was a member of the Social Problems Club at Syracuse University  
At age eighteen in June 1935, she married Gregory Bardacke, a socialist activist whom she met through the Social Problems Club  After his graduation in 1935, she moved to New York City  She finished school at New York University with a Bachelor's degree in literature in June 1936, and returned to Syracuse that fall  She and Bardacke became active in various socialist causes in New York City; and it was during this time that they separated and eventually divorced three years later In 1938, Deren attended the New School for Social Research, and received a master's degree in English literature at Smith College  Her Master's thesis was titled The Influence of the French Symbolist School on Anglo-American Poetry (1939)  This included works of Pound, Eliot, and the Imagists  By the age of 21, Deren had earned two degrees in literature 

Early career
After graduation from Smith, Deren returned to New York's Greenwich Village, where she joined the European émigré art scene  She supported herself from 1937 to 1939 by freelance writing for radio shows and foreign-language newspapers  During that time she also worked as an editorial assistant to famous American writers Eda Lou Walton, Max Eastman, and then William Seabrook  She wrote poetry and short fiction, tried her hand at writing a commercial novel, and also translated a work by Victor Serge which was never published  She became known for her European-style handmade clothes, wild red curly hair and fierce convictions In 1940, Deren moved to Los Angeles to focus on her poetry and freelance photography  In 1941, Deren wrote to Katherine Dunham—an African American dancer, choreographer, and anthropologist of Caribbean culture and dance—suggesting a children's book on dance and applying for a managerial job for her and her dance troupe; she later became Dunham's assistant and publicist  Deren travelled with the troupe for a year, learning greater appreciation for dance, as well as interest and appreciation for Haitian culture  Dunham's fieldwork influenced Deren's studies of Haitian culture and Vodou mythology  At the end of touring a new musical Cabin in the Sky, the Dunham dance company stopped in Los Angeles for several months to work in Hollywood  It was there that Deren met Alexandr Hackenschmied (who later changed his name to Alexander Hammid), a celebrated Czech-born photographer and cameraman who would become Deren's second husband in 1942  Hackenschmied had fled from Czechoslovakia in 1938 after the Sudetenland crisis  
Deren and Hammid lived together in Laurel Canyon, where he helped her with her still photography which focused on local fruit pickers in Los Angeles  Of two still photography magazine assignments of 1943 to depict artists active in New York City,  including Ossip Zadkine, her photographs appeared in the Vogue magazine article  The other article intended for Mademoiselle magazine was not published, but three signed enlargements of photographs intended for this article, all depicting Deren's friend New York ceramist Carol Janeway, are preserved in the MoMA and the Philadelphia Museum of Art  All prints were from Janeway's estate 

Personal life
In 1943, she moved to a bungalow on Kings Road in Hollywood and adopted the name Maya, a pet name her second husband Hammid coined  Maya is the name of the mother of the historical Buddha as well as the dharmic concept of the illusory nature of reality  In Greek myth, Maia is the mother of Hermes and a goddess of mountains and fields 
In 1944, back in New York City, her social circle included Marcel Duchamp, André Breton, John Cage, and Anaïs Nin In 1944, Deren filmed The Witch's Cradle in Peggy Guggenheim's Art of This Century gallery with Duchamp featured in the film 
In the December 1946 issue of Esquire magazine, a caption for her photograph teased that she "experiments with motion pictures of the subconscious, but here is finite evidence that the lady herself is infinitely photogenic " Her third husband, Teiji Itō, said: "Maya was always a Russian  In Haiti she was a Russian  She was always dressed up, talking, speaking many languages and being a Russian "

Film career
Deren defined cinema as an art, provided an intellectual context for film viewing, and filled a theoretical gap for the kinds of independent films that film societies were featuring As Sarah Keller states, “Maya Deren lays claim to the honor of being one of the most important pioneers of the American film avant-garde with a scant seventy-five or so minutes of finished films to her credit ”Deren began to screen and distribute her films in the United States, Canada, and Cuba, lecturing and writing on avant-garde film theory, and additionally on Vodou  In February 1946 she booked the Provincetown Playhouse in Greenwich Village for a major public exhibition, titled Three Abandoned Films, in which she showed Meshes of the Afternoon (1943), At Land (1944) and A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945)  The event was completely sold out, inspiring Amos Vogel's formation of Cinema 16, the most successful film society of the 1950s In 1946, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for "Creative Work in the Field of Motion Pictures", and in 1947, won the Grand Prix International for avant-garde film at the Cannes Film Festival for Meshes of the Afternoon  She then created a scholarship for experimental filmmakers, the Creative Film Foundation Between 1952 and 1955, Deren collaborated with the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School and Antony Tudor to create The Very Eye of Night 
Deren's background and interest in dance appears in her work, most notably in the short film A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945)  This combination of dance and film has often been referred to as "choreocinema", a term first coined by American dance critic John Martin In her work, she often focused on the unconscious experience, such as in Meshes of the Afternoon  This is thought to be inspired by her father who was a student of psychiatrist Vladimir Bekhterev who explored trance and hypnosis as neurological states  She also regularly explored themes of gender identity,  incorporating elements of introspection and mythology  Despite her feminist subtext, she was mostly unrecognized by feminist writers at the time, even influential writers Claire Johnston and Laura Mulvey ignored Deren at the time, though Mulvey later would give Deren this recognition, since their works were often in conversation with each other 

Major films
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)
In 1943, Deren purchased a used 16mm Bolex camera with some of the inheritance money after her father's death from a heart attack  This camera was used to make her first and best-known film, Meshes of the Afternoon (1943), made in collaboration with Hammid in their Los Angeles home on a budget of $250  Meshes of the Afternoon is recognized as a seminal American avant-garde film  It is the first example of a narrative work in avant-garde American film; critics have seen autobiographical elements in the film, as well as thoughts about woman as subject rather than as object  Originally a silent film with no dialogue, music for the film was composed, long after its initial screenings, by Deren's third husband Teiji Itō in 1952  The film can be described as an expressionistic "trance film", full of dramatic angles and innovative editing  It investigates the ephemeral ways in which the protagonist's unconscious mind works and makes connections between objects and situations  A woman, played by Maya Deren, walks up to a house in Los Angeles, falls asleep and seems to have a dream  The sequence of walking up to the gate on the partially shaded road restarts numerous times, resisting conventional narrative expectations, and ends in various situations inside the house  Movement from the wind, shadows and the music sustain the heartbeat of the dream  Recurring symbols include a cloaked figure, mirrors, a key, and a knife 
The loose repetition and rhythm cut short any expectation of a conventional narrative, heightening the dream-like qualities  The camera initially does not show her face, which precludes identification with a particular woman, which creates a universalizing, totalizing effect- as it is easier to relate to an unknown, faceless woman  Multiple selves appear, shifting between the first and third person, suggesting that the super-ego is at play, which is in line with the psychoanalytic Freudian staircase and flower motifs  This kind of Freudian interpretation, which she disagreed with, led Deren to add sound, composed by Teiji Itō, to the film  
Another interpretation is that each film is an example of a "personal film"  Her first film, Meshes of the Afternoon, explores a woman's subjectivity and relation to the external world  Georges Sadoul said Deren may have been "the most important figure in the post-war development of the personal, independent film in the U S A " In featuring the filmmaker as the woman whose subjectivity in the domestic space is explored, the feminist dictum "the personal is political" is foregrounded  As with her other films on self-representation, Deren navigates conflicting tendencies of the self and the "other", through doubling, multiplication and merging of the woman in the film  Following a dreamlike quest with allegorical complexity, Meshes of the Afternoon has an enigmatic structure and a loose affinity with both film noir and domestic melodrama  The film is famous for how it resonated with Deren's own life and anxieties  According to a review in The Moving Image, "this film emerges from a set of concerns and passionate commitments that are native to Deren's life and her trajectory  The first of these trajectories is Deren's interest in socialism during her youth and university years" 

Director's notes
There is no concrete information about the conception of Meshes of the Afternoon beyond that Deren offered the poetic ideas and Hammid was able to turn them into visuals, as she envisioned them  Deren's initial concept began on the terms of a subjective camera, one that would show the point of view of herself without the aid of mirrors and would move as her eyes through spaces  According to the earliest program note, she describes Meshes of the Afternoon as follows:

This film is concerned with the interior experiences of an individual  It does not record an event which could be witnessed by other persons  Rather, it reproduces the way in which the subconscious of an individual will develop, interpret, and elaborate an apparently simple and casual incident into a critical emotional experience 

At Land (1944)
Deren filmed At Land in Port Jefferson and Amagansett, New York in the summer of 1944  Taking on more of an environmental psychologist's perspective, Deren "externalizes the hidden dynamic of the external world   as if I had moved from a concern with the life of the fish, to a concern with the sea which accounts for the character of the fish and its life " Maya Deren washes up on the shore of the beach, and climbs up a piece of driftwood that leads to a room lit by chandeliers, and one long table filled with men and women smoking  She seems to be invisible to the people as she crawls across the table, uninhibited; her body continues seamlessly again onto a new frame, crawling through foliage; following the flowing pattern of water on rocks; following a man across a farm, to a sick man in bed, through a series of doors, and finally popping up outside on a cliff  She shrinks in the wide frame as she walks farther away from the camera, up and down sand dunes, then frantically collecting rocks back on the shore  Her expression seems confused when she sees two women playing chess in the sand  She runs back through the entire sequence, and because of the jump-cuts, it seems as though she is a double or "doppelganger", where her earlier self sees her other self running through the scene  Some of her movements are controlled, suggesting a theatrical, dancer-like quality, while some have an almost animalistic sensibility as she crawls through the seemingly foreign environments  This is one of Deren's films in which the focus is on the character's exploration of her own subjectivity in her physical environment, inside as well as outside her subconscious, although it has a similar amorphous quality compared to her other films 

A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945)
In the spring of 1945 she made A Study in Choreography for Camera, which Deren said was "an effort to isolate and celebrate the principle of the power of movement " The compositions and varying speeds of movement within the frame inform and interact with Deren's meticulous edits and varying film speeds and motions to create a dance that Deren said could only exist on film  Excited by the way the dynamic of movement is greater than anything else within the film, Maya established a completely new sense of the word "geography" as the movement of the dancer transcends and manipulates the ideas of both time and space  "For Deren, no transition is needed between a place outside (such as a forest, or a park, or the beach) and an interior room  One action can be performed across different physical spaces, as in A Study in Choreography For Camera (1945), and in this way sews together layers of reality, thereby suggesting continuity between different levels of consciousness "At just under 3 minutes long, A Study in Choreography for Camera is a fragment depicting a carefully constructed exploration of a man who dances in a forest, and then seems to teleport to the inside of a house because of how continuous his movements are from one place to the next  The edit is broken, choppy, showing different angles and compositions, and even with parts in slow-motion, Deren is able to keep the quality of the leap smooth and seemingly uninterrupted  The choreography is perfectly synched as he seamlessly appears in an outdoor courtyard and then returns to an open, natural space  It shows a progression from nature to the confines of society, and back to nature  The figure belongs to dancer and choreographer Talley Beatty, whose last movement is a leap across the screen back to the natural world  Deren and Beatty met through Katherine Dunham, while Deren was her assistant and Beatty was a dancer in her company  It is worth noting that Beatty collaborated heavily with Deren in the creation of this film, hence why he is credited alongside Deren in the film's credit sequence  The film is also subtitled 'Pas de Deux', a dance term referring to a dance between two people, or in this case, a collaboration between Deren and Beatty A Study in Choreography for Camera was one of the first experimental dance films to be featured in the New York Times as well as Dance Magazine 

Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946)
By her fourth film, Deren discussed in An Anagram that she felt special attention should be given to unique possibilities of time and that the form should be ritualistic as a whole  Ritual in Transfigured Time began in August and was completed in 1946  It explored the fear of rejection and the freedom of expression in abandoning ritual, looking at the details as well as the bigger ideas of the nature and process of change  The main roles were played by Deren herself and the dancers Rita Christiani and Frank Westbrook 

Meditation on Violence (1948)
Deren's Meditation on Violence was made in 1948  Chao-Li Chi's performance obscures the distinction between violence and beauty  It was an attempt to "abstract the principle of ongoing metamorphosis", found in Ritual in Transfigured Time, though Deren felt it was not as successful in the clarity of that idea, brought down by its philosophical weight  Halfway through the film, the sequence is rewound, producing a film loop 

Criticism of Hollywood
Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Deren attacked Hollywood for its artistic, political and economic monopoly over American cinema  She stated, "I make my pictures for what Hollywood spends on lipstick," criticizing the amount of money spent on production  She also observed that Hollywood "has been a major obstacle to the definition and development of motion pictures as a creative fine-art form " She set herself in opposition to the Hollywood film industry's standards and practices 
Deren talks about the freedoms of independent cinema:

Artistic freedom means that the amateur filmmaker is never forced to sacrifice visual drama and beauty to a stream of words   to the relentless activity and explanations of a plot   nor is the amateur production expected to return profit on a huge investment by holding the attention of a massive and motley audience for 90 minutes   Instead of trying to invent a plot that moves, use the movement of wind, or water, children, people, elevators, balls, etc  as a poem might celebrate these  And use your freedom to experiment with visual ideas; your mistakes will not get you fired 

Haiti and Voudoun
When Maya Deren decided to make an ethnographic film in Haiti, she was criticized for abandoning avant-garde film where she had made her name, but she was ready to expand to a new level as an artist  She had studied ethnographic footage by Gregory Bateson in Bali in 1947, and was interested in including it in her next film  In September, she divorced Hammid and left for a nine-month stay in Haiti  The Guggenheim Fellowship grant in 1946 enabled Deren to finance her travel and film footage for what would posthumously become  Meditation on Violence  She went on three additional trips through 1954 to document and record the rituals of Haitian Vodou 
A source of inspiration for ritual dance was Katherine Dunham who wrote her master's thesis on Haitian dances in 1939, which Deren edited  While working as Dunham's assistant, Deren was given access to Dunham's archive which included 16mm documents on the dances in Trinidad and Haiti  Exposure to these documents led her to write her 1942 essay titled, "Religious Possession in Dancing " Afterwards, Deren wrote several articles on religious possession in dancing before her first trip to Haiti  Deren filmed, recorded and photographed many hours of Vodou ritual, but she also participated in the ceremonies  She documented her knowledge and experience of Vodou in Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti (New York: Vanguard Press, 1953), edited by Joseph Campbell, which is considered a definitive source on the subject  She described her attraction to Vodou possession ceremonies, transformation, dance, play, games and especially ritual came from her strong feeling on the need to decenter our thoughts of self, ego and personality  In her book An Anagram of Ideas on Art, Form, and Film she wrote:

The ritualistic form treats the human being not as the source of the dramatic action, but as a somewhat depersonalized element in a dramatic whole  The intent of such depersonalization is not the destruction of the individual; on the contrary, it enlarges him beyond the personal dimension and frees him from the specializations and confines of personality  He becomes part of a dynamic whole which, like all such creative relationships, in turn, endow its parts with a measure of its larger meaning 
Deren filmed 18,000 feet of Vodou rituals and people she met in Haiti on her Bolex camera  The footage was incorporated into a posthumous documentary film Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti, edited and produced in 1977 (with funding from Deren's friend James Merrill) by her ex-husband, Teiji Itō (1935–1982), and his wife Cherel Winett Itō (1947–1999)  All of the original wire recordings, photographs and notes are held in the Maya Deren Collection at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University  The film footage is housed at Anthology Film Archives in New York City 
An LP of some of Deren's wire recordings was published by the newly formed Elektra Records in 1953 entitled Voices of Haiti  The cover art for the album was by Teiji Itō Anthropologists Melville Herkovitz and Harold Courlander acknowledged the importance of Divine Horsemen, and in contemporary studies it is often cited as an authoritative voice, where Deren's methodology has been especially praised because "Vodou has resisted all orthodoxies, never mistaking surface representations for inner realities "In her book of the same name Deren uses the spelling Voudoun, explaining: "Voudoun terminology, titles and ceremonies still make use of the original African words and in this book they have been spelled out according to usual English phonetics and so as to render, as closely as possible, the Haitian pronunciation  Most of the songs, sayings and even some of the religious terms, however, are in Creole, which is primarily French in derivation (although it also contains African, Spanish and Indian words)  Where the Creole word retains its French meaning, it has been written out so as to indicate both the original French word and the distinctive Creole pronunciation " In her Glossary of Creole Words, Deren includes 'Voudoun' while the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary draws attention to the similar French word, Vaudoux 

Death
Deren died in 1961, at the age of 44, from a brain hemorrhage brought on by extreme malnutrition  Her condition may have also been weakened by her long-term dependence on amphetamines and sleeping pills prescribed by Max Jacobson, a doctor and member of the arts scene, notorious for his liberal prescription of drugs, who later became famous as one of President John F  Kennedy's physicians 
Her ashes were scattered in Japan at Mount Fuji 

Legacy
Deren was a muse and inspiration to such up-and-coming avant-garde filmmakers as Curtis Harrington, Stan Brakhage, and Kenneth Anger, who emulated her independent, entrepreneurial spirit  Her influence can also be seen in films by Carolee Schneemann, Barbara Hammer, and Su Friedrich  In his review for renowned experimental filmmaker David Lynch's Inland Empire, writer Jim Emerson compares the work to Meshes of the Afternoon, apparently a favorite of Lynch's Deren was a key figure in the creation of a New American Cinema, highlighting personal, experimental, underground film  In 1986, the American Film Institute created the Maya Deren Award to honor independent filmmakers 
The Legend of Maya Deren, Vol  1 Part 2 consists of hundreds of documents, interviews, oral histories, letters, and autobiographical memoirs Works about Deren and her works have been produced in various media:

Deren appears as a character in the long narrative poem The Changing Light at Sandover (1976-1980) by her friend James Merrill 
In 1987, Jo Ann Kaplan directed a biographical documentary about Deren, titled Invocation: Maya Deren (65 min)
In 1994, the UK-based Horse and Bamboo Theatre created and toured Dance of White Darkness throughout Europe—the story of Deren's visits to Haiti 
In 2002, Martina Kudlacek directed a feature-length documentary about Deren, titled In the Mirror of Maya Deren (Im Spiegel der Maya Deren), which featured music by John Zorn Deren's films have also been shown with newly written alternative soundtracks:

In 2004, the British rock group Subterraneans produced new soundtracks for six of Deren's short films as part of a commission from Queen's University Belfast's annual film festival  At Land won the festival prize for sound design 
In 2008, the Portuguese rock group Mão Morta produced new soundtracks for four of Deren's short films as part of a commission from Curtas Vila do Conde's annual film festival 

Awards and honors
Guggenheim Fellowship 1946
Grand Prix Internationale for Amateur Film
Creative Work in Motion Pictures (1947)
Cannes Film Festival (1947)

Filmography
Discography
Vinyl LPs
Written works
Deren was also an important film theorist  

Her most widely read essay on film theory is probably An Anagram of Ideas on Art, Form and Film, Deren's seminal treatise that laid the groundwork for many of her ideas on film as an art form (Yonkers, NY: Alicat Book Shop Press, 1946) 
Her collected essays were published in 2005 and arranged in three sections:Film Poetics, including: Amateur versus Professional, Cinema as an Art Form, An Anagram of Ideas on Art, Form and Film, Cinematography: The Creative Use of Reality
Film Production, including: Creating Movies with a New Dimension: Time, Creative Cutting, Planning by Eye, Adventures in Creative Film-Making
Film in Medias Res, including: A Letter, Magic is New, New Directions in Film Art, Choreography for the Camera, Ritual in Transfigured Time, Meditation on Violence, The Very Eye of Night Divine Horsemen: Living Gods of Haiti was published in 1953 by Vanguard Press (New York City) and Thames & Hudson (London), republished under the title of The Voodoo Gods by Paladin in 1975, and again under its original title by McPherson & Company in 1998 

See also
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1946
Women's cinema
Passage 9:
The Yellow Teddy Bears
The Yellow Teddy Bears (US: Gutter Girls and The Thrill Seekers) is a 1963 British drama film directed by Robert Hartford-Davis and starring Jacqueline Ellis, Iain Gregory, Raymond Huntley and Georgina Patterson 

Premise
The pupils at a girls' school deal with adult issues such as teen pregnancy 

Cast
Jacqueline Ellis - Anne Mason
Iain Gregory - Kinky
Georgina Patterson - Pat
John Bonney - Paul
Annette Whiteley - Linda
Douglas Sheldon - Mike Griffin
Victor Brooks - George Donaghue
Anne Kettle - Sally
Lesley Dudley as Joan
Jill Adams - June Wilson
John Glyn-Jones - Benny Wintle
Raymond Huntley - Harry Halburton
Harriette Johns - Lady Gregg
Noel Dyson - Muriel Donaghue
Richard Bebb - Frank Lang
Ann Castle - Eileen Lang
Micheline Patton - Mrs  Broome
Irene Richardson - extra
Passage 10:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)



ground_truth: Lee Byung-chul

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who is older than the other, Season Of Strangers or The Yellow Teddy Bears? 

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Davidson as Senator Knobs
Lillian Yarbo as Mandy
Helen Lynd as Bettina Sempler
David Clyde as Bartender
Passage 10:
William A  Wellman
William Augustus Wellman  (February 29, 1896 – December 9, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and military pilot  He was known for his work in crime, adventure, and action genre films, often focusing on aviation themes, a particular passion  He also directed several well-regarded satirical comedies  His 1927 film, Wings, was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony Beginning his film career as an actor, he went on to direct over 80 films, at times co-credited as producer and consultant, from the silent era through the Golden Age of Hollywood  He was nominated for four Academy Awards: three Best Director Oscars for the original A Star Is Born (1937), Battleground (1949), and The High and the Mighty (1954) and one in Best Original Story for A Star is Born, which he won  In 1973, he received the Directors Guild of America's Lifetime Achievement Award  He was previously a decorated combat pilot during World War I, serving in the Lafayette Flying Corps of the French Air Force, and earning a Croix de Guerre with two palms for valorous action 

Early life
Wellman was born in Brookline, Massachusetts  His father, Arthur Gouverneur Wellman, was a Boston Brahmin  William was a five times great-grandson of Puritan Thomas Wellman, who emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony circa 1640   He was also a great-great-great-grandson of Welsh-born Francis Lewis of New York, one of the signatories to the Declaration of Independence  Wellman's mother, Cecilia McCarthy, was an Irish immigrant   
During his teenage years, Wellman often found himself in trouble with authorities  He was expelled from Newton High School in Newtonville, Massachusetts for dropping a stink bomb on the principal's head  He was also arrested and placed on probation for car theft  His mother, who actually worked as a probation officer, was asked to address Congress on the subject of juvenile delinquency  Later, young William worked as a salesman, as a general laborer in a lumber yard, and as a player on a minor-league hockey team 

World War I
In World War I, Wellman enlisted in the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps to serve as a driver in Europe  While in Paris, Wellman joined the French Foreign Legion and was assigned on December 3, 1917 as a fighter pilot, becoming the first American to join Escadrille N 87 in the Lafayette Flying Corps (not the sub-unit Lafayette Escadrille as usually stated), where he earned himself the nickname "Wild Bill", and was awarded the Croix de Guerre with two palms  N 87, les Chats Noir (Black Cat Group) was stationed at Lunéville in the Alsace-Lorraine sector and was equipped with Nieuport 17 and later Nieuport 24 "pursuit" aircraft  Wellman's combat experience culminated in three recorded "kills", along with five probables, although he was ultimately shot down by German anti-aircraft fire on March 21, 1918  Wellman survived the crash but he walked with a pronounced limp for the rest of his life Wellman's air-combat credits include the following in 1918:
January 19: a German "Rumpler" shot down in front of American lines in Lorraine by Wellman and Thomas Hitchcock 
January 20: a German "Rumpler" shot down near German airfield at Mamy, France; pilot killed/gunner escaped
March 8: forced two observers to jump from an observation balloon (attack unsuccessful; balloon taken down)
March 9: fired on a German "Rumpler" over Parroy; plane escaped, but rear gunner killed 
March 9: shot down a German "Rumpler"; killed rear gunner; pilot killed by airman Ruamps 
March 9: shot down a German "Albatros"; pilot killed; plane fell into American lines
March 17: shot down at least two +one[?] German patrol planes; not confirmed as fight took place over German lines 
March 18: shot down a German "Rumpler;" not confirmed as fight took place over German lines Maréchal des logis (Sergeant) Wellman received a medical discharge from the Foreign Legion and returned to the United States a few weeks later  He spoke at War Savings Stamp rallies in his French uniform  In September 1918 his book about French flight school and his eventful four months at the front, Go Get 'Em! (written by Wellman with the help of Eliot Harlow Robinson), was published  He joined the United States Army Air Service, but was too late to fly for America in the war  Stationed at Rockwell Field in San Diego, he taught combat tactics to new pilots 

Film career
While in San Diego, Wellman flew to Hollywood for the weekends in his Spad fighter, using Douglas Fairbanks' polo field in Bel Air as a landing strip  Fairbanks was fascinated with the true-life adventures of "Wild Bill" and promised to recommend him for a job in the movie business; he was responsible for Wellman being cast in the juvenile lead of The Knickerbocker Buckaroo (1919)  Wellman was hired for the role of a young officer in Evangeline (1919), but he was fired for slapping Miriam Cooper, the film's star and also the wife of the production’s director, Raoul Walsh 

Wellman hated being an actor, thinking it an "unmanly" profession, and was miserable watching himself on screen while learning the craft  He soon switched to working behind the camera, aiming to be a director, and progressed up the line as "a messenger boy, as an assistant cutter, an assistant property man, a property man, an assistant director, second unit director and eventually   director " His first assignment as an assistant director for Bernie Durning provided him with a work ethic that he adopted for future film work  One strict rule that Durning enforced was no fraternization with screen femme fatales, which almost immediately Wellman broke, leading to a confrontation and a thrashing from the director  Despite his transgression, both men became lifelong friends, and Wellman steadily progressed to more difficult first unit assignments Wellman made his uncredited directorial debut in 1920 at Fox with The Twins of Suffering Creek  The first films he was credited with directing were The Man Who Won and Second Hand Love, released on the same day in 1923  After directing a dozen low-budget 'horse opera' films, Wellman was hired by Paramount in 1927 to direct Wings, a major war drama dealing with fighter pilots during World War I that was highlighted by air combat and flight sequences  The film culminates with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel  In the 1st Academy Awards it was one of two films to win Best Picture (the other was Sunrise), although, due to tensions within the studio regarding time and budget overages, Wellman wasn't invited to the event Wellman's other films include The Public Enemy (1931), the first version of A Star Is Born (1937), Nothing Sacred (1937), Beau Geste (1939) starring Gary Cooper, Thunder Birds (1942), The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Lady of Burlesque (1943), The Story of G I  Joe (1945), The Iron Curtain (1948), Battleground (1949) and two films starring and co-produced by John Wayne, Island in the Sky (1953) and The High and the Mighty (1954) While he was primarily a director, Wellman also produced 10 films, one of them uncredited, all of which he also directed  His last film was Lafayette Escadrille (1958), which he produced, directed, wrote the story for and narrated  He wrote the screenplay for two other films that he directed, and one film that he did not direct: 1936's The Last Gangster  Wellman wrote the story for A Star Is Born and (with Robert Carson) received the Academy Award for Best Story  Wellman is credited for the story in the remakes released in 1954, 1976, and 2018  Wellman's work was influenced by his good friend and fellow film director Howard Hawks, with whom he rode motorcycles together in a group called the Moraga Spit and Polish Club  Wellman reportedly worked fast, usually satisfied with a shot after one or two takes  Despite his reputation for not coddling his leading men and women, he coaxed Oscar-nominated performances from seven actors: Fredric March and Janet Gaynor (A Star Is Born), Brian Donlevy (Beau Geste), Robert Mitchum (The Story of G I  Joe), James Whitmore (Battleground), and Jan Sterling and Claire Trevor (The High and Mighty)  Regarding actors, Wellman in a 1952 interview stated, "Movie stardom isn't about acting ability, it's personality and temperament"  He then added, "I once directed Clara Bow  She was mad and crazy but what a personality!"

Innovations
Wings led to several firsts in filmmaking including newly invented camera mounts that could be secured to plane fuselages and motor-driven cameras to shoot actors while flying as the cameramen ducked out of frame in their cockpits  Star Richard Arlen had some flying experience but co-star Buddy Rogers had to learn to fly for the film, as stunt pilots could not be used during close-up shots  Towers up to 100 feet were used to shoot low-flying planes and battle action on the ground During the filming of Beggars of Life, a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio  Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots  During the filming of Chinatown Nights (1929), he sat under the camera on a dolly with the mic between his legs, essentially inventing a shotgun mic 

Awards
Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of A Star Is Born  He was nominated as best director three times: for A Star Is Born, Battleground and The High and Mighty, for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director  In 1973, the DGA honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award  Copies of both Wings and The Story of G I  Joe are preserved in the Academy Film Archive  Wellman also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 

Personal life and death
Wellman revealed near the end of his life that he had married a French woman named Renee during his time in The Lafayette Flying Corps  She was killed in a bombing raid during the war  Later, between 1918 and 1934, he married four additional times in the United States:

Helene Chadwick: married (1918-1923) separated after a month; later divorced
Margery Chapin (daughter of Frederic Chapin): married (1925-1926); together for a short time; adopted Robert Emmett Tansey's daughter, Gloria 
Marjorie Crawford: married (1930-1933) divorced
Dorothy "Dottie" Coonan: married (March 20, 1934 – 1975); until his death; they had seven children - four daughters, three sons Dorothy starred in Wellman's 1933 film Wild Boys of The Road and had seven children with him, including actors Michael Wellman, William Wellman Jr , Maggie Wellman, and Cissy Wellman  His daughter Kathleen "Kitty" Wellman married actor James Franciscus, although they later divorced  His first daughter is Patty Wellman, and he had a third son, Tim Wellman 
William Wellman died of leukemia in 1975 at his Brentwood home in Los Angeles  He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea  His widow Dorothy, at age 95, died on September 16, 2009 in Brentwood, California 

Career assessments
Decades after Wellman's death, William Jr  wrote two biographies about his father, The Man and His Wings: William A  Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture (2006) and Wild Bill Wellman—Hollywood Rebel (2015)  Fellow filmmakers have also examined Wellman's career  Richard Schickel in 1973 devoted an episode of his PBS series The Men Who Made the Movies to Wellman, and in 1996, Todd Robinson made the feature-length documentary Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick 

Selected filmography
See also
List of ambulance drivers during World War I



ground_truth: Season Of Strangers