prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the cause of death of Heonjong Of Goryeo's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Tasha Smith
Tasha Smith (born February 28, 1971) is an American actress, director and producer  She began her career in a starring role on the NBC comedy series Boston Common (1996–97), and she later appeared in numerous movies and television series 
Smith has appeared in the films The Whole Ten Yards (2004), Daddy's Little Girls (2007), The Longshots (2008), Couples Retreat (2009), and Jumping the Broom (2011)  She starred as Angela Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? (2007), its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and on the television series based on the movies, For Better or Worse (2011–2017)  In 2015, she began a recurring role as Carol Holloway on the Fox musical drama series Empire  Later in the same year, Smith made her directorial debut 

Early life and education
Tasha Smith was born on February 28, 1971, in Camden, New Jersey, and was raised by a single mother  She has an identical twin sister Sidra Smith, who currently lives in Harlem  Smith dropped out of Camden High School in her freshman year, and at age 19 moved to California 

Career
Smith made her acting debut with a small role in the comedy film Twin Sitters (1994)  From 1996 to 1997, she starred in the NBC comedy series, Boston Common  Later in 1997, she was cast alongside Tom Arnold in another short-lived comedy series, The Tom Show on The WB  In 2000, she had supporting role in the HBO miniseries, The Corner in which she played a drug addict  In the 2000s, Smith had guest starring roles on The Parkers, Without a Trace, Nip/Tuck, and Girlfriends  She has made number of supporting roles in movies such as Playas Ball (2003), The Whole Ten Yards (2004), and ATL (2006) 
Smith has played roles in multiple Tyler Perry projects  In 2007, she appeared as the main antagonist in the romantic comedy-drama film, Daddy's Little Girls  She played the role of Angela Williams in the Why Did I Get Married? (2007), and its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  The role she later played in the comedy series based on films, Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse 
Smith co-starred alongside Ice Cube and Keke Palmer in the family comedy-drama film, The Longshots (2008)  She had supporting role in the romantic comedy film Couples Retreat (2009), and co-starred alongside Salli Richardson, Nicole Ari Parker and Michael B  Jordan in Pastor Brown (2010)  In 2011, she appeared in the comedy-drama film Jumping the Broom alongside Angela Bassett and Paula Patton, and in 2014, she played a psychotherapist in the erotic thriller, Addicted  In 2014, she also was cast in a recurring role in the Fox drama series Empire as Carol Hardaway, Cookie Lyon's younger sister In 2015, Smith made her directorial debut with the short film Boxed in, which premiered during the 19th Annual American Black Film Festival  In 2017, Smith directed the television film When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story, starring Lil Mama and Lance Gross, based on a true story  It premiered to 1 6 million viewers, ranking as TV One's #1 original movie premiere of all time among all key demos  In October 2017, she also directed an episode in the BET drama anthology series Tales  Smith worked as Mary J  Blige's acting coach for her role in Mudbound In 2019, Smith appeared in the comedy-drama film Dolemite Is My Name, and starred opposite Lisa Kudrow and Whitney Cummings in the Amazon comedy pilot Good People  Also that year, she directed episodes of Star, 9-1-1 and Black Lightning  In 2020, Smith directed the episode "Legacy" on the Starz TV series P-Valley  In 2021, Smith directed the Starz drama series Black Mafia Family In 2022, it was announced that Smith will be starring in the Lee Daniels' horror/thriller The Deliverance with Mo'Nique, Andra Day, Omar Epps, and Miss Lawrence 

Personal life
In December 2010, Smith married her boyfriend of one-year Keith Douglas, who was also her manager  In November 2014, Smith appeared in court to request a restraining order against Douglas  In documents filed prior to the court appearance, she accused him of having affairs with other women  Smith's friend Tisha Campbell-Martin acted as a character witness  The final divorce decree was issued in March 2015  However, Smith contested the divorce by alleging that Douglas concealed information from her that she should have known before the marriage  Smith alleged that Douglas was not "man of the cloth" that he presented himself to be during their courtship  She also said that, if she had known about Douglas' background, she would not have married him  The allegations about Douglas' background included five marriages before he married Smith, multiple children that he did not claim and disclose to Smith, and non-payment of income taxes for nearly a decade  The judge in the case granted Smith an annulment of the marriage in December 2015 on the basis of fraud committed by Douglas In an interview with D L  Hughley in 2014, Tasha Smith shared that during most of her teenage years and young adulthood she was an atheist, despite her family being devout religious Christians, because of the "hardships, tragedies, and misfortune she saw her family endure throughout her childhood " However, she said after learning that one of her family members had gotten very sick and was not able to visit them at the hospital, she decided to turn to prayer "and ask God to show himself to her and help her unbelief " After doing so, she says that she became a devout, practicing Christian and uses her Christian faith as one of her motivators for her career and philanthropy Smith is the creator of TSAW - an actor's workshop that empowers and inspires performers at various stages in their careers with focus on the Black community 

Filmography
Film
Television
Directing
Passage 2:
Ilir Hoxha
Ilir Hoxha (born 31 March 1949) is an Albanian politician  He is one of the sons of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha  Ilir was imprisoned in 1995, but was released in 1996  Ilir has been called in to testify several times in an attempt to disclose secrets from the previous communist era  Ilir wrote a memoir in 1995 called "My Father, Enver Hoxha"  The article recounts Ilir's memories of his father's death, the impact it had on the family, his mother's struggles, and also the investigation and prosecution that was conducted on him after his father's death 
During the 2005 election campaign in Albania, Ilir campaigned for candidates of the Party of Labour of Albania 
Passage 3:
Richard T  Jones
Richard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor  He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s  His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017)  Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) 

Early life
Jones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California  He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka  He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr , who works as a high school basketball coach  They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season  His parents later divorced  Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University 

Career
Since the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams  That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr  in What's Love Got to Do with It  From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017) His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion 

Personal life
Joshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E  Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 4:
Heonjong of Goryeo
Heonjong of Goryeo (1 August 1084 – 6 November 1097) (r  1094–1095) was the fourteenth monarch of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea  He was the eldest son of king Seonjong  According to the Goryeosa, he was a bright child and excelled in writing by the age of 9 
In the year of his accession, Heonjong was faced by the rebellion of Yi Ja-ui, which was quickly put down  In the following year, he fell ill and gave up the throne to king Sukjong, his uncle 

See also
List of Korean monarchs
Goryeo
History of Korea
Passage 5:
Seonjong of Goryeo
Seonjong of Goryeo (9 October 1049 – 17 June 1094) (r  1083–1094) was the 13th king of Goryeo  He was the second son of Empress Inye and born in September, 1049  He was sealed as marquis of Gukwon (國原侯) in March, 1056  Harmony of Confucism and Buddhism made his political statue very stable  Also he propelled broad-range trade among Song, Jurchens, Liao dynasty of Khitans, and Japan 
During his period, Buddhism in Korea grew a lot  His brother Uicheon brought 1,000 scriptures from Song and bought 4,000 scriptures from Liao, Song, and Japan  Furthermore, Seonjong founded many pagodas for Buddhist temples and presented clothing for soldiers guarding the borders  Even when bedridden due to an illness in 1092, he calmly accepted his nearing death on lieu of Buddhist virtues 

Family
Father: Munjong of Goryeo (고려 문종)
Grandfather: Hyeonjong of Goryeo (고려 현종)
Grandmother: Queen Wonhye (원혜왕후)
Mother: Queen Inye (인예왕후)
Grandfather: Yi Ja-yeon (이자연)
Grandmother: Lady, of the Gyeongju Gim clan (부인 경주 김씨)
Consorts and their Respective issue(s):Worthy Consort Jeongsin of the Incheon Yi clan (정신현비 이씨); maternal second cousin 
Princess Yeonhwa (연화공주)
Queen Sasuk of the Incheon Yi clan (사숙왕후 이씨; d  1107); maternal first cousin 
Crown Prince Wang Uk (태자 왕욱)
Princess Suan (수안택주; 1088–1128)
Princess Wang (공주 왕씨)
Princess Wonsin of the Incheon Yi clan (원신궁주 이씨); maternal first cousin 
Wang Yun, Marquess Hansan (왕윤 한산후)
Unknown
Prince Wang (왕자 왕씨)
Prince Wang (왕자 왕씨)

See also
List of Korean monarchs
List of Goryeo people
Goryeo
Passage 6:
Charibert I
Charibert I (French: Caribert; Latin: Charibertus; c  517 – December 567) was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and his first wife Ingund  His elder brother Gunthar died sometime before their father's death  He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father's death in 561, receiving the old kingdom of Childebert I, with its capital at Paris 

Personal life
Charibert married Ingoberga and they had four children: 

Blithide of Cologne (538-603), possibly married to Ansbertus, Gallo-Roman senator
Chrodobertus (d  595)
Clithorice (541-569)
Bertha, who married Æthelberht of Kent

Charibert also had several concubines  By Merofleda, a wool carder's daughter, and her sister Marcovefa, he had daughters: Berteflede (a nun in Tours) and Clothilde (a nun in St  Croix, Poitiers)  By Theodogilda (or Theudechild), a cowherd's daughter; Charibert had a son who died in infancy 
Charibert married his daughter Bertha to Æthelberht, the pagan King of Kent  She took  Bishop Liudhard with her as her private confessor  Her influence in the Kentish court was instrumental in the success of St  Augustine of Canterbury's mission in 597, effecting the conversion to Christianity of the first Anglo-Saxon ruler 

Military campaigns and enthronement
In 556, Chlothar sent his sons Charibert and Guntram (his youngest) against their stepmother, "Chunna," and younger stepbrother, "Chramn," who were in revolt  During ongoing negotiations, Chramn was hiding out on Black Mountain in the Limousin  When the negotiations failed, the two armies prepared for battle  However, a thunderstorm prevented any engagement, and Chramn (who was hiding out in Black Mountain) sent forged letters to his brothers (Charibert and Guntram) in which he falsely reported the death of their father (Chlothar)  Charibert and Guntram immediately returned to Burgundy to secure their positions 

After the actual death of Chlothar in 561, the Frankish kingdom was divided between his sons in a new configuration (map, left)  Each son ruled a distinct realm which was not necessarily geographically coherent but could contain two unconnected regions  Their kingdoms were named after the city from which they ruled  Charibert received Neustria (the region between the Somme and the Loire), Aquitaine, and Novempopulana with Paris as his capital  His other chief cities were Rouen, Tours, Poitiers, Limoges, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Cahors, and Albi  Guntram received Burgundy  Sigebert received Austrasia (including Rheims) with his capital at Metz, and the youngest brother Chilperic received a compact kingdom with Soissons as its capital 

Death and legacy
Though Charibert was eloquent and learned in the law, Gregory of Tours found him one of the most dissolute of the early Merovingians  He maintained four concurrent wives, two of them sisters, and this resulted in his excommunication by Germanus  This was the first ever excommunication of a Merovingian king   As a result, he was buried in disgrace at Blavia castellum, a stronghold in the Tractatus Armoricani  At his death, his brothers divided his realm between them, agreeing at first to hold Paris in common  His surviving queen (out of four), Theudechild, proposed a marriage with Guntram, though a council held at Paris in 557 had outlawed such matches as incestuous  Guntram decided to house her more safely, though unwillingly, in a nunnery at Arles 
The main source for Charibert's life is Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks (Book IV, 3,16,22,26 and IX, 26), and from the English perspective Bede's Ecclesiastic History of the English People 
Passage 7:
Michael Jai White
Michael Jai White (born November 10, 1964) is an American actor, director and martial artist  He was the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture, starring as Al Simmons, the protagonist in the 1997 film Spawn  White appeared as Marcus Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? and Why Did I Get Married Too?, and starred as the character on the TBS/OWN comedy-drama television series Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse  White portrayed Jax Briggs in Mortal Kombat: Legacy and the Cyborg Seth in Universal Soldier: The Return  He portrayed boxer Mike Tyson in the 1995 HBO television film Tyson  He also played the title role in the blaxploitation parody film Black Dynamite, as well as the animated series of the same name 

Early life
White is a martial artist in nine different styles: Shōtōkan, Goju-Ryu (for which he studied under Master Eddie Morales where he learned to sharpen his Goju karate technique), Taekwondo, Kobudō, Tang Soo Do, Wushu, Jujutsu, Kyokushin and Boxing, with a specific focus in Kyokushin Karate (although his style incorporates aspects of many different martial arts forms)  White started training in the martial arts at the age of four in Jujutsu  He next took up Shōtōkan and moved on to other styles later  White holds seven legitimate black belts in Kyokushin Karate, Goju-Ryu Karate, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kobudo, and Wushu 
White is a former special education teacher and taught students with behavioral problems for three years  He cites his history in education as the reason why, despite his personal love for the music genre on "a lot of levels", he cannot "in good [conscience]" have a positive opinion on hip hop or "excuse some of [its] pervasive and destructive elements", mainly due to his experience with youngsters who had difficulty seeing the difference between it and real life 

Acting career
White's first major starring role and breakout performance was in the 1995 HBO film Tyson, as heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson  He portrayed the eponymous character in the 1997 film Spawn, making him the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture   His work in Spawn earned him a nomination for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award  White starred opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme in Universal Soldier: The Return, in 1999  A few years earlier, he acted in Full Contact, with Jerry Trimble  In 2001, he also starred opposite fellow martial artist Steven Seagal in Exit Wounds  In 2003, he starred in Busta Rhymes and Mariah Carey's music video "I Know What You Want"  Since 2003, in addition to his on screen roles, White has been doing voice work, including in Static Shock and Justice League   White showcases his martial arts skills in the direct-to-DVD film Undisputed II: Last Man Standing  He also appears in Michelle Yeoh's Silver Hawk in 2004  He appeared in Kill Bill: Volume 2, although his role was cut from the theatrical release  His film Why Did I Get Married? opened at number one at the box office on October 12, 2007 
White played the role of the mob boss Gambol in the 2008 film The Dark Knight  He also starred in the film Blood and Bone and the blaxploitation homage Black Dynamite, both released in 2009  White wrote the scripts for both Black Dynamite and his upcoming 3 Bullets in which he stars with Bokeem Woodbine 
On March 30, 2010, White appeared on The Mo'Nique Show to promote his film Why Did I Get Married Too  The two joked about the acclaim that comes with winning an Oscar  In May of that year he appeared in the music video for Toni Braxton's new song "Hands Tied" from her album Pulse, as well as the Nicki Minaj music video for "Your Love" as Nicki's sensei and love interest 
He also starred in Kevin Tancharoen's short film Mortal Kombat: Rebirth, as Jax Briggs, and reprised the role in Mortal Kombat: Legacy, a webseries from the same director  He posted on Twitter that he would not be returning to the role for the second season, but would return for the 2013 film 
White made his directorial debut and starred in Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, which was released on home video on September 13, 2011 White also provided the voice of Green Lantern in the video game Justice League Heroes In October 2019, White announced the spiritual successor to Black Dynamite titled The Outlaw Johnny Black officially entered pre-production  Despite the Indiegogo campaign not reaching its goal, he was still able to secure enough backers and additional donors to get the project off the ground  It is currently available for pre-order on the official website, although a release date has not been announced or confirmed 
In October 2020, White's latest film Welcome to Sudden Death debuted on Netflix and became one of the most watched films on the platform  The Universal Pictures Home Entertainment release is a remake of the 1995 film Sudden Death starring Jean-Claude Van Damme 
On July 12, 2021, White laid out a vision for starting a film studio in New Haven, CT called "Jaigantic Studios"  He wants to create a studio district on New Haven's Quinnipiac River waterfront 

Personal life
From 2005 to 2011, White was married to Courtenay Chatman and together they have a daughter named Morgan  In addition, White has two sons  In February 2014, White announced his engagement to actress Gillian Iliana Waters  In April 2015, White penned an open letter via Facebook entitled "Apologies to My Ex's", where he credited Waters for helping him become, "the very best version of myself "  In July 2015, White married Waters in Thailand  They appeared together in the martial arts thriller movie Take Back (2021), with Gillian White starring as the female lead In 2014, White was honored with the Fists of Legends Decade Award at the Urban Action Showcase & Expo at HBO  On November 8, 2019, he assumed the "Mantle of The Black Dragon" from Ron van Clief, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, Cynthia Rothrock, and Taimak, in a ceremony at the 2019 Urban Action Showcase & Expo at AMC 25, NYC 

Filmography
Film
Television
Stunts
Video games
Web series
Music videos
Notes
Passage 8:
Sharon Leal
Sharon Ann Leal is an American actress and singer  She is known for her roles in movies such as Dreamgirls (2006), This Christmas (2007), Why Did I Get Married? (2007), Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) and her roles on the television shows Legacy, Guiding Light and Boston Public 

Early life
Leal was born in Tucson, Arizona  Her mother, Angelita, is Filipina  Her father was an African-American military policeman who broke up with her mother before Sharon was born  Shortly after, her mother married Jesse Leal, a Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force and a police officer at Clark Air Base, Philippines; he legally adopted Sharon 

Career
Leal's career began with the role of Dahlia Crede in the CBS daytime serial Guiding Light   Later, she joined the Broadway company of Rent  Soon after, she was cast as Mimi for the San Francisco leg of the first national tour of Rent  Leal appeared on the 1999 original cast recording of the Off-Broadway musical Bright Lights, Big City alongside Patrick Wilson and Jesse L  Martin  She also appeared on the 2001 cast recording of Making Tracks 
From 2000 to 2004, Leal starred in the Fox prime time TV series Boston Public  She also had a role in the theatrical release Face the Music  She then appeared in a recurring role in the short-lived NBC series LAX, as the wife of airport co-director, Roger de Souza 
In 2006, she co-starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Michelle Morris, Effie White's replacement in the pop group The Dreams, with Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Hudson, Eddie Murphy and Jamie Foxx  In 2007, Leal was cast in the Tyler Perry production Why Did I Get Married? and This Christmas  In 2010, she starred in Perry's sequel production Why Did I Get Married Too?  She also portrayed the character Vanessa Lodge in the series Hellcats, until it was cancelled in 2011  In 2013, Leal played the supporting role in the movie 1982, which tells a story of a drug addicted mother and a father's fight to protect his daughter 
Leal appears in seasons 2, 3, 5 and 6 of Supergirl as M'gann M'orzz (Megan in human form) 

Personal life
In October 2001, Leal married Bev Land  Their son Kai Miles Land was born in September 2001  The couple divorced in 2009 
Former Guiding Light co-star Yvonna Wright has said that she and Leal are close friends; the two starred together in a community production of Dreamgirls in their hometown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Denise Boutte
Denise Boutte (born January 19, 1982) is an American actress and model, who has appeared in the films Why Did I Get Married? as Trina, Death Valley: The Revenge of Bloody Bill, as Mandy, Sister's Keeper and Noah's Arc 

Career
She starred in the sitcom Meet the Browns as Sasha Brown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Passage 10:
Lamman Rucker
Lamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor  Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation  In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University  As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons 

Early life
Rucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker  He has partial ancestry from Barbados  Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area  He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants   His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade  He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D C  Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team 

Career
His major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T  Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie  He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005  He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half 
Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films  He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns  He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011  The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode  He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies  Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters 

Filmography
Film
Television
Award nominations
Context 2: Passage 1:
Emigrant Pass (Nevada)
Emigrant Pass is a mountain pass in Eureka County, Nevada, United States  It originally carried the California Trail over the Emigrant Hills of northern Eureka County, reaching a peak elevation of 6,125 feet (1,867 m)  Interstate 80 now follows the California Trail's route over the pass 
Passage 2:
The California Trail
The California Trail is a 1933 American pre-Code
Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer starring Buck Jones, Helen Mack and Luis Alberni 

Cast
Buck Jones as Santa Fe Stewart (as Charles 'Buck' Jones)
Helen Mack as Dolores Ramirez
Luis Alberni as Commandant Emilio Quierra
George Humbert as Mayor Alberto Piedra (as George Humbart)
Charles Stevens as Juan
Carlos Villarías as Governor Carlos Moreno (as Carlos Villar)
Chris-Pin Martin as Pancho (as Chrispin Martin)
Carmen Laroux as Juan's wife (as Carmen La Roux)
William Steele as Pedro (as Robert Steele)
Al Ernest Garcia as Sergeant Florez (as Allan Garcia)
Émile Chautard as Don Marco Ramirez (as Emile Chautard)

External links
The California Trail at IMDb
The California Trail at AllMovie
The California Trail at the TCM Movie Database
The California Trail at the American Film Institute Catalog
Passage 3:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 4:
Bajo otro sol
Bajo otro sol (Spanish for Under Another Sun), is a 1988 Argentine film 

Plot summary
Manuel Ojeda, a rural lawyer who previously worked as a teacher during the dictatorship, returns to his hometown in Córdoba, Argentina



ground_truth: illness

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released more recently, Bajo Otro Sol or Riding The California Trail?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Motivated by a desire for justice, he embarks on a mission to avenge a disappeared comrade  The missing person, a member of the Peronist Youth, was targeted by Alberto Barrantes, a former employee of the factory where he was employed  Determined to uncover the truth, Manuel sets out to locate the missing individual 

Cast
Carlos Centeno
Laura Cikra
Ulises Dumont
Jorge González
Miguel Angel Sola
Passage 5:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Passage 6:
Riding the Wave
Riding the Wave may refer to:

Riding the Wave (album), 2004 album by The Blanks
"Riding the Wave (song)", a 2018 single by Sheppard

See also
Riding the Wave: The Whale Rider Story, documentary film by Jonathan Brough about the feature film Whale Rider
"Riding the Waves (For Virginia Woolf)", a song by Steve Harley on the 1978 album Hobo with a Grin
Passage 7:
Riding the Edge
Riding the Edge is a 1989 film directed by James Fargo and starring Raphael Sbarge and Catherine Mary Stewart 

Synopsis
When his scientist father is kidnapped by Middle-Eastern terrorists, Matt Harman (Raphael Sbarge), a championship motocross contestant, is designated by his dad's captors as the ideal courier  Western governments agree that the boy can serve as a go-between, and he is all prepared to deliver a special computer chip to the terrorists  He is accompanied in his travels by lovely female secret agent Maggie Cole (Catherine Mary Stewart) and a local Middle Eastern boy who has the rare distinction of also being royalty  Together, they work to save Matt's father and defeat the terrorists 

Cast
Raphael Sbarge as Matt Harman
Catherine Mary Stewart as Maggie Cole
James Fargo as Tarek
Passage 8:
Del sol
Del Sol or del Sol may refer to:

Del Sol, Texas, a census-designated place in Texas
Del Sol-Loma Linda, Texas, a former census-designated place in Texas
Del Sol High School, a high school in Las Vegas, Nevada
Del Sol High School (California), a high school in Oxnard, California
Del Sol Press, a publishing company
Del Sol metro station, a station in Santiago, Chile
Luis del Sol, former Spanish footballer
Honda CR-X del Sol, a two-seat, targa top convertible manufactured by Honda in the 1990s
Del Sol Quartet, a San Francisco-based string quartet
Passage 9:
Riding the California Trail
Riding the California Trail is a 1947 American Western film directed by William Nigh and written by Clarence Upson Young  The film stars Gilbert Roland as the Cisco Kid, Martin Garralaga, Frank Yaconelli, Teala Loring, Inez Cooper and Ted Hecht  The film was released on January 11, 1947, by Monogram Pictures 

Plot
Cast
Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid / Don Luis Salazar
Martin Garralaga as Don José Ramirez
Frank Yaconelli as Baby
Teala Loring as Raquel
Inez Cooper as Delores Ramirez
Ted Hecht as Don Raoul Pedro Reyes
Marcelle Grandville as Dueña Rosita
Passage 10:
Riding the Wind
Riding the Wind is a 1942 American Western film directed by Edward Killy and starring Tim Holt 

Plot
A cowboy fights against a schemer who is manipulating water rights 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia
Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich of Russia (14 February 1850 – 26 January 1918) was the first-born son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia and a grandson of Nicholas I of Russia 

Early life
Born in St Petersburg in the middle of the nineteenth century into the House of Romanov, he had a very privileged childhood  Most royal children were brought up by nannies and servants so by the time Nikolai had grown up he lived a very independent life having become a gifted military officer and an incorrigible womanizer  He had an affair with a notorious American woman Fanny Lear  In a scandal related to this affair, he stole three valuable diamonds from the revetment of one of the most valuable family icons  He was declared insane and he was banished to Tashkent 

Later life
He lived for many years under constant supervision in the area around Tashkent in the southeastern Russian Empire (now Uzbekistan) and made a great contribution to the city by using his personal fortune to help improve the local area  In 1890 he ordered the building of his own palace in Tashkent to house and show his large and very valuable collection of works of art and the collection is now the center of the state Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan  He was also famous in Tashkent as a competent engineer and irrigator, constructing two large canals, the Bukhar-aryk (which was poorly aligned and soon silted up) and the much more successful Khiva-Aryk, later extended to form the Emperor Nicholas I Canal, irrigating 12,000 desyatinas, 33,000 acres (134 km2) of land in the Hungry Steppe between Djizak and Tashkent  Most of this was then settled with Slavic peasant colonisers Nikolai had a number of children by different women  One of his grandchildren, Natalia Androsova, died in Moscow in 1999 

Death
Nikolai died of pneumonia on 26 January 1918  He was buried in St  George's Cathedral (later demolished by the Soviet regime) 

Family
Nikolai married Nadezhda (variantly spelled Nadejda) Alexandrovna von Dreyer (1861–1929), daughter of Orenburg police chief Alexander Gustavovich von Dreyer and Sophia Ivanovna Opanovskaya, in 1882  Two children were born from this marriage:

Artemi Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (or Prince Romanovsky-Iskander) (1883–1919), killed in the Russian Civil War
Alexander Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (15 November 1887 N S  – 26 January 1957), married Olga Iosifovna Rogovskaya / Rogowska (1893–1962) on 5 May 1912  The couple had two children  Alexander and Olga were later divorced, and Alexander married Natalya Khanykova (30 December 1893 – 20 April 1982) in 1930  No children resulted from the latter marriage 
Prince Kirill Romanovsky-Iskander, adopted name (via stepfather, Nicholas Androsov) Kirill Nikolaevich Androsov (5 December 1914 – 1992)
Natalya Alexandrovna Princess Romanovskaya-Iskander, adopted name Natalya Nikolaevna Androsova (2 February 1917 – 1999)Among his illegitimate children were the following:
With Alexandra Abasa (1855–4 Nov 1894):

Nicholas Nikolayevich Wolinsky (11 December 1875, Moscow – 30 December 1913, Rome)
Olga Nikolayevna Wolinskaya (May 1877, Odessa – 9 October 1910, Leipzig), wife of Ludwig Adolf von Burgund, Graf (Count) von Burgund (1865-1908), official of Kaiserliche MarineWith unknown mistresses:

Stanislav (d  1919)
Nicholas (d  1922)
Daria (d  1936)
Tatiana (died ?)

Honours
Ancestry
Passage 2:
Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia (Russian: Ольга Павловна; 22 July [O S  11 July] 1792 – 26 January [O S  15 January] 1795) was a Grand Duchess of Russia as the second youngest daughter and seventh child of the Tsarevich of Russia (later Emperor Paul I) and his consort, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Birth and Christening
The Grand Duchess Olga was born as her parents' fifth daughter and seventh child  Her birth was not greeted with much happiness by her paternal grandmother, Catherine the Great, who stated that "A lot of girls, all married will not tell anyone"  She later wrote:

The Grand Duchess has treated us (nous a regalé) with a fifth daughter, whose shoulders are nearly as wide as mine  Since the Grand Duchess was in labour for two days and finally gave birth on July 11, the feast day of Saint Olga of Kiev, who was baptized in Constantinople in the year 956, I said, "Well, we will have two holidays instead of one" and so she was baptised Olga
The little Grand Duchess was baptised on 29 July [O S  18 July] 1792 and, as it was customary, she received the Great Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine 

Death
The almost-three-year-old Grand Duchess died on 26 January [O S  15] 1795  A letter to Catherine the Great stated:

The 13th Grand Duchess, Olga, died  And imagine why? For eighteen weeks, she revealed a hunger and she constantly asked to eat, because she grew too great for her two and a half years, at that time many molars came at once, and after sixteen weeks of suffering and a slow debilitating fever occurred daily, she died between seven and eight o'clock in the evening    

The same year, Gavrila Derzhavin dedicated a poem to her death, entitled "On the death of Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna", just as he had dedicated a poem to her when she was born  Out of the ten children born to Paul and Sophia, Olga was the only one that died during her childhood years  The funeral was held at the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Olga's burial place  The Empress herself was at the funeral, dressed in a white dress, with gray hair disheveled, pale and silent  In 1800, when Olga would have been eight, Gerhard von Kügelgen painted a portrait of Paul I's family  Behind the family, a bust of Olga stood high in front of a forest 

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ελισάβετ; 24 May 1904 – 11 January 1955) was the middle daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia 

Early life
Princess Elizabeth was born on 24 May 1904 at the Tatoi Palace just north of Athens, Greece, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George I  She was the second daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, and his wife Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia  Her father was the third son of King George I and Queen Olga of Greece, while her mother was the only daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia  Her father was a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark, while her mother was a granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia Princess Elizabeth had two sisters, an older sister Princess Olga and a younger sister Princess Marina  Princess Olga married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia in 1923  After the assassination of his cousin, King Alexander I, Paul served as Prince Regent of Yugoslavia from 1934 to 1941  Princess Marina married Prince George, Duke of Kent, in 1934  One of their paternal uncles was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, the father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (making Elizabeth and her sisters Philip's first cousins) 
Her family nicknamed her 'Woolly' because of her thick, dark brown hair  Princess Elizabeth was a keen horsewoman and painter 

Marriage and issue
Elizabeth married Count Carl Theodor of Törring-Jettenbach (22 September 1900 – 14 May 1967) on 10 January 1934  Through his mother, Duchess Sophie Adelheid in Bavaria, he was the nephew of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium and of Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria  Elizabeth and Carl Theodor had two children:

Hans Veit Kaspar Nikolaus, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (11 January 1935), who married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and had issue
Countess Helene Marina Elisabeth of Törring-Jettenbach (20 May 1937), who married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria and had issue, including Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the designer Sophie Habsburg Elizabeth died of cancer on 11 January 1955 in Munich  She was 50 years old 

Honours
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia 

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia
Elena Pavlovna (Russian: Елена Павловна; 24 December [O S  13 December] 1784 – 24 September [O S  12 September] 1803) was a grand duchess of Russia as the daughter of Paul I, the Russian emperor, and later became the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as the wife of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Louis (1778–1819) 

Early life
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna Romanova was born in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire as the fourth child and second daughter of Tsesarevich Paul Petrovich of Russia (1754–1801) and his second wife, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna, born Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg (1759–1828)  
Out of her nine siblings, Elena was closest to her elder sister Alexandra Pavlovna, whom their paternal grandmother Catherine the Great compared unfavourably to Elena  Elena was deemed more smarter and more charming than her two-year-old sister Alexandra  However, as the sisters matured, Catherine loved both of them equally 
Elena was educated privately at home, for the first years, under the supervision of her grandmother, Catherine the Great  Her education was focused mainly on fine arts, literature and music 

Marriage and life in Schwerin
Marriage
In 1798, negotiations took place about the marriage of Elena Pavlovna and the heir of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Louis (1778–1819), the eldest son of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg  The formal betrothal was celebrated on 5 May 1799, and on 23 October 1799, they were married at the Great Gatchina Palace near Saint Petersbourg 

Life in Schwerin
Elena Pavlovna moved to Schwerin with her husband and led a content married life there  On 15 September 1800 she gave birth to her firstborn son, Paul Frederick, who would go on to inherit the throne of the grand duchy  He was named after his grandfathers  On 16 March 1801, Elena Pavlovna's sister Archduchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Austria died in Buda in childbirth  Only eight days later her father was assassinated  On 31 March 1803 she gave birth to a daughter, Marie Louise, named after her grandmothers, who would later become the duchess of Saxe-Altenburg 

Death and burial
In September 1803, Elena Pavlovna fell gravely ill and died suddenly on 24 September  She was buried in the Helena Paulovna Mausoleum in Ludwigslust  Her widower, Frederick Louis, remarried two times and had more children, but never succeeded to the throne, as his father outlived him 

Issue
Hereditary Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna had two children with her husband, Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1778–1819), both of whom survived to adulthood:

Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (15 September 1800 – 7 March 1842), who inherited the throne of the duchy, married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1803–1892) in 1822 and had issue 
Marie Louise Friederike Alexandrine Elizabeth Charlotte Catherine, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (31 March 1803 – 26 October 1862), who married Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg on 7 October 1825 and had issue 

Letters
Elena Pavlovna's letters to her maternal grandfather, Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, written between 1795 and 1797, are preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, Germany 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Влади́мир Александрович; 22 April 1847 – 17 February 1909) was a son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, a brother of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and the senior Grand Duke of the House of Romanov during the reign of his nephew, Emperor Nicholas II 
Grand Duke Vladimir followed a military career and occupied important military positions during the reigns of the last three Russian Emperors  Interested in artistic and intellectual pursuits; he was appointed President of the Academy of Fine Arts  He functioned as a patron of many artists and as a sponsor of the Imperial ballet During the reign of his father, Emperor Alexander II, he was made Adjutant-General, senator in 1868 and a member of the Council of State in 1872  His brother, Alexander III, also promoted his career  He became a member of the Council of Ministers, Commander of the Imperial Guards Corps and Military Governor of Saint Petersburg  He tried to exert some influence over his nephew Tsar Nicholas II, but had to content himself with holding a rival court with his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna at his palace in Saint Petersburg  The events of Bloody Sunday in 1905, while he was Military Governor of St Petersburg, tarnished his reputation  During the last years of his life, the rift between his family and that of Nicholas II widened  He died after a stroke in 1909 

Early life
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich was born on 22 April 1847 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg  He was fourth among the eight children of Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna, born Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 
He was eight years old when at the death of his grandfather Nicholas I, his father became Russian tsar  Grand Duke Vladimir was well educated and through his life he was interested in literature and the arts  However, as all male members of the Romanov family he had to follow a military career  As only the third son in a numerous family, he was far from the succession to the Russian throne  Nevertheless, in 1865, the early death of his eldest brother, the Tsarevich Nicholas, left Vladimir unexpectedly close to the throne as heir presumptive after his second brother Alexander  Unlike Alexander, the new heir, Vladimir was witty and ambitious  Rumors circulated at the time, that Alexander II would have his eldest surviving son removed from the succession placing Vladimir as his heir  Alexander himself would have preferred to step aside from the succession hoping to marry morganatically, but eventually he yielded to family pressure and married a suitable bride  Relations between the two brothers, although cordial, were never warm 

A Russian Grand Duke
In 1867 Grand Duke Vladimir was named honorary president of the Russian ethnographic society, the same year he accompanied his father and his brother Alexander to the World Fair in Paris, where his father was shot by a Polish nationalist  In 1871 he visited the Caucasus region, Georgia, Chechnya and Dagestan with his father and his brothers  In 1872 he accompanied his father to Vienna at the reunion of the three emperors: Russia, Germany and Austria A member of the European beau monde, he made frequent trips to Paris  He became portly as a young man, although in later life he slimmed down  He was a skillful painter and gathered an important book collection  He was a well known gourmet, accumulating a collection of menus copied after meals, adding notations with his impressions about the food 

Marriage
While traveling through Germany with his family in June 1871, Grand Duke Vladimir met Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (14 May 1854 – 6 September 1920), daughter of Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Augusta of Reuss-Köstritz  She was seventeen years old and was already engaged to a distant relative, Prince George of Schwarzburg  Grand Duke Vladimir was then twenty four  They were smitten with each other  Vladimir was a second cousin of Maria's father Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a grandson of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia  They were also second cousins in descent from Frederick William III of Prussia  In order to marry Vladimir, Maria broke off her previous engagement, but she refused to yield to the necessary conversion to the Orthodox religion  This delayed the couple's engagement for almost two years  Finally, Tsar Alexander II consented to Marie's continued adherence to her Lutheran faith, allowing Vladimir to marry her without loss of his rights to the Russian throne  The engagement was announced in April 1874 The wedding took place in Saint Petersburg on 28 August 1874 at the Winter palace  Vladimir's wife adopted the patronymic Pavlovna upon her marriage and was known as Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia  Only decades later, after Vladimir's death, she converted to the Russian Orthodox confession, then, Emperor Nicholas II bestowed her the title "the Orthodox Grand Duchess"  Grand Duke Vladimir and his wife were both witty and ambitious  They enjoyed entertaining and their residence in St  Petersburg became the heart of the Imperial capital social life  Well suited to each other, they had a long and happy marriage 

Vladimir's palace
By the time of his marriage, construction had already been completed on Vladimir's own residence and he moved there with his wife  Named the Vladimir Palace, it was one of the last imperial palaces constructed in Saint Petersburg  Grand Duke Vladimir appointed architect Aleksandr Rezanov to head the project because of his knowledge of ancient Russian architecture  A team of architects assisted Rezanov: Vasily Kenel, Andrei Huhn, Ieronim Kitner and Vladimir Shreter  The foundation stone was laid on 15 July 1867  Construction work lasted five years, from 1867 to 1872  The furniture was designed by architect Victor Shroeter 
The site chosen for the palace was the Embankment near the Winter Palace in the center of St Petersburg  It had previously been occupied by the house of Count Vorontsov-Dashkov which had been bought by the treasury  The lot was enlarged by purchasing the neighboring house of Madame Karatinga  The total construction and furnishing cost of Vladimir Palace was 820,000 rubles, a much modest amount than the one spent building previous palaces for other grand dukes a decade earlier The Vladimir palace stands, like the Winter Palace and the Marble Palace, by the Neva on the  Dvorstsovaya Embankment  The façade, richly ornamented with stucco rustication, was patterned after Leon Battista Alberti's palazzi in Florence  The main porch is built of Bremen sandstone and adorned with griffins, coats-of-arms, and cast-iron lanterns  Other details are cast in Portland cement 
The palace and its outbuildings contain some 360 rooms, all decorated in eclectic historic styles: Neo-Renaissance (reception room, parlor), Gothic Revival (dining room), Russian Revival (Oak Hall), Rococo (White Hall), Byzantine style (study), Louis XIV, various oriental styles, and so on  This interior ornamentation, further augmented by Maximilian Messmacher in 1881–1891, is considered by art historians, such as Nikolay Punin, a major monument to the 19th-century passion for historicism  Grand Duke Vladimir decorated his apartments with his collection of Russian paintings by the best artists of his time, such as Ilya Repin, Ivan Aivazovsky, Feodor Bruni, Vasili Vereshchagin, Ivan Kramskoy, Mikhail Vrubel, Nikolai Sverchkov and Rudolf Ferdinandovich Frentz 

Children
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna had five children:

Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich of Russia (31 August 1875 – 16 March 1877)  He died in infancy
Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia (12 October (N S ), 1876 – 12 October 1938)  He married his first cousin Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha  They had three children 
Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia (1877–1943)  He married his mistress Zinaida Rashevskaya  He did not leave legitimate descendants 
Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia (1879–1956)  He married his mistress Matilda Kchessinska  They had one son 
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (1882–1957)  She married Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, third son of George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia  They had three daughters 

During three reigns
Grand Duke Vladimir occupied important military positions during three reigns  He experienced battle in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, taking part in the campaign alongside his father and his brothers Alexander and Sergei  He fought against the Turkish troops as the commanding officer of the XII Corps of the Russian army  However, his military career interested him less than art and literature  In 1880 his father appointed him President of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts  He also became a member of the Academy of Science and an agent of the Rumyantsev Museum  Grand Duke Vladimir was in the Imperial capital when his father was assassinated and succeeded by Alexander III in 1881  It fell upon Vladimir, who regained his composure more quickly than his brother, to announce their father's death to the public  Vladimir inherited his father's personal library, which the Grand Duke added to his large book-collection that was arranged in three libraries at the Vladimir Palace  (After the Russian Revolution of 1917 these books were sold off randomly by weight and currently form part of several American university-collections )
Although Alexander III was not close to Vladimir and there was a rivalry between their wives, he promoted his brother's career  The day after their father's death he appointed Vladimir as Military Governor of St Petersburg, a post previously held by their uncle Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich  Vladimir served on the State Council and chaired the official commission that supervised the building of the Church of the Saviour, built between 1883 and 1907 on the site of the assassination of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia Grand Duke Vladimir was a keen philanthropist  A talented painter himself, he became a famous patron of the arts  He frequented many artists and gathered a valuable collection of paintings and old icons  He later took a great interest in ballet  He financed the tour of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Emperor Alexander III's three sons rendered Vladimir and Vladimir's own three sons remote in the line of succession to Russia's throne  Nevertheless, Vladimir seemed unexpectedly close to becoming Emperor in 1888 when Alexander III with his wife and all of their children were involved in a train accident at Borki (in present-day Ukraine)  Vladimir and his wife, then in Paris, did not bother to come back to Russia  This annoyed Alexander III, who commented that if he had died with his children, Vladimir would have rushed to return to Russia to become Emperor  At Alexander III's death in 1894 there were unfounded rumors that the army intended to proclaim Grand Duke Vladimir emperor in place of his nephew Nicholas II  Vladimir tried to  influence the new Emperor, particularly at the beginning of Nicholas II's reign Although the Grand Duke was conservative in his political views, he did not believe in human virtues  Something of a rascal himself, he preferred the company of amusing witty people - regardless of their ideology or background  The more liberal members of Russian society were invited to lavish parties at his residence  He often intimidated people with his coarseness, rudeness and hot temper  Vladimir Alexandrovich was also a devoted family man, close to his children 

Last years
In January 1905 a wave of strikes broke out in St  Petersburg  On 9 January (O S )/22 (N S ) a peaceful procession of workers led by a priest, Father Georgy Gapon, marched towards the Winter Palace from different points in the city hoping to present requests for reforms directly to Emperor Nicholas II  The Tsar, however, was not in the capital  General Ivan Fullon, St Petersburg Governor, tried to stop the march  When a large group of workers reached Winter Palace Square, troops acting on direct orders from Guards Commander Prince Sergei Vasilchikov opened fire upon the demonstrators  More than 100 marchers were killed and several hundred were wounded  Although Grand Duke Vladimir claimed no direct responsibility about that tragedy, since he was also away from the city, his reputation was tarnished  The massacre, known as Bloody Sunday, was followed by a series of strikes in other cities, peasant uprisings in the country, and mutinies in the armed forces, which seriously threatened the tsarist regime and became known as the Revolution of 1905  A month after Bloody Sunday, Vladimir's brother Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was killed by a terrorist bomb in Moscow In October 1905, Vladimir's eldest son and heir Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia married his first cousin Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, daughter of Vladimir's sister Maria  Nicholas II was enraged by the marriage, which was contracted without his permission and was in violation of the Russian Orthodox ban on marriages between first cousins  Nicholas stripped Kirill of his imperial titles and banished him  Vladimir protested the treatment given to his son and resigned from all his posts in protest  Vladimir “shouted so violently at his nephew that the court chamberlain, waiting outside the door, feared for his master’s safety and almost ran off to summon the imperial guards ” Vladimir slammed his fists on Nicholas' desk and ripped off the military decorations from his uniform, shouting, "I have served your father, your grandfather and you  But now as you have degraded my son I no longer wish to serve you ” Eventually, Nicholas II relented and forgave his cousins for marrying without his consent, but he did not allow them to return to Russia  The full pardon came only after several deaths in the family, including Vladimir's own, had placed Kirill third in the line of succession to the Imperial Throne Grand Duke Vladimir died suddenly on 4(O S )/17(N S ) February 1909 after suffering a major cerebral hemorrhage  Vladimir's widow and their four children survived the Russian Revolution of 1917  In 1924 in exile, Kirill proclaimed himself Emperor de jure, Vladimir's line thereby claimed headship of the Imperial House  Vladimir was the paternal grandfather and namesake of the future pretender claimant Grand Duke Vladimir of Russia, born 1917  His granddaughter Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark becomes a British princess by marriage to  Prince George, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George V and Queen Mary, in 1934  Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich's great granddaughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, is the current claimant and his great grandson Prince Michael becomes a  honorary member of the Romanov Family Association



ground_truth: Bajo Otro Sol

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna Of Russia's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Honours and awards
The Grand Duke received the following Russian and foreign decorations:
RussianKnight of St  Andrew, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Alexander Nevsky, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Anna, 1st Class, 22 April 1847
Knight of the White Eagle, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Stanislaus, 1st Class, 11 June 1865
Knight of St  George, 3rd Class, 14 November 1877
Knight of St  Vladimir, 4th Class, 22 April 1868; 2nd Class with Swords, 15 September 1877; 1st Class, 15 May 1883Foreign

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 6:
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (9 January 1807 – 2 February [O S  21 January] 1873), later known as Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, was the wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, the youngest son of Emperor Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Early life
She was born in Stuttgart, as Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the eldest daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and of Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen  As a child, Charlotte lived in Paris with her father and her younger sister Pauline  Their home was quite modest by royal standards  In Paris, Charlotte came under the tutelage of several intellectuals 

Marriage and issue
In 1822, she became engaged to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia, her first cousin once removed (Mikhail's mother was her father's aunt)  It was said that Charlotte was an exceptional girl, highly intelligent and mature for her age of 15  The Grand Duke was obviously impressed by her beauty and her poise, and during a reception held in her honor, she charmed all the guests with her conversations  On 17 December 1823, she was received into the Russian Orthodox Church and was given the name Elena Pavlovna  On 20 February 1824, the couple married in Saint Petersburg and settled in the Mikhailovsky Palace  When the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna died in 1828, the palace of Pavlovsk passed on to Mikhail and he and Elena visited it often  Their marriage was not a happy one: Mikhail's only passion was for the army, and he neglected Elena  Nevertheless, he and Elena had five daughters, only two of whom lived to mature adulthood:

Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia (9 March 1825, Moscow – 19 November 1846, Vienna); died unmarried 
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (26 May 1826, Moscow – 28 January 1845, Wiesbaden); married Adolf, Duke of Nassau and died in childbirth 
Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia (28 August 1827 – 12 May 1894), married Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (28 January 1831, Moscow – 27 March 1832, Moscow), died in childhood
Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna of Russia (27 October 1834, Moscow – 22 March 1836, Saint Petersburg), died in childhood

Influence at court and in society
Elena became a close friend of her brother-in-law, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and of his wife the Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna  She was also quick to befriend the shy Maria Alexandrovna, who married the then Tsarevich Alexander in 1841  When Princess Charlotte's husband died, in 1849, she became a patron of several charitable organizations and of the arts  She founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatoire and co-founded (1854) a group of nursing sisters (Society of the Sisters of Marcy) which would eventually become the forerunners of the Red Cross in Russia  During her time in Russia she became known as the "family intellectual", and was considered the most exceptional woman in the imperial family since Catherine the Great (r  1762–1796)  She founded the Russian Musical Society (1859) and the Russian Conservatoire (1862), and was liberal on serfdom  She helped to push her nephew Alexander II to abolish serfdom while he stayed with her As a patroness of the composer Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894), she commissioned some of his early operas: Fomka the Fool (1853), The Siberian Hunters (1852), and Vengeance (1852/1853) Elena died in Saint Petersburg, at the age of 66 

Ancestry
Bibliography
Lincoln, W  Bruce  The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias  1983
Sebag Montefiore, Simon  The Romanovs: 1613-1918  2016  Knopf Publishing Group 
Taylor, Philip S , Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music, Indianapolis, 2007
Zeepvat, Charlotte  Romanov Autumn  2001
Passage 7:
Abdul-Vahed Niyazov
Abdul-Vahed Validovich Niyazov (Russian: Абдул-Вахед Валидович Ниязов), born Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev (Russian: Вадим Валерианович Медведев; 23 April 1969) is a Russian businessman and Islamic social and political activist  He was president of the Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, and the public division of Russian Council of Muftis 

Life and career
Niyazov was born on 23 April 1969 in Omsk as Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev   After graduating from high school, he served in the engineering and construction troops of the Baikal-Amur Mainline  In 1990 he began studying at the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute, but failed to graduate In April 1991 Niyazov became president of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Moscow, which in 1993 became the Islamic Cultural Centre of Russia, established with the financial support of the Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Moscow  In February 1994 he became deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Supreme Coordination Centre of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia (VKTs DUMR, Russian: ВКЦ ДУМР)  In May 1995 Niyazov became co-chairman of the Union of Muslims of Russia  In autumn 1998, he was elected chairman of the Council of the All-Russian political social movement "Refakh" (Prosperity)   On 19 December 1999 Niyazov was elected a deputy of the State Duma's  third convocation as part of the "Interregional movement Unity ("Bear")" electoral bloc, on the federal list of the Union of Muslims of Russia  He worked as deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on the regulations and organization of the work of the State Duma  He was expelled from the faction for "provocative" statements in support of "world Islamic extremism and terrorism", on the subject of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the Second Intifada In May 2001 Niyazov became chairman of the political council of the "Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia"  By late 2007 Niyazov was head of the movement "Muslims in support of President Putin"  In 2011 he was elected Honorary President of the international initiative "SalamWorld", which aimed to create a social network for Muslims along Sharia norms  The site had closed by 2015 after spending three years in development and tens of million of dollars in marketing, having had backup and funding issues  Since 2018, Niyazov has been president of the European Muslim Forum 
Passage 8:
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August [O S  2 August] 1901 –  7 July 1980) was the fourth son and fifth child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia  He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 

Early life
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Gatchina Palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia on 15 August 1901  He was the fourth son and fifth child among seven siblings  His parents, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866–1933) and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna (1875–1960), were first cousins once removed  Consequently, Prince Dmitri was the great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I (from his father's side) while the great-great-grandson of the same Tsar Nicholas I (from his mother's side), the grandson of Tsar Alexander III and the nephew of Tsar Nicholas II 
During the Russian Revolution Prince Dmitri was imprisoned along with his parents and grandmother the Dowager Empress at Dulber, in the Crimea  He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed by German troops in 1918  He left Russia on  11 April 1919, at the age of seventeen, aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough to attend  to Malta where they spent nine months before settling to England 

Exile
In exile, Prince Dmitri lived between England and France  He had a varied career  In the late 1920s he emigrated to the United States where he worked as a stockbroker in Manhattan  He returned to Europe in the early 1930s  For a brief period in the 1930s, he managed Coco Chanel's shop at Biarritz 
It was through Chanel that he met a Russian aristocrat who worked as model for her fashion house: Countess Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova (20 November 1912 – 7 January 1969)  She was the second daughter of Count Sergei Alexandrovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1885 – 1950) and his wife Countess Maria Alexandrovna, born Chernysheva-Bezobrazova (1890 – 1960)  Countess Marina was a direct descendant of sisters Anastasia Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolenskiy, one of the Seven Boyars of 1610, and Marfa Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Keybulatovich Tcherkasskiy  Anastasia and Marfa were the daughters of Nikita Romanovich (Russian: Никита Романович; born c  1522 – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who was a prominent boyar of the Tsardom of Russia  His grandson Michael I (Tsar 1613-1645) founded the Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars  Anastasia and Marfa were the paternal aunts of Tsar Michael I of Russia of Russia and the paternal nieces of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva of Russia  After the revolution, Marina and her family moved to Kislovodsk and later to Crimea, where her father served as head of the Yalta County  In August 1920 the family was evacuated to Istanbul and then to Paris  In the French capital, Marina began to work for Chanel 
Prince Dmitri fell in love with her and they married in Paris on 25 October 1931  The wedding attracted a lot of attention and the bride wore a Chanel wedding dress The couple had one daughter :

Princess Nadejda Dmitrievna (4 July 1933 – 17 September 2002)  Nadejda married Anthony Allen, with whom she had two daughters and one son: Penelope, Marina and Alexander; after divorcing Allen, she married William Hall Clark During World War II, Prince Dmitri served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve  After the war, he became secretary of the travelers club in Paris In 1947 he divorced Princess Marina who moved with their daughter to the United States  In 1949 she remarried Otto de Neufville (1898–1971), a descendant of a French-German aristocratic family  Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova died on January 7, 1969, in Sharon, Connecticut 
During the 1950s, Prince Dmitri studied wine-making and worked as the European sales representative for a whisky firm in London  As his ex-wife did, Prince Dmitri also remarried  His second wife was the Dowager Lady Milbanke, née Margaret Sheila MacKellar Chisholm (9 September 1898 – 13 October 1969)  Born in rural New South Wales, Australia, she was married, firstly, to Francis St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough (heir to the 5th Earl of Rosslyn), and secondly, to Sir John Milbanke, 11th baronet  She married Prince Dmitri on 20 October 1954  No children were born of this marriage  The couple lived modestly in  Belgravia, in central London  Princess Dmitri died October 13, 1969, and was buried in a chapel, near Edinburgh, next to her youngest son, Peter St  Clair-Erskine, who had died, at the age of twenty, in 1939 
Following the creation of the Romanov Family Association in 1979, Prince Dmitri was chosen as its first president serving until his death a year later in England 

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 9:
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957), sometimes known as Helen, Helena, Helene, Ellen, Yelena, Hélène, or Eleni, was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia  She was also first cousin of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen consort of Denmark and the grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy, and Prince Michael of Kent 

Early life
Elena and her three surviving older brothers, Kirill, Boris, and Andrei, had an English nanny and spoke English as their first language  The young Elena had a temper and was sometimes out of control  At four years old, she posed for the artist Henry Jones Thaddeus  She grabbed a paper knife and threatened her nurse, who hid behind Thaddeus  "The little lady then transferred her attentions to me, her black eyes ablaze with fury," recalled Thaddeus  Elena, raised by a mother who was highly conscious of her social status, was also considered snobbish by some  "Poor little thing, I feel sorry for her," wrote her mother's social rival, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "for she is really quite sweet, but vain and pretty grandiose "

Marriage and children
She was engaged to Prince Max of Baden, but Max backed out of the engagement  Elena's mother was furious and society gossiped about Elena's difficulty in finding a husband  At one point in 1899, the seventeen-year-old Elena was reputedly engaged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, however this came to nothing as he fell in love with Countess Sophie Chotek Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, the third son of George I of Greece, first proposed in 1900, but Elena's mother was reluctant to allow her daughter to marry a younger son with no real fortune or prospects of inheriting a throne  She finally agreed to let Elena marry Nicholas, who was Elena's second cousin through his mother Olga Constantinovna of Russia and her father Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in 1902 after it became clear that no other offers were on the horizon The couple married on 29 August 1902 in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia  Like many imperial weddings, it was a grand affair, and was attended by the Emperor and Empress of Russia, the King and Queen of the Hellenes, among other royals and nobility of Russia Elena's "grand manner" irritated some people at court  According to the British diplomat Francis Elliot, there was an incident between Elena and her sister-in-law Princess Marie Bonaparte: Allegedly, Elena refused to greet Marie and "drew back her skirts as if not to be touched by her " Elena thought that Marie was beneath her, because her grandfather operated the Monte Carlo Casino  Elena looked down on another sister-in-law Princess Alice of Battenberg because of the latter's morganatic blood  The Dowager Empress wrote that Elena "has a very brusque and arrogant tone that can shock people "Prince and Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark had three daughters:

Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1903–1997); married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893-1976) in 1923 and had issue:
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1924–2016); married firstly to Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (b  1934) from 1955 to 1967 and had issue; married secondly to Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein (b  1942) in 1973 and had issue 
Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (1928–1954); did not marry and had no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (b  1936); married firstly to Howard Oxenberg (1919-2010) from 1961 to 1966 and had issue; married secondly to Neil Balfour (b  1944) from 1969 to 1978 and had issue; married thirdly to Manuel Ulloa Elías (1922-1992) in 1987, no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (1904–1955); married Carl Theodor, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (1900-1967)in 1934 and had issue:
Hans Veit, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1935); married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (b  1938) in 1964 and had issue 
Countess Helene of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1937); married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria (1918-2004) in 1956 and had issue 
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1906–1968); married Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902-1942) in 1934 and had issue:
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b  1935); married Katharine Worsley (b  1933) in 1961 and had issue 
Princess Alexandra of Kent (b  1936); married The Hon  Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928-2004) in 1963 and had issue 
Prince Michael of Kent (b  1942); married Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz (b  1945) in 1978 and had issue Grand Duchess Elena suffered from ill health after the birth of Princess Marina, which caused her husband anguish  
According to her niece, Princess Sophie of Greece, Grand Duchess Elena's priorities, throughout her life, remained as follows: “God first, the Grand Dukes of Russia then and finally everything else ” Thus, the Grand Duchess and her husband, Prince Nicholas, visited Russia annually to visit their relatives 

Life in exile
The family was later affected by the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent turmoil in Greece, which became a republic and resulted in the family living in France for a time 
While living in France Grand Duchess Elena became deeply involved in charity work for Russian exiles, particularly children  Short of money due to their exile from Greece and the loss of their Russian income, Prince Nicholas and his family lived in reduced, but elegant, circumstances  Grand Duchess Elena's fabulous jewel collection, as well as Prince Nicholas' own artwork, were their sources of income 
Princess Olga of Greece married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia; Princess Elizabeth of Greece married Count Karl Theodor zu Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Duchess Sophie in Bavaria and scion of an old and rich Bavarian mediatized family; and Princess Marina of Greece married the Prince George, Duke of Kent in November 1934 
Grand Duchess Elena became a widow early in 1938, as Prince Nicholas suffered a heart attack and died suddenly  She remained in Greece throughout the Second World War, dying there in 1957  She bequeathed her personal library to the Anavryta School 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Russian: Мария Владимировна Романова, romanized: Maria Vladimirovna Romanova; born 23 December 1953) has been a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov, the Imperial Family of Russia (who reigned as Emperors and Autocrats of all the Russias from 1613 to 1917) since 1992  Although she has used Grand Duchess of Russia as her title of pretence with the style Imperial Highness throughout her life, her right to do so is disputed  She is a great-great-granddaughter in the male line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia 

Early life
Birth
Maria Vladimirovna was born in Madrid, the only child of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia, head of the Imperial Family of Russia and titular Empress of Russia, and Princess Leonida Bagration-Mukhrani of Georgian, Polish, German and Swedish descent  Her paternal grandparents were Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Fyodorovna (née Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) through whom she is a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria  Her godfather was Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, for whom Prince Nicholas of Romania stood in at the christening ceremony, and her godmother was Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria 

Education
Maria was educated in Runnymede College in Madrid and Paris before studying Russian history and literature at Oxford University Maria Vladimirovna lives in Madrid  She is fluent in Russian, English, French, and Spanish, and also speaks some German, Italian, and Arabic On 23 December 1969, upon reaching her dynastic majority, Maria swore an oath of loyalty to her father, to Russia, and to uphold the Fundamental Laws of Russia which governed succession to the defunct throne  At the same time, her father issued a controversial decree recognising her as heiress presumptive and declaring that, in the event he predeceased other dynastic Romanov males, then Maria would become the "Curatrix of the Imperial Throne" until the death of the last male dynast  This has been viewed as an attempt by her father to ensure the succession remained in his branch of the imperial family, while the heads of the other branches of the imperial family, the Princes Vsevolod Ioannovich of the Konstantinovichi, Roman Petrovich of the Nikolaevichi and Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of the Mihailovichi declared that her father's actions were illegal  As it happened, Vladimir Kirillovich, who died in 1992, outlived all the other male Romanov dynasts, and his daughter had no occasion to assume curatorship 

Marriage
In Dinard on 4 September 1976 (civil) and at the Russian Orthodox Chapel in Madrid on 22 September 1976 (religious), Maria married Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, her third cousin once removed  He is a Hohenzollern great-grandson of Germany's last emperor Wilhelm II and a great-great-great grandchild of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom  Franz Wilhelm converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith prior to the wedding, taking the name Michael Pavlovich and receiving the title of a Grand Duke of Russia from Maria's father The couple separated in 1982, a year after the birth of their only child, George Mikhailovich, who had been granted the title Grand Duke of Russia at birth by his grandfather Vladimir  Following the divorce on 19 June 1985, Franz Wilhelm reverted to his Prussian name and style 

Succession claims and activities
Maria Vladimirovna is a patrilineal descendant of Alexander II of Russia, who is also a male-line descendant of Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg 
When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' Pauline laws  Although the charter of the Romanov Family Association (RFA), which represents other descendants of the Romanov family, asserts the premise that Russia's form of government should be determined democratically and that therefore the Association and its members undertake to adopt no position on any claims to the Imperial throne, its two most recent presidents have personally opposed Maria's claims: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, who maintained his own claims to dynastic status and to headship of the Romanov family, stated, "Strictly applying the Pauline Laws as amended in 1911 to all marriages of Equal Rank, the situation is very clear  At the present time, not one of the Emperors or Grand Dukes of Russia has left living descendants with unchallengeable rights to the Throne of Russia," and his younger brother, Prince Dimitri Romanov, said of Maria's assumption of titles, including "de jure Empress of all the Russias", "It seems that there are no limits to this charade"   The supporters of Maria Vladimirovna point to the fact that neither Nicholas nor his brother Dimitri had any dynastic claims due to the morganatic marriage of their parents By the Pauline Laws, she is the rightful heir to the throne  The Pauline Laws emphasize male succession before female succession  As an example, if Tsarevich Alexei Romanov had not been murdered in 1918, and died without issue (i e , without children), his sisters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia wouldn't become Empresses before male Romanov relatives  
Alexander III had four sons: Nicholas II of Russia whose only male son died before he could produce heirs, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, who died shortly before he was 11 months old, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, who died with no issue, and Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia whose only son, George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov died at age 20, childless 
From there, the line of succession looks to Alexander III's father, Alexander II  His sons, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia both died without issue  Excluding the future Alexander III, the third boy Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia – born after the childless Tsarevich and Alexander III, whose descendants couldn’t claim leadership for many reasons – had four sons  The eldest died in infancy and the second eldest, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia, had one son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia  His only child is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, making her the legal heir to the Russian throne 
Following the discovery of the remains of Emperor Nicholas II and most of his immediate family in 1991, Maria Vladimirovna wrote to President Boris Yeltsin regarding the burial of the remains, saying of her Romanov cousins, whom she does not recognise as members of the Imperial House (including the grandchildren of Nicholas II's sister Grand Duchess Xenia), that they "do not have the slightest right to speak their mind and wishes on this question  They can only go and pray at the grave, as can any other Russian, who so wishes"  At the behest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Maria did not recognise the authenticity of the remains and declined to attend the reburial ceremony in 1998, however according to Victor Aksyuchits, ex-advisor of Boris Nemtsov, the exact reason behind Maria's absence from the state burial for Nicholas II and his family in 1998 was motivated by the Russian government's refusal to recognize her status as official Head of the Romanov House, after asking via a letter prior the funeral ceremony  She has also said, regarding some of her Romanov cousins, that "My feeling about them is that now that something important is happening in Russia, they suddenly have awakened and said, 'Ah ha! There might be something to gain out of this '"Maria hopes for the restoration of the monarchy someday and is "ready to respond to a call from the people"  When questioned about the ongoing rift among Romanov descendants, Maria said:

"Attempts to disparage my rights have originated with people who, firstly, do not belong to the Imperial Family, and, secondly, either do not themselves know the relevant laws or think that others do not know these laws  In either case, there is unscrupulousness at work  The only thing that causes me regret is that some of our relatives waste their time and energy on little intrigues instead of striving to be of some use to their country  I have never quarreled with anyone about these matters and I remain open to a discussion and cooperation with all, including, of course, my relatives  But there can be no foundation for cooperation without respect for our dynastic laws, fulfilling these laws, and following our family traditions "
In 2002, Maria became frustrated with the internal strife within the Russian monarchist movement  When representatives of the Union of Descendants of Noble Families, one of two rival nobility associations (the other, older one being the Assembly of the Russian Nobility) were discovered to be distributing chivalric titles and awards of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, without her approval, she published a relatively strongly worded disclaimer In 2003, Kirill I Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia stated in a congratulatory message on Maria Vladimirovna's 55th birthday, "you are the embodiment of a Russian Grand Duchess: noble, wise, compassionate, and consumed with a genuine love for Russia  Though you may reside far from Russia, you continue to take an active part in its life, rejoicing when there are triumphs and empathizing when there are trials  It is deeply gratifying to know that, even in these new historical circumstances, you are making a significant contribution to the building of Russia's global standing on the basis of spiritual and moral values, and the centuries-old traditions of the Russian people  The Russian Orthodox Church remains the preserver of the historical memory of the Russian people, and supports, as it has traditionally, the warmest possible relations with the Russian Imperial House "In March 2013, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, made a statement which seems to have drawn further supporters  In an interview, he was asked if any of the Romanovs had a legitimate claim to the throne and responded: "Well, to the second part of your question: are the claims, as you say, of the descendants of the Romanovs to the Russian throne legitimate? I would like to say right away that there are no claims  Today, none of the descendants of the Romanovs make claims the Russian throne  But in the person of the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and her son George, the succession of the Romanovs is preserved - not to the Russian imperial throne, but simply historically " (Сегодня никто из лиц, принадлежащих к потомкам Романовых, не претендует на Российский престол  Но в лице Великой княгини Марии Владимировны и ее сына Георгия сохраняется преемственность Романовых — уже не на Российском императорском престоле, а просто в истории)  Further, the Patriarch noted: "And I must thank this family and many other Romanovs with gratitude for their today's contribution to the life of our Fatherland  Maria Vladimirovna supports a lot of good initiatives, she visits Russia, she meets people, she elevates the most ordinary people who have distinguished themselves to a nobility  I remember well how on the Smolensk land an old peasant woman was elevated to the dignity of nobility, who did so much for those who were by her side during the difficult years of the war and in the post-war period  Therefore, the cultural contribution of this family continues to be very noticeable in the life of our society  " In December 2013, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna visited the United States at the request of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, which received her with full honours and recognition as head of the Russian Imperial House  On 17 July 2018 she participated in the liturgical commemoration of the centenary of the assassinations of Saints Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and their children conducted in Yekaterinburg by Patriarch Kirill I In January 2021, Grand Duchess Maria announced the morganatic engagement of her son to Rebecca Virginia Bettarini from Italy  Bettarini converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Victoria Romanovna  Grand Duchess Maria granted permission for the couple to marry  She decreed that Bettarini will have the title Princess, with the predicate "Her Serene Highness" and the right to use the surname Romanov  In March, she issued a statement condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, after previously voicing her support for Crimea and Donbas annexation in 2014 by Russia 

Honours
Russian Dynastic honours
House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Andrew Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign, Grand Mistress and Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Catherine Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Alexander Nevsky Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of the White Eagle Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  George Disputed In abeyance
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Vladimir Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Anna Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Stanislas Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Michael the Archangel Disputed

Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church: Order of St  Sergius of Radonezh, 1st Class 
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Order of Our Lady of the Sign, 1st Class
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Medal of John of Shanghai and San Francisco

Moldovan Orthodox Church
Moldovan Orthodox Church: Medal of Saint Paraskevi

Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate): Medal of Saint Barbara

Foreign dynastic
Ethiopian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 Georgian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Tamara
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 Transnistria: Commander of the Order of the Republic
 Poland: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
 Portuguese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing

Awards
Italy: Honorary Citizen of the City of Agrigento
 Russia: Winner of the  Russian International Person of the Year
 Russia: Honorary Citizen of the Ivolginsky District
 Russia: Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts
 Russia: Medal of the Assembly of the Russian Nobility

Ancestry
See also
List of Grand Duchesses of Russia



ground_truth: Saint Petersburg