prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born first, Perdón, Viejita or Smokey And The Bandit?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 2:
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 is a 1983 American action comedy film and a second and final sequel to Smokey and the Bandit (1977) and Smokey and the Bandit II (1980), starring Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Paul Williams, Pat McCormick, Mike Henry and Colleen Camp  The film also includes a cameo near the end by the original Bandit, Burt Reynolds 
With one of the main titular characters missing, the plot of the film revolves instead around Sheriff Buford T  Justice ("Smokey"), with the presence of the Bandit merely being suggested through him being impersonated by Cledus ("Snowman") 
The film received negative reviews and was a box office bomb 

Plot
Big Enos and Little Enos offer retiring Sheriff Buford T  Justice a wager, betting $250,000 against his badge on his ability to transport a large stuffed fish from Florida to Texas  Buford rejects the wager and retires, but goes through all sorts of mishaps before finally realizing retirement is not all it is cracked up to be and accepting the Enoses' wager  Buford picks up the fish and starts driving with his son, Junior 
The Enoses set many traps, but Buford dodges all of them, so they try to hire the Bandit to intercept him  Agreeing that the original Bandit is too hard to manage, they hire the Snowman to act as the Bandit  The new Snowman/Bandit parks his truck so he can drive a black and gold 1983 Pontiac Trans Am 
The Bandit picks up Dusty, who quits her job at a used car dealership  The Bandit catches up with Buford and steals the fish with Dusty's help  Buford pursues the Bandit, with another local officer who attempts to take charge of the situation  Both police cars are disabled in the chase 
Buford catches up after the Bandit and Dusty stop at a redneck bar to eat  The chase then creates mass chaos in a local town  The Bandit escapes when an 18-wheeler blocks the alleyway where the Bandit sped through  While trying to get the truck out, Buford's car is towed, but he reverses the car and escapes  The tow truck driver chases him, with Junior spinning on the hook  Buford makes the truck flip over, sending Junior flying through the air  Other cars crash into the pile-up 
Buford chases the Bandit in the Mississippi Fairgrounds  Buford's car is thrown up on two side wheels by an incline, but he continues the pursuit while driving on two wheels 
That night, the Bandit and Dusty stop at a hotel called the Come On Inn, where people are involved in an orgy  Buford sees the Bandit's Trans-Am parked there and searches for the fish, which he finds  Buford also thinks he finds the Bandit in the sauna, but it turns out to be a muscular woman who bonds with him 
The next day, one of Buford's tires are blown by the "Enos Devil Darts"  The Bandit retakes the fish  Buford pursues on the remaining three tires, first through a herd of cattle, then through parked boats, then a nudist camp, then through a field where the Enoses set off explosions, one of which destroys the car except the engine, seat, and lights, the latter of which Junior is holding above his head 
The Bandit intends to surrender the fish and let Buford win  As Buford collects his money, he sees the Snowman  Thinking he is dealing with the real Bandit, he resists "the Bandit's" (imagined as Burt Reynolds) attempts to sweet-talk him out of capturing him before Junior (in a voiceover) reminds him of what is in store for him if he retires  Buford and the Bandit both separately come to the same conclusion that they need each other in order to have meaning in their lives and the chase resumes, with Buford giving the Bandit a five-minute head start and with the muscular woman joining up with him  Junior is left behind and chases after Buford and the woman, dropping all the money in the process 

Cast
Jackie Gleason as Montague County Sheriff Buford T  Justice of Texas
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow / "The Bandit"
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Colleen Camp as Dusty Trails
Faith Minton as Tina
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville, The Real Bandit
Sharon Anderson as Police Woman
Silvia Arana as Latin Woman
Alan Berger as Hippie
Ray Bouchard as Purvis R  Beethoven
Connie Brighton as Girl #1
Earl Houston Bullock as Flagman
Ava Cadell as The Blonde
Cathy Cahill as Mother Trucker
David S  Cass Sr  as Local Tough Guy
Leon Cheatom as Guide
Candace Collins as French Maid
Peter Conrad as Midget
Janis Cummins as Nudist Female
Jackie Davis as Blackman #1
Dee Dee Deering as Mrs  Fernbush
Al De Luca as Flower Vendor
Raymond Forchion as Tar Worker
Dick Lowry as Sand Dumper
Sandy Mielke as Driving Instructor

Production
The film was originally entitled Smokey IS the Bandit, and did not include Jerry Reed in the cast   Contemporary newspapers refer to original plans to feature Gleason as both "Smokey" and "the Bandit", and Reed's name does not appear in early promotional materials or newspaper accounts during the film's production   According to some accounts, Jackie Gleason was to play two roles: Sheriff Buford T  Justice and a different "Bandit"  The original version was shot in October 1982  Reportedly test audiences reacted poorly, finding Gleason's two roles confusing, so the studio opted to do re-shoots in April 1983   The Bandit scenes were re-shot with Jerry Reed playing the role  Other accounts indicate that the title was more literal: that Gleason was to play only Sheriff Justice, but the character would also fill the role of "the Bandit", by taking the Enos family's challenge (as Reynolds' character had done in the previous two films)  In a teaser trailer for the film (billed as Smokey IS the Bandit), Gleason appears in character as Justice, explaining to the audience that to defeat the Bandit he would adopt the attributes of his prey, "becoming [my] own worst enemy"  A publicity still of Gleason apparently shows him in costume as the Bandit 

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on vinyl and cassette tape by MCA Records in 1983 

Reception
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 received negative reviews by critics and the film was generally regarded as the weakest of the three Bandit films in terms of both storyline and revenue  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from six critics Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a negative review: "The already skimpy running time of Smokey and the Bandit, Part 3 is padded by an opening montage of earlier Smokey scenes, including shots of Burt Reynolds lounging in a zebra-print hammock  He is grinning, as well he might, because he has been able to sit out Part 3 altogether  What has he missed? An interminable car chase punctuated by dumb stunts and even dumber dialogue, plus the well-worth-missing sight of Paul Williams in a dress"  Variety magazine staff wrote: "The sense of fun in that original is missing and the countless smashups and near-misses are orchestrated randomly" 
Despite the enormous financial success of the original film (grossing over $300 million on a budget of less than $5 million), coupled with respectable (though significantly lower) numbers generated by the sequel, the third installment was both a critical and box office flop, grossing only $7 million against the film's $9 million production budget 
Passage 3:
Smokey Bites the Dust
Smokey Bites the Dust is a 1981 car chase film from New World Pictures directed by Charles B  Griffith   Despite the title, the film is not connected to the Smokey and the Bandit series 

Plot
The stock plot deals with Roscoe Wilton (Jimmy McNichol), a teenage joyriding car thief, evading Cyco County Sheriff Turner (Walter Barnes) and his unintelligent deputies 
Turner becomes even more obsessed with catching Roscoe after he kidnaps his overly-sheltered daughter, Peggy Sue (Janet Julian), just as she is about to be crowned Homecoming Queen during a football game at their high school   In so doing, Roscoe also makes himself a target of other characters, including his best friend Harold (John Blyth Barrymore), Peggy Sue's friend Cindy (Kari Lizer), and Kenny (William Forsythe), a sanctimonius quarterback who is deeply, but vainly, in love with Peggy Sue 
While Roscoe is being chased by Sheriff Turner, Turner himself incurs the wrath of neighboring Knotsie County Sheriff Sherm Bleed after commandeering one of Bleed's cruisers   Turner's pursuit of Roscoe (and Peggy Sue, who quickly begins to enjoy being in Roscoe's company) goes through two other neighboring counties, with Turner commandeering several other police cruisers and civilian cars only to wreck each one in spectacular fashion 

Subplots
Lester (Patrick Campbell), a local moonshiner is looking to sell his "secret formula" to an Arab oil sheik for "a million clams"; the deal falls through when it turns out the sheik brought actual clams instead of money 
Harold and Cindy share a car as they join in the chase; Harold to get his dad's car back from Roscoe, and Cindy to give Peggy Sue her crown   As the chase progresses, Harold and Cindy begin to fall for one another, similar to Roscoe and Peggy Sue 
At a nearby truck stop, a preteen girl is willing to let Roscoe and Peggy Sue steal her father's station wagon (with boat in tow) in exchange for a carton of cigarettes   The girl appears several times more throughout the film, including near the end when everyone converges on Snake Lake Beach in a chaotic free-for-all; watching from a distance, the girl muses, "What, I ask you, is the point in growing up?" 
Kenny's infatuation with Peggy Sue motivates him to chase the elusive couple on his own in an attempt to rescue her; he even goes so far as to run other police cruisers off the road just so he can save Peggy Sue himself   After the fight on the beach, Kenny is eventually "arrested" by the female sheriff of neighboring Belladonna County 

Cast
Jimmy McNichol as Roscoe Wilton
Janet Julian as Peggy Sue Turner
Walter Barnes as Sheriff Hugh "Smokey" Turner
Patrick Campbell as Lester
Kari Lizer as Cindy
John Blyth Barrymore as Harold
William Forsythe (credited as 'Bill Forsythe') as Kenny
Kedric Wolfe as Deputy Bentley
Charles Howerton as Sheriff Sherman "Sherm" Bleed
Tony Cox as Desk Clerk

Production
Though the majority of the cars used in filming had California licence plates, the exact location of the storyline was more ambiguous; film dialogue mentioned the boonies, which generally refers to the Appalachian region, and also mentioned running off to "east St  Louis or west to Colorado"   Near the end of the film, Roscoe suggests they hotwire a boat and take off for St  Louis or New Orleans, both of which are on the Mississippi River 
Charles B  Griffith had made a popular film for Roger Corman's New World Pictures called Eat My Dust! (1976)  Corman wanted Griffith to make a follow up called Car Wars using stunt footage from five old New World films  Griffith wrote a script which he later called Wham Bam, Merci, Madame, which he says Corman rejected  However a few years later he reactivated the project 

He called again and offered me a lot more money than he ever had before  I guess I got flattered, and I went ahead and did it  He had Max Apple in Texas go ahead and write a script around all the wrecks and chases  But Max wasn't allowed to see the footage  It was too expensive to rent a Movieola and send Max prints or anything else, so he had only vague descriptions written down on what the stunts were—and nothing worked  So I made a lot of changes in it, and that made Roger angry  He tried to cut it just to the action of the old pictures, but he couldn't, because he needed all the distribution rights  Then he cut all the motivations and all the character development  It was a mess, a jumbled mess!
Apple later described the experience: "They wanted four or five crashes, of which they already had the footage  It was more bricklaying than writing 
Passage 4:
Smokey and the Bandit
Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 American action comedy film starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Pat McCormick, Paul Williams and Mike Henry 
The directorial debut of stuntman Hal Needham, the film follows Bo "Bandit" Darville (Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Reed), two bootleggers attempting to illegally transport 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana to Atlanta  While the Snowman drives the truck carrying the beer, the Bandit drives a 1977 Pontiac Trans Am to distract law enforcement (called blocking) and keep the attention off the Snowman  During their run, they are pursued by Texas county sheriff Buford T  Justice (Gleason) 
Smokey and the Bandit was the second-highest-grossing domestic film of 1977 in the United States 

Plot
Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette and his son Little Enos have sponsored a racer in Atlanta's Southern Classic and want to celebrate in style when he wins, so they are seeking a trucker willing to bootleg Coors Beer to Atlanta for their refreshment  They find local legend Bo "Bandit" Darville at a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds and offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors from Texarkana (the closest place it could be legally sold at that time) to Atlanta in 28 hours  The Bandit takes the bet on the risky and unprecedented task, and recruits his brother-in-law Cledus "Snowman" Snow to drive the truck, while Bandit drives a black Pontiac Trans Am bought in advance from the Burdettes as a "blocker" to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo 
The pair arrive in Texarkana one hour early and load up the truck, but just as they head back, Carrie, a runaway bride, intercepts Bandit and jumps in his car, unwittingly making him an indirect target of Sheriff Buford T  Justice, a career Texas lawman whose witless son Junior was to have married Carrie  Buford, with Junior along, engages in a high-speed pursuit and doggedly chases Bandit all the way to Georgia to retrieve Carrie and arrest the Bandit, while various comical mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate on the way 
Bandit attracts more police attention across Dixie as Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer, but they are helped en route by many colorful characters via CB radio  Neither Buford nor any other lawmen know of Snowman's illegal manifest, while Bandit is likewise unaware that Buford is chasing him because of Carrie, whose jumpiness inspires Bandit to give her the CB handle "Frog" 
Just after re-entering Georgia, Snowman is rescued by Bandit after being stopped by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle trooper, as state and local police intensely pursue Bandit with roadblocks and a helicopter to track his movement  With four miles left, Bandit, discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, is ready to give up, but Snowman, who initially thought they would fail, takes the lead and smashes through the roadblock at the fairgrounds' main entrance  They return with ten minutes remaining on their time limit, but instead of taking the payoff, Carrie and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos: a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours  They quickly escape in one of Big Enos's 13 Cadillacs as police flood the racetrack 
After passing Buford's badly damaged cruiser on the roadside, Bandit gets on the CB and initially directs him to the Burdettes, but then respectfully gives his real location—right behind Buford, who continues his chase leaving Junior behind, and with more parts falling off his cruiser as he limps off after Bandit 

Cast
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville
Sally Field as Carrie "Frog"
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T  Justice / "Smokey Bear"
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr  B
Susan McIver as "Hot Pants" Hillyard
George Reynolds as Sheriff George Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as "Little Beaver"
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as "Sugar Bear"
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Alabama Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Michael McManus as Trucker "Silver Tongued Devil"
Gene Witham as Leader of The Gang
Susan Sindelar as Motorcycle Gang Member
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3
Sonny Shroyer as Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)

Production
Development
Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million, with Reed as the Bandit  Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, being better known in the film industry as a stuntman  He obtained the attention of studios and aimed the film at a more mainstream release after his friend Reynolds read the script and agreed to portray the Bandit, with Reed now portraying the Bandit's friend the Snowman  Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3, in which Reynolds only appeared in a cameo near the end  At the time, Reynolds was the top box office star in the world 
In the original script, Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey  The Bandit's car was a second-generation Trans Am and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000  Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads  Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read, but that he would still make the movie  Most of the dialogue was improvised on set Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5 3 million, figuring it was a good risk  Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million  With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3 3 million to make the film  Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule "Buford T  Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida  His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often  Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions  It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout the film  In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in a roadside diner (a "choke and puke" in CB lingo) was not in the original story but was rather Gleason's idea 
The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Reed  He gave Needham a preview of the song and, getting no reaction, offered to rewrite it  In response, Needham told Reed that he liked the song so much that if Reed changed even a word or a note, Needham would "choke him"  It would become one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature song The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas  Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64") that Gleason wore throughout the film 
While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze  Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on the air  Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider, and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both)  In return, Reynolds portrayed Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005)  Reynolds is referenced by name in several early episodes of the series 

Casting
Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T  Justice  Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her résumé  Universal executives initially resisted casting Field, claiming she was not attractive enough, but Reynolds insisted on her involvement  Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began on August 30, 1976  The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia, in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro, and Lithonia  The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit) and in McDonough  However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California, on the corner of Ojai Avenue and El Paseo Road  Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity  The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on Atlanta's south side  The roller coaster in the movie was the Greyhound  It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film  It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and in a flashback scene in Part 3  The area around Helen, Georgia, was used for some locations  The scene where Sheriff Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi-truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4 8 km) north of Helen  The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike  Reynolds and Field began dating during the filming According to an interview with Susie McIver Ewing on The RetroZest Podcast, she was picked to play the role of Hot Pants Hilliard after the dailies footage (shot in the Atlanta area) of the original actress playing the role was inadvertently destroyed on its way from Atlanta to Los Angeles  The new Hot Pants scene had to quickly be refilmed as a part of a second unit in the San Fernando Valley and was shot at a drive-in restaurant near Hansen Dam named Baby Beef Burgers, which has since been demolished  This same restaurant was used for a scene in the 1983 Stephen King Movie Christine, which was ultimately cut in the final film (it can be viewed as a deleted scene on the DVD release of the film) 

Vehicles
Hal Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that it would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie  He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans four-door sedans would be provided for the movie  The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends (from 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro have two round headlights and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four rectangular headlights, and the Camaro remained unchanged)  The decals were changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976  The hood scoop on these cars says "6 6 LITRE", which, in 1977, would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non-W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine 
The cars were 1976 models, the engines fitted to them were 455ci power plants, the last year these engines were offered for sale before withdrawal  All four of the cars were badly damaged during production, one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled Mulberry bridge  The Trans Am used for said jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump  Needham served as the driver for the stunt (in place of Reynolds), while Lada St  Edmund was in the same car (in place of Field)  By the film's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running  This gives rise to various continuity errors with Justice's patrol car, which during some chase sequences is shown with a black rear fender, which then reverts to the car's bronze color again in later scenes  When it is finally torn off along with the car's roof in the impact with the girder, the missing fender still reappears later on in the film  The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and in the final scene as the Bandit, the Snowman, Fred the dog, and Frog use it to make their escape  Three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, driven by Reed, were each equipped with 38-inch sleepers  Two units were 1974 models, as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model, as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille, signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business  The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit  This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running 

Legal status of Coors beer
In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma  Its lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors could spoil in one week without refrigeration, explaining the film's 28-hour deadline  A 1974 Time magazine article explains that Coors was so coveted for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives, and Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance  Future President Gerald Ford, after a trip to Colorado, hid it in his luggage to take it back to Washington, D C  President Dwight D  Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted by the Air Force to Washington  Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox would bring several cases after playing on the West Coast, by stashing them in the equipment trunks on the team's plane  Frederick Amon smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price Coors is still brewed just outside Denver, Colorado  It is now sold in all states as Coors ships it in refrigerated train cars and bottled locally and sold in different parts of the country including the eastern US states 

Soundtrack
The theme music "East Bound and Down" was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller  It became Reed's signature song and is on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed "Live!" (Still)  In 1991, it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm  Several other groups, such as the U S  rock band Tonic and U K -based country cover band We Be Ploughin' have also covered it  Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of the Bandit's escapades before the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which is in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack  Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack, as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film  Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack  Five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is prominent toward the end of "East Bound and Down"  The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette, and 8-track through MCA Records 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Smokey and the Bandit was a sleeper hit  It premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, where it performed badly  It then opened in just the South of the United States over the Memorial Day weekend and grossed $2,689,851 in 386 theaters  By the end of June, it had played in major Southern markets, including Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, New Orleans, Memphis, Dallas, and Oklahoma City, grossing $11 9 million  It opened in other Northern states at the end of July  With an original budget of $5 3 million (cut to $4 3 million two days before initial production), the film eventually grossed $126,737,428 in North America, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977 (only Star Wars earned more, with $221 3 million)  The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million  Reynolds said in 2015 that he most enjoyed this film, and had the most fun making it, of his career 

Critical response
Critical reception was largely positive  On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 78% rating based on 32 reviews  The site's consensus states: "Not much in the head but plenty beneath the hood, Smokey and the Bandit is infectious fun with plenty of car wrecks to keep your eyes glued" Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "about as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed"  In his review in the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus reducing suspense  He claimed that the Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him  The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing 
Alfred Hitchcock claimed that the film was one of his favorites  Upon meeting Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that Americans from the region where the film is set consider the film to be less cinema and more documentary  Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28 and was a success there, garnering positive reviews 
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years   100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

Cultural impact
Pontiac Trans Am
After the debut of the film, the Pontiac Trans Am became wildly popular, with sales almost doubling within two years of the film's release  It outsold its Chevrolet Camaro counterpart for the first time  Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film  Because of the popularity of the film and the sales success of the Trans Am, the president of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year  Due to his financial difficulties in 2014, Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am  High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but the actual sale price was $450,000  Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000  In 2015 a Florida-based automobile customization company built 77 Trans Ams modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the film  These new models were built off the same Camaro platform, came with the Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird, and Bandit logos, and the instrument panels, center consoles, and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds  Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-CID (7 4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967–69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977–81 models had rectangular headlights 

Diablo sandwich
The "diablo sandwich" ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film  Though no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities  A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn, and sour cream  Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun  Other sources in East Texas (from whence Sheriff Justice hails) are familiar with the popular regional delicacy known as the Diablo Sandwich  It consists of any of the various Louisiana-style hot sauces on Texas toast-style bread alongside the fourth most famous product of Pittsburg, Texas (behind Pilgrim's Pride, Cavender's, and Carroll Shelby)—Pittsburg Hot Links 

The Bandit Run
The first run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car  A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film  The Bandit Run quickly became a fixture, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special 2017 screening of the film attended by Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by the Bandit and Frog across a river 

Mobil 1 commercial
In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring then-NASCAR driver Tony Stewart, closely based on the film  Called Smoke is the Bandit and playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite commentators Darrell Waltrip as the Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T  Justice  The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products  The advertisements lampoon the film and feature a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down  The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites 

Television censorship and alternative versions
When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film  For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was common practice  The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum"  This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail 
Except for Gleason, the original actors mostly redubbed their lines for the television version  Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died the same year the film was released, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue  In the U K , the heavily dubbed version was shown for several years, particularly by the BBC  However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly  The theatrical release has a few lines deleted, including an edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off" after the sheriff called his vehicle "a piece of crap"  His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn  At the time, using "fuck" would immediately require an R rating and this self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience  However, the scene and the obscured expletive were played for comedy value and written as such, with the passing truck being the gag of the scene more than a way to avoid the censors 
In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally remastered audio track with 5 1 Dolby-compatible surround sound  Many of the film's original sounds were replaced  For instance, the diesel engine start and run-up sequence in the opening sequence of the film were completely dubbed over with a new sound  A few other examples of sound effect replacement occur when the Bandit takes off after getting the reluctant Cletus involved in the bet, the Bandit comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie, and when Buford's car top comes off  Some of the original sound effects (such as Cletus's dog Fred barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced  Earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact  Major portions of the audio background have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film  The updated version of the film features sound inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film  The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place 

Sequels
The film was followed by two sequels: Smokey and the Bandit II (1980) and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983)  The second film was a modest box office success, earning $66 1 million against a $17 million budget 
The third film – which had no involvement from either Hal Needham or Sally Field and contained only a short cameo appearance by Burt Reynolds – revolved entirely around Jackie Gleason's character, was panned by critics, and was a box office bomb, earning only $7 million against a $9 million budget 

Television spin-off films
A series of four made-for-TV spin-off films (Bandit Goes Country, Bandit Bandit, Beauty and the Bandit, and Bandit's Silver Angel) were produced in 1994 for Universal Television's Action Pack with actor Brian Bloom playing a younger version of the Bandit  The three original films introduced two generations of the Pontiac Trans Am and the Dodge Stealth in the television movies 

Television series
In October 2020, a Smokey and the Bandit TV series was revealed to be in development, with a pilot written by David Gordon Green and Brian Sides and also executive produced with his Rough House confederates Jody Hill, Danny McBride and Brandon James, as well as Seth MacFarlane and Erica Huggins of Fuzzy Door 

See also
The Cannonball Run
Hooper
Passage 5:
Smokey and the Bandit II
Smokey and the Bandit II is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Hal Needham, and starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jerry Reed, Jackie Gleason and Dom DeLuise  The film is the sequel to the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit 
The film was originally released in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and several other, mainly Commonwealth, countries as Smokey and the Bandit Ride Again 
The plot centers on Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed), transporting an elephant to the GOP National Convention, with Sheriff Buford T  Justice (Jackie Gleason) once again in hot pursuit 

Plot
Big Enos Burdette is in a literal mudslinging campaign against John Conn for Governor of Texas  After failing to get the outgoing governor's endorsement, Big Enos overhears him on the phone ordering a crate in Miami to be delivered in nine days to the Republican National Convention in Dallas  Burdette schemes to earn the governor's endorsement and have the crate delivered to the convention in his name and tracks down Cledus "Snowman" Snow and offers him and Bo "Bandit" Darville $200,000 to do the run  Cledus takes the Burdettes to Bandit to make the offer in person, but Bandit has become a heavy drinker since breaking up with Carrie ("Frog") and is drunk when the Burdettes arrive and double the payoff to $400,000  Cledus accepts on Bandit's behalf, but adds that Big Enos should give them half in advance, to which they agree  Cledus is ecstatic, but Bandit begins to miss Carrie 
Cledus calls Carrie, who is back in Texarkana and again about to marry Junior when Cledus calls offering her $50,000 to help out; she agrees and again becomes a runaway bride  Though she still has feelings for Bandit, when Carrie arrives, she initially intones she is only in it for the money, and she and Cledus work on getting Bandit off the booze and back into shape  She then trades in Junior's car for a new Trans Am  The group arrive at the pier in Miami only to find out the manifest is quarantined for three weeks  They return later that night to steal it, only to find the "package" is a live elephant (the G O P  mascot) which Cledus names "Charlotte" after his aunt  When Bandit removes a splinter from Charlotte's foot, she takes a liking to him 
Soon after the trio start off for Dallas, they are accosted for the first of several times by Sheriff Justice, but Bandit outwits him and they escape  En route, they stop at a remote fuel station and notice something wrong with Charlotte  Moments later, an ambulance pulls in with an Italian gynecologist in the back; "Doc" is initially reluctant to help, but when his driver speeds off unknowingly leaving him stranded, he asks to hitch a ride with them, agreeing to watch Charlotte 
Doc later finds that Charlotte is pregnant and due to give birth any time, but Bandit is determined to stay on schedule, but Cledus and Frog refuse to they wanted to make Charlotte comfortable  Entering Louisiana, Doc says that Charlotte is almost in labor and needs to be off her feet  Cledus chooses they all need a break and they go to a nearby nightclub where Don Williams is headlining   When Carrie sees Bandit scribbling on a napkin a picture of Charlotte cradled by suspended netting to keep her off her feet, she angrily leaves, but not before telling Bandit that she will come back only when he likes himself again  Later that night, a drunken Bandit makes his drawing a reality, and Doc agrees that his idea will work 
Buford intends to call for help from his brothers Reggie, a Mountie Sergeant in Quebec, and Gaylord, an effeminate Texas State Patrolman  Later, as Bandit and Cledus enter Texas, Buford lures the Bandit into a trap: a mass of 40 Texas Patrol and Mountie cruisers pursuing him across a desert basin  Bandit orders Cledus to get to Dallas, but he enlists a large convoy of his trucker pals and comes to Bandit's rescue instead, wrecking nearly all of the cruisers in a giant demolition derby while Doc and Charlotte watch from the sidelines  The two escape by crossing a makeshift trailer bridge with Buford and his brothers in pursuit  Two of the trucks pull away, resulting in Gaylord and Reggie's cruisers crashing in the ensuing gap before they can cross, but Buford is still in pursuit, though his cruiser is barely functioning 
Cledus begs Bandit to stop at a safari reserve, where Charlotte finally gives birth to her baby  Bandit is ready to load them both back up in the truck, but Cledus refuses and then knocks Bandit down when he insults him and was fed with Bandit's selfishness  When he sees Charlotte in tears, Bandit finally comes to his senses and apologizes and realises that taking care of Charlotte and caring for others is more important than $400,000 
Bandit later finds Carrie and tells her that he likes himself now, and that he does not want to be without her  He then tells her that he has not yet taken Charlotte to Dallas, but they can still make it  Carrie is overjoyed when she sees Charlotte's baby, and Bandit asks Charlotte's permission for him and Carrie to get hitched, to which Charlotte trumpets her approval; Doc, now riding in the cab with Cledus and Fred, also voices his approval, and they all drive away with Charlotte and her baby in tow in circus carts on their way to Dallas, with Buford still in pursuit, now driving a Greyhound bus 

Cast
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T  Justice / Gaylord Justice (credited as Ms  Jackie Gleason) / Reginald Van Justice
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow
Dom DeLuise as Dr  Frederico "Doc" Carlucci
Sally Field as Carrie "Frog"
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
David Huddleston as John Conn
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
John Anderson as The Governor
Brenda Lee as Nice Lady
The Statler Brothers as Themselves:
Phil Balsley
Lew DeWitt
Don Reid
Harold Reid
"Mean Joe" Greene as himself
Mel Tillis as Fairground Owner
Joe Klecko as himself
Don Williams as himself
Terry Bradshaw as himself
Nancy Lenehan as Ramona
John Megna as P T 
Chuck Yeager as Party Guest
John Robert Nicholson as The Patient
1980 Pontiac Trans Am as "Son of Trigger"

Production
Smokey and the Bandit II was filmed simultaneously with The Cannonball Run, in which Burt Reynolds and Dom DeLuise also starred  Football players Joe Klecko and Terry Bradshaw also appear in both films 
It is the first film to feature director Hal Needham's "Blooper Reel Credit Crawl" at the end, in that a collection of bloopers and outtakes from the film showed on one side of the screen while the closing credits slowly scrolled up the other side  Cannonball Run, also directed by Needham, used this same technique 
Buford's brothers were both portrayed by Gleason; "Reggie" was a Canadian version of "Reginald Van Gleason III", a popular character from Gleason's television show 
The film was written and produced before it was announced that the 1980 Republican National Convention would be held in Detroit rather than Dallas 
Many of the movie's scenes take place in northern Palm Beach County, especially at Burt Reynolds' ranch in Jupiter, Florida 
Although the Bandit again sticks to a Pontiac Trans Am, this time a 1980 Turbo model with five color decals unlike 1981's single color decals, the Snowman switches to a 1980 GMC General, silver with blue trim with the same mural on the trailer as in the original film  This "new rig" suggests that the pair were successful in the "double or nothing" wager offered by the Burdettes at the end of the first film, where they were persuaded to drive from Atlanta to Boston and back in 18 hours to buy clam chowder and bring it to the Burdettes 
A world-record automobile jump was captured on film during the "roundup sequence", when stuntman Gary Davis jumped a 1974 Dodge Monaco over 150 feet  Davis suffered compressed vertebrae as a result of a hard landing 
The roundup sequence in the desert shows many new Pontiac Le Mans sedans decorated as police cars being destroyed  The cars were originally ordered by a car rental agency in Phoenix, who refused to accept the delivery when they discovered the cars were not equipped with air conditioning  Pontiac took the cars back and eventually gave them to the producers to be used in the film 

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit 2: Original Soundtrack was released on vinyl, cassette tape and 8-track tape by MCA Records in 1980 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Smokey and the Bandit II grossed $10,883,835 in its opening weekend, the second highest ever at the time, behind Star Trek: The Motion Picture  It also set a record for an opening week, with a gross of $18,108,031  It was the eighth-most-popular 1980 film at the United States and Canada box office earning $66,132,626  This box office income inspired a third film 

Critical response
The film received almost completely negative reviews from critics who felt that it suffered badly in comparison to the original  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from seven critics  Roger Ebert gave it a one out of four stars and stated that there was "[in 1980] no need for this movie  That's true of most sequels, but it's especially true of Smokey and the Bandit II, which is basically just the original movie done again, not as well     how can I say it's lazy when it has 50 trucks doing stunts in it? Because it takes a lot less thought to fill up a movie with stunts than to create a comedy that's genuinely funny" Burt Reynolds later said that he did not enjoy working on the film at all, feeling that it was an unnecessary sequel put together by Universal purely for money-making reasons rather than to try making a good picture 

Sequel
The film was followed by another sequel three years later, Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983), in which Reynolds only made a brief cameo appearance, and Sally Field did not appear 
Passage 6:
The Nun and the Bandit
The Nun and the Bandit is an Australian film directed by Paul Cox 

Plot summary
In the 1940s, two outlaw brothers kidnap their wealthy 14-year-old second cousin, but things get complicated when her chaperoning nun refuses to abandon her charge 

Production
The film was made with finance from Film Victoria and the FFC  It was shot near Bacchus Marsh, Maldon in Victoria 

Release
According to Ozmovies: 

Roadshow was the nominal domestic distributor but refused to release it  The film went straight to video, though it had a small theatrical release in Canada thanks to Alliance 
The film was screened at the short-lived Halls Gap Film Festival in the Grampians on Sunday, 8 November 1992, with Cox present, though it had also had a "world premiere" at the Melbourne Film Festival earlier in the year Cox called the movie "minimal filmmaking":

It's the very first time I read a book that I wanted to film, because I normally don't believe the film has much to do with the novel  I wasn't at the screening at the Melbourne Film Festival but I never want to screen a film at a festival again  That screening actually killed the release  It got bad reviews in a few places, so Roadshow wouldn't even release it  I think that as an Australian bush film, it is a very, very original film, a highly original piece  The forest, the beauty of the land, that's the altar, and the sacrifice is the innocence and youth  You have a sacrifice on an altar  But it gave me enormous satisfaction because the finished film is very nicely tuned, minimal when you look at the way it's crafted    But that's not what the reviewers want, a bush film like this  That's not very Australian, is it?
Passage 7:
Hal Needham
Hal Brett Needham (March 6, 1931 – October 25, 2013) was an American stuntman, film director, actor, writer, and NASCAR team owner  He is best known for his frequent collaborations with actor Burt Reynolds, usually in films involving fast cars, such as Smokey and the Bandit (1977), Hooper (1978), The Cannonball Run (1981) and Stroker Ace (1983)  
In his later years, Needham moved out of stunt work, and focused his energy on the world land speed record project  In 2001, Needham received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards, and in 2012, he was awarded a Governors Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Early years
Needham was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Edith May (née Robinson) and Howard Needham  He was the youngest of three children  Raised in Arkansas and Missouri, Needham served in the United States Army as a paratrooper during the Korean War, worked as a treetopper (an arborist who performs tree topping services),
and was a billboard model for Viceroy Cigarettes while beginning a career in Hollywood as a motion picture stuntman 

Career
Needham's first break was as the stunt double for actor Richard Boone on the popular TV western Have Gun, Will Travel   Needham trained under John Wayne's stunt double Chuck Roberson and quickly became one of the top stuntmen of the 1960s on such films as How the West Was Won, The Bridge at Remagen, McLintock!, The War Lord, and Little Big Man  He doubled regularly for Clint Walker and Burt Reynolds  He played a cowboy in an episode of the TV Western Gunsmoke (S8E36 - “The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner”)  Needham moved into stunt coordinating and directing second unit action, while designing and introducing air bags and other innovative equipment to the industry  Needham at one time lived in Reynolds' guesthouse for the better part of 12 years In 1971, he and fellow stuntmen Glenn Wilder and Ronnie Rondell formed Stunts Unlimited  Needham had written a screenplay titled Smokey and the Bandit and his friend Reynolds offered him the chance to direct  The film was a huge hit, and the two followed it with Hooper, Smokey and the Bandit II, The Cannonball Run, and Stroker Ace  Needham also directed the TV pilots Stunts Unlimited (1980) and Stockers (1981), neither of which was picked up as a series  His final theatrical release as director was the 1986 BMX film Rad 
In 1977, Gabriel Toys introduced the "Hal Needham Western Movie Stunt Set" complete with a cardboard old west saloon movie set, lights and props, a toy movie camera and a spring-launched Hal Needham action figure that would break through a balcony railing, land on breakaway table and chairs and crash through a window  They were only manufactured for a short time and have since become highly collectible 
Needham moved out of stunt work, focusing his energy on the World Land Speed Record project that eventually became the Budweiser Rocket, driven by stuntman Stan Barrett  The team failed to set an officially sanctioned World land speed record with the vehicle, and their claims to have broken the sound barrier in 1979 have been heavily disputed  In the 1980s, he and Reynolds co-owned the Mach 1 Racing team, which fielded the Skoal Bandit No  33 car in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series for Harry Gant  In 1986, Needham, alongside William L  Fredrick, was awarded a Scientific and Engineering Award for his efforts in developing the Shotmaker Elite camera car and crane In 2001, Needham received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards  In 2012, he was awarded a Governors Award by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, where he was introduced by Quentin Tarantino Needham and his relationship with Reynolds inspired the Cliff Booth/Rick Dalton friendship in Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood 

Rocket car
Needham was the owner of the Budweiser Rocket car, a vehicle intended to break the speed of sound on land 

Death
Needham died on October 25, 2013 in Los Angeles, California, aged 82, shortly after being diagnosed with cancer 

Bibliography
Needham, Hal (2011)  Stuntman!: My Car-Crashing, Plane-Jumping, Bone-Breaking, Death-Defying Hollywood Life  New York: Little, Brown and Company  ISBN 978-0-316-07899-3  OCLC 548642135 

Filmography as actor
Filmography as director
Passage 8:
Perdón, viejita
Perdón, viejita is a 1927 silent Argentine film directed and written by José A  Ferreyra  Ferreyra was born on 28 August 1889 in Buenos Aires, Argentina  He was a director and writer also known for Bewitching Kisses (1937) and La vuelta al Bulín (1926)  Ferreyra died on 29 January 1943, at age 53  A fragment (34-minutes) of the film is currently available on YouTube  The restored version will be presented in the San Isidro Film and Music Festival on 15 November  2016  The nitrate copy of the film was provided by the Fundación Cinemateca Argentina and the restoration work was done by GOTIKA,

Synopsis
Perdón, viejita (which means "Sorry, Old Woman" in English) revolves around a lower-class family: Doña Camila, the aging mother, and Elena and Carlos, her children  Carlos is, unbeknownst to her, a reformed thief  One day he meets Nora, a prostitute, in the park, and decides to bring her home after falling in love with her  Elena, who is being courted by a shady Don Juan, is given a ring as a gift, but Nora takes it away from her complaining that she knows men like Don Juan and the ring is probably stolen  This is evidenced when the police arrive in search for the ring, and Nora takes the fall for Elena 
Prudencio, Elena's other pretender, takes an interest in Don Juan and after following him forces him to accompany him to the police and confess about the stolen ring  Don Juan is then imprisoned and Nora let go, but she feels her honor has been tainted and her meddling has caused trouble to the family, so she leaves and goes back to her job under the wing of El Gavilán ("The Hawker")  Carlos follows suit, and confronts El Gavilán, who in the confrontation wounds Nora from gunshot 
In the epilogue, Nora recovers in bed, nursed by Carlos and Prudencio  Elena, who had confessed to accepting the ring from Don Juan to her mother, comes visit with Doña Camila, who apologizes for her mistrust and scorn of Nora  The family reconciles, and live happily ever after 
Passage 9:
José A  Ferreyra
José A(gustín) Ferreyra (28 August 1889 – 29 January 1943), popularly known as "Negro Ferreyra" (Black Ferreyra, due to his partially African ancestry), was an early Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer  He was also sometimes credited as production designer 
Ferreyra was born in Vicente López, Gran Buenos Aires  His father was of White European descent, while his mother was Afro-Argentine, likely descended from slaves He began simultaneously directing and screenwriting for film in 1915, and moved on to success directing films such as Palomas rubias in 1920  His films tended to focus on lower-class family drama, most notably Perdón, viejita (1927), and were filmed on a low budget and with little to no script as a guide  Ferreyra prevailes through the 1920s and 1930s as a distinguished filmmaker of the masses, but was displaced in the late 1930s and early 1940s by big budget cinema  He directed over 40 films and wrote the scripts for the majority of them between 1915 and 1941, working with noted actors such as Libertad Lamarque and Mario Soffici on his screen debut, before moving on to directing 
He died on 29 January 1943 from laryngeal cancer 

Filmography
Chimbela (1939)
La Ley que olvidaron (1938)
Besos Brujos (1937)
Ayúdame a Vivir (1936)
Puente Alsina (1935)
Streets of Buenos Aires (1934)
El Cantar de mi ciudad (1930)
Perdón, viejita (1927)
Muchachita de Chiclana (1926)
La costurerita que dio aquel mal paso (1926)
La vuelta al Bulín (1926)
Mi último tango (1925)
El organito de la tarde (1925)
El arriero de Yacanto (1924)
Mientras Buenos Aires duerme (1924)
Odio serrano (1924)
La Leyenda del puente inca (1923)
Melenita de oro (1923)
Corazón de criolla (1923)
La Maleva (1923)
La Chica de la calle Florida (1922)
La Muchacha del arrabal (1922)
Buenos Aires, ciudad de ensueño (1922)
La Gaucha (1921)
Palomas rubias (1920)
De vuelta al pago (1919)
Campo ajuera (1919)
El tango de la muerte (1917)
Venganza gaucha (1917)
La fuga de Raquel (1916)
La isla misteriosa (1916)
Una noche de garufa (1915)
Passage 10:
The Bandit Trail
The Bandit Trail is a 1941 Western film 

Plot
A cowboy helps rob a bank to get revenge on an unscrupulous banker 

Cast
Tim Holt as Steve Haggerty
Ray Whitley as Smokey
Janet Waldo	as Ellen Grant
Lee 'Lasses' White as Whopper
Morris Ankrum as Red Haggerty
Roy Barcroft as Joel Nesbitt
Glenn Strange as Gang member
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Ballad of Uhlans
The Ballad of Uhlans (Уланская баллада) is a 2012 Russian historical adventure film directed by Oleg Fesenko, and stars Sergei Bezrukov, Anna Chipovskaya, Anton Sokolov and Vladimir Gostyukhin 
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on 1 November 2012 in Russia 

Plot
In 1812, on the eve of the decisive Battle of Borodino, a French secret agent steals a battle plan of the Russian troops  This fact is known to General Kutuzov, thanks to a young nobleman named Alexey Tarusov  Tarusov joins a regiment of Russian lancers, and finds new friends and together they have many adventures   

Cast
Sergei Bezrukov - (Go) Rzhevskiy
Anna Chipovskaya - Panna Beata
Anton Sokolov - Alexey Tarusov
Vladimir Gostyukhin - Turusov Sr 
Anatoliy Beliy - Knyaz Kiknadze
Stanislav Duzhkinov - Ptukha
Valery Nikolaev - De Vitt
Olga Kabo - Martha
Sergei Juravel - Mikhail Kutuzov
Boris Klyuyev - Arkacheev
Eric Fratichelli - Napoleon
Dimitri Isayev - Alexander I
Gedininas Adomaitis - Armand de Kolencour
Paweł Deląg - Ledokhovskiy
Alexei Makarov - Troitskiy
Egor Pazenko - Uvarov
Svetlana Metkina - Maria Valevskaya

Home Media
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the Russian Federation in January 2013 

External links
Official website
The Ballad of Uhlans at IMDb
information in Kino-Teatr Ru
Passage 2:
The Ballad of Uhlans
The Ballad of Uhlans (Уланская баллада) is a 2012 Russian historical adventure film directed by Oleg Fesenko, and stars Sergei Bezrukov, Anna Chipovskaya, Anton Sokolov and Vladimir Gostyukhin 
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on 1 November 2012 in Russia 

Plot
In 1812, on the eve of the decisive Battle of Borodino, a French secret agent steals a battle plan of the Russian troops  This fact is known to General Kutuzov, thanks to a young nobleman named Alexey Tarusov  Tarusov joins a regiment of Russian lancers, and finds new friends and together they have many adventures   

Cast
Sergei Bezrukov - (Go) Rzhevskiy
Anna Chipovskaya - Panna Beata
Anton Sokolov - Alexey Tarusov
Vladimir Gostyukhin - Turusov Sr 
Anatoliy Beliy - Knyaz Kiknadze
Stanislav Duzhkinov - Ptukha
Valery Nikolaev - De Vitt
Olga Kabo - Martha
Sergei Juravel - Mikhail Kutuzov
Boris Klyuyev - Arkacheev
Eric Fratichelli - Napoleon
Dimitri Isayev - Alexander I
Gedininas Adomaitis - Armand de Kolencour
Paweł Deląg - Ledokhovskiy
Alexei Makarov - Troitskiy
Egor Pazenko - Uvarov
Svetlana Metkina - Maria Valevskaya

Home Media
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the Russian Federation in January 2013 

External links
Official website
The Ballad of Uhlans at IMDb
information in Kino-Teatr Ru
Passage 3:
Moment of Truth
Moment of Truth or The Moment of Truth may refer to:

Music
Album
Moment of Truth (Gerald Wilson album), 1962
Moment of Truth (Terri Nunn album), 1991
Moment of Truth, a 2004 album by Da' T R U T H 
The Moment of Truth (compilation album), a 1999 album in The Emo Diaries series
Moment of Truth (ELO Part II album), 1994
Moment of Truth (Gang Starr album), 1998, or its title track
The Moment of Truth (The Real Milli Vanilli album), 1990
Moment of Truth (Suzy Bogguss album), 1990
Moment of Truth (Man with No Name album), 1996
Moment of Truth, a 2013 album by Glenn Lewis
Moment of Truth (Tinsley Ellis album), 2007
The Moment of Truth (Crow Mother album), 2017

Songs
"The Moment of Truth" (Survivor song), 1984, part of the soundtrack for The Karate Kid
"Moment of Truth", a 2004 song by Damageplan from New Found Power
"Moment of Truth", a 1971 song by Earth, Wind & Fire from Earth, Wind & Fire
"Moment of Truth", a 1993 song by Jeff Watson from Around the Sun
"Moment of Truth", a 2023 song by Lil Durk from Almost Healed
"Moment of Truth", a 2001 song by Timothy B  Schmit from Feed the Fire

Film and television
Moment of Truth (Canadian TV series), a Canadian serial drama television series which aired on CBC Television from 1964 to 1969
Moment of Truth (2021 TV series), an American true crime documentary about the unsolved murder of James R  Jordan Sr  in 1993 
The Moment of Truth (American game show), an American game show
The Moment of Truth (British game show), a British game show
Moment of Truth (film series), a series of made-for-television movies from the Lifetime cable channel
"The Moment of Truth" (Merlin), an episode of Merlin
The Moment of Truth (1952 film), a French film
The Moment of Truth (1965 film), an Italian film
In August of 1944, or The Moment of Truth, a 2001 Russian-Belarusian action film

Other
Moment of truth (marketing), when a customer interacts with a product that changes an impression about that particular product
The Moment of Truth (novel), a 2003 novel based on the Star Wars franchise
The Moment of Truth (play), a 1951 satire comedy drama play by Peter Ustinov

See also
Epiphany (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
The Ballad of Josie
The Ballad of Josie is a 1967 Technicolor American comedy Western film directed by Andrew V  McLaglen and starring Doris Day, Peter Graves, and George Kennedy  It humorously tackles 1960s themes of feminism in a traditional Western setting 
The film featured the last acting role for William Talman  It was filmed on two locations in Thousand Oaks, California: North Ranch and Wildwood Regional Park 

Plot
Josie (Doris Day) is a young woman living in (fictional) Arapahoe County, Wyoming  She accidentally kills her abusive alcoholic husband when she opens the bedroom door and knocks him backward down the stairs  She is put on trial for his death, but is acquitted  Her father-in-law gets custody of her young son (since he was better able to provide for his care) and takes him to Cheyenne to live while she tries to build a life as a rancher (including wearing Levi's pants, boots, etc )  Josie then incurs the annoyance of her male cattle rancher neighbors by farming sheep north of the Wyoming deadline), and setting up a women's suffrage movement 

Cast
Doris Day as Josie Minick
Peter Graves as Jason Meredith
George Kennedy as Arch Ogden
Andy Devine as Judge Tatum
William Talman as District Attorney Charlie Lord
David Hartman as Sheriff Fonse Pruitt
Guy Raymond as Doc
Audrey Christie as Annabelle Pettijohn
Karen Jensen as Deborah Wilkes
Elisabeth Fraser as Widow Renfrew
Linda Meiklejohn as Jenny McCardle
Shirley O'Hara as Elizabeth
Timothy Scott as Klugg The Sheepherder
Don Stroud as Bratsch The Sheepherder
Paul Fix as Alpheus Minick
Harry Carey as Mooney, Meredith's Foreman
John Fiedler as Simpson, general store owner
Robert Lowery as Whit Minick, town drunk
Teddy Quinn as Luther Minick, Josie's son
Edward Faulkner as Juror/Liveryman

See also
List of American films of 1967
Passage 5:
The Ballad of Narayama
The Ballad of Narayama may refer to:

The Ballad of Narayama (novel), a 1956 novel by Shichirō Fukazawa
The Ballad of Narayama (1958 film)
The Ballad of Narayama (1983 film)
Passage 6:
Point Danger
Point Danger or Danger Point may refer:

Places
AustraliaPoint Danger (Tweed Heads), on the border of New South Wales and Queensland
Point Danger (Portland), south-western Victoria
Point Danger (Torquay), south-western VictoriaOther placesDanger Point (County Devon), England, UK

Facilities and structures
Danger Point Lighthouse, Walker Bay, South Africa
Point Danger Light, located at Point Danger (Tweed Heads) on the border of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia

See also
Danger (disambiguation)
Point (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
The Ballad of Cossack Golota
The Ballad of Cossack Golota (Russian: Дума про казака Голоту) is a 1937 Soviet action drama film directed by Igor Savchenko 

Plot
The film is based on the novel R V S  by Arkady Gaidar  The film takes place in 1920 during the Civil War  All the men of Olkhovka village went to war  A young man Zhigan visits his grandfather and meets the son of a soldier of the Red Army - Sashko, who becomes his friend  Sashko receives information that the bandits want to kill the red commissar who must visit the village  Guys want to warn him   The characters get mixed up with a wounded commissar and a marauding White Russian officer  They find themselves in all sorts of predicaments before the Reds arrive to save the day, and become the mascots of a troop of Bolshevik cavalry 

Starring
Konstantin Nassonov as Commissar
Leonid Shekhtman as Zhigan
Konstantin Tyrtov as Sashko
Nina Rusinova as Mother
Nikolai Sokolov as Grandfather
Viktor Seleznyov as (as Vitya Seleznyov)
Nikolay Gorlov as Ataman Levka
Faina Ranevskaya as priest's wife
Aleksandr Grechanyy as Goloven (as A  Grechanyj)
Konstantin Starostin as Ataman Kozolup (as K  Starostin)
Aleksandr Zhutaev as Vassili (as A  Zhutayev)
Y  Martsinchik as Polish Officer
Passage 8:
The Ballad of Little Joe
This is a list of VHS and DVD releases of the animated children's television series VeggieTales 

Videos
Original videos (1993–2015)
Theatrical films
Compilation videos
Collections
Lessons From The Sock Drawer (May 6, 2008): Includes various "Veggie Vault" Silly Songs, shorts, and briefs including Binky the Opera Singer, Dr  Jiggle & Mr  Sly, The Story of St  Patrick, Paco and The Singing Aardvark,  Gated Community, Paco and the Chicken, The Englishman Who Went Up The Hill, Larry's High Silk Hat, Larry's Lagoon, Modern Major General, Forgive-O-Matic, Larry's Blues, Going Up, Omelet, and Lunch
The Bumblyburg Super-Hero Value Pack: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, Dave and the Giant Pickle (first Larry-Boy Appearance), and all four episodes of Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures 
LarryBoy Superhero Power Pack: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple, the 16 Feature Songs of LarryBoy: The New Soundtrack! CD and all four episodes of Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures 
The Ultimate Christmas Collection: Includes The Toy That Saved Christmas, The Star of Christmas, Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving, the 25 Favorite Christmas Songs! CD, Christmas Sing-Along Songs!, It's a Meaningful Life, and The Little Drummer Boy 
A Very Veggie Easter Collection: Includes An Easter Carol, Twas The Night Before Easter, and the songs from CD collections "A Very Veggie Easter" and "Hosanna!" 
The Complete Silly Song Collection: Includes Very Silly Songs!, The End of Silliness? and The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown 
VeggieTales: 30 Episodes DVD Set: Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, Are You My Neighbor?, Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple, The Toy That Saved Christmas, The Star of Christmas, Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving, King George and the Ducky, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen, Duke and the Great Pie War, Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella, Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler, Rack, Shack and Benny, Dave and the Giant Pickle, Josh and the Big Wall!, The Ballad of Little Joe, Moe and the Big Exit, Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue, It's a Meaningful Life, Sweetpea Beauty: A Girl After God's Own Heart, The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, Sumo of the Opera, Gideon: Tuba Warrior, Abe and the Amazing Promise, Lyle the Kindly Viking, A Snoodle's Tale and Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't 
All the Shows Volume 1 1993–2000: Includes "Where's God When I'm S-Scared", "God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!", "Are You My Neighbor?", "Rack, Shack and Benny", "Dave and the Giant Pickle", "The Toy That Saved Christmas", "Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!", "Josh and the Big Wall", "Madame Blueberry" and "Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed" 
All the Shows Volume 2 2000–2005: Includes "King George and the Ducky", "Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen", "Lyle the Kindly Viking", "The Star of Christmas", "The Ballad of Little Joe", "An Easter Carol", "A Snoodle's Tale", "Sumo of the Opera", "Duke and the Great Pie War" and "Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush" 
All the Shows Volume 3 2006–2010: Includes "Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler", "LarryBoy and the Bad Apple", "Gideon: Tuba Warrior", "Moe and the Big Exit", "Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue", "Abe and the Amazing Promise", "Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella", "Saint Nicholas", "Pistachio" and "Sweetpea Beauty" 
25th Anniversary 10-Movie Collection: Includes Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie, A Snoodle's Tale, Lyle the Kindly Viking, Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't, Sweetpea Beauty, Sumo of the Opera, Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler, Robin Good and His Not So Merry Men and The Penniless Princess 
The VeggieTales Christmas Classics: Includes The Toy That Saved Christmas, The Star of Christmas, Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving, Christmas Sing-Along Songs!, It's a Meaningful Life, The Little Drummer Boy and Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas 
LarryBoy Ultimate Superhero Collection: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple, The League of Incredible Vegetables, and all four episodes of Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures 

Double features
Holiday Double Feature: Includes The Toy that Saved Christmas and The Star of Christmas 
Lessons in Telling the Truth and The Power of Words Double Feature: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! and Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed 
Lessons in Thankfulness and Courage Double Feature: Includes Madame Blueberry and Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen 
Lessons in Obedience and Selfishness Double Feature: Includes Josh and the Big Wall and King George and the Ducky 
Halloween Double Feature: Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared? and Rack, Shack & Benny 
Heroic Legends Double Feature: Includes The League of Incredible Vegetables and Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen 
Lessons in Friendship and Facing Hardship Double Feature: Includes Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler and The Ballad of Little Joe 
Silly Songs! Double Feature: Includes Very Silly Songs! and The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown 
Good Friends! Double Feature: Includes Rack, Shack & Benny and Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue  
Growing Generous Kids!: Includes Lyle the Kindly Viking and King George and the Ducky 
Growing Patient Kids!: Includes Abe and the Amazing Promise and Sumo of the Opera 
Growing Faithful Kids!: Includes "The Grapes Of Wrath" (from God Wants Me To Forgive Them!?!) and 'Gideon: Tuba Warrior' 
Growing Kindhearted Kids!: Includes  Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue and Babysitter in De Nile" (from Duke and the Great Pie War)
Growing Courageous Kids!: Includes The Ballad of Little Joe and "Bully Trouble" (from Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush) 
Growing Confident Kids!: Includes Rack, Shack and Benny and A Snoodle's Tale 
Movie Time!: Includes Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie &  The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything 

Triple features
Bob and Larry's Favorite Stories! (March 31, 1998): Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, and Are You My Neighbor? 
More of Bob and Larry's Favorite Stories (August 25, 1998): Includes Rack, Shack and Benny, Dave and the Giant Pickle, and Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! 
Junior's Favorite Stories (November 9, 1999): Includes Josh and the Big Wall!, Very Silly Songs!, and Madame Blueberry 
Larry's Favorite Stories (May 23, 2000): Includes Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, The End of Silliness, and King George and the Ducky 
Classics from the Crisper (September 18, 2001): Includes Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen, Lyle the Kindly Viking, and The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown 
"Lions, Shepherds and Queens (Oh My!)" Includes "Daniel and the Lions' Den", "Dave and the Giant Pickle" and "Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen" 
"Stand Up, Stand Tall, Stand Strong!" Includes "The Story of Flibber-o-Loo", "Rack, Shack and Benny" and "Josh and the Big Wall!"
Multi-Feature: Includes Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, Sumo of the Opera, and Dave and the Giant Pickle 
Girl Power! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Madame Blueberry, Duke and the Great Pie War, and Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen 
Superhero! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, and LarryBoy and the Bad Apple 
Lessons for a Lifetime! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, Lyle the Kindly Viking, and Gideon: Tuba Warrior 
God Made You Special! (August 11, 2007): Includes "Dave and the Giant Pickle", "The Gourds Must Be Crazy", and "A Snoodle's Tale"  Also includes a new short, "Bob's Vacation"
"A Baby, A Quest and the Wild Wild West!": Includes "The Ballad of Little Joe", "Babysitter in DeNile" and "Mo and the Big Exit" 
God Loves You Very Much! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes "The Ballad of Little Joe", "Gideon, Tuba Warrior", and "Rack, Shack and Benny" 
"A Silly Little Thing Called Love" A VeggieTale Triple Feature : Includes "The Story of Flibber -o-Loo", "Duke and the Great Pie War", and "Madame Blueberry" 
"Happy Together": Includes "Sherlock Holmes and the Golden Ruler", "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen" 
Veggie Classics! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, and Are You My Neighbor? 
Bible Heroes! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Josh and the Big Wall!, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen, and Moe and the Big Exit 
Royalty Collection! A Queen, A King and a Very Blue Berry: Includes Madame Blueberry, King George and the Ducky, and Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen 
Adventure Pack! The Search and Rescue Edition!: Includes Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler, and Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue 
Good Guys! Triple Feature: Includes Dave and the Giant Pickle, Josh and the Big Wall!, and Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue 

Quadruple features
Funtastic Four!: Includes Robin Good, Big River Rescue, Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella, and Sheerluck Holmes 
Bible Story Collection: Includes King George and the Ducky, Dave and the Giant Pickle, Rack, Shack and Benny and Josh and the Big Wall!
Princess Story Collection: Includes Sweetpea Beauty, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen, The Penniless Princess, and Princess and the Popstar 
Bible Heroes - 4 Movie Collection: Includes Noah's Ark, Gideon: Tuba Warrior, Josh and the Big Wall! and King George and the Ducky 
Bible Heroes - 4 Movie Collection 2: Includes Moe and the Big Exit, The Ballad of Little Joe, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen and Dave and the Giant Pickle 
Superhero! - 4 Movie Collection: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple and The League of Incredible Vegetables 
Passage 9:
Eskimo Nell (film)
Eskimo Nell, also known as The Ballad of Eskimo Nell and as The Sexy Saga of Naughty Nell and Big Dick, is a 1975 British sex comedy film directed by Martin Campbell and produced by Stanley Long  Though inspired by "The Ballad of Eskimo Nell", the movie owes little to the original bawdy song 
Long called it "my definitive statement about the sex films" 

Plot
Budding film director Dennis Morrison (Michael Armstrong), producer Clive Potter (Terence Edmond), and screenwriter Harris Tweedle (Christopher Timothy) are hired by seedy erotic film producer Benny U  Murdoch (Roy Kinnear) to make a dirty movie based on the poem "The Ballad of Eskimo Nell"  However they run into difficulty when each of the production's backers want a completely different style of film made  Then Murdoch makes off with the money and the three have to produce four different versions of the movie to keep everybody happy - a gay Western, a hardcore porno, a Kung Fu-style musical, and a wholesome family production 

Cast
Background
Many of the film's characters are based on real personalities of the time  Lady Longhorn and Lord Coltwind — the backers of the wholesome family version — are thinly veiled caricatures of Mary Whitehouse and Lord Longford  Benny U  Murdoch is loosely based on Tony Tenser, head of Tigon films  A more obscure figure the film ridicules is Louis "Deke" M  Heyward, the London representative of AIP (American International Pictures), who had previously clashed with the film's writer Michael Armstrong in 1969 during the making of Armstrong's directing debut, The Haunted House of Horror  In Eskimo Nell Heyward is parodied as "Big Dick", a crass, foul-mouthed American producer from "A W P Films", and the backer of the hardcore porno version  A similar character had previously appeared in Armstrong's script for The Sex Thief in 1973 
A pre-fame Mary Millington, then just a jobbing actress and model using her married name Mary Maxted, has a small role in the film as a stripping traffic warden who auditions for a part in the film within a film   Although Millington appears only fleetingly (with her audition speeded up for comic effect), stills from her scene were used to publicize the film in magazines including Titbits and Cinema X 
The film is not to be confused with Richard Franklin's 1975 film The True Story of Eskimo Nell which was released in the UK as Dick Down Under  Campbell's film was re-titled The Sexy Saga of Naughty Nell and Big Dick in Australia 
Long half financed with Eagle films  He was a director by then but let Martin Campbell direct because he "thought he was very talented"  Long says the film is loosely based on fact and real people who were in the film industry 

Home media
Eskimo Nell was released in a 'special edition' DVD and Blu-ray on 16 February 2015, to celebrate its 40th anniversary (the film was originally released in London in January 1975)  The new edition has been digitally re-mastered at Pinewood Studios and comes with several extra features including the original theatrical trailer (unseen since 1975), an audio commentary by the film's actor-writer Michael Armstrong and film historian Simon Sheridan, an 8-page booklet, plus an extensive stills gallery and a newly re-mastered version of Mary Millington's short 1974 film Wild Lovers 
Passage 10:
Moment of Danger
Moment of Danger (also known as Malaga) is a 1960 British crime drama film starring Trevor Howard, Dorothy Dandridge and Edmund Purdom  It was filmed in Europe in the late months of 1959 
The film is based on the novel by Donald MacKenzie, and it was brought to the screen by David D  Osborn  The film proved to be the final completed film for Dorothy Dandridge 

Plot
Starting with a wordless jewel heist pulled-off by thief Peter Curran and locksmith John Bain, Curran then double-crosses his accomplice, dumps his lover Gianna and escapes with his ill-gotten gains   In the aftermath Gianna teams up with Bain and the two of them decide to even the score with Curran, developing feelings for each other along the way 

Cast
Trevor Howard as John Bain
Dorothy Dandridge as Gianna
Edmund Purdom as Peter Carran
Michael Hordern as Inspector Farrell
Paul Stassino as Juan Montoya
John Bailey as Cecil
Alfred Burke as Shapley
Peter Illing as Pawnbroker
Martin Boddey as Sir John Middleburgh

Background
Before the film's release, Jet magazine said it "concerns a girl     and a man     who, broke and stranded, are on the run from the law   (at one point) the girl goes out and gets money as a prostitute "  One author describes Michael Hordern's appearance in the movie as a "sympathetic copper who knows that Trevor Howard is a jewel thief – thanks to Howard's double-crossing partner Edmond Purdom – but lacks the evidence to make an arrest "In the film Dorothy Dandridge was cast as a woman of colour of European descent with the Italian name of Gianna   In some pre-release publicity, one magazine article made a point of saying that when Trevor Howard's character kissed Dorothy, it was the first time in her career that she had received an on-screen kiss from a white man  This was not so as the actors barely touched throughout, but director László Benedek created some strongly understated sexual tension  The actress' first screen kiss so described occurred when starring with German actor Curd Jürgens in the 1958 Italian production Tamango 



ground_truth: Perdón, Viejita

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released earlier, Moment Of Danger or The Ballad Of Josie?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Henry de Bohun
Sir Henry de Bohun (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, of Anglo-Norman origins, the grandson of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford  He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce 
Riding in the vanguard of heavy cavalry, de Bohun caught sight of the Scottish king who was mounted on a small palfrey (ane gay palfray Li till and joly) armed only with a battle-axe De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, but Bruce stood his ground, riding on towards the English knight  The two men sped towards each other (Sprent thai samyn intill a ling)  At the last moment Bruce manoeuvred his mount nimbly to one side, stood up in his stirrups and hit de Bohun so hard with his axe that it cut through both Sir Henry's helmet and skull and into his brain (That ner the heid till the harnys clave)  Despite the great risk the King had taken, he merely expressed regret that he had broken the shaft of his favourite axe An iconic description and picture of the death of Henry de Bohun is contained in Scotland's Story by H  E  Marshall 
Passage 2:
Eleanor de Bohun
Eleanor de Bohun (c  1366 – 3 October 1399) was the elder daughter and co-heiress (with her sister, Mary de Bohun), of  Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373) and Joan Fitzalan, a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster 

Marriage
In 1376, Eleanor married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester  Thomas was the youngest son of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault  Following their marriage, the couple went to reside in Pleshey Castle, Essex  According to Jean Froissart, Eleanor and her husband had the tutelage of her younger sister, Mary, who was being instructed in religious doctrine in the hope that she would enter a convent, thus leaving her share of the considerable Bohun inheritance to Eleanor and Thomas 

Issue
Together Eleanor and Thomas had five children:

Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (c  1381/1382 – 2 September 1399)
Anne of Gloucester (c  1383 – 1438) married (1st) Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford; (2nd) Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford; and (3rd) William Bourchier, Count of Eu  Her son by 3rd marriage, John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners, was grandfather of Richard Neville, 2nd Baron Latimer of Snape 
Joan (1384 – 16 August 1400) married Gilbert Talbot, 5th Baron Talbot (1383–1419)  Died in childbirth 
Isabel (12 March 1385/1386 – April 1402), became a Minoress, later abbess, in a religious house near Aldgate
Philippa (c  1388) Died young

Order of the Garter
Eleanor de Bohun was made a Lady of the Garter in 1384  She became a nun sometime after 1397 at Barking Abbey  Prior to her death, Eleanor divided her holdings among her children   She died on 3 October 1399 and was buried in Westminster Abbey  Her executors included the chaplain in Pleshy, Essex 

In fiction
Eleanor appears briefly in Anya Seton's historical romance Katherine, based upon the life of Eleanor's sister-in-law Katherine Swynford, the third wife of John of Gaunt  She also appears in Act 1, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's Richard II, where she unsuccessfully urges John of Gaunt to avenge her murdered husband 

Notes
Passage 3:
John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley
John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley (20 June 1271 Cardiff – 1312) was the son of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby and Alianore de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun and Eleanor de Braose, and granddaughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford  He was both Seneschal of Gascony and Lieutenant of Aquitaine in 1312, the year of his death Ferrers joined the baronial opposition to King Edward in 1297, but was summoned as a baron in 1299 He married Hawise de Muscegros, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros Their eldest son John (died by 1324) inherited the title Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father's death from poisoning in Gascony in 1312 
Passage 4:
Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford
Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Northampton, KG (March 25, 1342 – January 16, 1373) was the son of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, and Elizabeth de Badlesmere, and grandson of Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, by Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I  He became heir to the Earldom of Hereford after the death of his childless uncle Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford 
Following King Peter I's visit to England, Humphrey participated in the sack of Alexandria in 1365 His wife and the mother of his daughters was Joan Fitzalan, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel, and Eleanor of Lancaster, whom he married after 9 September 1359 
On his death, his estates were inherited by his two surviving daughters and his titles went into abeyance: 

Eleanor de Bohun (1366 - 3 October 1399); married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III; mother of Anne of Gloucester 
Mary de Bohun, who married Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV of England 
Elizabeth de Bohun, died young 
Passage 5:
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336) was born in St Clement's, Oxford to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, a daughter of Edward I of England 
After his father's death at the Battle of Boroughbridge, the family lands were forfeited  It was not until after the fall of the Despensers that John was permitted to succeed to his inherited position as Earl of Hereford and Essex, hereditary Constable of England, and Lord of Brecknock 

Marriages
He married firstly, in 1325, to Alice FitzAlan (died 1326), daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and secondly to Margaret Basset (died 1355)  After the marriage, it was discovered that the couple were related to the fourth degree of consanguinity and they were forced to live apart  An appeal to Pope John XXII resulted on 19 February 1331 in a papal commission to the bishops of Lichfield and London to hold an enquiry into the case  However, Roger Northburgh, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, failed to act and the case was still pending when the Pope issued a further demand for an enquiry in 1334 

Death
He did not play much of a public role, despite his high titles and offices, most likely because he had some sort of incapacity  His younger brothers were often deputed to fulfil his duties as Constable  He died at Kirkby Thore, Westmorland and was interred in Stratford Langthorne Abbey, London 


== Notes ==
Passage 6:
Eleanor de Braose
Eleanor de Braose (c  1228–1251) was a Cambro-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy co-heiress of her father, who was the powerful Marcher lord William de Braose, and of her mother, Eva Marshal, a co-heiress of the Earls of Pembroke  Her husband was Humphrey de Bohun, heir of the 2nd Earl of Hereford, by whom she had children, including Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford and Gilbert de Bohun 

Family
Eleanor was born in about 1228  She was the youngest of four daughters and a co-heiress of the powerful Marcher lord William de Braose, and Eva Marshal, both of whom held considerable lordships and domains in the Welsh Marches and Ireland  Eva was one of the daughters of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke by Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, "Strongbow"  Eleanor's three sisters were Isabella de Braose, Maud de Braose, Baroness Mortimer, and Eva de Braose, wife of William de Cantelou While Eleanor was a young girl, her father - known to the Welsh as Gwilym Ddu (Black William) - was hanged on the orders of Llewelyn the Great, Prince of Wales for alleged adultery with Llewelyn's wife, Joan, Lady of Wales  Following the execution, her mother held de Braose lands and castles in her own right 

Marriage and issue
On an unknown date after August 1241, Eleanor became the first wife of Humphrey de Bohun, the son of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and Maud de Lusignan  The marriage took place after the death of Humphrey's mother, Maud Humphrey and Eleanor had the following children:

Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (c 1249- 31 December 1298), married Maud de Fiennes, daughter of Enguerrand II de Fiennes and Isabelle de Conde, by whom he had issue, including Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford 
Gilbert de Bohun (b 1251 - 1297) married Margarite had issue Gilbert (b 1302 d  1381)His brother granted him Eleanor's lands in Ireland 
Eleanor de Bohun (died 20 February 1314, buried Walden Abbey)  She married Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby on 26 June 1269  They had at least two sons and one daughter 
Margery de Bohun (fl 1265 – 1280) married Theobald de Verdun and had a son also Theobald de Verdun, both of whom were hereditary Constables of Ireland Eleanor died in 1251, and was buried at Llanthony Secunda Priory  She passed on her considerable possessions in the Welsh Marches to her eldest son Humphrey  Her husband survived her, married Joan de Quincy, and died in 1265 

Notes
Passage 7:
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, KG (c  1312 – 16 September 1360) was an English nobleman and military commander 

Lineage
He was the fifth son of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan  He had a twin brother, Edward  His maternal grandparents were Edward I of England and his first wife, Queen consort Eleanor of Castile 

Life
William de Bohun assisted at the arrest of Roger Mortimer in 1330, allowing Edward III to take power  After this, he was a trusted friend and commander of the king and he participated in the renewed wars with Scotland In 1332, he received many new properties: Hinton and Spaine in Berkshire; Great Haseley, Ascott, Deddington, Pyrton and Kirtlington in Oxfordshire; Wincomb in Buckinghamshire; Longbenington in Lincolnshire; Kneesol in Nottinghamshire; Newnsham in Gloucestershire, Wix in Essex, and Bosham in Sussex 
In 1335, he married Elizabeth de Badlesmere (1313 – 8 June 1356)  Her parents Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, and Margaret de Clare had both turned against Edward II the decade before  Elizabeth and William were granted some of the property of Elizabeth's first husband, who had also been Mortimer's son and heir 
William was created Earl of Northampton in 1337, one of the six earls created by Edward III to renew the ranks of the higher nobility  Since de Bohun was a younger son, and did not have an income suitable to his rank, he was given an annuity until suitable estates could be found 
In 1349 he became a Knight of the Garter  He served as High Sheriff of Rutland from 1349 until his death in 1360 

Campaigns in Flanders, Brittany, Scotland, Sluys and Crecy
In 1339 he accompanied the King to Flanders   He served variously in Brittany and in Scotland, and was present at the great English victories at Sluys and Crécy, the latter as a commander  His most stunning feat was leading an English force to victory against a much bigger French force at the Battle of Morlaix in 1342  Some of the details are in dispute, but it is clear that he made good use of pit traps, which stopped the French cavalry 

Diplomat
In addition to being a warrior, William was also a renowned diplomat   He negotiated two treaties with France, one in 1343 and one in 1350  He was also charged with negotiating in Scotland for the freedom of King David Bruce, King of Scots, who was held prisoner by the English 

Senior naval command
From the 8 March 1352 to 5 March 1355 he was appointed Admiral of the Northern Seas, Fleet 

Issue
1  Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373)
2  Elizabeth de Bohun (c  1350–1385); married Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel

In historical fiction
In Bernard Cornwell's series The Grail Quest, the Earl of Northampton plays a minor role as protagonist Thomas of Hookton's lord  The Earl of Northampton also appears in Dan Jones' debut novel The Essex Dogs 

External links
Inquisition Post Mortem William de Bohun's IPM #168 and his wife Elizabeth de Bohun #169 follows Inquisition Post Mortem 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford
Humphrey (VI) de Bohun (c  1249 – 31 December 1298), 3rd Earl of Hereford and 2nd Earl of Essex, was an English nobleman known primarily for his opposition to King Edward I over the Confirmatio Cartarum  He was also an active participant in the Welsh Wars and maintained for several years a private feud with the earl of Gloucester  His father, Humphrey (V) de Bohun, fought on the side of the rebellious barons in the Barons' War  When Humphrey (V) predeceased his father, Humphrey (VI) became heir to his grandfather, Humphrey (IV)  At Humphrey (IV)'s death in 1275, Humphrey (VI) inherited the earldoms of Hereford and Essex  He also inherited major possessions in the Welsh Marches from his mother, Eleanor de Braose 
Bohun spent most of his early career reconquering marcher lands captured by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd during the Welsh war in England  This was finally accomplished through Edward I's war in Wales in 1277  Hereford also fought in Wales in 1282–83 and 1294–95  At the same time he also had private feuds with other marcher lords, and his conflict with Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, eventually ended with the personal intervention of King Edward himself



ground_truth: Moment Of Danger

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Humphrey De Bohun, 7Th Earl Of Hereford's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Hereford's final years were marked by the opposition he and Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, mounted against the military and fiscal policy of Edward I  The conflict escalated to a point where civil war threatened, but was resolved when the war effort turned towards Scotland  The king signed the Confirmatio Cartarum—a confirmation of Magna Carta—and Bohun and Bigod agreed to serve on the Falkirk Campaign  Bohun died in 1298, and was succeeded by his son, Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford 

Family background and inheritance
Humphrey (VI) de Bohun was part of a line of Anglo-Norman aristocrats going back to the Norman Conquest, most of whom carried the same name  His grandfather was Humphrey (IV) de Bohun, who had been part of the baronial opposition of Simon de Montfort, but later gone over to the royal side  He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lewes in May 1264, but was restored to favour after the royalist victory at the Battle of Evesham the next year  Humphrey (IV)'s son, Humphrey (V) de Bohun, remained loyal to the baronial side throughout the Barons' War, and was captured at Evesham on 4 August 1265  In October of that year, Humphrey (V) died in captivity at Beeston Castle in Cheshire from injuries he had sustained in the battle Humphrey (V) had been excluded from succession as a result of his rebellion, but when Humphrey (IV) died in 1275, Humphrey (VI) inherited the earldoms of Hereford and Essex  Humphrey (VI) had already served as deputy Constable of England under Humphrey (IV)  Humphrey (IV) had reserved the honour of Pleshey for his younger son Henry, but the remainder of his lands went to Humphrey (VI)  The inheritance Humphrey (VI) received—in addition to land in Essex and Wiltshire from Humphrey (IV)—also consisted of significant holdings in the Welsh Marches from his mother  His mother Eleanor was a daughter and coheir of William de Braose and his wife Eva Marshal, who in turn was the daughter and co-heir of William Marshal, regent to Henry III Since Humphrey (VI) was only sixteen years old at the time of his father's death, the Braose lands were taken into the king's custody until 1270  Part of this inheritance, the marcher lordship of Brecon, was in the meanwhile given to the custody of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford  Humphrey technically regained his lordship from Clare in 1270, but by this time these lands had effectively been taken over by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who had taken advantage of the previous decade's political chaos in England to extend his territory into the Marches He granted his brother Sir Gilbert de Bohun all of their mother's lands in Ireland and some land in England and Wales 

Welsh Wars
Over the next years, much of Hereford's focus was on reconquering his lost lands in the Marches, primarily through private warfare against Llywelyn  Henry III died in 1272, while his son—now Edward I—was crusading; Edward did not return until 1274  Llywelyn refused to pay homage to the new king, partly because of the military actions of Bohun and other marcher lords, which Llywelyn saw as violations of the Treaty of Montgomery  On 12 November 1276, Hereford was present at a royal assembly where judgment was passed on Llewelyn, and in 1277, Edward I declared war on the Welsh prince  Rebellion in his own Brecon lands delayed Hereford's participation in the early days of the Welsh war  He managed, however, to both suppress the rebellion and conquer lands further west  He then joined up with the royal army and served for a while in Anglesey, before returning to Brecon, where he received the surrender of certain Welsh lords  After the campaign was over, on 2 January 1278, he received protection from King Edward to go on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Spain In 1282, war with Wales broke out again; this time it would not be simply a punitive campaign, but a full-scale war of conquest  Initially, the king wanted to fight the war with paid forces, but the nobility insisted on the use of the feudal summons  To men like Hereford, this was preferable, because as part of a feudal army the participants would have both a stake in the war and a justifiable claim on conquered land  In the end, although the earls won, none of them were paid for the war effort  Hereford jealously guarded his authority as hereditary Constable of England, and protested vigorously when the Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester was appointed commander of the forces in South Wales  In the post-war settlement, however, neither Hereford nor Gloucester received any significant rewards of land, the way several other magnates did  Hereford fought again in Wales, in the suppression of the rebellion of 1294–95, when he again had to pacify the territory of Brecon before joining the king in the north 

Private war in the Marches
Parallel with the Welsh Wars, Hereford was also struggling to assert his claims to lands in the Marches against other marcher lords  In 1284 Edward I granted the hundred of Iscennen in Carmarthenshire to John Giffard  Hereford believed the land belonged to him by right of conquest, and started a campaign to win the lands back, but the king took Giffard's side  Problems also arose with the earl of Gloucester  As Gloucester's former ward, Hereford had to buy back his own right of marriage, but Gloucester claimed he had not received the full sum  There was also remaining resentment on Hereford's part for his subordination to Gloucester in the 1282–83 campaign  The conflict came to a head when Gloucester's started construction of a castle at Morlais, which Hereford claimed was his land  In 1286, the Crown ordered Gloucester to cease, but to no avail It had long been established Marches custom to solve conflicts through private warfare  Hereford's problem, however, was his relative weakness in the Marches, and now he was facing open conflict with two different enemies  He, therefore, decided to take the issue to the king instead, in a break with tradition  King Edward again ordered Gloucester to stop, but the earl ignored the order and initiated raids on Hereford's lands  Hostilities continued and Hereford responded, until both earls were arrested and brought before the king  The real offence was not the private warfare in itself, but the fact that the earls had not respected the king's injunction to cease  In the parliament of January 1292, Gloucester was fined 10,000 marks and Hereford 1,000  Gloucester's liberty of Glamorgan was declared forfeit, and confiscated by the crown, as was Hereford's of Brecon In the end, the fines were never paid, and the lands were soon restored  Edward had nevertheless demonstrated an important point  After the conquest of Wales, the strategic position of the Marches lordships was less vital to the English crown, and the liberty awarded to the marcher lords could be curtailed  For Edward this was, therefore, a good opportunity to assert the royal prerogative, and to demonstrate that it extended also into the Marches of Wales 

Opposition to Edward I
In 1294 the French king declared the English duchy of Aquitaine forfeit, and war broke out between the two countries  Edward I embarked on a wide-scale and costly project of building alliances with other princes on the Continent, and preparing an invasion  When the king, at the parliament of March 1297 in Salisbury, demanded military service from his earls, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, refused in his capacity of marshal of England  The argument was that the king's subjects were not obliged to serve abroad if not in the company of the king, but Edward insisted on taking his army to Flanders while sending his earls to Gascony 
  
At the time of the Salisbury parliament, Hereford was accompanying two of the king's daughters to Brabant, and could not be present  On his return, however, as Constable of England, he joined Bigod in July in refusing to perform feudal service  The two earls were joined in their opposition by the earls of Arundel and Warwick  The main reason for the magnates' defiance was the heavy burden of taxation caused by Edward's continuous warfare in Wales, France and Scotland  In this they were also joined by Robert Winchelsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was in the midst of an ongoing dispute with the king over clerical taxation  At one point Bohun and Bigod turned up in person at the Exchequer to protest a tax they claimed did not have the consent of the community of the realm  For Hereford there was also a personal element in the opposition to the king, after the humiliation and the affront to his liberties he had suffered over the dispute in the Marches  At a meeting just outside London, Bohun gave an impassioned speech objecting to the king's abuse of power and demanding the restoration of ancient liberties  The grievances were summarised in a document known as the Remonstrances Neither party showed any inclination to back down, and the nation seemed on the brink of another civil war  Just as the conflict was coming to a head, however, external events intervened to settle it  In September 1297, the English suffered a heavy defeat to the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge  The Scottish victory exposed the north of England to Scottish raids led by William Wallace  The war with Scotland received wider support from the English magnates, now that their own homeland was threatened, than did the war in France to protect the king's continental possessions  Edward abandoned his campaign in France and negotiated a truce with the French king  He agreed to confirm Magna Carta in the so-called Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of the Charters)  The earls consequently consented to serve with the king in Scotland, and Hereford was in the army that won a decisive victory over the Scots in the Battle of Falkirk in 1298  Hereford, not satisfied that the king had upheld the charter, withdrew after the battle, forcing Edward to abandon the campaign 

Death and family
In 1275 Bohun married Maud de Fiennes, daughter of Enguerrand de Fiennes, chevalier, seigneur of Fiennes, by his 2nd wife, Isabel (kinswoman of Queen Eleanor of Provence)  She predeceased him, and was buried at Walden Priory in Essex  Hereford himself died at Pleshey Castle on 31 December 1298, and was buried at Walden alongside his wife  They had one son Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, born around 1276  The son was given possession of his father's lands and titles on 16 February 1299  The young Humphrey also inherited his father's title of Constable of England A common theme in Humphrey de Bohun's actions was his fierce protection of what he regarded as his feudal privileges  His career was marked by turbulence and political strife, particularly in the Marches of Wales, but eventually he left a legacy of consolidated possessions there  In 1297, at the height of the conflict between Edward I and rebellious barons, the king had actively tried to undermine Hereford's authority in the Marches, but failed due to the good relations the earl enjoyed with the local men 

Notes
Passage 9:
Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford
Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, 1st Earl of Essex (1204 – 24 September 1275) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and soldier who served as hereditary Constable of England 

Origins
He was the eldest son and heir of Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176–1220) by his wife Maud de Mandeville (alias Maud FitzGeoffrey), daughter and heiress of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex 

Career
He was one of the nine godfathers of Prince Edward, the future King Edward I  He served as Sheriff of Kent for 1239–40  In 1258, after returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Humphrey fell away, like his father, from the royal cause to that of the barons  He served as a nominee of the opposition on the "committee of twenty-four" which was appointed in the Oxford Parliament of that year, to create the Provisions of Oxford to reform the administration  The alliance of Simon de Montfort with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of North Wales brought Bohun back to royal allegiance  He headed the first secession of the Welsh Marchers from the party of the opposition (1263), and was among the captives whom the Montfortians took at the Battle of Lewes in 1264 He was amongst the victors at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, which extinguished the power of de Montfort, at which, however, his eldest son, Humphrey V de Bohun, was mortally wounded  Humphrey was selected as one of the twelve arbitrators to draw up the Dictum of Kenilworth (1266), by which the disinherited rebels were allowed to make their peace 

Marriages and issue
He married twice:

Firstly, in about 1236, to Maud de Lusignan (c  1210 – 14 August 1241), daughter of Raoul I of Lusignan, Comte d'Eu, second husband of Alix d'Eu, 8th Comtesse d'Eu  She died in 1241 and was buried at Llanthony, Gloucester, together with her husband  By Maud he had issue including:
Humphrey V de Bohun (died 1265), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father, having shared with him in the victory at the Battle of Evesham (1264), which he did not long survive  The earldom, therefore, passed to his son Humphrey VI de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, 2nd Earl of Essex (c  1249 – 1298) 
Henry de Bohun
Geoffrey de Bohun
Ralph de Bohun, Cleric;
Maud de Bohun, who married firstly Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke; secondly Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester;
Alice de Bohun, who married Roger V de Toeni;
Eleanor de Bohun, who married Sir John de Verdun, Baron of Westmeath
Secondly, he married Maud de Avenbury (died 8 October 1273), by whom he had two further sons:
John de Bohun
Sir Miles de Bohun

Death and burial
He died in 1275 in Warwickshire and was buried at Llanthony Secunda in Gloucester  He was succeeded by his grandson Humphrey VI de Bohun (c  1249 – 1298) 

Notes
Passage 10:
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176 – 1 June 1220) of Pleshy Castle in Essex, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who became Hereditary Constable of England from 1199 

Origins
He was the son and heir of Humphrey III de Bohun (pre-1144-1181) 
of Trowbridge Castle in Wiltshire and of Caldicot Castle in south-east Wales, 5th feudal baron of Trowbridge, who served King Henry II as Lord High Constable of England  His mother was Margaret of Huntingdon, widow of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (d 1171) and a daughter of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, son of King David I of Scotland by his wife Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon  Henry's half-sister was Constance, Duchess of Brittany 

Earldom
His paternal grandmother was Margaret of Hereford, a daughter of Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford, Lord of Brecknock (died 1143), Sheriff of Gloucester and Constable of England  After the male line of Miles of Gloucester failed, in 1199 King John created Henry de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Constable of England  His lands lay chiefly on the Welsh Marches, and from this date the Bohuns took a foremost place among the Marcher barons Henry de Bohun was one of the twenty-five barons elected by their peers to enforce the terms of Magna Carta in 1215  He was subsequently excommunicated by the Pope  In the civil war that followed Magna Carta, he was a supporter of King Louis VIII of France and was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217 

Marriage and issue
He married Maud de Mandeville (alias Maud FitzGeoffrey), daughter and heiress of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex, of Pleshy Castle in Essex, by whom he had issue including:

Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, 1st Earl of Essex (1204-1275), eldest son and heir, created Earl of Essex in 1239, who married Maud de Lusignan, by whom he had at least three children 
Henry de Bohun, who died young 
Ralph de Bohun 

Death
He died in June 1220 while on crusade to the Holy Land 



ground_truth: 16 September 1360