prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Does Leslie Pietrzyk have the same nationality as Marianne Wiggins?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Marianne von Willemer
Marianne von Willemer (born 20 November 1784, probably in Linz; died 6 December 1860 in Frankfurt am Main; probably born as Marianne Pirngruber; also known as Marianne Jung) was an Austrian actress and dancer best known for her relationship with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and her appearance in his poetry 

Biography
At the age of 14 she moved to Frankfurt am Main, where she became the third wife of Frankfurt banker Johann Jakob von Willemer  He introduced her to Goethe, who met Marianne in 1814 and 1815  Goethe immortalised her in the Buch Suleika of his late work West-östlicher Divan; she later revealed that several of its poems were authored by her 
Passage 2:
Mary Proctor
Mary Proctor  (1862 – 11 September 1957) was an American popularizer of astronomy  While not a professional astronomer, Proctor became well known for her books and articles written for the public – particularly her children's fiction   Despite various claims as being an American, there is a passenger list of about 1924 where she gives nationality as British 

Early life
Mary Proctor was born in Dublin, Ireland, the daughter of Mary and Richard Proctor  Proctor's mother died in 1879  Her father remarried in 1881 and her family immigrated to the United States settling in Saint Joseph, Missouri in 1882 Proctor's father was a British popularizer of astronomy, lecturer, and writer  As she grew up, Proctor often assisted her father in his work, looking after his library and correcting proofs of his books before they went to publication  She graduated from the London College of Preceptors in 1898 The crater Proctor on the Moon was named after her and Proctor on Mars was named after her father )

Career
In 1881, Proctor assisted her father in founding and producing a journal called Knowledge  She wrote a series of articles on the topic of comparative mythology  After a well-received appearance at the World's Columbian Exposition 1893, she eventually developed a career as an astronomy lecturer  Her book-length debut, Stories of Starland (1898), was adopted by the New York City Board of Education  She worked as an astronomy teacher in private schools while attending Columbia University 

Works
Proctor authored many articles for newspapers, journals and published numerous popular books  Her articles and books were mostly aimed for young readers, which earned her the nickname "the children's astronomer " Her books were easy to read, accurate, informative and well illustrated  Known and respected by many professional astronomers, Proctor became an elected member of the British Astronomical Association in 1897 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1898   On 11 February 1916, she was elected as a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society 

Bibliography
Stories Of Starland, 1895 
Giant Sun And His Family, 1896 
"Halley's Comet after 75 years rushes Earthward again", San Francisco Call, August 23, 1908 
Half Hours With The Summer Stars, 1911 
Legends Of The Stars, 1922 
The Children's Book Of The Heavens, 1924 
Evenings With The Stars, 1924 
Legends Of The Sun And Moon, 1926 
The Romance Of Comets, 1926 
The Romance Of The Sun, 1927 
The Romance Of The Moon, 1928 
The Romance Of The Planets, 1929 
Wonders Of The Sky, 1931 
Our Stars Month By Month, 1937
M  Proctor and A  C  D  Crommelin, Comets, 1937 
Everyman's Astronomy 1939 
Comets, Meteors And Shooting Stars, 1940 
Passage 3:
Lara Porzak
Lara Porzak (born April 14, 1967, in Rome, Italy) is an American fine art photographer, daughter of Pulitzer-prize nominated novelist, Marianne Wiggins 

About
Lara Porzak works predominantly with black & white film and is acclaimed for using labour-intensive, non-digital photographic methods, often utilizing vintage cameras and lenses from the late 1800s to create her photographs  According to The Los Angeles Times, "Her photojournalistic style combines with the romantic influences of European photographers from the 1930s and ‘40s to give her work a timeless quality with a strong sense of narrative "Porzak is "a real-deal fine art photographer" who has produced over 20 fine art photography shows and her work is part of the Getty museum's California Artist's Collection  The quality of her handmade photographs, using the gelatin silver process and tintypes has attracted many collectors throughout the world, as C Magazine so eloquently writes "If a picture is worth a thousand words, no doubt a Lara Porzak image is worth a great deal more " Her photographs have also appeared on many television shows & movies Porzak started her own photography business in the late 1990s as a fine art wedding photographer with a photojournalistic style, and her talent for disappearing into her subjects soon elevated her to the top of her field; travelling the globe, capturing weddings with her artistic aesthetic  Porzak has photographed the weddings of (to only name a few, in alphabetical order): Jennifer Aniston, Drew Barrymore, Kevin Costner, Ellen DeGeneres, Mariska Hargitay, Heidi Klum, Adam Sandler, Brooke Shields, Channing Tatum and Reese Witherspoon  When asked about her wedding photography in a magazine interview Porzak is quoted as saying, “my interest in photography isn’t just so people can remember what happened, but so they can remember how they felt ” Lured by the perfect light in which to make tintypes, she now lives in sunny Venice Beach, California 
Porzak is often quoted as saying 'the soul is not digital' and says with conviction "there is no separation between my work and my life "Her favorite color is whiskey 

Education
Lara Porzak attended Martha’s Vineyard Regional High School and received her degree from Dartmouth College  A self-proclaimed photography workshop junkie, Porzak has studied with Mary Ellen Mark, Graciela Iturbide and Christopher James amongst others 

Published credited works (selected)
Books and magazines
DeVries, Annalise (1 September 2015)  "Caught on Film"  Fresh Style 
Kelleher, Katy (April 2018)  "Found Objects"  Maine Home Design 
"Lara Porzak: Wild Horse"  Fresh Focus Photography  Leica 
McKinnon, Kelsey  "An Artist's Perspective"  C Magazine 
McKinnon, Kelsey  "A Modern Romance, an interview with fine art film photographer, Lara Porzak"  C Magazine  Fall 2015 
Niemi, Wayne (4 May 2008)  "Meet the experts"  The Los Angeles Times 
"Photographers"  House and Gardens (January 2012) 
Shields, Brooke (2014)  There Was a Little Girl: The Real Story of My Mother and Me  Plume  ISBN 9780147516565
Wiggins, Marianne (2007)  The Shadow Catcher  Simon and Schuster Paperbooks  ISBN 9780743265201 
Williams-Paisley, Kimberly (2017)  Where the Light Gets In: Losing My Mother Only to Find Her Again  Three Rivers Press  ISBN 9781101902974 

Celebrity portraits
"Celebrity Circuit"  CBS News 
"Drew's Perfect Day: Drew Barrymore & Will Kopelman's wedding photography by Lara Porzak"  People  2 June 2012 
Ellen & Portia's Wedding: Ellen DeGeneres & Portia de Rossi's wedding photography by Lara Porzak"  People  1 September 2008 
"Reese Witherspoon's Perfect Day: Reese Witherspoon & Jim Toth's wedding photography by Lara Porzak"  People  26 March 2011 
"Sofi Newmyer, Benjamin Schultz"  New York Times  27 August 2017 
Stebbins, Sarah (Winter 2005)  "California Dreamy: Mariska Hargitay and Peter Hermann's wedding photography by Lara Porzak"  InStyle Weddings: 318–325 
Théval, Vincent (January 2011)  ""Idaho" with Jeff Martin"  Photography by Lara Porzak  La Liberation Magazine 
Vulpo, Mike   "Ellen DeGeneres Has the Sweetest Message for Portia de Rossi on Their Ninth Wedding Anniversary"   E News!  16 August 2017 

Movies and TV credits
Lara Porzak's fine art was featured in "Felicity" and "Six Feet Under "
Passage 4:
Alexandros Margaritis
Alexandros "Alex" Margaritis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Μαργαρίτης; born 20 September 1984) is a Greek-German racing driver who is best known for competing in the German-based Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car championship  Prior to that, his career had focused on formula single seater racing in Europe  Margaritis has dual nationality as a result of his place of birth and Greek parentage 

Karting and formula racing
Margaritis had his first experience of karting in 1996, and in 1997, he competed in the ICA Junior class, in which he secured the championship runner-up position  He spent the next two seasons competing in the International Junior class in Germany, finishing 4th overall in 1999  In the following year, Margaritis made his single seater formula debut in the Formula BMW ADAC championship  In 2001, he achieved three podium finishes and one pole position on the way to 6th in the championship standings 
After one season in German Formula Renault, in which he finished 7th overall, Margaritis made his Formula Three debut in the first season of the new Formula 3 Euro Series  He achieved one podium finish and two pole positions during the first year and retained a place in the series in 2004 

Touring cars
In 2005, Margaritis moved from formula racing to touring cars when an opportunity arose in one of Europe's most high-profile touring car championships  He was signed by Mücke Motorsport, which was making the same transition between disciplines 
In a 2004-specification AMG Mercedes C Klasse, Margaritis did not achieve any points finishes; his best finish was 9th place at Spa-Francorchamps  He then moved to Persson Motorsport as the third driver in its 2006 line-up alongside Mathias Lauda and Jean Alesi  He was classified 11th in the standings, with a total of 11 points, and achieved a best finish of 5th position in the season's first race  Persson retained his services in 2007 alongside Paul di Resta and Gary Paffett  He finished 10th in the overall drivers standings with 16 points, achieving two 4th places 
On 27 February 2008, Margaritis announced his intention to leave the DTM and seek a position in another championship or category, citing as a primary factor the handicap of competing in year-old cars against machinery of factory specification 

Grand Tourers
In 2008, Margaritis switched his focus to GT cars: He competed in the 24 Hours of Spa for Phoenix Racing  The Corvette C6 R failed to finish the race and was classified 37th 
After one season without racing in major series, Margaritis participated in the newly created FIA GT1 World Championship  He drove for Triple H Team Hegersport and Phoenix Racing  In spite of not participating in all events he finished 7th in the overall standings 
Margaritis switched to the ADAC GT Masters in 2011  He and his partner Dino Lunardi won the driver's championship in their BMW ALPINA B6 GT3  In 2012 Margaritis switched to Team Heico to share a car with Lance David Arnold  The pairing finished 18th in their Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3  
Heico hired Magaritis for the 2011 and 2012 editions of the 24 Hours Nürburgring as well 
2013 saw Margaritis getting a part-time drive for H&R Spezialfedern GmbH & Co in the VLN 

Racing record
Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† — Retired, but was classified as he completed 90% of the winner's race distance 

Complete GT1 World Championship results
Sources
Speedsport Magazine
Official website
Touring Car Times
Passage 5:
Jane Tilden
Jane Tilden, born as Marianne Wilhelmine Tuch, (1910–2002) was an Austrian actress who enjoyed a long career on stage and in films and television shows  She was born as Marianne Tuch in Aussig, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire  She was the sister of the cinematographer Walter Tuch  After making her debut on the stage in the early 1930s she appeared regularly in German and Austrian films during the Nazi era including the 1938 comedy The Blue Fox (1938)  After the Second World War she worked regularly in film and television, increasingly in supporting roles  She was married three times, her husbands included the actor Erik Frey and composer Alexander Steinbrecher 

Selected filmography
The Emperor's Candlesticks (1936)
Hannerl and Her Lovers (1936)
Flowers from Nice (1936)
The Blue Fox (1938)
Mirror of Life (1938)
Happiness is the Main Thing (1941)
Two Happy People (1943)
Cordula (1950)
Anna Louise and Anton (1953)
Emperor's Ball (1956)
The True Jacob (1960)
The Good Soldier Schweik (1960)
What Is Father Doing in Italy? (1961)
Romance in Venice (1962)
The Mad Aunts Strike Out (1971)
The Count of Luxemburg (1972)
Attempted Flight (1976)
Tales from the Vienna Woods (1979)
Sting in the Flesh (1981)
Cats' Play (1983, TV film)
Passage 6:
Sheila Atim
Sheila Atim  (; born c  1991) is a Ugandan-British actress, singer, composer, and playwright  She made her professional acting debut in 2013 at Shakespeare's Globe in The Lightning Child, a musical written by her acting teacher Ché Walker 
Following critically acclaimed stage roles in the Donmar Warehouse's all-female Shakespeare Trilogy in 2016 among others, Atim won the 2018 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her role as Marianne Laine in an original production of Girl from the North Country  She has composed songs for several productions and premiered her play Anguis at the 2019 Edinburgh Festival Fringe  She has also been cast in several television series, including the cancelled Game of Thrones successor series Bloodmoon, the BBC's The Pale Horse and Amazon's The Underground Railroad, directed by Barry Jenkins  In 2021, she starred in Netflix's successful sports drama Bruised, directed and produced by Halle Berry  In 2022, she won another Laurence Olivier Award, this time for Best Lead Actress, for her performance in the play Constellations 

Early life
Sheila Atim was born c  1991 in Uganda and moved to the United Kingdom with her mother at the age of five months  She grew up in Rainham, London, and attended the Coopers' Company and Coborn School  She did some occasional modelling as a teenager after being recruited when she shaved the side of her head for a school prom  She appeared in a 2009 London Fashion Week event, All Walks beyond the Catwalk, organized by the British Fashion Council to showcase clothes for "real women"  She later said that "modelling was never a big earner for me  I was unusual looking, so I couldn't go for commercial castings "

Career
Theatre
Atim graduated with a degree in biomedical science from King's College London and trained as an actor at the Weekend Arts Centre in Belsize Park, London  She became involved in a workshop for a new play, The Lightning Child, which led to her being cast by her acting teacher Ché Walker for her professional acting debut at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013  In 2020, she told the King's College alumni magazine that "I look back and feel a strong connection between my scientific and artistic sides  Science often comes up in my work – even the way I approach things in the rehearsal room is affected by having taken BioMed  Sometimes it’s little private parallels and analogies I make for myself "The Lightning Child, written by Walker and Arthur Darvill, ran for several weeks from mid-September 2013 and was the first musical staged at Shakespeare's Globe  It received mixed reviews, with the Financial Times describing it as "a bold experiment, but sadly not a successful one" and The Guardian review calling it "oddly conventional and pointlessly excessive"  The Independent said that despite the production being overlong and having problems with the structure, it was "hard not to like" the show 
Atim played Keira, the physical embodiment of obsessive–compulsive disorder, in Ghost Town at the York Theatre Royal in early 2014  What's On Stage praised her "mesmeric physical presence" and The Yorkshire Times review said that Atim "dominated the stage"  Following this, Atim appeared with Ako Mitchell in Walker's two-hander Klook's Last Stand, being praised by The Guardian for an energetic performance and "tremendous stage presence" by The Daily Telegraph  In the autumn of 2014 she appeared in Rachel at the Finborough Theatre and followed this by joining the touring production of Kae Tempest's Hopelessly Devoted  In addition to this, Atim played three roles in Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) productions: the Attendant in The Jew of Malta, Julia in Love's Sacrifice, and Assistant to Lady Politic Would-Be in Volpone  Walker's The Etienne Sisters, which included songs composed by Atim, opened two days before the end of her run in Volpone 

Leading roles
Atim's first major stage role was the non-speaking part of The Woman in Les Blancs at the National Theatre in 2016  The Stage said of her performance that "at the centre of the narrative is its most potent character: a gaunt, stooped and silent woman " The New York Times described a "spine-tingling production" and suggested that Atim's character may be an emblem of Africa  The Times later referred to her performance as "mesmerising" Atim received acclaim for her 2016 performances in the Donmar Warehouse's all-female Shakespeare Trilogy set in a women's prison, when she played Ferdinand in The Tempest, Gadshill and Lady Percy in Henry IV, and Lucius in Julius Caesar  The Guardian said Atim was "a glorious, giddy Ferdinand and a moving Lady Percy – [and] frequently seems to be physically stabbing the text as much as speaking it" and The Independent wrote "Sheila Atim (Ferdinand) and Leah Harvey (Miranda) are adorably funny and charming as they capture the giddy gaucheries of first love " Atim won a 2018 Clarence Derwent Award, presented to best supporting actors in London productions, for her roles in The Tempest and Les Blancs Her leading role in Babette received a more mixed assessment, with The Times saying she was "the best thing about [the] production" while The Daily Telegraph review said "It's a pity     that Babette, whose story this is, should remain, in Atim's somewhat remote performance, so distant a figure "She played Marianne Laine in the original run of the musical Girl from the North Country at The Old Vic in London from 26 July to 7 October 2017  Following the success of The Old Vic production, it transferred into London's West End at the Noël Coward Theatre from 29 December for a limited 12-week run until 24 March 2018  The play is set during the Great Depression and Atim's character Marianne Laine is a black woman, who was adopted by a white couple that run a struggling guesthouse  The character is pregnant and appears to have been forsaken by the father of her unborn child  The music for the show consists of songs by Bob Dylan and amongst the numbers that Atim performs are his "Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" and "Idiot Wind"  The Guardian described Atim as "outstanding" in the role, with delivery of "Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" being "direct, unaffected and perfectly poised" and her performance of "Idiot Wind" a "beautiful reading"  The Times stated that "Atim, in a strong cast, is standout," in an article that was headlined "She sings Dylan better than Bob " For her Girl from the North Country role, she received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Play at the 18th WhatsOnStage awards and won the 2018 Laurence Olivier award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical In 2018, she played Emilia opposite Mark Rylance's Iago in Othello at Shakespeare's Globe, where according to The Independent, "she unleashed a fury that blew the greatest actor of his generation off the stage "Atim presented her first play as an author, Anguis, at the 2019 Edinburgh Festival Fringe  It features Cleopatra being interviewed by a scientist and singing, Atim also having composed the songs  The Times considered it to be an "intriguing look at female power     that marks [Atim] as a playwright to watch", whereas The Scotsman, while praising the songs and some performances, lamented that "the stories of the hugely privileged queen and the stressed-out modern black Londoner never quite come together as strongly as the situation promises "

Television, film, and music
Atim played Viola and Sebastian in a film version of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, and won the Screen Nation 2019 Best Female Performance film award  In 2018 she portrayed Limehouse Nell in ITV's Harlots Atim plays piano, violin, bass, and drums  She composed the score for the play Time Is Love at London's Finborough Theatre in 2019, the year that she was named one of the cast of the Game of Thrones prequel series Bloodmoon  The planned series was cancelled following the pilot episode  She appeared as an alleged witch in the 2020 BBC adaptation of Agatha Christie's The Pale Horse and in 2021 she appeared in the television series The Underground Railroad and The Irregulars and the film Bruised In June 2019, Atim was named an MBE for her services to drama  She is also on the Board of Trustees of The Old Vic Theatre Trust 

Credits
Theatre
Television
Film
Radio
Awards and nominations
Notes
Passage 7:
Marianne Wiggins
Marianne Wiggins (born 1947) is an American author  According to The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English, Wiggins writes with "a bold intelligence and an ear for hidden comedy " She has won a Whiting Award, an National Endowment for the Arts award and the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize  She was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in fiction in 2004 for her novel Evidence of Things Unseen 

Biography
Wiggins was born on November 8, 1947, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania  She married Brian Porzak in 1965, with whom she had one daughter  The couple divorced in 1970 Wiggins lived in London for 16 years, and for brief periods in Paris, Brussels, and Rome  In January 1988, she married novelist Salman Rushdie in London  On February 14, 1989, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a Fatwa ordering Rushdie's assassination for alleged blasphemy in his book, The Satanic Verses  Although Wiggins had told Rushdie only five days prior that she wished to end their marriage, she nevertheless went into hiding along with him  In 1993, the two divorced In 2016 Wiggins suffered a stroke, leaving her unable to read or write  She regained those abilities and completed her novel Properties of Thirst over the course of several years  She was assisted by her daughter Lara Porzak Wiggins currently lives in Los Angeles, California, where she has been in the English department of the University of Southern California since 2005 
I have lived a really interesting life," she told Pamela J  Johnson in July 2006  "I haven't lived it so I can excavate material for my writing " She added, "I'm a novelist  I don't have those muscles  It's not about me  It's about what I've imagined  It's the universal voice that I want to move forward  That's my natural voice 

Awards and honors
1989: Whiting Award
1989: Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for John Dollar
2003: Finalist for the National Book Award for Evidence of Things Unseen
2004: Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Evidence of Things Unseen

Bibliography
Novels
Babe, 1975; the story of a single mother 
Went South, 1980 
Separate Checks, 1984; a short-story writer recovers from a nervous breakdown After this book was published, Wiggins was able to support herself and her daughter from her novels John Dollar, 1989; eight girls, marooned on an island Won the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for best novel written by an American woman Eveless Eden, 1995; the romance between a war correspondent and a photographer Story suggested by then-husband Salman Rushdie 
Shortlisted for 1996 Orange Prize Almost Heaven, 1998 
Evidence of Things Unseen, 2003; the dawn of the atomic age is seen through the eyes of Fos, an amateur chemist in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, and Opal, a glassblower's daughter Nominated for 2003 National Book Award 
Gold medal for 2004 Commonwealth Club Prize (fiction) 
Finalist for 2004 Pulitzer Prize The Shadow Catcher, 2007; a dual narrative threading early life of photographer Edward Curtis and current life of "Marianne Wiggins "
Properties of Thirst, 2022

Collections
Herself in Love and Other Stories, 1987 
"Herself in Love," Originally published in Granta 17: While Waiting for a War, August 1985
Bet They'll Miss Us When We're Gone, 1991 
Passage 8:
Leslie Pietrzyk
Leslie Pietrzyk is an American author who has published three novels, Pears on a Willow Tree, A Year and a Day, and  Silver Girl, as well as two books of short stories, This Angel on My Chest and Admit This To No One  An additional historical novel, Reversing the River, set in Chicago on the first day of 1900, was serialized on the literary app, Great Jones Street 

Career
Her short fiction has appeared in The Gettysburg Review, The Iowa Review, New England Review, The Sun, Ploughshares, River Styx, The Washington Post Magazine, TriQuarterly, and Shenandoah She holds a B A  in English/Creative Writing from Northwestern University and an M F A  in creative writing from American University   She lives in Alexandria, Virginia, and teaches in the Masters in Writing program at Johns Hopkins University as well as the Low-Residency MFA program at Converse College in Spartanburg, South Carolina 
Pietrzyk is also the founder and editor of Redux, an online journal featuring previously published work 

Personal life
In a 2015 Salon piece, Pietrzyk wrote that she met her first husband in college, that he died of a heart attack at age 37, after they had been married for ten years, and that she later remarried 

Awards and honors
Her first short story collection, This Angel on My Chest , won the 2015 Drue Heinz Literature Prize 
Pietrzyk's story "Stay There," first published in The Southern Review and  later included in her 2021 collection of linked short stories, Admit This To No One, won a 2020 Pushcart Prize 
Pietrzyk was a co-winner of the Polish American Historical Association's 2020 Creative Arts Prize, awarded to artists "who have promoted an awareness of the Polish experience in the Americas "
Other awards include residencies to Hawthornden Castle, the Wolff Cottage in Fairhope (AL), Writer in Residence at ARGS, Virginia Center for Creative Arts, Kimmel Harding Nelson Center, and The Hambidge Center 
Short story awards include the Jeanne Charpiot Goodheart Prize for Fiction from Shenandoah and the Chris O’Malley Fiction Prize from Madison Review 

Works
Pears on a Willow Tree,  New York, NY Bard 1998  ISBN 9780380976676, OCLC 245707562
A Year and a Day: a Novel, New York : William Morrow, 2003  ISBN 9780060554651, OCLC 223590478
This Angel on My Chest : stories,  Pittsburgh, PA : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015  ISBN 9780822944423, OCLC 910334443
Silver Girl, Los Angeles, CA: Unnamed Press, 2018  ISBN 9781944700515, OCLC 1025341666
Admit This To No One: Stories, Unnamed Press, 2021 
Passage 9:
Mariloup Wolfe
Mariloup Wolfe (born 3 January 1978) is a Canadian actress and film director  She went to F A C E  School, an art school in Montreal  She holds a major in Film Production from Concordia University (2001) and a minor in Cultural Studies from McGill University (1999)  Mariloup Wolfe became famous through her role as Marianne in the popular TV series Ramdam broadcast since 2001 on Télé-Québec 

Personal life
She was married to actor Guillaume Lemay-Thivierge  They have two sons Manoé and Miro Lemay-Thivierge  They announced their separation on 13 November 2015 

Filmography
Film roles
2001 : The favorite game, Shell look-alike
2002 : Cul-de-sac, Victoire
2004 : C R A Z Y , Brigitte
2004 : À part des autres, Nellie
2005 : De ma fenêtre, sans maison, Sylvie
2007 : Taking the Plunge (À vos marques    party!), Sandrine Meilleur
2007 : Les rois du surf (animation), voice (lead)
2009 : Taking the Plunge 2 (À vos marques    party! 2), Sandrine Meilleur
2010 : Toy Story 3 (animation), voice of Barbie in Quebec version (Histoire de jouet 3)
2015: Snowtime! (La Guerre des tuques 3D) – Sophie

TV series roles
1999 : Tag, Camilla
1999-00 : 2 frères, Ariane Aubry
2000 : Caserne 24, Marie-Ève
2000 : Km/h (III), Julie
2001–08 : Ramdam, Marianne
2002 : Fred-DY (II), Élise Désy
2002 : Le plateau, Patineuse artistique
2002 : Jean Duceppe, Denise Pelletier
2003 : 3X Rien, Sonia
2006 : Il était une fois dans le trouble, Sabrina
2007 : C A , Marie-Pierre
2007–08 : Fais ça court!, host (autumn 2007 – winter 2008)
2010 : Musée Éden, Camille Courval

Director
2001: Fly fly (short film)
2004: Trois petits coups (short film)
2008: Free Fall (Les Pieds dans le vide) (full-length film)
2019: Jouliks
2022: Arlette

Awards and nominations
Prizes
2005 : Prix MetroStar : Youth artiste for Ramdam
2007 : Prix Artis : Youth artiste
2007 : Prix KARV : Best mother
2007 : Prix KARV : Coolest Québécois personality
2007 : Prix Gémeaux : Best leading youth role for Ramdam
2008 : Prix Artis : Youth artiste

Nominations
2004 : Nomination Prix MetroStar : Youth artiste for Ramdam
2006 : Nomination Prix Artis : Youth artiste for Ramdam
2004 : Nomination Prix Gémeaux : Best leading youth role for Ramdam
Passage 10:
Mari Mancusi
Mari Mancusi, sometimes credited as Marianne Mancusi, is an American author of  middle grade young adult and new adult novels and former Emmy Award winning television news producer 

Bibliography
Blood Coven Vampires Series
Boys That Bite (2006)
Stake That (2006)
Girls That Growl (2007)
Bad Blood (2009)
Night School (2010)
Blood Ties (2011)
Soul Bound (2012)
Blood Forever (2012)
Blood Coven Vampires Volume One (2011)
‘’Once Upon a Vampire’’ (2017)

Scorched series
Scorched (2013)
Shattered (2014)
Smoked (2015)

Frozen series
Frozen 2: Dangerous Secrets (2020)
Frozen: Polar Nights (2022)

Middle Grade novels
"Golden Girl" (2015)
"Princesses, Inc" (2017)
"The Camelot Code: The Once and Future Geek” (2018)
"The Camelot Code: Geeks and the Holy Grail" (2019)
”Dragon Ops” (2020)
"Dragon Ops 2" (2021)

Standalone novels
A Connecticut Fashionista in King Arthur's Court (2005)
Sk8er Boy (2005)
What, No Roses? (2006)
A Hoboken Hipster in Sherwood Forest (2007)
Moongazer (2007) (Reissued in 2012 as Alternity)
Razor Girl (2008) (Reissued in 2012 as Tomorrow Land)
News Blues (2008) (Reissued in 2012 as Love at 11)
Gamer Girl (2008)
These Boots Were Made for Stomping (Anthology, 2008) (Reissued story "Karma Kitty Goes to Comic Con" in 2011)
My Zombie Valentine (Anthology, 2010) (Reissued story "Zombiewood Confidential" in 2011)

Awards
2006 Most Innovative Historical Romance Award for What, No Roses?, RT Book Reviews
2009 Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers for Gamer Girl, YALSA
2012 Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults for Gamer Girl, YALSA
Context 2: Passage 1:
Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia
Husain Bey Gouta, Crown Prince of Tunisia (22 April 1893 – 22 April 1969) was the titular head of the Husainid Dynasty  He was the third son of Muhammad V al-Nasir, Bey of Tunis, by his second wife, Lalla Husn ul-Ujud, from 1906 until 1922 

Biography
Husain Bey Gouta was born in Sidi Bou Said  He was educated at the Prytanée National Militaire school situated in the city of La Flèche in western France  At the time of attending the Prytanée National Militaire school, Tunisia was a French protectorate 
On 1 October 1955, Husain Bey Gouta was invested as the heir apparent of the Beylik of Tunis, receiving the title Bey al-Mahalla, meaning Bey of the Camp  This is a title used for the most senior member of the Beylical family after the reigning Bey  In addition to becoming Bey al-Mahalla, he also became a Lieutenant General in the Beylical Army  Following Tunisia's independence from France on 20 March 1956, Husain Bey received the new title of Crown Prince following its independence as a Kingdom 
Husain Bey Gouta's chances of ascending the throne came to an end on 25 July 1957, when the prime minister, Habib Bourguiba, usurped power and abolished the monarchy  Following the death of King Muhammad VIII al-Amin on 30 September 1962, Husain Bey Gouta succeeded as head of the Husainid Dynasty as Head of the Royal House of Tunisia, and of the Nishan ad-Dam, Nishan al-Ahad al-Aman, and the Nishan al-Iftikhar and remained so until his death, when he was succeeded by Prince Mustafa Bey Gouta  He was Sovereign and Grand Master of the Nishan al-Ahad al-Aman, Nishan ad-Dam, and Nishan al-Iftikhar 
He was decorated with the Nishan al-Ahad al-Aman al-Murassa on 1 October 1955, Nishan ad-Dam, Grand Cross of the Nishan al-Iftikhar, Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour of France, the Sharifian Order of Al-Alaoui of Morocco, etc 
He died in Sidi Bou Said  Some sources stated he died in October 1964 

Marriage and children
Husain Bey Gouta was married on 22 July 1914, at the Dar al-Taj Palace in La Marsa as his only wife to Lalla Aisha Maria, the daughter of Si Ahmad bin Abdullah Maria, an Italian convert to Islam, and his wife Princess Traki, eldest daughter of Sidi Husain Bey, Bey al-Taula  Husain and Aisha had five children: 

Prince Ali Bey Gouta (1915–1945) 
Princess Husn al-Ujud Gouta (born 1918) 
Prince Murad Bey Gouta (1919–2005) 
Prince Muhammad al-Afif Bey Gouta (1926–1985) 
Prince Muhammad Bey Gouta (1934–1934) 

Ancestry


== External links ==
Passage 2:
Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur
Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Abd al-Muʾmin al-Manṣūr (Arabic: أبو يوسف يعقوب بن يوسف بن عبد المؤمن المنصور; c  1160 – 23 January 1199 Marrakesh), commonly known as Yaqub al-Mansur (يعقوب المنصور) or Moulay Yacoub (مولاي يعقوب), was the third Almohad Caliph  Succeeding his father, al-Mansur reigned from 1184 to 1199  His reign was distinguished by the flourishing of trade, architecture, philosophy and the sciences, as well as by victorious military campaigns in which he was successful in repelling the tide of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula 

Military actions
Al-Mansur's father was killed in Portugal on 29 July 1184; upon reaching Seville with his father's body on 10 August, he was immediately proclaimed the new caliph  Al-Mansur vowed revenge for his father's death, but fighting with the Banu Ghaniya, delayed him in Africa  After inflicting a new defeat on the Banu Ghaniya, he set off for the Iberian Peninsula to avenge his father's death 
His 13 July 1190 siege of Tomar, center of the Portuguese Templars failed to capture the fortress  However, further south he in 1191 recaptured a major fortress, Paderne Castle and the surrounding territory near Albufeira, in the Algarve – which had been controlled by the Portuguese army of King Sancho I since 1182  Having inflicted other defeats on the Christians and captured major cities, he returned to the Maghreb with three thousand Christian captives 
Upon Al-Mansur's return to Africa, however, Christians in Iberian Peninsula resumed the offensive, capturing many of the Moorish cities, including Silves, Vera, and Beja 
When Al-Mansur heard this news, he returned to the Iberian Peninsula, and defeated the Christians again  This time, many were taken in chained groups of fifty each, and later sold in Africa as slaves 
While Al-Mansur was away in Africa, the Christians mounted the largest army of that period, of over 300,000 men, to defeat Al-Mansur  However, immediately upon hearing this, Al-Mansur returned again to Iberia and defeated Castilian King Alfonso VIII Alfonso's army in the Battle of Alarcos, on 18 July 1195  It was said that Al-Mansur's forces killed 150,000 and took money, valuables and other goods "beyond calculation"  It was after this victory that he took the title al-Mansur Billah ("Made Victorious by God") 

Internal policy
Architectural patronage
During his reign, Al-Mansur undertook several major construction projects  He added a monumental gate to the Kasbah of the Udayas in Rabat and he may have been responsible for finishing the construction of the current Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh   He also created a vast royal citadel and palace complex in Marrakesh which subsequently remained the seat of government in the city for centuries afterward  This royal district included the Kasbah Mosque (or El-Mansuriyya Mosque) in Marrakesh and was accessed via the monumental gate of Bab Agnaou, both dating from al-Mansur's time  He also embarked on the construction of an even bigger fortified capital in Rabat, where he attempted to build what would have been the world's largest mosque  However, construction on the mosque and on this new citadel stopped after his death  Only the beginnings of the mosque had been completed, including a large part of its massive minaret now known as the Hassan Tower 
Some of Rabat's historic gates, most notably Bab er-Rouah, also date from this time, one of Al-Mansur's famous works is the Bimaristan of Marrakesh, the first hospital in Morocco to be ever built, Al-Mansur embellished it with luxurious ornaments and sculptures, it had gardens, water canals attached to it and it was Funded personally by Almohad's government, it is said that Averroes worked there for some time 

Philosophy and religion
Al-Mansur protected the philosopher Averroes and kept him as a favorite at court  Like many of the Almohad caliphs, Al-Mansur was religiously learned  He favored the Zahirite or literalist school of Muslim jurisprudence per Almohad doctrine and possessed a relatively extensive education in the Muslim prophetic tradition; he even wrote his own book on the recorded statements and actions of the prophet Muhammad  Mansur's Zahirism was clear when he ordered his judges to exercise judgment only according to the Qur'an, said recorded statements and absolute consensus  Mansur's father Abu Yaqub appointed Cordoban polymath Ibn Maḍāʾ as chief judge, and the two of them oversaw the banning of all non-Zahirite religious books during the Almohad reforms; Mansur was not satisfied, and when he inherited the throne he ordered Ibn Maḍāʾ to actually undertake the burning of such books 

Death and legacy
He died on 23 January 1199 in Marrakech His victory in Alarcos was remembered for centuries later, when the tide of war turned against the Muslim side  It is recounted by the historian Ibn Abi Zar in his 1326 Rawd al-Qirtas ("History of the Rulers of the Maghreb") The town of Moulay Yacoub, outside of Fez, Morocco, is named after Al-Mansur, and is best known for its therapeutic hot springs 
Passage 3:
Umar of Borno
Umar I ibn Muhammad al-Amin (Arabic: اولعمر ابن محمد لرشيد) or Umar of Borno (died 1881) was Shehu (Sheik) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire and son of Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi 

Reign of Umar
Umar came to power at the death of his father in 1837  Umar did not match his father's vitality and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (wazirs)  Umar ruled from 1837 until November 1853 when he was deposed by his brother `Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin who became Shehu  The latter only reigned until 1854 when Umar reconquered his throne Umar ruled as Shehu for a second time from September 1854 to 1880  Borno began to decline, as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east  The decline continued under Umar's sons, and in 1894 Rabih az-Zubayr, leading an invading army from eastern Sudan, conquered Borno 

Dynasty
Footnotes
Bibliography
Brenner, Louis, The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the Al-Kanemi Dynasty of Bornu, Oxford Studies in African Affairs (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973) 
Cohen, Ronald, The Kanuri of Bornu, Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Holt, 1967) 
Denham, Dixon  and Captain Clapperton and the Late Doctor Oudney, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, (Boston: Cummings, Hilliards and Co , 1826) 
Isichei, Elizabeth, A History of African Societies to 1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp  318–320, ISBN 0-521-45599-5 
Lange, Dierk, 'The kingdoms and peoples of Chad', in General history of Africa, ed  by Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), pp  238–265 
Last, Murray, ‘Le Califat De Sokoto Et Borno’, in Histoire Generale De l'Afrique, Rev  ed  (Paris: Presence Africaine, 1986), pp  599–646 
Lavers, John, "The Al- Kanimiyyin Shehus: a Working Chronology" in Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs, 268, Bd  2, Frankfurt a  M  1993: 179-186 
Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2005)  Africa Since 1800, Fifth Edition  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press  ISBN 0-521-83615-8 
Palmer, Herbert Richmond, The Bornu Sahara and Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936) 
Taher, Mohamed (1997)  Encyclopedic Survey of Islamic Dynasties A Continuing Series  New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT  LTD  ISBN 81-261-0403-1 

External links
Kanuri Studies Association
Passage 4:
Muhammad al-Nasir
Muhammad al-Nasir (Arabic: الناصر لدين الله محمد بن المنصور, al-Nāṣir li-dīn Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Manṣūr, c  1182 – 1213) was the fourth Almohad Caliph from 1199 until his death  Contemporary Christians referred to him as Miramamolin           
On 25 January 1199, al-Nasir's father Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur died; al-Nasir was proclaimed the new caliph that very day  Al-Nasir inherited from his father an empire that was showing signs of instability  Because of his father's victories against the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), he was temporarily relieved from serious threats on that front and able to concentrate on combating and defeating Banu Ghaniya attempts to seize Ifriqiya (Tunisia)  Needing, after this, to deal with problems elsewhere in the empire, he appointed Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs as governor of Ifriqiya, so unwittingly inaugurating the rule of the Hafsid dynasty there, which lasted until 1574 

Dynasty and Iberian presence
He now had to turn his attention back to Iberia, to deal with a Crusade proclaimed by Pope Innocent III at the request of King Alfonso VIII of Castile  This resulted in his defeat by a Christian coalition at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212)  He died the following year, and was succeeded by his young son Yusuf al-Mustansir, born of Christian slave Qamar 

Relationship with King John of England
In the early 13th century, John, King of England was under pressure after a quarrel with Pope Innocent III led to England being placed under an interdict, by which all forms of worship and other religious practices were banned  John himself was excommunicated, parts of the country were in revolt and there were threats of a French invasion Writing two decades after the events, Matthew Paris, a St Albans chronicler of the early thirteenth century, claims that, in desperation, John sent envoys to al-Nâsir asking for his help  In return John offered to convert to Islam, to make the country at disposal of the caliph and turn England into a Muslim state  Among the delegates was Master Robert, a London cleric  Al-Nâsir was said to be so disgusted by John's grovelling plea that he sent the envoys away  Historians have cast doubt on this story, due to the lack of other contemporary evidence 

Viziers
Abu Zayd bin Yujan (1198–1199)
Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs (1199–1205), the future governor of Ifriqiya (see above)
Abu Sa`id Uthman ibn Jam`i (1205–1214)
Passage 5:
Clare Nasir
Clare Lyn Nasir (born 20 June 1970) is an English meteorologist, author, and TV presenter 

Early life
Born in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, Nasir's family is musical, with Nasir playing the saxophone, while three of her brothers are professional musicians  Nasir attended Kingsbrook School in South Northamptonshire, where in 1988 she obtained A-levels in Mathematics, Geography and History  She then studied at the University of Plymouth, graduating with an honours degree in Mathematics, continuing on with her master's degree in Applied Marine Sciences 

Career
After university studies, Nasir joined the Met Office, training to become a qualified weather forecaster



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the father of Muhammad Al-Nasir born?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Two years later, Nasir joined the Met Office's London Weather Centre, offering weather forecasting and presenting services to London radio stations and media outlets  Subsequently, she took a position as forecaster and presenter for Anglia Television in 1997  She returned to London to work for Carlton Television in 1998 
In 2000 Nasir joined GMTV as maternity leave cover for regular weather forecaster Andrea McLean, however this led to a permanent contract, with her sharing duties with McLean following her return 
In 2001 Nasir was made weather producer and presenter being responsible for all weather output and weather-related features on GMTV  GMTV forecasts include outside broadcasts, the most famous of which involves Nasir reporting from Bridlington seafront  Being lashed by wind and rain, in the middle of the report an enormous wave burst over the harbour wall, completely covering her and sending her flying out of shot  Undeterred, she picked herself up and finished her report, having to speak directly into the boom microphone as she had lost her microphone pack As well as presenting the weather on GMTV, Nasir has hosted several series, including "Interactive Wedding", the travel series "Great Escapes", and "Extreme Weather", wherein she investigated globally changing weather patterns 
In 2007 Nasir served as one of many panelists on Through the Keyhole 
On 1 August 2010, the Daily Mirror announced Nasir was to quit GMTV prior to the following month, to launch a fitness DVD  On 3 September 2010, on the final broadcast of GMTV, Nasir presented her last weather forecast 
From 20 November 2010 until 27 October 2013, Nasir presented weather forecasts for the ITN produced regional news programme ITV News London on ITV London 
In 2011, Nasir completed a diploma in International Environmental Policy from the Open University In February 2012, Nasir appeared as a celebrity guest on the Channel 5 TV show, "Live With    " and spoke of her journey of having achieved her goal of having a baby Nasir has written a regular weather-related blog column for The Huffington Post (UK) In June 2012 Nasir presented weather forecasts for the ITN produced 5 News on Channel 5 to cover for Sian Welby while she is on holiday or a break 
As of 4 October 2013, Nasir has presented weather forecasts for the BBC North West produced regional news programme BBC North West Tonight as well as Look North for Yorkshire and Look North for Lincolnshire and Yorkshire 
Since 2016, Nasir has hosted the weather bulletins for the Met Office online  Nasir has also written a series of children's books including Colin The Cloud 
On 31 October 2016, Nasir joined as full-time weather forecaster for 5 News on Channel 5 

Filmography
Personal life
Nasir has been married to DJ Chris Hawkins since March 2005  She gave birth to a daughter on 11 November 2009, seven weeks early  Clare took maternity leave from GMTV for 5 months from October 2009 to February 2010 
In 2012, Nasir and Hawkins moved to Wilmslow as Hawkins continues working for BBC Radio 6 Music at MediaCityUK Nasir's brother Matt plays in Frank Turner's backing band, The Sleeping Souls 

Books
COLIN THE CLOUD  (2014) Rudling House 
STEVE THE STRATUS  (2015) Rudling House 
What Does Rain Smell Like? (2019)
Passage 6:
Muhammad Nasir
Muhammad Nasir (born 28 March 1937) is a Pakistani boxer  He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1960 Summer Olympics 
Passage 7:
Mohammad Jibran Nasir
Mohammad Jibran Nasir  (Urdu: محمد جبران ناصر; born 10 February 1987) is a Pakistani civil rights activist, and lawyer 

Early life and education
Nasir was born on 10 February 1987 in Karachi, Pakistan  He completed his O-Levels from Saint Michael's Convent School in Karachi, A-Levels from The Lyceum School in Karachi, and went to the University of London International Programme for Bachelor of Law (LLB Hons )  Later, he completed LLM in International Commercial Law from the University of Northumbria, UK 

Activism
He is a lawyer by profession and is known for criticizing state policies regarding banned organisations in Pakistan and call attention to the need for protection of minorities Nasir has been a trustee at Elaj Trust and involved in relief work through Elaj Trust  He founded the NGO, Never Forget Pakistan and is also involved in advocacy for marginalised communities through Pakistan For All Nasir became prominent following the December 2014's Peshawar's school attack which led to 150 dead after he led the procession calling for the arrest of Lal Masjid cleric Abdul Aziz, for which he subsequently received alleged threats from Taliban spokesman He was noted by Foreign Policy Magazine amongst the three Pakistanis making considerable effort against sectarian violence In January 2015, Nasir played a key role in organising a new movement to "Reclaim Pakistan" from violent extremism and played a major role in organising demonstrations carrying playcards and candles  Nasir had been leading protests against terrorism in Pakistan, and was arrested on 5 February 2015 for protesting near the Chief Minister's residence along with other Civil Society activists  Later on the same day, Nasir was released by the Karachi Police   Following his release he addressed protesters gathered and reiterated his 15-day ultimatum to government for taking action against banned organizations In 2017, Nasir filed a complaint with Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) alleging Aamir Liaquat Hussain in his TV show of running a defamatory and life-threatening campaign against him  Following which PEMRA banned TV show of Aamir Liaquat  Rawalpindi police also registered a case against Aamir Liaquat for threatening the life of Nasir  Amnesty International  in a letter to Interior Minister of Pakistan called on the government to take action to protect the lives and rights of activists including of Nasir due to harassment and threats by Aamir Liaquat 

Political career
Nasir ran for seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan and Provincial Assembly of Sindh as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-250 (Karachi-XII) and Constituency PS-113 (Karachi-XXV) respectively in 2013 Pakistani general election, but was unsuccessful after securing a meager 259 votes for the NA seat  He lost the National Assembly seat to Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's candidate Arif Alvi and Sindh Assembly seat to Samar Ali Khan  NA-250 was described as one of the most hotly contested seats for the National Assembly  After the 2018 delimitation, the NA-250 constituency was renamed NA-247 In June 2018, he announced to contest in 2018 Pakistani general election as an independent candidate, for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-247 and for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from Constituency PS-111  His election campaign was titled "Hum Mein Se Aik"  Despite numerous publicity campaigns, he lost elections for both the national and provincial assembly seats by substantial margins 
He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from Constituency PS-111 as an independent candidate in by-election held on 21 October 2018, but was unsuccessful 
Passage 8:
Shoaib Nasir
Shoaib Nasir (born 26 February 1983) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who plays for Rawalpindi 
Passage 9:
Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi
Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi al-Amri (Arabic: عُثْمَان ٱبْن سَعِيد ٱلْأَسَدِيّ عَمْرِوْيّ ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd al-ʾAsadīy al-ʿAmrīy) was the first of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE)  Uthman is also said to have been a trusted representative of the tenth and eleventh Imams, Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively  The date of his death is not certain, though it is believed that Uthman did not survive al-Askari for long 

Historical background
Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of Samarra by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams  The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after al-Mutawakkil Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, partly due to the renewed Zaydi opposition  The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors  Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives  Among them was Uthman ibn Sa'id, who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman  Tabatabai suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi 

Underground network
The underground network of representatives might date back to Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam, in response to the Abbasid restrictions on him  At the time, the main purpose of this network was to collect the Islamic alms, such as khums and zakat  The Abbasid al-Rashid is said to have carried out a campaign of arrests in 179 (795) to decimate this underground network which ultimately led to the arrest of Musa al-Kazim, the seventh Imam, and his death in prison By the time of Muhammad al-Jawad, the ninth Imam, some of the representatives took administrative and military roles in the caliphate by practicing religious dissimulation (taqiya)  The underground network of Ali al-Hadi, the tenth Imam, was highly developed, especially in Samarra, Baghdad, Mada'in, and Sawad  However, a campaign of arrests and the subsequent tortures by the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil (r  847–861) might have led the caliph to discover that the Imam was behind their activities  Al-Mutawakkil then summoned the Imam to Samarra, where he was kept under close surveillance and possibly house arrest  According to Hussain, restrictions on the later Imams inevitably expanded the role and authority of their representatives, particularly their main agent  By performing certain functions of the Imams, these representatives might have hoped to save the Imams from the political pressure of the Abbasids 

Tenure as an agent of al-Hadi
Uthman was a close associate of the tenth Imam, Ali al-Hadi  It is reported that he was eleven when he first served as an agent for this Imam 

Tenure as an agent of al-Askari
After the death of al-Hadi in 254 (868), his successor, Hasan al-Askari, appointed Uthman as a representative in 256 (869-70)  It also seems certain that Uthman became the closest associate of the eleventh Imam  Both al-Hadi and al-Askari are said to have praised Uthman as highly trustworthy  As a representative of the two Imams, Uthman disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman  It is reported that he collected religious donations, hid them in the containers of cooking fat, and delivered them to al-Askari  After the death of al-Askari in 260 (874), Uthman performed the funeral rites of the eleventh Imam, an honor for which he must have received the permission of al-Askari beforehand 

Tenure as an agent of al-Mahdi
Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (874), Uthman claimed that the eleventh Imam had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation (ghayba) due to the Abbasid threat to his life  As the special agent of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam  Twelver sources detail that Muhammad al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle, Ja'far As the closest associate of al-Askari, the local representatives and the Shia community largely recognized Uthman's claim to be the agent of the Hidden Imam  However, there were possibly doubts among the Shia about Uthman's authority to collect and distribute the religious donations  In his new capacity as the caretaker of the office of imamate, Uthman also received petitions and made available their responses, sometimes in writing The date of his death is not certain, but it is believed that Uthman did not survive al-Askari for long  Klemm holds that Uthman died in 880 CE  Uthman was succeeded by his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad, as the next agent of the Hidden Imam  Tusi in his Rijal reports that the eleventh Imam had appointed Uthman and his son as agents of his son, Muhammad, in the presence of a group of Yemeni followers 

See also
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman
Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
Passage 10:
Nasir (footballer)
Nasir (born 8 October 1995) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays for Liga 1 club Dewa United, mainly as a left back but also as a left winger 

Club career
Arema FC
At first he was just following his selection at Arema FC, but when Ahmad Nufiandani joined PS TNI, Nasir also got a place to fill the slot for U-23 players  Nasir could follow the selection in Arema FC because it was recommended by former Arema FC players, Andi Robot  He was able to captivate the attention of the coaching team during the selection 

Persebaya Surabaya
He was signed for Persebaya Surabaya to play in the Liga 1 in the 2020 season  This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic  The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021 

Persela Lamongan
He was signed for Persela Lamongan to play in 2021 Menpora Cup and Liga 1 in the 2021 season  Nasir made his debut on 4 September 2021 in a match against PSIS Semarang at the Wibawa Mukti Stadium, Cikarang 

Dewa United
Nasir was signed for Dewa United to play in Liga 1 in the 2022–23 season  He made his debut on 1 October 2022 in a match against RANS Nusantara at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang 

Career statistics
Club
As of match played 8 July 2023

Honours
Club
Arema

Indonesia President's Cup: 2017, 2019Persebaya Surabaya

East Java Governor Cup: 2020
Context 3: Passage 1:
Michael Jai White
Michael Jai White (born November 10, 1964) is an American actor, director and martial artist  He was the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture, starring as Al Simmons, the protagonist in the 1997 film Spawn  White appeared as Marcus Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? and Why Did I Get Married Too?, and starred as the character on the TBS/OWN comedy-drama television series Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse  White portrayed Jax Briggs in Mortal Kombat: Legacy and the Cyborg Seth in Universal Soldier: The Return  He portrayed boxer Mike Tyson in the 1995 HBO television film Tyson  He also played the title role in the blaxploitation parody film Black Dynamite, as well as the animated series of the same name 

Early life
White is a martial artist in nine different styles: Shōtōkan, Goju-Ryu (for which he studied under Master Eddie Morales where he learned to sharpen his Goju karate technique), Taekwondo, Kobudō, Tang Soo Do, Wushu, Jujutsu, Kyokushin and Boxing, with a specific focus in Kyokushin Karate (although his style incorporates aspects of many different martial arts forms)  White started training in the martial arts at the age of four in Jujutsu  He next took up Shōtōkan and moved on to other styles later  White holds seven legitimate black belts in Kyokushin Karate, Goju-Ryu Karate, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kobudo, and Wushu 
White is a former special education teacher and taught students with behavioral problems for three years  He cites his history in education as the reason why, despite his personal love for the music genre on "a lot of levels", he cannot "in good [conscience]" have a positive opinion on hip hop or "excuse some of [its] pervasive and destructive elements", mainly due to his experience with youngsters who had difficulty seeing the difference between it and real life 

Acting career
White's first major starring role and breakout performance was in the 1995 HBO film Tyson, as heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson  He portrayed the eponymous character in the 1997 film Spawn, making him the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture   His work in Spawn earned him a nomination for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award  White starred opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme in Universal Soldier: The Return, in 1999  A few years earlier, he acted in Full Contact, with Jerry Trimble  In 2001, he also starred opposite fellow martial artist Steven Seagal in Exit Wounds  In 2003, he starred in Busta Rhymes and Mariah Carey's music video "I Know What You Want"  Since 2003, in addition to his on screen roles, White has been doing voice work, including in Static Shock and Justice League   White showcases his martial arts skills in the direct-to-DVD film Undisputed II: Last Man Standing  He also appears in Michelle Yeoh's Silver Hawk in 2004  He appeared in Kill Bill: Volume 2, although his role was cut from the theatrical release  His film Why Did I Get Married? opened at number one at the box office on October 12, 2007 
White played the role of the mob boss Gambol in the 2008 film The Dark Knight  He also starred in the film Blood and Bone and the blaxploitation homage Black Dynamite, both released in 2009  White wrote the scripts for both Black Dynamite and his upcoming 3 Bullets in which he stars with Bokeem Woodbine 
On March 30, 2010, White appeared on The Mo'Nique Show to promote his film Why Did I Get Married Too  The two joked about the acclaim that comes with winning an Oscar  In May of that year he appeared in the music video for Toni Braxton's new song "Hands Tied" from her album Pulse, as well as the Nicki Minaj music video for "Your Love" as Nicki's sensei and love interest 
He also starred in Kevin Tancharoen's short film Mortal Kombat: Rebirth, as Jax Briggs, and reprised the role in Mortal Kombat: Legacy, a webseries from the same director  He posted on Twitter that he would not be returning to the role for the second season, but would return for the 2013 film 
White made his directorial debut and starred in Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, which was released on home video on September 13, 2011 White also provided the voice of Green Lantern in the video game Justice League Heroes In October 2019, White announced the spiritual successor to Black Dynamite titled The Outlaw Johnny Black officially entered pre-production  Despite the Indiegogo campaign not reaching its goal, he was still able to secure enough backers and additional donors to get the project off the ground  It is currently available for pre-order on the official website, although a release date has not been announced or confirmed 
In October 2020, White's latest film Welcome to Sudden Death debuted on Netflix and became one of the most watched films on the platform  The Universal Pictures Home Entertainment release is a remake of the 1995 film Sudden Death starring Jean-Claude Van Damme 
On July 12, 2021, White laid out a vision for starting a film studio in New Haven, CT called "Jaigantic Studios"  He wants to create a studio district on New Haven's Quinnipiac River waterfront 

Personal life
From 2005 to 2011, White was married to Courtenay Chatman and together they have a daughter named Morgan  In addition, White has two sons  In February 2014, White announced his engagement to actress Gillian Iliana Waters  In April 2015, White penned an open letter via Facebook entitled "Apologies to My Ex's", where he credited Waters for helping him become, "the very best version of myself "  In July 2015, White married Waters in Thailand  They appeared together in the martial arts thriller movie Take Back (2021), with Gillian White starring as the female lead In 2014, White was honored with the Fists of Legends Decade Award at the Urban Action Showcase & Expo at HBO  On November 8, 2019, he assumed the "Mantle of The Black Dragon" from Ron van Clief, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, Cynthia Rothrock, and Taimak, in a ceremony at the 2019 Urban Action Showcase & Expo at AMC 25, NYC 

Filmography
Film
Television
Stunts
Video games
Web series
Music videos
Notes
Passage 2:
Sharon Leal
Sharon Ann Leal is an American actress and singer  She is known for her roles in movies such as Dreamgirls (2006), This Christmas (2007), Why Did I Get Married? (2007), Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) and her roles on the television shows Legacy, Guiding Light and Boston Public 

Early life
Leal was born in Tucson, Arizona  Her mother, Angelita, is Filipina  Her father was an African-American military policeman who broke up with her mother before Sharon was born  Shortly after, her mother married Jesse Leal, a Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force and a police officer at Clark Air Base, Philippines; he legally adopted Sharon 

Career
Leal's career began with the role of Dahlia Crede in the CBS daytime serial Guiding Light   Later, she joined the Broadway company of Rent  Soon after, she was cast as Mimi for the San Francisco leg of the first national tour of Rent  Leal appeared on the 1999 original cast recording of the Off-Broadway musical Bright Lights, Big City alongside Patrick Wilson and Jesse L  Martin  She also appeared on the 2001 cast recording of Making Tracks 
From 2000 to 2004, Leal starred in the Fox prime time TV series Boston Public  She also had a role in the theatrical release Face the Music  She then appeared in a recurring role in the short-lived NBC series LAX, as the wife of airport co-director, Roger de Souza 
In 2006, she co-starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Michelle Morris, Effie White's replacement in the pop group The Dreams, with Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Hudson, Eddie Murphy and Jamie Foxx  In 2007, Leal was cast in the Tyler Perry production Why Did I Get Married? and This Christmas  In 2010, she starred in Perry's sequel production Why Did I Get Married Too?  She also portrayed the character Vanessa Lodge in the series Hellcats, until it was cancelled in 2011  In 2013, Leal played the supporting role in the movie 1982, which tells a story of a drug addicted mother and a father's fight to protect his daughter 
Leal appears in seasons 2, 3, 5 and 6 of Supergirl as M'gann M'orzz (Megan in human form) 

Personal life
In October 2001, Leal married Bev Land  Their son Kai Miles Land was born in September 2001  The couple divorced in 2009 
Former Guiding Light co-star Yvonna Wright has said that she and Leal are close friends; the two starred together in a community production of Dreamgirls in their hometown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Tasha Smith
Tasha Smith (born February 28, 1971) is an American actress, director and producer  She began her career in a starring role on the NBC comedy series Boston Common (1996–97), and she later appeared in numerous movies and television series 
Smith has appeared in the films The Whole Ten Yards (2004), Daddy's Little Girls (2007), The Longshots (2008), Couples Retreat (2009), and Jumping the Broom (2011)  She starred as Angela Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? (2007), its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and on the television series based on the movies, For Better or Worse (2011–2017)  In 2015, she began a recurring role as Carol Holloway on the Fox musical drama series Empire  Later in the same year, Smith made her directorial debut 

Early life and education
Tasha Smith was born on February 28, 1971, in Camden, New Jersey, and was raised by a single mother  She has an identical twin sister Sidra Smith, who currently lives in Harlem  Smith dropped out of Camden High School in her freshman year, and at age 19 moved to California 

Career
Smith made her acting debut with a small role in the comedy film Twin Sitters (1994)  From 1996 to 1997, she starred in the NBC comedy series, Boston Common  Later in 1997, she was cast alongside Tom Arnold in another short-lived comedy series, The Tom Show on The WB  In 2000, she had supporting role in the HBO miniseries, The Corner in which she played a drug addict  In the 2000s, Smith had guest starring roles on The Parkers, Without a Trace, Nip/Tuck, and Girlfriends  She has made number of supporting roles in movies such as Playas Ball (2003), The Whole Ten Yards (2004), and ATL (2006) 
Smith has played roles in multiple Tyler Perry projects  In 2007, she appeared as the main antagonist in the romantic comedy-drama film, Daddy's Little Girls  She played the role of Angela Williams in the Why Did I Get Married? (2007), and its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  The role she later played in the comedy series based on films, Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse 
Smith co-starred alongside Ice Cube and Keke Palmer in the family comedy-drama film, The Longshots (2008)  She had supporting role in the romantic comedy film Couples Retreat (2009), and co-starred alongside Salli Richardson, Nicole Ari Parker and Michael B  Jordan in Pastor Brown (2010)  In 2011, she appeared in the comedy-drama film Jumping the Broom alongside Angela Bassett and Paula Patton, and in 2014, she played a psychotherapist in the erotic thriller, Addicted  In 2014, she also was cast in a recurring role in the Fox drama series Empire as Carol Hardaway, Cookie Lyon's younger sister In 2015, Smith made her directorial debut with the short film Boxed in, which premiered during the 19th Annual American Black Film Festival  In 2017, Smith directed the television film When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story, starring Lil Mama and Lance Gross, based on a true story  It premiered to 1 6 million viewers, ranking as TV One's #1 original movie premiere of all time among all key demos  In October 2017, she also directed an episode in the BET drama anthology series Tales  Smith worked as Mary J  Blige's acting coach for her role in Mudbound In 2019, Smith appeared in the comedy-drama film Dolemite Is My Name, and starred opposite Lisa Kudrow and Whitney Cummings in the Amazon comedy pilot Good People  Also that year, she directed episodes of Star, 9-1-1 and Black Lightning  In 2020, Smith directed the episode "Legacy" on the Starz TV series P-Valley  In 2021, Smith directed the Starz drama series Black Mafia Family In 2022, it was announced that Smith will be starring in the Lee Daniels' horror/thriller The Deliverance with Mo'Nique, Andra Day, Omar Epps, and Miss Lawrence 

Personal life
In December 2010, Smith married her boyfriend of one-year Keith Douglas, who was also her manager  In November 2014, Smith appeared in court to request a restraining order against Douglas  In documents filed prior to the court appearance, she accused him of having affairs with other women  Smith's friend Tisha Campbell-Martin acted as a character witness  The final divorce decree was issued in March 2015  However, Smith contested the divorce by alleging that Douglas concealed information from her that she should have known before the marriage  Smith alleged that Douglas was not "man of the cloth" that he presented himself to be during their courtship  She also said that, if she had known about Douglas' background, she would not have married him  The allegations about Douglas' background included five marriages before he married Smith, multiple children that he did not claim and disclose to Smith, and non-payment of income taxes for nearly a decade  The judge in the case granted Smith an annulment of the marriage in December 2015 on the basis of fraud committed by Douglas In an interview with D L  Hughley in 2014, Tasha Smith shared that during most of her teenage years and young adulthood she was an atheist, despite her family being devout religious Christians, because of the "hardships, tragedies, and misfortune she saw her family endure throughout her childhood " However, she said after learning that one of her family members had gotten very sick and was not able to visit them at the hospital, she decided to turn to prayer "and ask God to show himself to her and help her unbelief " After doing so, she says that she became a devout, practicing Christian and uses her Christian faith as one of her motivators for her career and philanthropy Smith is the creator of TSAW - an actor's workshop that empowers and inspires performers at various stages in their careers with focus on the Black community 

Filmography
Film
Television
Directing
Passage 4:
Ilir Hoxha
Ilir Hoxha (born 31 March 1949) is an Albanian politician  He is one of the sons of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha  Ilir was imprisoned in 1995, but was released in 1996  Ilir has been called in to testify several times in an attempt to disclose secrets from the previous communist era  Ilir wrote a memoir in 1995 called "My Father, Enver Hoxha"  The article recounts Ilir's memories of his father's death, the impact it had on the family, his mother's struggles, and also the investigation and prosecution that was conducted on him after his father's death 
During the 2005 election campaign in Albania, Ilir campaigned for candidates of the Party of Labour of Albania 
Passage 5:
Lamman Rucker
Lamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor  Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation  In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University  As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons 

Early life
Rucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker  He has partial ancestry from Barbados  Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area  He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants   His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade  He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D C  Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team 

Career
His major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T  Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie  He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005  He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half 
Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films  He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns  He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011  The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode  He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies  Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters 

Filmography
Film
Television
Award nominations
Passage 6:
Richard T  Jones
Richard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor  He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s  His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017)  Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) 

Early life
Jones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California  He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka  He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr , who works as a high school basketball coach  They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season  His parents later divorced  Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University 

Career
Since the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams  That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr  in What's Love Got to Do with It  From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017) His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion 

Personal life
Joshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E  Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 7:
Constantia Eriksdotter
Constantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649) was the illegitimate daughter of Eric XIV of Sweden and Agda Persdotter  She was called "The Queen of Tiveden" 

Life
Constantia Eriksdotter and her sister Virginia were removed from their mother's custody when she married in 1561  This was illegal, as according to the law the mother had sole custody until the children reached the age of three   They were placed first in the court of Princess Cecilia of Sweden, then that of Princess Elizabeth of Sweden (1564), and finally that of queen Karin Månsdotter   In 1573, she visited her deposed father in prison, and was possibly the last family member to see him alive 
On 13 January 1594, she married the English nobleman Henry Frankelin, courtier to her uncle Charles IX of Sweden  The same year, she was awarded nine estates in Väne parish in Bohuslän by her cousin king Sigismund III Vasa  In 1595, she was further granted Bocksjö Manor in the parish of Tiveden in Västergötland, where she chose to reside  As a widow after 1610, she mainly lived at Odenfors gard in Linköpings kommun outside Vreta   She died at Östergötland and was buried together with her husband at Undenäs Old Church in Undenäs parish (Undenäs socken) in Skaraborg County  A moonstone belonging to Constantia is still kept
in the Undenäs church 

Issue
Carl Frankelin (d  1631), major, fell at Greifswald when occupied under the Treaty of Stettin 
Johan Frankelin
Maria Catharina Frankelin (d  1661), married to governor and nobleman Anders Koskull (1594-1676)
Elisabet Frankelin (d  1655), married to Christian Frost (d  1631)
Passage 8:
Denise Boutte
Denise Boutte (born January 19, 1982) is an American actress and model, who has appeared in the films Why Did I Get Married? as Trina, Death Valley: The Revenge of Bloody Bill, as Mandy, Sister's Keeper and Noah's Arc 

Career
She starred in the sitcom Meet the Browns as Sasha Brown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Passage 9:
Eric XIV of Sweden
Eric XIV (Swedish: Erik XIV; 13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was captured in a rebellion led by his brother John in 1568 and formally deposed 26 January 1569  Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–1535)  He was also ruler of Estonia, after it placed itself under Swedish protection in 1561 
While he has been regarded as intelligent and artistically skilled, as well as politically ambitious, early in his reign he showed signs of mental instability, a condition that eventually led to insanity  Some scholars claim that his illness began early during his reign, while others believe that it first manifested with the Sture murders 
Eric, having been imprisoned and deposed, was most likely murdered  An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that he probably died of arsenic poisoning 

Early years
Eric XIV was born at Tre Kronor castle, the morning of 13 December 1533   His mother died before his second year  In 1536, his father, Gustav Vasa, married Margaret Leijonhufvud (1516–1551), a Swedish noblewoman 
Eric's first teacher was the learned German Georg Norman, whose services were shortly thereafter needed elsewhere within the Swedish state  He was replaced by French Calvinist Dionysius Beurraeus (1500–67)  Dionysius taught both Eric and his half-brother John, and seems to have been appreciated by both  Eric was very successful in foreign languages and mathematics  He was also an informed historian, a good writer and familiar with astrology 
When Eric started to appear in public, he was referred to as "chosen king" (Swedish: utvald konung) and after the meeting of parliament in Stockholm in 1560, he received the title of "hereditary king" (Swedish: arvkonung) 
In 1557, Eric was assigned the fiefdoms of Kalmar, Kronoberg and Öland  He took up residence in the city of Kalmar 
Against his father's wishes, Eric entered into marriage negotiations with the future Queen Elizabeth I of England and pursued her for several years  Tensions between Eric and his father grew  Eric also made unsuccessful marriage proposals to, among others, Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), Renata of Lorraine (1544–1602), Anna of Saxony (1544–1577) and Christine of Hesse (1543–1604) 

Rule
The news of his father's death reached Eric as he was on the point of embarking for England to press his suit for the hand of Queen Elizabeth  Back in Stockholm he summoned a Riksdag, which met at Arboga on 15 April 1561  There he adopted the royal propositions known as the "Arboga articles", considerably curtailing the authority of the royal dukes, John and Charles, in their respective provinces 
He was crowned as Eric XIV, but was not necessarily the 14th king of Sweden named Eric  He and his brother Charles adopted regnal numbers according to Johannes Magnus's partly fictitious history of Sweden  There had, however, been at least six earlier Swedish kings with the name of Eric, as well as pretenders about whom very little is known From the start of his reign, Eric was in opposition to the Swedish nobility  He chose as a close adviser Jöran Persson (1530–68), who had narrowly escaped execution under Eric's father  Persson was also opposed to the nobility and a determined opponent of Eric's half-brother, later John III of Sweden (1537–92)  John was the Duke of Finland and was married to a Polish princess, against Eric's wishes, which made him friendly with Poland  John pursued an expansionist policy in Livonia (now Estonia and Latvia), in breach of the Arboga articles, which led to contention between the brothers  In 1563, John was seized by an army sent to Finland, and tried for high treason by Eric's order 
Unlike his father, who had been satisfied with ruling an independent state, Eric tried to expand his influence in the Baltic region and in Estonia, beginning the process that resulted in Sweden becoming a great power in the 17th century  This expansionism resulted in a clash with his cousin, Frederick II of Denmark-Norway (1534–88)  Most of Eric XIV's reign was then dominated by the Livonian War and the Scandinavian Seven Years' War against Denmark-Norway (1563–70), during which he successfully repelled most Danish-Norwegian attempts at conquest, but was unable to keep his own acquisitions From 1563 onwards, his insanity became pronounced; his rule became even more arbitrary and marked by violence  His suspicion of the nobility led him to suspicions of the Sture family, then headed by Svante Stensson Sture, who was married to Gustav's sister-in-law  He first acted against the family in 1566, accusing Svante's son Nils of treason, but commuted the sentence and instead sent Nils to Lorraine, supposedly to arrange a marriage with the princess Renata  However, Eric had determined to marry his mistress Karin Månsdotter and in 1567, on Nils's return and suspicious of high treason, he killed several members of the family in the so-called Sture Murders, Eric himself stabbing Nils Svantesson Sture  The King probably thought of the killing as an execution rather than murder 

Downfall
After the Sture homicides, John was imprisoned and Eric's conflict with the nobility came to its climax  Early in 1568, Eric seemed to recover his reason, and attempted to reconcile with John on the condition that the latter recognized Eric's marriage with Karin Månsdotter  This marriage was solemnized in July, Karin crowned Queen, and their infant son Gustav pronounced Prince-royal  However, in the fall of 1568, asserting Eric's insanity, the dukes and the nobles rebelled, and after some resistance, Eric was imprisoned by his brother Duke John, who took power on 30 September  Jöran Persson was assigned much of the blame for the actions directed against the nobility during Eric XIV's reign and was executed shortly after John III had incarcerated Eric, who was legally dethroned in January 1569 by the Riksdag 

Imprisonment and death
For the next eight years the ex-king was a source of anxiety to the new government  Three rebellions – the 1569 Plot, the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot – with the object of releasing and reinstating him, had to be suppressed, and Eric was held as a prisoner in many different castles in both Sweden and Finland  He died in prison in Örbyhus Castle  According to a tradition starting with Johannes Messenius, his final meal was a poisoned bowl of pea soup  A document signed by his brother, John III of Sweden, and a nobleman, Bengt Bengtsson Gylta (1514–74), gave Eric's guards in his last prison authorization to poison him if anyone tried to release him  His body was later exhumed and modern forensic analysis revealed evidence of lethal arsenic poisoning 

Family and descendants
Eric XIV had several relationships before his marriage 
With Agda Persdotter:

Virginia Eriksdotter (1559–1633; living descendants)
Constantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649; living descendants)
Lucretia Eriksdotter (1564–after 1574) died young With Karin Jacobsdotter:

An unnamed child, died April 1565 Eric XIV finally married Karin Månsdotter (1550–1612) on 4 July 1568; their children were:

Sigrid (1566–1633; born before the marriage), lady-in-waiting, wife of two noblemen 
Gustaf (1568–1607; born before the marriage), mercenary
Henrik (1570–74)
Arnold (1572–73)

Eric XIV in literature
The life of Eric XIV is the subject of an 1899 play by Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849–1912)  The love story of Eric XIV and Karin Månsdotter is the subject of a 1942 historical novel Karin Månsdotter by Mika Waltari 

See also
List of Swedish monarchs
List of Finnish monarchs and Heads of State
History of Sweden
History of Sweden (1523–1611)
Passage 10:
Charibert I
Charibert I (French: Caribert; Latin: Charibertus; c  517 – December 567) was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and his first wife Ingund  His elder brother Gunthar died sometime before their father's death  He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father's death in 561, receiving the old kingdom of Childebert I, with its capital at Paris 

Personal life
Charibert married Ingoberga and they had four children: 

Blithide of Cologne (538-603), possibly married to Ansbertus, Gallo-Roman senator
Chrodobertus (d  595)
Clithorice (541-569)
Bertha, who married Æthelberht of Kent
Charibert also had several concubines  By Merofleda, a wool carder's daughter, and her sister Marcovefa, he had daughters: Berteflede (a nun in Tours) and Clothilde (a nun in St  Croix, Poitiers)  By Theodogilda (or Theudechild), a cowherd's daughter; Charibert had a son who died in infancy 
Charibert married his daughter Bertha to Æthelberht, the pagan King of Kent  She took  Bishop Liudhard with her as her private confessor  Her influence in the Kentish court was instrumental in the success of St  Augustine of Canterbury's mission in 597, effecting the conversion to Christianity of the first Anglo-Saxon ruler 

Military campaigns and enthronement
In 556, Chlothar sent his sons Charibert and Guntram (his youngest) against their stepmother, "Chunna," and younger stepbrother, "Chramn," who were in revolt  During ongoing negotiations, Chramn was hiding out on Black Mountain in the Limousin  When the negotiations failed, the two armies prepared for battle  However, a thunderstorm prevented any engagement, and Chramn (who was hiding out in Black Mountain) sent forged letters to his brothers (Charibert and Guntram) in which he falsely reported the death of their father (Chlothar)  Charibert and Guntram immediately returned to Burgundy to secure their positions 

After the actual death of Chlothar in 561, the Frankish kingdom was divided between his sons in a new configuration (map, left)  Each son ruled a distinct realm which was not necessarily geographically coherent but could contain two unconnected regions  Their kingdoms were named after the city from which they ruled  Charibert received Neustria (the region between the Somme and the Loire), Aquitaine, and Novempopulana with Paris as his capital  His other chief cities were Rouen, Tours, Poitiers, Limoges, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Cahors, and Albi  Guntram received Burgundy  Sigebert received Austrasia (including Rheims) with his capital at Metz, and the youngest brother Chilperic received a compact kingdom with Soissons as its capital 

Death and legacy
Though Charibert was eloquent and learned in the law, Gregory of Tours found him one of the most dissolute of the early Merovingians  He maintained four concurrent wives, two of them sisters, and this resulted in his excommunication by Germanus  This was the first ever excommunication of a Merovingian king   As a result, he was buried in disgrace at Blavia castellum, a stronghold in the Tractatus Armoricani  At his death, his brothers divided his realm between them, agreeing at first to hold Paris in common  His surviving queen (out of four), Theudechild, proposed a marriage with Guntram, though a council held at Paris in 557 had outlawed such matches as incestuous  Guntram decided to house her more safely, though unwillingly, in a nunnery at Arles 
The main source for Charibert's life is Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks (Book IV, 3,16,22,26 and IX, 26), and from the English perspective Bede's Ecclesiastic History of the English People 



ground_truth: Morocco

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the cause of death of Constantia Eriksdotter's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  934, first published as op  post  159), the Impromptus for piano, and the two piano trios (the first in B-flat major (D  898), and the second in E-flat major, (D  929); in 1828 the cantata Mirjams Siegesgesang (Victory Song of Miriam, D 942) on a text by Franz Grillparzer, the Mass in E-flat major (D  950), the Tantum Ergo (D  962) in the same key, the String Quintet in C major (D  956), the second "Benedictus" to the Mass in C major (D  961), the three final piano sonatas (D  958, D  959, and D  960), and the collection 13 Lieder nach Gedichten von Rellstab und Heine for voice and piano, also known as Schwanengesang (Swan-song, D  957)  (This collection – which includes settings of words by Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Rellstab, and Johann Gabriel Seidl – is not a true song cycle like Die schöne Müllerin or Winterreise ) The Great C major symphony is dated 1828, but Schubert scholars believe that this symphony was largely written in 1825–1826 (being referred to while he was on holiday at Gastein in 1825—that work, once considered lost, is now generally seen as an early stage of his C major symphony) and was revised for prospective performance in 1828  The orchestra of the Gesellschaft reportedly read through the symphony at a rehearsal, but never scheduled a public performance of it  The reasons continue to be unknown, although the difficulty of the symphony is the possible explanation  In the last weeks of his life, he began to sketch three movements for a new Symphony in D major (D 936A); In this work, he anticipates Mahler's use of folksong-like harmonics and bare soundscapes  Schubert expressed the wish, were he to survive his final illness, to further develop his knowledge of harmony and counterpoint, and had actually made appointments for lessons with the counterpoint master Simon Sechter On 26 March 1828, the anniversary of Beethoven's death, Schubert gave, for the only time in his career, a public concert of his own works  The concert was a success popularly and financially, even though it would be overshadowed by Niccolò Paganini's first appearances in Vienna shortly after 

Final illness and death
In the midst of this creative activity, his health deteriorated  By the late 1820s, Schubert's health was failing and he confided to some friends that he feared that he was near death  In the late summer of 1828, he saw the physician Ernst Rinna, who may have confirmed Schubert's suspicions that he was ill beyond cure and likely to die soon  Some of his symptoms matched those of mercury poisoning (mercury was then a common treatment for syphilis, again suggesting that Schubert suffered from it)  At the beginning of November, he again fell ill, experiencing headaches, fever, swollen joints, and vomiting  He was generally unable to retain solid food and his condition worsened  Five days before Schubert's death, his friend the violinist Karl Holz and his string quartet visited to play for him  The last musical work he had wished to hear was Beethoven's String Quartet No  14 in C-sharp minor, Op  131; Holz commented: "The King of Harmony has sent the King of Song a friendly bidding to the crossing" Schubert died in Vienna, aged 31, on 19 November 1828, at the apartment of his brother Ferdinand  The cause of his death was officially diagnosed as typhoid fever, though other theories have been proposed, including the tertiary stage of syphilis  Although there are accounts by his friends that indirectly imply that he was syphilitic, the symptoms of his final illness do not correspond with tertiary syphilis  Six weeks before his death, he walked 42 miles in three days, ruling out musculoskeletal syphilis  In the month of his death, he composed his last work, "Der Hirt Auf Den Felsen", making neurosyphilis unlikely  Finally, meningo-vascular syphilis is unlikely because it presents a progressive stroke-like picture, and Schubert had no neurological manifestation until his final delirium, which started only two days before his death  This, and the fact that his final illness was characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms (namely vomiting), led Robert L  Rold to argue that his final illness was a gastrointestinal one, like salmonella or indeed typhus  Eva M  Cybulska goes further and says that Schubert's syphilis is a conjecture  His multi-system signs and symptoms, she says, could point at a number of different illness such as leukaemia, anaemia, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and that many tell-tale signs of syphilis — chancre, mucous plaques, rash on the thorax, pupil abnormality, dysgraphia — were absent  She argues that the syphilis diagnosis originated with Schubert's biographer Otto Deutsch in 1907, based on the aforementioned indirect references by his friends, and uncritically repeated ever since It was near the grave of Beethoven, whom he had admired all his life, that Schubert was buried at his own request, in the village cemetery of Währing on the edge of the Vienna Woods  A year earlier he had served as a torchbearer at Beethoven's funeral 
In 1872, a memorial to Franz Schubert was erected in Vienna's Stadtpark  In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the Zentralfriedhof where they can now be found next to those of Johann Strauss II and Johannes Brahms  Anton Bruckner was present at both exhumations, and he reached into both coffins and held the revered skulls in his hands  The cemetery in Währing was converted into a park in 1925, called the Schubert Park, and his former grave site was marked by a bust  His epitaph, written by his friend, the poet Franz Grillparzer, reads: Die Tonkunst begrub hier einen reichen Besitz, aber noch viel schönere Hoffnungen ("The art of music has here interred a precious treasure, but yet far fairer hopes") 

Music
Schubert was remarkably prolific, writing over 1,500 works in his short career  His compositional style progressed rapidly throughout his short life  The largest number of his compositions are songs for solo voice and piano (roughly 630)  Schubert also composed a considerable number of secular works for two or more voices, namely part songs, choruses and cantatas  He completed eight orchestral overtures and seven complete symphonies, in addition to fragments of six others  While he composed no concertos, he did write three concertante works for violin and orchestra  Schubert wrote a large body of music for solo piano, including eleven incontrovertibly completed sonatas and at least eleven more in varying states of completion, numerous miscellaneous works and many short dances, in addition to producing a large set of works for piano four hands  He also wrote over fifty chamber works, including some fragmentary works  Schubert's sacred output includes seven masses, one oratorio and one requiem, among other mass movements and numerous smaller compositions  He completed only eleven of his twenty stage works 

Style
In July 1947 the Austrian composer Ernst Krenek discussed Schubert's style, abashedly admitting that he had at first "shared the wide-spread opinion that Schubert was a lucky inventor of pleasing tunes     lacking the dramatic power and searching intelligence which distinguished such 'real' masters as J  S  Bach or Beethoven"  Krenek wrote that he reached a completely different assessment after a close study of Schubert's pieces at the urging of his friend and fellow composer Eduard Erdmann  Krenek pointed to the piano sonatas as giving "ample evidence that [Schubert] was much more than an easy-going tune-smith who did not know, and did not care, about the craft of composition " Each sonata then in print, according to Krenek, exhibited "a great wealth of technical finesse" and revealed Schubert as "far from satisfied with pouring his charming ideas into conventional moulds; on the contrary he was a thinking artist with a keen appetite for experimentation "

Instrumental music, stage works and church music
That "appetite for experimentation" manifests itself repeatedly in Schubert's output in a wide variety of forms and genres, including opera, liturgical music, chamber and solo piano music, and symphonic works  Perhaps most familiarly, his adventurousness is reflected in his notably original sense of modulation; for example, the second movement of the String Quintet (D  956), which is in E major, features a central section in the distant key of F minor  It also appears in unusual choices of instrumentation, as in the Sonata in A minor for arpeggione and piano (D  821), or the unconventional scoring of the Trout Quintet (D  667) for piano, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, whereas conventional piano quintets are scored for piano and string quartet 

Although Schubert was clearly influenced by the Classical sonata forms of Beethoven and Mozart, his formal structures and his developments tend to give the impression more of melodic development than of harmonic drama  This combination of Classical form and long-breathed Romantic melody sometimes lends them a discursive style: his Great C Major Symphony was described by Robert Schumann as running to "heavenly lengths" 

Lieder and art songs
It was in the genre of the Lied that Schubert made his most indelible mark  Leon Plantinga remarks that "in his more than six hundred Lieder he explored and expanded the potentialities of the genre, as no composer before him " Prior to Schubert's influence, Lieder tended toward a strophic, syllabic treatment of text, evoking the folksong qualities engendered by the stirrings of Romantic nationalism 

Among Schubert's treatments of the poetry of Goethe, his settings of "Gretchen am Spinnrade" (D  118) and "Der Erlkönig" (D  328) are particularly striking for their dramatic content, forward-looking uses of harmony, and use of eloquent pictorial keyboard figurations, such as the depiction of the spinning wheel and treadle in the piano in "Gretchen" and the furious and ceaseless gallop in "Erlkönig"  He composed music using the poems of myriad poets, with Goethe, Mayrhofer, and Schiller the most frequent, and others, including Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Rückert, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff  Of particular note are his two song cycles on the poems of Wilhelm Müller, Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, which helped to establish the genre and its potential for musical, poetic, and almost operatic dramatic narrative  His last collection of songs, published in 1828 after his death, Schwanengesang, is also an innovative contribution to German Lieder literature, as it features poems by different poets, namely Ludwig Rellstab, Heine, and Johann Gabriel Seidl  The Wiener Theaterzeitung, writing about Winterreise at the time, commented that it was a work that "none can sing or hear without being deeply moved" Antonín Dvořák wrote in 1894 that Schubert, whom he considered one of the truly great composers, was clearly influential on shorter works, especially Lieder and shorter piano works: "The tendency of the romantic school has been toward short forms, and although Weber helped to show the way, to Schubert belongs the chief credit of originating the short models of piano forte pieces which the romantic school has preferably cultivated     Schubert created a new epoch with the Lied     All other songwriters have followed in his footsteps "

Publication – catalogue
When Schubert died he had around 100 opus numbers published, mainly songs, chamber music and smaller piano compositions  Publication of smaller pieces continued (including opus numbers up to 173 in the 1860s, 50 instalments with songs published by Diabelli and dozens of first publications Peters), but the manuscripts of many of the longer works, whose existence was not widely known, remained hidden in cabinets and file boxes of Schubert's family, friends, and publishers  Even some of Schubert's friends were unaware of the full scope of what he wrote, and for many years he was primarily recognized as the "prince of song", although there was recognition of some of his larger-scale efforts  In 1838 Robert Schumann, on a visit to Vienna, found the dusty manuscript of the C major Symphony (D  944) and took it back to Leipzig where it was performed by Felix Mendelssohn and celebrated in the Neue Zeitschrift  An important step towards the recovery of the neglected works was the journey to Vienna which the music historian George Grove and the composer Arthur Sullivan made in October 1867  The travellers unearthed the manuscripts of six of the symphonies, parts of the incidental music to Rosamunde, the Mass No  1 in F major (D  105), and the operas Des Teufels Lustschloss (D  84), Fernardo (D  220), Der vierjährige Posten (D  190), and Die Freunde von Salamanka (D  326), and several other unnamed works  With these discoveries, Grove and Sullivan were able to inform the public of the existence of these works; in addition, they were able to copy the fourth and sixth symphonies, the Rosamunde incidental music, and the overture to Die Freunde von Salamanka  This led to more widespread public interest in Schubert's work 

Complete editions
From 1884 to 1897, Breitkopf & Härtel published Franz Schubert's Works, a critical edition including a contribution made – among others – by Johannes Brahms, editor of the first series containing eight symphonies  The publication of the Neue Schubert-Ausgabe by Bärenreiter started in the second half of the 20th century 

Deutsch catalogue
Since relatively few of Schubert's works were published in his lifetime, only a small number of them have opus numbers assigned, and even in those cases, the sequence of the numbers does not give a good indication of the order of composition  Austrian musicologist Otto Erich Deutsch (1883–1967) is known for compiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Schubert's works  This was first published in English in 1951 (Schubert Thematic Catalogue) and subsequently revised for a new edition in German in 1978 (Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge – Franz Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of his Works in Chronological Order) 

Numbering issues
Confusion arose quite early over the numbering of Schubert's late symphonies  Schubert's last completed symphony, the Great C major D 944, was assigned the numbers 7, 8, 9 and 10, depending on publication  Similarly the Unfinished D 759 has been indicated with the numbers 7, 8, and 9 The order usually followed for these late symphonies by English-language sources is:

No  7: E major, D 729
No  8: B minor, D 759 Unfinished
No  9: C major, D 944 Great C major
No  10: D major, D 936AAn even broader confusion arose over the numbering of the piano sonatas, with numbering systems ranging from 15 to 23 sonatas 

Instruments
Among pianos Schubert had access to were a Benignus Seidner piano (now displayed at the Schubert Geburtshaus in Vienna) and an Anton Walter & Sohn piano (today in the collection of the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum)  Schubert was also familiar with instruments by Viennese piano builder Conrad Graf 

Recognition
A feeling of regret for the loss of potential masterpieces caused by Schubert's early death at age 31 was expressed in the epitaph on his large tombstone written by Grillparzer: "Here music has buried a treasure, but even fairer hopes " Some prominent musicians share a similar view, including the pianist Radu Lupu, who said: "[Schubert] is the composer for whom I am really most sorry that he died so young      Just before he died, when he wrote his beautiful two-cello String Quintet in C, he said very modestly that he was trying to learn a little more about counterpoint, and he was perfectly right  We'll never know in what direction he was going or would have gone " However, others have expressed disagreement with this early view  For instance, Robert Schumann said: "It is pointless to guess at what more [Schubert] might have achieved  He did enough; and let them be honoured who have striven and accomplished as he did", and the pianist András Schiff said that: "Schubert lived a very short life, but it was a very concentrated life  In 31 years, he lived more than other people would live in 100 years, and it is needless to speculate what could he have written had he lived another 50 years  It's irrelevant, just like with Mozart; these are the two natural geniuses of music "

The Wiener Schubertbund, one of Vienna's leading choral societies, was founded in 1863, whilst the Gründerzeit was taking place  The Schubertbund quickly became a rallying point for schoolteachers and other members of the Viennese middle class who felt increasingly embattled during the Gründerzeit and the aftermath of the Panic of 1873  In 1872, the dedication of the Schubert Denkmal, a gift to the city from Vienna's leading male chorus, the Wiener Männergesang-Verein, took place; the chorus performed at the event  The Denkmal was designed by Austrian sculptor Carl Kundmann and is located in Vienna's Stadtpark 
Schubert's chamber music continues to be popular  In a survey conducted by the ABC Classic FM radio station in 2008, Schubert's chamber works dominated the field, with the Trout Quintet ranked first, the String Quintet in C major ranked second, and the Notturno in E-flat major for piano trio ranked third  Furthermore, eight more of his chamber works were among the 100 ranked pieces: both piano trios, the String Quartet No  14 (Death and the Maiden), the String Quartet No  15, the Arpeggione Sonata, the Octet, the Fantasie in F minor for piano four-hands, and the Adagio and Rondo Concertante for piano quartet 
The New York Times' chief music critic Anthony Tommasini, who ranked Schubert as the fourth greatest composer, wrote of him:You have to love the guy, who died at 31, ill, impoverished and neglected except by a circle of friends who were in awe of his genius  For his hundreds of songs alone – including the haunting cycle Winterreise, which will never release its tenacious hold on singers and audiences – Schubert is central to our concert life    Schubert's first few symphonies may be works in progress  But the Unfinished and especially the Great C major Symphony are astonishing  The latter one paves the way for Bruckner and prefigures Mahler 

Tributes by other musicians
From the 1830s through the 1870s, Franz Liszt transcribed and arranged several of Schubert's works, particularly the songs  Liszt, who was a significant force in spreading Schubert's work after his death, said Schubert was "the most poetic musician who ever lived " Schubert's symphonies were of particular interest to Antonín Dvořák  Hector Berlioz and Anton Bruckner acknowledged the influence of the Great C Major Symphony  It was Robert Schumann who, having seen the manuscript of the Great C Major Symphony in Vienna in 1838, drew it to the attention of Mendelssohn, who led the first performance of the symphony, in a heavily abridged version, in Leipzig in 1839 In the 20th century, composers such as Richard Strauss, Anton Webern, Benjamin Britten, George Crumb, and Hans Zender championed or paid homage to Schubert in some of their works  Britten, an accomplished pianist, accompanied many of Schubert's Lieder and performed many piano solo and duet works  German electronic music group Kraftwerk has a track titled Franz Schubert on their 1977 album Trans-Europe Express 

Commemorations
In 1897, the 100th anniversary of Schubert's birth was marked in the musical world by festivals and performances dedicated to his music  In Vienna, there were ten days of concerts, and the Emperor Franz Joseph gave a speech recognising Schubert as the creator of the art song, and one of Austria's favourite sons Karlsruhe saw the first production of his opera Fierrabras In 1928, Schubert Week was held in Europe and the United States to mark the centenary of the composer's death  Works by Schubert were performed in churches, in concert halls, and on radio stations  A competition, with top prize money of $10,000 and sponsorship by the Columbia Phonograph Company, was held for "original symphonic works presented as an apotheosis of the lyrical genius of Schubert, and dedicated to his memory"  The winning entry was Kurt Atterberg's sixth symphony 

In film and television
Schubert has featured as a character in several films including Schubert's Dream of Spring (1931), Gently My Songs Entreat (1933), Serenade (1940), The Great Awakening (1941), It's Only Love (1947), Franz Schubert (1953), Das Dreimäderlhaus (1958), and Mit meinen heißen Tränen (1986)  Schubert's music has also been featured in numerous post-silent era films, including Walt Disney's Fantasia (1940), which features Ave Maria (D  839); and the biographical film Carrington (1995), which features the second movement of the String Quintet in C major (D  956), as well as the English version of The Adventures of Milo and Otis (1989), which features Serenade and Auf dem Wasser zu singen (D  774) 
Schubert's String Quartet No  15 in G is featured prominently in the Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)  The Piano Quintet in A major, D  667 (Trout Quintet) is featured in the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows by Guy Ritchie  The music of the String Quartet No  14 in D minor, "Death and the Maiden", is often used to accompany documentaries or films, notably the 1994 film of that name by Roman Polanski   The second movement from the Piano Trio No  2 in E-Flat Major, Op  100/D 929, was featured in Stanley Kubrick's 1975 film Barry Lyndon 
Schubert's life was covered in the documentary Franz Peter Schubert: The Greatest Love and the Greatest Sorrow by Christopher Nupen (1994), and in the documentary Schubert – The Wanderer by András Schiff and Mischa Scorer (1997), both produced for the BBC  "Great Performances," "Now Hear This: The Schubert Generation Series," hosted by Scott Yoo, explored commentary and performances by contemporary musician admirers 

Footnotes
Passage 6:
Michelangelo Faggioli
Michelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitan dialect  A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706 
Passage 7:
Tarcisio Fusco
Tarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores  He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco 

Selected filmography
Boccaccio (1940)
Free Escape (1951)
Abracadabra (1952)
The Eternal Chain (1952)
Beauties in Capri (1952)
Milanese in Naples (1954)
Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)
Passage 8:
Alexander Courage
Alexander Mair Courage Jr  (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as "Sandy" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film  He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series 

Early life
Courage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941  He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War  During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio  His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance 

Career
Courage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat ("Life Upon the Wicked Stage" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon ("I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers 
He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, "The Circus is a Wacky World", and "You're Gonna Hear from Me" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al )   He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967) Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963)  He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film  Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary 
Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea  Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr  Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme 
The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music  In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas   In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film "The Edge "
Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra 

Family
At the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955 
Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt  After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe  Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe  After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck 
Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third  Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944  That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949)  When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them  The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr  in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills 
Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer  He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing  He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends  Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence 
Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities  He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone  Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student 
Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963  Courage subsequently married Kristin M  Zethren on July 14, 1967  That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972 

Star Trek theme
Courage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series  Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job   
Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes "The Man Trap" and "The Naked Time" and some cues for "Mudd's Women "
Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties  Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royalties from the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer  Courage was replaced by composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season  
After sound editors had difficulty finding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic "whoosh" sound heard while the Enterprise flies across the screen He returned to Star Trek to score two more episodes for the show's third and final season, episodes "The Enterprise Incident" and "Plato's Stepchildren," allegedly as a courtesy to Producer Robert Justman 
Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the music for Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestrated Goldsmith's adaptation of his original Star Trek theme 
Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme became one of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues  The fanfare has been used in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek: The Next Generation and the four feature films based upon that series, three of which were scored by Goldsmith 

Death
Courage had been in declining health for several years before he died on May 15, 2008, at the Sunrise assisted-living facility in Pacific Palisades, California  He had suffered a series of strokes prior to his death  His mausoleum is in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 
Passage 9:
Gretchen am Spinnrade
"Gretchen am Spinnrade" (Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel), Op  2, D 118, is a Lied composed by Franz Schubert using the text from Part One, scene 15 of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust  With "Gretchen am Spinnrade" and some 600 other songs for voice and piano, Schubert contributed transformatively to the genre of Lied  "Gretchen am Spinnrade" was composed for soprano voice but has been transposed to accommodate other voice types  Schubert composed "Gretchen am Spinnrade" on 19 October 1814, three months before his eighteenth birthday 

German text
Analysis
The song is in three sections, exactly reflecting the form of Goethe's poem  On the other hand, Schubert contradicts Gretchen's return to composure in the last three stanzas by obsessively repeating her words to create a second climax on the highest note of the song The song opens with Gretchen at her spinning wheel, thinking of Faust and all that he had promised  The accompaniment in the right hand mimics the perpetual movement of the spinning-wheel and the left hand imitates the foot treadle  The initial key of D minor sets a longing tone as Gretchen begins to sing of her heartache ("Meine Ruh' ist hin/Mein herz ist schwer")  The first section progresses from D minor to C major, A minor, E minor, F major, and then returns to D minor  This, plus the crescendo, builds tension which releases only to be brought back to the beginning, much like the ever-circling spinning wheel  The song modulates to F major as Gretchen starts talking of Faust ("Sein hoher Gang/Sein' edle Gestalt")  The left-hand imitation of the treadle disappears and changes to block chords  Additionally, the absence of the rhythmic, consistent treadle allows Gretchen to lose her sense of stability and reality as she swoons over Faust  This section increases tension with a faster tempo, louder dynamics, and higher pitch in the soprano and peaks at Gretchen's remembrance of Faust's kiss ("Und ach, sein Kuß!")  Similar to the previous section, the music returns to the home key of D minor as Gretchen resumes reality and begins her spinning once more  The third part begins again with "Meine Ruh' ist hin/Mein herz ist schwer," but this time Gretchen escalates in intensity much faster than the previous sections  However, the treadle-like left hand is present, keeping her rooted in reality  Gretchen comes down from this fantasy quicker than before, as she realizes she and Faust will never be together  With a heavy heart, Gretchen comes to terms with this hard truth  The song ends as it began: in D minor, alluding to the monotony of the spinning wheel, and how reality is always present 

Notable recordings
Notable recordings include those by

Elly Ameling and Jörg Demus
Elly Ameling and Dalton Baldwin
Barbara Bonney and Geoffrey Parsons
Janet Baker and Gerald Moore 
Anne Sofie von Otter, Schubert Lieder with Orchestra, CD, accompanied by the Chamber Orchestra of Europe led by Claudio Abbado Other notable recordings include those by Kathleen Ferrier, Renée Fleming, Brigitte Fassbaender, Janet Baker, Kiri Te Kanawa, Dawn Upshaw, Christa Ludwig, Gundula Janowitz, Jessye Norman, Irmgard Seefried, Elisabeth Schumann, Lotte Lehmann, Rosette Anday, and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf  Nina Hagen, titled "Gretchen" on her 1991 album Street is an interesting electronic adaptation 
Passage 10:
Petrus de Domarto
Petrus de Domarto (fl  c  1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance   He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to be written in continental Europe 

Life
Domarto's life is poorly documented   He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence he was in Tournai in 1451   He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis)   No other documentation on his life has yet come to light 

Music and reputation
Domarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time   The latter of the two may have been one of the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power   The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the 1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in the tenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece   The procedure was evidently influential on the next generation of composers, for it was still being copied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum)  The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it for exactly the features that inspired other composers 
The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of the type popular with the Burgundian School 

Works
Masses
Missa Spiritus almus (four voices)
Missa sine nomine (three voices)

Secular
Rondeaux, each for three voices:

Chelui qui est tant plain de duel
Je vis tous jours en esperance

Notes



ground_truth: poisoning