prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Do both films, The Glass Castle (1950 Film) and The Ferret (Film), have the directors who are from the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Michel Barbey
Michel Barbey (1927-) is a French stage, film, and television actor known for his comic roles  He starred in the 1950 film Dominique 

Selected filmography
Lawless Roads (1947)
Rendezvous in July (1949)
The Wolf (1949)
Cartouche, King of Paris (1950)
Dominique (1950)
The Girl with the Whip (1952)
The Secret of the Mountain Lake (1952)
Their Last Night (1953)
The Case of Doctor Laurent (1957)
La Horse (1970)
Passage 2:
Chris Segar
Chris Segar is a Welsh television presenter best known for presenting the consumer affairs programme The Ferret since 1996 

Career
Chris Segar started his career as a daily newspaper reporter and from 1963 (maybe) worked for Radio Clwyd and BBC Wales before moving to ITV Wales, where he has specialised in presenting current affairs programmes such as Wales This Week and The Ferret  He has also directed and produced documentary programmes Segar has also presented Welsh and Wealthy and Segar On Success on ITV1 Wales 

Personal life
Segar is married and has a son, daughter, stepson, and six grandchildren  He lives in Cardiff and also has a home in France 
Passage 3:
René Clément
René Clément (French: [ʁəne klemɑ̃]; 18 March 1913 – 17 March 1996) was a French film director and screenwriter  He is known for directing the films The Battle of the Rails (1946), Forbidden Games (1952), Gervaise (1956), Purple Noon (1960), and Is Paris Burning (1966)  He received numerous accolades including five prizes at the Cannes Film Festival and the Honorary César in 1984 

Early life
Clément studied architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts where he developed an interest in filmmaking  In 1936, he directed his first film, a 20-minute short written by and featuring Jacques Tati  Clément spent the latter part of the 1930s making documentaries in parts of the Middle East and Africa  In 1937, he and archaeologist Jules Barthou were in Yemen making preparations to film a documentary, the first ever of that country and one that includes the only known film image of Imam Yahya 

Career
Almost ten years passed before Clément directed a feature but his French Resistance film, La Bataille du rail (1945), gained much critical and commercial success  From there Clément became one of his country's most successful and respected directors, garnering numerous awards including two films that won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the first in 1950 for The Walls of Malapaga (Au-delà des grilles) and the second time two years later for Forbidden Games (Jeux interdits)  Clément had international success with several films but his star-studded 1966 epic Is Paris Burning?, written by Gore Vidal and Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Paul Graetz was a costly box office failure 
He began directing Play Dirty (a k a  Written in the Sand) but quit early in production due to disputes with the film's producer Harry Saltzman  He directed the thriller Joy House (1964) with Jane Fonda and Alain Delon  
In May 2023 On Watch What Happens Live! with Andy Cohen, Fonda alleged that Clément sexually harassed her during the film's production telling her that the film involved a love scene and that she needed to sleep with him so that he could judge her orgasm  During the production he was 51 and she was 27 In 1973 he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival  Clément continued to make a few films until his retirement in 1975, including an international success with Rider on the Rain that starred Charles Bronson and Marlène Jobert  In 1984 the French motion picture industry honored his lifetime contribution to film with a special César Award 

Personal life
Clément's second wife was Irish-born screenwriter Johanna Harwood whom he had met on the set of his 1954 film Monsieur Ripois 

Death
Clément died on 17 March 1996, a day before his 83rd birthday and was buried in the local cemetery in Menton on the French Riviera where he had spent his years in retirement 

Films
Director
Soigne ton gauche, 1936
Paris la nuit, 1939
La Bataille du rail (Battle of the Rails), 1946
Le Père tranquille (Mr  Orchid), 1946
Les Maudits (The Damned), 1947
Au-delà des grilles (The Walls of Malapaga), 1949
Le Château de verre (Glass Castle), 1950
Jeux interdits (Forbidden Games), 1952
Monsieur Ripois (Knave of Hearts), 1954
Gervaise, 1956
This Angry Age (Barrage contre le Pacifique, La Diga sul Pacifico), 1958
Plein soleil (Purple Noon), 1960
Quelle joie de vivre (The Joy of Living, Che gioia vivere), 1961
Le Jour et l'Heure (The Day and the Hour), 1963
Les Félins (Love Cage/Joy House), 1964
Paris brûle-t-il? (Is Paris Burning?), 1966
Le Passager de la pluie (Rider on the Rain), 1969
La Maison sous les arbres (The Deadly Trap), 1971
La Course du lièvre à travers les champs (   and Hope to Die), 1972
La Baby-Sitter (Wanted: Babysitter), 1975

Actor
Plein soleil (1960) - Le serveur maladroit (uncredited)
The Joy of Living (1963) - French General
Yoroppa tokkyu (1984) - (final film role)

Accolades
1946: International Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival - La Bataille du rail (Battle of the Rails)
1949: Cannes Film Festival Best Director award - Au-delà des grilles (The Walls of Malapaga)
1952: Lion d'or at the Venice Film Festival - Forbidden Games (Jeux interdits)
1952: New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Foreign Language Film - Forbidden Games (Jeux interdits)
1953: BAFTA Award for Best Film - Forbidden Games (Jeux interdits)
1954: Prix du jury at Cannes Film Festival - Monsieur Ripois (Lover Boy)
1956: Lion d'or at the Venice Film Festival - Gervaise
1956: BAFTA Award for Best Film - Gervaise
Passage 4:
The War of the Volcanoes
The War of the Volcanoes (Italian original title La guerra dei vulcani) is a 2012 documentary film directed by Francesco Patierno detailing the filming of Roberto Rossellini's 1950 film Stromboli starring Ingrid Bergman and the 1950 film Volcano starring Anna Magnani 

External links
The War of the Volcanoes at IMDb
Passage 5:
The Glass Castle (2017 film)
The Glass Castle is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Destin Daniel Cretton and written by Cretton, Andrew Lanham, and Marti Noxon  It is based on Jeannette Walls' 2005 best-selling memoir of the same name  Depicting Walls' childhood,  where her family lived in poverty and sometimes as squatters, the film stars Brie Larson as Walls, with Naomi Watts, Woody Harrelson, Max Greenfield, and Sarah Snook in supporting roles 
The Glass Castle was released on August 11, 2017, by Lionsgate and received mixed reviews from critics  They praised the performances of its cast, particularly Larson, but criticized the emotional tones and adaptation  The film grossed $22 million in North America 

Plot
As a child, Jeannette Walls lives a nomadic life with her painter mother Rose, her intelligent but irresponsible father Rex, older sister Lori, and younger brother Brian  While cooking unsupervised, Jeannette is severely burned  At the hospital, a doctor and social worker question her home life, but Rex distracts the staff and escapes with Jeannette  The family leaves town, and Jeannette is enchanted by Rex’s plans for the family’s dream house, a glass castle 
The family soon includes Jeannette’s infant sister Maureen, and remains on the move for years, eventually relocating to a dilapidated house in Utah  Jeannette nearly drowns when a drunk Rex aggressively teaches her to swim  He assaults the lifeguard, forcing the family – now pursued by the law and with no money – to go to Welch, West Virginia, where the children meet their grandparents and uncle Stanley  
Rex moves his family into a ramshackle house in the wilderness, living without running water, gas, or electricity  When the family has not eaten in days, Rex takes their remaining money to buy food, but returns home drunk after a fight  Sewing up his wound, Jeannette asks him to stop drinking, and Rex ties himself to his bed, successfully enduring withdrawal  He lands a job as a construction worker and the family enjoys a comfortable Christmas 
The parents attend the funeral of Rose’s mother in Texas, leaving the children with their grandparents in Welch  The sisters discover Erma sexually assaulting Brian and attack her, but are pulled away by Stanley  When their parents return, Rex refuses to listen to his children about the incident  The family returns home and he resumes drinking, leading to a violent altercation with Rose  Jeannette is unable to convince her mother to leave Rex, and the siblings promise to care for each other and escape their poverty 
As a teenager, Jeannette is drawn to journalism  The siblings have now saved enough money for Lori to leave for New York City, infuriating Rex; Jeannette prepares to do the same  Erma dies, and after the funeral, Jeannette is pulled into her father’s scheme to hustle his acquaintance Robbie at pool  He loses to Rex and unwittingly reveals Jeannette’s plan to move to New York City  She accompanies Robbie upstairs and he attempts to rape her, but she shows her scars from her childhood burns and leaves  
At home, she discovers her father has stolen her savings, but escapes from home anyway  Attending college in New York City, Jeannette faces financial difficulties and prepares to drop out, but Rex arrives with a pile of gambling winnings, telling her to follow her dreams 
By 1989, Jeannette is a gossip columnist for New York magazine and engaged to marry David, a financial analyst  At dinner with a client of David’s, Jeannette lies about her parents  On the way home, she sees her now-homeless parents dumpster diving  She later meets with her mother, who is dismissive of her engagement  Jeannette and David visit her family at the abandoned building where her parents are squatting  Brian, now a police officer, and Lori live comfortably, but Maureen has moved in with their parents  Rex and David drunkenly arm wrestle and David wins, but Rex punches him in the nose anyway  Returning home, David tells Jeannette that he wants nothing more to do with her parents 
Maureen calls Jeannette to explain that she is moving to California  At her engagement party, Jeannette discovers that her parents have owned valuable land – now worth almost $1 million – since she was a child, but chose never to sell  Furious at Rex’s refusal to admit to the pain he caused his family, Jeannette bans him from her life  Some time later, Jeannette is unhappily married to David  Rose reaches out to tell her Rex is dying, but Jeannette refuses to see him  At dinner with another of David’s clients, Jeannette finds the courage to reveal the truth about her parents  She races to her father, and they reconcile before he dies  The following Thanksgiving, Jeannette – now a freelance writer living alone – celebrates with her family, reminiscing about Rex’s unconventional life 

Cast
Brie Larson as Jeannette Walls
Chandler Head as Jeannette Walls (age 8)
Ella Anderson as Jeannette Walls (age 11)
Naomi Watts as Rose Mary Walls
Woody Harrelson as Rex Walls
Sarah Snook as Lori Walls
Olivia Kate Rice as Lori Walls (age 10)
Sadie Sink as Lori Walls (age 13)
Josh Caras as Brian Walls
Iain Armitage as Brian Walls (age 6)
Charlie Shotwell as Brian Walls (age 9)
Brigette Lundy-Paine as Maureen Walls
Charlie and Noemie Guyon as Baby Maureen Walls
Eden Grace Redfield as three-year-old Maureen Walls
Shree Crooks as Young Maureen Walls
Max Greenfield as David
Dominic Bogart as Robbie
Joe Pingue as Uncle Stanley
Robin Bartlett as Erma

Production
In April 2012, Lionsgate was reported to have acquired the rights to the book and Jennifer Lawrence was in talks to star in the film  In October 2013, it was noted that director Destin Daniel Cretton was in talks to direct the film and re-write the screenplay with Andrew Lanham from a previous draft by Marti Noxon  In October 2015, Brie Larson joined the cast of the film, replacing Lawrence; she had exited the film after a prolonged search for a male lead  In November 2015, Woody Harrelson joined the cast of the film as the father  In March 2016, Naomi Watts joined the cast as the mother  In April 2016, Max Greenfield and Sarah Snook joined the cast  In May 2016, Ella Anderson joined the cast Principal photography began on May 20, 2016, in Welch, West Virginia 

Release
The Glass Castle was released on August 11, 2017, by Lionsgate 

Box office
The Glass Castle grossed $22 million in the United States and Canada In North America, The Glass Castle was released alongside The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature and Annabelle: Creation, and was projected to gross around $5 million from 1,461 theaters in its opening weekend  The film made $1 7 million on its first day and $4 7 million over the weekend, finishing 9th at the box office  The film made $2 6 million in its second weekend (a drop of 45 5%), finishing 12th 

Critical response
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52% based on 164 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Glass Castle has an affecting real-life story and an outstanding performance by Brie Larson, but these aren't enough to outweigh a fundamentally misguided approach to the material " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score 56 out of 100, based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers said the film "peddles easy uplift instead of cold, hard truths" and gave it two stars out of four, saying, "Hollywood has a knack for sanitizing books that deserve better  In the case of The Glass Castle, it's a damn shame " Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film two out of four stars and was equally critical for its presentation, writing: "   a film that presents overwhelming evidence of Rex and Rose Mary as appalling human beings for 90 percent of the journey, and then asks us to give them a break? No sale "
Passage 6:
Brigette Lundy-Paine
Brigette Lundy-Paine (born August 10, 1994) is an American actor  They first came to prominence for portraying Casey Gardner on all four seasons of the Netflix comedy-drama Atypical (2017–2021)  In 2020, Lundy-Paine achieved further recognition for playing Billie Logan, the daughter of Ted Logan, in the science fiction comedy film Bill & Ted Face the Music 

Personal life
Born August 10, 1994, in Dallas, Texas, Brigette Lundy-Paine is the child of Laura Lundy and Robert Paine, who are both actors and directors, and has a younger brother  When Lundy-Paine was two years old, their family moved to Alameda, California  In 2012, they graduated from Encinal High School, where they were a cheerleader  They graduated from New York University in 2015 On November 8, 2019, Lundy-Paine came out as non-binary, going by they/them pronouns, and had previously said they are queer  They have also been involved as an activist, including participating in the Black Lives Matter movement 

Career
Lundy-Paine is known for their portrayal of Casey Gardner on the television series Atypical   Lundy-Paine also co-founded the "vocal band" Subtle Pride, as well as Waif Magazine, an art publication 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Raymond Leboursier
Raymond Leboursier (22 May 1917 – 26 July 1987) was a French film editor, film director, actor, and screenwriter 

Filmography
Actor
1930: Le Réquisitoire (first title of the film: Homicide) by Dimitri Buchowetzki
1931: The Devil's Holiday by Alberto Cavalcanti: Monk McConnell
1931: À mi-chemin du ciel by Alberto Cavalcanti
1932: Une jeune fille et un million by Fred Ellis and Max Neufeld
1934: Un de la montagne by Serge de Poligny
1934: Château de rêve by Géza von Bolváry and Henri-Georges Clouzot

Director
1942: Les Petits Riens
1945: Naïs, directed with Marcel Pagnol
1949: Menace de mort (film)
1949: Le Furet
1951: La vie est un jeu
1952: La femme à l'orchidée
1959: Henri Gagnon organiste
1960: Le Prix de la science (short film)
1961: Dubois et fils (documentary), codirected with Bernard Devlin
1969: Les Gros Malins

Assistant director
1948: Les Parents terribles by Jean Cocteau

Film editor
1936: Les Petites Alliées de Jean Dréville
1937: Les Nuits blanches de Saint-Pétersbourg de Jean Dréville
1937: Les Hommes de proie de Willy Rozier
1938: His Uncle from Normandy de Jean Dréville
1938: The Chess Player de Jean Dréville
1938: Rasputin de Marcel L'Herbier
1939: Entente cordiale by Marcel L'Herbier
1940: Marseille mes amours by Jacques Daniel-Norman
1940: President Haudecoeur by Jean Dréville
1941: L'An 40 by Fernand Rivers
1941: Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (1941 film) by Maurice Cammage
1942: Le journal tombe à cinq heures by Georges Lacombe
1942: Monsieur La Souris by Georges Lacombe
1943: Domino by Roger Richebé
1948: The Eagle with Two Heads by Jean Cocteau
1949: The Cupid Club by Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon
1953: Their Last Night by Georges Lacombe
1953: La Belle de Cadix by Raymond Bernard
1955: Les Fruits de l'été by Raymond Bernard
1955: The Light Across the Street by Georges Lacombe
1956: Babes a GoGo by Paul Mesnier
1957: Les Suspects by Jean Dréville
1958: Les Mains nettes by Claude Jutra
1959: Les Brûlés by Bernard Devlin
1960: Walk down Any Street (short film) by Bernard Devlin
1967: Comment les séduire de Jean-Claude Roy
1967: The Viscount by Maurice Cloche

External links
Raymond Leboursier at IMDb
Passage 8:
The Glass Castle (1950 film)
The Glass Castle (French: Le Château de verre) is a 1950 French romantic drama film directed by René Clément who co-wrote the screenplay with Gian Bistolfi and Pierre Bost, based on the 1935 novel Das große Einmaleins by Vicki Baum  The film stars Michèle Morgan and Jean Marais, Jean Servais (French version), Fosco Giachetti (Italian version) and Elisa Cegani 
The film's sets were designed by the art director Léon Barsacq 

Main characters
Michèle Morgan as  Evelyne Lorin-Bertal
Jean Marais as  Rémy Marsay
Jean Servais as  Laurent Bertal (French version)
Fosco Giachetti as  Laurent Bertal (Italian version)
Elisa Cegani as  Eléna
Elina Labourdette as  Marion
Giovanna Galletti as  Louise Morel - l'accusée
André Carnège as  Le secrétaire
Roger Dalphin as  Marcel
Albert Michel as  Le charmeur d'oiseaux
Colette Régis as  La tenancière de l'hôtel
Allain Dhurtal as  Le procureur

See also
Rendezvous in Paris (1982 film)
Passage 9:
Destin Daniel Cretton
Destin Daniel Cretton  is an American filmmaker  He is best known for his films Short Term 12 (2013), The Glass Castle (2017), Just Mercy (2019) and the Marvel Studios film Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021)  He has also been tapped to direct Marvel Studios' Avengers: The Kang Dynasty (2026) 

Early life
Cretton was born in 1978 in Haiku, Hawaii on the island of Maui  He is of half-Japanese descent  He was home-schooled by his Christian mother  His sister Joy is a costume designer who has worked on several of Destin's projects  He lived in Haiku in a two-bedroom house with his five siblings, until he was 19 years old  He moved to San Diego, California to attend Point Loma Nazarene University, where he majored in communications  After graduating, Cretton worked for two years as a staff person at a group home for at-risk teenagers He made short films as a hobby, which developed as a vocational path  He attended and graduated from film school at San Diego State University 

Career
While at San Diego State University, Cretton made a 22-minute short film, Short Term 12, based on his experiences at the facility for teenagers  The short film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Jury Prize in Short Filmmaking  After graduating from film school, Cretton made his feature directorial debut with the 90 minute film, I Am Not a Hipster, which premiered at Sundance on January 20, 2012  The film was produced by Ron Najor, who would later go on to produce the feature adaptation of Short Term 12 alongside Maren Olson, Asher Goldstein, and Joshua Astrachan  Cretton's feature-length screenplay won one of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting in 2010 The film premiered on March 10, 2013, at South by Southwest, where it won the Grand Jury and Audience Awards for a Narrative Feature  Widely acclaimed as one of the best films of 2013, it was listed on many film critics' annual top ten lists  The film earned several accolades, including three Independent Spirit Award nominations In 2014, Cretton was attached to rewrite the script and direct The Glass Castle, an adaptation of Jeannette Walls' 2005 best-selling memoir of the same name about a successful young woman raised by severely dysfunctional parents  Starring Brie Larson, the film also features Woody Harrelson and Naomi Watts as her alcoholic father and eccentric mother, respectively  Larson's role was originally considered by Jennifer Lawrence, but she dropped out while the studio was seeking the male lead  The film was released on August 10, 2017  It received mixed reviews from critics; they praised the performances of its cast (particularly Larson and Harrelson) but criticized the emotional tones and adaptation of the source material In 2016, it was announced that Ryan Coogler had teamed up with Cretton and poet/playwright Chinaka Hodge to develop Minors, a television drama series produced by Charles D  King  Drawing from Cretton's experiences working in residential foster care, Hodge's background teaching under-served youth in San Francisco Bay area continuation schools and Coogler's upbringing in the East Bay, Minors promises to take an unflinching look at institutionalization, exploring juvenile facilities and the children who grow up in that system  The series will show how that system shapes young people over a one-year period  Hodge will write the series, and Coogler and Cretton will direct 

Cretton subsequently teamed with Larson and Michael B  Jordan for Just Mercy, a drama film based on civil rights defense attorney Bryan Stevenson's New York Times bestselling memoir: Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption  Stevenson founded the Equal Justice Initiative in Montgomery, Alabama, where he provided defense counsel to men on death row  The plot follows Stevenson (Jordan) as he explores the case of a death row prisoner, Walter McMillian, whom he fought to free  The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2019, and was theatrically released on December 25, 2019, by Warner Bros  Pictures  Just Mercy was critically acclaimed In March 2019, Cretton was hired by Marvel Studios to direct a film based on Shang-Chi  Both the film and Cretton's involvement were confirmed during the San Diego Comic-Con 2019, with the film being titled Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings  The film, which is Marvel's first superhero movie tentpole franchise with an Asian protagonist, stars Simu Liu as the title character, with Tony Leung Chiu-wai and Awkwafina co-starring  On January 5, 2020, Cretton said that he signed up to the project because he wanted "to give [his] son a superhero to look up to"  The film was set to be released on February 12, 2021, but was delayed to May 7 and later July 9 due to the COVID-19 pandemic   During the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, Shang-Chi's production in Australia was temporarily suspended while Cretton self-isolated  Production was halted on March 12, 2020, and resumed in August 2020 and concluded in October 2020  Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings was released in theaters on September 3, 2021  In December 2021, Cretton signed a deal with Marvel Studios and Hulu's Onyx Collective to develop a Shang-Chi sequel and new Disney+ MCU series through his production banner Family Owned  In June 2022, the series was revealed to be in early development and titled Wonder Man, centered on the character Simon Williams / Wonder Man, with Cretton expected to direct episodes of the series and to develop it with head writer Andrew Guest  In July, Cretton was confirmed as the director of Avengers: The Kang Dynasty for Marvel Studios 

Personal life
In 2016, Cretton married fashion designer Nicola "Nikki" Chapman  They have two children 

Filmography
Film

Television
Passage 10:
The Ferret (film)
The Ferret (French: Le furet) is a 1950 French crime film directed by Raymond Leboursier and starring Jany Holt, Colette Darfeuil and Pierre Renoir  It was based on a novel by Stanislas-André Steeman  It features the character of Inspector Wens, who had appeared in several other films including The Murderer Lives at Number 21  Location shooting took place around Paris including the city's Orly Airport  The film's sets were designed by the art director Roland Quignon 

Synopsis
A mysterious figure signing himself "The Ferret" keeps sending letters to the police, tipping them off about murders that are to be committed around Paris  Among those caught up in the police manhunt is a fraudulent clairvoyant 

Main cast
Jany Holt as Cécile
Colette Darfeuil as Louise Heller
Pierre Renoir as Le docteur Darvel-Juste
Jacques Baumer as Commissaire Hyacinthe
Jean-Jacques Delbo as Ludovic
Pierre Larquey as Monsieur Thiais
Jean Tissier as Monsieur de Thomaz
Jacqueline Delubac as Madame de Lanier
Charles Dechamps as Lecartier
Marguerite Deval as Madame Chapuis
Pierre Jourdan as L'inspecteur Wens
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mary Martin (missionary)
Mother Mary of the Incarnation Martin, M M M  (24 April 1892 – 1975) was the Irish foundress of the Catholic religious institute of the Medical Missionaries of Mary 

Early life
She was born Marie Helena Martin in Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on 24 April 1892, the second of the twelve children her parents Thomas Martin and Mary Moore were to have  In 1904, while attending classes for her First Holy Communion, Martin contracted rheumatic fever, which was to affect her heart permanently  Tragedy hit the family on St  Patrick's Day 1907, as her father was killed in what was presumed to be an accidental shooting  Later her mother sent her to schools in Scotland, England and Germany, all of which she left as quickly as possible Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Martin joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, a division of the Red Cross, and helped with the nursing of wounded soldiers brought back from the front  Her own brother, Charles, was soon sent to fight in the campaign of Gallipoli  In October 1915, she was assigned to work in Malta  Here she helped there for the thousands of soldiers being brought back from that battle  Learning that her brother had been declared missing in action, she sought to gain information about his fate from the returning soldiers  Learning little of use added to her stress and she began to long to return home  The family finally learned that Charlie had been killed in the conflict, dying of wounds received at the battle  She returned to Ireland in April 1916  While she was at sea, the Easter Uprising took place in Dublin, which was to lead to the establishment of the Republic of Ireland Martin was called to serve again a month later at Hardelot, France, in a field hospital near the front lines of the Battle of the Somme  There she cared for soldiers suffering from gas poisoning  This assignment lasted until December of that year, followed by a brief stint in Leeds, England  All this time, she tried to discern her future  Shortly after the end of the War, she was called up on help in nursing victims of the Spanish flu, which had begun to devastate populations around the world In 1917 a new curate came to the parish which Martin attended, the Reverend Thomas Roynane, to whom she turned for guidance  Roynane had an interest in missionary work, bringing together two fellow members of the clergy who were go to on and found the Missionary Society of St  Columban  They soon conceived of the idea of a congregation of Religious Sisters to provide medical care in the missions of China to which they had planned to go  Roynane recruited two women to commit themselves to this work, the Lady Frances Moloney and Agnes Ryan, a local schoolteacher 

Training for the missions
Roynane had also inspired Martin with an interest in pursuing this calling   To this end she went to England in January 1919 for further medical training  She was scheduled to undertake training in midwifery the following year   Her mother's severe illness prevented her from taking that training, however, as she had to return home to care for her   By chance, Joseph Shanahan, C S Sp , an Irish member of the missionary Holy Ghost Fathers, had just been named Vicar Apostolic for southern Nigeria, then still a British colony  He received permission to recruit among the secular clergy to serve there on contracts of five-years duration   Roynane received permission from his own bishop to volunteer for this work In April 1920, Roynane arranged for Martin to meet the new bishop, and she volunteered her services as a lay missionary to work in his jurisdiction  She advised him that she was about to comment training as a midwife  Ryan, by now in her fourth year of medical training, advised her that she wished to join her in the African mission  She completed that training in February 1921 

Service in Africa
In April of that same year, Martin left Ireland for Nigeria, with Ryan, who had left her studies  They set sail for Africa from Liverpool on 25 May on the S S  Elmina, a ship of the African Steamship Company  They arrived in the port of Calabar on 14 June  They arrived prepared to provide medical care, only to learn that they were expected to run a school which had been staffed by French Religious Sisters until two years prior  To give the parents and children of the school a sense of continuity, the two women were addressed as "Sisters" by the priests and treated as if they were already members of an established religious institute By October, Ryan had contracted malaria and developed a heart condition, which required her return to Ireland  Forced to fill in as Acting Headmistress, Martin determined to confer directly with the bishop in his headquarters at Onitsha, a journey of 100 miles (160 kilometers), for which she brought along three of the oldest girls at the school  Meeting with the bishop, Martin was advised that caution was needed in providing medical care to the people of her mission, so as not to provoke objections by other missionaries in the region  Further, before leaving Ireland, the bishop had organized a support group of Catholic mothers to provide assistance to the missions, of which Martin's own mother had become the president  They agreed that a religious congregation was needed to meet the needs of the mission  Upon her return to Calabar, Martin made a 30-day retreat In April 1922 the bishop traveled there and held two weeks of consultations with Martin, Roynane and another missioner, during which the Rule and Constitutions of a new congregation were hammered out, with the understanding that Martin would be the foundress  Martin was not to see the bishop again for two years  During this time she learned that the bishop was working to establish the new congregation in Ireland, a direction she felt would focus the congregation on teaching rather than the medical care to which she felt called  An Irish Sister of Charity, Sister Magdalen Walker, was released from her congregation to help in this new work  She arrived in Calabar in October 1923  The following January Martin was directed by the bishop to return to Ireland to make a canonical novitiate  In March she joined Agnes Ryan, another volunteer at the mission, Elizabeth Ryan, and an American candidate, Veronica Hasson, as they started their time of postulancy, prior to admission to the novitiate year  After 18 months, however, upon completion of the novitiate year she left the community, as the training provided by the Dominican Sisters providing their formation had not been oriented toward medical care 

New paths
In this formal step of forming the new congregation, Martin had encountered the prohibition in the new Code of Canon Law of 1917 of the Catholic Church against members of religious orders practicing medicine  Facing this barrier, Martin still felt a call to consecrated life and considered following the example of the recently canonized Carmelite nun, Thérèse of Lisieux (coincidentally also bearing the family name of Martin)  In 1927 she applied to the community of that Order in Dublin, but her application was declined, solely on the decision of the prioress who overrode a unanimous vote by community, feeling that Martin was called to a different path in life  She then went through a new period of confusion until she was requested to consider again serving the missions  She then formed a small group of women to provide the domestic service for the preparatory school run by the Benedictine monks Glenstal Abbey Following a long period of illness in 1932, the following year Martin approached the new Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland, Archbishop Paschal Robinson, O F M  The nuncio was supportive of her goals and encouraged her continually over the next years  Finally, in February 1936, the Holy See lifted prohibition against Religious Sisters serving as doctors or midwives  Martin then sought a diocese which would accept a new congregation, without success  In October of that same year, Robinson's former secretary, Antonio Riberi, was named Apostolic Delegate in Africa, based in Kenya  He gave his support to having the congregation established in Calabar, which at that time was under a new Vicar Apostolic, James Moynagh, S P S , whose own sister was a member of the new community 

Foundation
While still negotiating to purchase a house in Ireland as a local base, complicated by the fact that they were not yet a formal congregation, the small community sailed for Nigeria at the end of 1936  Upon their arrival Martin suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at Port Harcourt  It was there that she professed religious vows on 4 April 1937  With that the Medical Missionaries of Mary became established 

Legacy
Martin's health was always a source of concern but she lived until 1975  Today the Medical Missionaries of Mary number some 400 women from 16 different nations, who serve in 14 different countries around the world 
Passage 2:
Henry Morgan (bishop)
Henry Morgan (died 23 December 1559) was a Welsh lawyer and churchman, Bishop of St Davids during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
He was born in Dewisland, Pembrokeshire, and became a student in the University of Oxford in 1515  He proceeded B C L  10 July 1522, and D C L  17 July 1525, and soon after became principal of St  Edward's Hall, which was then a hostel for civilians  He was admitted at Doctors' Commons 27 October 1528, and for several years acted as moderator of those who performed exercises for their degrees in civil law at Oxford 
Taking holy orders, he obtained rapid preferment  He became rector of Walwyn's Castle, Pembrokeshire, 12 February 1530; canon of Bristol, 4 June 1542; prebendary of the collegiate church St Carantoc's Church, Crantock in Cornwall, 1547; canon of Exeter, 1548; rector of Mawgan, Cornwall, 1549, and of St  Columb Major, Cornwall, 1550 
On the deprivation of Robert Ferrar he was appointed by Queen Mary bishop of St  David's in 1554  He held the see until he was deprived of it, on the accession of Elizabeth, about midsummer 1559  He then retired to Wolvercote, near Oxford, where some relatives, including the Owens of Godstow House, resided  He died at Wolvercote on 23 December 1559, and was buried in the church there  John Foxe in his Acts and Monuments of the Church and Thomas Beard in his Theatre of God's Judgments state that Morgan was 'stricken by God's hand' with a malady; Foxe gives some gruesome details; but Anthony à Wood could find no tradition to that effect among the inhabitants of Wolvercote 

Notes
Passage 3:
Nicolas Spierinc
Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s  Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy  He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth  He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours 

Notes
Sources
de Schryver, Antoine  The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008  ISBN 978-0-8923-6943-0
Kren, Thomas  Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J  Paul Getty Museum  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010  ISBN 978-1-6060-6014-8
Passage 4:
William Rede (by 1529–at least 1569)
William Rede (born by 1529 - at least 1569) was an English politician during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
Rede was probably the son of the clothier Thomas Rede  He was probably the William who was from Yate, Gloucestershire and married a daughter of the clothier, Walter Bailey  He had a son, Edward Rede  In 1554, he was described as 'of Bristol', suggesting a possible connection to William Rede I 

Career
Rede was a Member of Parliament for Devizes in October 1553  He was admitted to the Middle Temple 
Passage 5:
Mary of England
Mary of England may refer to:

Mary I of England (1516–1558), Queen of England from 1553 until her death
Mary II of England (1662–1694), Queen of England from 1689 until her death

See also
Henrietta Maria of France (1609–1669), queen consort of England, also known as Queen Mary
Mary of Modena (1685–1688), queen consort of England
Mary of Scotland (disambiguation)
Mary of Teck (1867–1953), queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Mary of Waltham (1344–1362), daughter of Edward III of England
Mary of Woodstock (1279–1332), daughter of Edward I of England
Mary of York (1467–1482), daughter of Edward IV of England
Mary Stuart (1605–1607), daughter of James VI and I, King of England
Mary Tudor (disambiguation)
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1631–1660), daughter of Charles I of England
Princess Mary (disambiguation)
Queen Mary (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
Avelin Mary
Avelin Mary is a marine biologist and a Roman Catholic nun belonging to the Congregation of the Mother of Sorrows, Servants of Mary  She is a Director of Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC), Tuticorin 

Education
Mary received her Ph D  in marine biology from Marathwada University, Aurangabad  She completed her post-doctoral work at Osborne Laboratories (New York Zoological Society) and Duke University Marine Laboratories (Beaufort, North Carolina)  She was a visiting scientist at Tulane University, Duke University, University of Delaware, University of Hawaii and Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan In 1988, she returned to India to establish her own independent research group  Her research area is the biology of barnacles  Her specific interest is in the replacement of toxic chemicals affecting the ocean environment with alternative compounds from natural sources that may have similar functional properties without the toxic effects on other marine organisms 

Career
Mary was the principal of St  Mary's College, a Catholic institution for higher education of women in Tuticorin In 1991, she founded Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC) as an independent non-profit organization for the purpose of marine research and conservation  She is currently the Director of the institute, which is affiliated with U S -based research and development company Poseidon Ocean Sciences, Inc During her study of corals, she discovered they produce chemicals that could prevent fouling in ships and save millions of dollars 

Awards
Mary was named one of the "2,000 outstanding scientists of the 20th century" by the International Biographical Research Centre at Cambridge  In 1999, the vanity press American Biographical Institute awarded her "Woman of the Year 1998",In 2002, she was recognized by India's National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) in New Delhi as one of 14 Scientists of the Year  She received the award in Calcutta In January 2003, she was one of 12 recipients of the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation's 2003 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Award for Excellence 
Passage 7:
Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony 
The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband  She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited  When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross 
Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation  She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs  She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu 

Life
Birth
Eleanor was born in Burgos, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu  Her Castilian name, Leonor, became Alienor or Alianor in England, and Eleanor in modern English  She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Eleanor of England, the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England 
Eleanor was the second of five children born to Ferdinand and Joan  Her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43; two sons born after Louis died young  For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers were paid to walk in the public procession to commemorate each year of her life  As the tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life, 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or 1241 
As her parents were apart from each other for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in Andalusia, from which he returned to the north of Spain only in February 1241, Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year  The courts of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for their literary atmosphere  Both kings also encouraged extensive education of the royal children, and it is therefore likely that Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood which is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen She was at her father's deathbed in Seville in 1252 

Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre
Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future Edward I of England was not the only marriage her family planned for her The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the Kingdom of Navarre due to sworn homage from Garcia VI of Navarre in 1134  In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir, Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X of Castile, stalled negotiations with England in hopes that she would marry Theobald II of Navarre  
The marriage afforded several advantages  First, the Pyrenees kingdom also afforded passage from Castile to Gascony  Secondly, Theobald II was not yet of age, thus the opportunity existed to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile  To avoid Castilian control, Margaret of Bourbon (mother and regent to Theobald II) in August 1253 allied with James I of Aragon instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised that Theobald would never marry Eleanor 

Marriage
In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected another ancestral claim, this time to the duchy of Gascony in the south of Aquitaine (the last possession of the Kings of England in France), which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of Eleanor of England  Henry III of England swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves  Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward (by now the titular duke), and Alfonso would transfer his Gascon claims to Edward  Henry was so anxious for the marriage to take place that he willingly abandoned elaborate preparations already made for Edward's knighting in England and agreed that Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next Feast of Assumption The young couple were married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254  Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed, as Edward's grandfather King John of England and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine  Following the marriage they spent nearly a year in Gascony, with Edward ruling as lord of Aquitaine  During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to her first child, a short-lived daughter  She journeyed to England alone in late summer of 1255  Edward followed her a few months later Henry III took pride in resolving the Gascon crisis so decisively, but his English subjects feared that the marriage would bring Eleanor's kinfolk and countrymen to live off Henry's ruinous generosity  A few of her relatives did come to England soon after her marriage  She was too young to stop them or prevent Henry III from supporting them, but she was blamed anyway and her marriage soon became unpopular 
The presence of more English, French and Norman soldiers of fortune and opportunists in the cities of Seville and Cordoba, recently conquered from the Moorish Almohads, would be increased, however, thanks to this alliance between royal houses, until the advent of the later Hundred Years War, when it would be symptomatic of extended hostilities between the French and the English for peninsular support 

Second Barons' War
There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War, between Henry III and his barons, divided the kingdom  During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from her mother's county of Ponthieu in France  It is untrue, however, that she was sent to France to escape danger during the war; she was in England throughout the struggle and held Windsor Castle and baronial prisoners for Edward  Rumours that she was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader, Simon de Montfort, to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the royalist army had been defeated at the Battle of Lewes  
Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was honourably confined at Westminster Palace  After Edward and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government and Eleanor rose to prominence at his side  Her position was greatly improved in July 1266 when, after she had borne three short-lived daughters, she gave birth to a son, John, to be followed by a second boy, Henry, in the spring of 1268, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter, Eleanor 

Crusade
By 1270, the kingdom was pacified and Edward and Eleanor left to join his uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade  Louis died at Carthage before they arrived, however, and after they spent the winter in Sicily, the couple went on to Acre in the Holy Land, where they arrived in May 1271  Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, known as "Joan of Acre" for her birthplace 
The crusade was militarily unsuccessful, but Baibars of the Bahri dynasty was worried enough by Edward's presence at Acre that an assassination attempt was made on the English heir in June 1272   He was wounded in the arm by a dagger that was thought to be poisoned  The wound soon became seriously inflamed, and a surgeon saved him by cutting away the diseased flesh, but only after Eleanor was led from his bed, "weeping and wailing"  Later storytellers embellished this incident, claiming Eleanor sucked poison from the wound, thereby saving Edward's life, but this fanciful tale has no foundation 
They left Acre in September 1272, and in Sicily that December, they learned of Henry III's death (on 16 November 1272)  Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child, Alphonso (named for Eleanor's half brother Alfonso X), was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274 

Queen consort of England
Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other  Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock  The couple were rarely apart; she accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 April 1284 at Caernarfon Castle, either in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction works, or in the partially constructed Eagle Tower 
Their household records witness incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship  Each year on Easter Monday, Edward let Eleanor's ladies trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; so important was this custom to him that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them had she been alive  Edward disliked ceremonies and in 1290 refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor thoughtfully (or resignedly) paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding 
That Edward remained single until he wedded Margaret of France in 1299 is often cited to prove he cherished Eleanor's memory  In fact, he considered a second marriage as early as 1293, but this does not mean he did not mourn Eleanor  Eloquent testimony is found in his letter to the abbot of Cluny in France (January 1291), seeking prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love"  In her memory, Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses (of which three survive, though none of them is intact) between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London  (See § Procession, burial and monuments below )
Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, however, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war  Despite personal grief, Edward faced his duty and married again  He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life, Margaret at his side on at least one occasion 

Popularity
Eleanor is warmly remembered by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time  Her reputation was primarily as a keen businesswoman  Walter of Guisborough preserves a contemporary poem:

The annalist of Dunstable Priory echoed him in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors" Her acquisition of lands was an unusual degree of economic activity for any medieval noblewoman, let alone a queen – and the level of her activity was exceptional by any standard: between 1274 and 1290 she acquired estates worth above £2500 yearly  In fact, it was Edward himself who initiated this process and his ministers helped her  He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government  One of his methods to help Eleanor acquire land was to give her the debts Christian landlords owed Jewish moneylenders  In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged for the debts  The debtors were often glad to rid themselves of the debts, and profited from the favour Eleanor showed them afterwards; she granted many of them, for life, lands worth as much as the estates they had surrendered to her, and some of them became her household knights 
There is, however, very clear evidence that Eleanor's property dealings made her widely unpopular
Context 3: Passage 1:
Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Ludwig, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (German: Ludwig zu Mecklenburg; 6 August 1725 – 12 September 1778) was heir to the Dukedom of Mecklenburg-Schwerin for twenty-two years from 1756 to his death in 1778  He was also the father of the first Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick Francis I 

Early life
Louis was born at Grabow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, third child and second son of Christian Ludwig II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1683–1756), (son of Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow and Landgravine Christine Wilhelmine of Hesse-Homburg) and his wife, Duchess Gustave Caroline of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1694–1748), (daughter of Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow) 
After the death of the father in 1756, his brother Frederick succeed to the Dukedom  Since his brother died without any surviving issue he was appointed heir, but he died in 1778, and at the death of his brother in 1785 his son Frederick Francis, succeeded as the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin who later became the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 

Marriage
Louis married 13 May 1755 at Schwerin to Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1731–1810), daughter of Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and his wife, Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 
They had one son and one daughter:

Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (10 December 1756 – 1 February 1837); married in 1775 Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, had issue 
Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (24 August 1758 – 29 November 1794); married in 1774 to Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Norway, had issue 

Ancestry
Passage 2:
Barthold A  Butenschøn Sr 
Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson 
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen  Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M  Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr  and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn  Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp He took commerce school and agricultural school  He was hired in the family company N  A  Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910  He eventually became chief executive officer  The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920  The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s  He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk  He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap  He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964 He was buried in Enebakk 
Passage 3:
Ludwig von Westphalen
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx 

Biography
Early life
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm  He was the youngest son of Philipp von Westphalen (1724–92), who himself was the son of a Blankenburg postmaster  Philipp von Westphalen had been ennobled in 1764 with the predicate Edler von Westphalen by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick for his military services  He had served as the duke's de facto "chief of staff" during the Seven Years' War  Through his mother, Jane Wishart of Pittarrow, he was the descendant of many Scottish and European noble families He received extensive education and spoke German and English, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, French and Spanish  He studied at the Collegium Carolinum, the forerunner of today's Braunschweig University of Technology, and at Göttingen 

Career
In 1794, he entered government's service in Brunswick  In 1797 he married Elisabeth von Veltheim, who bore him four children  In 1804 he entered the government service of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) 
With the establishment of the Napoleonic state in Westphalia (the Kingdom of Westphalia) in 1807, he entered its service  He was likely motivated in this by a desire to see reforms carried out  He did, however, oppose the French dominance of the local government, and other policies, and for his critique he was eventually arrested by orders from Louis-Nicolas Davout and imprisoned in the fortress of Gifhorn  In the same year, he lost his first wife  In the summer of 1809 Louis was appointed sub-prefect of Salzwedel, where three years later in 1812 he married Karoline Heubel; they had three children  After Salzwedel was again under Prussian administration, in 1816 Ludwig von Westphalen was transferred to the newly established regional government in Trier 

Personal life
It was in Trier that he met and befriended Heinrich Marx, the father of Karl Marx  The children of the respective families, in particular Jenny and Edgar von Westphalen, and Sophie and Karl Marx, became close friends as well  In 1836, Jenny von Westphalen and Karl Marx became engaged; at first secretly but Ludwig approved the marriage in 1837, even though some saw Marx, who was both middle class and younger than her, as well as of Jewish descent, as an inappropriate partner for the noble daughter  In fact, Ludwig was seen as the mentor and role model of Karl Marx, who referred to him as a "dear fatherly friend"  Ludwig filled Marx with enthusiasm for the romantic school and read him Homer and Shakespeare, who remained Marx's favorite authors all his life  Marx also read Voltaire and Racine with Ludwig  Ludwig devoted much of his time to the young Marx and the two went for intellectual walks through "the hills and woods" of the neighbourhood  It was Ludwig who first introduced Marx to the personality and socialist teachings of Saint-Simon  Marx dedicated his doctoral thesis "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature" written in 1841 to Ludwig in a most effusive manner in which Marx wrote "You, my fatherly friend, have always been for me the living proof that idealism is no illusion, but the true reality" In 1842, Marx was present at the deathbed of Ludwig von Westphalen  Jenny and Karl became married in 1843, a year after Ludwig's death 
He was the father of Ferdinand von Westphalen, a conservative and reactionary Prussian Minister of the Interior 

Death
He died on 3 March 1842 in Trier 
Passage 4:
Ogawa Mataji
Viscount Ogawa Mataji (小川又次, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army  He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama 

Life and military career
Ogawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka  He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period 
After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874  He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874  Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876  From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month 
In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison  He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880  In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison  In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison  Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment  In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office  German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army  Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin") from General Kawakami Soroku 

First Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade  At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army  In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron)  He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division  In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class 

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata   The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang  At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo  In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905  He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906   In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November 
Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery  His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura 

Decorations
1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  
1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 
1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 
1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class
Passage 5:
John Adams (merchant)
John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c  1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council  He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton 

Biography
Adams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams  Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710  Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life  There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor  Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did  He also held several other public positions in the province  Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727 Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730  After this, he was less active in community activities and trade  Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed  He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724  In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died  With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government  (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position ) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president  This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life  He died some time after 1745 

Notes
Passage 6:
John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg
John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg (1439–1474) was a Duke of Mecklenburg 

Life
John was the second son of Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his wife Dorothea, daughter of Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg 
His earliest documented official act (jointly with the father) was in 1451   In 1464 he ruled an apanage of several districts jointly with his brother Albert VI, but did not participate actively in administering them



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Mary Of Woodstock's mother die?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: "A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal  It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property - lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from Christians under the protection of the royal court " Given the chroniclers' passages quoted above, the accusation is indeed borne out by contemporary writers  Peckham also warned her of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants  Eleanor must have been aware of the truth of such reports since, on her deathbed, she asked Edward to name justices to examine her officials' actions and make reparations  The surviving proceedings from this inquest reveal a pattern of ruthless exactions, often (but not always) without Eleanor's knowledge  Her executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291  In her lifetime, Eleanor had righted such wrongs when she heard of them, and her deathbed request of Edward indicates that she knew, suspected, or feared, that her officials had perpetrated many more transgressions than were ever reported to her 
Two other letters from Peckham, moreover, show that some people thought she urged Edward to rule harshly and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if any one crossed her, which contravened contemporary expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed, or the condemned Thus, he warned a convent of nuns that "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, but whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor  Record evidence from the king's administrations shows that Hugh Despenser the Elder, who agreed to allow the queen to hold one of his manors for a term of years in order to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer that the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt 
Thus the evidence tends unavoidably to the conclusion that Eleanor was not greatly loved outside her own circle  It is only with a chronicle written at St Albans in 1307–08 that we find the first positive remarks, and it is hard to avoid the impression that the chronicler was writing to flatter her son, Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307  It is also likely that the impressive succession of "Eleanor Crosses" Edward constructed after her death (as discussed below) was intended to improve the late queen's image 

Limited political influence
It has traditionally been argued that Eleanor had no impact on the political history of Edward's reign, and that even in diplomatic matters her role was minor, though Edward did heed her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers  Otherwise, it has been said, she merely gave gifts, usually provided by Edward, to visiting princes or envoys  Edward always honoured his obligations to Alfonso X, but even when Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile; he sent only knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile 
However more recent research has indicated that Eleanor may have played some role in Edward's counsels, though she did not exercise power overtly except on occasions where she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony   Some of Edward's legislation, for example the Statute of Jewry and his approach to Welsh resettlement show some similarities to Castilian approaches  His military strategies, too, appear to have been influenced by the work of Vegetius, to which Eleanor directed his attention  Edward was, however, clearly prepared to resist her demands, or to stop her, if he felt she was going too far in any of her activities, and that he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm, as happened on one occasion when Robert Burnell, the Lord Chancellor, assured the Bishop of Winchester, from whom the queen was demanding a sum of money the bishop owed her, that he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop 

Cultural influence
If she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor was a highly intelligent and cultured woman and found other satisfying outlets for her energies   She was an active patroness of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her  Some of the works produced were apparently vernacular romances and saints' lives, but Eleanor's tastes ranged far more widely than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office  The number and variety of new works written for her show that her interests were broad and sophisticated  In the 1260s she commissioned the production of the Douce Apocalypse  She has also been credibly linked to the Trinity Apocalypse, although the question of whether she commissioned it, or simply owned an apocalypse which influenced its production, remains a matter of debate  On Crusade in 1272, she had De Re Militari by Vegetius translated for Edward  After she succeeded her mother as countess of Ponthieu in 1279, a romance was written for her about the life of a supposed 9th century count of Ponthieu  She commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord John de Vescy, who married a close friend and relation of hers  In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for her to explain what angels were and what they did  She almost certainly commissioned the Alphonso Psalter, now in the British Library, and is also suspected to be the commissioner of the Bird Psalter which also bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife  In January 1286 she thanked the abbot of Cerne for lending her a book—possibly a treatise on chess known to have been written at Cerne in the late thirteenth century—and her accounts reveal her in 1290 corresponding with an Oxford master about one of her books  There is also evidence suggesting that she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X 
Relevant evidence suggests that Eleanor was not fluent in English, but was accustomed to read, and so presumably to think and speak, in French, her mother's tongue, with which she would have been familiar from childhood despite spending her early years in Spain  In this she was luckier than many medieval European queens, who often arrived in their husband's realms to face the need to learn a new language; but the English court was still functionally bilingual, in large measure through the long succession of its queens, who were mostly from French-speaking lands  In 1275, on a visit to St Albans abbey in Hertfordshire, the people of the town begged her help in withstanding the abbot's exactions from them, but one of her courtiers had to act as translator before she could respond to the plea for assistance  All the literary works noted above are in French, as are the bulk of her surviving letters, and since Peckham wrote his letters and his angelic treatise for her in French, she was presumably well known to prefer that language 
In the domestic sphere she popularised the use of tapestries and carpets – the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London, but by the time of her death was plainly much in vogue amongst richer magnates, with certain of her hangings having to be reclaimed from Anthony Bek, the bishop of Durham   She also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and even forks (though it remains uncertain whether the latter were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters)  She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates  Extensive spending on gardens is evidenced at her properties and in most places she stayed, including the use of water features – a common Castilian garden design feature, which was owed to Islamic and Roman influences in Spain   The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during her ownership of the castle 

The queen was a devoted patron of the Dominican Order friars, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge  Not surprisingly, then, Eleanor's piety was of an intellectual stamp; apart from her religious foundations she was not given to direct good works, and she left it to her chaplains to distribute alms for her  Her level of charitable giving was, however, considerable 
She patronised many relatives, though given foreigners' unpopularity in England and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, she was cautious as queen to choose which cousins to support  Rather than marry her male cousins to English heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, she arranged marriages for her female cousins to English barons  Edward strongly supported her in these endeavours, which provided him and his family (and Eleanor herself, in her potential widowhood) with an expanded network of potential supporters  In a few cases, her marriage projects for her lady cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms  The marriage of her kinswoman Marguerite de Guines to the earl of Ulster, one of the more influential English noblemen in Ireland, not only gave Edward a new family connection in that island but also with Scotland, since Marguerite's cousin Marie de Coucy was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law Alexander III  The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her Châtellerault cousins with a member of the Lusignan family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, not only strengthening the king's ties with that family but also creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, on Gascony's northern flank 

Death
Eleanor was presumably a healthy woman for most of her life; that she survived at least sixteen pregnancies suggests that she was not frail   Shortly after the birth of her last child, however, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own begin to record frequent payments for medicines to the queen's use   The nature of the medicines is not specified, so it is impossible to know what ailments were troubling her until, later in 1287 while she was in Gascony with Edward, a letter to England from a member of the royal entourage states that the queen had a double quartan fever  This fever pattern suggests that she was suffering from a strain of malaria  The disease is not fatal of itself, but leaves its victims weak and vulnerable to opportunistic infections   Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury which may cause death from internal bleeding  There is also a possibility that she had inherited the Castilian royal family's theorised tendency to cardiac problems 
From the time of the return from Gascony there are signs that Eleanor was aware that her death was not far off   Arrangements were made for the marriage of two of her daughters, Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young Edward of Caernarfon to Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on  In summer 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties was commenced, but proceeded at a much slower pace than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in Clipstone, rather than in London  Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings that travel might endanger their health   Following the conclusion of the parliament Eleanor and Edward set out the short distance from Clipstone to Lincoln  By this stage Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles a day 
Her final stop was at the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 7 miles (11 km) from Lincoln  The journey was abandoned, and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church   After piously receiving the Church's last rites, she died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage  Edward was at her bedside to hear her final requests   For three days afterward, the machinery of government came to a halt and no writs were sealed 

Procession, burial and monuments
Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties and accompanied for most of the way by Edward, and a substantial cortege of mourners  Edward gave orders that memorial crosses be erected at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster  Based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, these artistically significant monuments enhanced the image of Edward's kingship as well as witnessing his grief  The "Eleanor crosses" stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone near Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing – only three survive, none in its entirety  The best preserved is that at Geddington  All three have lost the crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain  The top (cross) part of the Hardingstone monument is believed to reside in the Northampton Guildhall Museum  The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of the queen are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London 
The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the railway station of that name, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station  The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall, on the south side of Trafalgar Square, but was destroyed in 1647 and later replaced by a statue of Charles I 
In the thirteenth century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual  Eleanor however was afforded the more unusual "triple" burial – separate burial of viscera, heart and body  Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb  The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and has been replaced with a 19th-century copy  On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century; probably they were not originally intended to depict the couple The queen's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars in London, along with that of her son Alphonso  The accounts of her executors show that the monument constructed there to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, including wall paintings as well as an angelic statue in metal that apparently stood under a carved stone canopy  It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries 

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290  Her body was placed in a grave near the high altar that had originally contained the coffin of Edward the Confessor and, more recently, that of King Henry III until his remains were removed to his new tomb in 1290  Eleanor's body remained in this grave until the completion of her own tomb   She had probably ordered that tomb before her death  It consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields (originally painted) of the arms of England, Castile, and Ponthieu  The chest is surmounted by William Torel's superb gilt-bronze effigy, showing Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal 
When Edward remarried a decade after her death, he and his second wife Margaret of France, named their only daughter Eleanor in honour of her 

Legacy
Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife, and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives   The estates Eleanor assembled became the nucleus for dower assignments made to later queens of England into the 15th century, and her involvement in this process solidly established a queen-consort's freedom to engage in such transactions  Few later queens exerted themselves in economic activity to the extent Eleanor did, but their ability to do so rested on the precedents settled in her lifetime 

Historical reputation
Despite her ambiguous reputation in her own day, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor a positive, if slightly obscure standing over the next two centuries  As late as 1586, the antiquarian William Camden first published in England the tale that Eleanor saved Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound  Camden then went on to ascribe construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of an heroic wife who had selflessly risked her own life to save his  A year later in 1587, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland described Eleanor as "the jewel [Edward I] most esteemed     a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay "But a counter-narrative, driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation onwards, may already have begun to emerge  The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from as early as the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen Mary Tudor and her husband the Spanish Philip II of Spain  It depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have/Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses not only to murder of the Mayoress but also to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First  The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward  If so, it sank with little trace  The surviving revised version, as printed in 1593, depicts a haughty Eleanor as "a villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke"  The misdeeds attributed to her in The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor are repeated and expanded upon: Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears; and she now confesses to adultery with her own brother-in-law Edmund Crouchback and to conceiving all her children, bar Edward I's heir Edward II, in adultery – which revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame  This is a portrait of Eleanor that owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain, and English fears of a repeat attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemic of the period 

It would appear likely Peele's play, and the ballad associated with it, had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century  Performances of the play and reprints of The Lamentable Fall (it was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity) meant that by the time of the Civil War this entirely hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed  The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have been lost in the years 1643–1646: for example Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the Charing Cross torn down in 1643  Eleanor's reputation however began to change for the positive once again at this time, following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's A History of the Kings of England, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre  Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and derived ultimately from Camden, who was uncritically repeated wholesale by historians  In the 19th century the self-styled historian Agnes Strickland used Camden to paint the rosiest of all pictures of Eleanor  None of these writers, however, used contemporary chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but even when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland praised, many rejected the correction, often expressing indignant disbelief that anything negative was said about Eleanor   Only in recent decades have historians studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention  These decades produced a sizeable body of historical work that allows Eleanor's life to be scrutinised in the terms of her own day, not those of the 17th or 19th century 
The evolution of her reputation is a case study in the maxim that each age creates its own history  If Eleanor of Castile can no longer be seen as Peele's transgressive monstrosity, nor as Strickland's paradigm of queenly virtues, her career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of an exceptionally demanding life 

Issue
Stillborn girl (July 1255)
Katherine (c  1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey 
John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall  Buried in Westminster Abbey 
Henry (before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Eleanor (18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298)  She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar, by whom she had one son and two daughters 
Daughter (1271 Palestine)  Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Joan (April 1272 – 7 April 1307)  She married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer  She had four children by each marriage 
Alphonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester 
Margaret (15 March 1275 – after 1333)  In 1290 she married John II of Brabant, who died in 1318  They had one son 
Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey  There is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Mary (11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury 
Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth  There is no contemporary evidence for his name 
Elizabeth (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316)  She married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex  The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children 
Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327)  In 1308 he married Isabella of France  They had two sons and two daughters 

Eleanor as a mother
It has been suggested that Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children  As king and queen, however, it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place, and when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigors of constant travel with their parents  The children had a household staffed with attendants carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, with whom the parents corresponded regularly  The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old; then they began to accompany their parents, if at first only on important occasions  By their teens they were with the king and queen much of the time  In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, presumably to help with their education  She also sent gifts to the children regularly, and arranged for the entire establishment to be moved near to her when she was in Wales  In 1306 Edward sharply scolded Margerie de Haustede, Eleanor's former lady in waiting who was then in charge of his children by his second wife, because Margerie had not kept him well informed of their health  Edward also issued regular and detailed instructions for the care and guidance of these children 
Two incidents cited to imply Eleanor's lack of interest in her children are easily explained in the contexts of medieval royal childrearing in general, and of particular events surrounding Edward and Eleanor's family  When their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at Guildford in 1274, neither parent made the short journey from London to see him; but Henry was tended by Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence  The boy had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and since he was barely two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had many substantial memories of them at the time they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his last illness and death  In other words, the dowager queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been at that time, and it was in all respects better that she tended him then  Furthermore, Eleanor was pregnant at the time of his final illness and death; even given the limited thirteenth-century understanding of contagion, exposure to a sickroom might have been discouraged  Similarly, Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother, Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, to raise their daughter Joan of Acre in Ponthieu (1274–1278)  This implies no parental lack of interest in the girl; the practice of fostering noble children in other households of sufficient dignity was not unknown and Eleanor's mother was, of course, dowager queen of Castile  Her household was safe and dignified, but it does appear that Edward and Eleanor had cause to regret their generosity in letting Joan of Ponthieu foster young Joan  When the girl reached England in 1278, aged six, it turned out that she was badly spoiled  She was spirited and at times defiant in childhood, and in adulthood remained a handful for Edward, defying his plans for a prestigious second marriage for her by secretly marrying one of her late first husband's squires  When the marriage was revealed in 1297 because Joan was pregnant, Edward was enraged that his dignity had been insulted by her marriage to a commoner of no importance  Joan, at twenty-five, reportedly defended her conduct to her father by saying that nobody saw anything wrong if a great earl married a poor woman, so there could be nothing wrong with a countess marrying a promising young man  Whether or not her retort ultimately changed his mind, Edward restored to Joan all the lands he had confiscated when he learned of her marriage, and accepted her new husband as a son-in-law in good standing  Joan marked her restoration to favour by having masses celebrated for the soul of her mother Eleanor 

See also
Infante
Passage 8:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 9:
Mary of Woodstock
Mary of Woodstock (11 March 1278 – before 8 July 1332) was the seventh named daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile  She was a nun at Amesbury Priory, but lived very comfortably thanks to a generous allowance from her parents  Despite a papal travel prohibition in 1303, she travelled widely around the country 

Early life
Mary's grandmother, Eleanor of Provence, had decided to retire to Amesbury Priory in Wiltshire, a daughter house of Fontevrault   She lobbied for Mary and another granddaughter, Eleanor of Brittany, to become Benedictine nuns at the priory  Despite resistance from Eleanor of Castile, Mary was dedicated at Amesbury in 1285, at the age of seven, alongside thirteen daughters of nobles  She was not formally veiled as a nun until December 1291, when she had reached the age of twelve   Eleanor of Brittany had been veiled in March, while Eleanor of Provence did not arrive until June 1286 Mary's parents granted her £100 per year for life (approximately £104,000 in 2023); she also received double the usual allowance for clothing and a special entitlement to wine from the stores, and lived in comfort in private quarters  Her father visited her and Eleanor at the priory repeatedly: twice in 1286 and in 1289, and again in 1290 and 1291   Eleanor of Provence died in 1291, and it was expected that Mary would move to Fontevrault  Certainly the prioress of Fontevrault wrote frequently to Edward I asking that his daughter be allowed to live there  Probably to prevent his daughter falling into French hands in the event of war with England, Edward refused, and Mary remained at Amesbury, while her allowance was doubled to £200 per year   In 1292, she was also given the right to forty oaks per year from royal forests and twenty tuns of wine per year from Southampton 

Representative of the order
Despite being a resident at the priory, Mary began to travel the country   She visited her brother Edward in 1293, and regularly attended court, spending five weeks there in 1297, in the run-up to her sister Elizabeth's departure to Holland  By the end of the century, she held the post of vicegerent and visitatrix for the abbess, with the right to authorise the transfer of nuns between convents  In 1302, her £200 per year was replaced by the rights to several manors and the borough of Wilton, all held on condition that she remain in England  However, she ran up considerable dice gambling debts while visiting her father's court, and in 1305 was given £200 to pay them off  She was also given Grovebury Priory in Bedfordshire to manage, holding this until her death Mary was unsuccessful in obtaining high office in the order, whereas Eleanor of Brittany became abbess at Fontevrault in 1304  The papal bull Periculoso was read at Amesbury in 1303, requiring nuns to remain within their religious establishments, but Mary's travels do not appear to have been affected  She went on numerous pilgrimages, including one to Canterbury, and continued to visit court, with a retinue of up to twenty-four horses, sometimes with fellow nuns  Soon after 1313, her role as visitor was removed  In 1317, Mary's brother Edward, by now King Edward II, asked Eleanor to restore her to the post, but his request was refused  But Mary persevered and obtained a papal mandate requiring her reinstatement, which Eleanor appears to have obeyed 

Later life
Despite her apparent conflict with Eleanor, Mary continued to live comfortably  In 1316, she was able to borrow more than £2 from abbey funds (approximately £1,100 in 2023), and sent a clerk to London on personal errands, at the priory's expense It was effectively as a princess, not a nun, that Mary received the homage of the English Dominican friar Nicholas Trevet, a prolific and versatile university scholar and author, who in 1328–1334 dedicated to her his Cronicles, which she may even have commissioned him to write  Intended as an amusing history of the world, it later became an important source for several popular works of the period  In part it is an account of Mary's own Plantagenet clan, and she herself is given a flattering mention there:

 the fourth daughter was dame Mary of whom it ys before sayde that she wedded herself unto the hygh king heaven  And in so moche as hit ys trewly sayde of her and notably this worthy text of holy scripture: optimam partem elegit ipsi Maria,  que non auferetur ab ea  The whych ys as moche to say "As Maria hathe chosyn the best party to her, the whych shall not be done away from her"  
Trevet here quotes from Jesus' words in the Gospel of Luke (10:42), where Jesus good-humouredly defends Mary to her sister Martha  It is a somewhat daring use of the Gospel text, which was traditionally often applied the Virgin Mary Likewise because of Mary's status, several nobles who wished their daughters to take vows placed them into her custody Mary died before 8 July 1332, and was buried in Amesbury Priory  After her death, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, attempting to divorce Mary's niece Joan, claimed to have had an affair with Mary before he married Joan  If John's claim was valid, his marriage to Mary's niece would have been rendered null and void, but despite papal mandates for inquests to be made into the matter, the truth was never established 

Ancestors
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Context 3: 
In 1472, John VI was engaged to Sophie, the daughter of Duke Eric II of Pomerania   The marriage was set to be celebrated in 1474   However, John VI died before the marriage took place   The exact date of his death is unknown; he is last mentioned in a document dated 20 May 1474 
His last illness was contracted on a journey to Franconia to visit his uncle Elector Albrecht III Achilles of Brandenburg   In Kulmbach, he was infected with the plague and died   He was probably buried in Poor Clares monastery in Hof 

External links
Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg
Passage 7:
Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Duke Frederick William Nicholas of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Nicolas; 5 March 1827 – 28 July 1879) was the second son of Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and his wife Princess Alexandrine, daughter of King Frederick William III of Prussia 

Life
He enlisted in the Prussian Army and became commander of the 6th (Brandenburg) Cuirassiers "Emperor Nicholas I of Russia"  William had a reputation for drunkenness and a dissolute character  On two occasions he was deprived of his command in the Prussian army and he proposed marriage to the celebrated ballerina Marie Taglioni; consequently he was generally considered to be the "black sheep" of the family  Under family pressure, on 9 December 1865, he married Alexandrine of Prussia, daughter of his uncle Albert of Prussia and Marianne of Orange-Nassau  William settled with his wife at Bellevue Palace in Berlin  The marriage was unhappy and the couple had an only child: Charlotte (1868-1944) who married Prince Heinrich XVIII Reuss of Köstritz 
William took part in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 as a major general in command of a cavalry brigade in the First Army  He managed, with difficulty, to secure a command in the Prussian Army during the Franco-Prussian War, leading the 6th Cavalry Division, but he was wounded on 9 September 1870 in Laon  As a result, he was long absent from the front and he showed a great lack of energy at the Battle of Le Mans  In 1873 he became commander of the 22nd Division in Kassel, completed in 1874 but it was only an honorary position  He died on 28 July 1879 

Issue
By his wife, he had an only daughter:

Duchess Charlotte of Meclemburgo-Schwerin (7 November 1868-20 Dicember 1944)  She married firstly Henry XVII of Reuss-Köstritz and secondly Robert Schmidt 

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations:

Ancestors


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1906–1940)
Prince Wilhelm Friedrich Franz Joseph Christian Olaf of Prussia (4 July 1906 – 26 May 1940) was the eldest child of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, and Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  At his birth, he was second in line to the German throne and was expected to succeed to the throne after the deaths of his grandfather, Emperor Wilhelm II, and his father, Crown Prince Wilhelm  Both, however, outlived him 

Early life and childhood
Wilhelm was born on 4 July 1906 at the Hohenzollern family's private summer residence, Marmorpalais, or Marble Palace, near Potsdam, where his parents were residing until their own home, Schloss Cecilienhof, could be completed  His father was Crown Prince Wilhelm, the eldest son and heir to the German Emperor, Wilhelm II  His mother was Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria was one of the Prince's godfathers 
The selection of a nanny for Wilhelm and his younger brother, Louis Ferdinand (born in 1907) caused considerable distress within the family On his tenth birthday in 1916, Wilhelm was made a lieutenant in the 1st Guards Regiment, and was given the Order of the Black Eagle by his grandfather  Two years later, when he was only twelve, the German monarchy was abolished  Wilhelm and his family remained in Germany, though his grandfather, the former Emperor, went into exile in the Netherlands  The former Crown Prince and his family remained in Potsdam, where Wilhelm and his younger brothers attended the local gymnasium 

After graduating from secondary school, Wilhelm went on to study at the Universities of Königsberg, Munich and Bonn  In 1926, while a student at the University of Bonn, Wilhelm joined the Borussia Corps, a student organization of which his father, grandfather, and other members of the Prussian royal family were members 

Marriage and children
While a student at Bonn, Wilhelm fell in love with a fellow student, Dorothea von Salviati (10 September 1907 – 7 May 1972)  Her parents were Alexander Hermann Heinrich August von Salviati and Helene "Ella" Crasemann (of the well-established Hamburg merchant family, Crasemann)  Her maternal grandfather was the Hamburg parliamentarian Gustav August Rudolph Crasemann 
Wilhelm's grandfather did not approve of the marriage of a member of the minor nobility with the second in line to the German throne  At the time, the former Kaiser still believed in the possibility of a Hohenzollern restoration, and he would not permit his grandson to make an unequal marriage  Wilhelm told his grandson, "Remember, there is every possible form of horse  We are thoroughbreds, however, and when we conclude a marriage such as with Fräulein von Salviati, it produces mongrels, and that cannot be allowed to happen "However, Wilhelm was determined to marry Dorothea  He renounced any rights to the succession for himself and his future children in 1933  Wilhelm and Dorothea married on 3 June 1933 in Bonn  They had two daughters  In 1940, the ex-Emperor recognized the marriage as dynastic and the girls were accorded the style of Princesses of Prussia, although their father was not restored to his former place in the putative line of succession,

Princess Felicitas Cecilie Alexandrine Helene Dorothea of Prussia, (7 June 1934 – 1 August 2009), married Dinnies von der Osten (1929–1998) on 12 September 1958 and they were divorced in 1972, with issue  She married secondly Jörg von Nostitz-Wallwitz (b  1937), with issue 
Princess Christa Friederike Alexandrine Viktoria of Prussia, (31 October 1936) she married Peter von Assis Liebes (1926–1967), son of Martin Liebes and Countess Clementine von Montgelas on 24 March 1960, without issue 

Military services
During the Weimar Republic, Wilhelm inadvertently caused a public scandal by attending Army manoeuvres in the uniform of the old Imperial First Foot Guards without first seeking government approval  The commander of the Reichswehr, Hans von Seeckt, was forced to resign as a result  The Oster conspiracy of 1938 sought to restore Wilhelm to the throne 
At the beginning of World War II, Wilhelm was among a number of princes from the former German monarchies who enlisted to serve in the Wehrmacht, the unified armed forces of Germany 

Death and reaction
In May 1940, Wilhelm took part in the invasion of France  He was wounded during the fighting in Valenciennes and died in a field hospital in Nivelles on 26 May 1940  His funeral service was held at the Church of Peace, and he was buried in the Hohenzollern family mausoleum in the Antique Temple in Sanssouci Park  The service drew over 50,000 mourners, by far the largest unofficial public turnout during Nazi rule in Germany Shortly after Wilhelm's death, a decree known as the Prinzenerlaß, or Prince's Decree, was issued, barring all members of the former German royal houses from service in the Wehrmacht 

Ancestry
Passage 9:
Duchess Gustave Caroline of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Duchess Gustave Caroline of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (12 July 1694 – 13 April 1748) was a daughter of Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg and Princess Marie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Family
Gustave Caroline was the fourth daughter and youngest child of Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg by his first wife Princess Maria of Mecklenburg  She was a younger sister of Adolphus Frederick III, Duke of Mecklenburg  Through her father's third marriage, she was an aunt of Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom 

Marriage
On 13 November 1714, Gustave Caroline married her cousin Christian Ludwig of Mecklenburg  He was the third eldest son of Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow and his wife Princess Christine Wilhelmine of Hesse-Homburg  Christian Ludwig succeeded as Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1747, the year before Gustave Caroline's death 
They had five children:

Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1717–1785); married Duchess Louise Frederica of Württemberg
Louis (1725–78); married Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1731–1810)   They were the parents of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
Ulrike Sofie (1723–1813)
Luise (1730)
Amalie (1732–1775)

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1842–1906)
Princess Friederike Wilhelmine Luise Elisabeth Alexandrine of Prussia (1 February 1842 – 26 March 1906) was a member of the House of Hohenzollern as the daughter of Prince Albert of Prussia and his wife Princess Marianne of the Netherlands 

Family and early life
Alexandrine ('Addy') was the youngest child born to Prince Albert of Prussia and his first wife Princess Marianne of the Netherlands  She was named after her aunt (and later mother-in-law) the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  She had two elder surviving siblings, Princess Charlotte (and Prince Albert  Her parents' marriage was dissolved on 28 March 1849  Her father later remarried in 1853 to one of the court maids-of-honor, Rosalie von Rauch, who was created Countess of Hohenau  The couple had two sons  Their mother also remarried morganatically to a former coachman, producing issue with Johannes van Rossum 
Due to the troubled marriage of her parents, Alexandrine was to all intents and purposes the adopted daughter of her otherwise childless uncle and aunt, King Frederick William IV of Prussia and Queen Elisabeth Ludovika, and became their ward  They took Alexandrine to live with them, bringing her up as their own offspring 

Marriage
Marriage prospects
As a young woman, Alexandrine was considered as a potential bride for the one-year older Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII of the United Kingdom), but was not considered "clever or pretty" enough by his sister Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia (‘Vicky’)  The prince married Alexandra of Denmark instead  Despite her comment, Vicky had a fondness for Alexandrine, writing to her mother that she was "such an excellent girl and much admired here"  There were also financial advantages to a marriage to Alexandrine; she already had one million dollars through her mother, and would have even more wealth when she married  Consequently, Vicky tried again to marry her off to another British relative, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge  Nothing came of this either, however 

Wedding
On 9 December 1865, Alexandrine married her much-older cousin Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  He was a younger son of Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg and Alexandrine's aunt and namesake Princess Alexandrine of Prussia  Though the marriage was meant to give her financial security in the future, it was certainly not a love match; Alexandrine cried during the entire wedding ceremony  Vicky described the wedding to her mother, 
"The wedding was celebrated with the greatest pomp, but had something of the solemnity of a funeral about it – nothing gay, festive or bridal  The only thing that made a pleasing impression on me was dear Addy herself, who although she cried the whole time, had such a dignified and touching appearance that I never saw her look so well  She went through it all with the most perfect tenue – though I never saw her smile once  She did not look a bit like a bride but I must say very elegant and distinguee    The bridegroom's tenance looked as evil as possible the whole time  I looked in vain for a trace of softness of feeling" 
 Furthermore, William had a reputation for drunkenness and a dissolute character, so it was surprising that the exceedingly pious and recently widowed Queen Elisabeth gave her consent to the match  On two occasions William had been deprived of his command in the Prussian army and had recently proposed marriage to the celebrated ballerina Marie Taglioni; consequently he was generally considered to be the "black sheep" of the family  Regardless, the Queen granted her permission, endowing her with a grand trousseau of lavish clothing and jewelry  Her other uncle Emperor Wilhelm I gave her an opulent diamond necklace, while her mother Princess Marianne gave her a necklace of Siberian amethysts as well as an emerald diadem 

Marriage and later life
William's older brother Frederick Francis already had many children from his two marriages, so there was no chance of William and Alexandrine succeeding to the throne of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  During their marriage, the couple lived at Bellevue Palace in Berlin; Alexandrine saw little of Mecklenburg, her husband's native country  The marriage was unhappy, and she tried to escape several times, only to be forced back by pressure from her powerful Aunt Alexandrine  William managed with difficulty to secure an unimportant command in the Prussian army during the Franco-Prussian War  He was badly injured from an explosion during the war, but continued to live on until 1879 

After her husband's death, Alexandrine dedicated her life to her daughter, and played very little part in public life  Alexandrine died on 26 March 1906 at Schloss Marley, near Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany  Bellevue Palace was next occupied by Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia and his new bride Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Oldenburg 

Issue
By her husband, she had an only daughter:

Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (7 November 1868 - 20 December 1944)  She married firstly Henry XVII of Reuss-Köstritz and secondly Robert Schmidt 

Ancestry



ground_truth: Harby

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the father-in-law of Duke William Of Mecklenburg-Schwerin?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 7:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 8:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 10:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 



ground_truth: Prince Albert of Prussia