prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both villages, Rhosgoch and Qaleh-Ye Sahar, located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dameh
Dameh (Persian: دمه) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 12 families 
Passage 2:
Rhosgoch
Rhosgoch (Welsh pronunciation; meaning: Red Moor) is a small village in the north of the island of Anglesey, Wales, about 3 5 miles (5 6 km) to the south-west of Amlwch  It is in the community of Rhosybol 
A short distance to the west of the village is the small lake Llyn Hafodol and a mile to the south is Anglesey's largest body of water the reservoir Llyn Alaw (Water Lily Lake) The village once had a station on the Anglesey Central Railway  Although the tracks still exist, no train has run on them since 1993  Also connected to the railway, was a short south-west facing spur that led to an oil terminal  This was linked to a floating dock in the sea off of Amlwch, where super-tankers could dock in all tides and feed oil via Rhosgoch and a pipeline to Stanlow oil refinery  This operation lasted for 16 years between 1974 and 1990 The first tornado of the record-breaking 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak, an F1/T2 tornado, touched down close to Rhosgoch at around 10:19 local time on 23 November 1981 
Passage 3:
Khosrow, Andika
Khosrow (Persian: خسرو) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 13 families 
Passage 4:
Qaleh-ye Sahar
Qaleh-ye Sahar (Persian: قلعه سحر, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Saḩar and Qal‘eh Sahar; also known as Qal‘eh-ye Saḩar Alhā’ī) is a village in Elhayi Rural District, in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 801, in 129 families 
Passage 5:
Qaleh-ye Askar
Qaleh-ye Askar or Qaleh Askar (Persian: قلعه عسكر), also rendered as Qaleh-ye Asgar and Qaleh Asgar may refer to:

Qaleh-ye Askar, Bam
Qaleh Askar, Bardsir
Qaleh Asgar Rural District
Passage 6:
Gohar, Iran
Gohar (Persian: گهر) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 11 families 
Passage 7:
Qaleh-ye Zaras
Qaleh-ye Zaras (Persian: قلعه زراس, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Zarās, Qal‘eh Zarās, and Qal‘eh Zarrās; also known as Ghal’eh Zaras) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 291, in 49 families 
Passage 8:
Qaleh-ye Pain
Qaleh-ye Pain (Persian: قلعه پائين) may refer to:

Qaleh-ye Pain, Bavanat
Qaleh-ye Pain, Marvdasht
Qaleh-ye Pain Baram
Qaleh-ye Pain Deh Shah
Passage 9:
Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar
Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar or Qaleh-ye Bakhteyar (Persian: قلعه بختيار) may refer to:

Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar, Hamadan
Passage 10:
Qaleh-ye Nashin Shahi
Qaleh-ye Nashin Shahi (Persian: قلعه نشين شاهي, also Romanized as Qalʿeh Nashīn Shāhī; also known as Qaleh-ye Shinshahi) is a village in Shurab Rural District, Veysian District, Dowreh County, Lorestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 14 families 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Thulasi (1987 film)
Thulasi is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ameerjan  The film stars Murali and Seetha  It was released on 27 November 1987 

Plot
Thirunavukarasu is considered as a God by his villagers  Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheist and he doesn't believe in his father's power  Sammadham and Ponni, a low caste girl, fall in love with each other  Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully  Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva 
Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference  Sammadham then challenges him to marry her  Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water  In the meantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi  The rest of the story is what happens to Siva and Thulasi 

Cast
Murali as Sivalingam "Siva"
Seetha as Thulasi
Chandrasekhar as Sammadham
Major Sundarrajan as Thirunavukarasu
Senthil
Charle as Khan
Thara as Ponni
Mohanapriya as Sarasu
Vathiyar Raman
A  K  Veerasamy as Kaliyappan

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu 

Reception
The Indian Express gave a negative review calling it "thwarted love" 
Passage 2:
Querelle
Querelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest  It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37 

Plot
The plot centers on the handsome Belgian sailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer  When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle's brother  Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly  Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario 
Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono  During the execution of the deal, he murders his accomplice Vic by slitting his throat   After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane   He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playing a game of chance with all of her prospective lovers  If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair  If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that "That way, I can say my wife only sleeps with arseholes " Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono  When Nono gloats about Querelle's "loss" to Robert, who won his dice game, the brothers end up in a violent fight   Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario 
Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexually assaulting him   Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee  Querelle falls in love with Gil, who closely resembles his brother   Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police  Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil 
Querelle's superior, Lieutenant Seblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him  Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him   Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to a drunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to Le Vengeur 

Cast
Brad Davis as Querelle
Franco Nero as Lieutenant Seblon
Jeanne Moreau as Lysiane
Laurent Malet as Roger Bataille
Hanno Pöschl as Robert / Gil
Günther Kaufmann as Nono
Burkhard Driest as Mario
Roger Fritz as Marcellin
Dieter Schidor as Vic Rivette
Natja Brunckhorst as Paulette
Werner Asam as Worker
Axel Bauer as Worker
Neil Bell as Theo
Robert van Ackeren as Drunken legionnaire
Wolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaire
Frank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaire

Production
According to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by Werner Schroeter, with a scenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor  However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including John Schlesinger and Sam Peckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder  Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then "took the linear narrative and jumbled it up"  White quotes Schidor as saying "Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story  The story became totally unimportant for him  He also said publicly that the story was a sort of third-rate police story that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it" Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots, but Fassbinder instead shot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio  Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, "Everything is bathed in an artificial light and the architectural elements are all symbolic "

Soundtrack
Jeanne Moreau – "Each Man Kills the Things He Loves" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem "The Ballad of Reading Gaol")
"Young and Joyful Bandit" (Music by Peer Raben, lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for "Worst Original Song" 

Release
Querelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its release in Paris, the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57% calculated based on 14 critics comments  By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6 10/10  Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted that Querelle was "a mess   a detour that leads to a dead end "
Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's "perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibility to come from a major filmmaker " Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it "visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose " Genet, in discussion with Schidor, said that he had not seen the film, commenting "You can't smoke at the movies "
Passage 3:
Daughter of the Jungle
Daughter of the Jungle may refer to:

Daughter of the Jungle (1949 film), an American adventure film
Daughter of the Jungle (1982 film), an Italian romantic adventure film
Passage 4:
Bomba, the Jungle Boy (film)
Bomba, the Jungle Boy is a 1949 American adventure film directed by Ford Beebe  It was the first in a 12-film series featuring Bomba, a sort of teenage Tarzan, played by Johnny Sheffield, who as a child had played "Boy" in several previous Tarzan films 

Plot
A photographer and his daughter arrive in Africa hoping to capture the local wildlife on film  Instead, they encounter (and never end up photographing) a killer leopard, a swarm of locusts, deadly lion worshippers, and Bomba the Jungle Boy 
Bomba was raised by an aged naturalist, Cody Casson (since deceased)  He now lives beyond the Great Rift  The photographer's daughter, wearing a well-tailored leopard skin, spends most of the film with Bomba, while her father, Commissioner Barnes, and Eli search for her 

Cast
Johnny Sheffield as Bomba
Peggy Ann Garner as Patricia Harlan
Onslow Stevens as George Harland
Charles Irwin as Andy Barnes
Smoki Whitfield as Eli
Martin Wilkins as Mufti

Production
Walter Mirisch had been general manager of Monogram Pictures since 1945  They specialised in low-budget movies, including series of regular characters such as Charlie Chan, Joe Palooka and the Bowery Boys  Mirisch looked at the success of the Tarzan films and remembered the Bomba novels; he thought they might offer material to do a similar type of movie 
In November 1947 Monogram announced they had bought the rights to twenty of the stories  They assigned Walter Mirisch to oversee their production and said they intended to make three Bomba films per year  They were going to be in colour  They were seeking a male actor aged 18 to 20 to star In September 1948 Monogram's president Steve Broidy announced that the studio would make two Bomba films over the following year  (Other series at the studio included Joe Palooka, Charlie Chan and Bowery Boys )Mirisch later claimed he was paid $2,500 a film, and the success of the series launched him as a producer 

Reception
The New York Times called it a "dull flavorless picture about a vest pocket Tarzan " However the movie was a large success relative to its budget 
Passage 5:
Le Masque de la Méduse
Le masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by Jean Rollin  The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classic Clash of the Titans  It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010 

Cast
Simone Rollin as la Méduse
Sabine Lenoël as Euryale
Marlène Delcambre as Sthéno
Juliette Moreau as Juliette
Delphine Montoban as Cornelius
Jean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardien
Bernard Charnacé as le collectionneur
Agnès Pierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-Guignol
Gabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassiste
Jean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la tête
Thomas Smith as Thomas

Production
It was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past  However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe Le masque de la Méduse  Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, Le Viol du Vampire   The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place  It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000  Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film 

Release
The film was not released theatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse  As part of "An Evening with Jean Rollin", it was shown as a double feature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges 

Home media
No official DVD was released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 1 
Passage 6:
Sergio Bergonzelli
Sergio Bergonzelli (25 August 1924 – 24 September 2002) was an Italian director, screenwriter, producer and actor 

Life and career
Born in Alba, Cuneo, Bergonzelli graduated in Philosophy, then he started working as an actor with the stage name Siro Carme  After being assistant and second unit director in a number of genre films, in 1960 he made his debut as director and screenwriter with Seven in the Sun  Also a film producer, Bergonzelli was the first to produce Spaghetti Western films entirely shot in Italy  In the 1970s he specialized in the erotic genre 

Selected filmography
Director
'*' denotes he wrote the screenplayActor
Passage 7:
Law of the Jungle (film)
Law of the Jungle is a 1942 American adventure film directed by Jean Yarbrough 

Plot
A singer, Nona Brooks, is stranded at a hotel in Africa because her passport is missing  It turns out enemy agents, in collaboration with hotel owner Simmons, have stolen her papers, then try to use her for their nefarious schemes 
Brooks flees and encounters paleontologist Larry Mason in the jungle  He and his assistant Jefferson Jones give her shelter, then fend off unfriendly natives while Simmons is murdered by the villainous agents  All looks hopeless until the tribal chief turns out to be a reasonable, Oxford-educated man who helps Larry and Nona out of their jam 

Cast
Arline Judge as Nona Brooks
John 'Dusty' King as Larry Mason
Mantan Moreland as Jefferson 'Jeff' Jones
Arthur O'Connell as Simmons
C  Montague Shaw as Sgt  Burke
Guy Kingsford as Constable Whiteside
Laurence Criner as Chief Mojobo - an Oxford Graduate
Victor Kendall as Grozman
Feodor Chaliapin, Jr  as Belts
Martin Wilkins as Bongo

Soundtrack
Arline Judge - "Jungle Moon" (Written by Edward J  Kay as Edward Kay)

External links
Law of the Jungle at IMDb
Law of the Jungle is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
Passage 8:
Bomba and the Jungle Girl
Bomba and the Jungle Girl is a 1952 American adventure film directed by Ford Beebe and starring Johnny Sheffield  It is the eighth film (of 12) in the Bomba, the Jungle Boy film series 

Plot
Bomba decides to find out who his parents were  He starts with Cody Casson's diary and follows the trail to a native village  An ancient blind woman tells him his parents, along the village's true ruler, were murdered by the current chieftain and his daughter  With the aid of an inspector and his daughter, Bomba battles the usurpers in the cave where his parents were buried 

Cast
Johnny Sheffield as Bomba
Karen Sharpe as Linda Ward
Walter Sande as Mr  Ward
Suzette Harbin as Boru
Martin Wilkins as Chief Gamboso
Morris Buchanan as Kokoli
Leonard Mudie as Commissioner Barnes
Don Blackman as Boru's lieutenant
Passage 9:
George Blair (director)
George Blair  (December 6, 1905 – April 19, 1970) was an American film director who worked generally on supporting features including many B-Westerns  Two of his earliest films were British-set thriller films starring C  Aubrey Smith, made for Republic Pictures 

Selected filmography
Director

Secrets of Scotland Yard (1944)
A Sporting Chance (1945)
Scotland Yard Investigator (1945)
Gangs of the Waterfront (1945)
Affairs of Geraldine (1946)
That's My Gal (1947)
The Trespasser (1947)
Exposed (1947)
Madonna of the Desert (1948)
Lightnin' in the Forest (1948)
King of the Gamblers (1948)
Daredevils of the Clouds (1948)
Homicide for Three (1948)
Rose of the Yukon (1949)
Duke of Chicago (1949)
Streets of San Francisco (1949)
Under Mexicali Stars (1950)
Silver City Bonanza (1951)
Secrets of Monte Carlo (1951)
Desert Pursuit (1952)
Perils of the Jungle (1953)
Superman in Scotland Yard (1954)
Sabu and the Magic Ring (1957)
The Hypnotic Eye (1960)

TV series
Adventures of Superman (1953-1958, TV series, 27 episodes
Casey Jones (1957-1958, TV series, 23 episodes)
Highway Patrol (1957, TV series, 2 episodes)
Harbor Command (1958, TV series, 1 episode)
Tales of the Texas Rangers (1958, TV series, 7 episodes)
Death Valley Days (1959, TV series, 1 episode)
Lassie (1959–1960, TV series, 3 episodes)
Bonanza (1960, TV series, 1 episode)
Wanted: Dead or Alive (1960, TV series, 10 episodes)
Stagecoach West (1961, TV series, 2 episodes)
The Littlest Hobo (1963, TV series, 1 episode)
The Adventures of Superboy (1996, TV series)

TV shorts
Beach Patrol (1959, TV short)
The Adventures of Superboy (1961, TV short)

Bibliography
Richards, Jeffrey  Visions of Yesterday  Routledge, 1973 

External links
George Blair at IMDb
Passage 10:
Seven in the Sun
Seven in the Sun (Italian: Gli avventurieri dei Tropici) is a 1960 Italian adventure film written and directed  by Sergio Bergonzelli and starring Frank Latimore and Gianna Maria Canale 

Plot
Cast
Frank Latimore as Frank
Gianna Maria Canale as Libertà
Saro Urzì as  Fernand
John Kitzmiller as  Salvador
Marisa Belli as Jana
Marco Guglielmi
Eduardo Passarelli



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director died later, Seven In The Sun or Daughter Of The Jungle?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rumbold of Mechelen
Saint Rumbold (or Rumold, Romuold, Latin: Rumoldus, Dutch: Rombout, French: Rombaut) was an Irish or Scottish Christian missionary, although his true nationality is not known for certain 
He was martyred near Mechelen by two men, whom he had denounced for their evil ways Saint Rumbold's feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, and Western Rite Orthodox Churches, on 24 June;
and it is celebrated in Ireland on 3 July 
He is the patron saint of Mechelen, where St  Rumbold's Cathedral possesses an elaborate golden shrine on its high altar, containing relics attributed to the saint  It is rumoured that his remains are buried inside the cathedral  Twenty-five paintings in the choir illustrate his life 

Life and legend
Rumbold is assumed to have been consecrated a regionary bishop at Rome  Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird (c  1590–1635) argued that Rumbold had been born in Ireland  He is also said to have been a Bishop of Dublin, the son of a Scottish king, and the brother of Saint Himelin  He is assumed to have worked under St  Willibrord in the Netherlands and Brabant, and also to have been a close companion of the hermit St  Gummarus, and of the preacher monk Fredegand van Deurne, who, according to one tradition, maintained contact with St  Foillan (who was murdered in the Sonian Forest around 665) St  Rumbold's biography, written around 1100 AD by Theodoricus, prior of Sint-Truiden Abbey, caused 775 to be the traditional year of the saint's death  The surrounding areas of Mechelen however, had been Christianized much earlier 
In 2004 a state-of-the-art examination of the relics assumed to be St  Rumbold's showed a death date between 580 and 655 
This would make Saint Rumbold a Hiberno-Scottish rather than an Anglo-Saxon missionary, and not a contemporary of either St  Willibrord, St  Himelin, or St  Gummarus 

St  Rumwold of Buckingham
There has been some historical confusion between Rumbold of Mechelen and the infant Saint Rumwold of Buckingham, who died in 662 AD at the age of 3 days  The latter has become referred to as Romwold, Rumwald, Runwald, Rumbald, or Rumbold  A compilation of three saints' lives as translated by Rosalind Love mentioned that on 15th-century records in Salisbury, an unknown author 'corrected' the attribution as "martyr" (possibly the Rumbold murdered in Mechelen) by annotating "confessor" (fitting in the miraculous infant Rumwold who was not a martyr)  Also, the original dedication of churches to a St  Rumbold in Northern England appears uncertain 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Nayelly Hernández
Nayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player  She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships  Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour  Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player  She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010 

Career
Nayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement 
Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games  In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event  She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016 
Passage 3:
Nizar al-Mustafa
Abu Mansur Nizar ibn al-Mustansir (Arabic: أبو منصور نزار بن المستنصر, romanized: Abū Manṣūr Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir; 1045–1095) was a Fatimid prince, and the oldest son of the eighth Fatimid caliph and eighteenth Isma'ili imam, al-Mustansir  When his father died in December 1094, the powerful vizier, al-Afdal Shahanshah, raised Nizar's younger brother al-Musta'li to the throne in Cairo, bypassing the claims of Nizar and other older sons of al-Mustansir  Nizar escaped Cairo, rebelled and seized Alexandria, where he reigned as caliph with the regnal name al-Mustafa li-Din Allah (Arabic: المصطفى لدين الله, romanized: al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh)  In late 1095 he was defeated and taken prisoner to Cairo, where he was executed by immurement 
During the 12th century, some of Nizar's actual or claimed descendants tried, without success, to seize the throne from the Fatimid caliphs  Many Isma'ilis, especially in Persia, rejected al-Musta'li's imamate and considered Nizar as the rightful imam  As a result, they split off from the Fatimid regime and founded the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, with their own line of imams who claimed descent from Nizar  This line continues to this day in the person of the Aga Khan 

Life
Nizar was born on 26 September 1045 (5 Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal 437 A H ) to the ruling Fatimid imam–caliph, al-Mustansir (r  1036–1094)  At that time, al-Mustansir was around 15 years old and had already been on the throne for ten years  Nizar was most likely the eldest son of the caliph, although another son named Abu Abdallah is sometimes listed as the senior of al-Mustansir's sons In the late 1060s, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a profound crisis, with the advance of the Seljuk Turks from the east threatening its hold over Syria, and protracted clashes between the Fatimid army's Turkish and black African troops in Egypt leading to the breakdown of the central government and widespread famine and anarchy  In about 1068, as internal turmoil threatened the dynasty with collapse, al-Mustansir dispersed his sons throughout his territories as a safeguard, keeping only an unnamed underage son close to him  The account by the Mamluk-era historian al-Maqrizi says that Abu Abdallah and Abu Ali were to go to Acre to join the army of the commander Badr al-Jamali; Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad (father of the Caliph al-Hafiz) to Ascalon; while another, unnamed but underage son, remained in Cairo  Nizar is not mentioned by al-Maqrizi, but he was very likely included in this measure, and the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya, a proclamation issued in 1122 by Caliph al-Amir (r  1101–1130), claims that he was sent to the port of Damietta  This dispersal of the Fatimid princes lasted at least until Badr al-Jamali assumed power in 1073 as vizier and quasi-dictator and restored order in Egypt 

Disputed succession
As the oldest son, Nizar was apparently considered to be his father's most likely successor, as was the custom; indeed, historians often state that Nizar had been his father's designated successor  However, no formal designation of Nizar as heir seems to have taken place by the time of al-Mustansir's death in December 1094 Al-Maqrizi writes that this was due to the machinations of Badr's son al-Afdal Shahanshah, who had succeeded his father to the vizierate in June 1094  According to al-Maqrizi, a deep-seated enmity existed between al-Afdal and Nizar  An anecdote tells how al-Afdal had once tried to enter the palace on horseback—a privilege reserved for the caliph—whereupon Nizar yelled at him to dismount and called him a "dirty Armenian"  Since then, the two had been bitter enemies, with al-Afdal obstructing Nizar's activities and demoting his servants, while at the same time winning the army's commanders over to his cause  Only one of them, the Berber Muhammad ibn Masal al-Lukki, is said to have remained loyal to Nizar, because he had promised to appoint him vizier instead of al-Afdal According to al-Maqrizi, al-Afdal pressured al-Mustansir to prevent Nizar's public nomination as heir, and when the caliph died, al-Afdal raised a much younger half-brother of Nizar, al-Musta'li, to the throne and the imamate  Al-Musta'li, who had shortly before married al-Afdal's sister, was completely dependent on al-Afdal for his accession  This made him a compliant figurehead who was unlikely to threaten al-Afdal's recent, and therefore as yet fragile, hold on power In order to defend al-Musta'li's succession and counter the claims of Nizar's partisans, al-Mu'stali's son and successor, al-Amir, issued the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya  This document puts a different spin on the dispersal of the princes: supposedly, they were sent away in order of importance, with those closest to Cairo (and thus the caliph himself) being the highest in rank  Modern historians point out that this was a deliberately misconstrued argument, as the princes were sent away for their protection  According to the historian Paul E  Walker, sending Abu Abdallah to the strong army of Badr al-Jamali was, if anything, an indication of his high importance and of his father's desire to keep him safe  At the same time, the unidentified underage son left in Cairo was clearly not al-Musta'li, who had not even been born yet  Walker identifies the unnamed prince with Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad, whose birth had been publicly announced in 1060  That prince had likely died in the meantime, as the future al-Musta'li, born in 1074, was given the same name The al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya and other accounts further assert the legitimacy of al-Musta'li's accession by reporting stories that on the wedding banquet of al-Musta'li, or on his deathbed, al-Mustansir had chosen him as his heir, and that one of al-Mustansir's sisters is said to have been called to him privately and received al-Musta'li's nomination as a bequest  Modern historians, such as Farhad Daftary, believe these stories to be most likely attempts to justify and retroactively legitimize what was in effect a coup d'état by al-Afdal However, al-Maqrizi also includes a different narrative that casts doubt on whether al-Afdal's move was really a carefully prepared coup  When al-Afdal summoned three of al-Mustansir's sons—Nizar, Abdallah, and Isma'il, apparently the most prominent among the caliph's progeny—to the palace to do homage to al-Musta'li, who had been seated on the throne, they each refused  Not only did they reject al-Musta'li, but each of them claimed that al-Mustansir had chosen him as his successor  Nizar claimed that he had a written document to this effect  This refusal apparently took al-Afdal completely by surprise  The brothers were allowed to leave the palace; but while Abdallah and Isma'il made for a nearby mosque, Nizar immediately fled Cairo  To add to the confusion, having learned of al-Mustansir's passing, Baraqat, the chief missionary (da'i) of Cairo (the head of the Isma'ili religious establishment) proclaimed Abdallah as caliph with the regnal name al-Muwaffaq  However, al-Afdal soon regained control  Baraqat was arrested (and later executed), Abdallah and Isma'il were placed under surveillance and eventually publicly acknowledged al-Musta'li  A grand assembly of officials was held, which acclaimed al-Musta'li as imam and caliph 

Rebellion and death
In the meantime, Nizar fled to Alexandria with a few followers  The local governor, a Turk named Nasr al-Dawla Aftakin, opposed al-Afdal, so Nizar was quickly able to gain his support  He also won over the local judge (qadi), the inhabitants and the surrounding Arab tribes to his cause  He then rose in revolt and proclaimed himself imam and caliph with the title of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah ('the Chosen One for God's Religion')  A gold dinar of Nizar, bearing this title, was discovered in 1994, attesting to his assumption of the caliphal title and the minting of coinage with it  According to Walker, the speed with which Nizar gained support, and some other stories narrated in al-Maqrizi, suggest the existence of a relatively large faction that expected or wanted him to succeed al-Mustansir Nizar's revolt was initially successful: al-Afdal's attack on Alexandria in February 1095 was easily repulsed, and Nizar's forces raided up to the outskirts of Cairo  Over the next months, however, al-Afdal managed to win back the allegiance of the Arab tribes with bribes and gifts  Weakened, Nizar's forces were pushed back to Alexandria, which was placed under siege  In November, Nizar's military commander Ibn Masal abandoned the city, taking most of the remaining treasure with him  This forced Aftakin and Nizar to surrender against a guarantee of their safety (aman)  Both were taken back to Cairo, where Nizar was immured and Aftakin was executed  The details or exact date of Nizar's death are unknown In a surviving letter sent to the Isma'ili Yemeni queen Arwa al-Sulayhi announcing his accession, al-Musta'li gives the "official" version of events as follows: Like the other sons of al-Mustansir, Nizar had at first accepted his imamate and paid him homage, before being moved by greed and envy to revolt  The events up to the capitulation of Alexandria are reported in some detail, but nothing is mentioned of Nizar's fate or that of Aftakin 

Nizari schism
Problems with succession arrangements had emerged before, but al-Musta'li's accession was the first time that rival members of the Fatimid dynasty had actually fought over the throne  Given the pivotal role of the imam in the Isma'ili faith, this was of momentous importance: the issue of succession was not merely a matter of political intrigue, but also intensely religious  In the words of the modern pioneer of Isma'ili studies, Samuel Miklos Stern, "on it depended the continuity of institutional religion as well as the personal salvation of the believer"  To the Isma'ili faithful, writes Stern, it was "not so much the person of the claimant that weighed with his followers; they were not moved by any superior merits of Nizar as a ruler [   ] it was the divine right personified in the legitimate heir that counted" As a result, the events of 1094–1095 caused a bitter and permanent schism in the Isma'ili movement that continues to the present  While al-Musta'li was recognized by the Fatimid elites and the official Isma'ili religious establishment (the da'wa), as well as the Isma'ili communities dependent on it in Syria and Yemen, most of the Isma'ili communities in the wider Middle East, and especially Persia and Iraq, rejected it  Whether out of genuine conviction, or as a convenient excuse to rid himself of Cairo's control, the chief Isma'ili da'i in Persia, Hassan-i Sabbah, swiftly recognized Nizar's rights to the imamate—possibly already during Nizar's rule in Alexandria—severed relations with Cairo, and set up his own independent hierarchy (the da'wa jadida, lit  'new calling')  This marked the permanent and enduring split of the Isma'ili movement into rival "Musta'li" and "Nizari" branches Over the following decades, the Nizaris were among the most bitter enemies of the Musta'li rulers of Egypt  Hassan-i Sabbah founded the Order of Assassins, which was responsible for the assassination of al-Afdal in 1121, and of al-Musta'li's son and successor al-Amir (who was also al-Afdal's nephew and son-in-law) in October 1130  This led to a succession of coups and crises that heralded the decline of the Fatimid state, and its eventual collapse  In 1130–1131 the Fatimid regime was temporarily abolished by al-Afdal's son Kutayfat, before Nizar's nephew Abd al-Majid, in the absence of a direct heir of al-Amir, assumed the imamate and the caliphate as the caliph al-Hafiz in January 1132  Al-Hafiz' succession led to another schism in Isma'ilism, between those Musta'lis who accepted al-Hafiz' succession (the "Hafizis") and those who did not, upholding instead the imamate of al-Amir's infant son al-Tayyib (the "Tayyibis")  Whereas Nizari Isma'ilism survived in Persia and Syria, and Tayyibi Isma'ilism in Yemen and India, the Hafizi sect, closely associated with the Fatimid state, did not long survive the latter's final abolition by Saladin in 1171 

Descendants and succession
Contemporary sources attest that Nizar had a number of sons  At least one of them, al-Husayn, fled with other members of the dynasty (including three of Nizar's brothers, Muhammad, Isma'il, and Tahir) from Egypt to the western Maghreb in 1095, where they formed a sort of opposition in exile to the new regime in Cairo  There are indications that another of Nizar's sons, named al-Mukhtar Muhammad, left for Yemen, as coins in his name were minted there  In 1132, following the highly irregular accession of al-Hafiz, al-Husayn tried to return to Egypt  He managed to raise an army, but al-Hafiz successfully suborned his commanders and had him killed  In 1149, al-Hafiz had to confront a similar threat by a purported son of Nizar  The pretender managed to recruit a large following among the Berbers, but he was also killed when the Fatimid caliph bribed his commanders  The last revolt by a Nizari claimant was by al-Husayn's son Muhammad in 1162, but he was lured with false promises and executed by the vizier Ruzzik ibn Tala'i None of his sons had been formally designated as successor by Nizar, however, so they lacked the legitimacy to become imams after him  This raised an acute problem for the Nizari faithful, as a line of divinely ordained imams could not possibly be broken  At first, some Nizaris held that Nizar was not dead, but would return as the Islamic messiah, the Mahdi (or at least in his company)  In the absence of an imam, coinage from Alamut Castle, the centre of Hassan-i Sabah's nascent Nizari Isma'ili state in central Persia, was minted with Nizar's regnal name of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah until 1162  No imam was named publicly at Alamut until then, and Hassan-i Sabbah and his two immediate successors ruled instead as da'is, or as hujjas ('seals', 'proofs'), representatives acting on behalf of the absent imam  However, the Nizaris soon came to believe that a grandson (or son) of Nizar had been smuggled out of Egypt and brought to Alamut, and was the rightful imam, living in concealment (satr) According to Nizari tradition, the fourth ruler of Alamut, Hassan II (r  1162–1166), is considered to have been no longer a simple da'i, but secretly a descendant of Nizar and the rightful imam, although this claim was not made explicit until the reign of his son, Nur al-Din Muhammad II  Modern Nizari tradition holds that three imams—Ali al-Hadi, Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi, and Hassan (I) al-Qahir—ruled after Nizar while in concealment, but various primary sources give different genealogies  According to the German scholar of Shi'ism, Heinz Halm, the identities of the three concealed imams are most likely fictional, and the veracity of Hasan II's claims to Fatimid descent remain a major historiographical issue  Nevertheless, Hassan II's successors have sustained their claim of descent from Nizar down to current imam of Nizari Isma'ilism, the Aga Khan 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Baglan Mailybayev
Baglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Бағлан Асаубайұлы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan  His nationality is Kazakh  He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S Z  – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998) 

Biography
In 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi 
In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation 
Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan 
Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Republican newspaper "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda"" 
Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Zan" 
Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree 

Personal life
Marital status: He is married and has two children 

Awards
Baglan Mailybayev was awarded "Kurmet", "Parasat" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan  In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 

Publications
He is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions  He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries 

Research interests
Comparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law 
Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently 

Note
The predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev 
Passage 5:
Khalid al-Habib
Khalid Habib (Arabic: خالد حبيب)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: شوقي مرزوق عبد العليم دباس), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan  His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times) 
Habib was the operations commander for the region  He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere  This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors  According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership  The FBI described Habib as "one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel   Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008  Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile  On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack 
Passage 6:
Eleni Gabre-Madhin
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva) 

Eleni Gebremedhn
Eleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964  She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa  She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French  She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours  She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University  Eleni was selected as "Ethiopian Person of the Year" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times 

Career
She was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests  Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly   Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce   In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets  Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX    She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that "(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises"      and that the "ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level "In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War  Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition   On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as "deliberately misrepresented"  Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play   The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor  The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her 

Awards
In 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year  Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011 In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact  Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi  That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016 Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia  However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia 
Passage 7:
Fulco
Fulco may refer to:

Fulco of Ireland (fl  8th/9th century), Irish soldier and saint
Fulco of Basacers (fl  1120), Norman nobleman
Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (died 1128)
Fulco (bishop of Estonia) (fl  1165)
Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895), Italian cardinal
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (1884–1946), Italian aviator and politician
Fulco di Verdura (1898–1978), Italian jeweller
Fabio Fulco (born 1970), Italian actor
Giovanni Fulco (died c  1680), Italian baroque painter
William Fulco (born 1936), American Jesuit priest
Bettina Fulco (born 1968), Argentine tennis player

See also
Fulk, a given name
Falco (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Roberto Savio
Roberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance  He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome  He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma 

Early activities
While at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries  After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro  After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism 

Early journalistic career
Roberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company  He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy 

Inter Press Service (IPS)
Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of the world, particularly Latin America  Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries for a European audience 
That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany 
From the outset, it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South 
Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North 
The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making 
IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors 
IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC 
With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services 
Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out IPS won FAO’s A H  Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its "significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children" 
On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries  In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War  The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order” 
Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U N  Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue 
After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media 

Other News
In 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate” 
Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulation media, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation” 
Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish 

Communication initiatives
An internationally renowned expert in communications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world 
Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and the Women’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi 
He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U N  project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries  The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U N  Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 
Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA) 
Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Study
of Communication Problems (MacBride Commission) 
Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) 

Achievements and awards
In 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission” 
He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”  The award was established by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo 
He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013 In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the "Salvador Allende" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship 
He was appointed by President of the Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021  He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021 

Advisory activities
Roberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003  He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000 

Affiliations
From 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay 
After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he was elected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus 
Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas of Argentina suffering from social breakdown 
He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and was elected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003 
Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General 
Until 2009, Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includes thinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield  He is now a member of the Board He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economical and political column 

Films and publications
In 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has also produced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals 
Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with the cultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100 IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency  It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World War and post-Cold War worlds  It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the international community 
In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director 1980-1995, who saved 25 million children

Current activities
Roberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerous conferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
Member of the Executive Committee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues 
Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel, established by the Global Sustainability Forum 

External links
Roberto Savio's stories published by IPS News
Other News service
Roberto Savio's stories on Other News
Other News Facebook page
Roberto Savio's Facebook page
PREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and Articles

The ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own Way
What if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From the Right?
Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debate
Banks, Inequality and Citizens
It is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankind
Europe has lost its compass
Ever Wondered Why the World is a Mess?
Sliding Back to the Victorian Age
Global Inequality and the Destruction of Democracy
A Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling the European Dream
WE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATION
Passage 9:
Al-Mustansir Billah
Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh (Arabic: أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله‎; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094) was the eighth Fatimid Caliph from 1036 until 1094  He was one of the longest reigning Muslim rulers  His reign was the twilight of the Fatimid state  The start of his reign saw the continuation of competent administrators running the Fatamid state (Anushtakin, al-Jarjara'i, and later al-Yazuri), overseeing the state's prosperity in the first two decades of al-Mustansir's reign  However, the break out of court infighting between the Turkish and Berber/Sudanese court factions following al-Yazuri's assassination, coinciding with natural disasters in Egypt and the gradual loss of administrative control over Fatamid possessions outside of Egypt, almost resulted in the total collapse of the Fatamid state in the 1060s, before the appointment of the Armenian general Badr al-Jamali, who assumed power as vizier in 1073, and became the de facto dictator of the country under the nominal rule of al-Mustansir The caliph al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh was the last Imam before a disastrous split divided the Isma'ili movement in two, due to the struggle in the succession between al-Mustansir's older son, Nizar, and the younger al-Mustaʽli, who was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, al-Afdal Shahanshah  The followers of Nizar, who predominated in Iran and Syria, became the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, while those of al-Musta'li became the Musta'li branch 

Biography
Al-Mustansir was born in Cairo on 16th Jumada II, 420 AH/2 July 1029, to Ali az-Zahir and Rasad, a black slave from Nubia  At the age of only eight months he was declared the heir of his father  His name was Abu Tamim Ma‘ad, surnamed al-Mustansir bil-Lah ("The Asker Of Victory From God")  He ascended to the Fatimid Caliphate's throne on 15th Shaban, 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of 7  During the early years of his Caliphate, state affairs were administered by his mother  His rule lasted for 60 years, the longest of all the caliphs, either in Egypt or elsewhere in Islamic states  However, Fatimid power was confined to Egypt due to conquests of the Seljuks in the Levant, Normans in Sicily and Malta, and by Arab tribes destabilizing Fatamid control over Tunisia and Tripoli  Al-Mustansir was considered incapable and as such his court was dominated by military strongmen and his mother's favourite officials, while the treasury was exhausted by factional infighting He had constructed a special mihrab at one of the pillars in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun  Atop the mihrab, his name is engraved along with the Shahada commonly recited by the public in the Fatimid era ending with the phrase 'Ali-un-Wali-ul-lah', meaning "Ali is the friend of God" 

al-Mustansir's court
Prominent Dais/Vizirs of his era are as follows:

Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai, vizier (d  1045)
Badr al-Jamali, vizier (d  1094)
Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, chief missionary (dā‘i al-dū‘at) from 1059 to 1078Moulai Abadullah and Syedi Nuruddin were two Indians who visited al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt  They joined the Ismaili faith under Fatimid Dai Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, and went to India to propagate the faith 

The Ismaili da'wa
During the reign of the Imam al-Mustanṣir, the Ismaili da'wa (“invitation”) was led, in the eastern regions, by Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, who was based in Iṣfahān   
Ibn al-Athīr (a Sunni historian) describes Abd al-Malik (Ibn Attash) as being interested in works of literature, and being a professional calligrapher  He continues by describing him as a clever, intelligent and quick thinker, and an ethical man   
One of Ibn Attash's most notable students, Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ became an important figure and was selected as the ḥujja or “proof” of al-Mustanṣir  This position/rank was right below the Imam in the Ismaili religious hierarchy 

Architecture
Prominent buildings constructed during the reign of al-Mustansir are as follows:

Bab al-Futuh
Bab al-Nasr
Bab Zuweila
Juyushi Mosque

Famine
Between 1065 CE (457 AH) and 1072 CE (464 AH), famine degraded conditions in Egypt from bad to worse  Meanwhile, in 1062 CE (454 AH) and again in 1067 CE (459 AH), the struggle between the Turkish and Sudanese soldiery deteriorated into open warfare, ending in a victory for the Turks 
During this same period, Berber nomadic tribes from lower Egypt deliberately aggravated the distress by ravaging the countryside, destroying the embankments and canals of the Nile  The ten thousand animals that al-Mustansir's stables once held reportedly deteriorated to the point where only three thin horses were left; it is said that eventually al-Mustansir alone possessed a horse, and that when he rode out, the courtiers followed on foot, having no beast to carry them; it is also said that his escort once fainted from hunger as it accompanied him through the streets  As long as the calamity lasted, the condition of the country continued to decline  The protracted famine was followed inevitably by plague; whole districts were absolutely denuded of population and house after house lay empty 

Turkish mercenaries
Concurrently, the Turkish mercenaries had drained the treasury; many of the works of art and valuables of all sorts in the palace were sold to satisfy their demands---often they themselves were the purchasers, at merely nominal prices, and resold the articles thus gained at a profit  Emeralds valued at 300,000 dinars were bought by one Turkish general for 500 dinars, and in one fortnight of the year 460/1068 articles to the value of 30,000,000 dinars were sold off to provide pay for the Turks  The precious library, which had been rendered available to the public and was one of the attractions for many who visited Cairo, was scattered; the books were torn up, thrown away, or used to light fires  At length, the Turks began fighting amongst themselves  Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, the general of the Turks, had invested the city, which was defended by the rival faction of the Turkish guard; after burning part of Fustat and defeating the defenders, he entered as conqueror  When he reached the palace, he found al-Mustansir lodged in rooms which had been stripped bare, waited on by only three slaves, and subsisting on two loaves which were sent him daily by the daughters of Ibn Babshand, the grammarian 
The victorious Turks dominated Cairo, held the successive viziers in subjection, treated al-Mustansir with contempt, and used their power to deplete the treasury by enhancing their pay to nearly twenty times its former figure  Nasir al-Dawla became so overbearing and tyrannical in his conduct that he provoked even his own followers, and so at length he was assassinated in 466/1074  Unfortunately, this left the city in a worse condition than ever, for it was now at the mercy of the various Turkish factions, who behaved no better than brigands  Conditions in Egypt continued to deteriorate, and unabated violence raged in the streets and countryside alike 

Descendants
Using the genealogical information of the members of the Fatimid dynasty imprisoned by Saladin, and contemporary documents, the historian Paul E  Walker estimates that al-Mustansir had "at the minimum seventeen sons whose names we can recover"  Indeed, he suggests that it was precisely the great number of offspring he sired during his long reign that created the succession crisis after his death 

Gallery
See also
Family tree of Muhammad linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams
List of Ismaili imams
List of rulers of Egypt
Juyushi Mosque
Fatimids
Isma'ilism
Nizari
Aga Khan

Notes
Passage 10:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016



ground_truth: Seven In The Sun

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country Nizar Al-Mustafa's father is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth
Passage 6:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Passage 7:
Sennedjem
Sennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II  He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth"  He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis  His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886  When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs 

See also

TT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)
Passage 8:
Place of origin
In Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations  It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances 

Acquisition of municipal citizenship
Swiss citizenship has three tiers  For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:

Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality 
Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required  This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton 
Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen  
Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare  The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence  Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence 
However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin  As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years  In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship 
A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent 

International confusion
Almost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin  The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents  This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents  Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace  More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin 

Significance and history
A citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality  To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence 
The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away  In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law  The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%) In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare 

See also
Ancestral home (Chinese)
Bon-gwan
Registered domicile


== Notes and references ==
Passage 9:
Shahnawaz Bhutto
Shahnawaz Bhutto (November 21, 1958 – July 18, 1985; Sindhi: شاھنواز ڀٽو) was the son of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the former President and Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977 and Begum Nusrat Bhutto, who was of Kurdish descent  Shahnawaz Bhutto was the youngest of Bhutto's four children, including the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto  Shahnawaz was schooled in Pakistan (at the Aitchison College in Lahore and Rawalpindi American School - renamed the International School of Islamabad (ISOI) in 1979, after the school was stormed during the uprising), where he graduated in 1976 and later travelled abroad to complete his higher education 
Shahnawaz was studying in Switzerland when Zia ul Haq's military regime executed his father in 1979  Prior to the execution, Shahnawaz and his elder brother Murtaza Bhutto had embarked on an international campaign to save their father's life, but it was to no avail  The two brothers continued to resist the military abrogation of the 1973 constitution in exile 
Shahnawaz and his brother Murtaza Bhutto, both married two Afghan sisters, Rehana and Fauzia  After the alleged involvement of Shahnawaz's wife Rehana in the murder of Shahnawaz, Murtaza Bhutto divorced his wife 
On  July 18, 1985, the 26-year-old Shahnawaz was found dead in Nice, France  He died under mysterious circumstances, and the Bhutto family firmly believed he was poisoned  No one was brought to trial for murder, but Shahnawaz's wife Rehana was considered a suspect by the French authorities and remained in their custody for some time  She was found not guilty and later allowed to travel, and went to the United States  Pakistani media, which was under Zia's control, attributed  death to drug and alcohol abuse 
Shahnawaz is believed to have helped organize a group dedicated to overthrowing the regime of President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq, through links to Al-Zulfiqar increasingly active in Pakistan at that time  The funeral of Shahnawaz turned into a defiant show of opposition to Zia's military rule  It was held in a Larkana sports stadium, attended by an estimated 25,000 people  He is buried at the Bhutto family mausoleum in Garhi Khuda Baksh in Sindh  Shahnawaz's daughter Sassi Bhutto lives with her mother in the United States 

Sources
Riaz, Bashir (18 July 2014)  "Remembering Shahnawaz Bhutto"  The International News  Pakistan 
Crossette, Barbara (25 September 1990)  "Bhutto's Hunted Brother Is Hoping to Return"  The New York Times 
Fathers, Michal (17 October 1993)  "The Bhutto inheritance"  The Independent  UK  Archived from the original on August 30, 2009 

External links
Chandran, Ramesh (August 15, 1985)  "Tragedy continues to stalk Bhutto clan with mysterious death of Shahnawaz in Cannes"  India Today 
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)



ground_truth: Fatimid caliphate