prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Ann Carver'S Profession?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ann Carver's Profession
Ann Carver's Profession is an American pre-Code 1933 film directed by Edward Buzzell  It focuses on the relationship of a female lawyer and her husband, and on the strain that her financial success places on their marriage  The film stars actress Fay Wray and this film was made during the year she cemented her fame in King Kong  Although the writing credits differ, the film bears a striking resemblance in plot to Columbia's 1938 production The Lady Objects starring Lanny Ross and Gloria Stuart 

Plot
Ann Carver (Fay Wray) and Bill Graham (Gene Raymond) are college sweethearts who graduate, marry, and go to work  There are major differences in their career success  Ann has a law degree, and goes to work at the law firm of retired Judge Bingham  On the other hand, Bill, who in college was a campus football star and voted "Most Popular Man on Campus", lands a low-level job in an architectural firm  She scores a sensational success with her first case (see below) and receives a check for $5000 from her rich client, Harrison  This sets the stage for marital problems, because the very same day that she gets the check for $5000, her husband receives notice of a big raise at work — $10 
Ann quickly becomes a famous and wealthy lawyer, while her husband Bill continues to slog along as a low-level wage slave  The two realize, and discuss, the strain that the disparity in their incomes is placing on the marriage  They resolve to work harder at their marriage, but it immediately becomes clear that the demands of her job will make it difficult for Ann to tear herself from work  There is also a scene in which Ann resents the fact that Bill will not accompany her to a dinner party because he has to go to work  Eventually, disgusted with the paltriness of his income as compared to his wife's success, Bill quits his job as an architect and—in hopes of hitting the big time as a singer—becomes a "crooner" at the Mirador, a friend's nightclub 
While working at the club, Bill begins to drink heavily and becomes involved with alcoholic female singer Carole Rodgers (Claire Dodd)  In a scene at the Mirador, Ann and a group of friends observe Carole giving Bill a kiss  In fury, Ann throws a handful of change at Bill and stalks out  That seals the rupture in their marriage  Ann misses Bill deeply, and becomes distracted and starts to perform badly at work, but when she tries to contact Bill, Bill refuses to talk to her 
Carole loses her job as a result of her drinking and apparently begins spending a lot of time with Bill in his apartment  One evening, while alone in Bill's apartment, Carole gets drunk, passes out, and falls and hits her head on the arm of a couch, which renders her even more unconscious  Her necklace (designed to look like a snake) gets caught on the arm of the couch and she strangles as she is slumped over the side of the couch  Eventually, the necklace slips loose and Carole's body falls to the floor  Much later, Bill comes in, drunk, after work  He sees Carole on the floor, thinks that she is merely drunk and passed-out on the floor, and himself falls into bed 
In the next scene we discover that Bill is on trial, accused of killing Carole  Ann knows that Bill must be innocent, and wants desperately to defend him  Judge Bingham warns Bill that his case looks very bad, but if he will allow Ann to defend him he will at least have the advantage of a passionately motivated defense attorney  Bingham persuades Bill to allow Ann to act as his defense attorney 
The prosecuting attorney's case is built on circumstantial evidence and his depiction of Bill's character  Key to the prosecution's case is its portrayal of Ann as a saintly (beautiful, talented, loving) and wronged wife, and of Bill as a playboy, drunk, and loafer who left his loving wife for a floozie, quit his job to live off of his wife's money, and gave up hard work to live a life of ease as a nightclub crooner 
In her speech to the jury, Ann first points out that it is highly unlikely that Bill killed Carole—he had no motive for killing her  Then, from personal knowledge, she contests the prosecution's depictions of her as the saintly wronged party  Instead, she says, Bill was the wronged party  She had been obsessed over money and fame and drove him away  She deeply regrets it, she says, and hopes that in this—the last trial of her career—she can convince the jury of Bill's innocence  In the last scene of the movie, we see Ann and Bill at home together, a happily married couple living in a nice house  We see that Bill has been acquitted, Ann has given up her career, and Bill has become a successful architect with projects showcased in Vanity Fair and House and Garden 

Cast
Fay Wray as Ann Carver Graham
Gene Raymond as William "Lightning Bill" Graham
Claire Dodd as Carole Rodgers
Arthur Pierson as Ken Bingham
Claude Gillingwater as Judge Bingham
Frank Albertson as Jim Thompson
Frank Conroy as Baker
Jessie Ralph as Terry (Graham's maid)
Robert Barrat as Attorney Andrew Simmons
Passage 2:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 3:
Edward Buzzell
Edward Buzzell (November 13, 1895 – January 11, 1985) was an American film actor and director whose credits include Child of Manhattan (1933); Honolulu (1939); the Marx Brothers films At the Circus (1939) and Go West (1940); the musicals Best Foot Forward (1943), Song of the Thin Man (1947), and Neptune's Daughter (1949); and Easy to Wed (1946) 
Born in Brooklyn, Buzzell appeared in vaudeville and on Broadway, and he was hired to star in the 1929 film version of George M  Cohan's Little Johnny Jones with Alice Day  Buzzell appeared in a few Vitaphone shorts and the two-strip Technicolor short The Devil's Cabaret (1930) as Satan's assistant  He wrote screenplays in the early 1930s and later produced the popular The Milton Berle Show, which premiered on television in 1948 
In 1926, Buzzell married actress Ona Munson, who later played Belle Watling in Gone with the Wind  They divorced in 1931  He married socialite Sara Clark on August 11, 1934, but the marriage only lasted five weeks  He married actress Lorraine Miller on December 10, 1949  He died in Los Angeles in 1985 at the age of 89  Buzzell's brother, Samuel Jesse Buzzell, was a music patent attorney in New York City; his daughter (Edward's niece) Gloria Joyce Buzzell was married to Academy Award-winning film producer Harold Hecht, and his son (Edward's nephew) Loring Buzzell was a music publisher and partner in the firm Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music, and was married to singer Lu Ann Simms 

Filmography
As Actor

Midnight Life (1928)
Little Johnny Jones (1929)
Hello Thar (short, 1930)
The Royal Four-Flusher (short, 1930)
The Devil's Cabaret (short, 1930)
The Lone Star Stranger (short, 1931)
Check and Rubber Check (short, 1931)
She Served Him Right (short, 1931)
The Youngest Profession (1943)
Passage 4:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 5:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Passage 6:
The Lady Objects
The Lady Objects is a 1938 American drama film written by Gladys Lehman and Charles Kenyon and directed by Erle C  Kenton  It was nominated for the Oscar for Best Song at the 11th Academy Awards with the song A Mist Over the Moon, with music by Ben Oakland and lyric by Oscar Hammerstein II  Although the writing credits differ, this film bears a striking resemblance to Columbia's 1933 film, Ann Carver's Profession 

Plot
Bill Hayward's years as a college athlete and singer are behind him, and while he struggles financially, his attorney wife Ann is prospering, promoted to junior partner in her law firm 
While she's in Washington, D C , on business, Bill accompanies friends June and George to a New York City nightclub where they have been hired to entertain  He is persuaded to get on stage and sing himself, but resists the temptation to get into a romantic situation with June, a former girlfriend from their school days 
June gets inebriated and a stumble results in her accidental death  Bill, however, is charged with her murder  Ann offers to defend him in court, but Bill can't bear that thought  When the case goes badly against him, however, Ann volunteers information that results in Bill's acquittal and their reconciliation 

Cast
Lanny Ross as William Hayward
Gloria Stuart as Ann Adams Hayward
Joan Marsh as June Lane
Roy Benson as George Martin
Pierre Watkin as Mr  Harper
Robert Paige as Ken Harper
Arthur Loft as Charles Clarke
Stanley Andrews as Baker
Jane Buckingham as Mrs  Harper (Jan Buckingham)
Bess Flowers as Miriam Harper
Ann Doran as Miss Hollins
Vesey O'Davoren as Langham
Passage 7:
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III  
Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain  Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms  She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766  In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden  Their coronation was on 29 May 1772 
The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful  The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy  Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court  She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends  However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion  The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again 
After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813 

Early life
Princess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen  She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene  She received her own royal household at birth 
Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V  She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage  She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden  The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family  The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost  The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia  The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm After the death of her mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate  She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia 
In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige  The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance  Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin  She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement  However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity  This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika  Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: "His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen"  In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated 
When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: "why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: "She would suit you better!"

Crown Princess
On 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom  She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire  In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself  As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: "Watch out, Madame!", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court 
The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way  She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden  Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace  At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: "By God, how beautiful she is!", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: "terrible fear of the Queen"  On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment in the society life  Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant  Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend  Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous 
Sophia Magdalena was known to be popular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, while Louisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats  The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, and officially demonstrated their support  Sophia Magdalena was advised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters from the Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, the Queen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queen encouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home  This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship  In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile the couple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriage remained unconsummated After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden  The following year, on 29 May, Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen 

Early reign as Queen
The coronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772  She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolute monarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates in the revolution of 1772  At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, who painted her as pro-Danish  Denmark was presumed to oppose the coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark 
Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herself pleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, for whom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat  The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and the sympathies were on her side  In the contemporary paper Dagligt Allehanda, a fable was presented about Rävinnan och Turturduvan ("The She Fox and the Turtle Dove")  The fable was about the innocent turtle dove (Sophia Magdalena) who was slandered by the wicked she fox (Louisa Ulrika), who was supported by the second she fox (Anna Maria Hjärne) and the other foxes (the nobility)  The fable was believed to have been sent from the Caps party Queen Sophia Magdalena was of a shy and reserved character, and was never a member of the King's inner circle  At the famous amateur court theater of Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena is occasionally named as participator in the documents  In 1777, for example, she dressed as an Italian sailor and participated in a battle between Italian and Spanish sailors  Usually it was rather her role to act as the passive lady of games and tournaments, and to decorate the winner with the award  She did her ceremonial duties, but disliked the vivid lifestyle of the court around her outgoing spouse As queen, she was expected to do a great deal of representation – more than what had been expected from previous queens due to her husband's adoration of representation  On formal occasions, she was at her best: she performed beautifully according to royal court etiquette, and was seen as dignified and impressive  For instance, on 17 September 1784, she cut the cord to let off the first air balloons from the Stockholm observatory  During the King's Italian journey in 1783–84, she hosted a grand formal public dinner every two weeks  During that time, she appeared at the Royal Swedish Opera and at the French Theater, but otherwise preferred her solitude  This attracted attention as during the absence of the King she had been expected to represent the royal couple all the more 
Sophia appeared to have enjoyed nature trips in the country side with only one lady-in-waiting and two footmen, however, her country side visitations were stopped because it was deemed 'unsuitable'  Several of her ladies-in-waiting were well known Swedish women of the era, among them The Three Graces: Augusta von Fersen, Ulla von Höpken and Lovisa Meijerfelt, as well as Marianne Ehrenström and Charlotta Cedercreutz, who were known artists 
Sophia Magdalena was a popular Queen: on 22 July 1788, for example, during the absence of her spouse in Finland, several members of the Royal Dramatic Theater and the musical society Augustibröder, among them Bellman, took a spontaneous trip by boat from the capital to Ulriksdal Palace, where she was, and performed a poem by Bellman to her honor at the occasion of her name day 
In the famous diary of her sister-in-law, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, Sophia Magdalena is described as beautiful, cold, silent and haughty, very polite and formal, reserved and unsociable  When she performed her duties as Queen, her sister-in-law, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, described her as "Forced to meet people" Sophia Magdalena preferred to spend her days in solitude whenever she could  She had two very intimate friends, Maria Aurora Uggla and Baroness Virginia Charlotta Manderström, but otherwise rarely participated in any social life outside of what was absolutely necessary to perform her representational  duties  She frequently visited the theater, and she also had a great interest for fashion  As a result of this, she was somewhat criticized for being too vain: even when she had no representational duties to dress up for and spend her days alone in her rooms, she is said to have changed costumes several times daily, and according her chamberlain Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, she never passed a mirror without studying herself in it  She was also interested in literature, and educated herself in various subjects: her library contained works about geography, genealogy and history  She educated herself in Swedish, English, German and Italian, and regularly read French magazines  According to Augusta von Fersen, Sophia Magdalena was quite educated, but she was not perceived as such because she rarely engaged in conversation In 1784, after the King had returned from his trip to Italy and France, the relationship between the King and Queen soured  At this time, Gustav III spent more and more time with male favorites  In 1786, this came to an open conflict  The King had taken to spend more time at intimate evenings with his favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, from which he excluded her company  When he gave some of her rooms at the Royal Palace to Armfelt, Sophia Magdalena refused to participate in any representation until the rooms were given back to her, and she also banned her ladies-in-waiting from accepting his invitations without her permission 
In 1787, she threatened him with asking for the support of the parliament against him if he took their son with him to Finland, which she opposed, and the year after, she successfully prevented him from doing so  She also reprimanded him from allowing his male favorites to slander her before him 
Queen Sophia Magdalena was never involved in politics, except for one on one occasion  In August 1788, during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the King gave her the task to enter in negotiations with Denmark to prevent a declaration of war from Denmark during the ongoing war against Russia  He asked her to call upon the Danish ambassador Reventlow and give him a letter to be read in the Danish royal council before her brother, the Danish King  He gave her the freedom to write as she wished, but to use the argument that she spoke as a sister and mother to a son with the right to the Danish throne and upon her own initiative 
Sophia Magdalena called upon the Danish ambassador, held a speech to him followed by a long conversation and then handed him a letter written as a "warm appeal" to her brother  A copy was sent to Gustav III, and her letter was read in the royal Danish council, where it reportedly made a good impression  However, her mission was still unsuccessful, as the Russo-Danish alliance made it unavoidable for Denmark to declare war shortly afterward  At the time, there was a note that she met two Russian prisoners of war in the park of the Haga Palace, and gave them 100 kronor each 

At the parliament of 1789 Gustav III united the other estates against the nobility and to gain support for the war and for his constitutional reform  Coming into conflict with the nobility, he had many of its representatives imprisoned  This act led to a social boycott of the monarch by the female members of the aristocracy, who followed the example of Jeanna von Lantingshausen as well as the King's sister and sister-in-law, Sophie Albertine of Sweden and Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte  The Queen did not participate in this political demonstration and refused to allow any talk of politics in her presence  She was nevertheless involved in the conflict  When the King informed his son about the event, he discovered the child to be already informed in other ways than what he had intended  He suspected Sophia Magdalena to be responsible, and asked the governor of the prince, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, to speak to her  Gyldenstolpe, however, sent one of the king's favorites, Baron Erik Boye  The Queen, who despised the favorites of the King, furiously told Boye that she spoke to her son how she wished and that only her contempt for him prevented her from having him thrown out of the window  She was known to dislike the reforms of 1789, and she did let it be known to its representatives  At the celebrations of the Victory at Fredrikshamn in 1790, she refused to be escorted by riksråd Count Joakim Beck-Friis, who was in favor of the reform, and demanded to be escorted by Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, who was in opposition to it 
In the autumn of 1790, the King chose to remain in the summer residence of Drottningholm Palace well in to the autumn because of the social boycott  Finally, the Queen returned to the capital without his consent  He accused her of having been manipulated by the female courtiers into participating in the political demonstration, and refusing him the company of her ladies-in-waiting by leaving  This applied especially to Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie and Augusta von Fersen, who did not participate in the boycott: he suspected Hedvig Eleonora von Fersen to have persuaded the Queen to participate in the boycott  This is however is not considered to have been true: though the Queen did oppose to the act of 1789, she is reported never to have allowed any one to speak of politics in her presence  The reason to why she wished to leave was reportedly due to her health, as Drottningholm was quite cold by that time of the year and she had been afflicted by an ear infection  The King did in any case suspect her of being in political opposition to him, and before his trip to Aachen in 1791, he ordered that his son was to be separated from her during his absence abroad  When she was made aware of this, Sophia Magdalena caused a public scene when she visited him in his box at the opera and demanded to be given access to her son  This led to a heated argument and she left the box with the words: "I will have my vengeance, monsieur! I give you my sacred vow on that!"

Succession issues
Sophia Magdalena is mostly known in Swedish history for the scandal created around the consummation of her marriage and the questioned legitimacy of her son  Her marriage was a then normal arranged royal match for political convenience, in which Sophia Magdalena at first was described by her spouse as "cold as ice"  Sophia Magdalena's religious upbringing and introverted character made her avoid the lively and spontaneous Gustavian court life, which made her even less attractive in the eyes of her outgoing spouse Their marriage was not consummated until 1775, nine years after the wedding  The status quo between Gustav III and his consort was nurtured by the Queen Dowager, Louisa Ulrika, who did not want competition in her influence over her son  There were rumors that the King was a homosexual or sexually underdeveloped  His sexuality, which had much effect on Sophia Magdalena's life, as a royal marriage was designed to produce offspring, has been much debated  His sexual inexperience has been blamed on immaturity or him also being asexual 
As a teenager, Gustav had a crush on Axel von Fersen's mother, Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, though this affection was never physical  In 1768, he had another infatuation with the noble Charlotte Du Rietz, but this is not believed to have been sexually consummated either  Various documents written during his lifetime alleged that he was bisexual or homosexual 
His sister-in-law, Princess Charlotte, claims that the King did participate in homosexual activity after his trip to Italy in 1784 and that there were several rumors about this: she claims that she herself had witnessed that the park at Drottningholm Palace had become a place where male courtiers searched for homosexual partners, and in a letter to Sophie von Fersen, she writes in code: 

"It is said that the King recently attacked a young man in the park at night and offered him the post of chamberlain to the Queen if he agreed to his lusts, but the young man preferred to leave  Agree that this is to take things too far  It is said that the trips to Svartsjö Palace are made to be provide privacy, it is unbelievable, but it is what it is said  I could tell you a million things about this "
In 1791, Sophia Magdalena herself paid a surprise visit to the King during his stay at the Gustav III's Pavilion, where the King had spent more time since he came in conflict with the nobility after the 1789 parliament; and where he was reputed to indulge in orgies  She found the King in bed, and he asked one of his favorites, Count Fabian Wrede, to show her around  In the King's private chamber, however, the Queen found the actor and page of the King, Lars Hjortsberg, sleeping, naked  The Queen reacted by interrupting the tour by saying to Wrede that he apparently did not know his way around Haga, as he had obviously showed her the chamber of the staff rather than the King by mistake Some sources explain that both the Queen and the King had serious anatomical problems resulting in erotic complications  Erik Lönnroth has concluded that there is no factual proof for the rumors that Gustav III was inclined toward homosexuality or bisexuality, nor that Gustav Adolf was illegitimate 
During the Coup of Gustav III on 19 August 1772, Sophia Magdalena was at Ekolsund Castle  After having been told of the successful coup where her consort had reinstated absolute monarchy, she confided to her Mistress of the Robes, Countess Anna Maria Hjärne, that she was afraid that she would now be divorced by Gustav, because she knew she was not liked by him, because she had not given birth, and because she knew she was being slandered before him  Gustav III was told of this and her words led to a conflict  At a following ball at Ekolsund, the King told Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, that he did plan to divorce her on the grounds of pro-Danish plots and adultery with riksråd Count Fredrik Sparre and Marcus Gerhard Rosencrone of the Danish legation in Stockholm  Von Fersen, however, convinced him not to by saying that she should not be regarded to participate in pro-Danish plots just for her love of her Danish chamber-maids, and that as a neglected wife, she should not be blamed for enjoying the compliments of Count Ribbing, which were not grounds for suspicions of adultery  During this period, it had been noted that Count Ribbing was often seen in the company of the Queen and had paid her compliments and made her laugh, among other things by caricaturing her Mistress of the Robes Countess Anna Maria Hjärne  Countess Hjärne had informed the King that the Queen was pregnant, "And the riksråd Ribbing is her favorite "The King had given Countess Ulrica Catharina Stromberg the task to investigate this, and she was told by the chamber madame of Sophia Magdalena, Charlotta Hellman, that: "information, which where dubious, especially since the clearest evidence could be gathered from the linen of the Queen"  Her contact with Rosencrone is said to have been restricted to the fact that he handled her correspondence with Denmark  After the reconciliation of Sophia Magdalena and Gustav III, he apologized to her for having believed these rumors 
In 1774, the King arranged the marriage between his brother, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, and Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, to solve, for the time being, the immediate question of an heir to the throne  The Duchess had false pregnancies and miscarriages only, which may have hastened the King to expedite the consummation of his own marriage and produce a son of his own 
In 1778, Sophia Magdalena gave birth to Gustav Adolf, successor to the throne, and in 1782, she gave birth to a second son, Charles Gustav, who only lived for one year  It was suggested in some circles that King Gustav's first son was sired by someone else  When the heir was born, the father was believed, by the Queen Dowager among others, to be Count Adolf Fredrik Munck af Fulkila, then Riksstallmästare  This rumor was believed by elements of the public and the royal court, and her acquiescence to it led to a year-long break between the Queen Dowager and her son 

Succession scandal
The King, claiming to be sexually inexperienced, called upon Munck to help him with a reconciliation with his spouse, instruct the couple in the ways of sexual intercourse, and physically show them how to consummate their marriage  Munck, a Finnish nobleman and, at the time, a stable master was, at that point, the lover of Anna Sofia Ramström, the Queen's chamber maid  Through Anna Sofia Ramström, Munck contacted Ingrid Maria Wenner, who was assigned to inform the queen of the king's wish, because she was married and the confidant of the queen  Munck and Ramström were to be present in a room close to the bedchamber, ready to be of assistance when needed, and he was, at some points, called into the bedchamber  Munck himself writes in his written account, which is preserved at the National Archives of Sweden, that to succeed, he was obliged to touch them both physically When it became known that Munck participated in the reconciliation between the royal couple, there were rumours that he was the father of Sophia Magdalena's firstborn These became the subject of accusations from the political opposition, as late as in 1786 and 1789,: 132  where it was claimed that the whole nation was aware of the rumour that the King had asked Munck to make the Queen pregnant : 118  Pamphlets to that end were posted on street corners all over Stockholm : 143 This was also caricatured by Carl August Ehrensvärd in private letters discovered later – his drawing was published in 1987 —, where he passed on a number of rumors and jokes about Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena and Munck without inferring that he believed they were true  There was also a rumour that the King and Queen had divorced in secret and that the Queen had married Munck There is no proof that Munck was the father of the crown prince  Erik Lönnroth has suggested that the anatomical problems mentioned in Munck's account, known only to a few initiated persons, were the primary factor in their delay in producing an heir  At the time, the rumors became more persistent, however, when the royal couple presented Munck with gifts: the King promoted him, and the Queen gave Munck a pension, a diamond ring, and a watch with her image A few socialites took the Queen Mother's side in supporting and spreading the rumors, such as Anna Charlotta Schröderheim and Eva Helena Löwen The circle around the King's brother, Duke Charles, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, who desired the throne, also encouraged these rumors  Their mother was quoted as saying, during the pregnancy of Sophia Magdalena, that there were rumors among the public that the future child was illegitimate, and that she herself believed that the King had hired Munck to impregnate the Queen, and that she would never accept that the throne would come into the hands of "a common nobleman's illegitimate offspring" : 103–4 The Queen Mother ordered Duke Charles to interrogate Munck, and word spread to the King, who was shocked  Sophia Magdalena was equally shocked by the accusations  She swore she would never speak to the Queen Dowager again, and indeed she never did 
The King arranged for his mother to make a public apology for her accusation in the presence of the rest of the Royal Family the 12 May 1778  The scene gained a lot of attention and broke the bonds between Gustav III and his mother  The scandal disturbed celebrations, as did an accident with the public banquet  The public was invited to a great feast to celebrate the birth of the heir, but too many people were let in, and the crowd panicked  Between sixty and one hundred people were trampled to death in the crowd 
Sven Anders Hedin, a medical doctor at the royal court, and married to one of the Queen's chambermaids, Charlotta Hellman, contributed two statements which have been quoted in connection with the scandal  In the summer of 1780, during the King's absence abroad, he passed through the private apartments of the Queen, which were expected to be empty at that hour  There, he claimed to have seen the Queen and Baron Munck embracing each other through the not-quite closed door to her bedroom   To warn them that they were not alone, he hummed a tune and pretended to speak to himself, saying that he would be in trouble if the Queen discovered him there, and then left the room  He claimed to have found three expensive court costumes in his room a few days after this event  In October 1781, Hedin met the King in the corridor on his way to the Queen's bedchamber  Gustav III asked Hedin what time it was, and Hedin claims to have added to his reply: "In nine months, I will be able to answer exactly!" in which Hedin insinuated that the King had expected him to remember the time should the fatherhood of the next child be questioned 
In 1782, Sophia Magdalena had a second son  After the death of her younger son in 1783, her marriage deteriorated  In May 1784, Sophia Magdalena is believed to have had a miscarriage, and after this, there are no further notes of any pregnancies  A brief reconciliation in 1787 was deemed by Duchess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte in her diaries as temporary, with no hope of being complete and lasting,: 191  as the King was not "receptive to female charm": another insinuation that he was homosexual 
In 1787, Sophia Magdalena deposited a sum of 50 000 riksdaler in an account for Munck, which was generally rumoured to be a "farewell gift" : 156–7   At this point, Munck had started an affair with the ballerina Giovanna Bassi, to whom Sophia Magdalena showed great dislike : 157   The King was terrified when he heard that the Queen had made that deposit, and he tried to prevent the transaction from becoming public knowledge, which, however, did not succeed : 157  Munck was, however, continued to be used as a go-between and a messenger between the King and the Queen, especially during conflicts 
A child of Giovanna Bassi's, rumored to be the child of Munck, bore a strong likeness to the Crown Prince 

Queen Dowager
On 16 March 1792 Gustav III was attacked and mortally wounded  Sophia Magdalena was reportedly shocked and horrified by the attack  The conspirators intended to make her the regent of her son during his minority : 443  As a Guardian government had been necessary by putting a minor monarch on the throne, their plan was to offer this role to Sophia Magdalena by taking military control and offering the Queen dowager the role of presiding over the guardian council instead of her brother-in-law Duke Charles  Directly after she was told of the attack, Sophia Magdalena sent for the king's favorite, Gustav Mauritz Armfelt, and was taken by him to the sick bed of the King  There, she took the hands of the King between hers and cried out to Armfelt: "How horrifying! Such a cruel atrocity!" She was kept informed of his state by Armfelt, but she was prevented from further visits because Gustav did not wish to receive visits from women because of the smell from his wounds  At the death of Gustav III 29 March 1792, she attempted to visit him, but she was blocked by her brother-in-law Duke Charles, who fell on his knees before her to stop her from entering the bed room 
Sophia Magdalena caused a scandal as it was noted that she did not dress in mourning except when she was forced to do so at visits and on formal occasions : 442   This criticism was likely worsened because she was exposed to some suspicions, as it was known that the conspirators had planned to make her regent 
As Queen Dowager, it was a relief to Sophia Magdalena to withdraw from public life  Her brother-in-law, Duke Charles, became regent, and she eschewed a political role  As a widow, Sophia Magdalena lived a withdrawn life  She did not wish to take part in any representational duties, and she gave up her quarters at Drottningholm Palace to be relieved of them  She lived in the Royal Palace in Stockholm during the winter, and at Ulriksdal Palace during the summer  She lived in a circle of her own court, and seldom entertained any guests other than her lifelong friends Maria Aurora Uggla and Virginia Manderström  It is noted that, although she had hated the male favorites of her spouse during his lifetime, she gave several of them positions in her court as a widow  Sophia Magdalena had a close relationship with her son, King Gustav IV Adolf, who visited her regularly and with whom she shared an interest in religion 

In 1797, she insisted on skipping the protocol at the reception of her daughter-in-law, Frederica of Baden  The etiquette demanded that as Queen Dowager, she should not greet her daughter-in-law at the stair of the royal palace with the rest of the royal family, but wait for her in her own salon, but she refused: "I know myself how I suffered, when I arrived to Sweden, and how painfully I reacted to the cold reception I was given by Queen Louisa Ulrika  As for my daughter-in-law, I have decided to spare her from having to experience such bitter emotions!" During the reign of her son, she seldom showed herself at court except on Sundays and at court presentations, and preferred to stay at her estate  She regularly met her son and his family on family visits, but she did not participate in court life 
In 1809 she witnessed the coup and following abdication of her son, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, after Sweden lost Finland to Russia  She was deeply affected by his deposition  On the day of the coup, she was informed by her friend Maria Aurora Uggla, and in her company she immediately rushed to the quarters of her son  She was prevented from seeing him by guards, and burst into tears in the arms of Uggla  Shortly after, she was visited in her quarters by Duke Charles in the company of guards, who officially told her what had happened and made her burst into tears again by officially banning her from seeing her son  When she, during the captivity of her son, formally applied for permission to see him, and was told by Charles that she could not unless given permission by the government, she publicly commented: "The government was not asked for permission for the murder of my husband, neither any permission was sought to depose and imprison my son, but I must have their permission, to speak to my child " She was never to see her son again, but she corresponded with him for the rest of her life  He was sent into exile and replaced by his paternal uncle Charles XIII, but she remained in Sweden until her death  She did, however, say goodbye to her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren when they left Stockholm to join Gustav Adolf 
In January 1810, she was presented to the elected heir to the throne, Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden  During his visit, he stopped before the portrait of her grandson Gustav, and informed her that he wished to adopt him for his successor  Later that year (2 November 1810), she was presented to the next elected heir to the throne, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte  He regarded her with suspicion and believed that she did not wish to see him, but she commented: "I am grateful for the sensitivity of the Crown prince, but he is mistaken, if he believes that I do not wish to see him! It would be unfair if I were to hold the least bit of dislike toward him, for it is not he who has deposed my son!" At the meeting, her face was said to have turned white, but at the end, she is said to have been delighted by his charm  In 1811, she was one of the few in the Swedish Court who were nice to Désirée Clary 
In September 1812, Germaine de Staël was presented to her, and gave her the impression of her: "Her Majesty analyzed my books as an educated woman, whose judgement showed as much thoroughness as well as delicate feeling  Never has any one impressed me such as your Queen! I almost dared not reply to her, so taken was I by the royal glory around her – it gave me such respect, that I shivered!" When the Crown Prince banned any contact between Swedes and the former royal family, Germaine de Staël asked that an exception was to be made for Sophia Magdalena, and it was: her letters were however read by foreign minister Lars von Engeström 

Later life and death
Sophia Magdalena lived more isolated towards the end of her life and was affected by worsened health  From 1812, she devoted much of her time to her friendship with the young amateur botanic Baron Anton Fredrik Wrangel  She never fully recovered after having suffered a stroke in May 1813 

Children
In popular culture
The affair of the consummation of her marriage and the succession scandal was portrayed in SVT's period drama production of "Gustav III:s äktenskap" (The Marriage of Gustav III) in 2001, where Sophia Magdalena was portrayed by Danish actress Iben Hjejle 
It was also used to inspire the novel Drottningens juvelsmycke, famous in Sweden, where the character of Tintomara is portrayed as a half sibling of Gustav IV Adolf through Count Munck 

Ancestry
Inline references
Bibliographic references
Alm, Mikael (2003–2006)  Sophia Magdalena  Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish)  Vol  32  Retrieved 28 April 2022 
Bech, Claus (1983)  Sophie Magdalene  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  13 (3 ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendals Forlag  ISBN 8700055514 
Jørgensen, Harald (1942)  Sophie Magdalene (PDF)  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  22 (2 ed )  Copenhagen: J H  Schultz Forlag  pp  314–315 
Laursen, Laurs (1902)  "Sophie Magdalene af Danmark"  Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish) (1st ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag  XVI: 179–180 
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeberg, 1906
Stålberg, Wilhelmina (1864), Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Notes on Swedish women] (in Swedish), Runeberg 
Munk (in Swedish), SE: Passagen, archived from the original on 9 January 2001
Personakt för Gustav III av >> Holstein-Gottorp, Född 1746-01-24 (in Swedish), NU: Historiska Personer, archived from the original on 9 November 2007, retrieved 9 November 2007
Starbäck, Carl Georg; Bäckström, Per Olof (1885–1986), "Nionde bandet  Gustaf III  Gustaf IV Adolf", Berättelser ur svenska historien [Tales from the history of Sweden] (in Swedish)
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical hand-dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeber, 1906
Andersson, Ingvar (1979)  Gustavianskt [The Gustavian age] (in Swedish)  Fletcher & Son  ISBN 91-46-13373-9 
Ribbing, Gerd, Gustav III:s hustru Sofia Magdalena [Sophia Madalena, wife of Gustav III]
Hartmann, Godfred (1993)  "Gode Dronning" – Om den svenske konge Gustaf III's dronning Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) og hendes ulykkelige skæbne ["Good Queen" – About the Swedish king Gustaf III's queen Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) and her unfortunate fate] (in Danish)  København: Gyldendal  ISBN 87-00-15758-9 

Primary sources
af Klercker, Cecilia, ed  (1942)  Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas Dagbok [The diaries of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte] (in Swedish)  Vol  IX  PA Norstedt & Söners förlag  Unknown ID 412070  on WorldCat

Further reading
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Passage 8:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 9:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 10:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Dhuen Ki Lakeer
Dhuen Ki Lakeer is a 1974 Bollywood drama film directed by Kishore Sahu  The film stars Ramesh Arora and Parveen Babi 

Cast
Ramesh Arora
Parveen Babi
Urmila Bhatt
Preeti Ganguli

Songs
"Daur Wo Aa Gaya, Dil Ke Armaa Bike, Hosle Bik Gaye" - Mohammed Rafi
"Teree Jhil See Geharee Aankho Me" - Vani Jairam, Nitin Mukesh
"Ek Shama Jale Kahan, Parvano Ki Bhid Yaha" - Ajit Singh, Krishna]]
"Gauri Ke Maang Mein Sindoor, Kahi Dur Baje Shanai" - Ghanshyamji, Shamji
"Ik Abla Ik Maa Bik Gayi Daur Wo Aa Gaya ( Part II )" - Mohammed Rafi

External links
Dhuen Ki Lakeer at IMDb
Passage 2:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 3:
Bomma Borusa
Bomma Borusa (transl  Heads or Tails?) is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by K  Balachander 
It is a remake of the Tamil film Poova Thalaiya, directed by K  Balachander himself  The film stars Rama Krishna, Chandra Mohan, S  Varalakshmi, Chalam, Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Allu Ramalingaiah, Mukkamala, Raja Babu and Ramaprabha 
It was produced by Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar and distributed by AVM Productions  The film music was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 

Plot
It is an old classical family drama  Sundaram (Ramakrishna) is a rich businessman and he has an younger brother Sekhar (Chandra Mohan), a college going guy who loves his brother so much  Sundaram's mother-in-law Parvatham (S  Varalakshmi) who cares for his assets, shows her dominating character on Sekhar and Sundaram  She bets with Sekhar that she would separate him from his brother and puts some conditions that he should not tell his brother about the bet to prove his strength  Parvatham's second son-in-law (Chalam) identifies that his mother-in-law has moved to Sundaram's house  Soon the second son-in-law comes to the house and places a bet with Parvatham that she only should reveal that he is the son-in-law of her  Since then, both of them start proving their capacity to win the bet  The film revolves around who wins the bet and how it brings about a change in Parvathamma's beliefs 

Cast
Soundtrack
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (male)
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (female)
"Bomma Borusa Pandem Veyyi Needo Naado Paicheyi"
"Vallu Jhillan Tunnadi"
"Sarile Pove Vagaladi"Soundtrack for this Telugu film was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 
Passage 4:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Richard Young (cinematographer)
Richard Young (October 17, 1939 – December 15, 2010) was a cinematographer and film director who was born in Penfield, New York, United States 

Life and work
As a cinematographer, he filmed several dozen films for Eastman Kodak  He codirected the 1996 film I'm Still Here: The Truth About Schizophrenia with Robert Bilheimer  He was the director of the 1998 film Echoes from the Ancients  He codirected and coproduced the 1999 film A Warrior in Two Worlds: The Life of Ely Parker with Ann Spurling  He performed the cinematography for the 2003 documentary film A Closer Walk Young died on December 15, 2010  The film Not My Life, for which he had served as cinematographer and co-director, was subsequently dedicated to him  Bilheimer, who was the screenwriter, producer, and director of Not My Life, said that Young believed in the film far more than he himself did  There was a tribute to Young shown before its screening at the 360 | 365 George Eastman House Film Festival  A film reviewer at Post Magazine called Young "a legendary documentary cinematographer "
Passage 7:
K  Balachander
Kailasam Balachander (9 July 1930 – 23 December 2014) was an Indian filmmaker and playwright who worked mainly in the Tamil cinema  He was well known for his distinct film-making style, and the Indian film industry knew him as a master of unconventional themes and hard-hitting contemporary subject matter  Balachander's films are well known for their portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters  Popularly referred to as Iyakkunar Sigaram (lit  "Director Paramount"), his films are usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He started his film career in 1964 as a screenwriter and graduated to a director with Neerkumizhi (1965) 
In a career that spanned 50 years, he had contributed to nearly 100 feature films either as a screenwriter or director, thus becoming one of the most prolific filmmakers in the country  Known among his colleagues as a tough task master, he was credited with having nurtured numerous actors, notably Nagesh, Sujatha, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Chiranjeevi, Jaya Prada, Sridevi, Jayasudha, Saritha, Renuka, Nassar, Prakash Raj, Ramesh Aravind and Vivek 
In his film career, Balachander had won nine National Film Awards and 13 Filmfare Awards  He was honored with the Padma Shri (1987), India's fourth highest civilian award, and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema 
He also made films under his production house, Kavithalaya Productions  Apart from Tamil, he made films in other languages such as Telugu, Kannada and Hindi  Towards the tail end of his career, he directed a few TV serials and made a few film appearances as well 

Early life and background
K  Balachander was born in Tamil Brahmin family in 1930  at Nannilam in the Tanjore district (now Tiruvarur district), India  Balachander stated that, "From my eighth year I've been seeing cinema" and recalls that his earliest interest towards cinema grew after watching films of M  K  Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, then the Superstar of Tamil cinema  At the age of twelve he was drawn to theatre and drama, which eventually helped him develop an interest in acting, writing and directing amateur plays  His obsession towards theatre continued even while doing his graduation (in Zoology) at the Annamalai University, as he regularly took part in stage plays  After completing his graduation in 1949, he started his career as a school teacher in Muthupet, Tiruvarur district  In 1950, he moved to Madras (now Chennai) and joined the Accountant General's office as an apprentice clerk, and during this time he joined "United Amateur Artistes", an amateur drama company  Soon he formed his own troupe and it was during this time he came to prominence as an amateur playwright with Major Chandrakanth, written in English  As the scope of English was highly limited in Madras, he re-wrote the play in Tamil, which ultimately became a "sensation" among the people  Balachander's acting troupe consisted of people from the Tamil film industry such as Major Sundarrajan, Nagesh, Srikanth and Sowcar Janaki  Sunderrajan appeared in over 900 films, Nagesh in over 1,000, Sreekanth in more than 200 films, and Sowkar Janaki appeared in more than 350 films  Other plays written by Balachander include Server Sundaram (Waiter Sundaram), Neerkumizhi (Water Bubble), Mezhuguvarthi (Candle), Naanal (Tall Grass) and Navagraham (Nine Planets)  All these produced and directed by him, were received well by the critics 

Career
Entry into films: 1960s
Balachander while working in the Accountant General's office, was offered to write the dialogues for the film Dheiva Thaai (1964 ) by its lead actor M  G  Ramachandran  Balachander was initially reluctant, as he was more theatre-oriented, but on the insistence of his friends he decided to work on the film  By this time he was promoted as a superintendent in his office  Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar acquired the rights of his play Server Sundaram, and decided to make a film based on it  The film dealt with the story of a waiting staff at a restaurant had Nagesh playing the lead  The film was directed by the renowned duo directors, Krishnan–Panju  It won a lot of accolades including the Certificate of Merit for the third Best Feature Film in Tamil and Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film  During this time another play written and directed by him - Major Chandrakanth was adapted into a film in Hindi as Oonche Log  The film won a National Film Award  Balachander then made his directional debut through Neerkumizhi (1965) which in turn was based on his own play  The film's cast consisted of actors who were a part of Balachander's regular troupe  His following efforts included Naanal, Major Chandrakanth and Ethir Neechal, all based on his own plays  Major Chandrakanth was already filmed in Hindi as Oonche Log the previous year  The Tamil version Major Chandrakanth (1966 film) had Jayalalithaa playing the lead heroine role  In 1967 he made Bama Vijayam, a full-length comedy family drama film  Featuring an ensemble cast, the film was highly successful and remade in Telugu by Balachander himself  The success of both the versions prompted a Hindi remake titled Teen Bahuraniyan, produced by Gemini pictures  In 1969, Balachander made Iru Kodugal, a family drama starring Gemini Ganesan, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil 

1970s
During the 1970s, Balachander turned indie, making realist movies revolving around family and social issues  In 1971 he made four films In 1973, he made Arangetram, which dealt with poverty and prostitution  The film centred on the eldest daughter of a conservative Brahmin household who becomes a prostitute to settle her siblings and support her family  It was ahead of its time in Tamil cinema mainly because of the controversial theme  The film also had Kamal Haasan playing his first major role as an adult actor  The actor would go on to act in 35 films under Balachander  He made his directorial debut in Hindi films with the film Aaina starring Mumtaz and Rajesh Khanna in 1977, which was remake of Arangetram The same year, he made Sollathaan Ninaikkiren, based on a novel by Manian  The following year he made Naan Avanillai



ground_truth: Ona Munson

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, Dhuen Ki Lakeer or Bomma Borusa?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He made the film on the insistence of Gemini Ganesan, who also produced and enacted the lead role  It is based on the Marathi play To Mee Navhech, revolved around a man who deceives and marries five women performing nine roles  The film met with commercial failure  However, Gemini Ganesan was adjudged the Best Tamil Actor at the following year's Filmfare Awards ceremony  Following that, Balachander's made Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974), his second female-centric film after Arangetram that dealt with the story of a working woman who hails from a middle-class family  Inspired by the 1960 Bengali film Meghe Dhaka Tara, it explored the emotions of a young woman who happens to be the sole earner for her family  He decided to cast an actress who worked as a child actress till then, as his film heroine with the film Mondru Moodichu and gave break to Sridevi  The film Aboorva Raagangal was an original story about an inter-generational romance involving two families  It marked the acting debut of Rajinikanth, who would go on to establish himself as a leading actor  It won critical acclaim in spite of its controversial theme; it won three National Film Awards including the award for the "Best Feature Film in Tamil" During this period he made films mostly with Kamal Haasan as the lead actor  In 1976, he made three films: Manmadha Leelai, Anthuleni Katha and Moondru Mudichu  Manmadha Leelai explores the life of a womaniser, played by Kamal Haasan, who gets himself involved in affairs with women  Often considered ahead of its time, it achieved cult status and is considered a "trendsetter" in Tamil cinema  Anthuleni Katha, a Telugu remake of Aval Oru Thodar Kathai had Jaya Prada in her first starring role  received equal acclaim in Andhra Pradesh as in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu  Avargal (1977) follows the life of a divorcée as she traverses relationships in reverse, from divorce, to marriage, to falling in love  Varumayin Niram Sigappu (1980) was a drama that charts the travails and conflict of being unemployed in a bombastic and harsh city  47 Natkal (1981) traces the adversities of a newlywed Indian woman living with an scurrilous, expatriate husband in a Parisian suburb  The film was a launchpad for its lead actor Chiranjeevi 

Bollywood success and Tamil film career 1981-99
Balachander re-entered the Hindi film industry after Aaina through Ek Duuje Ke Liye in 1981  He gave Rati Agnihotri her debut Hindi film with Ek Duje Ke Liye  The project was a remake of his own Telugu film Maro Charitra had Kamal Haasan repeating his role as a lead actor  The film marked the Bollywood debut of various artists including Kamal Haasan, Madhavi and S  P  Balasubrahmanyam  Like the original, Ek Duuje Ke Liye emerged as a major box-office success and earned critical acclaim  Balachander received the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay, apart from two other nominations – for Best Director and Best Story  The song "Tere Meere Beach Mein" became so popular, eventually winning a Filmfare Award for Anand Bakshi and a National Film Award for Balasubrahmanyam He made Sindhu Bhairavi (1985), which is about the intellectual collision and subsequent romance between a lofty Carnatic musician and his ardent critic  He has worked with a variety of music directors like V Kumar, M S Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraja, Maragathamani, V  S  Narasimhan and A R Rahman  The actors who were regular in his films in the period 1963 to 1990 were Gemini Ganeshan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh, Jayanthi, Sujatha, Rajnikanth and Kamal Haasan 

Later years
In 1998, he planned a film titled Thillana Thillana featuring Prashanth, Karthik, Meena and Simran , but the venture failed to develop  His later films include Parthale Paravasam (2001) and Poi (2006) 

Television career
The period starting from the late 1980s till the late 1990s saw Balachander venturing into Television and making a number of Television series including Kai Alavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, Ramany vs Ramany(a k a  Ramani vs Ramani), Oru Koodai Paasam, Kadhal Pagadai, Premi, Jannal, Kasalavu Nesam, and Anni  Like his earlier films, most of his serials focussed on women, and portrayed them as strong personalities  Kasalvu Nesam was one of his comedy hits, starring Venu Aravind  In 2003, he made Sahana, that touted to be the sequel of his 1985 film Sindhu Bairavi  On venturing into Television, he noted "This medium helps to reach out to the public  That's why I am into making serials"  In 2009, Balachander returned to theatre after a 40-year hiatus through the play Pournami, which had Renuka playing the lead role 

Personal life
In 1956, Balachander married Rajam while he was working at the Accountant General's Office  The couple had two sons named Kailasam and Prasanna and a daughter Pushpa Kandaswamy, who is the chairwoman of their production house Kavithalaya Productions  Kailasam was an entrepreneur while Prasanna, a Chartered Accountant, is the managing director and CEO of a leading investment bank in India  Balachander's elder son, Bala Kailasam, died on 15 August 2014 after contracting pneumonia, at the age of 54  He was the head of the television production company Minbinbangal, and delivered memorable series in Tamil includes, Balachandarin Chinnathirai, Kaialavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, and Marma Desam 

Death
Following a neurosurgery in November 2014, Balachander was admitted to Kauvery Hospital in Chennai on 15 December  Reports suggested that he was suffering from fever and from a urinary tract infection, but was recovering well  However, on 23 December 2014 he died due to complications from the urinary infection and other age-related ailments   He was cremated with full state honours the next day 

Style, critique and public perception
Balachander is revered as one of the best directors India has ever produced  His ideas were original and his subjects were complex ideas expressed via art  He is also known for introducing new faces to the film industry  He has introduced over 100 actors in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages  Balachander had long associations with some senior artists in the South Indian film industry like Gemini Ganesan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh and Muthuraman  Even though he was not the one to discover them, he played a prominent role in shaping their careers 
Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth, two leading film actors in Tamil cinema, are often referred to as products of Balachander who has paired with each of them or worked with them as a trio in several films during the 1970s  Rajinikanth was chosen by Balachander to play a key supporting character in Apoorva Raagangal (1975) after noting that "there was something special about him"  Sridevi, Srividhya, Jayapradha, Jayasudha, Jayachithra, Sujatha, Saritha were notable heroines that were introduced by Balachander  Nassar, Delhi Ganesh, Charlie, Madan Bob were some of the notable supporting actors introduced by him  After working in a few Kannada films, Prakash Raj was relaunched as an actor in Tamil cinema through his debut Duet (1995) and had also performed in some of Balachander's soap opera productions in the 1990s  Through Manathil Uruthi Vendum, Balachander launched Vivek as an actor, who initially worked with him as his assistant writer, and later went on to become a leading comedy actor  He also launched A R  Rahman in the film Roja which was his production 
When the old era was dominated by commercial action films, Balachander directed socially themed films with women as protagonists usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He portrayed women as headstrong, intelligent and independent people  Balachander revealed that many of his messages from his films, he has drawn inspiration from poet Subramaniya Bharathi whom he had admired since his childhood  Screenwriter Gopu (of Gopu-Babu) said that he used to begin his script from the ending and then construct the plot 

Filmography
Awards and nomination
Documentary
A documentary is getting ready about him  Ravisubramaniyan is selected by Kavidalaya for making documentary, to be released on 9 July 2020, the 90th birthday of the veteran Indian filmmaker 

Notes
Bibliography
External links
K  Balachander at IMDb
Passage 8:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Passage 9:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 10:
Kishore Sahu
Kishore Sahu (22 November 1915 – 22 August 1980) was an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer  He appeared in 22 films between 1937 and 1980, and he directed 20 films between 1942 and 1974 
His directorial venture Kuwara Baap was one of the winners for the BFJA - Best Indian Films Award for best film for 1943  His film Raja has been called "a milestone of art and skill in motion pictures"  His film Veer Kunal was a huge box office success  He directed Dilip Kumar with Kamini Kaushal in Nadiya Ke Paar, which became the sixth highest grossing Indian film of 1948  His 1954 film Mayurpankh was entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Grand Prize of the Festival 
Sawan Aya Re did well commercially, with Baburao Patel of Filmindia remarking in the 9 May 1949 edition that Sahu's estimate had risen due to the "original treatment" he gave to an "otherwise ordinary" story  He was also known for the Meena Kumari starrer, Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) 
He had four children, Vimal Sahu, Naina Sahu, Mamta Sahu, and Rohit Sahu  His wife Preeti was a Kumaoni Brahmin Before marrying Preeti, he was briefly married to his Punar Milan (1940) co-star Snehprabha Pradhan before the relationship ended in 1943 after a court battle 

Early life
Sahu was born in present-day Rajnandgaon district in India  His father was the Prime Minister under the Raja of Rajnandgaon  He joined the University of Nagpur and took part in the "freedom struggle",  completing his graduation in 1937  An interest in writing short stories brought him in contact with cinema, where he initially started as an actor 

Filmography
Director
Kunwara Baap (1942)
Raja (1943)
Shararat (1944)
Veer Kunal (1945)
Sindoor (1947)
Sajan (1947)
Nadiya Ke Par (1948)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Hamlet (1954)
Kismet Ka Khel (1956)
Bare Sarkar (1957)
Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960)
Grahasti (1963)
Ghar Basake Dekho (1963)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Dhuen Ki Lakeer (1974)

Writer
Producer
Bahurani (1940)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Hamara Ghar (1950)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Context 3: Passage 1:
White: Melody of Death
White: Melody of Death (Korean: 화이트: 저주의 멜로디; RR: Hwaiteu: Jeojooui Mellodi, lit  White: The Melody of the Curse) is a 2011 South Korean horror film by Kim Gok and Kim Sun 
The film was pre-sold in Malaysia and Singapore with the teaser trailer and poster released at the Hong Kong Film Mart  The movie was a commercial success grossing US$ 5,3 Million and ending up being the highest-grossing horror movie and among Top 30 highest-grossing movies in South Korea in 2011 

Plot
The girl group Pink Dolls, which consists of A-rang, Je-ni, Shin-ji, and Eun-ju, make their debut on stage but fail to achieve popularity  They and the record company moved to a renovated studio that was burnt down in a fire 15 years ago  Eun-ju's sponsor (someone who funds an idol or group on the condition they receive sexual favors) was credited for making the move, and renovations happen  Eun-ju is bullied by the other three members for her involvement with the sponsor and considers quitting  Her vocal trainer and best friend, Soon-ye encouraged her to remain in the group as she believes they will find success and gain attention with their new song  While cleaning up in the dance rehearsal room, Eun-ju finds a VHS tape titled "WHITE" and plays it in her dorm room  The footage is of an old, unreleased music video  When the group's manager finds her watching the tape, she demands to permitted its song to be remade as their next single 
When Pink Dolls receives overnight popularity with their debut of the song "White," which has become a viral hit, the manager seeks to re-record the song but with the main vocalist overtaking the song  The tension begins to rise as Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji become hostile and jealousy against each other as they fight over the spot  During this time, a ghost attacks the three members on different occasions; Je-ni by strangling her with microphone cords, A-rang by causing her to fall off a music-video set, and Shin-ji by crushing her with camera equipment  Fearing the song is cursed and that she will be the next victim, Eun-ju examines hidden images within the video with Soon-ye and an editor and from there believe that a trainee named Jang Ye-bin, who died before the studio caught fire, wrote the song  Eun-ju meets up with her sponsor and asks about the circumstances surrounding Ye-bin and replies that she died by suicide  After returning to the rehearsal room in a fit of depression, Eun-Ju finds a suicide note beside power sockets that may have started the fire and she smashes the sockets with a hammer until she fell asleep in the morning 
Confident that the curse is broken, Eun-ju wants to get more attention by reinventing "White" with a new image, including dressing and dying her hair in white, and using the stage name "White"; but she takes credit for the song to her solo performance, and alienates those around her  While Soon-ye was destroying the evidence, she re-watched the video and noticed new details they had never seen  While doing so, she and the editor learned that Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji, who had been hosts for a music television show, died from drinking bleach on air  Soon-ye calls Eun-ju, who is on her way to a venue to perform "White," and warns her that the curse is not over, but Eun-ju ignores her  Soon-ye soon learns that the writer of the song was not Ye-bin, but a back-up dancer who was bullied by Ye-bin by disfiguring her face with acid and caused the back-up dancer to commit suicide by drinking bleach  Her ghost killed Ye-bin, who caused the fire when attempting to burn the suicide note 
Soon-ye rushes to the venue to rescue Eun-ju but is unable to enter the stage with all the doors locked  During Eun-ju's performance, the stage goes blackout, and the electricity begins to malfunctions  Eun-ju's sponsor and manager try to get her off the stage, but they are both killed by stage equipment, and the ghost attempts to attack her  Afterward, the doors all open, and the panicking crowd starts to rush out of the building, Soon-ye enters and she and Eun-ju attempt to reunite, but Eun-ju trips in the crowd and gets trampled to death  The electricity eventually sets the venue on fire  After the incident, Soon-ye destroyed all of the remaining evidence of the song in the studio's karaoke room  However, the karaoke machine announces that the next song playing is "White," alluding to the possibility that the curse has not been broken 

Cast
Ham Eun-jeong as Eun-ju, a leader of the Pink Dolls, who is a former back-up dancer
Hwang Woo-seul-hye as Soon-ye, a vocal trainer, and Eun-ju's best friend
May Doni Kim as Shin-ji, a rapper/dancer who is excellent for dancing performance 
Choi Ah-ra as A-rang, a visual/singer who is addicted to plastic surgery
Jin Se-yeon as Je-ni, a lead singer who is insecure with hitting high notes
After School as Pure
Byun Jung-soo as Talent Agent
Kim Young-min as Lee Tae-Yong
Kim Ki-bang as Manager
Yoo Mo-ri as Jang Ye-bin
Kim Soo-hyun as White
Lee Jun-ho as Music Fever host

Soundtrack
The soundtrack contains 3 versions of the song "White," the original (the one featured on the VHS tape), another sung by Pink Dolls (Ham Eun-jeong, May Doni Kim, Choi Ah-ra and Jin Se-yeon), and a solo version with just Eun-jeong 

Reception
Box office
The film grossed US$1,265,702 its opening weekend landing at the fifth position of the box office chart  In total the film grossed US$5,299,831 by the end of its theatrical run  The film received a total of 791,133 admissions nationwide 

Accolades
Listicles
Release
White was released in Japan as a DVD on March 02, 2012 by NBC Universal  A re-issue ws released in the same country on July 21, 2017 
Passage 2:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 3:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 4:
Walter Ruttmann
Walter Ruttmann (28 December 1887 – 15 July 1941) was a German cinematographer and film director, an important German  abstract experimental film maker, along with Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling and Oskar Fischinger  He is best known for directing the semi-documentary 'city symphony' silent film, with orchestral score by Edmund Meisel, in 1927, Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis  His audio montage Wochenende (Weekend) (1930) is considered a major contribution in the development of audio plays 

Biography
Ruttmann was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a wealthy mercantilist  He graduated high school in 1905 and began architectural studies in Zürich in 1907  In 1909 Ruttmann began painting in Munich, where he befriended Paul Klee and Lyonel Feininger, and he would later paint in Marburg Ruttmann was conscripted into the army in 1913, first serving in Darmstadt, and shortly after the outbreak of World War I he was sent to the Eastern Front, where he served as an artillery lieutenant and a gas defense officer  After spending 1917 in a hospital for post traumatic stress disorder, he began making films  Ruttmann had the financial means to work independently of the major German studios of the time  He founded Ruttmann-Film S R O  in Munich and patented an animation table, in June 1920 
His first productions were the first fully animated German cartoons and abstract animated films  Lichtspiel: Opus I, produced between 1919 and 1921, premiered on 27 April 1921 at the Berlin Marmorhaus, and released for German theatrical distribution in 1922, is the "oldest fully abstract motion picture known to survive, using only animated geometric forms, arranged and shown without reference to any representational imagery" 
Opus I and Opus II, were experiments with new forms of film expression, and the influence of these early abstract films can be seen in some of the early work of Oskar Fischinger  Ruttmann and his colleagues of the avant garde movement enriched the language of film as a medium with new formal techniques In 1926 he worked with Julius Pinschewer on Der Aufsteig, an experimental film advertising the GeSoLei trade fair in Düsseldorf In 1926, Ruttmann licensed a Wax Slicing machine from Oskar Fischinger to create special effects for  The Adventures of Prince Achmed, an  animated fairy tale film, for Lotte Reiniger, making the moving backgrounds and magic scenes Ruttmann was a prominent exponent of both avant-garde art and music  His early abstractions played at the 1929 Baden-Baden Festival to international acclaim despite their being almost eight years old  Together with Erwin Piscator, he worked on the film Melody of the World (1929), though he is best remembered for Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis, 1927) 
Weekend (Wochenende), commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour, and presented on 13 June 1930, is a pioneering work of musique concrète, a montage of sound clips, recorded using film optical sound track from the Tri-Ergon process  Ruttmann recorded the streets sounds of Berlin with a camera, but without images, this was before magnetic tape  Hans Richter called it “a symphony of sound, speech-fragments, and silence woven into a poem ”A pacifist, he traveled to Moscow in 1928 and 1929  During the Nazi period he was replaced by Leni Riefenstahl as director of the documentary which eventually became Triumph of the Will (1935), supposedly because Ruttmann's editing style was considered too "Marxist" and Soviet influenced  He died in Berlin 15 July 1941 due to an embolism after leg amputation 

Culture and Media
Segments from Ruttmann's experimental films Lichtspiel: Opus II (1923) and Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925) are used in the credits of the German neo-noir television series Babylon Berlin  Soundtracks to sped-up versions of Lichtspiel: Opus I and Opus IV have been proposed in 2023 

Select filmography
Lichtspiel: Opus I (1920)
Der Sieger (1922)
Das Wunder (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus II (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus III (1924, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Das wiedergefundene Paradies (1925)
Der Aufstieg (1926)
Spiel der Wellen (1926)
Dort wo der Rhein    (1927)
Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (1927)
Melody of the World (Melodie der Welt) (1929)
Wochenende (1930) [an experimental film with sound only, no image]
Feind im Blut (1931)
In der Nacht (1931)
Steel (1933)
Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich
Altgermanische Bauernkultur (1934)
Metall des Himmels (1935)
Schiff in Not (1936)
Mannesmann (1937)
Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit (1938)
Waffenkammern Deutschlands (1940)
Deutsche Panzer (1940)
Krebs (1941)

Further reading
Cowan, Michael  Walter Ruttmann and the Cinema of Multiplicity: Avant-garde-Advertising-Modernity  Amsterdam, NL: Amsterdam University Press, 2014  ISBN 9789089645852
Dombrug, Adrianus van  Walter Ruttmann in het beginsel  Purmerend, NL: J  Muusses, 1956 
Goergen, Jeanpaul  Walter Ruttmann: Eine Dokumentation  Berlin: Freunde der deutschen Kinemathek, 1989   ISBN 9783927876002
Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham The Music and Sound of Experimental Film  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017



ground_truth: Dhuen Ki Lakeer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Melody Of The World or Ladies Love Danger?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   ISBN 9780190469900
Quaresima, Leonard, editor  Walter Ruttmann: Cinema, pittura, ars acustica  Calliano (Trento), Italy: Manfrini, 1994  ISBN 9788870245035
Passage 5:
Melody of Death
Melody of Death is a 1922 British silent crime film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Philip Anthony, Enid R  Reed and Dick Sutherd  It is an adaptation of the 1915 novel The Melody of Death by Edgar Wallace 

Cast
Philip Anthony as Gilbert Standerton
Enid R  Reed as Enid Cathcart
Dick Sutherd as George Wallis
H  Agar Lyons as Sir John Standerton
Frank Petley
Hetta Bartlett as Mrs Cathcart
Bob Vallis
Passage 6:
H  Bruce Humberstone
H  Bruce "Lucky" Humberstone (November 18, 1901 – October 11, 1984) was an American film director  He was previously a movie actor (as a child), a script clerk, and an assistant director, working with directors such as King Vidor, Edmund Goulding, and Allan Dwan 

Early years
Humberstone was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida 

Film
One of 28 founders of the Directors Guild of America, Humberstone worked on several silent movie films for 20th Century Fox  Humberstone did not specialize; he worked on comedies, dramas, and melodramas  Humberstone is best known today for the seminal film noir I Wake Up Screaming (1941) and his work on some of the Charlie Chan films  In the 1950s, Humberstone worked mostly on TV  He retired in 1966 

Recognition
Humberstone has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 

Death
Humberstone died of pneumonia in Woodland Hills, California, on October 11, 1984, aged 82, and was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California 

Partial filmography as director
Passage 7:
Ladies Love Danger
Ladies Love Danger is a 1935 American comedy film directed by H  Bruce Humberstone and written by Samson Raphaelson, Robert Ellis and Helen Logan  The film stars Mona Barrie, Gilbert Roland, Donald Cook, Adrienne Ames, Hardie Albright and Herbert Mundin  The film was released on May 3, 1935, by Fox Film Corporation 

Plot
Cast
Passage 8:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 9:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Melody of the World
Melody of the World (German: Melodie der Welt) is a 1929 German film directed by Walter Ruttmann  It is also known as World Melody  The film is structured like a symphony and consists of documentary footage from all over the world, contrasted and juxtaposed to show a number of human activities as they take form in different cultures  There are also staged scenes with actors 
The film was produced by Tonbild-Syndikat AG as an assignment from Hapag  It has an original score by Wolfgang Zeller  It was advertised as Germany's first feature-length sound film 

Cast
Ivan Koval-Samborskij as sailor
Renée Stobrawa as sailor's wife
Grace Chiang as Japanese woman
O  Idris as Malayan temple dancer
Wilhelm Cuno as general director of Hapag

Release
The world premiere took place on 27 July 1929 at the Deutsches Kammermusikfest in Baden-Baden  The film was released in regular German cinemas on 10 May 1930, distributed by Deutsches Lichtspiel-Syndikat AG 

See also
List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)



ground_truth: Melody Of The World