prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Hugh Evelyn Wortham or Johnny Ekström?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Hugh Evelyn Wortham
Hugh Evelyn Wortham (7 May 1884 – 9 July 1959), best known as H  E  Wortham was an English biographer, journalist, music critic and writer 
Wortham was educated at King's College, Cambridge and received an MA in 1921  He worked as a foreign correspondent, editor and journalist in Egypt, 1909–1919  From 1934 up until his death he wrote articles in the 'London Day by Day' column under the pseudonym 'Peterborough' in The Daily Telegraph Wortham was the nephew of Oscar Browning  In June 1923 Browning sent a letter to Wortham requesting him to write a biography about his life  In 1927, he authored a biography of Browning  It was reprinted and revised in 1956 under the title Victorian Eton and Cambridge: Being the Life and Times of Oscar Browning 

Publications
A Musical Odyssey (1924)
Oscar Browning (1927)
Mustapha Kemal of Turkey (1930)
Three Women: St  Teresa, Madame de Choiseul, Mrs  Eddy (1930)
Edward VII, Man and King (1931)
The Delightful Profession: Edward VII, a Study in Kingship (1931)
Chinese Gordon (1933)
Gordon: An Intimate Portrait (1933)
Victorian Eton and Cambridge: Being the Life and Times of Oscar Browning (1956)
Passage 2:
John Metgod
Johannes Anthonius Bernardus Metgod (born 27 February 1958) is a Dutch former professional footballer who works as assistant manager of United Arab Emirates 

Club career
Playing as a centre-back, Metgod started his professional career in the 1970s playing for HFC Haarlem  After one season with Haarlem, he moved to play for AZ Alkmaar, spending six years at the club, including their UEFA Cup final defeat against English side Ipswich Town, during which he scored a goal in the 4–2 second leg win 
In 1982, Metgod moved to Spain to play for Real Madrid  He then moved to England in 1984 to sign for Nottingham Forest, where he was a regular player for three seasons before signing for Tottenham Hotspur in 1987  He spent just one season with the North London club before he moved back to the Netherlands, where he signed for Feyenoord  He spent six years at Feyenoord before finally retiring as a player in 1994 

International career
Metgod won 21 caps for the Netherlands national team, scoring four goals 

Style of play
Metgod was noted for his free-kicks, particularly during his spell at Nottingham Forest 

Coaching career
After retiring Metgod became a coach, working for Excelsior Rotterdam and Feyenoord 
On 11 November 2008, Metgod was appointed first team coach by Portsmouth, but left the club on 8 February 2009 when manager Tony Adams was sacked On 21 May 2009, Metgod was appointed as a first team coach at Derby County, but left the club in October 2013 along with the rest of the coaching staff, following the dismissal of manager Nigel Clough In January 2014, Metgod was appointed as an assistant at Colorado Rapids 
In July 2014, Metgod was appointed as a scout at Brighton & Hove Albion 
On 1 July 2015, Metgod was appointed as a technical manager at ADO Den Haag and left in June 2016 
On 10 April 2017, Metgod was added to the staff at Granada CF by trainer Tony Adams, but left the club in May 2017 when manager Adams was sacked 
On 8 January 2018, Metgod was added to the staff at Nottingham Forest by trainer Aitor Karanka, but left the club on 10 January 2019 when manager Aitor Karanka resigned as coach  However, he continued at the club as a part of the board 
On 21 March 2019, he left Nottingham to become the assistant manager of United Arab Emirates national football team 

Personal life
Metgod was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands  Metgod's son, Dimitri, is also a professional footballer, playing as midfielder, whereas John's younger brother, Edward, is a retired goalkeeper 

Honours
AZ

Eredivisie: 1980–81: runner-up 1979–80
KNVB Cup: 1977–78, 1981, 1981–82
UEFA Cup: runner-up 1980–81Real Madrid

La Liga: runner-up 1982–83, 1983–84
Copa del Rey: runner-up 1982–83
Supercopa de España: runner-up 1982
Copa de la Liga: runner-up 1982–83
European Cup Winners' Cup: runner-up 1983Feyenoord

Eredivisie: 1992–93; runner-up 1993–94
KNVB Cup: 1990–91, 1992, 1993–94
Johan Cruijff Shield: 1991
Passage 3:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 4:
John Littlejohn
John Wesley Funchess (April 16, 1931 – February 1, 1994) known professionally as John (or Johnny) Littlejohn, was an American electric blues slide guitarist  He was active on the Chicago blues circuit from the 1950s to the 1980s 

Biography
Born in Lake, Mississippi, Littlejohn first learned to play the blues from Henry Martin, a friend of his father's  In 1946 he left home and traveled widely, spending time in Jackson, Mississippi; Arkansas; Rochester, New York; and Gary, Indiana  He settled in Gary in 1951, playing whenever possible in the nearby Chicago area  Through his connections in Gary, he was acquainted with Joe Jackson, the patriarch of the musical Jackson family, and Littlejohn and his band reputedly served as an occasional rehearsal band for the Jackson 5 in the mid- to late 1960s 
Littlejohn played regularly in Chicago clubs (he was filmed by drummer Sam Lay playing with Howlin' Wolf's band about 1961) but did not make any studio recordings until 1966, when he cut singles for several record labels  Later that year he recorded an album for Arhoolie Records and four songs for Chess Records  The Chess tracks were not issued at the time He recorded a few singles for small local labels but did not record another album until 1985, when Rooster Blues issued So-Called Friends  Soon after, he fell into ill health  He died of renal failure in Chicago, on February 1, 1994, at the age of 62 

Discography
Albums
Chicago Blues Stars (Arhoolie Records, 1969)
Funky From Chicago (BluesWay, 1973)
Dream (MCM, 1977)
Sweet Little Angel (Black & Blue, 1978)
Easy Blues (Lafayette Leak, 1978)
Blues Show! Live At The Pit Inn (P-Vine, 1982; co-featuring Carey Bell)
So-Called Friends (Rooster Blues, 1985)
John Littlejohn's Blues Party (Wolf Records, 1989)
When Your Best Friend Turns His Back On You (JSP Records, 1989)
Dream (Storyville Records, 1995; recorded live in 1976)
Sweet Little Angel (Black And Blue Records, 2006)

Compilation albums
Slidin' (Chess Records, 1991, with Elmore James and Hound Dog Taylor)

Singles
"Kitty O" / "Johnny's Jive" (Margaret Records, 1966)
"What In The World (You Gonna Do)" / "Can't Be Still" (Terrell Records, 1966)
"Father Popcorn (just Got To Town)" (T-S-D Records, 1968, backed by "I Am Back Home" by Bo Dud and Johnny Twist)
"29 Ways" / "I Need Lovin'" (T-S-D Records, 1968)
"Dream/Catfish Blues" (Joliet Records, 1968)
"Shake Your Moneymaker" (Love Records, 1970)
"She's 19 Years Old" / "I Wanna Go Home" (Ace Records, 1975)
"Poor Man's Blues" (Full Scope Records, 1980)
"Bloody Tears" / "Just Got In Town" (Weis Records)
Passage 5:
Jackie Scott
John "Jackie" Scott (22 December 1933 – June 1978), also known as Jack Scott or Johnny Scott, was a former Northern Ireland international footballer and football manager who played as an outside forward for Manchester United, Grimsby Town and York City in the 1950s and 1960s 

Club career
Born in Belfast, Scott played football for Boyland Youth Club and Ormond Star in Northern Ireland, before moving to England as an apprentice with Manchester United  He signed his first professional contract with United in October 1951, and made his debut a year later, playing on the left wing in a 6–2 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers on 4 October 1952  However, due to the competition for places in the Manchester United first team, Scott's appearances were few and far between, having made just three appearances when he left for Grimsby Town in June 1956 Scott flourished at Grimsby, his performances catching the attention of the Northern Irish selectors, who called him up for a B international in 1957, before naming him in the squad for the 1958 World Cup  However, that was to be the end of his involvement with the Northern Irish national team as he was not selected again 
Scott played for Grimsby for a total of seven seasons, making 250 appearances in all competitions and scoring 54 goals  In 1963, he was allowed to leave the club on a free transfer to York City  He played for York for one season before dropping out of the Football League to play for Margate in the Southern League  In two seasons at Margate, he played in 95 matches and scored 26 goals, before retiring to Manchester 

International career
Scott played in two matches at the 1958 FIFA World Cup; a 2–1 victory over Czechoslovakia and a 4–0 defeat to France in the quarter-finals 

Later life
Scott was killed in a building site accident in 1978, aged 44 

Career statistics
Source:

International
Honours
Grimsby Town

Third Division second-place promotion: 1961–62
Passage 6:
Hugh Evelyn
Sir Hugh Evelyn, 5th Baronet (31 January 1769 – 28 August 1848) was a British baronet and naval officer 

Family background
Hugh was the youngest son of Charles Evelyn, by Philippa Wright, the daughter of Fortunatus Wright, the privateer  Charles Evelyn was the only son of another Charles Evelyn, who was the brother of Sir John Evelyn, 2nd Baronet, and the second son of Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet of Wotton  The elder Charles, of Yarlington, Somerset, died aged 40 in January 1748, while the younger Charles died before 1781  As the third baronet, Sir Frederick Evelyn, had no children, Sir John Evelyn, 4th Baronet, his first cousin once removed, was his nearest male heir 

Succession
Hugh Evelyn was born on 31 January 1769 at Totnes, Devon  He was an officer in the Royal Navy, marrying first 1815 Henrietta Harrison (born c 1778; died July 1836) and second (1836) Mary Hathaway, the widow of Southwark merchant James Thomas Hathaway and eldest daughter of John Kennedy of Sutton Coldfield  He libelled the two trustees who were administering his meagre income by putting posters of their faces all over London; they took him to court and had the posters taken down  He unsuccessfully took a case to the KBD court and owed court costs of £30 which he was unable to pay; he spent 18 years of his life in prison  Sir Hugh died without issue at Forest Hill, London, on 28 August 1848, aged 79, and was buried on 9 September 1848, at Wotton, Surrey  On his death, the baronetcy became extinct  His widow, Mary, who was born at Hoxton in 1803, died on 5 May 1883, at Eagle House, in Forest Hill, and was buried in Nunhead Cemetery 
Passage 7:
Catherine I of Russia
Catherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr  Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr  Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O S  5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O S  6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727 

Life as a servant
The life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself  Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life  Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o s  5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska  Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents  In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt  Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer  It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect  Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf 
Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children  According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian  In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman   No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life 
Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son  At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg  When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow 
There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress  She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev  It is not known whether she was his mistress, or household maid   She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia  Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him  Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife  It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance 
It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely  In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta  In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter  In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna)  She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions 

Marriage and family life
Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg  They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709) 
Peter had moved the capital to St  Petersburg in 1703  While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple  The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter  As a person she was very energetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful  She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so 
Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711  There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great  Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat 
Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy  In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St  Petersburg on 9 February 1712   She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich  Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina  When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherine became Empress  The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding 

Issue
Catherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna and Elizabeth:

Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancy
Paul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancy
Catherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)
Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15 May 1728)
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)
Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)
Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June 1715)
Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)

Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)
Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)
Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)
Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)

Siblings
Upon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titles of Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia 

Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: Симон Гейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov 
Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the Counts Efimovsky 
Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, a Russian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration 
Fryderyk Skowroński, renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without having children by either of them 

Reign as empress regnant
Catherine was crowned in 1724  The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's former mistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona  He served as Catherine's secretary  Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia  Catherine had a great deal of influence over who could gain access to her husband  Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter  Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both  Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled  He and Catherine did not speak for several months  Rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, but there is no evidence for this 
Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor  Catherine represented the interests of the "new men", commoners who had been brought to positions of great power by Peter based on competence  A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats  For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup was arranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia  Supporting evidence was "produced" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both "new men" with motivation to see Catherine take over  The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council 
Catherine viewed the deposed empress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St  Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner 

Death
Catherine I died two years after Peter I, on 17 May 1727 at age 43, in St  Petersburg, where she was buried at St  Peter and St  Paul Fortress  Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise 
Before her death she recognized Peter II, the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor 

Assessment and legacy
Catherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia   At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 men and supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe   However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annual revenue   Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure   For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers   However, on this single issue, the reduction of military expenses, Catherine was able to have her way   The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands of one party, and thus was an executive innovation  In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against Great Britain 
Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St  Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital  She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bears her name 
The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name 
She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning "Catherine's Valley"), its adjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia  The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution of the President 
In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious   The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret 

See also
Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
Rulers of Russia family tree

Notes
Passage 8:
Jock Sim
John Sim (4 December 1922 – 14 January 2000), known as Jock, Jackie, or Johnny Sim, was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a centre forward or left half in the Football League for Brighton & Hove Albion 

Life and career
Sim was born in Glasgow in 1922  During the Second World War, he served abroad for five years  Afterwards, he joined Kirkintilloch Rob Roy from another junior club, St Roch's, early in the 1946–47 season, scored freely, and within weeks was reportedly "in almost as great a demand as nylon stockings " He signed for English club Brighton & Hove Albion on 24 October, and scored on his Third Division South debut three weeks later  He had a run in the side in his first season, but injury disrupted his career: he was restricted to just 14 appearances in the next two seasons and none at all in 1949–50 Ahead of the following campaign, he signed for Chippenham Town, together with three Brighton teammates, Eric Lancelotte, Fred Leamon and Ken Davies  In March 1951, as part of the Western League record transfer that took Rex Tilley to Plymouth Argyle, Sim returned to the Football League, but he never played first-team football for Argyle and was soon back with Chippenham  He stayed for three seasons, but turned down the terms offered for a fourth and was released  He later played for Calne Town Sim died in Chippenham in 2000 at the age of 77 
Passage 9:
Johnny Ekström
Johnny Douglas Ekström (born 5 March 1965) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a forward and a winger  He played professionally in Italy, Germany, France, and Spain but is best remembered for his time in Sweden with IFK Göteborg with which he was the 1986 Allsvenskan top scorer and won three Swedish Championships  A full international between 1986 and 1995, he won 47 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1992 

Club career
IFK Göteborg
A product of the IFK Göteborg youth academy, Ekström was promoted to the first team in 1983 before making his Allsvenskan debut during the 1984 season  He quickly earned the nicknames "Kallebäcks-Expressen" (the express train from Kallebäck) and "Johnny Bråttom" (Johnny-in-a-hurry) due to his speed on the football pitch  His most successful season with Göteborg came in 1986, when he was the 1986 Allsvenskan top scorer and helped the club reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona  He also played in the first half of the 1986–87 UEFA Cup which IFK Göteborg ended up winning after Ekström's departure 

Empoli
Ekström was the most expensive Swedish transfer of all time when he signed for Empoli during the 1986–87 Serie A season  At Empoli, he became a popular and respected player and acquired the nickname 'Il Ciclone' (the cyclone) due to the exceptional speed he displayed when charging ahead with the ball in his possession, which was his most notable quality 

Bayern Munich
In 1988 Ekström signed for the German Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich, and helped them win the 1988–89 Bundesliga title and reach the semi-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup before being eliminated by Napoli 

Cannes
He signed with AS Cannes in Ligue 1 in 1989 and played alongside a young Zinedine Zidane before leaving the club in 1991 

Return to IFK Göteborg
Ekström returned to Swedish football and IFK Göteborg in 1991, winning the 1991 and 1993 Swedish Championships, as well as the 1991 Svenska Cupen  He also played in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League where Göteborg finished joint-third behind Marseille and A C  Milan 

Reggiana
Ekström returned to Serie A and Italian football in 1993, signing for Reggiana  Ekström played in 9 Serie A games for Reggiana during the 1993–94 Serie A season before spending the rest of the season on loan in Spain 

Loan to Real Betis
Ekström spent the spring of 1994 with Real Betis on loan from Reggiana, becoming the second Swedish player to represent the Seville-based club after Torbjörn Jonsson  He played in seven Segunda División games during the 1993–94 season and scored two goals 

Dynamo Dresden
During the summer of 1994, Ekström returned to German football and the Bundesliga after signing a two-year-contract with Dynamo Dresden  He ended up playing one season for the club, scoring seven goals in 30 Bundesliga games 

Eintracht Frankfurt
Ekström signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in 1995, and scored two goals in 16 games as the club was relegated to 2  Bundesliga in 1996  He stayed with the club in 2  Bundesliga, but could not help the team win promotion back to the top flight of German football 

Second return to IFK Göteborg and retirement
He returned to IFK Göteborg a second time in 1997, and spent the 1997 and 1998 Allsvenskan seasons with the club before retiring from professional football in late 1998  In total, Ekström appeared in more than 200 games for IFK Göteborg during his three stints with the club 

International career
Youth
Ekström played 12 games for the Sweden U21 team and was a part of the Sweden U21 squad that reached the quarterfinals of the 1986 UEFA European Under-21 Championship before being eliminated by Italy 

Senior
Ekström made his full international debut in a friendly game against Greece on 1 May 1986, playing for 71 minutes alongside Dan Corneliusson at forward before being replaced by Lasse Larsson in a 0–0 draw  He scored his first international goal in a 3–1 friendly win against Finland on 6 August 1986 

UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying
Ekström made his competitive international debut for Sweden on 24 September 1986 in a UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying game against Switzerland, which Sweden won 2–0 after two goals by Ekström  He went on to score another four goals in the same qualifying campaign, making him the joint-third best goalscorer in the UEFA Euro 1988 qualifiers at six goals together with Alessandra Altobelli but behind John Bosman and Nico Claesen  Despite Ekström's goals, Sweden did not manage to qualify for Euro 1988 

1990 FIFA World Cup
Ekström scored two goals during the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign to help Sweden qualify for its first World Cup since 1978  While at the 1990 World Cup, he appeared in the second group stage game against Scotland, replacing Stefan Pettersson in the 63rd minute in a 1–2 loss  He started in the third group stage game against Costa Rica, scoring the first goal in a third consecutive 1–2 loss which had Sweden eliminated from the tournament 

UEFA Euro 1992
Ekström was a part of the Sweden squad at UEFA Euro 1992 on home soil in Sweden and appeared as a substitute in all four games as Sweden reached the semi-finals of the tournament before being eliminated by Germany 

Later years and retirement
Ekström played in four 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifying games before announcing his retirement from international football in October 1993  He made a brief comeback on 8 March 1995 in a friendly 3–3 draw with Cyprus in which Ekström scored one of the goals  He won a total of 47 caps for the Sweden national team, scoring 13 goals 

Career statistics
International
Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ekström goal 

Honours
IFK Göteborg

Allsvenskan: 1984, 1991, 1993
Svenska Cupen: 1991
UEFA cup: 1986–87Bayern München

Bundesliga: 1988–89Individual

Allsvenskan top scorer: 1986
Stor Grabb: 1988
Passage 10:
Johnny Crossan
John Andrew Crossan (born 29 November 1938) is a Northern Irish author, radio sports analyst, entrepreneur, and former footballer  His brother Eddie was also a player 

Club career
Crossan began his career playing for Derry City, where he played as an inside forward  His talent was spotted by several leading English clubs, including Arsenal and Sunderland  When the latter made a substantial offer, Derry City offered Crossan a payment deal which he rejected, offering his own  When the Sunderland negotiations broke down, Derry City dropped Crossan, who signed for Coleraine  Derry City, still aggrieved by Crossan's actions, reported themselves to the Football League authorities for technical breaches of regulations, thus ensuring that Crossan would face disciplinary action 
In January 1959, a commission of inquiry imposed small fines on Derry and Coleraine, but banned Crossan from all forms of football for life  A partial lifting of the ban was allowed following an appeal, in May 1959 the inside forward signed for Dutch Champions Sparta Rotterdam, where he was first called up to the Northern Ireland squad 
He went from there to Standard Liège, where he played in the semi-final of the European Cup against Real Madrid  In 1963, Crossan returned to football in the UK (following the lifting of his 'life-time' ban) when he was signed by Sunderland, with whom he made it to the old First Division  He then signed for Manchester City who were playing in the old Second Division  As team captain, he helped them make their way into the old First Division, before being sold to Middlesbrough after a loss of form following a car crash and other health problems 

International career
Internationally, he was capped 24 times by Northern Ireland and scored 10 goals 

International goals
Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first 

Management
After his playing days, Crossan had a spell in management and took the top job at League of Ireland club, Sligo Rovers  He resigned soon after 

Media career
He also commentates for BBC Radio Foyle when they cover Derry City games 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes
Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes (3 July 1686 – 20 March 1722) of Lees Court, Sheldwich, Kent, and Park Place, London, was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1708 and 1722 Watson was the eldest son of Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham and Catherine Sondes, daughter of George Sondes, 1st Earl of Feversham  He matriculated at Merton College, Oxford on 1 June 1703, aged 16 and travelled abroad to Germany in 1707 Watson arrived back from Germany in 1708, in time to be elected as a Whig Member of Parliament for Canterbury at the 1708 British general election  He proposed a motion on 25 January 1709 for an address to the Queen that she should consider remarrying  He also supported the naturalization of the Palatines  He was appointed to a committee to draft a bill to limit the time allowed for public mourning, since this  was felt to be having an  adverse effect on Canterbury's silk trade  He also voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell and possibly in consequence he lost his seat at the 1710 British general election  He was returned unopposed as MP for New Romney at a by-election on 20 April 1713  Following his father's elevation as Earl of Rockingham in 1714, he was styled Viscount Sondes  In 1718, he went over to the Opposition and in 1719 he was appointed a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales He married, on 21 March 1709, Catherine Tufton, eldest daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet in 1709, and had three sons and a daughter:
Lewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham, no issue
Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, no issue
Edward Watson, no issue
Catherine Watson, married Edward Southwell and had issue Watson died of consumption at Kensington Gravel Pits 20 March and was buried 31 March 1722 at Rockingham, predeceasing his father by 2 years  In 1729 his widow and her four sisters became co-heiresses to the Barony of Clifford  She died 13 February and was buried 20 February 1734 at Rockingham  The abeyance was terminated in 1734 for the third sister Margaret, wife of Lord Lovel, but following her death without surviving issue in 1775 the barony was restored in favour of Viscount Sondes' grandson, Edward Southwell, 20th Baron Clifford 
Passage 2:
Kaya Alp
Kaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: قایا الپ, lit  'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah  He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I  He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp  He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks 
Passage 3:
Edward Watson (footballer)
Edward Watson (27 October 1901 – 1986) was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back for Sunderland 
Passage 4:
Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham
Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham (29 December 1655 – 19 March 1724) was an English peer and politician  He was the eldest son of Edward Watson, 2nd Baron Rockingham (1630 – 1689) and Anne Wentworth, daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford In 1681–1685, Watson was Whig Member of Parliament for Canterbury and for Higham Ferrers briefly in 1689, before having to leave the Commons on inheriting his father's barony that year Lord Rockingham was Master of the Buckhounds in 1703–1705, Custos Rotulorum and Lord Lieutenant of Kent in 1705–1724, Vice-Admiral of Kent in 1705 and Deputy Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1705–1708  In 1714, he was created Earl of Rockingham In July 1677, he married Catherine Sondes (d  1696), a daughter of George Sondes, 1st Earl of Feversham  They had five surviving children:
Edward, styled Viscount Sondes (c  1687 – Kensington, 20 March 1722), married on 21 March 1708 Lady Catherine Tufton (24 April 1693 – 13 February 1733), daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet and Lady Catherine Cavendish, parents of the 2nd and 3rd Earls of Rockingham and Catherine Watson (d  April 1765), who married Edward Southwell and had Edward Southwell, 20th Baron de Clifford 
Hon  George (24 May 1689 – 1735)
Lady Margaret (1695–1751), married John Monson, 1st Baron Monson 
Lady Mary (d  1737), married Wray Saunderson 
Lady Arabella, married Sir Robert Furnese, 2nd Baronet 
		
His wife died on 21 March 1696 and was buried at Rockingham  He died on 19 march 1724 and was buried 1 April at Rockingham  He was succeeded by his  grandson, Lewis 
Passage 5:
Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham
Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham (30 December 1715 – 26 February 1746), styled Hon  Thomas Watson until 1745, was an English nobleman and politician  He represented Canterbury in the House of Commons and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Kent after succeeding to the earldom, but died shortly thereafter The second son of Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes, Watson entered Eton College in 1725 and Lincoln's Inn in 1732  In the 1741 British general election, he stood for Canterbury as an opposition Whig  Watson and the Tory Thomas Best ousted the incumbent Sir Thomas Hales, a Whig supporter of Walpole's administration  He continued in opposition to successive governments during his tenure in the House of Commons, which terminated in 1745 when he became Earl of Rockingham on the death of his elder brother Lewis 
Despite his politics, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Kent in succession to his brother, but did not long survive the appointment: he died of smallpox at Rockingham Castle 26 February and was buried 11 March 1746 at Rockingham On his death, which brought to an end the male line of the Watsons of Rockingham Castle, the Earldom of Rockingham, the Viscountcy of Sondes of Lees Court, and the Barony of Throwley became extinct  He was succeeded as Baron Rockingham by Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton, his first cousin once removed  Rockingham left his estate to his first cousin Lewis Monson, who thereafter adopted the surname of Watson 
Passage 6:
Edward Watson (dancer)
Edward Watson MBE (born 21 May 1976) is a British ballet dancer  He is a principal dancer and coach with the Royal Ballet in London 

Early years
Edward Watson was born in Bromley, Kent and was brought up in Dartford with his twin sister, Liz   He first attended dance classes at the age of 3, and was later accepted as a student at the Royal Ballet School, eventually joining the full-time school at White Lodge, Richmond Park   Whilst at the school, he trained with Anatoly Grigoriev, a former dancer of the Kirov Ballet and was one of six male students who graduated into the Upper School at the age of 16   At the Upper School his teachers included German Zammel and Julie Lincoln   Whilst training at the Upper School, Watson danced a number of roles:

Checkmate by Ninette de Valois, 1993 (Role: Black Castle)
Simple Symphony by Matthew Hart, 1993
Monotones No  2 by Frederick Ashton, 1994
Napoli by August Bournonville, 2004 (Role: Pas de Six)

Career
Watson graduated into The Royal Ballet in 1994 and was promoted to Principal in 2005  His repertory with the Company includes major roles in works by Frederick Ashton and Kenneth MacMillan  His many role creations for Wayne McGregor include in Symbiont(s), Qualia, Chroma, Infra, Limen, Carbon Life, Raven Girl, Tetractys, Woolf Works, Obsidian Tear and Multiverse, and for Christopher Wheeldon Lewis Carroll/The White Rabbit in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland), Leontes in The Winter’s Tale and John Singer Sargent in Strapless  Watson has worked with numerous other choreographers, including Siobhan Davies, David Dawson, Javier de Frutos, Alastair Marriott, Cathy Marston, Ashley Page and Arthur Pita In August 2020, it was announced that Watson will retire following a performance of McGregor's The Dante Project  He will remain with the company as a coach  His official title is répétiteur to the principal dancers 

Awards
At the National Dance Awards in 2008, Watson won 'Best Male Dancer'  He also won the Olivier Award in 2012 for Outstanding Achievement in Dance for his performance as Gregor Samsa in Arthur Pita's interpretation of Franz Kafka's Metamorphorsis at the Linbury Studio  In 2015 he won Prix Benois de la Danse for his performance as Leontes in Christopher Wheeldon The Winter's Tale at the Royal Ballet 

Honours
In the 2015 Birthday Honours, Watson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to dance 
Passage 7:
Lewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham
Lewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham (c  1714 – 4 December 1745) was a British peer, styled Viscount Sondes from 1722 to 1724 He was born the eldest son of Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes and Lady Catherine Tufton, the daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet and Lady Catherine Cavendish His father having predeceased his own father, Lewis inherited the earldom from his grandfather, Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham, in 1724  He was Lord Lieutenant of Kent from 1737 to his death in 1745 He married his first cousin Catherine, daughter of Sir Robert Furnese  As part of the marriage settlement, he purchased a London house in Grosvenor Square and had it grandly decorated with marble tables, Persian carpets, mahogany panelling, silk damask hangings, and an organ Watson died childless on 4 December and was buried on 14 December 1745 at Rockingham  He was succeeded by his brother, Thomas  His widow subsequently married, on 13 June 1751, as his third wife, Francis, Earl of Guildford, who died on 4 August 1790  She died on 17 December 1766 and was buried at Wroxton 
Passage 8:
Edward Southwell Jr 
Edward Southwell Jr  (16 June 1705 – 16 March 1755) of King's Weston, Gloucestershire,  was an Anglo-Irish Whig politician who sat in the Parliament of Ireland from 1727 to 1755 and in the British House of Commons  from 1739 to 1754 
Southwell was the son of Edward Southwell (1671–1730) and Elizabeth Cromwell, 8th Baroness Cromwell and the grandson of Sir Robert Southwell  He was educated at Westminster School from 1715 to 1716 and matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford in 1721  He travelled abroad from 1723 Southwell sat in the Irish House of Commons for Downpatrick from 1727 until his death  He succeeded his father as Principal Secretary of State (Ireland) in 1730, and on 6 May 1732 he was appointed to the Privy Council of Ireland Southwell married on 21 August 1729, to Lady Katherine Watson (died April 1765), daughter of Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes and Lady Katherine (née Tufton), and lived in Kings Weston House near Bristol  Their son, Edward, later became Baron de Clifford 
Edward Southwell Jr  sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1739 to 1754 as MP for Bristol 

Personal papers
Papers relating to Edward Southwell are held by Bristol Archives (Ref  44785 and 45317/2/5/1) (online catalogue page 1, online catalogue page 2)  A travel journal, dating from 1725 to 1726, is held in the British Library Manuscripts Collections  Other records relating to Edward Southwell are held at Bristol Reference Library 
Passage 9:
Abd al-Muttalib
Shayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: شَيْبَة إبْن هَاشِم; c  497–578), better known as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب, lit  'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation  He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

Early life
His father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81  the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca  They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm  His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah)  Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born : 81 His real name was "Shaiba" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-Ḥamd ("The white streak of praise") : 81–82  After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care  Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent  Muṭṭalib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca  Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go  Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib ("servant of Muttalib") : 85–86

Chieftain of Hashim clan
When Muṭṭalib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan  Following his uncle Al-Muṭṭalib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people  He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them : 61 
'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib and Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba  Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib  Addressing Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, he said:
Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate  You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe 

Discovery of Zam Zam Well
'Abdul-Muṭṭalib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila  There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca  The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-Ḥārith stood guard until they gave up their protests  After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar  It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well



ground_truth: Johnny Ekström

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes's paternal grandfather?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition  They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost  There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out  One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others  So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Muṭṭalib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed  It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well  Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred : 86–89 : 62–65

The Year of the Elephant
According to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there : 21  The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral  Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca : 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26  and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE 
When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba  A man from the Ḥimyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed  "Abdul-Muṭṭalib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba  Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib to meet him and discuss matters  When 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House ": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks  Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way : 26–27  This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:

Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?
Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?

And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up 
Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier  A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of ʽAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʽani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father 

Sacrificing his son Abdullah
Al-Harith was 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well : 64  When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba  Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow  The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah  The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead  'Abdul-Muṭṭalib agreed to consult a "sorceress with a familiar spirit"  She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels  If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place  When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels  'Abdul-Muṭṭalib confirmed this by repeating the test three times  Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared : 66–68

Family
Wives
Abd al-Muttalib had six known wives 

Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe 
Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe 
Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe 
Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe 
Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe 
Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe 

Children
According to Ibn Hisham, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib had ten sons and six daughters : 707–708 note 97  However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons : 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:

Al-Ḥārith : 708  He was the firstborn and he died before his father : 99 
Quthum : 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham By Fatima bint Amr:

Al-Zubayr : 707  He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour : 99  He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters : 101 : 34–35 
Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707  father of the future Caliph Ali  He later became chief of the Hashim clan 
Abdullah, the father of Muhammad : 99 : 707 
Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707  the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman : 32 
Barra,: 100 : 707  the mother of Abu Salama : 33 
Arwa : 100 : 707 
Atika,: 100 : 707  a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira : 31 
Umayma,: 100 : 707  the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh : 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:

Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab : 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:

Ḥamza,: 707  the first big leader of Islam  He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh  He was martyred at Uhud : 100 
Ṣafīyya : 100 : 707 
Al-Muqawwim : 707  He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra) 
Hajl : 707  He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita By Natīlah bint Khubāb:

al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707  ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs 
Ḍirār,: 707  who died before Islam : 100 
Jahl, died before Islam
Imran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:

Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq : 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham 
Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam 
Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam : 100 
Al-Mughira,: 100  who had the byname al-Ghaydaq 

The family tree and some of his important descendants
Death
Abdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Muḥammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah  One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died  So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah  They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca  But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death  She was buried over there  From then, Muhammad became an orphan  Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much  Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad  But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE 
Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia 

See also
Family tree of Muhammad
Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim
Sahaba
Passage 10:
Kevin Watson
Kevin Edward Watson (born 3 January 1974) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder  After his retirement from playing, he turned non-league coach 

Playing career
Watson started his career as a trainee with his local side Tottenham Hotspur  Watson scored his only Spurs goal on his debut in a League Cup tie against Brentford  As a youngster his first-team opportunities were limited and he went out on loan to several sides to build his experience, namely Brentford, Bristol City and Barnet 
In 1996, he was signed by Swindon Town manager Steve McMahon  Newly promoted to second tier of the English Football League – Watson helped them avoid relegation 
Watson moved on to Rotherham United in July 1999, astute Millers' manager Ronnie Moore signing him on a free transfer  In his first season Watson helped Rotherham to promotion from League Two, narrowly missing out on the title 
Another promotion (and another title near miss) followed in the next season and Rotherham were promoted again into the Football League Championship  A key part of their rapid acceleration, Watson helped guide the team to survival by the narrowest of goal-difference margins 
After over 100 games at Rotherham his knack for promotions was spotted by then Reading manager Alan Pardew who at first, took Watson on loan before signing him permanently in March 2002 for £150,000 – where he promptly repeated the trick, guiding the Royals to promotion from League One, in his now customary second place 
His first full season at Reading saw the Royals into a play-off place, where narrow defeat to Wolves cost them a place in the Premiership  Perhaps tellingly Watson was on the bench for those key play-off games 
When former teammate Phil Parkinson was installed as manager at Colchester United one of his first acts was to bring Watson to Layer Road 
Marshalling the midfield Watson played a key role as in his (and Parkinson's) first full season the U's stormed to promotion from League One, finishing in second place 
Now with over 100 games for the U's under his belt he has been a key part of "The Best Col U ever" as the underdog U's finished their first season in the Football League Championship in 10th place 
He was released by Colchester at the end of the 2007–08 season, and then signed on a free transfer for Luton Town  However, Watson failed to make an impact at Luton as a result of a knee injury that kept him out of action for much of his contract duration, and he was released at the end of 2008 
In 2015 whilst assistant manager of Stevenage, Watson alongside Stevenage manager Teddy Sheringham registered as players 

Coaching career
After his release from a playing contract at Luton, Watson was given the position of first-team coach by Luton manager Mick Harford on 14 January 2009  After Harford's departure on 1 October 2009, Watson continued in his coaching capacity under new boss Richard Money until May 2010, when he left the club Following the departure of Aidy Boothroyd from Colchester United to take the manager's job at Coventry City on 20 May 2010, Watson expressed an interest in taking up the vacant managerial position at his former club In May 2015 he was appointed manager of Maldon & Tiptree However, Watson left the club after only eleven days to take up the position of assistant manager to Teddy Sheringham at Stevenage  He left his position in February after Teddy Sheringham's departure  From July 2015 to November 2015, he worked at the academy of Colchester United 
In August 2016, Watson was appointed assistant manager at Eastleigh  In January 2017 he was appointed to the same position at Whitehawk but left the club after just two games, following a change of manager  In March 2017 he was appointed manager of Bishop's Stortford  He left the club at the end of the 2017–18 season On 28 June 2018, Watson was appointed assistant manager of Hungerford Town  He left the club on 2 October to join Ebbsfleet United as a first-team coach  However, only eight days later, he was appointed caretaker after manager Gary Hill's departure  After a three-game unbeaten run the club confirmed, that Watson had been appointed to the manager's job on a permanent basis The club was beaten in the heaviest defeat in 27 years, 7–0 by Barrow on 4 January and also crashed out of the FA Trophy to lower league opponents Royston  Other heavy losses such as a 4–0 drubbing at Chesterfield away ultimately saw the club relegated out of the National League and Watson sacked On 7 January 2021, Watson was announced as the new manager of National League South side Billericay Town On 5 October 2021, Watson was sacked by Billericay after Watson led them to one win and one draw from eight matches to start the season 

Personal life
Watson has been involved in greyhound racing, pairing up with Tottenham Hotspur teammate Stuart Nethercott to buy Elegant Brandy, who won the 1995 Grand National 

Honours
Rotherham United
Football League Division Three runner-up: 1999–2000
Football League Division Two runner-up: 2000–01Reading

Football League Division Two runner-up: 2001–02Colchester United

Football League One runner-up: 2005–06
Context 3: Passage 1:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 2:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 3:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 4:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 5:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 6:
Soldier (1998 American film)
Soldier is a 1998 American science fiction action film directed by Paul W  S  Anderson, written by David Webb Peoples, and starring Kurt Russell, Jason Scott Lee, Jason Isaacs, Connie Nielsen, Sean Pertwee and Gary Busey  The film tells the story of a highly skilled and emotionally distant soldier who is left for dead, befriends a group of refugees, then faces his former superiors who are determined to eliminate them 
The film was released worldwide on October 23, 1998  Upon its release, Soldier received generally negative reviews, although many praised the action sequences and Russell's performance  The film was a box-office bomb, grossing $14 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million 

Plot
In 1996, as part of a new military training program, a group of orphaned infants are selected shortly after birth and raised as highly disciplined soldiers with no understanding of anything but military routine  They are trained to be ruthless professionals, and anyone considered physically or mentally unworthy is executed  The survivors are turned into ultimate fighting machines, but have no understanding of the outside world 
In 2036, Sgt  Todd 3465 is a hardened veteran and one of the original 1996 infants, but his unit is about to be replaced by a superior one, with the original unit likely to be deactivated  Colonel Mekum, leader of the original project, introduces a new group of genetically engineered soldiers, designed with superior physical attributes and a complete lack of emotion, except complete aggression 
Captain Church, the commander of Todd's unit, insists on testing the new soldiers' abilities against his own  One new soldier, Caine 607, easily defeats three of the original soldiers, but Todd gouges out Caine's eye before falling from a great height; the body of a dead soldier cushions his fall, and he is knocked unconscious  Mekum orders their bodies disposed of like garbage, declaring them obsolete, while the remaining older soldiers are demoted to menial support roles 
Dumped on Arcadia 234, a waste disposal planet, Todd limps toward a colony whose residents crash-landed there years earlier; as they were believed dead, no rescue missions have been attempted  Todd is sheltered by Mace and his wife Sandra  Though they try to make him welcome, Todd has difficulty adapting to the community due to his extreme conditioning and their conflict-free lives  While Todd develops a silent rapport with their mute son, Nathan, who had been traumatized by a snakebite as an infant, he soon begins to experience flashbacks from his time as a soldier and mistakes one of the colonists for an enemy, nearly killing him  To make matters worse, in a later conflict with a coiled snake, Todd forces Nathan to face it down and strike back to protect himself  His parents disapprove of the lesson, unsure of how to deal with Todd 
Fearful, the colonists expel Todd from the community  Experiencing strong emotion for the first time, Todd appears confused when he is overcome by loss and cries for the first time  A short time later, Mace and Sandra are almost bitten by a snake while they sleep, but they are saved by Nathan, who uses Todd's technique  Now understanding the value of Todd's lesson, they seek him to reintegrate him into the community, but the others resist 
The new genetically engineered soldiers arrive on the garbage planet, and, since the world is listed as uninhabited, Colonel Mekum decides to use the colonists' community as the target in a training exercise  The soldiers spot Mace and kill him just after he finds Todd  Though out-manned and outgunned, Todd's years of battle experience and superior knowledge of the planet allow him to return to the colony and kill the advance squad  Nervous that an unknown enemy force may be confronting them, Colonel Mekum orders the soldiers to withdraw and return with heavy artillery  Using guerrilla tactics, Todd outmaneuvers and defeats all of the remaining soldiers, including Caine 607, whom he defeats in vicious hand-to-hand combat 
Panicking, Mekum orders the transport ship's crew, composed of Todd's old squad, to set up and activate a portable doomsday device powerful enough to destroy the planet  He orders the ship to lift off, leaving the squad behind  When Captain Church objects, Mekum shoots him in cold blood  Before they can take off as planned, Todd appears, and his old comrades silently side with him over the army that has discarded them, and take over the ship  They leave Mekum and his aides on the planet and evacuate the remaining colonists  In an attempt to disarm the device, Mekum accidentally sets it off, killing him and his aides  Todd pilots the ship from Arcadia just ahead of the shockwave and sets course for the Trinity Moons, the colonists' original destination  He picks up Nathan and points to their new destination, while looking out upon the galaxy 

Cast
Production
Development and writing
The script was 15 years old at the time of production Kurt Russell spoke only 104 words in the entire movie despite being in 85% of the scenes  During the first week of shooting he broke his left ankle, then the top of his right foot four days later, so the entire production needed to be rescheduled  The filmmakers first shot scenes involving Russell lying down, followed by scenes of Russell sitting, Russell standing but not moving, and so on 

Release
Home media
Soldier  was released on VHS and DVD on March 2, 1999, and on Blu-ray on July 26, 2011 

Reception
Box office
Soldier grossed $14 6 million in the United States 

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 15% approval rating based on 53 reviews and an average rating of 3 8/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "A boring genre film and a waste of a good set " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle commented that "the action is handled fairly well, but it's routine, and there's no satisfaction in seeing Todd waste men who are no more bloodthirsty than he is " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly criticized the film's overuse of genre clichés, saying "any cliché you can dream up for a futuristic action movie, any familiar big-budget epic you can think to rip off, Soldier has gotten there first " Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune described the film as "a big, clanging, brutal actioner in which we search the murk in vain for the sparks of humanity the moviemakers keep promising us " Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader found the film to be enjoyable, calling Russell's performance "persuasive" and saying "this appealing formulaic action adventure displays a lot of conviction in its not-too-flashy action scenes and a little levity in the gradual socialization of Russell's character " Similarly, Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a rating of 3 5 out of 5 and called it "a potent comic-book-style action-adventure "

Connection with Blade Runner franchise
Soldier was written by David Peoples, who co-wrote the script for the 1982 film Blade Runner  He considers Soldier to be a "spin-off sidequel"-spiritual successor to Blade Runner, seeing both films as existing in a shared fictional universe  The film obliquely refers to various elements of stories written by Philip K  Dick (who wrote the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, on which Blade Runner is based), or film adaptations thereof  A Spinner from Blade Runner can be seen in the wreckage on the junk planet in the film and Russell’s character is shown to have fought in the battles referenced in Roy Batty’s (Rutger Hauer) dying monologue: the Shoulder of Orion and Tannhäuser Gate 
Passage 7:
Paul W  S  Anderson
Paul William Scott Anderson (born 4 March 1965) is an English filmmaker who regularly works in science fiction films and video game adaptations 
Anderson made his feature film debut with the British independent film Shopping (1994), and found commercial success with his second film, the Hollywood-produced Mortal Kombat (1995), based on the first couple of video games of the same name by Midway Games  He is best known as the creative voice behind the first six films of the Resident Evil film series (2002–2016), which stars Milla Jovovich (whom he married in 2009), and is based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  The series's first six films, of which Anderson directed four, have collectively grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the most commercially successful video game adaptation of all time  Other of Anderson's notable films are Event Horizon (1997), an initial critical and commercial disappointment that found renewed appreciation on home media; Alien vs  Predator (2004), based on the crossover concept of the same name between the Alien and Predator franchises; and Death Race (2008), a remake/prequel to 1975's Death Race 2000 
Anderson and producer Jeremy Bolt founded Impact Pictures in 1992, under which most of Anderson's films have been made 

Early life
Anderson was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, England  At the age of nine, he started making films with a Super-8 camera  After attending Newlands Preparatory School, Gosforth and Newcastle's Royal Grammar School, he became the youngest person ever to graduate from the University of Warwick, with a B A  in film and literature 

Career
Anderson began his professional career as a writer on the British crime drama film comedy series El C I D , which ran for three series, from 1990 to 1992, and starred Alfred Molina in its first two  He met producer Jeremy Bolt and they founded Impact Pictures in 1992, looking to raise money for Anderson's feature film debut as director, from an action crime drama script of his own, called Shopping  After much trouble securing funding, Shopping, which stars Sean Pertwee, Jude Law (in his first feature film role) and Sadie Frost, was released in the United Kingdom in 1994  The censors of the British Board of Film Classification were not happy with the film's violence of and delayed its release for months  When it was eventually released, critics panned it and some cinemas decided to ban it for promoting an "irresponsible" outlook  In the United States it received only an edited, direct-to-video release two years later  Anderson credits Shopping for inspiring Channel Four Films, who had financed it, to also finance the more successful Shallow Grave and Trainspotting films by Danny Boyle, which in turn, he believes, made critics reassess his film in more positive light in later years, as one of the first in a new wave of British films concerning its youth  Shopping is Anderson's one and only British film, as he grew up watching American and mainland European movies, never imagining himself a British filmmaker  When Shopping was accepted in the Sundance Film Festival, American studios noticed its impressive look and style despite its relatively small $2 million budget, which led to opportunies in Hollywood for Anderson 

Mortal Kombat and commercial success
Anderson directed the fantasy martial arts video game adaptation Mortal Kombat in 1995  Using a script written by Kevin Droney, the film was based on the first entry in the video game franchise by Midway Games, Mortal Kombat, although elements and characters were borrowed from the original game's sequel, Mortal Kombat II  The film featured an ensemble cast, including Robin Shou as Liu Kang and Christopher Lambert as Raiden  Anderson became interested in the project because he often played the game at arcades  The production company decided to hire him based on the accomplished visual flair of Shopping, which was filmed on a very low budget  Anderson, who at the time knew nothing about visual effects or fight scenes, had to study every book on visual effects that he could find, and learned about filming the fight scenes while they were being shot, often consulting those who were experienced in fight choreography on set, such as Shou  The film underwent extensive reshoots in order to add additional fights based on feedback from test screenings, which were attended by fans of the video game franchise  The production company decided to release Mortal Kombat in August 1995, in the hope that the film would become a summer blockbuster  Previous video game adaptations, such as Super Mario Bros , Double Dragon, and Street Fighter had received particularly negative reviews; although Street Fighter was a commercial success, Double Dragon failed to break even, while Super Mario Bros  became a notorious box-office bomb  Mortal Kombat was better received by critics, who gave it a mixed to negative reception  Critics praised the atmosphere, visuals, and fighting sequences, but criticized the plot, dialogue, and acting  It fared better with audiences and fans of the video games, and scored a high A− on a CinemaScore poll  As a result, it spent three weeks as the highest-grossing film at the US box office, and earned over $122 million worldwide, produced on a budget of $18 million  It proved a major success for Anderson, and has been recognised one of the first financially successful film adaptations of a video game  Anderson and most cast members, including Lambert, declined to return for the sequel, Mortal Kombat: Annihilation, which, when released, was critically panned and underperformed at the box office 

Event Horizon, Soldier and The Sight
The success of Mortal Kombat gave Anderson free rein to choose his next project, the science fiction action film Soldier, written by Blade Runner screenwriter David Peoples  Peoples' script—and eventually the film itself—contains references to his work on Blade Runner, and can be considered to be taking place in the same universe, as a sidequel or standalone sequel of sorts  Kurt Russell became attached to star, but decided to take some time off to build up his body, as required by the role, which delayed the production  In the meantime, Anderson directed the 1997 science fiction horror film Event Horizon, written by Philip Eisner and starring Laurence Fishburne and Sam Neill  Despite praise for its visuals and production design, it was not well received by critics or audiences (D+ on a Cinemascore poll), and failed to break even, which Anderson blamed on a tight post-production schedule and studio-enforced cuts  It later sold well on home video and gained a small cult following  Plans to complete a director's cut restoring the deleted footage were abandoned when it was discovered that most of it had been lost or degraded  Soldier was eventually completed and released in 1998, but was a critical and commercial disaster, making less than $15 million in the US, on a budget of $60 million, and releasing straight-to-video in several other markets  Anderson has expressed his regret that the planned location shoots had to be changed to studio soundstages due to the El Niño hurricane, which ended up compromising the film's look  He also verbalized his disappointment with Warner Bros , whom he believes tried to market the film to the same male teen audience as Mortal Kombat, rather than to grown-up audiences, including women After his last two films' poor performances, Anderson was forced to put his planned remake of the cult film Death Race 2000 on hold, and he set about writing and directing the 2000 supernatural mystery drama TV film The Sight, starring Andrew McCarthy  It was meant as a pilot for a potential series, but despite achieving high ratings  it was not picked up  Anderson made his earlier films as "Paul Anderson", the name he registered with the Directors Guild of America, but with The Sight he began crediting himself as "Paul W  S  Anderson", as filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson had registered himself with the Writers Guild of America as "Paul Anderson", making it impossible for either of them to both write and direct films as "Paul Anderson" 

Resident Evil, Alien vs  Predator and Death Race
Anderson returned to cinema screens in 2002 with Resident Evil, a science fiction action horror film loosely based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  Anderson came up with the idea of adapting the games after playing the first couple of them for days in his apartment  Because Constantin Film, who had acquired the rights to the series, were not willing to spend more money than they already had on failed attempts (including a script by George A  Romero), Anderson convinced them to write the script, titled The Undead, on spec  If they liked it, he would sell it to them as a Resident Evil film; if not, he would take it elsewhere and try to make it unrelated to the games  He saw the film as a prequel of sorts to the first game in the series, and as such did not include any of the games' characters, a fact criticized by fans  Instead, it stars Milla Jovovich as an original character, Alice  Jovovich is the only actor that reprised her role in all of the series' six films  In comparison to Anderson's previous two films, Resident Evil was produced on a moderate budget of $33 million and became a commercial success with a little over $100 million at the box office  It also performed strongly on home media  Critically, Resident Evil was not received well, although, similarly to Mortal Kombat, some reviews characterized it as one of the better attempts at adapting a video game  It received the "fair" rating of B by audiences on a Cinemascore poll  Its relative popularity made Capcom put homages to it in video games Resident Evil 4 and Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles  Anderson did not direct, but he wrote, produced, and was otherwise heavily involved with the making of two sequels, Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), which completed the first of the eventual two trilogies of Resident Evil films  In these two sequels, Anderson began to introduce characters from the games, albeit in supporting roles compared to Alice  Both films received similarly negative reviews to the first, but were even bigger commercial successes Anderson's next project was Alien vs  Predator, based on the crossover concept of the same name of the Alien and Predator franchises, popularized by a series of Dark Horse comics and hinted at in Predator 2  A film version had been stuck in development hell for several years, despite the franchise's crossing into every other form of media, from books to comics to video games  Anderson directed the film from a script of his own, and it was released in 2004  It received negative reviews, and a B on a Cinemascore poll by audiences  It was a big commercial success, however, grossing somewhat over $170 million on a $60 million budget  A sequel was made, Aliens vs  Predator: Requiem, in which Anderson was not involved, and which failed to match Anderson's film's commercial or even critical performance, a fact that Anderson has used to defend his film After completing Alien vs  Predator, Anderson resumed work on his planned remake of Death Race 2000, which was released as Death Race in 2008  The science fiction action thriller stars Jason Statham, and Anderson directed it based on his own screenplay  He refers to it as more of a prequel than a remake on the commentary of the home video releases  It received an average reception by critics, and scored a solid B+ on a Cinemascore poll  It grossed little over $75 million on a budget of $45 million, failing to prove a commercial success on the level of Anderson's previous two films  Anderson wrote and produced two straight-to-video prequels, Death Race 2 (2011) and Death Race 3: Inferno (2013), set before the events of the 2008 film  He later wrote and executive-produced Death Race: Beyond Anarchy (2018), a sequel to the first film  
The Resident Evil productions were criticized for unsafe filming and using shell companies to avoid liability  During the filming of Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016), crew member Ricardo Cornelius died when he was caught beneath a Humvee sliding off of a rotating platform  Stunt-woman Olivia Jackson lost most of an arm and was partially paralyzed when she collided with a camera crane during the filming of a motorcycle stunt in rain and freezing conditions  It was determined that she was wearing inadequate safety equipment, and that the stunt's timing had been changed without her knowledge  During the filming of Resident Evil: Retribution (2012), twelve extras were hospitalized with leg, neck, and back wounds after falling from a collapsing high-wheeled platform 

Resident Evil, The Three Musketeers and Pompeii
In 2010, Anderson wrote and directed the first installment in a second trilogy of Resident Evil films, titled Resident Evil: Afterlife  The film continues the storyline from where that last one ended  Anderson envisioned the new trilogy as a way to make use of a new stylistic approach, using slow motion and 3D  Anderson filmed in native 3D, using the Sony F35 camera, mounted on the Fusion Camera System, which was previously used in Avatar  Despite negative reviews by critics, and a lukewarm B in a Cinemascore poll by audiences, the film grossed $300 million on a budget of $60 million, making over $150 million that the previously most successful film in the franchise, Resident Evil: Extinction 
Anderson's next film was the 2011 3D romantic action adventure film The Three Musketeers, from a screenplay by Andrew Davies and Alex Litvak based on the novel of the same name  Matthew Macfadyen, Ray Stevenson, Luke Evans and Logan Lerman respectively star as the characters from the novel Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and d'Artagnan, while Milla Jovovich plays Milady de Winter  Furthermore, Christoph Waltz stars as Cardinal Richelieu, Orlando Bloom plays the Duke of Buckingham and Mads Mikkelsen appears as Captain Rochefort  The film failed to impress critics who reviewed it negatively, and scored a B on a Cinemascore poll  Commercially it did not perform very well, grossing around $132–140 million on a reported budget that ranges between $75 and 90 million Anderson wrote and directed the fifth installment in the Resident Evil film franchise, Resident Evil: Retribution, in 2012  Anderson brought back several actors from the original trilogy of films to play alternate versions of their characters  The film received generally negative reviews, and a C+ on a Cinemascore poll, the series' lowest  Produced with a budget of $65 million, it grossed $240 million on the box office which is $60 million lower than the previous film's gross, but still overall larger than the grosses of each films of the original trilogy In 2014 his 3D historical disaster romance film named Pompeii was released  Inspired by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 that destroyed Pompeii, a city of the Roman Empire, the film was written by Janet Scott Batchler, Lee Batchler and Michael Robert Johnson and stars Kit Harington, Emily Browning, Carrie-Anne Moss, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Jessica Lucas, with Jared Harris, and Kiefer Sutherland  The film was generally negatively received by critics, and was rated a B on a Cinemascore poll  Pompeii was a modest box office success on the box office, grossing $108–118 million on a reported budget between $80 and 100 million In late 2016 in Japan, and early 2017 in the rest of the world, Anderson's Resident Evil: The Final Chapter was released, which according to both him and Jovovich is the last Resident Evil film they will be involved with  Anderson designed the film "to come full circle", provide answers to some of the series' mysteries, and provide closure for the character of Alice  He decided to abandon the previous two films' stylistic approach of using slow motion in favor of a more fast and gritty feeling, and he also decided to convert the film in 3D in post, instead of filming with 3D cameras  His first daughter with Jovovich, Ever Gabo Anderson, was cast in a double role, as both a young version of Alice, and the character of Red Queen introduced in the original film  The film received average to negative reviews, slightly better than the previous installments, and more along the lines of the original film  It was rated B by audiences on a Cinemascore poll, which is the highest rating in the series, and shared with the first and second films  The film grossed $312 million, on a budget of $40 million, in large part due to a record $94 3 million opening in China, making it Anderson's highest-grossing film 

Monster Hunter
In December 2020, Anderson directed Monster Hunter, based on Capcom's Monster Hunter video-game franchise  It was released in December 2020 following delays relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a disappointing gross of $43 million against a $60 million budget  It received mixed to negative reviews 

Future projects
Anderson is set to write and direct an adaptation of George R R  Martin's short story, In The Lost Lands  Peter V  Brett's fantasy novel The Warded Man was optioned for film production by Anderson and longtime producing partner Jeremy Bolt, but a 2016 update of Brett's website stated that they were no longer involved in the project 

Personal life
Anderson began dating Resident Evil star Milla Jovovich in 2002 after the film  He proposed to her in 2003, and they were "engaged on-and-off for four years" before becoming a couple again early in 2007  On 3 November 2007, Jovovich gave birth to their first child, daughter Ever Anderson, in Los Angeles, California  They married on 22 August 2009  Their second child, a daughter, Dashiel, was born in April 2015  In August 2019, Jovovich revealed that they were expecting a third daughter, Osian, after losing her pregnancy two years prior  Their third daughter was born in February 2020 

Filmography
Film
Also cameo appearance in The Shot (short film, 2011) 
Producer

The Dark (2005)
DOA: Dead or Alive (2006)
Pandorum (2009)Executive producer

Here Are the Young Men (2020)
Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021)

Direct-to-video
Television
Commercial
Doom 3 "Warnings" (2005) 
Volkswagen "Bus", "Chase", "Explosion" (2014) 

Reception
Critical reception to Anderson's films has been negative  While Mortal Kombat and some of the Resident Evil films commonly feature on lists about the best film adaptations of video games, such lists mention that films of the genre are, at best, lackluster  Anderson has repeatedly stated he considers himself a "populist filmmaker", who only cares about whether his movies entertain the audience and make them cheer in the cinema, rather than their reception by professional critics 
Passage 8:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 9:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque



ground_truth: Edward Watson

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Soldier (1998 American Film)?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Hugh Willoughby in his early years attended the Rivington Unitarian Chapel  In this period Rivington Grammar school was having difficulty finding a non-conformist headmaster and it is believed this led to Hugh Willoughby being transferred to a Non-conformist school at Taunton, Somerset where he met a lifelong friend Israel Mauduit, the political pamphleteer  In 1732 he received the freedom of Dumfries in Scotland  His half-brother John Walton attended Glasgow University in 1736 and during the adult life of Hugh Willoughby all the Ministers at the Rivington Unitarian Chapel were from that University  His mother Ester Walton was interred at Horwich Parish Church on 16 Jan 1761 

Succession
In 1733, Hugh Willoughby was challenged by a rival claimant to the peerage, Henry Willoughby, a descendant of Sir Ambrose Willoughby, and the case was referred to the Chief Justice of the King's Bench  Sir Philip York (later Lord Hardwicke) championed Hugh Willoughby's cause 
As Henry Willoughby awaited his hearing, Hugh Willoughby spent his time travelling in Europe, his absence prevented the case being heard  However, on his return the case from Henry Willoughby was still not attended to by Hugh Willoughby or the Attorney General Hugh Willoughby gained a writ of summons to the House of Lords and took his seat on 1 February 1734, despite a caveat: his rival's petition was read to the house 

House of Lords
In his first year, he attended the Lords without missing a session  In the years 1735 to 1739, he was noted for his non-attendance, then after 1742 attended without fail  In addition to his duties in the Lords he was elected Vice-President of the Royal Society in 1752 and President of the Society of Antiquaries in 1754  Other positions included Vice-President of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, Trustee for the British Museum and a Commissioner on the Board of Longitude  From 1758 until 1762 he was governor at Rivington Grammar School and was a trustee of Blackrod Grammar School from 1736 although he did not attend meetings  He aided the foundation of the Warrington Academy Hugh Willoughby chaired a committee of the House of Lords a year after taking his seat  Philip Yorke wrote that Willoughby was "eminently useful in the dispatch of the ordinary business" of the Lords, and "had a thorough and accurate knowledge of the forms and usage of Parliament"  He played a significant role in committee work between 1739–40  In 1758, with twenty years' continuous experience, he took over the position of Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords on a temporary basis following the illness of the 8th Earl of Warwick  By 12 November 1759, he was the permanent Chairman of Committees, a position he held until his death  During his lifetime he had served 58 times as Chair of Committees and served on 227 select committees In 1744 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and served as their vice-president on two occasions 

Death
Hugh Willoughby died without issue on 22 January 1765 in London  Though a prominent dissenter, he was buried in the chancel of an earlier Horwich Church on 9 February 1765, the Church was rebuilt further away from the road in 1830, his grave is now within the current Parish Church graveyard   He left his distant cousin, Henry Willoughby, heir to the barony, and property in Rivington and Anglezarke to his sisters, Helen Roscoe and Elizabeth Shaw  In memory of the family there is a monument at Rivington Unitarian Chapel  The Willoughby pew, bearing its original brass nameplate on the south wall of the chapel has been preserved and is noted for its large ornate canopy with panelled reredos and a moulded and carved cornice in the classical style 
Passage 6:
Henry Willoughby, 16th Baron Willoughby of Parham
Henry Willoughby, 16th Baron Willoughby of Parham (1696 – 29 January 1775) was an English peer of the House of Lords On the death of Charles Willoughby, 10th Baron Willoughby of Parham, who died without male heir on 9 December 1679, the title should have passed to the descendants of Sir Ambrose Willoughby of Matson, second son of Charles Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby of Parham who died in 1603  The title instead had passed to the nephew of Sir Ambrose, Thomas Willoughby, who became the 11th baron  Sir Ambrose Willoughby had two sons, Edward and Richard  Edward's son was Henry, who emigrated to the Colony of Virginia in 1676, then one of the  Thirteen Colonies, whose whereabouts were unknown  Henry died in Hull Creek, Virginia on 26 November 1685, aged 59  His son, also Henry, was then aged 20  Henry married Elizabeth, daughter of William Pigeon of Stepney, with whom he had a son who was also named Henry Henry Willoughby had twice been master of the Company of Brewers in London, a Justice of the Peace and colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Militia of the Tower Hamlets  Henry Willoughby married Susannah, daughter Robert Gresswell of Middlesex and had a daughter, Elizabeth who married John Halsey of Tower Hill Henry Willoughby first petitioned for his seat in the House of Lords in 1733, his case was not heard  His petition was accepted after the death of Hugh Willoughby, 15th Baron Willoughby of Parham and he took his seat on 25 April 1767 to become the 16th baron  Henry Willoughby died on 29 January 1775, aged 79, without male heir and the title passed to his nephew 

Notes
The Records of a Lancashire Family - Shaw, 1940
Burke John, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage of England, Ireland and Scotland 1831 
Passage 7:
John Willoughby, 9th Baron Willoughby of Parham
John Willoughby, 9th Baron Willoughby of Parham (1643–1678) was an English peer of the House of Lords He was born in Stanstead Bury, near Stanstead Abbotts, Hertfordshire, England on 29 December 1643, the son of William Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby of Parham and Anne Carey  He married Anne Bolterton (died circa 3 October 1683)  On the death of his nephew John in early 1678, he succeeded as the 9th Baron Willoughby of Parham  However, a few months later he died without issue in September 1678  The barony was succeeded by his younger brother, Charles Willoughby 
Passage 8:
Charles Willoughby, 10th Baron Willoughby of Parham
Charles Willoughby, 10th Baron Willoughby of Parham was an English peer of the House of Lords He succeeded to the title in September 1678 on the death of John Willoughby, 9th Baron Willoughby of Parham  Charles Willoughy was the male heir and descendant from the first creation of the barony that commenced with Sir William Willoughby 1st Baron Willoughby of Parham in 1547 and was the last male heir of the eldest line  Charles Willoughby married Marie daughter of Sir Beaumont Dixie, Bart of Bosworth  He died without a male heir on 9 December 1679  The first creation by letters patent stipulated the title must pass to heirs male of Sir William Willoughby 1st Baron Willoughby of Parham 
Charles Willoughby, 10th Baron Willoughby of Parham died without issue and left his estate to his niece Elizabeth, who had married James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon 

Second Creation
On the death of the 10th Lord Willoughby, the title should have passed to the line of the next son of Charles 2nd Lord Willoughby, who was Sir Ambrose Willoughby, and then through his line to the eldest son, Edward Willoughby, and then Henry; however the family had emigrated to Virginia and it was believed this male line was extinct  The title passed instead through the line of Thomas the youngest son of Charles Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby of Parham and his sons to Thomas Willoughby, who had married Eleanor Whittle, daughter of Hugh Whittle, a staunch Presbyterian yeoman of Horwich, Lancashire, England  The Writ of Summons by the monarch to the hereditary peerage in parliament of the successor created a second Barony of Parham in fee and inheritable by his heirs general 
Passage 9:
Henry Willoughby, 4th Baron Willoughby of Parham
Henry Willoughby, 4th Baron Willoughby of Parham (1612–1617) was an English peer of the House of Lords He was born in about November 1612, the son of William Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby of Parham, and Frances Manners, daughter of John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland  On the death of his father in 1617, he succeeded as the 4th Baron Willoughby of Parham  However, he did not enjoy the title long, dying in infancy on about 14 October 1617  The barony was succeeded by his brother, Francis Willoughby 
Passage 10:
William Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby of Parham
William Willoughby, 6th Lord Willoughby (c  1616 – 10 April 1673) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons and later in the House of Lords  In 1666 he inherited the peerage of Baron Willoughby of Parham, and from 1667 he served as Governor of Barbados (1667 – 1673) Willoughby was the third son of William Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby of Parham, and his wife Lady Frances Manners, daughter of John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland  He was educated at Eton College from 1623 to 1624  In 1636 he travelled abroad in Italy  He was a student of the Middle Temple in 1652 In 1660 Willoughby was elected a Member of Parliament for Midhurst in the Convention Parliament  He was commissioner for plantations from December 1660 until 1667  On the death in 1666 of his brother Francis Willoughby, 5th Lord Willoughby of Parham, who died without a male heir, he succeeded to his hereditary peerage and to his seat in the House of Lords  From 1667 until his death he was Governor of Barbados, revisiting England occasionally and retaining his other offices 
Willoughby died in Barbados in 1673, and his body was brought back to Lincolnshire, to be buried at Knaith Willoughby married Anne, daughter of Philip Cary (MP for Woodstock) of Aldenham, Hertfordshire, by 1637  They had a daughter, Frances, who married Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont 



ground_truth: Milla