prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandmother of Marie Of Brabant, Queen Of France?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Marie of Évreux
Marie d'Évreux (1303 – October 31, 1335) was the eldest child of Louis d'Évreux and his wife Margaret of Artois  She was a member of the House of Capet 
She was Duchess of Brabant by her marriage to John III, Duke of Brabant  Her paternal grandmother being Marie of Brabant, she was a great-granddaughter of Henry III, Duke of Brabant and so, her husband's second cousin 
Marie was the eldest of five children born to her parents  Marie's younger siblings included: Charles d'Évreux; Lord of Étampes, Philip III of Navarre; husband of Joan II of Navarre, and Jeanne d'Évreux; Queen of France by her marriage to Charles IV of France 

Marriage
In 1311, Marie married John III, Duke of Brabant as his father's gesture of rapprochement with France 
They had six children:

Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (1322–1406)
Margaret of Brabant (February 9, 1323 – 1368), married at Saint-Quentin on June 6, 1347 Louis II of Flanders
Marie of Brabant (1325 – March 1, 1399), Lady of Turnhout, married at Tervuren on July 1, 1347 Reginald III of Guelders
John (1327–1335/36)
Henri (d  October 29, 1349)
Godfrey (d  aft  February 3, 1352)Marie's daughter Joanna was the first woman to be Duchess of Brabant in her own right 
Marie died October 31, 1335, aged thirty-one or thirty-two 

Genealogy
Passage 2:
Hannah Arnold
Hannah Arnold may refer to:

Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c 1705–1758), mother of Benedict Arnold
Hannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholder
Passage 3:
Beatrice of Luxembourg
Beatrice of Luxembourg (Hungarian: Luxemburgi Beatrix; 1305 – 11 November 1319), was by birth member of the House of Luxembourg and by marriage Queen of Hungary 
She was the youngest child of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife, Margaret of Brabant  Her two siblings were John of Luxembourg and Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France 

Life
At the time of his death (1313), Emperor Henry VII initiated the negotiations for a marriage between Beatrice and Charles, Duke of Calabria, son and heir of King Robert of Naples, and also planned to marry again (his wife was already dead in 1311) with Catherine of Habsburg  Beatrice was called by her father to Italy, where she arrived with her paternal grandmother, Beatrice d'Avesnes  The marriage plans with the Duke of Calabria failed, and the Emperor began negotiations for a marriage with Prince Peter of Sicily, eldest son and heir of King Frederick III; however, the current political conflicts between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily soon ended this planned betrothal too 
When King Charles I of Hungary (whose first wife Maria of Bytom, had died in 1317) decided to marry again, he sent to the Kingdom of Bohemia two representants, Thomas Szécsényi and Simon Kacsics, in addition to an interpreter, a bourgeois from Szoprońskim called Stephen, in order to find a bride  King John called his two sisters to his court; at that moment, Marie resided in St  Marienthal Abbey and Beatrice remained in Italy  Both princesses arrived to Prague on 20 June 1318, and three days later, the Hungarian envoys met both girls at the monastery of Zbraslav, where the Bohemian king gave them the opportunity to choose between them their future queen  After a calculated assessment of both personal and physical attitudes, they chose Beatrice  Soon after, the formal engagement took place, and the young bride parted with the Hungarian entourage to her new home  On the border of the Kingdom of Hungary she was officially welcomed by Charles I's messengers  Beatrice and Charles I married at the Octave of Saint Martin (between 12 and 17 November) and she was crowned Queen of Hungary in the ceremony 
Beatrice became pregnant in 1319  In November, she went into labour but died while giving birth  The child was stillborn  She was buried at Nagyvárad Cathedral 
Passage 4:
Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Artois
Matilda of Brabant (14 June 1224 – 29 September 1288) was the eldest daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and his first wife Marie of Hohenstaufen 

Marriages and children
On 14 June 1237, which was her 13th birthday, Matilda married her first husband Robert I of Artois  Robert was the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile  They had:

Blanche of Artois (1248 – 2 May 1302)  Married first Henry I of Navarre and secondly Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster 
Robert II, Count of Artois (1250 – 11 July 1302 at the Battle of the Golden Spurs) On 8 February 1250, Robert I was killed while participating in the Seventh Crusade   On 16 January 1255, Matilda married her second husband Guy III, Count of Saint-Pol  He was a younger son of Hugh I, Count of Blois and Mary, Countess of Blois  They had:

Hugh II, Count of Blois (died 1307), Count of Saint Pol and later Count of Blois
Guy IV, Count of Saint-Pol (died 1317), Count of Saint Pol
Jacques I of Leuze-Châtillon (died 11 July 1302 at the Battle of the Golden Spurs), first of the lords of Leuze, married Catherine de Condé and had issue; his descendants brought Condé, Carency, etc  into the House of Bourbon 
Beatrix (died 1304), married John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
Jeanne, married Guillaume III de Chauvigny, Lord of Châteauroux
Gertrude, married Florent, Lord of Mechelen (French: Malines) 
Passage 5:
Marie of Brabant, Countess of Savoy
Marie of Brabant (1277/80–1338), was a Countess Consort of Savoy by marriage to Amadeus V, Count of Savoy  She was the daughter of John I, Duke of Brabant and Margaret of Flanders 

Life
She was engaged to Amadeus after the death of her father  The marriage was arranged when Savoy joined Brabant in an alliance with France against England  A Papal dispensation was obtained in October 1297  The wedding took place at the Château de Chambéry in 1298  
As countess of Savoy, Marie of Brabant appears to have brought with her a certain cultural influence from Brabant, and brought with her several artisans which influenced the court of Savoy, such as her tailor Colin de Brabant  The marriage resulted in close ties between Savoy and Brabant, and gave Brabant closer access to Italy  Marie appears to have had some influence at court, playing a role as diplomat and political adviser In 1308, her brother-in-law was elected King in Germany  When her sister and brother-in-law travelled to Italy in 1310, they visited Maria at the court of Savoy in Geneva on their way to Rome  
In 1323, she became a widow  Her spouse was succeeded by Maria's stepson  The exact date of her death is unknown 

Issue
Maria of Savoy
Catherine of Savoy, d  1336, married to Leopold I (duke of Austria and Styria)
Anna of Savoy, d  1359, married to Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos
Beatrice of Savoy (1310–1331), married in 1327 to Henry VI, Duke of Carinthia, count of Tirol
Passage 6:
Hubba bint Hulail
Hubba bint Hulail (Arabic: حبة بنت هليل) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

Biography
Hubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: كَـعْـبَـة, 'Cube')  She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her  Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him 
Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf  Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah  Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar  He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: عـيـن, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah 

Family
Qusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah  They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah  Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome 
Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way  Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah  She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah 

Family tree
* indicates that the marriage order is disputed
Note that direct lineage is marked in bold 

See also
Family tree of Muhammad
List of notable Hijazis
Passage 7:
Margaret of France, Queen of England
Margaret of France (c  1279 – 14 February 1318) was Queen of England as the second wife of King Edward I  She was a daughter of Philip III of France and Maria of Brabant 

Childhood
Margaret was the daughter of King Philip III of France and his second wife, Maria of Brabant  Margaret was only six years old when her father died  She grew up under guidance of her mother, and also of Queen Joan I of Navarre, the wife of her half-brother, King Philip IV 

Marriage negotiations
The death of his beloved first wife, Eleanor of Castile, in 1290, left King Edward I of England grief-stricken  He was at the time at war with France and Scotland  He and Eleanor had only one surviving son, Edward, and so the king was anxious to remarry to have more sons  In summer of 1291, Edward betrothed his son to Blanche, half-sister to Margaret and Philip IV, in order to achieve peace with France  However, having been told of Blanche's renowned beauty, Edward decided to have his son's bride for his own and sent emissaries to France  Philip IV agreed to have Blanche marry Edward on the conditions that a truce would be concluded between the two countries, and that Edward would give up the province of Gascony 
Edward agreed, and sent his brother Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, to fetch the new bride  Edward had been deceived, for Blanche was to be married to Rudolph, the eldest son of King Albert I of Germany  Instead, Philip IV offered her younger sister Margaret to marry Edward (then 55)  Upon hearing this, Edward declared war on France, refusing to marry Margaret  After five years, a truce was agreed upon under the influence of Pope Boniface VIII  A series of treaties in the first half of 1299 provided terms for a double marriage: Edward I would marry Margaret and his son would marry Isabella, Philip IV's only surviving daughter  Additionally, the English monarchy would regain the key territory of Guyenne and receive £15,000 owed to Margaret as well as the return of Eleanor of Castile's lands in Ponthieu and Montreuil as a dower first for Margaret and then Isabella 

Queenship
Edward was then 60 years old, at least 40 years older than his bride  The wedding took place at Canterbury on 10 September 1299  Margaret was never crowned due to financial constraints, being the first uncrowned queen since the Conquest  This in no way lessened her dignity as the king's wife, however, for she used the royal title in her letters and documents, and appeared publicly wearing a crown even though she had not received one during a formal rite of investiture Edward soon returned to the Scottish border to continue his campaigns and left Margaret in London, but she had become pregnant quickly after the wedding  After several months, bored and lonely, the young queen decided to join her husband  Nothing could have pleased the king more, for Margaret's actions reminded him of his first wife Eleanor, who had had two of her sixteen children abroad  In less than a year Margaret gave birth to a son, Thomas, who was named after Thomas Becket, since she had prayed to him during her pregnancy  The next year she gave birth to another son, Edmund 
Many who fell under the king's wrath were saved from too stern a punishment by the queen's influence over her husband, and the statement, Pardoned solely on the intercession of our dearest consort, queen Margaret of England, appears  In 1305, the young queen acted as a mediator between her step-son and husband, reconciling the heir apparent to his aging father, and calming her husband's wrath  She and her stepson, who was only two years younger than she, also became fond of each other: he once made her a gift of an expensive ruby and gold ring, and she on one occasion rescued many of the prince's friends from the wrath of the king 
Margaret favoured the Franciscan order and was a benefactress of a new foundation at Newgate  She employed the minstrel Guy de Psaltery and both she and her husband liked to play chess  The mismatched couple were blissfully happy  When her sister Blanche died in 1305, Edward ordered full court mourning to please his wife  He had realised the wife he had gained was "a pearl of great price" as Margaret was respected for her beauty, virtue, and piety  The same year Margaret gave birth to a girl, Eleanor, named in honour of Edward's first wife, a choice which surprised many, and showed Margaret's unjealous nature 
In 1307, when Edward went on summer campaign to Scotland, Margaret accompanied him  Edward died in Burgh by Sands 

Widowhood
Margaret never remarried after Edward's death in 1307, despite being only 26 when widowed  She was alleged to have stated that, "when Edward died, all men died for me" 
Margaret was not pleased when Edward II elevated Piers Gaveston to become Earl of Cornwall upon his father's death, since the title had been meant for one of her own sons  She attended the new king's wedding to her half-niece Isabella, and a silver casket was made with both their arms  After Isabella's coronation, Margaret retired to Marlborough Castle (which was by this time a dower house), but she stayed in touch with the new queen and with her half-brother Philip IV by letter during the confusing times leading up to Gaveston's death in 1312  Margaret, too, was a victim of Gaveston's influence over her stepson  Edward II gave several of her dower lands to the favourite, including Berkhamsted Castle  In May 1308, an anonymous informer reported that Margaret had provided £40,000 along with Philip IV to support the English barons against Gaveston  Due to this action, Gaveston was briefly exiled and Margaret remained fairly unmolested by the upstart until his death in June 1312 
She was present at the birth of Edward III in November 1312 
On 14 February 1318 she died in her castle at Marlborough  Dressed in a Franciscan habit, she was buried at Christ Church Greyfriars in London, a church she had generously endowed  Her tomb was destroyed during the Reformation 

Issue
In all, Margaret gave birth to three children:
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – 4 August 1338)
Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 1301 – 19 March 1330)
Eleanor (4 May 1306 – 1311) Died at Amesbury Abbey, buried at Beaulieu Abbey 

Genealogical table
Passage 8:
Henry III, Duke of Brabant
Henry III of Brabant (c  1230 – February 28, 1261, Leuven) was Duke of Brabant between 1248 and his death  He was the son of Henry II of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufen  He was also a trouvère 
The disputed territory of Lothier, the former Duchy of Lower Lorraine, was assigned to him by the King Alfonso X of Castile, a claimant to the German throne  Alfonso also appointed him imperial vicar to advance his claims on the Holy Roman Empire 
In 1251, he married Adelaide of Burgundy (c  1233 – October 23, 1273), daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Yolande de Dreux, by whom he had four children:

Henry IV, Duke of Brabant (c  1251 – aft  1272) Mentally disabled, and made to abdicate in favor of his brother John on 24 May 1267 
John I, Duke of Brabant (1253–1294) Married first to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) and his wife Margaret of Provence, and later to Margaret of Flanders, daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders and his first wife Mathilda of Béthune 
Godfrey of Brabant, Lord of Aarschot (d  July 11, 1302, Kortrijk), killed at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, married 1277 Jeanne Isabeau de Vierzon (d  aft  1296)
Maria of Brabant (1256, Leuven – January 12, 1321, Murel), married at Vincennes on August 27, 1274 to King Philip III of France On February 26, 1261, Henry III signed his will, which included a clause threatening to banish Jewish people from Brabant unless they ceased the practice of usury, albeit only after his death  He died two days later  His wife Adelaide, acting as regent since Henry IV was incapable of ruling, never enforced this policy laid out in the will, and the Jews were able to stay 

See also
Dukes of Brabant family tree
Passage 9:
Marie of Brabant, Queen of France
Marie of Brabant (13 May 1254 – 12 January 1322) was Queen of France from 1274 until 1285 as the second wife of King Philip III  Born in Leuven, Brabant, she was a daughter of Henry III, Duke of Brabant, and Adelaide of Burgundy 

Queen
Marie married the widowed Philip III of France on 21 August 1274  His first wife, Isabella of Aragon, had already given birth to three surviving sons: Louis, Philip and Charles 
Philip was under the strong influence of his mother, Margaret of Provence, and his minion, surgeon and chamberlain (Chambellan) Pierre de la Broce  Not being French, Marie stood out at the French court  In 1276, Marie's stepson Louis died under suspicious circumstances  Marie was suspected of ordering him to be poisoned  La Broce, who was also suspected, was imprisoned and later executed for the murder 

Queen dowager
After the death of Philip III in 1285, Marie lost some of her political influence, and dedicated her life to their three children: Louis (May 1276 – 19 May 1319), Blanche (1278 – 19 March 1305) and Margaret (died in 1318)  Her stepson Philip IV was crowned king of France on 6 January 1286 in Reims 
Together with Joan I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois, she negotiated peace in 1294 between England and France with Edmund Crouchback, the younger brother of Edward I of England Marie lived through Philip IV's reign and she outlived her children  She died in 1322, aged 67, in the monastery at Les Mureaux, near Meulan, where she had withdrawn to in 1316  Marie was not buried in the royal necropolis of Basilica of Saint-Denis, but in the Cordeliers Convent, in Paris  Destroyed in a fire in 1580, the church was rebuilt in the following years 

See also
Marie of Brabant (disambiguation)

Notes
Sources
Bradbury, Jim (2007)  The Capetians, Kings of France 987–1328  Hambledon Continuum 
Dunbabin, Jean (2011)  The French in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1266–1305  Cambridge University Press 
Gaude-Ferragu, Murielle (2016)  Queenship in Medieval France, 1300-1500  Palgrave Macmillan 
Jordan, William Chester (2009)  A Tale of Two Monasteries: Westminster and Saint-Denis in the Thirteenth Century  Princeton University Press 
Morris, Marc (2008)  Edward I and the Forging of Britain  Windmill Books 
Stanton, Anne Rudloff (2001)  The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience  Vol  91 Part 6  American Philosophical Society 
Viard, Jules Marie Édouard (1930)  Grandes Chroniques de France  Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion 
Passage 10:
Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France
Marie of Luxembourg (1304 – 26 March 1324) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Charles IV and I 
She was the daughter of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and Margaret of Brabant  Her two siblings were John of Luxembourg and Beatrice of Luxembourg, Queen of Hungary 

Life
Marie was betrothed in 1308 to Louis of Bavaria, son and heir to Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria  The engagement was agreed on soon after Marie's father Henry became King of the Romans; Rudolf had been a supporter of her father during the struggle for power  It ended due to the death of Louis around 1311  During the same year, Marie's mother Queen Margaret died whilst travelling with Henry in Genoa 
On 21 September 1322 in either Paris or Provins Marie married to Charles IV of France following the annulment of his first marriage to the adulterous Blanche of Burgundy  Blanche had given birth to two children, Philip and Joan, but both of them died young and Charles needed a son and heir to carry on the House of Capet 
On 15 May 1323 Marie was consecrated Queen of France at Sainte-Chapelle by Guillaume de Melum, Archbishop of Sens  In the same year she became pregnant but she later miscarried a girl  Whilst pregnant again in March 1324, Marie travelling to Avignon with King Charles to visit the pope when Marie fell out of the bottom of the coach  As a result, she went into labour and her child, a boy (Louis), was born prematurely, and died several hours later; Queen Marie died on 26 March 1324 and was buried at Montargis in the Dominican church  Following her death Charles married Jeanne d'Évreux, but failed to father a son, so the direct House of Capet was succeeded by its branch, the House of Valois 

Ancestors



ground_truth: Marie of Hohenstaufen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where does the director of film L'Arbre, Le Maire Et La Médiathèque work at?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Jacob Le Maire
Jacob Le Maire (c  1585 – 22 December 1616) was a Dutch mariner who circumnavigated the earth in 1615 and 1616  The strait between Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados was named the Le Maire Strait in his honour, though not without controversy  It was Le Maire himself who proposed to the council aboard Eendracht that the new passage should be called by his name and the council unanimously agreed with Le Maire  The author or authors of The Relation took Eendracht captain Willem Schouten's side by proclaiming:

“     our men had each of them three cups of wine in signe of ioy for our good hap     [and the naming of] the Straights of Le Maire, although by good right it should rather have been called Willem Schouten Straight, after our Masters Name, by whose wise conduction and skill in sayling, the same was found ” Eendracht then rounded Cape Horn, proving that Tierra del Fuego was not a continent 

Biography
Jacob Le Maire was born in either Antwerp or Amsterdam, one of the 22 children of Maria Walraven of Antwerp and Isaac Le Maire (1558–1624) of Tournai, who was then already a prosperous merchant in Antwerp  Isaac and Maria married shortly before the Spanish siege of Antwerp in 1585 after which they fled to settle in Amsterdam  Jacob is thought to have been the oldest son, born perhaps the same year  Isaac was very successful in Amsterdam, and became one of the founders of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC)  However, in 1605 Isaac Le Maire was forced to leave the company after a dispute and for the next decade tried to break the company's monopoly on the trade to the East Indies 
By 1615 Isaac had established a new company (the Australian Company) with the goal to find a new route to the Pacific and the Spice Islands, thereby evading the restrictions of the VOC  He contributed to the outfitting of two ships, the Eendracht and Hoorn, and put his son Jacob in charge of trading during the expedition  The experienced ship master Willem Schouten was captain of the Eendracht and a participant of the enterprise in equal shares with Isaac Le Maire On 14 June 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten sailed from Texel in the United Provinces  On 29 January 1616 they rounded Cape Horn, which they named for the Hoorn, which was lost in a fire   The Dutch city of Hoorn was also the birthplace of Schouten  After failing to moor at the Juan Fernández Islands in early March, the ships crossed the Pacific in a fairly straight line, visiting several of the Tuamotus  Between 21 and 24 April 1616 they were the first Westerners to visit the (Northern) Tonga islands: "Cocos Island" (Tafahi), "Traitors Island" (Niuatoputapu), and "Island of Good Hope" (Niuafo'ou)  On 28 April they discovered the Hoorn Islands (Futuna and Alofi), where they were very well received and stayed until 12 May  They then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including, on 24 July, what became known as the Schouten Islands 
They reached the northern Moluccas in August and finally Ternate, the headquarters of the VOC, on 12 September 1616  Here they were enthusiastically welcomed by Governor-General Laurens Reael, admiral Steven Verhagen, and the governor of Ambon, Jasper Jansz 
The Eendracht sailed on to Java and reached  Batavia on 28 October with a remarkable 84 of the original 87 crew members of both ships on board  Although they had opened an unknown route, Jan Pieterszoon Coen of the VOC claimed infringement of its monopoly of trade to the Spice Islands  Le Maire and Schouten were arrested and the Eendracht was confiscated  After being released, they returned from Batavia to Amsterdam in the company of Joris van Spilbergen, who was on a circumnavigation of the earth himself, be it via the traditional Strait of Magellan 
Le Maire was aboard the ship Amsterdam on this journey home, but died en route  Van Spilbergen was at his deathbed and took Le Maire's report of his trip, which he included in his book Mirror of the East and West Indies  The rest of the crew arrived in the Netherlands on 1 July 1617, two years and 17 days after they departed  Jacob's father Isaac challenged the confiscation and the conclusion of the VOC, but it took him until 1622 until a court ruled in his favour  He was awarded 64,000 pounds and retrieved his son's diaries (which he then published as well), and his company was allowed trade via the newly discovered route  Unfortunately, by then, the Dutch West Indies Company had claimed the same waters 

Footnotes
Passage 2:
Éric Rohmer
Jean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer, known as Éric Rohmer (French: [eʁik ʁomɛʁ]; 21 March 1920 – 11 January 2010), was a French film director, film critic, journalist, novelist, screenwriter, and teacher 
Rohmer was the last of the post-World War II French New Wave directors to become established  He edited the influential film journal Cahiers du cinéma from 1957 to 1963, while most of his colleagues—among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut—were making the transition from critics to filmmakers and gaining international attention 
Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud's was nominated at the Academy Awards  He won the San Sebastián International Film Festival with Claire's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986  Rohmer went on to receive the Venice Film Festival's Career Golden Lion in 2001 
After Rohmer's death in 2010, his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as "the most durable filmmaker of the French New Wave", outlasting his peers and "still making movies the public wanted to see" late in his career 

Early life
Rohmer was born Jean-Marie Maurice Schérer (or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer) in Nancy (also listed as Tulle), Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Lorraine, France, the son of Mathilde (née Bucher) and Lucien Schérer  Rohmer was a Catholic  He was secretive about his private life and often gave different dates of birth to reporters  He fashioned his pseudonym from the names of two famous artists: actor and director Erich von Stroheim and writer Sax Rohmer, author of the Fu Manchu series  Rohmer was educated in Paris and received an advanced degree in history, though he seemed equally interested and learned in literature, philosophy, and theology 

Career as a journalist
Rohmer first worked as a teacher in Clermont-Ferrand  In the mid-1940s he quit his teaching job and moved to Paris, where he worked as a freelance journalist  In 1946 he published a novel, Elisabeth (AKA Les Vacances) under the pen name Gilbert Cordier  While living in Paris, Rohmer first began to attend screenings at Henri Langlois's Cinémathèque Française, where he first met and befriended Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivette and other members of the French New Wave  Rohmer had never been very interested in film, preferring literature, but soon became an intense lover of films and about 1949 switched from journalism to film criticism  He wrote film reviews for such publications as Révue du Cinéma, Arts, Temps Modernes and La Parisienne In 1950, he co-founded the film magazine La Gazette du Cinéma with Rivette and Godard, but it was short-lived  In 1951 Rohmer joined the staff of André Bazin's newly founded film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, of which he became the editor in 1956  There, Rohmer established himself as a critic with a distinctive voice; fellow Cahiers contributor and French New Wave filmmaker Luc Moullet later remarked that, unlike the more aggressive and personal writings of younger critics like Truffaut and Godard, Rohmer favored a rhetorical style that made extensive use of questions and rarely used the first person singular  Rohmer was known as more politically conservative than most of the Cahiers staff, and his opinions were highly influential on the magazine's direction while he was editor  Rohmer first published articles under his real name but began using "Éric Rohmer" in 1955 so that his family would not find out that he was involved in the film world, as they would have disapproved Rohmer's best-known article was "Le Celluloïd et le marbre" ("Celluloid and Marble", 1955), which examines the relationship between film and other arts  In the article, Rohmer writes that in an age of cultural self-consciousness, film is "the last refuge of poetry" and the only contemporary art form from which metaphor can still spring naturally and spontaneously In 1957 Rohmer and Claude Chabrol wrote Hitchcock (Paris: Éditions Universitaires, 1957), the earliest book-length study of Alfred Hitchcock  It focuses on Hitchcock's Catholic background and has been called "one of the most influential film books since the Second World War, casting new light on a filmmaker hitherto considered a mere entertainer"  Hitchcock helped establish the auteur theory as a critical method and contributed to the reevaluation of the American cinema that was central to that method 
By 1963 Rohmer was becoming more at odds with some of the more radical left-wing critics at Cahiers du Cinéma  He continued to admire US films while many of the other left-wing critics had rejected them and were championing cinéma vérité and Marxist film criticism  Rohmer resigned that year and was succeeded by Rivette 

Film career
1950–1962: Shorts and early film career
In 1950 Rohmer made his first 16mm short film, Journal d'un scélérat  The film starred writer Paul Gégauff and was made with a borrowed camera  By 1951 Rohmer had a bigger budget provided by friends and shot the short film Présentation ou Charlotte et son steak  The 12-minute film was co-written by and starred Jean-Luc Godard  The film was not completed until 1961  In 1952 Rohmer began collaborating with Pierre Guilbaud on a one-hour short feature, Les Petites Filles modèles, but the film was never finished  In 1954 Rohmer made and acted in Bérénice, a 15-minute short based on a story by Edgar Allan Poe  In 1956 Rohmer directed, wrote, edited and starred in La Sonate à Kreutzer, a 50-minute film produced by Godard  In 1958 Rohmer made Véronique et son cancre, a 20-minute short produced by Chabrol 
Chabrol's company AJYM produced Rohmer's feature directorial debut, The Sign of Leo (Le Signe du lion) in 1959  In the film an American composer spends the month of August waiting for his inheritance while all his friends are on vacation and gradually becomes impoverished  It included music by Louis Sagver  The Sign of Leo was later recut and rescored by distributors when Chabrol was forced to sell his production company, and Rohmer disowned the recut version  In 1962 Rohmer and Barbet Schroeder co-founded the production company Les Films du Losange (they were later joined by Pierre Coltrell in the late 1960s)  Les Films du Losange produced all of Rohmer's work (except his last three features produced by La Compagnie Eric Rohmer) 

1962–1972: Six Moral Tales and television work
Rohmer's career began to gain momentum with his Six Moral Tales (Six contes moraux)  Each of the films in the cycle follows the same story, inspired by F  W  Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927): a man, married or otherwise committed to a woman, is tempted by a second woman but eventually returns to the first For Rohmer, these stories' characters "like to bring their motives, the reasons for their actions, into the open, they try to analyze, they are not people who act without thinking about what they are doing  What matters is what they think about their behavior, rather than their behavior itself " The French word "moraliste" does not translate directly to the English "moralist" and has more to do with what someone thinks and feels  Rohmer cited the works of Blaise Pascal, Jean de La Bruyère, François de La Rochefoucauld and Stendhal as inspirations for the series : 292  He clarified, "a moraliste is someone who is interested in the description of what goes on inside man  He's concerned with states of mind and feelings " Regarding the repetition of a single storyline, he explained that it would allow him to explore six variations of the same theme  Plus, he stated, "I was determined to be inflexible and intractable, because if you persist in an idea it seems to me that in the end you do secure a following ": 295 The first Moral Tale was The Bakery Girl of Monceau (1963)  This 26-minute film portrays a young man, a college student, who sees a young woman in the street and spends days obsessively searching for her  He meets a second woman who works in a bakery and begins to flirt with her, but abandons her when he finally finds the first woman  Schroder starred as the young man and Bertrand Tavernier was the narrator  The second Moral Tale was Suzanne's Career (1963)  This 60-minute film portrays a young student who is rejected by one woman and begins a romantic relationship with a second  The first and second Moral Tales were never theatrically released and Rohmer was disappointed by their poor technical quality  They were not well known until after the release of the other four In 1963 Les Films du Losange produced the New Wave omnibus film Six in Paris, of which Rohmer's short "Place de l'Etoile" was the centerpiece : 290  After being driven out of his editor position at Cahiers, Rohmer began making short documentaries for French television  Between 1964 and 1966 Rohmer made 14 shorts for television through the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF) and Télévision Scolaire  These included episodes of Filmmakers of Our Time on Louis Lumiere and Carl Theodor Dreyer, educational films on Blaise Pascal and Stéphane Mallarmé, and documentaries on the Percival legend, the industrial revolution and female students in Paris  Rohmer later said that television taught him how to make "readable images"  He later said, "When you show a film on TV, the framing goes to pieces, straight lines are warped   the way people stand and walk and move, the whole physical dimension   all this is lost  Personally I don't feel that TV is an intimate medium " In 1964 Rohmer made the 13-minute short film Nadja à Paris with cinematographer Nestor Almendros Rohmer and Schroder then sold the rights of two of their short films to French television in order to raise $60,000 to produce the feature film La Collectionneuse in 1967, the third Moral Tale  The film's budget went only to film stock and renting a house in St  Tropez as a set  Rohmer described it as a film about l'amour par désoeuvrement ("love from idleness")  La Collectionneuse won the Jury Grand Prix at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival and was praised by French film critics, though US film critics called it "boring" The fourth Moral Tale was My Night at Maud's in 1969  The film was made with funds raised by Truffaut, who liked the script, and was initially intended to be the third Moral Tale  But because the film takes place on Christmas Eve, Rohmer wanted to shoot the film in December  Actor Jean-Louis Trintignant was not available so filming was delayed for a year  The film centers on Pascal's Wager and stars Trintignant, Françoise Fabian, Marie-Christine Barrault and Antoine Vitez  My Night at Maud's was Rohmer's first successful film both commercially and critically  It was screened and highly praised at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival and later won the Prix Max Ophüls  It was released in the US and praised by critics there as well  It eventually received Oscar nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Foreign Film  James Monaco wrote, "Here, for the first time the focus is clearly set on the ethical and existential question of choice  If it isn't clear within Maud who actually is making the wager and whether or not they win or lose, that only enlarges the idea of le pari ("the bet") into the encompassing metaphor that Rohmer wants for the entire series "The fifth Moral Tale was Le genou de Claire (Claire's Knee, 1970)  It won the Grand Prix at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, the Prix Louis Delluc and the Prix Méliès, and was a huge international success  Vincent Canby called it "something close to a perfect film " It was Rohmer's second film in color  Rohmer said, "the presence of the lake and the mountains is stronger in color than in black and white  It is a film I couldn't imagine in black and white  The color green seems to me essential in that film   This film would have no value to me in black and white "The sixth and final Moral Tale was 1972's Love in the Afternoon (released as Chloe in the Afternoon in the US)  Molly Haskell criticized the film for betraying the rest of the series by making a moral judgment of the main character and approving of his decision in the film Overall, Rohmer said he wanted the Six Moral Tales "to portray in film what seemed most alien to the medium, to express feelings buried deep in our consciousness  That's why they have to be narrated in the first person singular   The protagonist discusses himself and judges his actions  I film the process "

1972–1987: Adaptations and Comedies and Proverbs
Following the Moral Tales Rohmer wanted to make a less personal film and adapted a novella by Heinrich von Kleist, La Marquise d'O    in 1976  It was one of Rohmer's most critically acclaimed films, with many critics ranking it with My Night at Maud's and Claire's Knee  Rohmer stated that "It wasn't simply the action I was drawn to, but the text itself  I didn't want to translate it into images, or make a filmed equivalent  I wanted to use the text as if Kleist himself had put it directly on the screen, as if he were making a movie     Kleist didn't copy me and I didn't copy him, but obviously there was an affinity "In 1978 Rohmer made the Holy Grail legend film Perceval le Gallois, based on a 12th-century manuscript by Chrétien de Troyes  The film received mostly poor critical reviews  Tom Milne said that the film was "almost universally greeted as a disappointment, at best a whimsical exercise in the faux-naif in its attempt to capture the poetic simplicity of medieval faith, at worse an anticlimatic blunder" and that it was "rather like watching the animation of a medieval manuscript, with the text gravely read aloud while the images — cramped and crowded, coloured with jewelled brilliance, delighting the eye with bizarre perspectives — magnificently play the role traditionally assigned to marginal illuminations " In 1980 Rohmer made a film for television of his stage production of Kleist's play Catherine de Heilbronn, another work with a medieval setting Later in 1980 Rohmer embarked on a second series of films: the "Comedies and Proverbs" (Comédies et Proverbes), where each film was based on a proverb  The first "Comedy and proverb" was The Aviator's Wife, which was based on an idea that Rohmer had had since the mid-1940s  This was followed in 1981 with Le Beau Mariage (A Perfect Marriage), the second "Comedy and Proverb"  Rohmer stated that "what interests me is to show how someone's imagination works  The fact that obsession can replace reality " In his review of the film, film critic Claude Baignères said that "Eric Rohmer is a virtuoso of the pen sketch   [He had not been] at ease with the paint tubes that Persival required, [but in this film he created] a tiny figurine whose every feature, every curl, every tone is aimed at revealing to us a state of soul and of heart " Raphael Bassan said that "the filmmaker fails to achieve in these dialogues the flexibility, the textual freedom of The Aviator's Wife  A Perfect Marriage is only a variation on the spiritual states of the petty bourgeoise who go on and on forever about the legitimacy of certain institutions or beliefs confronted by problems of the emotions  Quite simply, this is a minor variation on this central Rohmerian theme "The third "Comedy and proverb" was Pauline at the Beach in 1983  It won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival  It was based on an idea that Rohmer had in the 1950s, originally intended for Brigitte Bardot  Rohmer often made films that he had been working on for many years and stated "I can't say 'I make one film, then after that film I look for a subject and write on that subject   then I shoot ' Not at all   these are films that are drawn from one evolving mass, films that have been in my head for a long time and that I think about simultaneously "The fourth "Comedy and Proverb" was Full Moon in Paris in 1984  The film's proverb was invented by Rohmer himself: "The one who has two wives loses his soul, the one who has two houses loses his mind " The film's cinematographer Renato Berta called it "one of the most luxurious films ever made" because of the high amount of preparation put into it  The film began with Rohmer and the actors discussing their roles and reading from the film's scenario while tape recording the rehearsals  Rohmer then re-wrote the script based on these sessions and shot the film on Super 8mm as a dress rehearsal  When the film was finally shot, Rohmer often used between two and three takes for each shot, and sometimes only one take  Alain Bergala and Alain Philippon have stated that "all the art of Eric Rohmer consists of creating on the set a veritable osmosis among himself, the actors and the technicians " Rohmer even encouraged actress Pascale Ogier to design sets for the film since her character is an interior decorator  Ogier later won the Best Actress award at the Venice Film Festival  Alain Philippon called the film "one of the most accomplished films that Rohmer has given us   and that if the film moves it is because of its own risk-taking "The fifth "Comedy and Proverb" was The Green Ray in 1986  Rohmer explained that "I was struck by the naturalness of television interviews  You can say that here, nature is perfect  If you look for it, you find it because people forget the cameras " As was becoming his custom in pre-production, Rohmer gathered his cast together to discuss the project and their characters, but then allowed each actor to invent their own dialogue  Rohmer stated that lead actress Marie Rivière "is the one who called the shots, not only by what she said, but by the way she'd speak, the way she'd question people, and also by the questions her character evoked from the others " The film was shot chronologically and in 16mm so as to be "as inconspicuous as possible, to have Delphine blend into the crowd as a way, ultimately, of accentuating her isolation " Rohmer also instructed his cinematographer Sophie Maintigneux to keep technical aspects of the shoot to a minimum so as to not interrupt or distract the actors  The film's only major expense was a trip to the Canary Islands in order to film the green rays there  Rohmer chose to première the film on Canal Plus TV, a pay-TV station that paid $130,000 for the film, which was only one fifth of its budget  Rohmer stated that "Cinema here will survive only because of television  Without such an alliance we won't be able to afford French films "  The experiment paid off when the film was a theatrical hit after being released three days after its initial broadcast   It won the Golden Lion and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1986 Venice Film Festival   It was mostly praised by film critics, although Alain Robbe-Grillet wrote an unfavorable review and stated "I didn't like it very much "The Sixth "Comedy and Proverb" was Boyfriends and Girlfriends (L'Ami de mon amie) in 1987 

1987–2009: Tales of the Four Seasons and later film career
He followed these with a third series in the 1990s: Tales of the Four Seasons (Contes des quatre saisons)  Conte d'automne or Autumn Tale was a critically acclaimed release in 1999 when Rohmer was 79  The previous titles of the series were A Tale of Springtime (1990), A Tale of Winter (1992), and A Summer's Tale (1996) 
Beginning in the 2000s, Rohmer, in his eighties, returned to period drama with The Lady and the Duke and Triple Agent  The Lady and the Duke caused considerable controversy in France, where its negative portrayal of the French Revolution led some critics to label it monarchist propaganda   Its innovative cinematic style and strong acting performances led it to be well received elsewhere 
In 2001, his life's work was recognised when he received the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival In 2007, Rohmer's final film, The Romance of Astrea and Celadon, was shown during the Venice Film Festival, at which he spoke of retiring 

Style
Rohmer's films concentrate on intelligent, articulate protagonists who frequently fail to own up to their desires  The contrast between what they say and what they do fuels much of the drama in his films  Gerard Legrand once said that "he is one of the rare filmmakers who is constantly inviting you to be intelligent, indeed, more intelligent than his (likable) characters " Rohmer considered filmmaking to be "closer to the novel—to a certain classical style of novel which the cinema is now taking over—than the other forms of entertainment, like the theater "Rohmer saw the full-face closeup as a device that does not reflect how we see each other and avoided its use  He avoids extradiegetic music (not coming from onscreen sound sources), seeing it as a violation of the fourth wall  He has on occasion departed from the rule by inserting soundtrack music in places in The Green Ray (1986) (released as Summer in the United States)  Rohmer also tends to spend considerable time in his films showing his characters going from place to place, walking, driving, bicycling or commuting on a train, engaging the viewer in the idea that part of the day of each individual involves quotidian travel  This was most evident in Le Beau Mariage (1982), which had the female protagonist constantly traveling, particularly between Paris and Le Mans 
Rohmer typically populates his films with people in their twenties and the settings are often on pleasant beaches and popular resorts, notably in La Collectionneuse (1967), Pauline at the Beach (1983), The Green Ray (1986) and A Summer's Tale (1996)  These films are immersed in an environment of bright sunlight, blue skies, green grass, sandy beaches, and clear waters  He explained that "people sometimes ask me why most of the main characters in my films are young  I don't feel at ease with older people     I can't get people older than forty to talk convincingly "Rohmer preferred to use non-professional actors in his films  He usually held a large number of rehearsals before shooting and would shoot his films very quickly  He spent little time editing his films  He usually shot his films chronologically, and often shot scenes during the time of day in which they took place  He explained that "my films are based on meteorology  If I didn't call the weather service everyday, I couldn't make my films because they're shot according to the weather outside  My films are slaves to weather "The director's characters engage in long conversations—mostly talking about man–woman relationships but also on mundane issues like trying to find a vacation spot  There are also occasional digressions by the characters on literature and philosophy as most of Rohmer's characters are middle class and university educated 
A Summer's Tale (1996) has most of the elements of a typical Rohmer film: no soundtrack music, no close-ups, a seaside resort, long conversations between beautiful young people (who are middle class and educated) and discussions involving the characters' interests from songwriting to ethnology 
Rohmer said he wanted to look at "thoughts rather than actions", dealing "less with what people do than what is going on in their minds while they are doing it "
Beginning in the late 1970s during the production of Perceval le Gallois Rohmer began to reduce the number of crew members on his films  He first dispensed with the script supervisor, then (controversially) cut out the assistant director, then all other assistants and technical managers until, by the time he shot The Green Ray in 1986, his crew consisted only of a camera operator and a sound engineer  Rohmer stated that "I even wonder if I could work in the usual conditions of filmmaking "His style was famously criticised by Gene Hackman's character in the 1975 film Night Moves who describes viewing Rohmer's films as "kind of like watching paint dry" Rohmer was a highly literary man  His films frequently refer to ideas and themes in plays and novels, such as references to Jules Verne (in The Green Ray), William Shakespeare (in A Winter's Tale) and Pascal's wager (in Ma nuit chez Maud) 

Personal life and death
Rohmer's brother was the philosopher René Schérer  In 1957, Rohmer married Thérèse Barbet  The couple had two sons  The elder, René Monzat (b  1958), is an author and investigative journalist at, most recently, Le Monde and Mediapart  His work focuses on the French far-right Rohmer was a devout Catholic and "ecological zealot"  For years he had no telephone and refused to get into cars, which he called "immoral pollutors"  For many years he was known to jog two miles to his office every morning  He was well known for his need for personal privacy and sometimes wore disguises, such as a false moustache at the New York premiere of one of his films  Rohmer's mother died without ever knowing that her son was a famous film director 

Rohmer died on the morning of 11 January 2010 at the age of 89 after a series of strokes : 1345  He had been admitted to hospital the previous week The former Culture Minister Jack Lang called Rohmer "one of the masters of French cinema"  Director Thierry Fremaux called his work "unique" Rohmer's grave is in district 13 of Montparnasse Cemetery 
At the 2010 César Awards, actor Fabrice Luchini presented a special tribute to Rohmer:

I'm going to read a remarkable text written by Jacques Fieschi, writer, director, creator of "the cinematographe", challenger of Les cahiers du cinéma, which recently published a special edition on Eric Rohmer  Truffaut once said he was one of the greatest directors of the 20th century, Godard was his brother, Chabrol admired him, Wenders couldn't stop taking photos of him  Rohmer is a tremendous international star  The one and only French director who was in coherence with the money spent on his films and the money that his films made  I remember a phrase by Daniel Toscan Du Plantier the day Les Visiteurs opened, which eventually sold 15 million tickets: "Yes but there is this incredible film called L'arbre, le maire et la médiathèque that sold 100,000 tickets, which may sound ridiculous in comparison, but no, because but it was only playing in one theater for an entire year " A happy time for cinema when this kind of thing could happen  Rohmer  Here is a tribute from Jacques Fieschi: "We are all connected with the cinema, at least for a short time  The cinema has its economical laws, its artistic laws, a craft that once in a while rewards us or forgets us  Éric Rohmer seems to have escaped from this reality by inventing his own laws, his own rules of the game  One could say his own economy of the cinema that served his own purpose, which could skip the others, or to be more accurate that couldn't skip the audience with its originality  He had a very unique point of view on the different levels of language and on desire that is at work in the heart of each and every human being, on youth, on seasons, on literature, of course, and one could say on history  Éric Rohmer, this sensual intellectual, with his silhouette of a teacher and a walker  As an outsider he made luminous and candid films in which he deliberately forgot his perfect knowledge of the cinema in a very direct link with the beauty of the world " The text was by Jacques Fieschi and it was a tribute to Éric Rohmer  Thank you 
On 8 February 2010, the Cinémathèque Française held a special tribute to Rohmer that included a screening of Claire's Knee and a short video tribute to Rohmer by Jean-Luc Godard 

Awards and nominations
Filmography
Features
Notes
Passage 3:
Julie Bertuccelli
Julie Mathilde Charlotte Claire Bertuccelli is a French director born February 12, 1968, in Boulogne-Billancourt She is particularly known for her documentary La Cour de Babel released in 2014 and the feature film L'Arbre released in 2010 

Biography
After studies in hypokhâgne, then khâgne, and a master of philosophy, Julie Bertuccelli became, for ten years, assistant director on many feature films, TV movies and short films with Otar Iosseliani, Rithy Panh, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Emmanuel Finkiel, Bertrand Tavernier, Jean-Louis Bertuccelli, Christian de Chalonge, René Féret, and Pierre Etaix Following an introduction to documentary filmmaking in 1993 at Ateliers Varan, she directed fifteen documentaries for Arte, France 3 and France 5, including Une liberté!, La Fabrique des Judges, Welcome to the department store, A world in fusion, Otar Iosseliani, the whistling blackbird, The Glasberg Mystery, Antoinette Fouque, what is a woman?    
His first feature film Since Otar left     has been crowned by twenty awards in France and abroad, including the Grand Prize of the Critics' Week at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival, the César de la meilleur first work in 2004, the Marguerite Duras Prize 2003 and the Michel d'Ornano Award 2003 in Deauville 
L'Arbre is her second feature film  It was nominated for three Césars Her documentary The Court of Babel, released in theaters in March 2014, has been selected in several festivals, including those of New York, Rome, Abu Dhabi, Sheffield, Rio, Montreal, Tokyo, Cairo, and San Francisco 
Her documentary Latest News from the Cosmos (November 2016), received the Audience Award from the Rencontres du Cinéma Documentaire in Montreuil and the FIFA Grand Prix in Montreal (2018) 
Her last feature film, Claire Darling with Catherine Deneuve and Chiara Mastroianni, released in French theaters in February 2019 Claire Darling grossed $0 in North America and a total worldwide of $1 million  With 85 000 spectators in France, the film is a heavy public failure 
Julie Bertuccelli has chaired the Scam since June 2017, having been the first woman elected to this position in 2013, as well as the brand new Cinematheque of the documentary she created with Scam (with which she also created the Eye of 'Or, the Documentary Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 2015)  She was co-chair with Michel Hazanavicius of the Civil Society of Producers' Authors Producers (ARP) in 2016 
She is the daughter of the director Jean-Louis Bertuccelli and the widow of cinematographer Christophe Pollock 

Filmography
Director
Documentaries
1993: Un métier comme un autre
1994: Une liberté !
1995: Un dimanche en champagne
1995: Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame
1996: Trait d'union
1996: Saint-Denis, les couleurs de la ville
1997: La Fabrique des juges
1999: Bienvenue au grand magasin
2000: Les Îles éoliennes (coll  Voyages, Voyages)
2006: Un monde en fusion
2006: Otar Iosseliani, le merle siffleur (Coll  Cinéastes de notre temps)
2007: Stage Les chantiers nomades: l'acteur concret au cinéma, autour des objets
2008: Le Mystère Glasberg
2008: Antoinette Fouque, qu'est-ce qu'une femme (Coll  Empreintes)
2014: La Cour de Babel
2016: Dernières nouvelles du cosmos

Feature films
2003: Depuis qu'Otar est parti…
2010: L'Arbre
2018:  Claire Darling

Scriptwriter
2002: Depuis qu'Otar est parti…
2010: L'Arbre
2018: Claire Darling

Assistant director
1988–1990: Divers série: Salut les homards, Les six compagnons, Souris noire from Pierre Étaix
1990: Aujourd'hui peut-être from Jean-Louis Bertuccelli
1990: Kaminsky, un flic à Moscou from Stéphane Kurc
1991: Promenades d'été from René Féret
1991: La Chasse aux papillons from Otar Iosseliani
1992: Precheur en eau trouble from Georges Lautner
1992: Trois couleurs: Bleu from Krzysztof Kieślowski
1992: Trois couleurs: Blanc from Krzysztof Kieślowski
1993: Les Dessous du Moulin Rouge from Nils Tavernier
1994: Le Clandestin from Jean-Louis Bertuccelli
1994: Madame Jacques sur la Croisette from Emmanuel Finkiel
1995: L'Appât from Bertrand Tavernier
1995: Le Bel Été 1914 from Christian de Chalonge
1996: Brigands, chapitre VII from Otar Iosseliani
1997: Un soir après la guerre from Rithy Panh

See also
List of female film and television directors
Passage 4:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 5:
L'Arbre, le maire et la médiathèque
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque (French: L'Arbre, le maire et la médiathèque; known also as Les sept hasards) is a 1993 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Éric Rohmer  The film was shown at the 1993 Montreal World Film Festival where it received the FIPRESCI prize  
The frame story involves the mayor of an isolated French village who, to further his political ambitions, secures a grant to build a sporting and cultural centre, but the necessary felling of a fine willow outrages the schoolteacher and his daughter  Within the frame there is much debate about the current state of France: city versus country, agriculture versus industry, conservatism versus progress, the environment versus growth 

Plot
In Saint-Juire-Champgillon, a remote village of traditional left-wing adherence in the Vendée, Julien Dechaumes has inherited the manor house and grounds and has been elected mayor, though he spends much of his time in Paris with his mistress  There he successfully lobbies the Ministry of Culture for a grant to build a state-of-the-art sports and media centre  By enhancing his reputation in the area, it will boost his chances of entering national politics under the socialist banner  
Opinion in the village is mixed, with the most passionate opposition coming from the schoolteacher, for whom the destruction of a 100-year-old willow symbolises all that is wrong about the plan  When a journalist on a left-wing magazine visits the village to talk to people, her editor cuts her piece to focus on the teacher and the tree  The teacher's ten-year-old daughter explains to the mayor that all the children want is not the sophisticated facilities on offer but just green space and trees  A survey reveals that the water table has dropped alarmingly, needing costly groundworks that make the whole project unviable 

Cast
Pascal Greggory as Julien Dechaumes, the mayor
Arielle Dombasle as Bérénice Beaurivage, the mayor's lover
Fabrice Luchini as Marc Rossignol, the school teacher
Clémentine Amouroux as Blandine Lenoir, the reporter
François-Marie Banier as Régis Lebrun-Blondet, the magazine editor

External links
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque at IMDb
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque at AllMovie
The Tree, the Mayor and the Mediatheque at Rotten Tomatoes
Passage 6:
William le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle
William "Willy" le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle (French pronunciation: ​[wiljam lə mɛːʁ də vaʁtse dɛʁmal]; 7 March 1879 –1966) was a Belgian tennis player  He has been named as among the best male tennis players in Belgian history Le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1904 and 1908 Le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle was born into the Belgian nobility, the son of Marie-Léon-Hubert le Maire Warzée d'Hermalle (born 1848) and Noëmie Constance Caroline Georgine Valérie de Warzée d'Hermalle (born in Beaufays in 1850)  His elder brother, Marie-Georges-Gérard-Léon le Maire de Warzée d'Hermalle, Baron de Warzée d'Hermalle (1877–1931), was a diplomat and Belgian ambassador to Iran, Japan and China, who married Dorothy Hall, daughter of Irish writer Owen Hall 
Passage 7:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 8:
Isaac Le Maire
Isaac Le Maire  (c  1558 in Tournai – September 20, 1624 in Egmond aan den Hoef) was a Walloon-born entrepreneur, investor, and a sizeable shareholder of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)  He is best known for his constant strife with the VOC, which ultimately led to the discovery of Cape Horn 
Isaac Le Maire was born in 1558 or 1559 in Tournai  He learned the trade from his merchant brother-in-law Jacques van de Walle  Isaac had four brothers, three of whom were merchants  Already in 1584 he was registered in Antwerp as a wealthy grocer  At the time, he was also captain of the company of the Antwerp militia  He rented the house of Bourgognien Schilt, but in 1585 after the fall of Antwerp he fled to the northern Netherlands 
In 1585 he settled in Amsterdam  He was married in Antwerp to Maria Jacobsdr  Walraven and they had 22 children, and one of them, his son Jacob, would go down in history as an explorer  In 1641 his son Maximiliaen became the first VOC chief of Dejima in Japan 
Initially, Isaac Le Maire was the largest shareholder in the VOC 

Merchant in Amsterdam
In 1592 his name was registered for the first time in Amsterdam as a participant in the oldest marine insurance policy  In the following years he grew into the trade in European waters  Initially, he wasn't one of the wealthiest merchants, but he could make major investments by ensuring warrant positions within the direct and indirect family network  
Together with Peter van de Pulle and Dirck van Os he constituted a company for trading in Russia  They carried Baltic grain and timber to Spain  Ships with leather, wax, fur and caviar from Archangelsk often were destined for Venice and Livorno  They also traded in bills of exchange, chartering and marine insurances  Between 1594 and 1598 he had a major position in the fish trade between British ports and Spain 
After Cornelis de Houtman made the first trip to the Indies from 1595 to 1597, Le Maire, like many other merchants, plunged into the Indian adventure  In 1599 he and several others in Amsterdam established the Brabant Company, which carried out two voyages to the Indies  The Brabant Company was very successful, it quickly yielded the company 400% profit 
In 1600 he decided to concentrate on trade with the East Indies, but at that time he already acted in the West Indies as well  In 1601 he officially became a citizen of Amsterdam, which was no doubt because of the merger of the New Brabant Company and the Old Company into the First United East Indies Company in Amsterdam  This company, in which Le Maire was a participant, fitted out eight ships to the Indies, led by Jacob van Heemskerk 

Shareholder of the Dutch East India Company
In 1602, at the insistence of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, all Dutch trading companies merged into the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) (also known as the Dutch East India Company)  Le Maire applied for shares for the sum of 85,000 guilders and he became the largest shareholder in the VOC   He got the high position of governor of the VOC  But he soon fell into conflict with the VOC and the Amsterdam Consistory as a result of malpractice concerning the journey of Wybrand van Warwijck in 1602  There were rumours that Le Maire intentionally did not submit receipts and other evidence of his share in the costs  The partners of the VOC let him be sued by the sheriff, but Le Maire settled the matter for 1200 guilders  The details of the offence were held secret  Because of this matter le Maire was forced to leave the VOC in 1605, while he also had to waive acting as a competitor of the VOC  This event was the foundation of his resentment and opposition against the VOC for the rest of his life  After leaving the VOC, he threw himself upon the European coasting trade, especially in grain  However, the thought of the lucrative trade with the Indies haunted him 

Competitor of the Dutch East India Company
Le Maire found his first opportunity to thwart the VOC in the efforts of France to set up a French trading company for India  King Henry IV of France invited him in 1607 for that purpose  Le Maire advised the French on the establishment and organization of a company, and in doing so ignored the competition stipulation with the VOC  However, at that time a French company was not yet established 
Next came the idea to involve Henry Hudson in the French plans  Hudson had already made two unsuccessful attempts for England to find a new North-Eastern passage, and in 1608 he came to the Netherlands to interest the VOC for that plan  He came in contact with Le Maire who proposed to the king of France to finance this expedition  With this attempt to find a new route to the Indies, Le Maire would not commit a breach of contract with the VOC, because the VOC only had a patent to trade via the Cape of Good Hope and the Strait of Magellan, until then the only two known routes to the Indies  The VOC got scent of this intention and offered Hudson a better contract, which ultimately led to his famous third voyage in 1609, discovering the river that was named after him  After the VOC had caught away Hudson, Le Maire and the king of France secretly came to an agreement to make the North-Eastern journey with another captain  The newly to be discovered strait would be named after the French king, and the new discoveries would be made under the French flag  However, the voyage, led by Melchior van den Kerckhove, was a failure 
In 1609, Isaac Le Maire travelled together with Joris van Spilbergen, Balthazar de Moucheron and others to Paris, again to discuss the formation of a French East India Company  De Moucheron played a double role in these discussions, because at one point he asked the ambassador of the Netherlands what it would be worth if he would disrupt the proceedings  The discussions so flagged because of mistrust by the French in Le Maire  Within the VOC the intrigues of Le Maire led to indignation, but it did not result in actual actions against him, probably because the Republic was not looking for a conflict with France during the war with Spain  In 1610 the King of France was killed and thus plans for a French East India Company were shelved 

Speculator against the Dutch East India Company
Isaac Le Maire also tried to use his knowledge of the VOC to cross the company financially  In 1609 he and eight others founded a secret company with the purpose to trade in VOC shares  Le Maire owned nearly one quarter of its shares  This so-called "Grote Compagnie" sold short shares of the VOC, that is, without actually owning them  By the time these shares were to be delivered, there was an interest in keeping the share price as low as possible  Le Maire probably expected that the competition by the still to be created French East India Company would ensure that the share price of the VOC dropped significantly  However, the French company was shelved  Rumours were spread to depress the prices, anyway  Such activities were detrimental to the (existing) VOC shareholders, who sometimes were forced to sell their shares at a low price  In particular, in 1609 the share price fell significantly, and the VOC imputed this to the machinations of Le Maire 
The VOC attempted via the States-General of the Netherlands to impose restrictions on free trade in VOC shares, which the company of Le Maire fiercely resisted  They claimed, the price drop was the result of the bad course of actions of the VOC  But the States-General decided in 1610 to prohibit the sale of shares not in possession (short selling)  During 1610 and 1611 the stock price of the VOC increased  The company of Le Maire then suffered big losses because many shares had to be delivered at a lower price than the market  They were therefore compelled to deliver shares at a loss  Several members of his company went bankrupt and Le Maire had also suffered significant losses, but he could still meet his obligations  This fiasco led him to withdraw from Amsterdam 

Dutch East India Company monopoly broken
Isaac Le Maire sold his property in Amsterdam and retired to his possessions in Egmond aan den Hoef, which he had bought between 1598 and 1600 from the estate of the Count of Egmont  After some time, he again started to make plans to break the VOC monopoly  The VOC owned by patent from the States-General the Dutch monopoly on travels to the Indies via the Cape of Good Hope and through the Strait of Magellan, until then the only two known passages to the Indies  From various travel accounts Le Maire assumed that south of the Magellan Strait another passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean could exist  In 1614 he founded the Austraalse Compagnie for the purpose of discovering this passage, which would fall outside the VOC monopoly  The voyage was prepared in Hoorn  Two ships were fitted out, the Eendracht and the Hoorn  The journey would be made under the responsibility of his son Jacob Le Maire  Willem Schouten was recruited as an experienced captain  The sailing orders expressly forbade a passage through the Strait of Magellan, even if a new route to the Pacific Ocean could not be found  Furthermore, the expedition was forbidden to trade on the coasts where the VOC had a trading post  At that time, there was still the expectation that a great unknown South Land would exist  Isaac Le Maire hoped to discover it, and in this way tap into an unimagined trading area  But above all, his motive was to circumvent the VOC monopoly  But Isaac gave his son a remarkable secret instruction: although the official sailing order was that no trade should be driven on the coasts where the VOC was established, on arrival in the Indies his son had to make clear to the administrators of the VOC that their monopoly had not been violated, because they had not sailed via the Cape of Good Hope or the Strait of Magellan  Then, he should ask permission to still be allowed to trade  Isaac le Maire anticipated it would not be granted, so Jacob would then have to do everything needed to win Governor-General Gerard Reynst, who had been, like Isaac Le Maire, a participant in the Brabant Company, for their cause  This even went so far as to Jacob asking Van Reynst the hand of one of his daughters  In this way Isaac le Maire tried to sow dissension within the VOC, because if Gerard Reynst allowed them to trade in this way it could lead to a major conflict within the VOC 
On June 14, 1615 the two ships set sail from Texel  The journey was a success in that, with the discovery of the passage round Cape Horn, the monopoly of the VOC was indeed broken, but the unknown South Land was not discovered, and the secret instruction could not be put into action because Gerard Reynst was already deceased 
After the ships had left Texel, the VOC got wind of the real intention of the travel  Therefore, the order was sent to the Indies that, if the expedition would arrive there, the ships would have to be confiscated because of a breach of the VOC's patent  And so it happened  Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten were sent back to the Republic, but Jacob Le Maire died during the return voyage  The VOC attempted to rewrite history by assigning the new discoveries to Willem Schouten 

The aftermath of the voyage
Isaac Le Maire had to fight many years to obtain his right  In 1619 the court ruled that the ship Eendracht was unlawfully seized by the VOC  The journals were to be returned to Le Maire, and in 1622 Le Maire could finally publish the Spieghel der Australische Navigatie door den Wijtvermaerden ende Cloeckmoedighen Zee-heldt Jacob Le Maire, to do justice to the discoveries of his son  For the damage, he was awarded 64,000 pounds  However, the court ruled that the Austraalse Compagnie was not allowed to trade in the Indian region, but that they did have the right to travel across the newly discovered route around Cape Horn  However, one year earlier the Dutch West India Company was established and in its patent it received also the monopoly on travels through the Strait of Magellan and other routes in that region  This was contrary to the rights that were granted to Le Maire's Austraalse Compagnie 
Le Maire died on September 20, 1624  He was buried in the Buurkerk in Egmond-Binnen, and on his tombstone he had written that he had lost during 30 years (except for his honour) 1 5 million guilders, a considerable sum at that time  His Australian Company continued the legal fight, but ultimately the States-General decided in 1644 to the detriment of the company 

See also
Financial history of the Dutch Republic
Passage 9:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 10:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 



ground_truth: Cahiers du cinéma

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Archibald Acheson, 4Th Earl Of Gosford's paternal grandfather?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery
Archibald John Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery,  (14 October 1783 – 4 March 1868), styled Viscount Primrose until 1814, was a British politician 

He was the eldest son of Neil Primrose, 3rd Earl of Rosebery and his second wife, Mary Vincent  Primrose was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, gaining his MA in 1804  He was Member of Parliament for Helston from 1805 to 1806 and Cashel from 1806 to 1807 
He succeeded to the earldom in 1814, and was created Baron Rosebery, of Rosebery in the County of Edinburgh, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, in 1828  He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1831 and a Knight of the Thistle in 1840  He was a Fellow of the Royal Society 
He was the grandfather of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, who succeeded him to the title of Lord Primprose and briefly served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1894 to 1895 

Family
Lord Rosebery married firstly Harriett Bouverie, daughter of Hon  Bartholomew Bouverie  in 1808  They had four children:

Archibald John Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (1809–1851)
Lady Harriet Primrose (born 1810)
Lady Mary Anne Primrose (1812–1826)
Hon  Bouverie Francis Primrose  (1813–1898)Lord and Lady Rosebery were divorced in 1815  He married secondly Anne Margaret Anson, daughter of Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson in 1819  They had two children:
Lady Anne Primrose (22 Aug 1820 – 17 Sept 1862) 
Lady Louisa Primrose (4 May 1822 – 23 Mar 1870) 
Passage 2:
John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland
John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland (c  1559 – 24 February 1588) was the son of Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, and Lady Margaret Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland 

Marriage and children
He married Elizabeth Charlton, a daughter of Francis Charlton of Apley Castle, by whom he had ten children:

Lady Bridget Manners (21 Feb 1572 – 10 July 1604) married  Robert Tyrwhitt of Kettleby 1594
Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland (6 October 1576 – 26 June 1612) married Elizabeth Sidney 
Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland (1578 – 17 December 1632) married twice, first to Frances Knyvet, and secondly to Cecily Tufton 
George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland (1580 – 29 March 1641) married Frances Cary 
Sir Oliver Manners (c  1582 – 1613)
Lady Frances Manners (22 October 1588 – 1643) married William Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby of Parham
Lady Mary Manners
Lady Elizabeth Manners (died 16 March 1653)
Edward Manners died young
Lady Anne Manners; married Sir George Wharton
Passage 3:
Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot
Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot (c  1332–1387) was an English nobleman and soldier 

Family
Talbot was the son and heir of Richard Talbot, 2nd Baron Talbot and his wife Elizabeth de Comyn  The Talbot family had been locally prominent in Herefordshire since the reign of Henry II of England, and had blood connections to both the Welsh and Scottish nobility  His father died in 1356, resulting in his succession as the third Baron Talbot 

Military career
Talbot served in several English military campaigns  He fought in the Hundred Years War under the Black Prince, and was with the royal fleet under Admiral Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk  During the Peasants' Revolt, he was one of the commissioners tasked with raising forces to fight the rebels  He served under the Earl of Cambridge in Portugal and Spain in 1381–1382, and was present at the capture of Higuera la Real  During this Iberian service, he was chosen as the ambassador of the English forces to the king of Portugal to demand their wages  He returned to England, where he was called to Newcastle in 1385 for service against the Scots  He returned to Spain in 1386 with John of Gaunt when the latter was pressing his claim to the throne of Castile  He died of the plague while in Spain in 1387 

Marriages and children
Talbot was married twice  Prior to 1361, he married Petronilla, daughter of James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond by his wife Eleanor de Bohun  They had two children:
Richard Talbot, 4th Baron Talbot, his son and heir  He is an ancestor to Lady Maud Parr, mother of Queen Catherine Parr who was the sixth and final wife of Henry VIII 
Elizabeth Talbot, who married Henry Grey, 5th Baron Grey de WiltonHe married secondly Joan, daughter of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford by his wife Margaret de Audley, 2nd Baroness Audley 

Death and legacy
Talbot died on 24 April 1387 and was succeeded by his son Richard  He seems to have been a spendthrift, and left significant debts at his death  A year earlier, he had been pardoned for outlawry after failing to answer the Earl of Arundel concerning a debt of £3000  The economic problems he left behind were still affecting the Talbot family in the time of his grandson, the fifth baron 
Passage 4:
Lawrie McKinna
Lawrie McKinna (born 8 July 1961) is a Scottish-Australian former football player, coach, and former Mayor of Gosford City Council 
In 2012, McKinna stood for election as an independent for City of Gosford  Lawrie was successful in gaining a seat, and was elected by his fellow councillors Mayor of Gosford City on 24 September He was removed from his position as Mayor, as a result of the amalgamation of Gosford and Wyong Councils on 12 May 2016 
Lawrie unsuccessfully stood as a candidate in the September 2013 Federal election for the seat of Robertson  His campaign was backed by John Singleton to the tune of $380,000  While receiving 8 7% of the vote, Singleton and McKinna controversially decided the outcome of the seat by directing preference votes to the conservative Liberal Party candidate Ms Lucy Wicks  Ms Wicks formally thanked Lawrie & his backer John Singleton in her maiden speech in parliament 

Early life
McKinna was born in Galston in southwest Scotland 

Playing career
Club
McKinna began his career as a striker with local junior side Darvel and made his debut for Scottish Football League side Kilmarnock in 1982  He made 87 league appearances for Kilmarnock, scoring 17 times before moving to Australia in 1986 where he went on to play for several more clubs in the NSL and various state leagues 

Management career
McKinna's coaching career began in 1992 with New South Wales side Blacktown City as assistant manager  In 1995 Hills United hired him as a player/manager (http://www hillsbrumbies com au/)  In 1997, he became assistant to David Mitchell with National Soccer League clubs Sydney Olympic, then following Mitchell to Sydney United in 1998 and Parramatta Power in 1999 
He left Parramatta Power in 2002 to take over as manager of Northern Spirit  His first season as a NSL coach was extremely promising and successful as he beat many accomplished coaches, and was awarded with the NSL coach of the year award after taking the Northern Spirit to their first finals campaign for three years 

Central Coast Mariners
In 2005, he was named as manager of the new A-League club the Central Coast Mariners, earning the inaugural A-League coach of the year award after leading the Mariners to the grand final and winning the preseason cup  In May 2006 he signed a new five-year contract with the Mariners McKinna was popular in the community for his insistence that all the players at the club engaged in community activities  This became a hallmark of his tenure at the fledgling club 
In the 2006/2007 season, McKinna gave an interview during which his team were struggling for on field success  Notably saying how it was frustrating for him when the press report losses in matches but don't mention the long-term injury's to the sides key players like Nik Mrdja, Andre Gumprecht and Noel Spencer  In the interview he also talked about his footballing coaching licenses and mentions that he would be preparing to take his '"Asian 'B' license" course soon On 9 February 2010, it was announced that McKinna will take over as the Football and Commercial Operations Manager for the Mariners from the 2010/2011 season, with Graham Arnold replacing him as head coach 

Chengdu Blades
Chinese Super League club Chengdu Blades have shown interest in McKinna taking over the reins as manager of the first team on 18 March 2011  A day later, he was appointed as the head coach of Chengdu Blades  a club known to have the lowest operating budget in the CSL 
On 15 August, it was confirmed by McKinna via his Twitter account, that he had resigned from his position as manager at the Blades  He cited off-field, back room issues as a major reason for his decision, which contributed to the Blades poor 2011 CSL season, in which at the time of McKinna's departure had seen them only win only twice, conceding 30+ goals, whilst only scoring 13, and the club at the bottom of the ladder after just 20 matches 

Chongqing Lifan
On 2 December 2011 it was announced that McKinna had signed a one-year contract with China League One side Chongqing Lifan  On 15 April 2012 he announced he was leaving the club after a disagreement with the board 

Central Coast Mariners
On 4 May 2012 it was announced that Lawrie would become the new Director of Football for the Central Coast Mariners  A position that he took on again temporarily for two months in 2014 

Newcastle Jets
In June 2016, McKinna was appointed chief executive of the Newcastle Jets 

After football
McKinna was elected a councillor of Gosford City Council in September 2012 and nominated as Mayor at the first council meeting In the 2013 Australian election, McKinna ran as a conservative independent for the seat of Robertson 

Managerial statistics
As of February 2010

Honours
Player
Club
APIA Leichhardt:

NSL Cup: 1988

Manager
Club
Central Coast Mariners:

A-League Championship:Finalists: 2006, 2008
A-League Premiership: 2007–08
A-League Challenge Cup: 2005Finalists: 2006

Individual
NSL Coach of the Year: 2002–03
A-League Coach of the Year: 2005–2006
Passage 5:
Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland
Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland (c  1456 – 6 February 1499) was an English peer  He was the grandfather of Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland 

Origins
He was born in about 1456, the only child of John Neville, Baron Neville (younger brother of Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland) by his wife Anne Holland, daughter of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (1395-1447) 

Career
Neville's father was slain fighting for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461, and attainted on 4 November of that year  On 6 October 1472 Ralph Neville obtained the reversal of his father's attainder and the restoration of the greater part of his estates, and thereby became Lord Neville (1459 creation) On 18 April 1475 Neville was created a Knight of the Bath together with the sons of King Edward IV  He was a justice of the peace in Durham  For his 'good services against the rebels', on 23 March 1484 King Richard III granted Neville manors in Somerset and Berkshire and the reversion of lands which had formerly belonged to Margaret, Countess of Richmond  In September 1484 he was a commissioner to keep the truce with Scotland  On 3 November 1484 his uncle, Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, died, and Neville succeeded as 3rd Earl of Westmorland and Lord Neville (1295 creation) After the Yorkist defeat at Bosworth, Westmorland entered into bonds to the new king, Henry VII, of £400 and 400 marks, and on 5 December 1485, he gave custody (and the approval of the marriage of his eldest son and heir), Ralph Neville (d 1498), to the King Westmorland held a command in the army sent into Scotland in 1497 after James IV supported the pretensions to the crown of Perkin Warbeck 

Death
Westmorland's eldest son died in 1498  Westmorland died at Hornby Castle, Yorkshire, the seat of his son-in-law, Sir William Conyers, on 6 February 1499, allegedly of grief for his son's death, and was buried in the parish church there  His grandson, Ralph Neville, succeeded to the earldom as 4th Earl of Westmorland 

Marriage and issue
Before 20 February 1473, Neville married Isabel Booth, the daughter of Sir Roger Booth, esquire (1396–1467) and Catherine Hatton, and the niece of Lawrence Booth, Archbishop of York, by whom he had a son and a daughter:
Ralph Neville, Lord Neville (d  1498)  As noted above, on 5 December 1485, his father had granted his custody (and the approval of the marriage of his eldest son) to the King  Accordingly, Lord Neville married firstly, in the presence of King Henry VII and his Queen, Elizabeth of York, Mary Paston (born 19 January 1470), the eldest daughter of Sir William Paston (b  1436 – died before 7 September 1496) by Lady Anne Beaufort, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset  She died of measles at court, about Christmas 1489  There were no issue of the marriage 
Lady Anne Neville, who married firstly, William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, and secondly, Anthony Saltmarsh (1473–1550) of Langton by Wragby, Lincolnshire Lord Neville married secondly, again in the royal presence, Edith Sandys (d  22 August 1529), sister of William Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, by whom he had three children:

Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland
a son who died young
Cecilia Neville, who married John Weston, son of John Weston Jr  and Virginia Alice Edshaw, and was the mother of Dr Robert Weston, Lord Chancellor of IrelandAfter Lord Neville's death in 1498, his widow Edith married Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Darcy, who was beheaded on Tower Hill on 30 June 1537 

Footnotes
Passage 6:
Sir Archibald Acheson, 1st Baronet
Sir Archibald Acheson of Glencairn, Lord Glencairn, 1st Baronet (1583 – 9 September 1634), was a Scottish jurist 

Biography
Acheson was the son of Captain Patrick Acheson and Martha Drummond On 31 March 1620, "Archibald Acheson, a Scotchman", was knighted at Theobalds by King James I, and in 1621 he was appointed Master in Chancery of Ireland  Sometime before 25 October 1626 he was appointed a Lord of Session of Scotland as 'Lord Glencairn'  On 21 October 1627, he was appointed by King Charles I as Royal Secretary of State of Scotland  On 1 January 1628, he was made a Baronet of Nova Scotia Lord Glencairn died at Letterkenny, County Donegal, in the west of Ulster in September 1634 

Ireland
In 1610, at the start of the Plantation of Ulster, numerous land grants were made in the precinct of Fewes in County Armagh  One was of 2,000 acres to Sir James Douglas, Knt , of Spott, Haddingtonshire, subsequently sold the next year to Henry Acheson, who afterwards sold it to Sir Archibald Acheson  A further 1,000 acres originally granted to Henry was also sold on to Sir Archibald Acheson in 1628  Acheson does not ever appear to have resided in Ireland, however, and his position in the Court of Chancery there appears titular; his judicial duties were all in Scotland  He nevertheless became a "denizen" of Ireland on 12 February 1618, presumably in order to qualify for the lands he was receiving from his brother, Henry Acheson of Dromlech, County Armagh  Certainly Sir Archibald's second son, George, resided in Ireland 

Family
Acheson wed Agnes Vernor at some point before 1610, fathering an eldest son, Sir Patrick Acheson, 2nd Baronet (c 1611-1638)  Sir John Scot (1754) states that this son died after his first year of marriage, to an English heiress, without issue 
After his first wife died, Sir Archibald remarried in 1622, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Hamilton and Johanna Everard, by whom he had a son, George (1629–1685) By his first wife he had a daughter, Jean, who married Sir Lewis Lauder of Over Gogar & Alderston, Knt , (c1599-c1640), Sheriff-Principal of Edinburgh and son of Sir Alexander Lauder of Haltoun, Knt  They had at least three known children  Jean was still living on 3 April 1663 as "relict of Sir Lewes Lauder of Over Gogar" Lord Glencairn may have had another daughter by one of his marriages, Isabella Acheson of Gosford, who married Hector Og Maclean (1583–1623)  Sources list her as the daughter of "Sir Archibald Acheson", but because of her age, she may have been the daughter of Captain Patrick Acheson or one of his siblings  If she was the same age as Hector Og Maclean, she would have been born in 1583 and would have had her first child around 1600 at age 17  If she was the daughter of Sir Archibald Acheson she would be born no earlier than 1610 the year Archibald married  This would make her at least 20 years younger than Hector Og Maclean, and would make her the same age as her own children  This is the error in the standard genealogy His eldest son Patrick succeeded him to the baronetcy but having died without issue several years after his father, whereupon the title passed to his half-brother Sir George Acheson, 3rd Baronet, who relocated to Ireland and in 1657 was High Sheriff of Counties Armagh and Tyrone 
Passage 7:
Archibald Acheson, 3rd Earl of Gosford
Archibald Acheson, 3rd Earl of Gosford KP (20 August 1806 – 15 June 1864), styled Viscount Acheson between 1807 and 1849, was a British peer and Member of Parliament 

Early life
Gosford was born on 20 August 1806  He was the only son of Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford of Gosford Castle, County Armagh and the former Mary Sparrow (1777–1841)  He had four younger sisters, including Lady Mary Acheson (wife of James Hewitt, 4th Viscount Lifford) and Lady Millicent Acheson (wife of Dr  Henry Bence Jones) His paternal grandparents were Arthur Acheson, 1st Earl of Gosford and the former Millicent (née Pole) (a daughter of Lt -Gen  Edward Pole)  His mother was the only daughter and heiress of Robert Sparrow of Worlingham Hall and Mary (née Bernard) Sparrow (sister and heiress of Sir Robert Bernard, 5th Baronet and only daughter of Sir John Bernard, 4th Baronet) He was educated at Harrow School, and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1825, graduating B A  in 1828 

Career
He was elected in 1830 as the Member of Parliament for County Armagh in the British House of Commons, a seat he held until 1847, when he was ennobled as 1st Baron Acheson, of Clancairney, County Armagh, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom  He was Lord of the bedchamber between 1831-1834  He succeeded to his father's Irish titles and estates in 1849, including the 2,800 acres (4 4 sq mi; 11 km2) Worlingham Hall estate which he sold at auction in August 1849  He was created a Knight of the Order of St  Patrick in 1855 He was appointed lord-lieutenant and custos rotulorum of co  Armagh from February 1864 to his death later that year 

Personal life
On 22 June 1832, he was married to Lady Theodosia Brabazon (1808-1876), daughter of John Brabazon, 10th Earl of Meath and the former Lady Melosina Adelaide Meade (fourth daughter of John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam)  Together, they were the parents of seven children:
Lady Gertrude Emily Acheson (d  1927), who married Francis Foljambe, half-brother of Cecil Foljambe, 1st Earl of Liverpool, and eldest son and heir of George Savile Foljambe and Harriet Emily Mary Milner (a daughter of Sir William Milner, 4th Baronet) in 1856 
Lady Mary Acheson (1835–1892), who married Hon  Leopold William Henry Fox-Powys, second son of Thomas Powys, 3rd Baron Lilford and the former Hon  Mary Elizabeth Fox (sister and heiress of Henry Fox, 4th Baron Holland and only daughter of Henry Fox, 3rd Baron Holland) in 1862 
Ruthanne Acheson
Lady Edith Acheson (1837–1906)
Archibald Brabazon Sparrow Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford (1841–1922), who married Lady Louisa Montagu, the second daughter of William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester and the former Countess Louisa von Alten  His wife was a Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Alexandra 
Maj -Gen  the Hon  Edward Archibald Brabazon Acheson (1844–1921), who married Clementina Le Marchant, a daughter of Gen  Sir John Gaspard Le Marchant, in 1869 
Lady Katherine French Acheson (1847–1898), who married Capt  Frederick William Duncombe, third son of Adm  Hon  Arthur Duncombe (fourth son of Charles Duncombe, 1st Baron Feversham), in 1868 Lord Gosford died on 15 June 1864 and was succeeded by his son, Archibald  His widow died on 13 February 1876 
Passage 8:
Archibald Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford
Archibald Brabazon Sparrow Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford,  (19 August 1841 – 11 April 1922) was a British peer 
The son of Archibald Acheson, 3rd Earl of Gosford, he was born at Worlingham Hall, Suffolk, in 1841, and educated at Harrow School; and succeeded to the earldom upon the death of his father in 1864  
He was Lord of the Bedchamber to Edward VII, Prince of Wales between 1886 and 1901, and bore the Queen consort's Ivory rod At Edward VII's King's coronation  He became vice-admiral of Ulster, also received the Order of the Dannebrog, and the Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)  Since there are two United Kingdom peerages (e g  Baron Worlingham) subsumed in that Irish Earldom, he was entitled to an automatic seat in the House of Lords  He was Lord Lieutenant of Armagh from 1883 to 1920, and served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household of Queen Alexandra from 1901 He was Honorary Colonel of the 3rd Battalion of the Royal Irish Fusiliers from 1899, and Vice-Admiral of Ulster  Gosford died in London in 1922, aged 80, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium 

Family
He married Lady Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu (named, in 1920, as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, DBE), daughter of William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester, at London on 10 August 1876, with whom he had the following children:

Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson, 5th Earl of Gosford (1877–1954)
Lady Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson (1878 – 21 January 1958); married Lt -Col  Hon  William Frederick Stanley, son of Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby 
Lady Mary Acheson (1881–????); married Hon  Robert Arthur Ward 
Lady Theodosia Louisa Augusta Acheson (1882 – 16 October 1977), married Alexander Cadogan 
Captain Patrick George Edward Cavendish Acheson (30 June 1883 – 30 August 1957)
Passage 9:
Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar
Sir Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar was an illegitimate son of Alexander Stewart, the earl of Mar  He was the great-grandson of King Robert II of Scotland  He died before August 1432 Thomas married Elizabeth, the widow of John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan, who was daughter of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas and Margaret Stewart, Lady of Galloway  They were required to obtain a marriage license, which was granted on 1 May 1427, due to their degrees of consanguinity and affinity He had a son 

Citations
Passage 10:
Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford
Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford,  (1 August 1776 – 27 March 1849), styled The Honourable Archibald Acheson from 1790 to 1806 and Lord Acheson from 1806 to 1807, was a British politician who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada and Governor General of British North America in the 19th century 

Early life
Acheson was born on 1 August 1776 at Markethill, County Armagh, Ireland   Gosford was the son of Arthur Acheson, 1st Earl of Gosford, and his wife Millicent (née Pole)  He succeeded his father to his titles and estates in 1807 

Career
Acheson sat in the Irish House of Commons for County Armagh from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801, when Ireland became part of the United Kingdom  Subsequently, he was a Member of the British House of Commons representing Armagh to 1807, when he succeeded to his father's Irish titles as Earl of Gosford  He entered the British House of Lords in 1811 upon being elected an Irish Representative Peer In 1831 he was appointed the first Lord Lieutenant of Armagh for life, having previously been a Governor of Armagh since 1805  The new position incorporated the post of Custos Rotulorum of County Armagh which he also already held  He was created Baron Worlingham in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1835 and thus became a member of the UK House of Lords in his own right  He commissioned Thomas Hopper (1776–1856) to design a new house, Gosford Castle on his Gosford estate  The house would not be completed until after his death 
In 1835, he became Governor General of British North America (also Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada), and commissioner in the Royal Commission for the Investigation of all Grievances Affecting His Majesty's Subjects of Lower Canada  He was instructed to appease the reformists, led by Louis-Joseph Papineau, without giving them any real power  Gosford attempted to distance himself from his predecessor, Lord Aylmer, who had exacerbated the hostility of French-Canadians to the British administration  Gosford officially established the Diocese of Montreal in 1836, though it had been unofficially created a few years before  In August of that year Gosford dissolved the Legislative Assembly when they refused to pass his budget In November, Lord Gosford learned of the planned Lower Canada Rebellion and had many of Papineau's followers arrested, although Papineau himself escaped to the United States  The next month, he issued a reward for the capture of Papineau, and declared martial law in Lower Canada 
Lord Gosford resigned in November 1837 and returned to Britain the next year  His eventual successor, Lord Durham, implemented the Act of Union 1840, uniting Lower and Upper Canada, which Lord Gosford had unsuccessfully argued against 

Personal life
He married Mary Sparrow, the daughter and heiress of Robert Sparrow of Worlingham Hall, Suffolk, with whom he had a son and four daughters 
Archibald Acheson, 3rd Earl of Gosford (20 August 1806 – 15 June 1864), he succeeded his father upon his death 
Lady Mary Acheson (27 June 1809 – 13 March 1850)  On 9 July 1835 she married James Hewitt, 4th Viscount Lifford  They had four sons, and four daughters 
Lady Millicent French Acheson (circa 1812 – 29 August 1887)  She married Henry Bence Jones on 28 May 1842  They had three sons, and four daughters  The youngest son, Archibald, married a daughter of Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Ludlow Lord Gosford died in 1849 

Legacy
It is believed the city of Gosford in New South Wales, Australia was named after him, the Governor of New South Wales having served with him in Canada 

See also
List of Canadian Governors General



ground_truth: Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford