prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did William Le Poer Trench's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Power Le Poer Trench
Power Le Poer Trench (1770–1839) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as firstly Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, then Bishop of Elphin and finally Archbishop of Tuam 

Life
He was the second surviving son of William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty, among his nine brothers and nine sisters was his elder brother Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, and Lady Emily La Touche was a younger sister  Born in Sackville Street, Dublin, on 10 June 1770, he was first educated at a preparatory school at Putney, whence he went for a short time to Harrow, and afterwards at the academy of Mr  Ralph at Castlebar, in the immediate neighbourhood of his home  Trench matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin, on 2 July 1787, where his tutor was Matthew Young, afterwards bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, and graduated B A  on 13 July 1791  Later in the same year (27 November) Trench was ordained deacon, and, having received priest's orders on 24 June 1792, he was in the same month inducted into the benefice of Creagh, in which his father's residence and the great fair town of Ballinasloe were situated  In the following year (5 November 1793) he was presented to the benefice of Rawdenstown, County Meath  He obtained a faculty to hold the two cures together, and combined with their clerical duties the business of agent on his father's Galway estate  Trench was a man of great bodily strength and a fine horseman, and he retained a fondness for field sports to the end of his days  During the Irish rebellion of 1798 he acted as a captain in the local yeomanry raised by his father to resist the French invading army under Humbert 
In 1802 Trench was appointed to the see of Waterford, in succession to Richard Marlay, and was consecrated on 21 November 1802  In 1810 he was translated to the bishopric of Elpin, and, on the death of Archbishop Beresford, was on 4 October 1819 advanced to the archepiscopal see of Tuam  In May 1834, on the death of James Verschoyle, the united sees of Killala and Achonry were, under the provisions of the Irish Church Temporalities Act, added to the charge of Trench  By the same act, the archdiocese of Tuam was reduced, on Trench's death, to an ordinary bishopric 
In the history of the Irish church Trench chiefly deserves to be remembered for his activity in promoting the remarkable evangelical movement in the west of Ireland which was known in Connaught as the Second Reformation, and which, chiefly through the agency of the Irish Society, made a vigorous effort to win converts to Protestantism  From 1818 to his death Trench was president of the Irish Society; and it is evidence of his large-heartedness that the religious controversies in which his leadership of this movement involved no wise impaired the remarkable personal popularity which he enjoyed among his Roman Catholic neighbours  Holding strong views as to the paramount importance of the 'open bible,' Trench was a strenuous opponent of the mixed system of national education founded by Mr  Stanley (Lord Derby), and was one of the founders of the Church Education Society  Trench was a man of strong and masterful character, and during the twenty years of his archiepiscopate was one of the foremost figures in the Ireland of his day 
He died on 26 March 1839  Trench married, on 29 January 1795, his cousin Anne, daughter of Walter Taylor of Castle Taylor, co  Galway  By her, he had two sons, William and Power, and six daughters  Elizabeth, his third daughter, married Captain Henry Gascoyne in 1830  Another daughter Anne married James O'Hara, MP for Galway in 1823 
Passage 2:
Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty
Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, 1st Marquess of Heusden  (19 May 1767 – 24 November 1837), styled The Honourable from 1797 to 1803 and then Viscount Dunlo to 1805, was an Anglo-Irish peer, a nobleman in the Dutch nobility, and a diplomat  He was an Irish, and later British, Member of Parliament and a supporter of Pitt  Additionally he was appointed Postmaster General of Ireland, and later, of the United Kingdom 

Background and education
Clancarty was the son of William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty and Anne, daughter of Charles Gardiner and his seat was Garbally Court in Ballinasloe, East County Galway where he was associated with the Great October Fair  His brother was Power Le Poer Trench (1770–1839), archbishop of Tuam  He was educated at Kimbolton School and St John's College, Cambridge 

Political career
Trench represented Newtown Limavady in the Irish House of Commons from 1796 to 1798  He sat further for County Galway from 1798 to a short time before the Act of Union, when he was replaced by "Humanity Dick" Martin 
He was credited with resolving various border disputes in Holland, Germany and Italy at the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, and in his role as Ambassador to the Netherlands  For his service as ambassador to The Hague, he was awarded the hereditary title of Marquess of Heusden in the peerage of The Netherlands on 8 July 1815 by William I of the Netherlands, following the defeat of Napoleon in Brabant, in that same province's southern reaches  Trench was elected one of the 28 representative peers of Ireland on 16 December 1808  His seat in the House of Lords became hereditary when he was created Baron Trench (4 August 1815) and Viscount Clancarty (created 8 December 1823), in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, his older peerages being Irish peerages  He was a Commissioner for the Affairs of India and Custos Rotulorum of County Galway 
In the same Royal Decree that awarded the Marquessate of Heusden, K B  of 8 July 1815, numbers 13 and 14, and Arthur Wellesley was granted the Netherlands' Kingdom hereditary nobility-title Prince of Waterloo, following his recent exploits at Waterloo in modern-day Kingdom of Belgium 

Postmaster General
Between 1807 and 1809 Trench was one of the joint Postmasters General of Ireland and he was appointed Postmaster General of the United Kingdom being one of the last joint holders of that office from 1814 to 1816 

Family
On 6 February 1796 he married Henrietta Margaret Staples, daughter of John Staples and Harriet Conolly  They had the following children:

Lady Lucy Le Poer Trench (d  1839), married Robert Maxwell
Lady Louisa Augusta Anne Le Poer Trench (b  23 December 1796, d  7 February 1881), married Reverend William Le Poer Trench
Lady Harriet Margaret Le Poer Trench (b  13 October 1799, d  1885), married Thomas Kavanagh "the MacMurrough", a descendant of Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh
Lady Emily Florinda Le Poer Trench (b  7 November 1800), married Giovanni Cossiria
Lady Frances Power Le Poer Trench (b  22 January 1802, d  28 December 1804)
William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty (b 21 September 1803, d  26 April 1872), married Lady Sarah Juliana Butler, daughter of Somerset Richard Butler, 3rd Earl of Carrick
Hon  Richard John Le Poer Trench (b  1805)
Commander Hon  Frederick Robert Le Poer Trench (b  23 July 1808, d  April 1867), married Catherine Maria Thompson

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Power Henry Le Poer Trench
Power Henry Le Poer Trench (11 May 1841 – 30 April 1899) was a British diplomat Trench was the son of William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty and Lady Sarah Juliana Butler 

Career
Trench was Secretary of the British Embassy in Berlin between 1888 and 1893 In Mexico, he was the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary  between 1893 and 1894 He was the British Minister in Tokyo in 1894-1895 

See also
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Japan
Anglo-Japanese relations

Notes
Passage 4:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 5:
Nicholas Trench, 9th Earl of Clancarty
Nicholas Le Poer Trench, 9th Earl of Clancarty, 8th Marquess of Heusden (born 1 May 1952), is an Anglo-Irish peer, as well as a nobleman in the Dutch nobility  Lord Clancarty serves as an elected Crossbench hereditary peer in the British House of Lords  His earldom is in the Peerage of Ireland  He was educated at Westminster School  He also studied at Ashford Grammar School, Plymouth Polytechnic, University of Colorado, Denver, USA, and Sheffield University 

Family
Lord Clancarty was born in Uxbridge, on 1 May 1952, the only son of Power Edward Ford Le Poer Trench, second son of the fifth Earl from his second marriage  He is married to the journalist Victoria Lambert and has one daughter with her 

Membership of House of Lords
In 1995 he succeeded to the titles on the death of his childless uncle, Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty  He took his seat in the House of Lords at this time as Viscount Clancarty, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, because titles in the Peerage of Ireland did not entitle their holders to sit even before the House of Lords Act 1999 removed the majority of the hereditary peers 
Under the terms of that Act, Clancarty lost his automatic right to a seat; he was unsuccessful in the election by the Crossbench hereditary peers of 28 of their number to continue to sit after the Act came into force, finishing 37th in a field of 79 candidates He was an unsuccessful candidate in four by-elections caused by the deaths of sitting hereditary peers, being runner-up on two occasions  In 2010 he returned to the House after winning the by-election to replace the 4th Viscount Colville of Culross Besides being a British and an Irish peer, he also belongs to the Dutch nobility as Marquess of Heusden  Besides H M  King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, who is also Marquess of Veere and Vlissingen, Lord Clancarty is the only marquess in Dutch nobility 

Career
Clancarty is a self-employed artist, freelance writer, and translator 
Passage 6:
Robert Le Poer Trench
Robert Le Poer Trench (c 1811 – 8 February 1895) was a judge and an Attorney-General of Victoria Trench was the third son of Ven  Charles Le Poer Trench, D D , of Ballinasloe, County Galway, Archdeacon of Ardagh, and grandson of the first Earl of Clancarty  He entered as a student of the Middle Temple in May 1839, and was called to the Bar in June 1842  Having emigrated to Victoria, he was clerk of petty sessions at Kilmore, Victoria and afterwards at Ballarat  In 1855 he was admitted to the Victorian Bar, and quickly obtained a large practice, especially in mining cases  Though he never entered parliament he was Attorney-General in the first Graham Berry Government from August to October 1875, and in Berry's second Administration, from May 1877 to March 1878, when he was appointed a Commissioner of Land Tax, and a County Court Judge in April 1880  Mr  Trench, who was appointed Q C  in 1878, subsequently retired on a pension 
Passage 7:
William Le Poer Trench
Colonel The Hon  William Le Poer Trench CVO, JP (17 June 1837 – 16 September 1920) was an Anglo-Irish politician and British army officer 
He was the third son of William Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty and Lady Sarah Juliana Butler 
He married Harriet Maria Georgina Martins, daughter of Sir William Martins, on 21 April 1864 
He fought in the Second Opium War between 1857 and 1858, commanding a ladder company at the capture of Guangzhou and Nankow, and was mentioned in despatches  He gained the rank of Colonel in the service of the Royal Engineers 
Between 1872 and 1874, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for County Galway, having unseated the elected MP, John Philip Nolan, on petition; the case was one of the most controversial Irish cases of its time and permanently damaged the reputation of the judge, William Keogh 
He held the office of Justice of the Peace for Westminster, London, Buckinghamshire, and Middlesex  He was made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912 He was scandalised by the marriage on 10 July 1889 of his 20-year-old son and heir, William LePoer-Trench, to a London showgirl, Isabel Maud Penrice Bilton, who used the stage name of Belle   As a result, he did all in his power to dissolve the marriage   When this was unsuccessful he stopped his son's allowance, and resorted to selling lands in order to diminish his heir's eventual income, but his daughter-in-law's income from the stage was too great for these expedients to have much impact 
Passage 8:
William Le Poer Trench (Royal Navy officer)
Rear-Admiral The Hon  William Le Poer Trench (4 July 1771 – 14 August 1846) was born in Garbally, Galway, Ireland to William Power Keating Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty and Anne Gardiner  He acted for a considerable period as the agent of the estates of his father's family in Ireland He was made a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1793; promoted to the rank of Commander in 1799; to that of Post Captain 1802; and to that of Rear Admiral in 1840 In 1819 he was appointed Secretary to the Board of Customs and Port Duties in Ireland 

Family
He was married twice, first on 8 March 1800 to Sarah Cuppage, daughter of John Loftus Cuppage  Sarah died in June 1834, and on 1 February 1837 William married a second time to Margaret Downing, daughter of Dawson Downing and Anne Boyd 

See also
O'Byrne, William Richard (1849)  "Trench, William Le Poer"   A Naval Biographical Dictionary   John Murray – via Wikisource 
Passage 9:
Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty
William Francis Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty, 7th Marquess of Heusden (18 September 1911 – 18 May 1995) was a prominent ufologist   He was an Irish peer, as well as a nobleman in the Dutch nobility 

Biography
He was the fifth son of William Frederick Le Poer Trench, 5th Earl of Clancarty by Mary Gwatkin Ellis  He had four older half-brothers born to the 5th Earl's first wife, Isabel Maud Penrice Bilton, the actress known as Belle Bilton, who died of cancer in 1906  Brinsley was educated at the Pangbourne Nautical College 
From 1956 to 1959 Clancarty edited the Flying Saucer Review and founded the International Unidentified Object Observer Corps  He also found employment selling advertising space for a gardening magazine housed opposite Waterloo station 
In 1967, he founded Contact International and served as its first president  He also served as vice-president of the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA)  Clancarty was an honorary life member of the now defunct Ancient Astronauts Society which supported the ideas put forward by Erich von Däniken in his 1968 book Chariots of the Gods? 
In 1975 he succeeded to the earldom on the death of his half-brother, Grenville Sydney Rocheforte, 7th Earl of Clancarty, giving him a seat in the British Parliament  He used his new position to found a UFO Study Group at the House of Lords, introducing Flying Saucer Review to its library and pushing for the declassification of UFO data 
Four years later he organised a celebrated debate in the House of Lords on UFOs which attracted many speeches on both sides of the question  In one debate, Lord Strabolgi, for the Government, declared that there was nothing to convince him that any alien spacecraft had ever visited the Earth 

Private life
Clancarty first married, in 1940, Diana (1919–1999), daughter of Sir William Younger, Bt  This marriage was dissolved in 1947  He married secondly, in 1961, Mrs Wilma Belknap (née Vermilyea) (1915–1995) and that marriage was dissolved in 1969  His third marriage was in 1974, to Mrs Mildred Allewyn Spong (née Bensusan) (1895–1975)  She died in 1975 but Clancarty remarried a fourth time, in 1976, to Mrs May Beasley (née Radonicich) (1904–2003) 
He lived most of his life in South Kensington and died in Bexhill-on-Sea in 1995, leaving his extensive collection of papers to Contact International 
He was succeeded to the earldom by his nephew Nicholas Le Poer Trench (b  1952) 

Hollow Earth theory
In 1974, Trench published Secret of the Ages: UFOs from Inside the Earth, a book which theorised that the centre of the Earth was hollow, with entrances to its interior located at both the north and south polar areas  The interior, he suggested, consisted of large tunnel systems connecting a large cavern world  Trench also believed that the lost continent of Atlantis actually once existed and that these tunnels were probably constructed all over the world by the Atlanteans, for various purposes 
Trench believed that there was no actual North Pole, but instead a large area with a warm sea dipping gradually into the interior of the Earth  He said that humans were 'living on the deck of a ship, unaware of the life going on under our feet'  One argument he put forward for this theory was that whilst the Earth is spherical, it is flattened at the poles  Additionally, he questioned how all icebergs could be composed of frozen fresh water, if no rivers were flowing from the inside of the Earth to the outside  He had also suggested that a large proportion of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) emanated from the Earth's interior  These objects were likely to have been created by a group of much more technically advanced beings, similar to humans, but a group that likely possessed extrasensory abilities, as well as the ability to manipulate psychic phenomena  Another argument for the Hollow Earth theory was that everything he suggested, nebulae, comets and planets, are hollow and these conditions would certainly prove favourable for a hollow Earth 
Whilst Trench had in one of his earlier books disregarded the Hollow Earth theory, he admitted to at the time 'being educated along with millions of other people to believe that the Earth had a liquid molten core' 

Other claims
According to Trench in his book The Sky People, Adam and Eve, Noah and many of the other characters from the Bible originally lived on Mars  Trench believed that Adam and Eve were experimental creations of extraterrestrials  His claim was that the Biblical description of the Garden of Eden was inconsistent with what was on Earth and as Mars contained canals, that the Garden of Eden must have been located on Mars  He further claimed that the north polar ice cap melted on Mars, and this caused the descendants of Adam and Eve to move to Earth Trench also claimed to know a former U S  test pilot who said he was one of six persons present at a meeting between President Eisenhower and a group of aliens, which allegedly took place at Edwards Air Force Base on 4 April 1954  Clancarty reported that the test pilot told him "Five different alien craft landed at the base  Three were saucer-shaped and two were cigar shaped    the aliens looked something like humans, but not exactly "He claimed that he could trace his descent from 63,000 BC, when beings from other planets had landed on Earth in spaceships 

Bibliography
The Sky People (1960)
Men Among Mankind (1962)
Forgotten Heritage (1964)
The Flying Saucer Story (1966)
Operation Earth (1969)
The Eternal Subject (1973)
Secret of the Ages: UFO's from Inside the Earth (1974) 
Reptiles from the Internal World (1979)
China in the Closet: A Romantic Mystery (1981)
Egos and Sub-Egos (1983)
UFOs: Just Shiny Birds? with Anna Robb (1984) 
Passage 10:
William Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty
William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty, 2nd Marquess of Heusden (21 September 1803 –  26 April 1872), styled Viscount Dunlo between 1805 and 1837, was an Irish peer, as well a nobleman in the Dutch nobility  He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge Trench was born in Castleton, County Kildare, Ireland the son of Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty and Henrietta Margaret Staples  On 8 September 1832, he married Lady Sarah Juliana Butler  They had six children 

Richard Somerset Le Poer Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty (13 January 1834 – 29 May 1891) married Lady Adeliza Georgiana Hervey
Major Hon  Frederick Le Poer Trench (10 February 1835 – 17 December 1913) married (1) Harriet Mary Trench (2) Catherine Simpson
Colonel William Le Poer Trench (17 June 1837 – 16 September 1920) married Harriet Maria Georgina Martins
Lady Anne Le Poer Trench (1839 – 12 March 1924) married Frederic Sydney Charles Trench
Power Henry Le Poer Trench (11 May 1841 – 30 April 1899)
Lady Sarah Emily Grace Le Poer Trench (6 December 1843 – 2 August 1875) married John Melville Hatchell 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 2:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 3:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 4:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Passage 5:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 6:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 7:
This Time (Waylon Jennings song)
"This Time" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Waylon Jennings  It is the title track from the album This Time and was released in April 1974 as the album's first single  The song reached No  1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1974 and was his first of fourteen country No  1 hits 

Chart performance
Passage 8:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 9:
Waylon Jennings
Waylon Arnold Jennings (born Wayland Arnold Jennings; June 15, 1937 – February 13, 2002) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor  He pioneered the Outlaw Movement in country music 
Jennings started playing guitar at the age of eight and performed at age fourteen on KVOW radio, after which he formed his first band, The Texas Longhorns  Jennings left high school at age sixteen, determined to become a musician, and worked as a performer and DJ on KVOW, KDAV, KYTI, KLLL, in Coolidge, Arizona, and Phoenix  In 1958, Buddy Holly arranged Jennings's first recording session, and hired him to play bass  Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight in 1959 that crashed and killed Holly, J  P  "The Big Bopper" Richardson and Ritchie Valens 
Jennings then formed a rockabilly club band, The Waylors, which became the house band at "JD's", a club in Scottsdale, Arizona  He recorded for independent label Trend Records and A&M Records, but did not achieve success until moving to RCA Victor, when he acquired Neil Reshen as his manager, who negotiated significantly better touring and recording contracts  After he gained creative control from RCA Records, he released the critically acclaimed albums Lonesome, On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes, followed by the hit albums Dreaming My Dreams and Are You Ready for the Country 
During the 1970s, Jennings drove outlaw country  With Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser and Jessi Colter he recorded country music's first platinum album, Wanted! The Outlaws  It was followed by Ol' Waylon and the hit song "Luckenbach, Texas"  He was featured on the 1978 album White Mansions, performed by various artists documenting the lives of Confederates during the Civil War  He appeared in films and television series, including Sesame Street, and a stint as the balladeer for The Dukes of Hazzard, composing and singing the show's theme song and providing narration for the show  By the early 1980s, Jennings struggled with cocaine addiction, which he overcame in 1984  Later, he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen with Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, and Johnny Cash, which released three albums between 1985 and 1995  During that period, Jennings released the successful album Will the Wolf Survive 
Jennings toured less after 1997 to spend more time with his family  Between 1999 and 2001, his appearances were limited by health problems  In 2001, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame  In 2007, he was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music 

Early life
Wayland Jennings was born on June 15, 1937, on the J W  Bittner farm, near Littlefield, Texas  He was the son of Lorene Beatrice (née Shipley, 1920–2006) and William Albert Jennings (1915–1968)  The Jennings family line descended from Irish and Black-Dutch  The Shipley line descended from his great-grandfather, a farmer and lawman from Tennessee, with Jennings adding that "along the way, a lot of Indian blood mixed in," including Cherokee and Comanche families The name on Jennings's birth certificate was Wayland  It was changed after a Baptist preacher visited his parents and congratulated his mother for naming him after the Wayland Baptist University in Plainview, Texas  Lorene Jennings, who was Church of Christ and had been unaware of the college, changed the spelling to Waylon  Jennings later expressed in his autobiography, "I didn't like Waylon  It sounded so corny and hillbilly, but it's been good to me, and I'm pretty well at peace with it now " After working as a laborer on the Bittner farm, Jennings's father moved the family to Littlefield and established a retail creamery 

Career
Beginnings in music
When Jennings was 8, his mother taught him to play guitar with the tune "Thirty Pieces of Silver"  Jennings used to practice with his relatives' instruments until his mother bought him a used Stella guitar, and later ordered a Harmony Patrician  Early influences included Bob Wills, Floyd Tillman, Ernest Tubb, Hank Williams, Carl Smith, and Elvis Presley Beginning with performing at family gatherings, Jennings played his first public concert at the Youth Center with Anthony Bonanno, followed by appearances at the local Jaycees and Lions Clubs  He won a talent show at Channel 13, in Lubbock, singing "Hey Joe"  He later made frequent performances at the Palace Theater in Littlefield, during local talent night At the age of 14, Jennings auditioned for a spot on KVOW in Littlefield, Texas  Owner J B  McShan, along with Emil Macha, recorded Jennings's performance  McShan liked his style and hired him for a weekly 30-minute program  Following his performance on the show, Jennings formed his own band  He asked Macha to play bass for him and gathered other friends and acquaintances to form The Texas Longhorns  The style of the band—a mixture of Country and Western and Bluegrass music—was often not well received 

After several disciplinary infractions, 16-year-old Jennings was convinced to drop out of Littlefield High School by the superintendent  Upon leaving school, he worked for his father in the family store, while he also took temporary jobs  Jennings felt that music would turn into his career  The next year he, along with The Texas Longhorns, recorded demo versions of the songs "Stranger in My Home" and "There'll Be a New Day" at KFYO radio in Lubbock  Meanwhile, he drove a truck for the Thomas Land Lumber Company, and a cement truck for the Roberts Lumber Company  Tired of the owner, Jennings quit after a minor driving accident  Jennings, and other local musicians, often performed at country radio station KDAV   During this time he met Buddy Holly at a Lubbock restaurant  The two often met during local shows, and Jennings began to attend Holly's performances on KDAV's Sunday Party In addition to performing on air for KVOW, Jennings started to work as a DJ in 1956 and moved to Lubbock  His program ran from 4:00 in the afternoon to 10:00 in the evening, filled with two hours of country classics, two of current country and two of mixed recordings  The latter included early rock-and-roll stars such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard  The owner reprimanded Jennings for his selection, and after playing two Little Richard records in a row Jennings was fired During his time at KVOW Jennings was visited by DJ Sky Corbin of KLVT in Levelland  Corbin was impressed with his voice, and decided to visit Jennings at the station after hearing him sing a jingle to the tune of Hank Snow's "I'm Moving On"  Jennings expressed his struggle to live on a $50-a-week salary  Corbin invited Jennings to visit KLVT, where he eventually took Corbin's position when it opened  The Corbin family later purchased KLLL, in Lubbock  They changed the format of the station to country, becoming the main competition of KDAV  The Corbins hired Jennings as the station's first DJ 

Jennings produced commercials and created jingles with the rest of the DJs  As their popularity increased, the DJs made public appearances  Jennings's events included live performances  During one performance, Holly's father, L O  Holley, approached them with his son's latest record and asked them to play it at the station  L O  mentioned his son's intention to start producing artists himself, and Corbin recommended Jennings  After returning from his tour of England Buddy Holly visited KLLL Holly took Jennings as his first artist  He outfitted him with new clothes, and worked with him to improve his image  He arranged a session for Jennings at Norman Petty's recording studios in Clovis, New Mexico  On September 10, Jennings recorded the songs "Jole Blon" and "When Sin Stops (Love Begins)" with Holly and Tommy Allsup on guitars and saxophonist King Curtis  Holly then hired Jennings to play bass for him during his "Winter Dance Party Tour" 

Winter Dance Party Tour
Before the tour, Holly vacationed with his wife in Lubbock and visited Jennings's radio station in December 1958  Jennings and Sky Corbin performed the hand claps to Holly's tune "You're the One"  Jennings and Holly soon left for New York City, arriving on January 15, 1959  Jennings stayed at Holly's apartment by Washington Square Park prior to a meeting scheduled at the headquarters of the General Artists Corporation, that organized the tour  They later took a train to Chicago to join the band



ground_truth: 26 April 1872

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the performer of song This Time (Waylon Jennings Song)?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

The Winter Dance Party tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959  The amount of travel created logistical problems, as the distance between venues had not been considered when scheduling each performance  Adding to the problem, the unheated tour buses twice broke down in freezing weather, leading to drummer Carl Bunch being hospitalized for frostbite on his toes  Holly made the decision to find another means of transportation Before their performance at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered a four-seat Beechcraft Bonanza airplane from Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, Iowa, for himself, Jennings, and Tommy Allsup, to avoid the long bus trip to their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota  Following the Clear Lake show (which ended around midnight), Allsup lost a coin toss and gave up his seat on the charter plane to Ritchie Valens, while Jennings voluntarily gave up his seat to J  P  Richardson, known as The Big Bopper, who was suffering from the flu and complaining about how cold and uncomfortable the tour bus was for a man of his size When Holly learned that his bandmates had given up their seats on the plane and had chosen to take the bus rather than fly, a friendly banter between Holly and Jennings ensued, and it would come back to haunt Jennings for decades to follow: Holly jokingly told Jennings, "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up!" Jennings jokingly replied, "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes!" Less than an hour and a half later, shortly after 1:00 am on February 3, 1959, Holly's charter plane crashed into a cornfield outside Mason City, instantly killing all on board Later that morning, Jennings's family heard on the radio that "Buddy Holly and his band had been killed " After calling his family, Jennings called Sky Corbin at KLLL from Fargo to confirm that he had not been aboard the plane  The General Artists Corporation promised to pay for first-class tickets for Jennings and the band to attend Holly's funeral in Lubbock in exchange for them playing that night in Moorhead  After the first show, they were initially denied their payment by the venue, but after Jennings's persistence, they were paid  The flights were never paid for, and Jennings and Allsup continued the tour for two more weeks, featuring Jennings as the lead singer  They were paid less than half of the original agreed salary, and upon returning to New York, Jennings put Holly's guitar and amplifier in a locker in Grand Central Terminal and mailed the keys to Maria Elena Holly  Then he returned to Lubbock In the early 1960s, Jennings wrote and recorded "The Stage (Stars in Heaven)", a tribute to Valens, the Big Bopper and Holly, as well as Eddie Cochran, a young musician who died in a road accident a year after the plane crash 
For decades afterward, Jennings repeatedly stated that he felt responsible for the crash that killed Holly  This sense of guilt precipitated bouts of substance abuse through much of his career "Jole Blon" was released on Brunswick in March 1959 with limited success  Now unemployed, Jennings returned to KLLL  Deeply affected by the death of Holly, Jennings's performance at the station worsened  He left the station after he was denied a raise, and later worked briefly for the competition, KDAV 

Phoenix
Due to his father-in-law's illness, Jennings had to shuttle between Arizona and Texas  While his family lived back in Littlefield, Jennings found a job briefly at KOYL in Odessa, Texas  He moved with his family to Coolidge, Arizona, where his wife Maxine's sister lived  He found a job performing at the Galloping Goose bar, where he was heard by Earl Perrin, who offered him a spot on KCKY  Jennings also played during the intermission at drive-in theaters and in bars  After a successful performance at the Cross Keys Club in Phoenix, he was approached by two contractors (Paul Pristo and Dean Coffman) who were building a club in Scottsdale for James (Jimmy) D  Musil, called JD's  Musil engaged Jennings as his main artist and designed the club around his act Jennings formed his backing band, The Waylors, with bassist Paul Foster, guitarist Jerry Gropp, and drummer Richie Albright  The band soon earned a strong local fan base at JD's, where Jennings developed his rock-influenced style of country music that defined him on his later career 

In 1961, Jennings signed a recording contract with Trend Records, and experienced moderate success with his single, "Another Blue Day"  His friend Don Bowman took demos of Jennings to Jerry Moss, who at the time was starting A&M Records with associate Herb Alpert  In July 1963 Jennings signed a contract with A&M that granted him 5% of record sales  At A&M, he recorded "Love Denied" backed with "Rave On", and Ian Tyson's "Four Strong Winds" backed with "Just to Satisfy You"  He followed up by recording demos of "The Twelfth of Never", "Kisses Sweeter than Wine", and "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right", and also produced the single "Sing the Girls a Song, Bill", backed with "The Race Is On"  The singles were released between April and October 1964 Jennings's records found little success at A&M, because the label was releasing mostly folk music rather than country at the time  He had a few regional hits around Phoenix, due to local radio airplay with  "Four Strong Winds" and "Just To Satisfy You", which was co-written with Bowman  Meanwhile, he recorded an album on BAT records produced by James Musil and engineered by Jack Miller, called "JD's Waylon Jennings" on the front of the album, and "Waylon Jennings at JD's" on the back side  After 500 copies were sold at the club another 500 were pressed by the Sounds label  He also played lead guitar for Patsy Montana on a 1964 album Singer Bobby Bare heard Jennings's "Just to Satisfy You" on his car radio while passing through Phoenix, and recorded it and "Four Strong Winds"  After stopping in Phoenix to attend a Jennings performance at JD's, Bare called Chet Atkins, head of the RCA Victor studios in Nashville, and suggested he sign Jennings  Unsure after being offered a deal with RCA if he should quit his gig at JD's and relocate to Nashville, he sought the advice of RCA artist and friend Willie Nelson, who had attended one of Jennings' shows  Upon hearing how well financially Jennings was doing at JD's Nelson suggested he stay in Phoenix Jennings then asked Herb Alpert to release him from his contract with A&M, which Alpert did  Later, after Jennings became successful, A&M compiled all of his singles and unreleased recordings and issued them as an album, Don't Think Twice  Atkins formally signed Jennings to RCA Victor in 1965  In August Jennings made his first appearance on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart with "That's the Chance I'll Have to Take" 

The Nashville Sound
In 1966, Jennings released his debut RCA Victor album Folk-Country, followed by Leavin' Town and Nashville Rebel  Leavin' Town resulted in significant chart success as the first two singles "Anita, You're Dreaming" and "Time to Bum Again" both peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart  The album's third single, a cover of Gordon Lightfoot's "(That's What You Get) For Lovin' Me", peaked at no  9, Jennings's first top 10 single  Nashville Rebel was the soundtrack to an independent film, The Nashville Rebel, starring Jennings  The single "Green River" charted on Billboard country singles at no  11 

In 1967, Jennings released a hit single, "Just to Satisfy You"  During an interview, Jennings remarked that the song was a "pretty good example" of the influence of his work with Buddy Holly and rockabilly music  Jennings produced mid-chart albums that sold well, including 1967's Just to Satisfy You, which included the hit single  Jennings's singles enjoyed success  "The Chokin' Kind" peaked at number eight on Billboard's Hot Country Singles in 1967, while "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line" hit number two the following year  In 1969, his collaboration with The Kimberlys on the single "MacArthur Park" earned a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group  His single "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" reached number three at the Hot Country Singles chart by the end of the year During this time, Jennings rented an apartment in Nashville with singer Johnny Cash  Jennings and Cash were both managed by "Lucky" Moeller's booking agency Moeller Talent, Inc  The tours organized by the agency were unproductive, with the artists being booked to venues located far from each other in close dates  After paying for the accommodation and travel expenditures, Jennings was frequently forced to request advances from the agency or RCA Victor to make the next venue  While playing 300 days on the road, Jennings's debt increased, and along with it his consumption of amphetamine  He believed himself to be "trapped on the circuit" In 1972, Jennings released Ladies Love Outlaws  The single that headlined the album became a hit for Jennings, and was his first approach to outlaw country  Jennings was accustomed to performing and recording with his own band, The Waylors, a practice that was not encouraged by powerful Nashville producers, who favored the Nashville sound produced by a roster of experienced local studio musicians  The music style publicized as "Countrypolitan" was characterized by orchestral arrangements and the absence of most traditional country music instruments  The producers did not let Jennings play his own guitar or select material to record  Jennings felt limited by Nashville's lack of artistic freedom 

Outlaw Country
By 1972, after the release of Ladies Love Outlaws, his recording contract was nearing an end  Upon contracting hepatitis, Jennings was hospitalized  Sick and frustrated with the Nashville music industry, he was considering retirement  Albright visited him and convinced him to continue, suggesting he hire Neil Reshen as his new manager  Meanwhile, Jennings requested a $25,000 royalty advance from RCA Records to cover his living expenses during his recovery  The same day he met Reshen, RCA sent Jerry Bradley to offer Jennings $5,000 as a bonus for signing a new 5% royalty deal with RCA, the same terms he had accepted in 1965  After reviewing the offer with Reshen, he rejected it and hired Reshen 

Reshen started to renegotiate Jennings's recording and touring contracts  At a meeting in a Nashville airport Jennings introduced Reshen to Willie Nelson  By the end of the meeting Reshen had become Nelson's manager as well  Jennings's new deal included a $75,000 advance and artistic control  Reshen advised Jennings to keep the beard that he had grown in the hospital, to match the image of Outlaw Country By 1973 Nelson found success with Atlantic Records  Now based in Austin, Texas, he began to attract rock and roll fans to his shows, which gained him notice in its press  Atlantic Records made a bid to sign Jennings, but Nelson's rise to popularity persuaded RCA to renegotiate with him before losing another potential star In 1973, Jennings released Lonesome, On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes, the first albums recorded and released under his creative control  This heralded a major turning point for Jennings, resulting in his most critically and commercially successful years  More hit albums followed with This Time and The Ramblin' Man, both released in 1974  The title tracks of both albums topped the Billboard Country singles chart, with the self-penned "This Time" becoming Jennings's first no  1 single  Dreaming My Dreams, released in 1975, included the no  1 single "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way", and became his first album to be certified gold by the RIAA; it was also the first of six consecutive solo studio albums to be certified gold or higher  In 1976 Jennings released Are You Ready for the Country  Jennings wanted Los Angeles producer Ken Mansfield to produce the record, but RCA initially balked  Jennings and The Waylors traveled to Los Angeles and recorded with Mansfield at Jennings's own expense  A month later, Jennings returned to Nashville and presented the master tape to Chet Atkins, who, after listening to it, decided to release it  The album reached number 1 Billboard's country albums three times the same year, topping the charts for 10 weeks  It was named Country album of the year in 1976 by Record World magazine and was certified gold by the RIAA 

In 1976, RCA released the compilation album Wanted! The Outlaws, with Jennings, Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser, and Jennings's wife, Jessi Colter  The album was the first Country music album certified platinum  The following year, RCA issued Ol' Waylon, an album that produced a hit duet with Nelson, "Luckenbach, Texas"  The album Waylon and Willie followed in 1978, producing the hit single "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys"  Jennings released I've Always Been Crazy, also in 1978  The same year, at the peak of his success, Jennings began to feel limited by the outlaw movement  Jennings referred to the overexploitation of the image in the song "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand?", claiming that the movement had become a "self-fulfilling prophecy"  In 1979, RCA released Jennings first Greatest Hits compilation, which was certified gold the same year, and quintuple platinum in 2002 Also in 1979, Jennings joined the cast of the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard as the Balladeer, the narrator  The only episode to feature him as an actor was "Welcome, Waylon Jennings", during the seventh season  Jennings played himself, presented as an old friend of the Duke family  For the show he also wrote and sang the theme song "Good Ol' Boys", which became the biggest hit of his career  Released as a single in promotion with the show, it became Jennings's 12th single to reach number one on the Billboard Country Singles chart  It was also a crossover hit, peaking at no  21 on the Billboard Hot 100 

Later years
In the mid-1980s, Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, and Jennings formed a successful group called The Highwaymen  Aside from his work with The Highwaymen, Jennings released a gold album WWII (1982) with Willie Nelson In 1985, Jennings joined with USA for Africa to record "We Are the World", but he left the studio because of a dispute over the song's lyrics that were to be sung in Swahili  By this time, his sales had decreased  After the release of Sweet Mother Texas, Jennings signed with MCA Records  His debut release with the label, Will the Wolf Survive (1985), peaked at number one in Billboard's Country albums in 1986  Jennings's initial success tailed off, and in 1990, he signed with Epic Records  His first release, The Eagle, became his final top 10 album Also in 1985, he made a cameo appearance in the live-action children's film Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird  In the movie, he plays a turkey farm truck driver who gives Big Bird a lift  He also sings one of the film's songs, entitled "Ain't No Road Too Long"  In 1993, in collaboration with Rincom Children's Entertainment, Jennings recorded an album of children's songs, Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt, which included "Shooter's Theme", a tribute to his 14-year-old with the theme of "a friend of mine" As his record sales and radio play declined through the 1990s, Jennings continued to draw large crowds to his live performances  in 1994 Jennings made a small appearance in the movie Maverick, with Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner 
In 1996, Jennings released his album, Right for the Time  In 1997, after the Lollapalooza tour, he decreased his tour schedule to focus on his family  In 1998, Jennings teamed up with Bare, Jerry Reed, and Mel Tillis to form the Old Dogs  The group recorded a double album of songs by Shel Silverstein In mid-1999, Jennings assembled what he referred to as his "hand-picked dream team" and formed Waylon & The Waymore Blues Band  Consisting primarily of former Waylors, the 13-member group performed concerts from 1999 to 2001  As his health declined, Jennings decided to end his touring career  In January 2000, Jennings recorded what became his final album at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium, Never Say Die: Live 

Music style and image
Jennings's music was characterized by his powerful rough-edged singing voice, phrasing and texture 
He was also recognized for his "spanky-twang" guitar style  To create his sound, he used a pronounced 'phaser' effect (see 'Modulation Effects': below) plus a mixture of thumb and fingers during the rhythmic parts, while using picks for the lead runs  He combined hammer-on and pull-off riffs, with eventual upper-fret double stops and modulation effects  Jennings played a 1953 Fender Telecaster, a used guitar that was a gift from The Waylors  Jennings's bandmates adorned his guitar with a distinctive leather cover that featured a black background with a white floral work  Jennings further customized it by filing down the frets to lower the strings on the neck to obtain the slapping sound  Among his other guitars, Jennings used a 1950 Fender Broadcaster from the mid-1970s, until he gave it to guitarist Reggie Young in 1993  The leather covers of his guitars were carved by leather artist Terry Lankford Jennings's signature image was characterized by his long hair and beard, and black hat and black leather vest he wore during his appearances 

Personal life
Jennings was married four times and had six children  He married Maxine Caroll Lawrence in 1956 at age 18, with whom he had four children: Terry Vance (1957–2019), Julie Rae (1958–2014), Buddy Dean (born 1960), and Deana  Jennings married Lynne Jones on December 10, 1962, adopting a child, Tomi Lynne  They divorced in 1967  He married Barbara Elizabeth Rood the same year  He composed the song "This Time" about the trials and tribulations of his marriages and divorces 
Jennings married country singer Jessi Colter in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 26, 1969  Colter had a daughter, Jennifer, from her previous marriage to Duane Eddy  The couple had a son born in 1979, Waylon Albright, known as Shooter Jennings  In the early 1980s, Colter and Jennings nearly divorced due to his abuse of drugs and alcohol  In 1997, after he stopped touring, Jennings earned a GED at age 60 to set an example about the importance of education to his son, Shooter 

Addiction and recovery
Jennings started to consume amphetamines while he lived with Johnny Cash during the mid-1960s  Jennings later stated, "Pills were the artificial energy on which Nashville ran around the clock "In 1977, Jennings was arrested by federal agents for conspiracy and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute  A private courier warned the Drug Enforcement Administration about the package sent to Jennings by a New York colleague that contained 27 grams of cocaine  The DEA and the police searched Jennings's recording studio but found no evidence because, while they were waiting for a search warrant, Jennings disposed of the drug  The charges were later dropped and Jennings was released  The episode was recounted in Jennings's song "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand" During the early 1980s, his cocaine addiction intensified  Jennings claimed to have spent $1,500 (equivalent to $4,800 in 2022) a day on his habit, draining his personal finances and leaving him bankrupt with debt up to $2 5 million  Though he insisted on repaying the debt and did additional tours to do so, his work became less focused and his tours deteriorated  Jennings leased a home in the Phoenix area and spent a month detoxing himself, intending to start using cocaine again in a more controlled fashion afterward  In 1984, he quit cocaine  He claimed that his son Shooter was his main inspiration to finally do so 

Illness and death
Decades of excessive smoking and drug use took a large toll on Jennings' health in addition to obesity and a poor diet, which resulted in his developing Type II diabetes  In 1988, four years after quitting cocaine, he ended his six-pack-a-day smoking habit  That same year, he underwent heart bypass surgery  By 2000, his diabetes worsened, and the pain reduced his mobility to the point where he was forced to end most touring  That same year, he underwent surgery to improve his left leg's blood circulation  In December 2001, his left foot was amputated at a hospital in Phoenix On February 13, 2002, Jennings died in his sleep from complications of diabetes at his home in Chandler, Arizona, aged 64  He was buried in the City of Mesa Cemetery in nearby Mesa  At his memorial service on February 15, Jessi Colter sang "Storms Never Last" 

Legacy
Between 1965 and 1991, ninety-six Jennings singles appeared on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart and sixteen topped it  Between 1966 and 1995 fifty-four of his albums charted on Billboard's Top Country Albums, with eleven reaching Number 1 

Littlefield, Texas, renamed one of its major roads, Tenth Street, to Waylon Jennings Boulevard 
He was inducted to the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999 In October 2001, Jennings was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, but he was unable to attend the ceremony due to the pain caused by his diabetes  On July 6, 2006, Jennings was inducted to Guitar Center's RockWalk in Hollywood, California  Jessi Colter attended the ceremony along with Kris Kristofferson, who was inducted on the same day  On June 20, 2007, Jennings was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music  During the ceremony, Ray Scott sang "Rainy Day Woman" and the award was accepted by Buddy Jennings Jennings's music had an influence on numerous artists, including Hank Williams Jr , The Marshall Tucker Band, Travis Tritt, Steve Earle, Waylon, Eric Church, Cody Jinks, Jamey Johnson, John Anderson, his son, Shooter Jennings, Sturgill Simpson, and Hank Williams III In 2008, the posthumous album Waylon Forever was released, which consisted of songs recorded with his then-16-year-old son, Shooter  In 2012, the three-volume Waylon: The Music Inside was released, featuring covers of Jennings's songs by different artists  Also released the same year was Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings, a set of 12 songs recorded by Jennings and bassist Robby Turner before Jennings' death in 2002   The songs initially featured only Jennings' guitar and vocals, with Turner on bass; further accompaniment was to be added later  Turner completed the recordings in 2012 with the help of former Waylors  The Jennings family approved the release  Meanwhile, it launched a new business focused on his estate  Shooter Jennings arranged deals for a clothing line, launched a renewed website, and started talks with different producers on a biographical film 

Discography
Filmography
Awards
See also
Jerry "Bo" Coleman
Outlaw Country
List of country musicians
List of best-selling music artists
Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame



ground_truth: Jessi Colter

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who lived longer, Charles Wheatstone or Jean-Claude Lauzon?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Lyse Lafontaine
Lyse Lafontaine (born 1942) is a Canadian film producer known for working with directors Jean-Claude Lauzon and Xavier Dolan  She works at Lyla Films in Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

Early life
Born to La Presse reporter Gaston Lafontaine, Lyse studied literature at the Université de Montréal and earned her degree  She married Stéphane Venne and managed the rock band Offenbach in 1972  She became a stage manager on the 1974 film The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, and married her second husband, moving to The Bahamas for two years before returning to Canada 

Career
In 1976, Lafontaine served as location manager for the film The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane, starring Jodie Foster  Lafontaine met Lauzon when he was pitching his screenplay for Léolo (1992), which other producers had rejected  It became the first film she produced, with Aimée Danis, for which they were nominated for the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture  While in Italy during filming, Lauzon gave Lafontaine a letter thanking her for her ineptitude in business, which he considered necessary to make a film with feeling  She kept it as a cherished keepsake Working with Dolan, she produced Laurence Anyways (2012) and served as an associate producer for Mommy (2014)  Dolan's Laurence Anyways was inspired by Lafontaine's ex-boyfriend Luc Baillairgé, the father of her son Mikaël, who had a small part in Léolo  With Dolan, she personally traveled to London in 2017 to work on his The Death and Life of John F  Donovan In 2015, Lafontaine produced La Passion d’Augustine with François Tremblay, winning the Québec Cinéma Award for Best Film  On 1 June 2017 at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards, she was awarded the Iris Hommage for 30 years of contributions to Quebec cinema 

Filmography
Her films include:
Passage 2:
Jean-Claude Lutanie
Jean-Claude Lutanie is a French writer 

Biography
Jean-Claude Lutanie was born in Poitiers, France in 1951  In the 1970s and 80s, he entered into social protest and contestation, but early on, broke off from any movement in particular  In 1981, he publishes Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980 anonymously, followed by Une lecture paranoïaque-critique de La Maison Tellier (Guy de Maupassant) in 1993  Lutanie’s university research focused on the work of Jean-Pierre Brisset  He taught French in Tebessa, Algeria, from 1985 to 1987, before teaching as Professor of Literature and History in a pre-professional high school in La Rochelle until his death, in 2006 

Bibliography
Harangue des Ciompi à Florence  Rééditée à l'usage des prolétaires de Longwy, (poster, Toulouse, c  1979, anonymous, no publisher, 60 × 39 cm)
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, (poster, Toulouse, 1981, anonymous, no publisher, 65 × 45 cm)
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, (1981, anonymous, no publisher, re-published in 2011 by Editions Lutanie)
Une lecture paranoïaque-critique de La Maison Tellier (Guy de Maupassant), Le Veilleur Éditeur, 1993

Articles
"Introduction to Jean-Claude Lutanie" by Rachel Valinsky in The Third Rail #7


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Johannes Crucius
Johannes Crucius, or Jean de la Croix (1560 – 1625), was a Dutch theologian 

Biography
He was born in Lille, France, as the son of Jacobus de la Croix, a Walloon preacher of Middelburg, among other cities  He was the brother of Jacobus Crucius  Crucius studied in Geneva and on 28 September 1586 he matriculated at the Heidelberg University a year after Franciscus Gomarus, along with the students Abrahamus Vandermylen of Dordrecht, Meinardus ab Idzaerda of Friesland, and Andreas ab Hiddema of Friesland  He then matriculated at Leiden in 1589 and the following year he was selected to succeed Jean Taffin as Walloon preacher at the Waalse Kerk, Haarlem, where he is buried He married Elisabeth Stoock and their first child was baptised 7 June 1591  Their son Jacobus became a doctor, and their sons Nicolaas (1595-1643) and Johannes (1598-1666) became preachers like their father  From 1592, Crucius was the representative of the Wallonian church at the Walloon Synod in Middelburg and in 1618 & 1619 he was their representative at the Synod of Dort  He is known for his translations of religious works From Latin and Dutch into French, most notably by Antonius Walaeus 
He died in Haarlem 
Passage 4:
Jean-Claude Bonnefond
Claude Bonnefond, or Jean-Claude Bonnefond (27 March 1796, Lyon - 27 June 1860, Lyon) was a French painter and lithographer; noted for his portrayals of peasant life  His work was heavily influenced by a visit to Italy 

Biography
His father was a baker who died shortly after Jean-Claude was born  His mother remarried in 1797, to another baker who was an associate of her first husband  An elder brother died in military service  In 1808, at the age of twelve, he entered the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Lyon, where he studied with Pierre Revoil and Alexis Grognard (1752-1840) 
In 1816, he was exempted from military service for being his family's only surviving son  The following year, he had his first exhibit at the Salon, where one of his paintings was purchased by Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 
At the age of 28, he and Victor Orsel went to Paris to work in the studios of Pierre-Narcisse Guérin  Shortly after, Guérin was named Director of the Villa Medici and Bonnefond accompanied him to Rome 
While in Italy, he also visited Campania and Tuscany and made the acquaintance of several German painters of the Nazarene movement, including Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Joseph Anton Koch and Johann Friedrich Overbeck 
In 1830, Victor Prunelle, the Mayor of Lyon, offered him the directorship of the École des Beaux-arts  He accepted, replacing Revoil, and held that position for thirty years  He created a school of engraving, operated by Victor Vibert (1799-1860), and the École produced seventeen laureates of the Prix de Rome between 1831 and 1860  In 1834, he was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor  His own work continued to be in the Italian style until 1840, when he turned to painting portraits of the local bourgeoisie 
He died of what was described as "blood congestion" after a long period of illness 

Selected paintings
Notes
Passage 5:
Jean Edelinck
Jan, or Jean Edelinck (c 1640 – 1680), was a Flemish engraver who worked in Paris 

Life
He was born in Antwerp, the brother of Gerard Edelinck  He was probably younger than Gerard, though his date of birth is unknown  He preceded his brother to Paris  Joseph Strutt, writing in the late 18th century, compared his work unfavourably to Gerard's, saying that, although he closely imitated his style, "he never equalled him, either in drawing or the execution of the mechanical part of his plates "He died in Paris in 1680 

Works
Edelinck made several engravings of the statues in the gardens at Versailles, of which Strutt said "they do him great credit, though the effect is cold, and the extremities rather heavy"  He also made plates after a portrait of the anatomist  Isbrandus de Diemerbroeck by Romeyn de Hooghe, and The Deluge by Alessandro Turchi  The latter was finished after his death by his youngest brother, Gaspard François Edelinck 
Passage 6:
Jean-Claude Dague
Jean-Claude Dague, born Jean-Claude Dagouassat in 1937, is a French film director 

Biography
After having directed four films, Jean-Claude Dague's production company was almost bankrupt  He then attempted a hold-up in Bry-sur-Marne in 1971, but was easily caught with his two partners, having used his own car to flee  The two partners were actor René Chapotot and stuntman Germain Roig  Dague then spent eight years in prison, and wrote about it in a book, Le Dénommé, of which he made a film in 1990 

Filmography
Director1968 : Le Bal des voyous
1969 : Poussez pas grand-père dans les cactus
1970 : Désirella
1971 : L'Homme qui vient de la nuit
1990 : Le Dénommé
1999 : La Paix pour les Enfants du MondeActor1966 : Espions à l'affûtScreenwriter1991 : La Dernière Saison
Passage 7:
Jean-Claude Lauzon
Jean-Claude Lauzon (September 29, 1953 – August 10, 1997) was a Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter  Born to a working class family in Montreal, Quebec, Lauzon dropped out of high school and worked various jobs before studying film at the Université du Québec à Montréal  His two feature-length films, Night Zoo (1987) and Léolo (1992), established him as one of the most important Canadian directors of his generation  American film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lauzon is so motivated by his resentments and desires that everything he creates is pressed into the cause and filled with passion "His film Léolo is widely considered to be one of the best Canadian films of all time  It was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, and was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest films that were released between March 3, 1923—when the first issue of Time was published—and early 2005, when the list was compiled Lauzon's career was cut short by his death in a plane crash in 1997 at the age of 43 

Early life
Born to a working class family in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Lauzon worked a variety of odd jobs after dropping out of high school  He went on to study film at the Université du Québec à Montréal at the behest of Andre Petrowski, a member of the National Film Board of Canada 

Career
While studying at the Université du Québec à Montréal, Lauzon began experimenting with 16mm film stock  His first short film, titled Super Maire, won the Norman McLaren Grand Prize at the Canadian Student Film Festival in 1979  His second short film, titled Piwi, which he started working on while spending time at the American Film Institute in Los Angeles, won the Jury Prize at the Montreal World Film Festival in 1981 In 1983, Lauzon wrote the first draft for his debut feature, Night Zoo, but spent most of the 1980s directing television commercials in Quebec and earning his pilot's licence  He eventually directed the film, making his feature-length film debut, and the film premiered in the Director's Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival, where it was warmly received by most critics  The Globe and Mail’s Jay Scott wrote that “more than anything, Zoo is a movie of extremes; few films in the history of the cinema have wandered so successfully all over so much of the emotional map ” The film went on to win a record-breaking 13 Genie Awards in 1988, and won the Golden Reel Award for being the highest-grossing Canadian film of that year Lauzon achieved further success and acclaim with his second feature-length film, Léolo, which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival  Léolo won three Genie Awards and was a box office success in Canada and across Europe, but failed to make much of an impact in the U S  upon release  Léolo has been called one of the best Canadian films of all time by various media outlets  It was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest films that were released between March 3, 1923—when the first issue of Time was published—and early 2005, when the list was compiled After the success of his first two films, Lauzon focused on directing commercials for television and spent most of his time in northern Quebec flying his Cessna 180 Skywagon, fishing, and hunting 

Artistry
Playback wrote that Lauzon's films were "substantially autobiographical in nature"  Collaborators described the director as "an extremely creative and intense personality for whom making films was painful " American film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lauzon is so motivated by his resentments and desires that everything he creates is pressed into the cause and filled with passion "

Death
Lauzon was preparing his third feature-length film when he died, along with his girlfriend, Canadian actress Marie-Soleil Tougas, in a plane crash  On August 10, 1997, the Cessna 180 Skywagon that Lauzon was piloting flew into a mountainside in strong winds and rain near Kuujjuaq, Quebec while returning from a fishing trip  Lauzon was 43 years old when he died  He was buried in a private ceremony 

Filmography
Super Maire (1979), short film
Piwi (1981), short film
Night Zoo also known as Un zoo la nuit (1987), feature film
Léolo (1992), feature film
Passage 8:
Silvi Jan
Silvi Jan (Hebrew: סילבי ז'אן; born 27 October 1973) an Israeli former footballer who played as a striker  With 29 goals, she is the all-time Israel national team top goalscorer 

Club career
Jan played school football in Netanya, and was part of the boys' football team of Shorashim school  As there was no women's league, Jan tried to find an active team in Europe, eventually signing with Kolbotn I L  in Norway  In 1999, with the establishment of the Israeli Women's League, Jan returned to Israel and signed with Hapoel Tel Aviv 
Jan played at Hapoel Tel Aviv for four seasons, until the team folded, winning the league and cup in 2000–01  After Hapoel Tel Aviv folded, Jan signed with Maccabi Holon, where she played until her retirement in 2007  With Maccabi Holon Jan won the league 4 times and the cup 5 times 
In January 2009, Jan returned to league action and joined ASA Tel Aviv University  On 21 February 2012, in a league match against her former club, Maccabi Holon, Jan scored her 1000th goal in all club and national team competitions  Jan played at ASA Tel Aviv until her retirement in May 2012  With ASA Tel Aviv Jan Jan won three championships and two cups  Jan scored a total of 1,010 goals in all competitions 

International career
Silvi Jan has been a striker for the Israel national team for many years, appearing in 23 matches and scoring 29 goals  Jan made her debut against Romania on 2 November 1997, and scored her debut goal against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8 April 2008, one of four she scored on the day 
Her last international goal was also scored against Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a match played on 23 November 2006, in which Israel won 5–2  Jan made her last international appearance against Poland on 10 May 2007 

International goals
Personal life
Jan came out as a lesbian in December 2017  She got engaged to her partner in November the following year 
In September 2018  Jan was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 

Honours
Hapoel Tel Aviv

Ligat Nashim: 2000–01
Israeli Women's Cup: 2000–01Haccabi Holon

Ligat Nashim: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Israeli Women's Cup: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07ASA Tel Aviv University

Ligat Nashim: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Israeli Women's Cup: 2010–11, 2011–12Individual

Ligat Nashim top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Israeli Women's Cup top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2006–07, 2011–12
Passage 9:
Jean-Claude Casadesus
Jean-Claude Probst (born 7 December 1935), known professional as Jean-Claude Casadesus, is a French conductor 

Biography
Casadesus was born in Paris on 7 December 1935, the son of actress Gisèle Casadesus and her husband Lucien Pascal   He began his career as a percussionist before studying composition and conducting with Pierre Dervaux and Pierre Boulez 
In 1969 he was hired as assistant conductor at the Paris Opéra and the Opéra-Comique   In 1971 he co-founded the Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire with Pierre Dervaux, and acted as Dervaux's deputy there until 1976   In 1976 he became principal conductor of the Orchestre national de Lille, performing concerts locally and internationally   He directed the French Youth Orchestra in 2007 

Personal life
Jean-Claude has been married twice and has three children, his only daughter Caroline (b  30 October 1962) is an opera singer and his first born son Sebastian Copeland (b  3 April 1964) is a film director whose mother is Pénélope Copeland, his second son Olivier (b  2 September 1970) is an actor whose mother is Anne Sevestre 

Distinctions
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
Commandeur de l'Ordre national du Mérite
Commandeur des Arts et Lettres
Commandeur de l'Ordre d'Orange-Nassau
Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold de Belgique
Chevalier des Palmes AcadémiquesIn 2004, the Victoires de la musique classique awarded him a victory of honour 

Discography with l'Orchestre National de Lille
Richard Wagner, Ouvertures et monologues célèbres, Le Vaisseau Fantôme, Tännhauser, Les Maîtres chanteurs de Nuremberg, La Walkyrie, avec José van Dam, Label Forlane
Darius Milhaud, La Création du monde, Le Bœuf sur le toit, Suite Provençale, L'Homme et son Désir, Label Naxos
Serge Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky (Cantata), Lieutenant Kijé (Suite), Label Naxos
Hector Berlioz, La Damnation de Faust, Label Naxos
Hector Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Label Harmonia Mundi
Joseph Canteloube, Chants d'Auvergne, Label Naxos
Gustav Mahler, Symphonies, Label Forlane
Georges Bizet, Clovis et Clotilde - Te Deum, Label Naxos - Abeille Musique, 2010

Bibliography
Le plus court chemin d'un cœur à l'autre, Jean-Claude Casadesus, Éditions Stock
Passage 10:
Charles Wheatstone
Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS FRSE (; 6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique)  However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy 

Life
Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood, Gloucestershire  His father, W  Wheatstone, was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute  Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London  One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs  Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress  From another he ran away, but was captured at Windsor, not far from the theatre of his practical telegraph  As a boy he was very shy and sensitive, liking well to retire into an attic, without any other company than his own thoughts 

When he was about fourteen years old he was apprenticed to his uncle and namesake, a maker and seller of musical instruments at 436 Strand, London; but he showed little taste for handicraft or business, and loved better to study books  His father encouraged him in this, and finally took him out of the uncle's charge 
At the age of fifteen, Wheatstone translated French poetry, and wrote two songs, one of which was given to his uncle, who published it without knowing it as his nephew's composition  Some lines of his on the lyre became the motto of an engraving by Bartolozzi  He often visited an old book-stall in the vicinity of Pall Mall, which was then a dilapidated and unpaved thoroughfare  Most of his pocket-money was spent in purchasing the books which had taken his fancy, whether fairy tales, history, or science 
One day, to the surprise of the bookseller, he coveted a volume on the discoveries of Volta in electricity, but not having the price, he saved his pennies and secured the volume  It was written in French, and so he was obliged to save again, until he could buy a dictionary  Then he began to read the volume, and, with the help of his elder brother, William, to repeat the experiments described in it, with a home-made battery, in the scullery behind his father's house  In constructing the battery, the boy philosophers ran short of money to procure the requisite copper-plates  They had only a few copper coins left  A happy thought occurred to Charles, who was the leading spirit in these researches, 'We must use the pennies themselves,' said he, and the battery was soon complete 
At Christchurch, Marylebone, on 12 February 1847, Wheatstone was married to Emma West  She was the daughter of a Taunton tradesman, and of handsome appearance  She died in 1866, leaving a family of five young children to his care  His domestic life was quiet and uneventful 
Though silent and reserved in public, Wheatstone was a clear and voluble talker in private, if taken on his favourite studies, and his small but active person, his plain but intelligent countenance, was full of animation  Sir Henry Taylor tells us that he once observed Wheatstone at an evening party in Oxford earnestly holding forth to Lord Palmerston on the capabilities of his telegraph  'You don't say so!' exclaimed the statesman  'I must get you to tell that to the Lord Chancellor ' And so saying, he fastened the electrician on Lord Westbury, and effected his escape  A reminiscence of this interview may have prompted Palmerston to remark that a time was coming when a minister might be asked in Parliament if war had broken out in India, and would reply, 'Wait a minute; I'll just telegraph to the Governor-General, and let you know '

Wheatstone was knighted in 1868, after his completion of the automatic telegraph  He had previously been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour  Some thirty-four distinctions and diplomas of home or foreign societies bore witness to his scientific reputation  Since 1836 he had been a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1859 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1873 a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences  The same year he was awarded the Ampere Medal by the French Society for the Encouragement of National Industry  In 1875 he was created an honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers  He was a D C L  of Oxford and an LL D  of Cambridge 
While on a visit to Paris during the autumn of 1875, and engaged in perfecting his receiving instrument for submarine cables, he caught a cold, which produced inflammation of the lungs, an illness from which he died in Paris, on 19 October 1875 aged 73  A memorial service was held in the Anglican Chapel, Paris, and attended by a deputation of the Academy  His remains were taken to his home in Park Crescent, London, (marked by a blue plaque today) and buried in Kensal Green Cemetery 

Music instruments and acoustics
In September 1821, Wheatstone brought himself into public notice by exhibiting the 'Enchanted Lyre,' or 'Acoucryptophone,' at a music shop at Pall Mall and in the Adelaide Gallery  It consisted of a mimic lyre hung from the ceiling by a cord, and emitting the strains of several instruments – the piano, harp, and dulcimer  In reality it was a mere sounding box, and the cord was a steel rod that conveyed the vibrations of the music from the several instruments which were played out of sight and ear-shot  At this period Wheatstone made numerous experiments on sound and its transmission  Some of his results are preserved in Thomson's Annals of Philosophy for 1823 
He recognised that sound is propagated by waves or oscillations of the atmosphere, as light was then believed to be by undulations of the luminiferous ether  Water, and solid bodies, such as glass, or metal, or sonorous wood, convey the modulations with high velocity, and he conceived the plan of transmitting sound-signals, music, or speech to long distances by this means  He estimated that sound would travel 200 miles per second (320 km/s) through solid rods, and proposed to telegraph from London to Edinburgh in this way  He even called his arrangement a 'telephone ' (Robert Hooke, in his Micrographia, published in 1667, writes: 'I can assure the reader that I have, by the help of a distended wire, propagated the sound to a very considerable distance in an instant, or with as seemingly quick a motion as that of light ' Nor was it essential the wire should be straight; it might be bent into angles  This property is the basis of the mechanical or lover's telephone, said to have been known to the Chinese many centuries ago  Hooke also considered the possibility of finding a way to quicken our powers of hearing )
A writer in the Repository of Arts for 1 September 1821, in referring to the 'Enchanted Lyre,' beholds the prospect of an opera being performed at the King's Theatre, and enjoyed at the Hanover Square Rooms, or even at the Horns Tavern, Kennington  The vibrations are to travel through underground conductors, like to gas in pipes 

And if music be capable of being thus conducted,' he observes, 'perhaps the words of speech may be susceptible of the same means of propagation  The eloquence of counsel, the debates of Parliament, instead of being read the next day only, – But we shall lose ourselves in the pursuit of this curious subject Besides transmitting sounds to a distance, Wheatstone devised a simple instrument for augmenting feeble sounds, to which he gave the name of 'Microphone ' It consisted of two slender rods, which conveyed the mechanical vibrations to both ears, and is quite different from the electrical microphone of Professor Hughes 
In 1823, his uncle, the musical instrument maker, died, and Wheatstone, with his elder brother, William, took over the business  Charles had no great liking for the commercial part, but his ingenuity found a vent in making improvements on the existing instruments, and in devising philosophical toys  He also invented instruments of his own  One of the most famous was the Wheatstone concertina  It was a six sided instrument with 64 keys  These keys provided for simple chromatic fingerings  The English Concertina became increasingly famous throughout his lifetime, however it didn't reach its peak of popularity until the early 20th century 
In 1827, Wheatstone introduced his 'kaleidophone', a device for rendering the vibrations of a sounding body apparent to the eye  It consists of a metal rod, carrying at its end a silvered bead, which reflects a 'spot' of light  As the rod vibrates the spot is seen to describe complicated figures in the air, like a spark whirled about in the darkness  His photometer was probably suggested by this appliance  It enables two lights to be compared by the relative brightness of their reflections in a silvered bead, which describes a narrow ellipse, so as to draw the spots into parallel lines 
In 1828, Wheatstone improved the German wind instrument, called the Mundharmonika, until it became the popular concertina, patented on 19 December 1829  The portable harmonium is another of his inventions, which gained a prize medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851  He also improved the speaking machine of De Kempelen, and endorsed the opinion of Sir David Brewster, that before the end of this century a singing and talking apparatus would be among the conquests of science 
In 1834, Wheatstone, who had won a name for himself, was appointed to the Chair of Experimental Physics in King's College London  His first course of lectures on sound were a complete failure, due to his abhorrence of public speaking  In the rostrum he was tongue-tied and incapable, sometimes turning his back on the audience and mumbling to the diagrams on the wall  In the laboratory he felt himself at home, and ever after confined his duties mostly to demonstration 

Velocity of electricity
He achieved renown by a great experiment made in 1834 – the measurement of the velocity of electricity in a wire  He cut the wire at the middle, to form a gap which a spark might leap across, and connected its ends to the poles of a Leyden jar filled with electricity  Three sparks were thus produced, one at each end of the wire, and another at the middle  He mounted a tiny mirror on the works of a watch, so that it revolved at a high velocity, and observed the reflections of his three sparks in it  The points of the wire were so arranged that if the sparks were instantaneous, their reflections would appear in one straight line; but the middle one was seen to lag behind the others, because it was an instant later  The electricity had taken a certain time to travel from the ends of the wire to the middle  This time was found by measuring the amount of lag, and comparing it with the known velocity of the mirror  Having got the time, he had only to compare that with the length of half the wire, and he could find the velocity of electricity  His results gave a calculated velocity of 288,000 miles per second, i e  faster than what we now know to be the speed of light (299,792 458 kilometres per second (186,000 mi/s)), but were nonetheless an interesting approximation It was already appreciated by some scientists that the "velocity" of electricity was dependent on the properties of the conductor and its surroundings  Francis Ronalds had observed signal retardation in his buried electric telegraph cable (but not his airborne line) in 1816 and outlined its cause to be induction  Wheatstone witnessed these experiments as a youth, which were apparently a stimulus for his own research in telegraphy  Decades later, after the telegraph had been commercialised, Michael Faraday described how the velocity of an electric field in a submarine wire, coated with insulator and surrounded with water, is only 144,000 miles per second (232,000 km/s), or still less 
Wheatstone's device of the revolving mirror was afterwards employed by Léon Foucault and Hippolyte Fizeau to measure the relative speeds of light in air versus water, and later to measure the speed of light 

Spectroscopy
Wheatstone and others also contributed to early spectroscopy through the discovery and exploitation of spectral emission lines As John Munro wrote in 1891, "In 1835, at the Dublin meeting of the British Association, Wheatstone showed that when metals were volatilised in the electric spark, their light, examined through a prism, revealed certain rays which were characteristic of them  Thus the kind of metals which formed the sparking points could be determined by analysing the light of the spark  This suggestion has been of great service in spectrum analysis, and as applied by Robert Bunsen, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, and others, has led to the discovery of several new elements, such as rubidium and thallium, as well as increasing our knowledge of the heavenly bodies "

Telegraph
Wheatstone abandoned his idea of transmitting intelligence by the mechanical vibration of rods, and took up the electric telegraph  In 1835 he lectured on the system of Baron Schilling, and declared that the means were already known by which an electric telegraph could be made of great service to the world  He made experiments with a plan of his own, and not only proposed to lay an experimental line across the Thames, but to establish it on the London and Birmingham Railway  Before these plans were carried out, however, he received a visit from William 
Cooke at his house in Conduit Street on 27 February 1837, which had an important influence on his future 

Cooperation with Cooke
Cooke was an officer in the Madras Army, who, being home on leave, was attending some lectures on anatomy at the University of Heidelberg, where, on 6 March 1836, he witnessed a demonstration with the telegraph of professor Georg Munke, and was so impressed with its importance, that he forsook his medical studies and devoted all his efforts to the work of introducing the telegraph  He returned to London soon after, and was able to exhibit a telegraph with three needles in January 1837  Feeling his want of scientific knowledge, he consulted Michael Faraday and Peter Roget (then secretary of the Royal Society): Roget sent him to Wheatstone 
At a second interview, Cooke told Wheatstone of his intention to bring out a working telegraph, and explained his method  Wheatstone, according to his own statement, remarked to Cooke that the method would not act, and produced his own experimental telegraph  Finally, Cooke proposed that they should enter into a partnership, but Wheatstone was at first reluctant to comply  He was a well-known man of science, and had meant to publish his results without seeking to make capital of them  Cooke, on the other hand, declared that his sole object was to make a fortune from the scheme  In May they agreed to join their forces, Wheatstone contributing the scientific, and Cooke the administrative talent  The deed of partnership was dated 19 November 1837  A joint patent was taken out for their inventions, including the five-needle telegraph of Wheatstone, and an alarm worked by a relay, in which the current, by dipping a needle into mercury, completed a local circuit, and released the detent of a clockwork 
The five-needle telegraph, which was mainly, if not entirely, due to Wheatstone, was similar to that of Schilling, and based on the principle enunciated by Ampère – that is to say, the current was sent into the line by completing the circuit of the battery with a make and break key, and at the other end it passed through a coil of wire surrounding a magnetic needle free to turn round its centre  According as one pole of the battery or the other was applied to the line by means of the key, the current deflected the needle to one side or the other  There were five separate circuits actuating five different needles  The latter were pivoted in rows across the middle of a dial shaped like a diamond, and having the letters of the alphabet arranged upon it in such a way that a letter was literally pointed out by the current deflecting two of the needles towards it 

Early installations
An experimental line, with a sixth return wire, was run between the Euston terminus and Camden Town station of the London and North Western Railway on 25 July 1837  The actual distance was only one and a half-miles (2 4 km), but spare wire had been inserted in the circuit to increase its length  It was late in the evening before the trial took place  Cooke was in charge at Camden Town, while Robert Stephenson and other gentlemen looked on; and Wheatstone sat at his instrument in a dingy little room, lit by a tallow candle, near the booking-office at Euston  Wheatstone sent the first message, to which Cooke replied: and "never" said Wheatstone, "did I feel such a tumultuous sensation before, as when, all alone in the still room, I heard the needles click, and as I spelled the words, I felt all the magnitude of the invention pronounced to be practicable beyond cavil or dispute "
In spite of this trial, however, the directors of the railway treated the 'new-fangled' invention with indifference, and requested its removal  In July 1839, however, it was favoured by the Great Western Railway, and a line erected from the Paddington station terminus to West Drayton railway station, a distance of thirteen miles (21 km)  Part of the wire was laid underground at first, but subsequently all of it was raised on posts along the line  Their circuit was eventually extended to Slough in 1841, and was publicly exhibited at Paddington as a marvel of science, which could transmit fifty signals a distance of 280,000 miles per minute (7,500 km/s)  The price of admission was a shilling (£0 05), and in 1844 one fascinated observer recorded the following:

"It is perfect from the terminus of the Great Western as far as Slough – that is, eighteen miles; the wires being in some places underground in tubes, and in others high up in the air, which last, he says, is by far the best plan  We asked if the weather did not affect the wires, but he said not; a violent thunderstorm might ring a bell, but no more  We were taken into a small room (we being Mrs Drummond, Miss Philips, Harry Codrington and myself – and afterwards the Milmans and Mr Rich) where were several wooden cases containing different sorts of telegraphs  In one sort every word was spelt, and as each letter was placed in turn in a particular position, the machinery caused the electric fluid to run down the line, where it made the letter show itself at Slough, by what machinery he could not undertake to explain  After each word came a  sign from Slough, signifying "I understand", coming certainly in less  than one second from the end of the word      Another prints the messages it brings, so that if no-one attended to the bell,    the message would not be lost  This is effected by the electrical fluid causing a little hammer to strike the letter which presents itself, the letter which is raised hits some manifold writing paper (a new invention, black paper which, if pressed, leaves an indelible black mark), by which means the impression is left on white paper beneath  This was the most ingenious of all, and apparently Mr  Wheatstone's favourite; he was very good-natured in explaining but understands it so well himself that he cannot feel how little we know about it, and goes too fast for such ignorant folk to follow him in everything  Mrs Drummond told me he is wonderful for the rapidity with which he thinks and his power of invention; he invents so many things that he cannot put half his ideas into execution, but leaves them to be picked up and used by others, who get the credit of them "

Public attention and success
The public took to the new invention after the capture of the murderer John Tawell, who in 1845, had become the first person to be arrested as the result of telecommunications technology  In the same year, Wheatstone introduced two improved forms of the apparatus, namely, the 'single' and the 'double' needle instruments, in which the signals were made by the successive deflections of the needles  Of these, the single-needle instrument, requiring only one wire, is still in use The development of the telegraph may be gathered from two facts  In 1855, the death of the Emperor Nicholas at St  Petersburg, about one o'clock in the afternoon, was announced in the House of Lords a few hours later  The result of The Oaks of 1890 was received in New York fifteen seconds after the horses passed the winning-post 

Differences with Cooke
In 1841 a difference arose between Cooke and Wheatstone as to the share of each in the honour of inventing the telegraph  The question was submitted to the arbitration of the famous engineer, Marc Isambard Brunel, on behalf of Cooke, and Professor Daniell, of King's College, the inventor of the Daniell cell, on the part of Wheatstone  They awarded to Cooke the credit of having introduced the telegraph as a useful undertaking which promised to be of national importance, and to Wheatstone that of having by his researches prepared the public to receive it  They concluded with the words: 'It is to the united labours of two gentlemen so well qualified for mutual assistance that we must attribute the rapid progress which this important invention has made during five years since they have been associated ' The decision, however vague, pronounces the needle telegraph a joint production  If it had mainly been invented by Wheatstone, it was chiefly introduced by Cooke  Their respective shares in the undertaking might be compared to that of an author and his publisher, but for the fact that Cooke himself had a share in the actual work of invention 

Further work on telegraphs
From 1836–7 Wheatstone had thought a good deal about submarine telegraphs, and in 1840 he gave evidence before the Railway Committee of the House of Commons on the feasibility of the proposed line from Dover to Calais  He had even designed the machinery for making and laying the cable  In the autumn of 1844, with the assistance of J  D  Llewellyn, he submerged a length of insulated wire in Swansea Bay, and signalled through it from a boat to the Mumbles Lighthouse  Next year he suggested the use of gutta-percha for the coating of the intended wire across the English Channel 
In 1840 Wheatstone had patented an alphabetical telegraph, or, 'Wheatstone A B C instrument,' which moved with a step-by-step motion, and showed the letters of the message upon a dial  The same principle was used in his type-printing telegraph, patented in 1841  This was the first apparatus which printed a telegram in type  It was worked by two circuits, and as the type revolved a hammer, actuated by the current, pressed the required letter on the paper 
The introduction of the telegraph had so far advanced that, on 2 September 1845, the Electric Telegraph Company was registered, and Wheatstone, by his deed of partnership with Cooke, received a sum of £33,000 for the use of their joint inventions 
In 1859 Wheatstone was appointed by the Board of Trade to report on the subject of the Atlantic cables, and in 1864 he was one of the experts who advised the Atlantic Telegraph Company on the construction of the successful lines of 1865 and 1866 
In 1870 the electric telegraph lines of the United Kingdom, worked by different companies, were transferred to the Post Office, and placed under Government control 
Wheatstone further invented the automatic transmitter, in which the signals of the message are first punched out on a strip of paper (punched tape), which is then passed through the sending-key, and controls the signal currents  By substituting a mechanism for the hand in sending the message, he was able to telegraph about 100 words a minute, or five times the ordinary rate  In the Postal Telegraph service this apparatus is employed for sending Press telegrams, and it has recently been so much improved, that messages are now sent from London to Bristol at a speed of 600 words a minute, and even of 400 words a minute between London and Aberdeen  On the night of 8 April 1886, when Gladstone introduced his Bill for Home Rule in Ireland, no fewer than 1,500,000 words were dispatched from the central station at St  Martin's-le-Grand by 100 Wheatstone transmitters  The plan of sending messages by a running strip of paper which actuates the key was originally patented by Alexander Bain in 1846; but Wheatstone, aided by Augustus Stroh, an accomplished mechanician, and an able experimenter, was the first to bring the idea into successful operation  This system is often referred to as the Wheatstone Perforator and is the forerunner of the stock market ticker tape 

Optics
Stereopsis was first described by Wheatstone in 1838  In 1840 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his explanation of binocular vision, a research which led him to make stereoscopic drawings and construct the stereoscope  He showed that our impression of solidity is gained by the combination in the mind of two separate pictures of an object taken by both of our eyes from different points of view  Thus, in the stereoscope, an arrangement of lenses or mirrors, two photographs of the same object taken from different points are so combined as to make the object stand out with a solid aspect  Sir David Brewster improved the stereoscope by dispensing with the mirrors, and bringing it into its existing form with lenses 
The 'pseudoscope' (Wheatstone coined the term from the Greek ψευδίς σκοπειν) was introduced in 1852, and is in some sort the reverse of the stereoscope, since it causes a solid object to seem hollow, and a nearer one to be farther off; thus, a bust appears to be a mask, and a tree growing outside of a window looks as if it were growing inside the room  Its purpose was to test his theory of stereo vision and for investigations into what would now be called experimental psychology 

Measuring time
In 1840, Wheatstone introduced his chronoscope, for measuring minute intervals of time, which was used in determining the speed of a bullet or the passage of a star  In this apparatus an electric current actuated an electro-magnet, which noted the instant of an occurrence by means of a pencil on a moving paper  It is said to have been capable of distinguishing 1/7300 part of a second (137 microsecond), and the time a body took to fall from a height of one inch (25 mm) 
On 26 November 1840, he exhibited his electro-magnetic clock in the library of the Royal Society, and propounded a plan for distributing the correct time from a standard clock to a number of local timepieces  The circuits of these were to be electrified by a key or contact-maker actuated by the arbour of the standard, and their hands corrected by electro-magnetism  The following January Alexander Bain took out a patent for an electro-magnetic clock, and he subsequently charged Wheatstone with appropriating his ideas  It appears that Bain worked as a mechanist to Wheatstone from August to December 1840, and he asserted that he had communicated the idea of an electric clock to Wheatstone during that period; but Wheatstone maintained that he had experimented in that direction during May  Bain further accused Wheatstone of stealing his idea of the electro-magnetic printing telegraph; but Wheatstone showed that the instrument was only a modification of his own electro-magnetic telegraph 
In 1840, Alexander Bain mentioned to the Mechanics Magazine editor his financial problems  The editor introduced him to Sir Charles Wheatstone  Bain demonstrated his models to Wheatstone, who, when asked for his opinion, said "Oh, I shouldn't bother to develop these things any further! There's no future in them " Three months later Wheatstone demonstrated an electric clock to the Royal Society, claiming it was his own invention  However, Bain had already applied for a patent for it  Wheatstone tried to block Bain's patents, but failed  When Wheatstone organised an Act of Parliament to set up the Electric Telegraph Company, the House of Lords summoned Bain to give evidence, and eventually compelled the company to pay Bain £10,000 and give him a job as manager, causing Wheatstone to resign 

Polar clock
One of Wheatstone's most ingenious devices was the 'Polar clock,' exhibited at the meeting of the British Association in 1848  It is based on the fact discovered by Sir David Brewster, that the light of the sky is polarised in a plane at an angle of ninety degrees from the position of the sun  It follows that by discovering that plane of polarisation, and measuring its azimuth with respect to the north, the position of the sun, although beneath the horizon, could be determined, and the apparent solar time obtained 
The clock consisted of a spyglass, having a Nicol (double-image) prism for an eyepiece, and a thin plate of selenite for an object-glass  When the tube was directed to the North Pole—that is, parallel to the Earth's axis—and the prism of the eyepiece turned until no colour was seen, the angle of turning, as shown by an index moving with the prism over a graduated limb, gave the hour of day  The device is of little service in a country where watches are reliable; but it formed part of the equipment of the 1875–1876 North Polar expedition commanded by Captain Nares 

Wheatstone bridge
In 1843 Wheatstone communicated an important paper to the Royal Society, entitled 'An Account of Several New Processes for Determining the Constants of a Voltaic Circuit ' It contained an exposition of the well known balance for measuring the electrical resistance of a conductor, which still goes by the name of Wheatstone's Bridge or balance, although it was first devised by Samuel Hunter Christie, of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, who published it in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833  The method was neglected until Wheatstone brought it into notice His paper abounds with simple and practical formulae for the calculation of currents and resistances by the law of Ohm  He introduced a unit of resistance, namely, a foot of copper wire weighing one hundred grains (6 5 g), and showed how it might be applied to measure the length of wire by its resistance  He was awarded a medal for his paper by the Society  The same year he invented an apparatus which enabled the reading of a thermometer or a barometer to be registered at a distance by means of an electric contact made by the mercury  A sound telegraph, in which the signals were given by the strokes of a bell, was also patented by Cooke and Wheatstone in May of that year 

Cryptography
Wheatstone's remarkable ingenuity was also displayed in the invention of ciphers  He was responsible for the then unusual Playfair cipher, named after his friend Lord Playfair  It was used by the militaries of several nations through at least World War I, and is known to have been used during World War II by British intelligence services It was initially resistant to cryptanalysis, but methods were eventually developed to break it  He also became involved in the interpretation of cipher manuscripts in the British Museum  He devised a cryptograph or machine for turning a message into cipher which could only be interpreted by putting the cipher into a corresponding machine adjusted to decrypt it 
As an amateur mathematician, Wheatstone published a mathematical proof in 1854 (see Cube (algebra)) 

Electrical generators
In 1840, Wheatstone brought out his magneto-electric machine for generating continuous currents 
On 4 February 1867, he published the principle of reaction in the dynamo-electric machine by a paper to the Royal Society; but Mr  C  W  Siemens had communicated the identical discovery ten days earlier, and both papers were read on the same day 
It afterwards appeared that Werner von Siemens, Samuel Alfred Varley, and Wheatstone had independently arrived at the principle within a few months of each other  Varley patented it on 24 December 1866; Siemens called attention to it on 17 January 1867; and Wheatstone exhibited it in action at the Royal Society on the above date 

Disputes over invention
Wheatstone was involved in various disputes with other scientists throughout his life regarding his role in different technologies and appeared at times to take more credit than he was due  As well as William Fothergill Cooke, Alexander Bain and David Brewster, mentioned above, these also included Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory  Wheatstone was erroneously believed by many to have created the atmospheric electricity observing apparatus that Ronalds invented and developed at the observatory in the 1840s and also to have installed the first automatic recording meteorological instruments there (see for example, Howarth, p158) 

Personal life
Wheatstone married Emma West, spinster, a daughter of John Hooke West, deceased, at Christ Church, Marylebone, on 12 February 1847  The marriage was by licence 

See also
William Fothergill Cooke
Oliver Heaviside



ground_truth: Charles Wheatstone