prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Il Gaucho or Bomgay?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
G  Marthandan
G  Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema  His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus

Early life
G  Marthandan was born to M  S  Gopalan Nair and P  Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala  He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery 

Career
After completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995  His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998  He worked as an associate director for 18 years He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role  His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles  Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes 

Filmography
As director
As associate director
As actor
TV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episode

Awards
Ramu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)
JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)
Passage 3:
Riyad Vinci Wadia
Riyad Vinci Wadia (19 September 1967 – 30 November 2003) was an Indian independent filmmaker from Bombay, known for his short film, BOMgAY (1996), possibly the very first gay themed movie from India  Born into the filmmaking Wadia family, he inherited the production company Wadia Movietone which is known for the Fearless Nadia movies which are one of their kind in the superwoman and stunt genre when other movies of their time usually portrayed women in submissive roles   Wadia is also known for his award-winning documentary on Nadia, Fearless: The Hunterwali Story (1993), which was written about in Time magazine and made a name for Riyad at the very outset of his brief but impactful career 

Personal life
Riyad was born in Bombay to Nargis and Vinci Wadia, son of the legendary filmmaker JBH Wadia who was one of the founding fathers of stunt films and mythological films in India  The latter's production firm, Wadia Movietone, which Riyad would later inherit, launched into the Indian film industry (later known as Bollywood) the Australian actress Mary Evans who was known popularly as 'Fearless Nadia'  Riyad did his schooling at Bombay International School, briefly attended St  Xavier's College, and later went to Australia to the Charles Sturt Film School in Wagga Wagga  Riyad was openly gay, and BOMgAY was India's first overtly gay-themed film 

Recognition
Nicknamed as 'The Turk' of the Indian Independent cinema, Riyad's films are still being referred to in many books about Bollywood, be it gay themes in Indian Cinema, or the ones about JBH Wadia and Fearless Nadia  His first documentary, Fearless : The Hunterwali Story, which is based on the life of Mary (aka Nadia) Wadia, got screened at over 50 international film festivals, such as The Berlin International Film Festival (1994) and The London Film Festival (1993)  The short film, BOMgAY, with shooting locations such as the gay cruising spots of the Victoria Terminus urinals and the Bombay local tracks along which people defecate, was described as "part Bollywood, part Genet"  The film, based on the gay-themed poetry of the Poona-based R  Raj Rao, explored the underground gay subculture of Bombay and marked the entry of queer themes into Indian Cinema  The film had a limited release in India, thanks to its explicit content  It got screened at a number of international film festivals and finds mention in the research works on the history of queer themes in Indian Cinema as the first queer themed film from India An award has been instituted in his memory by his mother and brother at the KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival and awarded every year since 2011  The Riyad Wadia Award for Best Emerging Indian Filmmaker is given to first or second time filmmaker whose LGBTQ+ short film is being screened at the festival 

Final years
Riyad tested positive for HIV in 1995  Though he was quite capable of affording the then expensive HIV medication, he refused to be on any kind of dosage  He left India shortly after the production of BOMgAY, supporting himself with petty jobs in New York and writing a regular column for The New Indian Express  Things got difficult post 9/11, with not many jobs available, forcing him to get back to Bombay  Riyad was lost to stomach tuberculosis on 30 November 2003, in Bombay  At the time of his death, he was in the process of generating funds for his supposed first full-length film (unfinished), Naked Rain, based on R  Raj Rao's novel, Boyfriend   "He made a very important contribution to the gay cause and was one of the central figures to begin the broad-basing of the gay movement in India," says gay activist Ashok Row Kavi  The Riyad Wadia Award for Best Emerging Indian Filmmaker was instituted with funding from Wadia Movietone (through Riyad's brother Roy) in 2011 by Kashish, the noted international queer film festival held annually in Bombay 

Works
Films
Fearless : The Hunterwali Story (1993)
Bomgay (1996)
A Mermaid called Aida (1996)
Writings
Long Life of a Short Film: The Making of BOMgAY
Wadia also wrote columns for The New Indian Express 
Passage 4:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 5:
Dino Risi
Dino Risi (23 December 1916 – 7 June 2008) was an Italian film director  With Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola, he was one of the masters of commedia all'italiana 

Biography
Risi was born in Milan  He had an older brother, Fernando, a cinematographer, and a younger brother, Nelo (1920–2015), a director and writer  At the age of twelve, Risi became an orphan and was looked after by relatives and friends of his family  He studied medicine but refused to become a psychiatrist, as his parents wishedRisi started his career in cinema as an assistant director to cinema figures such as Mario Soldati and Alberto Lattuada  Later he began directing his own films and was credited with giving early opportunities to future acting stars such as Sophia Loren and Vittorio Gassman  His 1966 film Treasure of San Gennaro was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize His biggest hits were Poor, But Handsome (Poveri ma belli), followed by two sequels, which he also directed; A Difficult Life (Una vita difficile); The Easy Life (Il sorpasso); Opiate '67 or, in a cut version, 15 From Rome (I Mostri); and Scent of a Woman (Profumo di Donna), which was remade by Martin Brest starring Al Pacino in 1992 In 2002, he was awarded the Golden Lion – Honorary Award (Leone d'oro alla carriera) at the Venice Film Festival for his life-time work  Two of his films, Il giovedì and Il commissario Lo Gatto, were shown in a retrospective section on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival He died on 7 June 2008 at his residence in Rome  He was 91 and was survived by two children, Claudio Risi (1948–2020) and Marco Risi (1951), both film directors 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 7:
Bomgay
Bomgay is a 1996 Indian anthology of short films directed by Riyad Vinci Wadia and Jangu Sethna  The film stars Kushal Punjabi and Rahul Bose with music by Ashutosh Phatak  It is often regarded as India's first gay film and is known for its  gay sex scene in a library  Bomgay consists of six segments, each based on a poem by Indian writer R  Raj Rao 

Segments
"Opinions"
"Underground"
"Lefty"
"E unema no"
"Bomgay"
"Friends"

Cast
Rahul Bose as The Lefty
Kushal Punjabi as The Sodomiser
Tarun Shahani as Enema Boy
R  Raj Rao as The Opinionated
Farud Cambata as Bombay Dost
Freddy Firoze as Muthree Rani
Eric Rosenbaumm as Sex Tourist

Production
In 1995 Riyad Vinci Wadia, having released his debut film Fearless, decided to make a film based on gay culture in Bombay  He read R  Raj Rao's poetry collection One Day I Locked My Flat in Soul City and invited him to collaborate on a film script with him  It was difficult to find funding for the film in India, so the project was temporarily put on hold until Wadia read Rao's newest work, a collection of poems called "Bomgay"  He decided to make a low-budget short film based on the poems  As "Bomgay" had a limited budget of Rs  500,000, Wadia planned to use friends from the gay community to help keep costs down  He discovered that this was difficult as people were afraid of being outed if they worked on the film, so he enlisted the help of his friends from the Bombay advertising industry instead  Wadia secured Rahul Bose for the lead role  The film was shot in Bombay with scenes taking place in railroad cars shot guerrilla style  In order to shoot footage of a gay sex scene, the crew pretended that they were making a public service film on ragging  The film was not released commercially in India as Wadia did not submit it to the Censor Board, believing that they would refuse it a certificate 
Passage 8:
Drew Esocoff
Drew Esocoff (born c  1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football 

Early life
Esocoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University  While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his students was Todd Bowles 

Career
Esocoff has worked for ESPN and ABC, serving as director for Monday Night Football, SportsCenter, and the NBA Finals, as well as five Super Bowls  Since 2006, he has served as director for NBC Sunday Night Football 
As of 2015, Esocoff has won 11 Emmy Awards 
Passage 9:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 10:
Il Gaucho
Il Gaucho (internationally released as The Gaucho) is a  1964 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi  It was co-produced by Clemente Lococo, an Argentinian production company, and in Argentina it was released as Un italiano en la Argentina  For his role in this film Nino Manfredi won a Grolla d'oro for best actor 

Cast
Vittorio Gassman as Marco Ravicchio
Amedeo Nazzari as Ingegnere Marucchelli
Nelly Panizza as Ines Marucchelli
Jorgelina Aranda: Italia Marucchelli
Umberto D'Orsi as Gianni Pertini
Maria Grazia Buccella as Mara
Annie Gorassini as Lorella
Guido Gorgatti as Giulio
Norberto Sánchez Calleja as Cecilio
Maria Fiore as Maria
Francesco Mulè as Fiorini
Nora Cárpena as Lida
Nino Manfredi as Stefano
Silvana Pampanini as Luciana
Nando Angelini as Aldo
Nelly Tesolín as Prostitute
Aldo Vianello
Vicky Astori
Amparito Castro
Mario Mario
José Del Vecchio
Rafael Diserio
Carmen Pericolo
Context 2: Passage 1:
John Vernou Bouvier III
John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III ( BOO-vee-ay; May 19, 1891 – August 3, 1957) was an American Wall Street stockbroker and socialite  He was the father of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and of socialite Lee Radziwill, and was the father-in-law of John F  Kennedy 

Early life and education
John Vernou Bouvier III was born in Manhattan in 1891  His nickname, "Black Jack", referred to his flamboyant lifestyle Bouvier's great-grandfather, Michel Charles Bouvier (1792-1874), was a French cabinetmaker from Pont-Saint-Esprit, Occitania  Michel immigrated to Philadelphia in 1815 after fighting in the Napoleonic Wars, worked for Joseph Bonaparte, married, was widowed, and then married Louise Clifford Vernou (1811-1872) In addition to crafting fine furniture, Michel Bouvier had a business distributing firewood  To support that business, he acquired large tracts of forested land, some of which contained a large reserve of coal  Michel further grew his fortune in real estate speculation  His sons, Eustes, Michel Charles (M C ), and John V  Bouvier Sr , distinguished themselves in the world of finance on Wall Street  They left their fortunes to their only remaining male Bouvier heir, Major John Vernou Bouvier Jr  (1866-1948), who used some of the money to buy an estate known as Lasata in East Hampton, Long Island Major John Vernou Bouvier, Jr , a successful attorney, and Maude Frances Sergeant (1869-1940) had five children, of whom John Vernou Bouvier III was the eldest  Their other children were William Sergeant "Bud" Bouvier, who was born in 1893 and died from alcoholism in 1929; Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, who was born in 1895 and became the wife of Phelan Beale, Sr  and the mother of Edith Bouvier Beale, Phelan Beale, Jr , and Bouvier Beale; and twins Maude Reppelin Bouvier Davis and Michelle Caroline Bouvier Scott Putnam (born 1905) John Vernou Bouvier III attended Philips Exeter Academy and Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School  He then studied at Columbia College, his father's alma mater, where he played tennis for two years before transferring to the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University  While attending Yale, he was a member of the Book and Snake secret society and the Cloister Club  He graduated in 1914 

Career and military service
Upon his graduation, he went to work as a stockbroker at his father and uncle's firm: Bouvier, Bouvier & Bouvier   In 1917, he left the firm to join the United States Navy  When the Navy proved to be too strenuous, he transferred to the United States Army, where he served as a major  His 1920 engagement announcement  stated he had served in the Army Air Service   Bouvier was discharged in 1919, whereupon he went back to work as a stockbroker on Wall Street In 1940 Bouvier became a hereditary member of the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati 

Personal life
On April 7, 1920, the New York Sun published an engagement announcement for Bouvier and Miss Eleanor Carroll Daingerfield Carter, of Baltimore   The announcement stated she was a descendant of Reverdy Johnson  The engagement was later called off   
Bouvier later married Janet Norton Lee, a daughter of real estate developer James T  Lee, on July 7, 1928, at St  Philomena's Church in East Hampton   They had two daughters, Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier (1929–1994) and Caroline Lee Bouvier (1933–2019)   Bouvier's drinking, gambling, and philandering led to the couple's divorce in June 1940  Bouvier never remarried 
In June 1942, Janet Lee Bouvier married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr  Janet reportedly did not want her ex-husband to escort his daughter, Jacqueline, down the aisle for her 1953 wedding to John F  Kennedy as he had done at the wedding of his other daughter, Lee, the previous year, so Jacqueline was instead escorted by her step-father  However, some reports indicated Bouvier was too intoxicated to escort his daughter, leading Auchincloss to step in to give the bride away By the mid-1950s, Bouvier had sporadic contact with his daughters and family  He spent the majority of his time drinking alone at his New York City apartment located at 125 East 74th Street 

Later life and death
In the spring of 1957, Bouvier was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer  He checked into Lenox Hill Hospital on July 27, 1957 to undergo chemotherapy  On August 1, he fell into a coma  He died two days later, on August 3, aged 66   His funeral, which was arranged by his daughters Jacqueline and Lee, was held at St  Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan after which his body was buried in the Bouvier family plot at Most Holy Trinity Catholic Cemetery in East Hampton, New York 

In popular culture
Bouvier is thought to be the "Wall Street Jack" mentioned in the lyrics of "Forty Second Street", from the musical 42nd Street He was portrayed by Rod Taylor in the TV film biography Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy in 1981 
He was portrayed by Fred Ward in the TV film biography ‘’Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis’’ in 2000
Passage 2:
Ludwig von Westphalen
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx 

Biography
Early life
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm  He was the youngest son of Philipp von Westphalen (1724–92), who himself was the son of a Blankenburg postmaster  Philipp von Westphalen had been ennobled in 1764 with the predicate Edler von Westphalen by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick for his military services  He had served as the duke's de facto "chief of staff" during the Seven Years' War  Through his mother, Jane Wishart of Pittarrow, he was the descendant of many Scottish and European noble families He received extensive education and spoke German and English, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, French and Spanish  He studied at the Collegium Carolinum, the forerunner of today's Braunschweig University of Technology, and at Göttingen 

Career
In 1794, he entered government's service in Brunswick  In 1797 he married Elisabeth von Veltheim, who bore him four children  In 1804 he entered the government service of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) 
With the establishment of the Napoleonic state in Westphalia (the Kingdom of Westphalia) in 1807, he entered its service  He was likely motivated in this by a desire to see reforms carried out  He did, however, oppose the French dominance of the local government, and other policies, and for his critique he was eventually arrested by orders from Louis-Nicolas Davout and imprisoned in the fortress of Gifhorn  In the same year, he lost his first wife  In the summer of 1809 Louis was appointed sub-prefect of Salzwedel, where three years later in 1812 he married Karoline Heubel; they had three children  After Salzwedel was again under Prussian administration, in 1816 Ludwig von Westphalen was transferred to the newly established regional government in Trier 

Personal life
It was in Trier that he met and befriended Heinrich Marx, the father of Karl Marx  The children of the respective families, in particular Jenny and Edgar von Westphalen, and Sophie and Karl Marx, became close friends as well  In 1836, Jenny von Westphalen and Karl Marx became engaged; at first secretly but Ludwig approved the marriage in 1837, even though some saw Marx, who was both middle class and younger than her, as well as of Jewish descent, as an inappropriate partner for the noble daughter  In fact, Ludwig was seen as the mentor and role model of Karl Marx, who referred to him as a "dear fatherly friend"  Ludwig filled Marx with enthusiasm for the romantic school and read him Homer and Shakespeare, who remained Marx's favorite authors all his life  Marx also read Voltaire and Racine with Ludwig  Ludwig devoted much of his time to the young Marx and the two went for intellectual walks through "the hills and woods" of the neighbourhood  It was Ludwig who first introduced Marx to the personality and socialist teachings of Saint-Simon  Marx dedicated his doctoral thesis "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature" written in 1841 to Ludwig in a most effusive manner in which Marx wrote "You, my fatherly friend, have always been for me the living proof that idealism is no illusion, but the true reality" In 1842, Marx was present at the deathbed of Ludwig von Westphalen  Jenny and Karl became married in 1843, a year after Ludwig's death 
He was the father of Ferdinand von Westphalen, a conservative and reactionary Prussian Minister of the Interior 

Death
He died on 3 March 1842 in Trier 
Passage 3:
Barthold A  Butenschøn Sr 
Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson 
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen  Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M  Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr  and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn  Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp He took commerce school and agricultural school  He was hired in the family company N  A  Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910  He eventually became chief executive officer  The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920  The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s  He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk  He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap  He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964 He was buried in Enebakk 
Passage 4:
John Adams (merchant)
John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c  1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council  He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton 

Biography
Adams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams  Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710  Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life  There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor  Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did  He also held several other public positions in the province  Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727 Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730  After this, he was less active in community activities and trade  Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed  He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724  In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died  With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government  (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position ) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president  This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life  He died some time after 1745 

Notes
Passage 5:
James Armour (Master mason)
James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns  His birth year was shown here as 1730  The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour  Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731  The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731  His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock  James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i e  John  The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730 

Life and background
At Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith  James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard  His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband 

Family
James' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd)  Three siblings died in childhood  Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834  He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried  He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787  James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822  Their offspring were James and Betthaia  Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane  Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself  The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson 

Occupation and social standing
James was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one  He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire  Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations  William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church  James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life  Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was "Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous " William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that "he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that "The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!" 

Association with Robert Burns
James had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation  When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns  The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith  Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant 

Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their "Marriage by Declaration" possibly witnessed by James Smith  This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out  This act did not in fact effect its legality   Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had "   cut my very veins", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over "the unlucky paper" and had agreed to go to Paisley 
James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant "in meditatione fugae" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her  Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan 
Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock  Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable   Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family 
Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger  She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill  It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel  The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard  Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant  On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed "Your most affectionate son  R  Burns "Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law 

The Inveraray marble Punch Bowl
Of the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns  As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson  He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms    Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, my BROTHERS!” taken from Burns’s “The Epistle to J  Lapraik ”Alexander died in 1812 and it was then sold at auction in 1815 for the impressive price of 80 Guineas to a London publican who, falling upon hard times,  sold it to Archibald Hastie Esq of London  A copy is held by the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum at Alloway, whilst the original is in the British Museum in London, presented to that institution by Archibald Hastie in 1858 

See also
Adam Armour
Jean Armour
Robert Burnes
William Burnes
Passage 6:
Lee Kun-hee
Lee Kun-hee (Korean: 이건희; Hanja: 李健熙, Korean: [iːɡʌnɣi]; 9 January 1942 – 25 October 2020) was a South Korean business magnate who served as the chairman of Samsung Group from 1987 to 2008, and again from 2010 until his death in 2020  He is also credited with the transformation of Samsung to one of the world's largest business entities that engages in semiconductors, smartphones, electronics, shipbuilding, construction, and other businesses  Since Lee Kun-hee became the chairman of Samsung, the company became the world's largest manufacturer of smartphones, memory chips, and appliances  He was the third son of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chul  With an estimated net worth of US$21 billion at the time of his death, he was the richest person in South Korea, a position that he had held since 2007 
He was convicted twice, once in 1996 and subsequently in 2008, for corruption and tax evasion charges, but was pardoned on both instances  In 2014, Lee was named the world's 35th most powerful person and the most powerful Korean by Forbes's list of the world's most powerful people along with his son, Lee Jae-yong 

Early life
Lee Kun-hee was born on 9 January 1942 in Daegu, during the Japanese occupation of Korea  He was the third son of Lee Byung-chul, the founder of the Samsung group, which was set up as an exporter of fruit and dried fish  He went on to get a degree in economics from Waseda University, a private university in Japan  He studied for a masters program in business from the George Washington University in Washington, D C , but did not get a degree 

Career
First period at Samsung
Lee joined the Samsung Group in 1966 with the Tongyang Broadcasting Company, and later went on to work for Samsung's construction and trading company He took over the chairmanship of the conglomerate on 24 December 1987, two weeks after the death of his father, Lee Byung-chul  In 1993, believing that Samsung Group was overly focused on producing large quantities of low-quality goods and was not prepared to compete in quality, Lee famously said, "Change everything except your wife and kids"  This call was an attempt to drive innovation at the company and to face up to the competition at that time from rivals like Sony Corporation  In a declaration now known as the 'Frankfurt Declaration', he had his executives gather in the German city in 1993 and called for a change in the company's approach to quality, even if it meant lower sales  The company went on to become the largest manufacturer of televisions, outpacing Sony corporation in 2006 

Scandals and controversies
Lee was convicted for having paid bribes to president Roh Tae-woo in 1996  He was subsequently pardoned by president Kim Young-sam On 14 January 2008, Korean police raided Lee's home and office in an ongoing probe into accusations that Samsung was responsible for a slush fund used to bribe influential prosecutors, judges, and political figures in South Korea  On 4 April 2008, Lee denied allegations against him in the scandal  After a second round of questioning by the South Korean prosecutors, on 11 April 2008, Lee was quoted by reporters as saying, "I am responsible for everything  I will assume full moral and legal responsibility ” On 21 April 2008, he resigned and stated: "We, including myself, have caused troubles to the nation with the special probe; I deeply apologize for that, and I'll take full responsibility for everything, both legally and morally "On 16 July 2008, The New York Times reported the Seoul Central District Court had found Lee guilty on charges of financial wrongdoing and tax evasion  Prosecutors requested that Lee be sentenced to seven years in prison and fined 350 billion won (approximately US$312 million)  The court fined him 110 billion won (approximately US$98 million) and gave him a three-years suspended sentence  However, on 29 December 2009, South Korean president Lee Myung-bak pardoned Lee, stating that the intent of the pardon was to allow Lee to remain on the International Olympic Committee  In Lee Myung-bak's corruption trial, this pardon was revealed to have been in exchange for bribes; further bribery and other political corruption between former President Lee and Lee Kun-hee was also exposed Think Samsung, a 2010 book by Kim Yong-chul, former Samsung legal counsel, alleged that Lee was guilty of corruption  In particular, it claimed that he stole up to 10 trillion won (approximately US$8 9 billion) from Samsung subsidiaries, tampered with evidence, and bribed government officials to guarantee his son would succeed him 

Return to Samsung
On 24 March 2010, Lee announced his return to Samsung Electronics as its chairman  He continued in this position until 2014, when he suffered an incapacitating heart attack and his son, Lee Jae-yong, became the Samsung group's de facto leader  He is credited with having transformed Samsung into the world's largest manufacturer of smartphones, televisions, and memory chips  At the time of his death, the company was worth US$300 billion, and with an estimated net worth US$20 7 billion per Bloomberg's billionaire index, he was the richest person in South Korea; a position that he had held since 2007 Following his death, Lee's heirs are expected to face an estate tax of around US$10 billion, which might potentially result in dilution of the family's stake in the conglomerate  This stems from South Korea's high estate tax of 50% for estates larger than US$3 billion, which is second only to Japan, amongst the OECD countries 

Personal life
Lee Kun-hee was married to Hong Ra-hee until his death  Hong is the daughter of Hong Jin-ki, the former chairman of the JoongAng Ilbo and Tongyang Broadcasting Company His siblings and some of their children are also executives of major Korean business groups  Lee Boo-jin, his eldest daughter, is president and CEO of Hotel Shilla, a luxury hotel chain, as well as president of Everland Resort, a theme park and resort operator that is "widely seen as the de facto holding company for the conglomerate" according to the Associated Press Lee had four children: the eldest child and the only son, Lee Jae-yong (born 1968), and three daughters, Lee Boo-jin (born 1970), Lee Seo-hyun (born 1973), and Lee Yoon-hyung (1979–2005) who died by suicide Lee's older brother Lee Maeng-hee and older sister Lee Sook-hee initiated legal action against him in February 2012, asking a South Korean court to award them shares of Samsung companies totaling US$850 million (913 563 billion won), which they claim their father willed to them  Court hearings began in May 2012  On 6 February 2014, courts in South Korea dismissed the case 

Illness and death
Lee was treated for lung cancer in the late 1990s and was tested again for cancer in 2005, at the MD Anderson Medical Center in Houston, Texas, with no subsequent concerns being announced  He was hospitalized in Seoul in May 2014 after suffering a heart attack, and lapsed into a coma, which he remained in until his death on 25 October 2020, at the age of 78 Lee's death triggered the largest inheritance tax bill in history, of 12 trillion won ($10 78 billion) 

Posthumous
The heirs to the late Lee announced in the Spring of 2021 that the businessman's multibillion-dollar collection of more than 23,000 works of art would be dispersed throughout public institutions in South Korea  Contrary to this announcement, the country's minister of culture, sports, and tourism, Hwang Hee, announced plans to build a new museum dedicated to the Lee collection 
Passage 7:
Ogawa Mataji
Viscount Ogawa Mataji (小川又次, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army  He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama 

Life and military career
Ogawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka  He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period 
After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874  He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874  Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876  From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month 
In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison  He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880  In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison  In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison  Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment  In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office  German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army  Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin") from General Kawakami Soroku 

First Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade  At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army  In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron)  He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division  In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class 

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata   The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang  At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo  In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905  He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906   In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November 
Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery  His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura 

Decorations
1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  
1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 
1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 
1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class
Passage 8:
Hong Ra-hee
Hong Ra-hee (born 15 July 1945) is a South Korean billionaire businesswoman who is the director of Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art  She is the widow of Lee Kun-hee, who was the richest person in South Korea  She is known as the most powerful art collector in South Korea 

Career
Hong graduated from Seoul National University  She majored in Applied Arts  She is the co-founder of Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, which she has built with her husband in 2004  Hong's collection includes Lee Ufan, Do-ho Suh, Whanki Kim, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and Andy Warhol 
Hong began her career at JoongAng Ilbo Publishing from 1975 to 1980 
She served as a Chairperson of Samsung Arts and Cultural Foundation since 1995 

Family
Her daughters are joint presidents of Samsung C&T Corporation, while her daughter Lee Seo-hyun oversees Samsung's fashion division, and her other daughter Lee Boo-jin oversees the resort division, which included the Everland Resort  Her father Hong Jin-ki was chairman of JoongAng Ilbo, and also an identified Chinilpa  Her brother Hong Seok-hyun is the ex-CEO of JoongAng Media Group  It is now run by Hong Jeongdo, Hong's nephew 
Her ex-daughter-in-law was Lim Se-ryung, the daughter of Daesang Group's chairman Lim Chang-Wook  Lim was married to Hong's son Lee Jae-yong in 1998 and divorced in 2009 
Passage 9:
Harry Smith (athlete)
Harry James Smith (July 30, 1888 – November 20, 1962) was an American long-distance runner  He was most notable for competing in the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm  He was also the father of Hart wrestling family matriarch Helen Hart and the father-in-law of Stu Hart 

Early life
He was born in the Bronx, New York, and was of Irish descent  Smith came from a relatively well off family and had a brother named Frank  Both of them suffered from bipolar disorder His athletic interest began when he was a child  At the age of 12 Smith was playing craps with some friends in an alley when a police officer spotted them and ran after them, attempting to arrest them for illegal gambling  The man caught all of them except Smith  Another day when the officer found Smith, the officer advised him to pursue competitive running 

Career
He competed in the marathon for the United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics  He finished in 17th place  He shared rooms with Jim Thorpe on the way to the Olympics  Smith also ran the Boston Marathon 10 years in a row  He finished 10th at the 1912 event with a time of 2:27:46  He finished in the top three at the 1913 event  Smith also participated in at least three Run for the Diamonds events  Harry came in at third place in both 1911 and 1913  He came first and won in 1912  Smith was USA Outdoor Track & Field Champion 10000 m in 1912, a victory he shared with Hannes Kolehmainen  Later in 1912 Smith won a race called the Union Settlement Road Race and was given a gold medal award, handed to him by congressman Amos Pinchot  He won the Coney Island Derby Race in 1913 Smith refrained from competing in the fall of 1914 due to sore feet  While in training Smith had a diet that had him consume little water and instead eat a lot of vegetables  He was of the belief that a marathon runner should never look behind themself, as this throws off one's timing while running  He made an exception to this however when he once encountered Tom Longboat while in a race and exchanged a glance with him  This later became a story he would tell his five daughters  Smith was a member and Captain of the Pastime Athletic Club  Supposedly Smith was an early underground sports agent  After his athletic career ended he became a sports columnist for The New York Tribune 

Personal life
He was married to a Greek woman named Elizabeth "Ellie" Poulis  Ellie's parents were from the town of Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania  She was born on Ellis Island while her parents were in quarantine and waiting to be granted entry into the United States  Ellie was a dancer and artist in her younger years  Harry and Ellie were the parents of five girls, Helen, Diana, Patricia "Patsy", Elizabeth "Betty" and Joanie Some time during the 1930s he was the victim of a hit-and-run accident which left him with permanent injury on one of his legs, he was bedridden for a long time and walked with a limp for the rest of his life  This left the family in financial troubles  He and his wife helped raise their daughter, Helen Hart's oldest son Smith when she and her husband, Stu, suffered an automobile accident while she was pregnant with their second child, Bruce  His daughter Diana married Jock Osler descendant of Sir William Osler and his daughter Patsy married a man named Jack Forrest, who was the great great grandnephew of Nathan Bedford Forrest 

Legacy
His granddaughter Diana Hart dedicated the fourth chapter, "Roots", in her book Under the Mat to discussing Smith's life  She also named her son Harry  The younger Harry is a professional wrestler 

See also
List of people with bipolar disorder
Passage 10:
Peter Burroughs
Peter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management  He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis 

Early career
Burroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire 
His first dramatic role was that of the character "Branic" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur  He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave 

Film career
Burroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis  He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2) 

Personal life
His daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis  He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress  His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis 

Filmography



ground_truth: Bomgay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the father-in-law of Hong Ra-Hee?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Operation Leopard
La légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed in French Guiana  The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978  It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain Pierre Sergent  He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980  Coutard shot the film in a documentary style 

Plot
The film is based on true events  In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters from Katanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt  They took 3,000 civilians as hostages  Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed  The rebels appeared to be unpredictable and are reported to have threatened to annihilate all civilians 
Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's head of state, urged Belgium, France and the United States to help  France sent the Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, which were flown from Corsica to Kolwezi  Following their arrival, they secured the perimeter, in co-operation with Belgian soldiers from Zaire, and then started to evacuate the civilians  Within two days more than 2,000 Europeans and about 3,000 African citizens were saved  The film strives to depict the events in a dramatised form, concentrating on the Europeans' plight 

Production
The late Jean Seberg had filmed scenes on location for the film, but her death caused her to be replaced by another French American actress, Mimsy Farmer, who reshot Seberg's scenes 

Cast
Bruno Cremer: Pierre Delbart
Jacques Perrin:Ambassador Berthier
Laurent Malet: Phillipe Denrémont
Pierre Vaneck: Colonel Grasser
Mimsy Farmer: Annie Devrindt
Giuliano Gemma: Adjudant Fédérico
Robert Etcheverry : Colonel Dubourg
Jean-Claude Bouillon : Maurois
Passage 2:
The Fabulous Senorita
The Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by R  G  Springsteen and starring Estelita Rodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva  The film came at the tail-end of a cycle of Latin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno 

Plot
Cast
Estelita Rodriguez as Estelita Rodriguez
Robert Clarke as Jerry Taylor
Nestor Paiva as José Rodriguez
Marvin Kaplan as Clifford Van Kunkle
Rita Moreno as Manuela Rodríguez
Leon Belasco as Señor Gonzales
Tito Renaldo as Pedro Sanchez
Tom Powers as Delaney
Emory Parnell as Dean Bradshaw
Olin Howland as Justice of the Peace
Vito Scotti as Esteban Gonzales
Martin Garralaga as Police Captain Garcia
Nita Del Rey as Felice
Joan Blake as Betty
Frances Dominguez as Amelia
Betty Farrington as Janitress
Norman Field as Dr  Campbell
Clark Howat as Davis
Frank Kreig as Cab Driver
Dorothy Neumann as Mrs  Black
Elizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the Peace
Charles Sullivan as Cab Driver
Arthur Walsh as Pete
Passage 3:
The Night of Nights
The Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and Roland Young The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times  Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and Pork Chop Hill 

Background
Milestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front 

Plot
Dan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadway theater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business   When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter by getting drunk   When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit   The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they have been suspended  At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni   Despondent, he in left the business and went into seclusion 
Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway   He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part of Toni   Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback 

Cast
Reception
Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had "been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly " In noting that the plot centered on "the theatre and some of the curious folk who inhabit it", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was "an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presented with honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr  O'Brien, Mr  Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention " The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being produced within the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, "seemed to be the most awful tripe "
Passage 4:
The Man Who Watched Trains Go By
The Man Who Watched Trains Go By (1952) is a crime drama film, based on the 1938 novel by Georges Simenon and directed by Harold French  It has an all-European cast, including Claude Rains in the lead role of Kees Popinga, who is infatuated with Michele Rozier (Märta Torén)  The film was released in the United States in 1953 under the title The Paris Express 

Plot
In the Dutch city of Groningen, Kees Popinga (Claude Rains) has worked for 18 years as chief clerk and bookkeeper for a 300-year-old trading company, now run by Julius de Koster Jr  (Herbert Lom)   Kees's life is comfortable but stodgy; he loves trains but has never traveled farther than Amsterdam 
One day a man named Merkemans (Felix Aylmer), who had managed a company that went bankrupt due to another man's embezzlement, pleads with de Koster for a job  De Koster refuses because his own firm has too impeccable a reputation to be connected with such a scandal, and Merkemans had had the responsibility to prevent the fraud  Then a French police inspector named Lucas (Marius Goring) arrives to talk to de Koster about Dutch money that is turning up illegally in Paris; Lucas suspects the de Koster company, but de Koster invites Kees to show him that the books are sound  That night, Kees happens to see de Koster kissing a woman (Märta Torén) goodbye at a station 
Later, Lucas questions Kees and de Koster about the woman, showing a picture  De Koster lies; Kees supports him, but now fears that he too has failed to prevent a crime  That night his fears are confirmed when he goes to the office and finds de Koster burning the books  De Koster says the firm will be bankrupt in the morning  Kees follows de Koster to a canal  De Koster shows him a suicide note  Kees is trying to stop him jumping in the water when De Koster's briefcase comes open, revealing 100,000 Dutch guilders in cash  The suicide note was a fake  Enraged, Kees attacks de Koster, who falls into the water and hits his head on a boat 
Also in the briefcase is a train ticket to Paris and the address of the woman, whose name is Michele Rozier  Kees takes the briefcase and boards the train, abandoning his family  On board he is surprised to meet Lucas, who makes it clear he suspects Kees  As they approach Paris, Kees jumps off the train  He goes to Michele, but she turns him away, not realizing he has the money  Lucas meets her and explains what has happened  He says de Koster is alive, but Kees does not know this, and Lucas fears he will now do something desperate 
As Lucas hopes, Michele wants the money enough to trace Kees, and the police follow her to him  But she helps him get away and stay with Louis (Ferdy Mayne), her lover, who lives over a garage near train tracks  She tells Kees that within a couple of days Louis will provide Kees with fake papers so he can leave the country 
Kees is suspicious enough to hide the money, in an abandoned car near the tracks, before Louis is able to search his effects  Bored with hiding out and tired of belittling remarks about his status, he decides to "live dangerously" and takes Michele out on the town  She seems to warm to him and he is seduced into trusting her  Drunk and infatuated, he phones Lucas to taunt him, promises Michele they will go away together, and then tells her where the money is  She goes there, but Lucas has already found it  He offers her immunity if she helps him find Kees 
Kees gets away from Lucas, steals a knife from a shop window, and goes to the garage   At knifepoint, Louis phones Michele and asks her to come   Kees confronts Michele and threatens to prove his worth by killing her—and then he does   With Lucas in pursuit, he runs onto the train tracks and directly toward an approaching train   At the last moment it reaches a switch and crosses onto another track   Kees rambles deliriously as Lucas arrests him 

Cast
Claude Rains as Kees Popinga
Marius Goring as Lucas
Märta Torén as Michele Rozier
Ferdy Mayne as Louis
Herbert Lom as Julius de Koster Jr
Lucie Mannheim as Maria Popinga
Anouk Aimée as Jeanne
Eric Pohlmann as Goin
Felix Aylmer as Mr Merkemans
Gibb McLaughlin as Julius de Koster Sr
Michael Nightingale as Popinga's Clerk

Critical reception
TV Guide wrote that the film "boasts good performances from Rains, Toren, and Lom, but is hampered by the static direction of Harold French"; whereas Culture Catch called it a "solid adaptation," which "embraces Simenon's favorite archetype, an innocent who mistakenly thinks he has committed some evil act, and then eventually actually does   Directed by Harold French, a British stalwart, this little thriller is worth every one of the 82 minutes you'll spend with it "
Passage 5:
Closely Watched Trains
Closely Watched Trains (Czech: Ostře sledované vlaky) is a 1966 Czechoslovak film directed by Jiří Menzel and is one of the best-known products of the Czechoslovak New Wave  It was released in the United Kingdom as Closely Observed Trains  It is a coming-of-age story about a young man working at a train station in German-occupied Czechoslovakia during World War II  The film is based on a 1965 novel by Bohumil Hrabal  It was produced by Barrandov Studios and filmed on location in Central Bohemia  Released outside Czechoslovakia during 1967, it won the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 40th Academy Awards in 1968 

Plot
The young Miloš Hrma, who speaks with misplaced pride of his family of misfits and malingerers, is engaged as a newly-trained train dispatcher at a small railway station near the end of the Second World War and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia  He admires himself in his new uniform and looks forward, like his prematurely retired train driver father, to avoiding real work  The sometimes pompous stationmaster is an enthusiastic pigeon-breeder who has a kind wife, but is envious of train dispatcher Hubička's success with women  The idyll of the railway station is periodically disturbed by the arrival of Councillor Zedníček, a Nazi collaborator who spouts propaganda at the staff, though he does not influence anyone with it 
Miloš is in a budding relationship with the pretty, young conductor Máša  The experienced Hubička presses for details and realizes that Miloš is still a virgin  At her initiative, Máša spends the night with Miloš, but in his youthful excitability he ejaculates prematurely and is unable to perform sexually  The next day, despairing, he attempts suicide, but is saved  A young doctor at the hospital explains to Miloš that ejaculatio praecox is normal at his age, recommending that Miloš "think of something else", such as football, and seek out an experienced woman to help him through his first sexual experience 
During the nightshift, Hubička flirts with the young telegraphist, Zdenička, and imprints her thighs and buttocks with the office's rubber stamps  Her mother sees the stamps and complains to Hubička's superiors 
The Germans and their collaborators are on edge, since their trains and railroad tracks are being attacked by partisans  A glamorous resistance agent, code-named Viktoria Freie, delivers a time bomb to Hubička for use in blowing up a large ammunition train  At Hubička's request, the "experienced" Viktoria also helps Miloš to resolve his sexual problem 
The next day, at the crucial moment when the ammunition train is approaching the station, Hubička is caught up in a farcical disciplinary hearing, overseen by Zedníček, over his rubber-stamping of Zdenička's backside  In Hubička's place, Miloš, liberated from his former passivity by his experience with Viktoria, takes the time bomb and drops it onto the train from a semaphore gantry, which extends transversely above the tracks  A machine-gunner on the train, spotting Miloš, sprays him with bullets, and his body falls onto the train 
Zedníček winds up the disciplinary hearing by dismissing the Czech people as "nothing but laughing hyenas" (a phrase actually employed by the senior Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich)  The stationmaster is despondent because the scandal with Hubička and Zdenička seems to have frustrated his ambition of being promoted to inspector  Then a huge series of explosions happens just around a bend in the track as the train is destroyed by the bomb  Hubička, unaware of what has happened to Miloš, laughs to express his joy at this blow to the Nazi occupiers  Máša, who has been waiting to speak with Miloš, picks up his uniform cap, which has wound up at her feet, blown by the huge winds from the blast 

Cast
Václav Neckář as Miloš Hrma
Josef Somr as train dispatcher Hubička
Vlastimil Brodský as councilor Zedníček
Vladimír Valenta as stationmaster Lanska
Jitka Bendová as conductor Máša
Jitka Zelenohorská as telegraphist Zdenička
Naďa Urbánková as Viktoria Freie
Libuše Havelková as Lanska's wife
Milada Ježková as Zdenička's mother
Jiří Menzel as Doctor Brabec

Production
The film is based on a 1965 novel of the same name by the noted Czech author Bohumil Hrabal, whose work Jiří Menzel had previously adapted to make The Death of Mr  Balthazar, his segment of the anthology film of Hrabal stories Pearls of the Deep (1965)  Barrandov Studios first offered this project to the more experienced directors Evald Schorm and Věra Chytilová (Closely Watched Trains was the first feature film directed by Menzel), but neither of them saw a way to adapt the book to film  Menzel and Hrabal worked together closely on the script, making a number of modifications to the novel Menzel's first choice for the lead role of Miloš was Vladimír Pucholt, but he was occupied filming Jiří Krejčík's Svatba jako řemen  Menzel considered playing the role himself, but he concluded that, at almost 28, he was too old  Fifteen non-professional actors were then tested before the wife of Ladislav Fikar (a poet and publisher) came up with the suggestion of the pop singer Václav Neckář  Menzel has related that he himself only took on the cameo role of the doctor at the last minute, after the actor originally cast failed to show up for shooting 
Filming began in late February and lasted until the end of April 1966  Locations were used in and around the station building in Loděnice The association between Menzel and Hrabal was to continue, with Larks on a String (made in 1969 but not released until 1990), Cutting It Short (1981), The Snowdrop Festival (1984), and I Served the King of England (2006) all being directed by Menzel and based on works by Hrabal 

Reception
The film premiered in Czechoslovakia on 18 November 1966  Release outside Czechoslovakia took place in the following year 

Critical response
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called Closely Watched Trains "as expert and moving in its way as was Ján Kadár's and Elmar Klos's The Shop on Main Street or Miloš Forman's Loves of a Blonde," two roughly contemporary films from Czechoslovakia  Crowther wrote:What it appears Mr  Menzel is aiming at all through his film is just a wonderfully sly, sardonic picture of the embarrassments of a youth coming of age in a peculiarly innocent yet worldly provincial environment      The charm of his film is in the quietness and slyness of his earthy comedy, the wonderful finesse of understatements, the wise and humorous understanding of primal sex  And it is in the brilliance with which he counterpoints the casual affairs of his country characters with the realness, the urgency and significance of those passing trains  Variety's reviewer wrote:The 28-year-old Jiri Menzel registers a remarkable directorial debut  His sense for witty situations is as impressive as his adroit handling of the players  A special word of praise must go to Bohumil Hrabal, the creator of the literary original; the many amusing gags and imaginative situations are primarily his  The cast is composed of wonderful types down the line 
In his study of the Czechoslovak New Wave, Peter Hames places the film in a broader context, connecting it to, among other things, the most famous anti-hero of Czech literature, Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk, a fictional World War I soldier whose artful evasion of duty and undermining of authority are sometimes held to epitomize characteristic Czech qualities:

In its attitudes, if not its form, Closely Observed Trains is the Czech film that comes closest to the humour and satire of The Good Soldier Švejk, not least because it is prepared to include the reality of the war as a necessary aspect of its comic vision  The attack on ideological dogmatism, bureaucracy and anachronistic moral values undoubtedly strikes wider targets than the period of Nazi Occupation  However, it would be wrong to reduce the film to a coded reflection on contemporary Czech society: the attitudes and ideas derive from the same conditions that originally inspired Hašek  Insofar as these conditions recur, under the Nazi Occupation or elsewhere, the response will be the same 

Awards and honors
The film won several international awards:

The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, awarded in 1968 for films released in 1967
The Grand Prize at the 1966 Mannheim-Heidelberg International Filmfestival
A nomination for the 1968 BAFTA Awards for Best Film and Best Soundtrack
A nomination for the 1968 DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
A nomination for the 1967 Golden Globe for Best Foreign-Language Foreign Film

See also
Czechoslovak New Wave
List of submissions to the 40th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Czechoslovakia submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 6:
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol (When the River Kabani Turned Red) is a 1975 Malayalam feature film directed by P  A  Backer, produced by Pavithran, and starring T  V  Chandran, Shalini, Raveendran and J  Siddiqui  This leftist political drama film came out during the Emergency period  It was the directorial debut of P  A  Backer, who won that year's awards for Best Director and Second Best Film at the Kerala State Film Awards  Pavithran, who later directed many critically acclaimed Malayalam films produced the film  T  V  Chandran, who also later went on to direct a bevy of award-winning films in Malayalam and Tamil, played the lead role  After certain post-production controversies, the film debuted in theatres on 16 July 1976 

Cast
Production and release
The principal production started in June 1975  The day when shoot of the film commenced in Bangalore, Emergency was declared in India The film was screened at several film festivals in 1975  It was not given the censor certificate for the theme it dealt with for more than a year  It released in theatres during the Emergency period itself, on 16 July 1976 The English title of the film is When the River Kabani Turned Red 

Awards
Kerala State Film AwardsSecond Best Film - P  A  Backer (director), Pavithran (producer)
Best Director - P  A  Backer
Passage 7:
Det Sande Ansigt
Det Sande Ansigt (English translation: The True Face) is a 1951 Danish film directed by Bodil Ipsen and Lau Lauritzen Jr , written by Johannes Allen, and based upon the novel by Gerhard Rasmussen  The film received the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film of the Year 

Plot
Troels Rolff, a young architect (played by Lau Lauritzen Jr ), is questioned as a suspect for the rape and murder of a 10-year-old girl  He pleads his innocence, and yet he is unable to explain what he was doing the day of the murder  Rolff's world breaks apart as those closest to him – his wife, his father, his pastor and his friends—react to his arrest with varying degrees of suspicion  Even when cleared of the charges, the question remains if he can ever return to his former life of joy and innocence 

Cast
Lau Lauritzen Jr  as Troels Rolff
Johannes Meyer as Pastor Mikael Rolff
Lisbeth Movin as Troels' Girlfriend Sonja
Ib Schønberg as Editor
Grethe Thordahl as Troels' Wife
Oluf Bang as Troels' Father
Jørn Jeppesen
Einar Juhl
Emil Hass Christensen
Jakob Nielsen
Elsa Albeck
Poul Müller
Louis Miehe-Renard
Carl Heger
Per Buckhøj
Passage 8:
Shower train
Shower trains or bathing trains were specialized trains or train cars used throughout Europe to provide bathing facilities to troops stationed along the battlefront during the First World War 

Switzerland
Shower trains (known as Armeebadezug) were used in Switzerland  Each train consisted of old rolling stock from private railway companies: a locomotive, a tank car and converted passenger cars, each with a shower room and two cloakrooms  The water was taken from the tank car and heated by the locomotive 
This train served the thousands of Swiss militia protecting Switzerland's borders 

Imperial Russia
Similar bathing trains were used in the Russian Empire in 1914 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
DET
DET or Det may refer to:

A common abbreviation of the U S  city of Detroit and its major professional sports teams 
Detroit Lions of the National Football League
Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association
Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball
Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League
Detroit (Amtrak station), station code
Duolingo English Test (DET), a standardized test of English language
Coleman A  Young International Airport, Detroit, US, IATA Code
Diethyltryptamine, a psychedelic drug
Detection error tradeoff
It (Christensen book) (Det in Danish), poetry book
The mathematical determinant
Department of Education (New South Wales), formerly the Department of Education and Training (DET)
14 Intelligence Company, UK military undercover unit
a determiner, in interlinear glossing
Passage 10:
My Little Eye
My Little Eye is a 2002 British horror film directed by Marc Evans about five adults who agree to spend six months together in an isolated mansion while being filmed at all times  The idea for the film came from reality television shows such as Big Brother  The title refers to the guessing game I spy 

Plot
Five contestants, Matt (Sean Cw Johnson), Emma (Laura Regan), Charlie (Jennifer Sky), Danny (Stephen O'Reilly) and Rex (Kris Lemche), agree to take part in a reality webcast, where they must spend six months in a house to win $1 million  If anyone leaves, then no one wins the money  Nearing the end of the six months, tension between the contestants rises after Emma finds strange messages she believes are from a man from her past and the food packages arrive containing a letter that claims Danny's grandfather has died, and a gun with five bullets 
One night, a man named Travis Patterson (Bradley Cooper) arrives, claiming he is lost in the woods and that his GPS has died  Despite claiming to be an internet programmer, he claims to not recognize any of the contestants or ever having heard of the show  Later that night, Travis has sex with Charlie, and then secretly talks directly into a camera, to communicate with whoever is watching them  The next morning, Travis leaves and Danny discovers his backpack outside covered in blood and shredded to pieces  The contestants assume he was attacked by an animal but Rex believes Travis works for the people running their show and that it is all a trick to make them leave the house and forfeit the prize money 
Emma discovers her underwear among Danny’s belongings and confronts him, unaware that Travis planted them there the previous night  Danny denies it and attempts to make peace by giving her a crudely carved wooden cat, which Emma and Charlie ridicule, while Danny overhears 
The next morning, the group finds Danny has committed suicide by hanging himself from the staircase balcony with a rope  The guests finally decide to leave, but after being unable to contact anyone via radio, decide to wait until the next morning  Rex uses the GPS unit from Travis' bag and his laptop to gain access to the internet to find out more about the show but is unable to find any evidence of their show online 
Rex is only able to find a heavily encrypted beta site, that requires a $50,000 fee to access, and displays a web page with their pictures and betting odds  The group decides they will leave the next morning, though Rex and Emma go up to the roof to set off a flare  While Charlie and Matt remain in the house, Matt asks a camera if he should kill her, before suffocating her with a plastic bag 
Later, while Emma is sleeping, Rex comes downstairs and is decapitated with an axe by Matt  Matt awakens Emma and brings her up to the attic, telling her he is being chased and the others are dead  He then makes advances on Emma, who refuses, and attempts to rape her, before she stabs him in the back and runs off 
Emma runs outside and finds a police officer, who handcuffs her inside the car and enters the house  An injured Matt then crawls out, begging the cop to let him kill Emma, since he spent six months in the house with her  Realizing they are working together, Emma escapes the car and tries to run but is shot in the back with a rifle by the cop 
Matt and the cop sit in the kitchen discussing the setup they created with Travis for their high paying clients who want to witness the murders  When the cop says there are always "five suckers" to play the game with, Matt corrects him to four, and is then shot in the head  The cop then leaves, talking to Travis over the radio, while Emma is seen locked in a small room, unable to escape  As she collapses screaming, the cameras filming all shut off, one by one 

Cast
Sean Cw Johnson as Matt
Kris Lemche as Rex
Stephen O'Reilly as Danny
Laura Regan as Emma
Jennifer Sky as Charlie
Nick Mennell as The Cop
Bradley Cooper as Travis Patterson

Home media
My Little Eye is available on DVD from MCA/Universal Home Video with most of the special features available on the Region 2 Special Edition including a filmmakers' commentary and deleted scenes  There is an audio mode "Conversations of the Company (Eavesdropping Audio Track)" which allows the viewer to listen to the radio conversations between the members of the company: Travis and "the cop"  However, during this mode, the viewer cannot hear all of the dialogue of the cast in the scene  A UK release contains a 'Special Mode' where viewers see the film from the perspective of an internet subscriber, and more extra features become unlocked as the film goes on  You can watch other things going on in 'the house' in real time to what's happening in the film 

Reception
The film received polarized but positive reviews and holds 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 5 2/10 

See also
List of films featuring surveillance



ground_truth: Lee Byung-chul

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Closely Watched Trains or Det Sande Ansigt?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  With Doug Liman, Kunert reinvented "CHiPs" for NBC and Warner Bros  He also created the reality show "Mayor" for Columbia TriStar  In 2002, NBC/StudiosUSA signed Kunert to an exclusive writing/directing/producing contract   He wrote and executive produced "Witch Doctor", a TV pilot for Beacon TV and ABC television studios in 2008 
In 2011, DirecTV, Technicolor, and Panasonic got together to finance an experimental 3D film for Kunert to direct and shoot on Panasonic's new 3D camera systems   As part of it, Technicolor trained Kunert extensively on how to make clean, non-headache inducing, 3D motion images   DirecTV will distribute the 3D film internationally Kunert is a graduate of New York University's film school  He is a member of the Directors Guild of America and Writers Guild of America 
He was born in Warsaw, Poland and grew up in Westfield, New Jersey before attending the New York Military Academy 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 7:
Renegade Force
Renegade Force (aka Counterforce and Rogue Force) is a 1998 action film, starring Michael Rooker, Robert Patrick, Diane DiLascio and Louis Mandylor  The movie was written by Rick Bloggs and Alan Schechter and directed by Martin Kunert 

Plot
Rooker plays an FBI agent who joins force with a cop (Diane DiLascio) to investigate some mysterious deaths of several mobsters 

Cast
Michael Rooker as Matt Cooper
Robert Patrick as Jake McInroy
Diane DiLascio as Helen Simms
Louis Mandylor as Peter Roth

Reception
Comeuppance Reviews called Renegade Force a "brainless action at its best", stating: "In the end: Rogue Force is 90 minutes of cool FBI\SWAT action  The plot is routine but who cares when you're having a good time?"  Movie Mavs gave the film 3,5 stars out of 4, praised several aspects of the movie and concluding: "Rogue Force is a better than average corrupt police themed adult thriller, with some solid acting "
Passage 8:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 9:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 10:
John Farrell (businessman)
John Farrell is the director of YouTube in Latin America 

Education
Farrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) 

Career
His business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements He co-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico  After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard   Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas com  There he established a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services  He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and media channels 

Google
Farrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America  On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo  He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business  John is also part of Google’s Latin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region  He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO 



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