prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who is older than the other, Blue Blood And Red or The Longshot? 

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Blue Blood and Red
Blue Blood and Red is a 1916 American silent western comedy film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring George Walsh, Martin Kinney, and Doris Pawn 

Premise
After being kicked out of Harvard and thrown out by his millionaire father, a young wastrel heads west in the company of his butler 

Cast
George Walsh as Algernon DuPont
Martin Kinney as Peterkin
Doris Pawn
James A  Marcus
Jack Woods
Augustus Carney
Vester Pegg
Passage 2:
Dan Milne
Dan Milne is a British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role in EastEnders 

Career
He started his career in 1996 and made an appearance in Murder Most Horrid and as a pub poet in In a Land of Plenty  He then appeared in EastEnders as David Collins, Jane Beale's dying husband 
As a member of the Young Vic, he collaborated with Tim Supple to originate  Grimm Tales, which toured internationally, culminating in a Broadway run at the New Victory Theater  Since that time he has collaborated on more than seven major new works, including Two Men Talking, which has run for the past six years in various cities across the world  In 2013, he replaced Ken Barrie as the voice of the Reverend Timms in the children's show, Postman Pat 
Passage 3:
Paul Bartel
Paul Bartel (August 6, 1938 – May 13, 2000) was an American actor, writer and director  He was perhaps most known for his 1982 hit black comedy Eating Raoul, which he co-wrote, starred in and directed 
Bartel appeared in over 90 movies and TV episodes, including such titles as Eat My Dust (1976), Hollywood Boulevard (1976), Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979), Get Crazy (1983), Chopping Mall (1986), and Amazon Women on the Moon (1987)  He frequently co-starred with friend and former Warhol girl Mary Woronov; the pair appeared in 17 films together, often as husband and wife 
Bartel also directed 11 low-budget films, many of which he also acted in or wrote  He started in 1968 with the short The Secret Cinema, a paranoid delusional fantasy of self-referential cinema   He graduated to features in 1972 with the horror-comedy Private Parts   He would go on to direct such cult films as Death Race 2000 (1975), Eating Raoul (1982), Lust in the Dust (1985) and Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (1989) 

Biography
Bartel studied film and theatre at UCLA, and spent a year on a Fulbright scholarship at the Centro Sperimentale film school in Rome, before returning to the US  He fulfilled his military service by talking his way into the Army Signal Corps Pictorial Center in Long Island City and later made films for the United States Information Agency 

Early films
Bartel's first films were made in high school, primarily abstract and animated 16mm shorts, including titles such as Cinema Experimental (1954), Non Objective Film (1956), Margaret Whiting Sings "The Money Tree" (1956), and Camel Rock (1957)  After making the 35mm short Italian-language film Progetti (1962) while attending the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, Bartel produced The Secret Cinema (1966)   Shot on an extremely low budget in 35mm and with his own money, The Secret Cinema was the film that began his reputation as a new and unusual independent voice in narrative cinema 
He followed it with another short he wrote and directed, Naughty Nurse (1969)  He co-wrote the feature Utterly Without Redeeming Social Value (1969), also starring in the lead  He worked as an actor only in Hi, Mom! (1970) directed by Brian De Palma 
Bartel's first feature as director was Private Parts (1972), a comedy horror film for MGM  It was produced by Gene Corman and Bartel was in the cast 

New World Pictures
Gene Corman's brother, Roger, ran a production company, New World Pictures, and hired Bartel to be second unit director on Big Bad Mama (1974), an action film  Bartel also played a small role 
Roger Corman gave Bartel the job of directing Death Race 2000 (1975), a satirical action comedy starring David Carradine, Sylvester Stallone and Mary Woronov  Bartel also played a small role  The film was a huge success at the box office and quickly established itself as a cult favorite 
Corman promptly offered Bartel the chance to direct a similar action film with Carradine for New World, Cannonball (1976)  Bartel also worked on the script  The film is littered with cameos from people such as Joe Dante and Martin Scorsese  Bartel later said he worked for a year on Death Race 2000 for $5,000 "so when it was finished I desperately needed money  The only thing anybody wanted from me was another car picture, hence Cannonball  Corman had drummed into me the idea that if Death Race had been "harder" and "more real" it would have been more popular  Like a fool, I believed him  I am not, and never have been, very much interested in cars and racing" so he decided to load up the film with "cameos and character gimmicks that did interest me "Bartel was in much demand from other directors at New World to play small parts in their pictures: he appeared in Eat My Dust (1976) for Ron Howard, Hollywood Boulevard (1976) for Joe Dante and Alan Arkush (quite a large role, as a director, which Bartel credited for really kicking off his acting career), Mr Billions (1977) for Jonathan Kaplan (not a New World film but Bartel met Kaplan at the company), Grand Theft Auto (1977) for Howard, Piranha (1978) for Dante, and Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979) for Arkush  Outside New World he appeared in The Hustler of Muscle Beach (1980) for Kaplan and Heartbeeps (1981) for Arkush 

Eating Raoul and after
Bartel wrote a script with Richard Blackburn, Eating Raoul (1982)  Bartel managed to raise the finance and starred in the film along with Woronov  Made for $230,000 (raised by  himself and his parents) it was a hit on the art house circuit, grossing $10 million, and became a cult movie 
Bartel had small roles in White Dog (1982), directed by Sam Fuller and produced by New World alumni Jon Davison, Trick or Treats (1982), Heart Like a Wheel (1983) for Kaplan, and Get Crazy (1983) for Arkush 
The success of Eating Raoul enabled Bartel to raise $3 million in finance (ten times the budget of Raoul) for a screwball comedy he had co written and wanted to direct, Not for Publication (1984)  It was a box-office disaster  More successful was Lust in the Dust (1985) starring Tab Hunter and Divine 
Bartel continued to be in demand as an actor, appearing in Frankenweenie (1984), a short for Tim Burton, Into the Night (1985) for John Landis, European Vacation (1985) for Amy Heckerling, and Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird (1985) 
Bartel directed The Longshot (1986) based on a script by Tim Conway who starred  Bartel said he was a "director for hire" on the project  "My sensibility was on some level antipathetic to what Tim Conway wanted  I was trying to find interesting things under the surface, and he just wanted more surface "He appeared in an episode of Fame directed by Arkush, and reprised his Raoul character in Chopping Mall (1986) for Jim Wynorski produced by Julie Corman (Wynorski says Bartel and Woronov adlibbed their roles)  He appeared in "The Jar", an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents directed by Burton, as well as the film Killer Party (1986) 
He directed two episodes of Amazing Stories, both from his own scripts, both featuring him as an actor: "Secret Cinema" (a remake of his short film of the same name) and "Gershwin's Trunk" 
He had roles in Munchies (1987) (produced by Roger Corman), Amazon Women on the Moon (1987) (in a segment directed by Dante), an episode of Crime Story, Baja Oklahoma (1988), and Shakedown (1988) 
Bartel co wrote but did not direct Mortuary Academy (1988); he and Woronov also played small roles  He was an executive producer on Out of the Dark (1988), in which he had a small role  He had a role in Caddyshack II (1988) directed by Arkush Bartel directed Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (1989), based on a story of his He wrote a sequel to Eating Raoul called Bland Ambition, where Paul and Mary wind up running for Governor of California  It was about 10 days from the start of filming when Vestron withdrew its financial backing Bartel appeared in Pucker Up and Bark Like a Dog (1989), Far Out Man (1990), Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) (for Dante), Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective (1990), an episode L A  Law directed by Arkush, Liquid Dreams (1991), and Desire and Hell at Sunset Motel (1991) 
Bartel had a large supporting role in The Pope Must Diet (1991), directed by Peter Richardson of The Comic Strip, and was in The Living End (1992) from Gregg Araki, Soulmates (1992), and Posse (1993) 
A musical adaptation of Eating Raoul premiered off Broadway in 1992 Bartel appeared in some episodes of The Comic Strip Presents   , even directing one ("Demonella")  He was in Acting on Impulse, Tales of the City and Grief (1993) 
Bartel's last feature as director was Shelf Life (1993)  Based on a play and done for a low budget, it struggled to find distribution 

Final years
Bartel appeared in Twin Sitters (1993), The Usual Suspects (1995), and The Jerky Boys (1995)  He had a rare star role in The Wacky Adventures of Dr  Boris and Nurse Shirley (1995) but was normally seen in minor parts: Naomi & Wynonna: Love Can Build a Bridge (1995), Not Like Us (1995) for Corman's new company Concorde Pictures, A Bucket of Blood (1995) also for Concorde, Number One Fan (1995), Red Ribbon Blues (1996), Joe's Apartment (1996), Escape from L A  (1996), and Basquiat (1996) 
He directed 2 episodes of Clueless, "We Shall Overpack" and "Cher Inc"  He also appeared in both 
He was in Prey of the Jaguar (1996), The Elevator (1996), Lewis & Clark & George (1997), Boston Common, Skeletons (1997), The Inheritance (1997), Chicago Hope, The Devil's Child (1997), Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss (1998), More Tales of the City, Race, Vengeance Unlimited, Dreamers, Hard Time: The Premonition, episodes of Ally McBeal and Snoops directed by Arkush, Good vs Evil, Zoo (1999), Hamlet (2000), Dinner and a Movie (2001) and Perfect Fit (2001) 

Personal life
Bartel was openly gay; this influenced his career choice, as he found himself more accepted and afforded more opportunities within the independent film industry than he would have in Hollywood In 1979, he was a member of the jury at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival 

Death
Bartel died May 13, 2000, of a heart attack two weeks after liver cancer surgery; he was 61 years old  His final screen appearance was a posthumous role as "Dad" alongside Mary Woronov ("Mom") in the 2001 independent film Perfect Fit 

Legacy
The Belgian horror movie Calvaire paid a tribute to the late Bartel – the mad innkeeper character is named "Paul Bartel" 
Two of Bartel's early directorial efforts, Progetti and The Secret Cinema, were restored by the Academy Film Archive 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Scotty Fox
Scott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame 

Awards
1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)
1995 AVN Hall of Fame inductee
Passage 5:
Raoul Walsh
Raoul Walsh (born Albert Edward Walsh; March 11, 1887 – December 31, 1980) was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), and the brother of silent screen actor George Walsh  He was known for portraying John Wilkes Booth in the silent film The Birth of a Nation (1915) and for directing such films as the widescreen epic The Big Trail (1930) starring John Wayne in his first leading role, The Roaring Twenties starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, High Sierra (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and White Heat (1949) starring James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien  He directed his last film in 1964  His work has been noted as influences on directors such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Jack Hill, and Martin Scorsese 

Biography
Walsh was born in New York as Albert Edward Walsh to Elizabeth T  Bruff, the daughter of Irish Catholic immigrants, and Thomas W  Walsh, an Englishman  Walsh was part of Omega Gamma Delta in high school, as was his younger brother  Growing up in New York, Walsh was also a friend of the Barrymore family  John Barrymore recalled spending time reading in the Walsh family library as a youth  Later in life, Walsh lived in Palm Springs, California  He was buried at Assumption Cemetery Simi Valley, Ventura County, California 

Film career
Walsh was educated at Seton Hall College  He began acting in 1909, first as a stage actor in New York City and later as a film actor  In  1913 he changed his name to Raoul Walsh  In 1914 he became an assistant to D  W  Griffith and made his first full-length feature film, The Life of General Villa, shot on location in Mexico with Pancho Villa playing the lead, and with actual ongoing battles filmed in progress as well as battle recreations   Walsh played John Wilkes Booth in Griffith's epic The Birth of a Nation (1915) and also served as an assistant director  This movie was followed by the critically acclaimed Regeneration in 1915, the earliest feature gangster film, shot on location in Manhattan's Bowery district 
Walsh served as an officer in the United States Army during World War I  He later directed The Thief of Bagdad (1924), starring Douglas Fairbanks and Anna May Wong, and Laurence Stallings' What Price Glory? (1926), starring Victor McLaglen and Dolores del Río 

In Sadie Thompson (1928), starring Gloria Swanson as a prostitute seeking a new life in Samoa, Walsh starred as Swanson's boyfriend in his first acting role since 1915; he also directed the film  He was then hired to direct and star in In Old Arizona, a film about O  Henry's character the Cisco Kid  While on location for that film Walsh was in a car crash when a jackrabbit jumped through the windshield as he was driving through the desert; he lost his right eye as a result  He gave up the part and never acted again  Warner Baxter won an Oscar for the role Walsh was originally slated to play  Walsh would wear an eyepatch for the rest of his life 

In the early days of sound with Fox, Walsh directed the first widescreen spectacle, The Big Trail (1930), an epic wagon train western shot on location, across the West  The movie starred John Wayne, then unknown, whom Walsh discovered as prop man named Marion Morrison, and he was renamed after the Revolutionary War general Mad Anthony Wayne; Walsh happened to be reading a book about him at the time  Walsh directed The Bowery (1933), featuring Wallace Beery, George Raft, Fay Wray and Pert Kelton; the energetic movie recounts the story of Steve Brodie (Raft), supposedly the first man to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge and live to brag about it 
An undistinguished period followed with Paramount Pictures from 1935 to 1939, but Walsh's career rose to new heights after he moved to Warner Brothers, with The Roaring Twenties (1939), featuring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart; Dark Command (1940), with John Wayne and Roy Rogers (at Republic Pictures); They Drive By Night (1940), with George Raft, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and Bogart; High Sierra (1941), with Lupino and Bogart again; They Died with Their Boots On (1941), with Errol Flynn as Custer; The Strawberry Blonde (1941), with Cagney and Olivia de Havilland; Manpower (1941), with Edward G  Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and George Raft; and White Heat (1949), with Cagney  Walsh's contract at Warners expired in 1953 
He directed several films afterwards, including three with Clark Gable: The Tall Men (1955), The King and Four Queens (1956) and Band of Angels (1957)  Walsh retired in 1964  He died of a heart attack in 1980 

Outside interests
Raoul Walsh was a breeder and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses  For a time, his brother George Walsh trained his stable of horses  Their horse Sunset Trail competed in the 1937 Kentucky Derby won by War Admiral who went on to win the U S  Triple Crown  Sunset Trail finished sixteenth in a field of twenty runners Some of Walsh's film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives 

Selected filmography
Miscellaneous
The Conqueror (writer, 1917)
The Big Trail (story contributor, uncredited, 1930)
Captain Horatio Hornblower R N  (producer, uncredited, 1951)
The Lawless Breed (producer, uncredited, 1953)
Esther and the King (screenplay, 1960)
The Men Who Made the Movies: Raoul Walsh (TV documentary)
Himself (1973)

Notes
Passage 6:
Logan Sandler
Logan Sandler is an American writer and director who is best known for his first feature film Live Cargo 

Early life and education
Sandler graduated from SFTV within Loyola Marymount University's Film School in 2011 with a B A  in Film Production, and three years later, while earning an M F A  from AFI in Film Directing, he developed his first feature film, Live Cargo  He developed the script with the late Seth Winston and co-writer Thymaya Payne  In 2015, Sandler was awarded the Institute's Franklin J  Schaffner Fellow Award for his short film, Tracks 

Career
Sandler's senior thesis, All It Will Ever Be premiered at the Bermuda International Film Festival in 2012  Sandler's second short film Tracks screened at various festival around the world, including AFI FEST, Marfa Film Fest, Cambridge Film Festival, and the Miami International Film Festival  The film won the Lexus Audience Award for Best Short film at the Miami International Film Festival and best actor for Keith Stanfield at the 24 FPS International Film Festival Sandler's debut feature film Live Cargo was filmed in the Bahamas, and premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2016  The film stars Dree Hemingway, Keith Stanfield, and Robert Wisdom  In addition to the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival, Live Cargo had its European premiere at the Warsaw International Film Festival, then went on to screen at the American Film Festival in Poland, the São Paulo International Film Festival, the Denver Film Festival, the Key West Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival, the Bahamas International Film Festival, and AFI FEST Sandler has collaborated with Stanfield on music videos, co-directing the group MOORS’ single Gas  The music video premiered on Vice’s music channel Noisey IONCINEMA com chose Sandler as their IONCINEPHILE of the Month for April 2017, a feature that focuses on an emerging filmmaker from the world of cinema  When asked about his favorite films of his formative years Sandler said, "I fell in love with Jean Luc Godard’s Contempt and Weekend  I was blown away by Agnes Varda’s Cleo from 5 to 7  Michelangelo Antonioni’s films really struck a chord with me as well  After seeing L’Avventura and Blowup, I went online and ordered every film of his I could find  The Passenger’s penultimate shot blew me away  I watched that 7 minute shot over and over  It’s probably my favorite shot in the history of cinema "

Critical reception
Angelica Jade Bastien for Roger Ebert wrote of the film, "In 'Live Cargo,' director/co-writer Logan Sandler strives to tell a story that finds poetry in the commonplace by shirking narrative conventions "Chuck Wilson for The Village Voice wrote, "The well-acted Live Cargo, which also features Robert Wisdom and Sam Dillon, is at its best when it observes character acting silently against landscape, as when Nadine goes snorkeling and uses a spear gun to jab at sharks, a juxtaposition of natural beauty and human fury typical of Sandler’s poetic approach ” Wilson as well called Sandler "a filmmaker to watch "Katie Walsh in her IndieWire review wrote, ”Anchored by a quartet of equally strong and understated performances, LIVE CARGO proves itself to be a singularly artful film of great emotional heft ”  Walsh gave the film an A - grade Stephen Saito for The Moveable Fest in his review and interview wrote, "While there’s intrigue aplenty as anxieties rise higher than the tide, the assured hand of director Logan Sandler, who co-wrote the script with Thymaya Payne, guides 'Live Cargo' admirably as a thriller that may appear immediately as monochrome but shifts quickly into varying degrees of grey ”H  Nelson Tracey of Cinemacy wrote that Sandler's, “Live Cargo is an unforgettable debut and a promise of greater heights to come ”Justin Lowe of the Hollywood Reporter in his review stated, “A pronounced sense of style and place suffuses the entire film, boding well for Sandler’s future projects ”

Awards/Nominations
Passage 7:
Blue Blood (2014 film)
Blue Blood (Portuguese: Sangue azul) is a 2014 Brazilian drama film directed by Lírio Ferreira  It was screened in the Panorama section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival 

Cast
Daniel de Oliveira
Caroline Abras
Sandra Coverloni
Rômulo Braga
Passage 8:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 9:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 10:
The Longshot
The Longshot is a 1986 American comedy film directed by Paul Bartel and starring Tim Conway 

Plot
Four friends enjoy betting on horses at the race track  Someone tells them that he's got something to give his horse to make it run faster, and they can win a lot of money if they bet  Dooley tries to romance Nicki Dixon to get the money, but he finds out she's a lunatic who tries to kill him when he reminds her of her ex  Later, they borrow an envelope of money from the mob, who expect them to pay back within a week  They find out that the man who gave them the tip was a fraud, but Dooley remembered someone saying that the horse would run fast if he saw red  He ran out to the track, waved a red dress and the horse won the race 

Cast
Tim Conway as Dooley
Harvey Korman as Lou
Jack Weston as Elton
Ted Wass as Stump
Stella Stevens as Nicki Dixon
Anne Meara as Madge
George DiCenzo as DeFranco
Jorge Cervera as Santiago
Jonathan Winters as Tyler
Frank Bonner as Realtor
Eddie Deezen as Parking Attendant
Nick Dimitri as Track Cop
Garry Goodrow as Josh
Edie McClurg as Donna
Joseph Ruskin as Fusco

Theme Song
"The Longshot", the film's title track, is performed by Irene Cara 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 2:
Victor Duleep Singh
Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 July 1866 – 7 June 1918) was the eldest son of Maharani Bamba Müller and Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of Lahore, and of the Sikh Empire, and the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 

Biography
Victor Duleep Singh was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Lady Anne Blanche Alice Coventry whom he would later marry  In 1887 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, with a special Cadetship and left it the following December to be commissioned as Lieutenant into the 1st (Royal) Dragoons  

In 1889 Singh was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in British North America  In December, he was rumoured to be engaged to marry Jeanne Turnure, daughter of Lawrence Turnure, a New York City banker, after staying at the Turnure house in Newport, Rhode Island, the previous summer; the rumour was however denied by the banker  In February the following year, Singh took a three-month leave of absence from the army to meet his father in Paris, when rumours of unpaid creditors in Halifax became current for the first time  He continued to serve in the Royal Dragoons until he resigned his commission in 1898 On the death of his father, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, on 23 October 1893, Victor succeeded him as Head of the Royal House of the Punjab On 4 January 1898, Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh married Lady Anne Coventry, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Coventry, who was eight years younger than himself  The marriage created a sensation: it was the first time an Indian prince had married an English noblewoman, and the marriage was made possible primarily due to the intervention of the Prince of Wales (subsequently King Edward VII)  The wedding took place at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, London, where Queen Victoria was also represented  Although Queen Victoria gave the couple her blessing, she allegedly told Lady Anne to never have children with the Prince  The marriage remained childless Singh was declared bankrupt on 4 September 1902, with debts totaling £117,900 (approximately £12 8 million in today's value), despite his £8,250 annual allowance and his wife's income of £2,500  The bankruptcy was attributed to bad investments and to gambling, something that plagued him for the rest of his life He died, without legitimate issue, aged 51, on 7 June 1918, and was buried at the Anglican Cemetery above Monte Carlo  Beside him is the grave of his wife who died aged 82, on 2 July 1956 

Honours
National dynastic honours
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

National honours
United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Frederick Duleep Singh
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh, MVO, TD, FSA (23 January 1868 – 15 August 1926), also known as Prince Freddy, was a younger son of Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 

Early life
Prince Frederick was born in London as the third son (the second surviving after the oldest son died on the first day after his birth) of Sir Duleep Singh and Bamba Müller, the former Maharaja and Maharani Duleep of Lahore  
He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge where he read History (B A  1890; M A  1894)  At Cambridge, he was a member of the Pitt Club He was deeply interested in archaeology, contributing articles to various periodicals and became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries  He wrote Portraits in Norfolk Houses (1929, two volumes) alongside Rev  Edmund Farrer, and with Farrer and his friend Charles Partridge compiled and published Portraits in Suffolk Houses  He was East Anglia representative of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and reported on about 50 historic building cases for it 

Career
He lived at Old Buckenham Hall and for 20 years, at Blo' Norton Hall near Thetford  He was a staunch monarchist, possibly due to his father's good relationship with Queen Victoria, even hanging a portrait of republican Oliver Cromwell upside-down in his lavatory at Blo' Norton  His collection of Jacobite and Stuart relics (and the Cromwell painting) were presented to Inverness Museum  He gave to the town of Thetford the timber-framed Ancient House (now a museum) together with his collection of portraits 

Military
Prince Frederick served with Yeomanry regiments from 1893 to 1919 

Appointed Second Lieutenant: – Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry – 12 August 1893 
Promoted Lieutenant: 21 July 1894 
Promoted Captain: 19 August 1898 In July 1901, Prince Frederick transferred to the Norfolk Yeomanry from the Suffolk Yeomanry and was promoted to the rank of major  He resigned his commission in 1909 but rejoined the Norfolk Yeomanry in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I and was on active service in France for two years and with the General Staff 

Honours
Punjabi
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

British
United Kingdom: Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 1901
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Territorial Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the 1914 Star Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Victory Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 5:
Ranjit Singh
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839), popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century  He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye  He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10  After his father died, he fought several wars to expel the Afghans in his teenage years and was proclaimed as the "Maharaja of Punjab" at age 21  His empire grew in the Punjab region under his leadership through 1839 Prior to his rise, the Punjab region had numerous warring misls (confederacies), twelve of which were under Sikh rulers and one Muslim  Ranjit Singh successfully absorbed and united the Sikh misls and took over other local kingdoms to create the Sikh Empire  He repeatedly defeated invasions by outside armies, particularly those arriving from Afghanistan, and established friendly relations with the British Ranjit Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity  His Khalsa army and government included Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, including the rebuilding of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar as well as other major gurudwaras, including Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Bihar and Hazur Sahib Nanded, Maharashtra under his sponsorship  Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh 

Early years
Ranjit Singh was born in a Jat Sikh family on 13 November 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in Gujranwala, Punjab region (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)  His mother Raj Kaur was the daughter of Jat Sikh Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind  Upon his birth, he was named Buddh Singh after his ancestor who was first in line to take Amrit Sanchaar  The child's name was changed to Ranjit (literally, "victor in battle") Singh ("lion") by his father to commemorate his army's victory over the Chattha chieftain Pir Muhammad 

Ranjit Singh contracted smallpox as an infant, which resulted in the loss of sight in his left eye and a pockmarked face  He was short in stature, never schooled, and did not learn to read or write anything beyond the Gurmukhi alphabet  However, he was trained at home in horse riding, musketry and other martial arts At age 12, his father died  He then inherited his father's Sukerchakia Misl estates and was raised by his mother Raj Kaur, who, along with Lakhpat Rai, also managed the estates  The first attempt on his life was made when he was 13, by Hashmat Khan, but Ranjit Singh prevailed and killed the assailant instead  At age 18, his mother died and Lakhpat Rai was assassinated, and thereon he was helped by his mother-in-law from his first marriage 

Personal life
Wives
In 1789, Ranjit Singh married his first wife Mehtab Kaur, the muklawa happened in 1796  She was the only daughter of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya and his wife Sada Kaur, and the granddaughter of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, the founder of the Kanhaiya Misl  This marriage was pre-arranged in an attempt to reconcile warring Sikh misls, wherein Mehtab Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in 1786  However, the marriage failed, with Mehtab Kaur never forgiving the fact that her father had been killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father and she mainly lived with her mother after marriage  The separation became complete when Ranjit Singh married Datar Kaur of the Nakai Misl in 1797 and she turned into Ranjit's most beloved wife  Mehtab Kaur had three sons, Ishar Singh who was born in 1804 and twins Sher Singh and Tara Singh born in 1807  According to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, she was the only one to bear the title of Maharani  She died in 1813, after suffering from a failing health 
His second marriage was to, Datar Kaur (Born Raj Kaur) the youngest child and only daughter of Ran Singh Nakai, the third ruler of the Nakai Misl and his wife Karmo Kaur  They were betrothed in childhood by Datar Kaur's eldest brother, Sardar Bhagwan Singh, who briefly became the chief of the Nakai Misl, and Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh  They were married in 1797; this marriage was a happy one  Ranjit Singh always treated Raj Kaur with love and respect  Since Raj Kaur was also the name of Ranjit Singh's mother, she was renamed Datar Kaur  In 1801, she gave birth to their son and heir apparent, Kharak Singh  Datar Kaur bore Ranjit Singh two other sons, Rattan Singh and Fateh Singh  Like his first marriage, the second marriage also brought him strategic military alliance  She was exceptionally intelligent and assisted him in affairs of the State  During the expedition to Multan in 1818, she was given command alongside her son, Kharak Singh  Throughout her life she remained Ranjit Singh's favorite  and for no other did he have greater respect for than Datar Kaur, who he affectionately called Mai Nakain   Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort  During a hunting trip with Ranjit Singh, she fell ill and died on 20 June 1838 
Ratan Kaur and Daya Kaur were wives of Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujrat (a misl north of Lahore, not to be confused the state of Gujarat)  After Sahib Singh's death, Ranjit Singh took them under his protection in 1811 by marrying them via the rite of chādar andāzī, in which a cloth sheet was unfurled over each of their heads  The same with Roop Kaur, Gulab Kaur, Saman Kaur, and Lakshmi Kaur,  looked after Duleep Singh when his mother Jind Kaur was exiled  Ratan Kaur had a son Multana Singh in 1819, and Daya Kaur had two sons Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh in 1821 Jind Kaur, the final spouse of Ranjit Singh  Her father, Manna Singh Aulakh, extolled her virtues to Ranjit Singh, who was concerned about the frail health of his only heir Kharak Singh  The Maharaja married her in 1835 by 'sending his arrow and sword to her village'  On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to Duleep Singh, who became the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire His other wives included, Mehtab Devi of Kangara also called Guddan or Katochan and Raj Banso, daughters of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra 
He was also married to Rani Har Devi of Atalgarh, Rani Aso Sircar and Rani Jag Deo According to the diaries, that Duleep Singh kept towards the end of his life, that these women presented the Maharaja with four daughters  Dr  Priya Atwal notes that the daughters could be adopted  Ranjit Singh was also married to Jind Bani or Jind Kulan, daughter of Muhammad Pathan from Mankera and Gul Bano, daughter of Malik Akhtar from Amritsar 
Ranjit Singh married many times, in various ceremonies, and had twenty wives  Sir Lepel Griffin, however, provides a list of just sixteen wives and their pension list  Most of his marriages were performed through chādar andāz  Some scholars note that the information on Ranjit Singh's marriages is unclear, and there is evidence that he had many concubines  Dr  Priya Atwal presents an official list of Ranjit Singh's thirty wives  The women married through chādar andāzī were noted as concubines and were known as the lesser title of Rani (queen)  While Mehtab Kaur and Datar Kaur officially bore the title of Maharani (high queen), Datar Kaur officially became the Maharani after the death of Mehtab Kaur in 1813  Throughout her life was referred to as Sarkar Rani  After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's youngest widow Jind Kaur  According to Khushwant Singh in an 1889 interview with the French journal Le Voltaire, his son Dalip (Duleep) Singh remarked, "I am the son of one of my father's forty-six wives " Dr  Priya Atwal notes that Ranjit Singh and his heirs entered a total of 46 marriages  But Ranjit Singh was known not be a "rash sensualist" and commanded unusual respect in the eyes of others  Faqir Sayyid Vaḥiduddin states: "If there was one thing in which Ranjit Singh failed to excel or even equal the average monarch of oriental history, it was the size of his harem " George Keene noted, "In hundreds and in thousands the orderly crowds stream on  Not a bough is broken of a wayside tree, not a rude remark to a woman" 

Punishment by the Akal Takht
In 1802, Ranjit Singh married Moran Sarkar, a Muslim nautch girl  This action, and other non-Sikh activities of the Maharaja, upset orthodox Sikhs, including the Nihangs, whose leader Akali Phula Singh was the Jathedar of the Akal Takht  When Ranjit Singh visited Amritsar, he was called outside the Akal Takht, where he was made to apologise for his mistakes  Akali Phula Singh took Ranjit Singh to a tamarind tree in front of the Akal Takht and prepared to punish him by flogging  Then Akali Phula Singh asked the nearby Sikh pilgrims whether they approved of Ranjit Singh's apology  The pilgrims responded with Sat Sri Akal and Ranjit Singh was released and forgiven  An alternative holds that Ranjit went to visit Moran on his arrival in Amritsar before paying his respects at Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara, which upset orthodox Sikhs and hence was punished by Akali Phula Singh  Iqbal Qaiser and Manveen Sandhu make alternative accounts on the relationship between Moran and the Maharaja; the former stating they never married, while the latter state that they married  Court chronicler, Sohan Lal Suri makes no mention Moran's marriage to the Maharaja or coins being struck in her name  Bibi Moran spent the rest of life in Pathankot  Duleep Singh makes a list of his father's queens which also does not mention Bibi Moran 

Issue
Kharak Singh (22 February 1801 – 5 November 1840) was the eldest and the favorite of Ranjit Singh from his second and favorite wife, Datar Kaur  He succeeded his father as the Maharaja 
Ishar Singh son of his first wife, Mehtab Kaur  This prince died in infancy in 1805 
Rattan Singh (1805–1845) was born to Maharani Datar Kaur  He was granted the Jagatpur Bajaj estate as his jagir 
Sher Singh (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was elder of the twins of Mehtab Kaur  He briefly became the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 
Tara Singh (4 December 1807 – 1859) younger of the twins born of Mehtab Kaur 
Multana Singh (1819–1846) son of Ratan Kaur 
Kashmira Singh (1821–1844) son of Daya Kaur 
Pashaura Singh (1821–1845) younger son of Daya Kaur 
Duleep Singh (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  Ranji Singh's youngest son, the only child of Jind Kaur According to the pedigree table and Duleep Singh's diaries that he kept towards the end of his life mention another son Fateh Singh was born to Mai Nakain, who died in infancy  According to Henry Edward only Datar Kaur and Jind Kaur's sons are Ranjit Singh's biological sons It is said that Ishar Singh was not the biological son of Mehtab Kaur and Ranjit Singh, but only procured by Mehtab Kaur and presented to Ranjit Singh who accepted him as his son  Tara Singh and Sher Singh had similar rumors, it is said that Sher Singh was the son of a chintz weaver, Nahala and Tara Singh was the son of Manki, a servant in the household of Sada Kaur  Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported,
"Though reported to be the Maharaja's son, Sher Singh's father has never thoroughly acknowledged him, though his mother always insisted on his being so  A brother of Sher, Tara Singh by the same mother, has been even worse treated than himself, not being permitted to appear at court, and no office given him, either of profit or honour " Five Years in India, Volume 1
Henry Edward Fane, London, 1842Multana Singh, Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh were sons of the two widows of Sahib Singh, Daya Kaur and Ratan Kaur, that Ranjit Singh took under his protection and married  These sons, are said to be, not biologically born to the queens and only procured and later presented to and accepted by Ranjit Singh as his sons 

Establishment of the Sikh Empire
Historical context
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and declined in its ability to tax or govern most of the Indian subcontinent  In the northwestern region, particularly the Punjab, the creation of the Khalsa community of Sikh warriors by Guru Gobind Singh accelerated the decay and fragmentation of the Mughal power in the region  Raiding Afghans attacked the Indus river valleys but met resistance from both organised armies of the Khalsa Sikhs as well as irregular Khalsa militias based in villages  The Sikhs had appointed their own zamindars, replacing the previous Muslim revenue collectors, which provided resources to feed and strengthen the warriors aligned with Sikh interests  Meanwhile, colonial traders and the East India Company had begun operations in India on its eastern and western coasts By the second half of the 18th century, the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and parts of north India) were a collection of fourteen small warring regions  Of the fourteen, twelve were Sikh-controlled misls (confederacies), one named Kasur (near Lahore) was Muslim controlled, and one in the southeast was led by an Englishman named George Thomas  This region constituted the fertile and productive valleys of the five rivers – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej  The Sikh misls were all under the control of the Khalsa fraternity of Sikh warriors, but they were not united and constantly warred with each other over revenue collection, disagreements, and local priorities; however, in the event of external invasion such as from the Muslim armies of Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan, they would usually unite Towards the end of 18th century, the five most powerful misls were those of Sukkarchakkia, Kanhayas, Nakkais, Ahluwalias and Bhangi Sikhs  Ranjit Singh belonged to the first, and through marriage had a reliable alliance with Kanhayas and Nakkais  Among the smaller misls, some such as the Phulkias misl had switched loyalties in the late 18th century and supported the Afghan army invasion against their Khalsa brethren  The Kasur region, ruled by Muslim, always supported the Afghan invasion forces and joined them in plundering Sikh misls during the war 

Military campaigns
Rise to fame, early conquests
Ranjit Singh's fame grew in 1797, at age 17, when the Afghan Muslim ruler Shah Zaman, of the Ahmad Shah Abdali dynasty, attempted to annex Panjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers  The battle was fought in the territory that fell in Ranjit Singh controlled misl, whose regional knowledge and warrior expertise helped resist the invading army  This victory gained him recognition  In 1798, the Afghan ruler sent in another army, which Ranjit Singh did not resist  He let them enter Lahore, then encircled them with his army, blocked off all food and supplies, burnt all crops and food sources that could have supported the Afghan army  Much of the Afghan army retreated back to Afghanistan In 1799, Raja Ranjit Singh's army of 25,000 Khalsa, supported by another 25,000 Khalsa led by his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur of Kanhaiya misl, in a joint operation attacked the region controlled by Bhangi Sikhs centered around Lahore  The rulers escaped, marking Lahore as the first major conquest of Ranjit Singh  The Sufi Muslim and Hindu population of Lahore welcomed the rule of Ranjit Singh  In 1800, the ruler of Jammu region ceded control of his region to Ranjit Singh In 1801, Ranjit Singh proclaimed himself as the "Maharaja of Punjab", and agreed to a formal investiture ceremony, which was carried out by Baba Sahib Singh Bedi – a descendant of Guru Nanak  On the day of his coronation, prayers were performed across mosques, temples and gurudwaras in his territories for his long life  Ranjit Singh called his rule as "Sarkar Khalsa", and his court as "Darbar Khalsa"  He ordered new coins to be issued in the name of Guru Nanak named the "NanakShahi" ("of the Emperor Nanak") 

Expansion
In 1802, Ranjit Singh, aged 22, took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl, paid homage at the Harmandir Sahib temple, which had previously been attacked and desecrated by the invading Afghan army, and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold 

On 1 January 1806, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with the British officials of the East India Company, in which he agreed that his Sikh forces would not attempt to expand south of the Sutlej river, and the Company agreed that it would not attempt to militarily cross the Sutlej river into the Sikh territory In 1807, Ranjit Singh's forces attacked the Muslim ruled Kasur and, after a month of fierce fighting in the Battle of Kasur defeated the Afghan chief Qutb-ud-Din, thus expanding his empire northwest towards Afghanistan  He took Multan in 1818, and the whole Bari Doab came under his rule with that conquest  In 1819, he successfully defeated the Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers and annexed Srinagar and Kashmir, stretching his rule into the north and the Jhelum valley, beyond the foothills of the Himalayas The most significant encounters between the Sikhs in the command of the Maharaja and the Afghans were in 1813, 1823, 1834 and in 1837  In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general Dewan Mokham Chand led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of Shah Mahmud led by Fateh Khan Barakzai  The Afghans lost their stronghold at Attock in that battle 
In 1813–14, Ranjit Singh's first attempt to expand into Kashmir was foiled by Afghan forces led by Azim Khan, due to a heavy downpour, the spread of cholera, and poor food supply to his troops In 1818, Darbar's forces led by Kharak Singh and Misr Dewan Chand occupied Multan, killing Muzaffar Khan and defeating his forces, leading to the end of Afghan influence in the Punjab In July 1818, an army from the Punjab defeated Jabbar Khan, a younger brother of governor of Kashmir Azim Khan, and acquired Kashmir, along with a yearly revenue of Rs seventy lacs  Dewan Moti Ram was appointed governor of Kashmir 

In 1823, Yusufzai Pashtuns fought the army of Ranjit Sing north of the Kabul River In 1834, Mohammed Azim Khan once again marched towards Peshawar with an army of 25,000 Khattak and Yasufzai tribesmen in the name of jihad, to fight against infidels  The Maharaja defeated the forces  Yar Mohammad was pardoned and was reinvested as governor of Peshawar with an annual revenue of Rs one lac ten thousand to Lahore Darbar In 1837, the Battle of Jamrud, became the last confrontation between the Sikhs led by him and the Afghans, which displayed the extent of the western boundaries of the Sikh Empire On 25 November 1838, the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh, the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the Dal Khalsa to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India  In 1838, he agreed to a treaty with the British viceroy Lord Auckland to restore Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne in Kabul  In pursuance of this agreement, the British army of the Indus entered Afghanistan from the south, while Ranjit Singh's troops went through the Khyber Pass and took part in the victory parade in Kabul 

Geography of the Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire, also known as the Sikh Raj and Sarkar-a-Khalsa, was in the Punjab region, the name of which means "the land of the five rivers"  The five rivers are the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum, all of which are tributaries of the river Indus The geographical reach of the Sikh Empire under Singh included all lands north of Sutlej river, and south of the high valleys of the northwestern Himalayas  The major towns at time included Srinagar, Attock, Peshawar, Bannu, Rawalpindi, Jammu, Gujrat, Sialkot, Kangra, Amritsar, Lahore and Multan Muslims formed around 70%, Hindus formed around 24%, and Sikhs formed around 6–7% of the total population living in Singh's empire: 2694

Governance
Ranjit Singh allowed men from different religions and races to serve in his army and his government in various positions of authority  His army included a few Europeans, such as the Frenchman Jean-François Allard, though Singh maintained a policy of refraining from recruiting Britons into his service, aware of British designs on the Indian subcontinent  Despite his recruitment policies, he did maintain a diplomatic channel with the British; in 1828, he sent gifts to George IV and in 1831, he sent a mission to Simla to confer with the British Governor General, William Bentinck; while in 1838, he cooperated with them in removing the hostile Islamic Emir in Afghanistan 

Religious policies
As consistent with many Punjabis of that time, Ranjit Singh was a secular king and followed the Sikh path  His policies were based on respect for all communities, Hindu, Sikh and Muslim  A devoted Sikh, Ranjit Singh restored and built historic Sikh Gurdwaras – most famously, the Harmandir Sahib, and used to celebrate his victories by offering thanks at the Harmandir  He also joined the Hindus in their temples out of respect for their sentiments  The veneration of cows was promoted and cow slaughter was punishable by death under his rule  He ordered his soldiers to neither loot nor molest civilians He built several gurdwaras, Hindu temples and even mosques, and one in particular was Mai Moran Masjid, built on the behest of his beloved Muslim wife, Moran Sarkar  The Sikhs led by Singh never razed places of worship to the ground belonging to the enemy  However, he did convert Muslim mosques into other uses  For example, Ranjit Singh's army desecrated Lahore's Badshahi Mosque and converted it into an ammunition store, and horse stables  Lahore's Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) was converted into "Moti Mandir" (Pearl Temple) by the Sikh army, and Sonehri Mosque were converted into a Sikh Gurdwara, but upon the request of Sufi Fakir (Satar Shah Bukhari), Ranjit Singh restored the latter back to a mosque  Lahore's Begum Shahi Mosque was also used as a gunpowder factory, earning it the nickname Barudkhana Wali Masjid, or "Gunpowder Mosque "Singh's sovereignty was accepted by Afghan and Punjabi Muslims, who fought under his banner against the Afghan forces of Nadir Shah and later of Azim Khan  His court was ecumenical in composition: his prime minister, Dhian Singh, was a Hindu (Dogra); his foreign minister, Fakir Azizuddin, was a Muslim; and his finance minister, Dina Nath, was also a Hindu (Brahmin)  Artillery commanders such as Mian Ghausa were also Muslims  There were no forced conversions in his time  His wives Bibi Mohran, Gilbahar Begum retained their faith and so did his Hindu wives  He also employed and surrounded himself with astrologers and soothsayers in his court Ranjit Singh had also abolished the gurmata and provided significant patronage to the Udasi and Nirmala sect, leading to their prominence and control of Sikh religious affairs 

Administration
Khalsa Army
The army under Ranjit Singh was not limited to the Sikh community  The soldiers and troop officers included Sikhs, but also included Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  Hindu Brahmins and people of all creeds and castes served his army, while the composition in his government also reflected a religious diversity  His army included Polish, Russian, Spanish, Prussian and French officers  In 1835, as his relationship with the British warmed up, he hired a British officer named Foulkes However, the Khalsa army of Ranjit Singh reflected regional population, and as he grew his army, he dramatically increased the Rajputs and the Sikhs who became the predominant members of his army  In the Doaba region his army was composed of the Jat Sikhs, in Jammu and northern Indian hills it was Hindu Rajputs, while relatively more Muslims served his army in the Jhelum river area closer to Afghanistan than other major Panjab rivers 

Reforms
Ranjit Singh changed and improved the training and organisation of his army  He reorganised responsibility and set performance standards in logistical efficiency in troop deployment, manoeuvre, and marksmanship  He reformed the staffing to emphasise steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla warfare, improved the equipment and methods of war  The military system of Ranjit Singh combined the best of both old and new ideas  He strengthened the infantry and the artillery  He paid the members of the standing army from treasury, instead of the Mughal method of paying an army with local feudal levies While Ranjit Singh introduced reforms in terms of training and equipment of his military, he failed to reform the old Jagirs (Ijra) system of Mughal middlemen  The Jagirs system of state revenue collection involved certain individuals with political connections or inheritance promising a tribute (nazarana) to the ruler and thereby gaining administrative control over certain villages, with the right to force collect customs, excise and land tax at inconsistent and subjective rates from the peasants and merchants; they would keep a part of collected revenue and deliver the promised tribute value to the state  These Jagirs maintained independent armed militia to extort taxes from the peasants and merchants, and the militia prone to violence  This system of inconsistent taxation with arbitrary extortion by militia, continued the Mughal tradition of ill treatment of peasants and merchants throughout the Sikh Empire, and is evidenced by the complaints filed to Ranjit Singh by East India Company officials attempting to trade within different parts of the Sikh Empire According to historical records, states Sunit Singh, Ranjit Singh's reforms focused on military that would allow new conquests, but not towards taxation system to end abuse, nor about introducing uniform laws in his state or improving internal trade and empowering the peasants and merchants  This failure to reform the Jagirs-based taxation system and economy, in part led to a succession power struggle and a series of threats, internal divisions among Sikhs, major assassinations and coups in the Sikh Empire in the years immediately after the death of Ranjit Singh; an easy annexation of the remains of the Sikh Empire into British India followed, with the colonial officials offering the Jagirs better terms and the right to keep the system intact 

Infrastructure investments
Ranjit Singh ensured that Panjab manufactured and was self-sufficient in all weapons, equipment and munitions his army needed  His government invested in infrastructure in the 1800s and thereafter, established raw materials mines, cannon foundries, gunpowder and arm factories  Some of these operations were owned by the state, others operated by private Sikh operatives However, Ranjit Singh did not make major investments in other infrastructure such as irrigation canals to improve the productivity of land and roads



ground_truth: Blue Blood And Red

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Duleep Singh's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The prosperity in his Empire, in contrast to the Mughal-Sikh wars era, largely came from the improvement in the security situation, reduction in violence, reopened trade routes and greater freedom to conduct commerce 

Muslim accounts
The mid 19th-century Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced the Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's Empire and governance  According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals  The initial momentum for the Empire building in these accounts is stated to be Ranjit Singh led Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury" According to Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ranjit Singh's rule led to further persecution of Muslims in Kashmir, expanding the previously selective persecution of Shia Muslims and Hindus by Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers between 1752 and 1819 before Kashmir became part of his Sikh Empire  Bikramjit Hasrat describes Ranjit Singh as a "benevolent despot" 
The Muslim accounts of Ranjit Singh's rule were questioned by Sikh historians of the same era  For example, Ratan Singh Bhangu in 1841 wrote that these accounts were not accurate, and according to Anne Murphy, he remarked, "when would a Musalman praise the Sikhs?" In contrast, the colonial era British military officer Hugh Pearse in 1898 criticised Ranjit Singh's rule, as one founded on "violence, treachery and blood"  Sohan Seetal disagrees with this account and states that Ranjit Singh had encouraged his army to respond with a "tit for tat" against the enemy, violence for violence, blood for blood, plunder for plunder 

Decline
Singh made his empire and the Sikhs a strong political force, for which he is deeply admired and revered in Sikhism  After his death, empire failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire began to decline  The British and Sikh Empire fought two Anglo-Sikh wars with the second ending the reign of Sikh Empire  Sikhism itself did not decline Clive Dewey has argued that the decline of the empire after Singh's death owes much to the jagir-based economic and taxation system which he inherited from the Mughals and retained  After his death, a fight to control the tax spoils emerged, leading to a power struggle among the nobles and his family from different wives  This struggle ended with a rapid series of palace coups and assassinations of his descendants, and eventually the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British 

Death and legacy
Death
In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver  According to the chronicles of Ranjit Singh's court historians and the Europeans who visited him, Ranjit Singh took to alcohol and opium, habits that intensified in the later decades of his life  However, he neither smoked nor ate beef, and required all officials in his court, regardless of their religion, to adhere to these restrictions as part of their employment contract   He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839  Four of his Hindu wives- Mehtab Devi (Guddan Sahiba), daughter of Raja Sansar Chand, Rani Har Devi, the daughter of Chaudhri Ram, a Saleria rajput, Rani Raj Devi, daughter of Padma Rajput and Rani Rajno Kanwar, daughter of Sand Bhari along with seven Hindu concubines with royal titles committed sati by voluntarily placing themselves onto his funeral pyre as an act of devotion Singh is remembered for uniting Sikhs and founding the prosperous Sikh Empire  He is also remembered for his conquests and building a well-trained, self-sufficient Khalsa army to protect the empire  He amassed considerable wealth, including gaining the possession of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan, which he left to Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha in 1839 

Gurdwaras
Perhaps Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the Harmandir Sahib, the most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, which is now known popularly as the "Golden Temple"  Much of the present decoration at the Harmandir Sahib, in the form of gilding and marblework, was introduced under the patronage of Singh, who also sponsored protective walls and water supply system to strengthen security and operations related to the temple  He also directed construction of two of the most sacred Sikh temples, being the birthplace and place of assassination of Guru Gobind Singh – Takht Sri Patna Sahib and Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, respectively – whom he much admired  The nine-storey tower of Gurdwara Baba Atal was constructed during his reign 

Memorials and museums
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan, marks the place where Singh was cremated, and four of his queens and seven concubines committed sati 
On 20 August 2003, a 22-foot-tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the Parliament of India 
A museum at Ram Bagh Palace in Amritsar contains objects related to Singh, including arms and armour, paintings, coins, manuscripts, and jewellery  Singh had spent much time at the palace in which it is situated, where a garden was laid out in 1818 
On 27 June 2019, a nine-feet bronze statue of Singh was unveiled at the Haveli Maharani Jindan, Lahore Fort at his 180th death anniversary  It has been vandalised several times since, specifically by members of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 

Crafts
In 1783, Ranjit Singh established a crafts colony of Thatheras near Amritsar and encouraged skilled metal crafters from Kashmir to settle in Jandiala Guru  In the year 2014, this traditional craft of making brass and copper products got enlisted on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO  The Government of Punjab is now working under Project Virasat to revive this craft 

Awards
In 2020, Ranjit Singh was named as "Greatest Leader of All Time" in a poll conducted by 'BBC World Histories Magazine' 

In popular culture
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a documentary film directed by Prem Prakash covers his rise to power and his reign  It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division 
In 2010, a TV series titled Maharaja Ranjit Singh aired on DD National based on his life which was produced by Raj Babbar's Babbar Films Private Limited  He was portrayed by Ejlal Ali Khan
Maharaja: The Story of Ranjit Singh (2010) is an Indian Punjabi-language animated film directed by Amarjit Virdi 
A teenage Ranjit was portrayed by Damanpreet Singh in the 2017 TV series titled Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh  It aired on Life OK produced by Contiloe Entertainment 

See also
Baradari of Ranjit Singh
History of Punjab
Charat Singh
Hari Singh Nalwa
List of generals of Ranjit Singh
Koh-i-Noor
Battle of Balakot

Notes
Passage 6:
Duleep Singh
Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, GCSI (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), or Sir Dalip Singh, and later in life nicknamed the "Black Prince of Perthshire", was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's youngest son, the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur He was placed in power in September 1843, at the age of five, with his mother ruling on his behalf, and after their defeat in the Anglo-Sikh War, under a British Resident  He was subsequently deposed by the British Crown, and thereafter exiled to Britain at age 15 where he was befriended by Queen Victoria, who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja: "Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful"  The Queen was godmother to several of his children  He died at 55, living most of his final years in the United Kingdom His mother had effectively ruled when he was very young and he managed to meet her again on 16 January 1861, in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom  During the last two years of her life, his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule  In June 1861, he was one of the first 25 Knights in the Order of the Star of India 

Early years
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, Duleep Singh lived quietly with his mother, Jind Kaur Aulakh, at Jammu ruled by Gulab Singh, under the protection of the Vizier, Raja Dhian Singh  He and his mother were recalled to Lahore in 1843 after the assassinations of Maharaja Sher Singh and Dhian Singh, and on 16 September, at the age of five, Duleep Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, with Maharani Jind Kaur as Regent 
On 13 December 1845 the British East India Company declared war on the Sikhs and, after winning the First Anglo-Sikh War, retained the Maharaja as nominal ruler, but replaced the Maharani by a Council of Regency and later imprisoned and exiled her  Over thirteen years passed before Duleep Singh was permitted to see his mother again 
After the close of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849, he was deposed at the age of ten and was put into the care of Dr John Login and sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh on 21 December 1849, with tight restrictions on who he was allowed to meet  No Indians, except trusted servants, could meet him in private  As a matter of British policy, he was to be culturally anglicised in every possible aspect  His health was reportedly poor and he was often sent to the hill station of Landour near Mussoorie in the Lower Himalaya for convalescence, at the time about 4 days' journey  He would remain for weeks at a time in Landour at a grand hilltop building called The Castle, which had been lavishly furnished to accommodate him 

Conversion to Christianity
In 1853, under the tutelage of his long-time retainer Bhajan Lal (himself a Christian convert), he converted to Christianity at Fatehgarh with the approval of the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie  His conversion remains controversial, and it occurred before he turned 15  He later had serious doubts and regrets regarding this decision and reconverted to Sikhism in 1886 He was also heavily and continuously exposed to Christian texts under the tutelage of the devout Sir John Spencer Login  His two closest childhood friends were both English Anglican missionaries  In May 1854 he was sent into exile in Britain 

Life in exile
London
Duleep Singh arrived in England in late 1854 and was introduced to the British court  Queen Victoria showered affection upon the turbaned Maharaja, as did the Prince Consort  Duleep Singh was initially lodged at Claridge's Hotel in London before the East India Company took over a house in Wimbledon and then eventually another house in Roehampton which became his home for three years  He was also invited by the Queen to stay with the Royal Family at Osborne, where she sketched him playing with her children and Prince Albert photographed him, while the court artist, Winterhalter, made his portrait He eventually got bored with Roehampton and expressed a wish to go back to India but it was suggested by the East India Company Board he take a tour of the European continent which he did with Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login  He was a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, from 1855 until his death 

Castle Menzies
On his return from Continental Europe in 1855 he was given an annual pension of £25,000 a year (approximately £2,500,000 in today's value) provided he "remain obedient to the British Government," and was officially under ward of Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login, who leased Castle Menzies in Perthshire, Scotland, for him  He spent the rest of his teens there, but at 19 he demanded to be in charge of his household  Eventually, he was given this and an increase in his annual pension 
In 1859 Lt Col James Oliphant was installed as Equerry to the Maharaja at the recommendation of Sir John Login  Oliphant was to be a possible replacement should anything happen to the Maharaja's most trusted friend Sir John Login (who did indeed die four years later in 1863) In the 1860s, Singh moved from Castle Menzies to Grandtully Castle 

Mulgrave Castle
From 1858 to 1862 Duleep Singh rented Mulgrave Castle, near Whitby 

Sir Samuel White Baker
While Sir Samuel White Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh  In 1858–1859, the two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest  On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube  The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market  There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, destined for the Ottoman Pasha of Vidin  Baker was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants  The two ran away in a carriage together and eventually, as Florence Baker, she became Baker's lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed 

Reunion with his mother
When he was 18, Singh wrote to his mother in Kathmandu, suggesting that she should join him in Great Britain, but his letter was intercepted by the British authorities in India and did not reach her  He then sent a courier, Pundit Nehemiah Goreh, who was also intercepted and forbidden to contact the Maharani  Duleep Singh then decided to go himself  Under cover of a letter from Login he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, who reported that the Maharani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her ' The British government decided she was no longer a threat and she was allowed to join her son on 16 January 1861 at Spence's Hotel in Calcutta and return with him to England 

Auchlyne and Aberfeldy
In 1858 the lease of Castle Menzies expired and Duleep Singh rented the house at Auchlyne from the Earl of Breadalbane  He was known for a lavish lifestyle, shooting parties, and a love of dressing in Highland costume and soon had the nickname "the Black Prince of Perthshire"  (At the same time, he was known to have gradually developed a sense of regret for his circumstances in exile, including some inner turmoil about his conversion to Christianity and his forced departure from the Punjab)  His mother stayed in Perthshire with him for a short time, before he rented the Grandtully Estate, near Aberfeldy  Following the death of his mother and Sir John Login in 1863, he returned to England 

Elveden Estate
Maharaja Duleep Singh (as he became in June 1861) bought (or the India Office purchased for him) a 17,000 acres (69 km2) country estate at Elveden on the border between Norfolk and Suffolk, close to Thetford, in 1863  He enjoyed living in Elveden Hall and the surrounding area and restored the church, cottages, and school  He transformed the run-down estate into an efficient game preserve and it was here that he gained his reputation as the fourth best shot in England The house was remodelled into a quasi-oriental palace where he lived the life of a British aristocrat  Maharaja Duleep Singh was accused of running up large expenses and the estate was sold after his death to pay his debts  Today, Elveden is owned by The 4th Earl of Iveagh, the head of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family of brewing fame; it remains an operating farm and private hunting estate 

Re-initiated into Sikhism
In 1864, Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller in Cairo and established his family home at Elveden Hall in Suffolk  He eventually became disaffected and embittered with the British, and he reverted to Sikhism 
While in exile, he sought to learn more about Sikhism and was eager to return to India  Though previous efforts were thwarted by his handlers, he re-established contact with his cousin Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who on 28 September 1884 left Amritsar for England along with his sons Narinder Singh and Gurdit Singh and a Sikh granthi (priest), Pratap Singh Giani  He also brought a list of properties held by Sir Duleep Singh in India  All this renewed his connection with Sikhism The British Government decided in 1886 against his return to India or his re-embracing Sikhism  Despite protests from the India Office, he set sail for 'home' on 30 March 1886  However, he was intercepted and arrested in Aden, then part of Aden Settlement, where the writ of the Viceroy of India began  He could not be stopped from an informal re-conversion ceremony in Aden, far less grand and symbolic than it would have been in India, done by emissaries sent by Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who was earlier planning the Pahaul ceremony at Bombay  Sir Duleep was forced to return to Europe 

Death
Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris in 1893 at the age of 55, having seen India after the age of fifteen during only two brief, tightly controlled visits in 1860 (to bring his mother to England) and in 1863 (to cremate his mother's body) 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's wish for his body to be returned to India was not honoured, in fear of unrest, given the symbolic value the funeral of the son of the Lion of the Punjab might have caused and the growing resentment of British rule  His body was brought back to be buried according to Christian rites, under the supervision of the India Office, in Elveden Church beside the grave of his wife Maharani Bamba, and his son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh  The graves are located on the west side of the Church 

A life-size bronze statue of the Maharaja, showing him on a horse, was unveiled by the then Prince of Wales in 1999 at Butten Island in Thetford, a town which benefited from his and his sons' generosity In an auction at Bonhams, London, on 19 April 2007, the 74 cm high white marble portrait bust of Maharaja Duleep Singh by Victorian sculptor John Gibson, R A , in Rome in 1859 fetched £1 7 million (£1 5 million plus premium and tax) A film titled Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice, was made in 2007, directed by P S  Narula 

Heraldry
The Maharaja and his family used a coat of arms which was drawn up by Prince Albert, despite not being registered at the College of Arms  It contained a coronet, lions, and a shield with a cross, along with the motto "Prodesse quam conspicii" ("to do good rather than be conspicuous") 

Family
Sir Duleep Singh married twice, first to Bamba Müller in 1864, and then to Ada Douglas Wetherill (1869-1930) in 1889  He had eight children in total 
He had seven children from his marriage to Bamba  Their first child and male heir died aged one day in 1865  The others were:

Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 Jan 1866-7 Jun 1918)
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh (23 Jan 1868-15 Aug 1926)
Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh (29 Sep 1869-10 Mar 1957)
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh (27 Oct 1871-8 Nov 1942)
Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (8 Aug 1876-22 Aug 1948)
Prince Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh (1879-1 May 1893)He also had two children from his marriage to Wetherill:

Princess Pauline Alexandra Duleep Singh (26 Dec 1887-10 Apr 1941)
Princess Ada Irene Beryl Duleep Singh (25 Oct 1889-14 Sep 1926)All the eight children died without legitimate issue, ending the direct line of the Sikh Royalty There is a memorial at Eton College in England to Princes Victor and Frederick, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh's two sons who studied at Eton in the 1870s 

Maharani Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba Müller was an Arabic-speaking, part-Ethiopian, part-German woman, whose father was a German banker and whose mother was an Abyssinian Coptic Christian slave  She and Sir Duleep met in Cairo in 1863 on his return from scattering his mother's ashes in India; they were married in Alexandria, Egypt, on 7 June 1864  The Maharani died in London on 18 September 1887 

Ada Douglas Wetherill
Ada Douglas Wetherill (born 15 January 1869 in Kennington, Surrey, the daughter of a civil engineer) had been Duleep's mistress before he decided to return to India with his family, and upon being stopped in Aden by the British authorities he abandoned his family and moved to Paris, where she joined him  They married in Paris on 28 April 1889  She stayed with him through his years in Paris and also travelled with him to St  Petersburg, Russia, where he failed to persuade the Czar of the benefits of invading India through the north and reinstalling him as ruler  She died in Sussex on 6 August 1930 
Queen Victoria and Maharaja Duleep Singh reconciled their differences before he died  Out of loyalty to Maharani Bamba, the Queen refused to receive Ada, whom she suspected had been involved with the Maharaja before Maharani Bamba's death in 1887 

Miscellany
In 1854, Madame Blavatsky, the founder of the  Theosophical Society, met her Master Morya in England, who was in her words, "in the company of a dethroned native prince"  This "native prince" according to general consent was Sir Duleep Singh 
He was a member of the Freemasons and was admitted into the lodge in 1861 On 21 October 1893, the day before Sir Duleep Singh's death, Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the eldest son of Sir Duleep Singh, had visions of his father looking at him through a picture frame 
Duleep Singh remembered his servant James Cawood who died in 1865 with a gravestone in Killin cemetery, Killin, Scotland A 2017 film, The Black Prince, by the Indian-born film director Kavi Raz told the story of Duleep and his relationship with Queen Victoria 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's character is featured in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed: Syndicate game  He is featured as a young Duleep Singh, which based on his real-life struggle as an exiled ruler in Victorian London 

Further reading
Sikh History in 10 Volumes, by Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer  Published by Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2009–2012 
Sir John Login And Duleep Singh, by Lady Lena Login  W  H  Allen & Co , London  1890 
Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence, by Dhuleep Singh, Ganda Singh  Published by Punjabi University, 1977 
Sikh Portraits by European Artists,, by Aijazuddin, F S  Sotheby Parke Bernet, London and Oxford U  Press, Karachi and New Delhi, 1979 
The Duleep Singh's: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah, by Peter Bance (Bhupinder Singh Bance)  Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-3488-3
The Maharajah's Box: An Imperial Story of Conspiracy, Love and a Guru's Prophecy, by Campbell, Christy  HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-653078-8 The Maharaja's Box
Queen Victoria's Maharajah, Duleep Singh, 1838–93, by Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand  1980  ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7
Duleep Singh: The Maharaja of Punjab and the Raj, by Rishi Ranjan Chakrabarty  Published by D S  Samara, 1988  ISBN 0-9514957-0-4 
Maharaja Duleep Singh: The Last Sovereign Ruler of the Punjab, by Prithipal Singh Kapur  Published by Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Dharam Parchar Committee, 1995 
Maharaja Duleep Singh, Fighter for Freedom, by Baldev Singh Baddan  Published by National Book Shop, 1998  ISBN 81-7116-210-X 
 Maharaja Daleep Singh, by Balihar Singh Randhawa  Sikh Literary & Cultural Stall, 1998  ISBN 1-900860-01-5 
The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative, by Surjit Singh Jeet  Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 1999 
The Annexation of the Punjaub, and the Maharajah Duleep Singh, by Thomas Evans Bell  Adamant Media Corporation, 2001  ISBN 0-543-92432-7 
Maharaja Dalip Singh Cheated Out, by Avtar Singh Gill  Jaswant Printers  2007
The Exile, by Navtej Sarna  Penguin, 2008  ISBN 978-0-670-08208-7 
Sovereign, Squire & Rebel: Maharajah Duleep Singh and the heirs of a Lost Kingdom, by Peter Bance, Coronet House Publishing, London, 2009
The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Capt  Amarinder Singh, ISBN 978-8174367792
Passage 7:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 8:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 9:
Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba, Lady Singh (Bamba Müller; 6 July 1848 – 18 September 1887)  Brought up by Christian missionaries, she married Maharaja Duleep Singh and became Maharani Bamba, wife of the last Maharaja of Lahore  Her transformation from illegitimate girl, born to a German father and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother, living in a Cairo mission to a Maharani living a life of luxury with the "Black Prince of Perthshire" has been compared to the "Cinderella" story 

Biography
Bamba Müller was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker with the company Todd Müller and Co , by his mistress of Abyssinian descent called Sofia  The name Bamba was Arabic for pink  Her father already had a wife and he therefore placed his illegitimate daughter in the care of missionaries in Cairo  Her father had requested and paid for her education, and remained in contact with the missionaries  Müller became an enthusiastic and charismatic member of the Christian community and was the only female in a select group of communicants at the American Presbyterian Mission school in Cairo 

The prince
Duleep Singh was the last ruler of the Sikh Empire, being dethroned by the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Sikh War  In 1863, Singh was being supervised in Britain where he was a friend of Queen Victoria and kept a large social circle  He was known as the "Black Prince of Perthshire" around his home in Scotland  Singh was given money by the East India Company administration on condition that he complied with the demands of the British government  Duleep had been taken to Britain when a child and raised as a Christian  This was after he had been persuaded to agree to the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company  The treaty also included handing the Koh-i-Nor diamond as well, which became part of the Crown Jewels  Singh was separated from his mother, Maharani Jindan Kaur  His mother remained in India, although eventually she was allowed to rejoin her son in England  Duleep collected her after special permission was given  Duleep was allowed by the East India Company to visit India for the second time to bury his mother after she died in Britain, although the body remained at Kensal Green Cemetery for nearly a year whilst this was negotiated upon  His mother's ashes were not allowed to be buried in Lahore (the main city of the Punjab), but had to be placed in a memorial in Bombay instead 

The proposal
On his return from Bombay Duleep passed through Cairo and visited the missionaries there on 10 February 1864  He visited again a few days later and was taken around the girls' school, where he first met Bamba Müller, who was an instructor  She was the only girl there who had committed herself to a Christian life  On each visit Duleep made presents to the mission of several hundreds of pounds 
Duleep Singh wrote to the teachers at the missionary school at the end of the month in the hope that they would recommend a wife for him as he was to live in Britain and he wanted a Christian wife of Eastern origin  Queen Victoria had told Duleep that he should marry an Indian princess who had been educated in England, but he desired a girl with less sophistication  The final proposal had to be done via an intermediary as Duleep did not speak Arabic, Müller's only language   The missionaries discussed this proposal with Müller  She was unsure whether to accept the proposal offered via the missionaries  Her first ambition was to rise to teach children in a missionary school  Her father was consulted but he left the choice to his daughter  Müller eventually made her decision after praying for guidance  She decided that the marriage was God's call for her to widen her ambitions  Singh made a substantial contribution of one thousand pounds to the school and married Müller on 7 June 1864 in the British Consulate in Alexandria, Egypt  The ceremony was described as brief, with few witnesses  Both of them wore European dress though Duleep wore a turban  Bamba wore simple jewellery including pearls  She had a short sleeved, moire, antique dress, orange blossoms in her hair, and a veil  The Prince made his vows in English, whilst Bamba spoke in Arabic 

Family and death
The couple had three sons and three daughters whom they brought up at Elveden Hall in Suffolk, England  Her six children were: Victor Albert Jay (1866–1918), Frederick Victor (1868–1926), Bamba Sophia Jindan  (1869–1957), Catherina Hilda (1871–1942), Sophia Alexandra (1876–1948), and Albert Edward Alexander (1879–1893) 
Victor and Frederick both joined the British Army whilst Frederick became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London  One of her daughters, Bamba Sophia Jindan, returned to Lahore as the wife of a Dr Sutherland  She was known as Princess Bamba Sutherland 
In 1886 her husband resolved to return to India  On his way there he was arrested in Aden and forced to return to Europe  Bamba died on 18 September 1887 and was buried  at Elveden  The cause of death was reported as "comprehensive renal failure brought on by an acute case of diabetes, made worse by her drinking (of alcohol)" Bamba's husband went on to marry again in 1889 to Ada Douglas Wetherill and had two more children 
Her son Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh died aged thirteen in Hastings on 1 May 1893 and was buried next to his mother  When Bamba's husband died, his body was brought back to England and buried with his wife and son at Elveden 



ground_truth: 27 June 1839

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director was born first, The Abduction Club or Wooden Crosses?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Abduction Club
The Abduction Club is a 2002 British-Irish romantic comedy-drama adventure film directed by Stefan Schwartz  Based loosely on real events, the plot centres on a group of outlaws who abduct women in order to marry them  It was written by Richard Crawford and Bill Britten 

Plot
In 18th century Ireland, there are two financially insecure young bachelors, Garrett Byrne and James Strang, whose exploits evolve from the need to secure wealth  Both are younger sons that will not inherit titles and estates so they become members of an infamous society known as the 'Abduction Club', whose main aim is to woo and then abduct wealthy heiresses in order to marry them (therefore providing themselves with financial security)  The men decide to set their sights on the beautiful yet feisty Kennedy sisters, Catherine and Anne, but are unprepared for the negative reaction they are to receive, and they soon find themselves on the run across the Irish countryside (with the sisters in tow) from Anne's cold-hearted admirer, John Power, who does not take kindly to the news of their kidnapping, and with the help of the embittered Attorney General Lord Fermoy, implicates Byrne and Strang in the murder of a Redcoat soldier 

Cast
Alice Evans as Catherine Kennedy
Daniel Lapaine as Garrett Byrne
Sophia Myles as Anne Kennedy
Matthew Rhys as James Strang
Liam Cunningham as John Power
Edward Woodward as Lord Fermoy
Patrick Malahide as Sir Myles
Tom Murphy as Knox
Passage 2:
Wooden Crosses
Wooden Crosses (French: Les Croix de Bois) is a 1932 French war film by Raymond Bernard, based upon a novel by Roland Dorgelès 

Plot
Patriotic student Demachy enlists in the French army in 1914 at the start of World War I  He and his comrades soon experience the terrifying, endless trench war in Champagne, where more and more wooden crosses have to be erected for this cannon fodder 

Cast (in credits order)
Pierre Blanchar as Adjudant Gilbert Demachy
Gabriel Gabrio as Sulphart
Charles Vanel as Caporal Breval
Raymond Aimos as Soldat Fouillard
Antonin Artaud as Soldat Vieuble
Paul Azaïs as Soldat Broucke
René Bergeron as Soldat Hamel
Raymond Cordy as Soldat Vairon
Marcel Delaitre as Sergent Berthier
Jean Galland as Capitaine Cruchet
Pierre Labry as Soldat Bouffioux, Le Cuistot
Geo Laby as Soldat Belin
René Montis as Lieutenant Morache
Jean-François Martial as Soldat Lemoine
Marc Valbel as Maroux
Passage 3:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 4:
Stefan Schwartz
Stefan Schwartz (born 1 May 1963) is an English and Canadian film and television director, writer and actor, most known for the feature film Shooting Fish and his work on the BBC's Spooks and Luther, AMC's The Walking Dead and Fear The Walking Dead as well as The Americans and The Boys 

Career
1992–2007
Stefan Schwartz teamed up with Richard Holmes at The University of York and formed The Gruber Brothers  The duo made a number of films together including their feature film debut Soft Top Hard Shoulder (1992) starring Peter Capaldi and Phyllis Logan, which won two BAFTAs in Scotland and the London Film Festival's prestigious audience award  Building on this success in 1995 he directed Giving Tongue, shown as part of BBC2′s Wicked Women series and in 1997 wrote and directed Shooting Fish, a crime-caper comedy starring Kate Beckinsale which won several awards and made over twenty million dollars worldwide He then signed a three-year deal to write and direct for Miramax and wrote screenplays for them, teaming up with notable producers such as Laurence Bender and Jennifer and Suzanne Todd before directing The Abduction Club (2002) for Pathe Films His next film as writer/director was the romantic comedy The Best Man starring Stuart Townsend, Amy Smart and Seth Green in 2005 

2007–2015
In television, he directed Hustle, the award-winning Spooks and The Ghost Train for Lynda La Plante before moving on to the season finale of the ground-breaking series, Luther, for the BBC  In the US he has directed several episodes of the critically acclaimed Crash with Dennis Hopper, joined the Starz series Camelot, which he directed for and also co-executive produced, and directed for the much praised Dexter series 
After finishing Being Human for Syfy Stefan directed in the final season of House and worked in New York on White Collar  He then went back to Showtime for another episode of Dexter 
Autumn 2012 he worked in Paris with Jean Reno on the series Jo, before travelling to Atlanta to shoot The Walking Dead for which he won Online Film & Television Association -  Television Award - Best Direction in a Drama Series for The Walking Dead 
Early 2013 he directed the mid-season finale of ABC's hit show Revenge, then went back to work on the final season of Dexter 
AMC then asked him back to direct Low Winters Sun in Detroit before heading back to New York to shoot the season opener of  White Collar  From there to Pittsburgh to direct Chloe Sevigny and James D'Arcy in Those Who Kill, and then to South Africa to shoot the first episode of Black Sails for Starz, (second season) 
In 2014 he started the year in New York on The Americans then worked with Diane Kruger on The Bridge  He won the OFTA Television Award for Best Direction in a Drama Series  – The walking Dead 
Summer 2014 he completed an episode of the new Starz show called Flesh and Bone set in the world of ballet and written by Adam Rapp and Moira Walley-Beckett  Then Power 

2015–2018
In 2015 Stefan returned to Cape Town to shoot two new episodes of Black Sails directing some of the most complex action/vfx sequences on television at that time  In the same year, he also directed the season finale of Fear the Walking Dead season 1 in Los Angeles, before crossing the country to direct episode 4 of The Americans season 4 in New York 

Filmography
Film
Television
As director
As actor
Passage 5:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 6:
Raymond Bernard
Raymond Bernard (10 October 1891 – 12 December 1977) was a French film director and screenwriter whose career spanned more than 40 years  He is best remembered for several large-scale historical productions, including the silent films Le Miracle des loups (The Miracle of the Wolves) and Le Joueur d'échecs (The Chess Player) and in the 1930s Les Croix de bois (Wooden Crosses) and a highly regarded adaptation of Les Misérables 

Biography
Raymond Bernard was born in Paris in 1891, the son of the author and humorist Tristan Bernard and younger brother of the playwright Jean-Jacques Bernard  He began his career as an actor appearing on stage in plays written by his father, including Jeanne Doré (1913) alongside Sarah Bernhardt (also filmed in 1916)  In 1917, Bernard began to work behind the camera as assistant to Jacques Feyder at Gaumont and then continued as a director, principally adapting plays by his father  In these popular entertainments, he soon gained experience of working with leading performers such as Max Linder and Charles Dullin In 1924, Bernard embarked upon a new style of film, the historical spectacle, with Le Miracle des loups set in 15th-century France in the reign of Louis XI  This proved to be the most expensive film of its day and one of the more profitable  Bernard's ability to combine dramatic narrative with spacious settings and large numbers of performers was utilised in the two remaining productions of his silent film career, Le Joueur d'échecs (1927) and Tarakanova (1930) Bernard's film-making in the sound era continued for nearly three decades  Further large-scale productions included his film about the First World War, Les Croix de bois (1932), and a three-part adaptation of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables (1934) which was nearly five hours in length  In his later films, he returned to modest projects and budgets, including a number of sophisticated comedies  During the wartime Occupation of France, Bernard as a Jew was obliged to remain in hiding, and his film-making ceased until the end of the war 
He retired from film-making in 1958, but in the 1970s, when he was in his 80s, he was able to supervise the reconstruction of Les Misérables, which had been severely truncated in the 1940s for easier distribution  In 1977, shortly after the broadcast of a nearly complete version on French television, Bernard died at age 86 Raymond Bernard was an Officer of the Legion of Honour 

Filmography (as director)
Le Ravin sans fond (1917) (co-directed with Jacques Feyder)
Le Traitement du hoquet (1917)
Le Gentilhomme commerçant (1918)
Le Petit Café (1919) (The Little Café)
Le Secret de Rosette Lambert (1920) (The Secret of Rosette Lambert)
La Maison vide (1921)
Triplepatte (1922)
L'Homme inusable (1923)
Grandeur et Décadence (1923)
Le Costaud des Épinettes (1923)
Le Miracle des loups (1924) (The Miracle of the Wolves)
Le Joueur d'échecs (1927) (The Chess Player)
Tarakanova (1930)
Faubourg Montmartre (1931) (Montmartre)
Les Croix de bois (1932) (Wooden Crosses)
Les Misérables (1934)
Tartarin de Tarascon (1934)
Amants et Voleurs (1935) (Lovers and Thieves)
Anne-Marie (1936)
Le Coupable (1937) (Culprit)
Marthe Richard au service de la France (1937)
J'étais une aventurière (1938) (I Was an Adventuress)
Les Otages (1939) (The Mayor's Dilemma)
Cavalcade d'amour (1940) (Love Cavalcade)
Un ami viendra ce soir (1946) (A Friend Will Come Tonight)
Adieu chérie (1946) (Goodbye Darling)
Maya (1949)
Le Cap de l'espérance (1951) (The Cape of Hope)
Le Jugement de Dieu (1952) (Judgement of God)
La Dame aux camélias (1953) (Lady of the Camelias)
La Belle de Cadix (1953) (The Beauty of Cadiz)
Les Fruits de l'été (1955) (Fruits of Summer)
Le Septième Commandement (1957) (The Seventh Commandment)
Le Septième Ciel (1958) (Seventh Heaven)
Passage 7:
Deepak Sareen
Deepak Sareen is a Bollywood film director and assistant director  His first film as director was Ranbhoomi and last film as director was Albela 

As assistant director
Deewaar (1975)
Kabhi Kabhi (1976)
Doosra Aadmi (1977)
Silsila (1981)
Mashaal (1984)
Faasle (1985)

As director
Ranbhoomi (1991)
Aaina (1993)
Gaddaar (1995)
Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai (1998)
Albela (2001)

External links
Deepak Sareen at IMDb
Passage 8:
Ringo-en no shōjo
Ringo-en no shōjo (リンゴ園の少女, Ringo-en no shōjo, lit  "Girl of Apple Park") is a 1952 black and white Japanese film directed by Koji Shima The art director was Tomoo Shimogawara 

Cast
Hibari Misora as Marumi
Akihiko Katayama
Kokuten Kōdō
Yōko Kosono as Yoko Kozono
Koji Mitsui
Hideaki Miura
Bontarō Miyake as Bontaro Miake
Zeko Nakamura as Zekō Nakamura
Takeshi Sakamoto
Isao Yamagata
So Yamamura

See also
List of films in the public domain in the United States
Passage 9:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 10:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 



ground_truth: Wooden Crosses