prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, The Drover'S Sweetheart or Pigsty (Film)?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Fabulous Senorita
The Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by R  G  Springsteen and starring Estelita Rodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva  The film came at the tail-end of a cycle of Latin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno 

Plot
Cast
Estelita Rodriguez as Estelita Rodriguez
Robert Clarke as Jerry Taylor
Nestor Paiva as José Rodriguez
Marvin Kaplan as Clifford Van Kunkle
Rita Moreno as Manuela Rodríguez
Leon Belasco as Señor Gonzales
Tito Renaldo as Pedro Sanchez
Tom Powers as Delaney
Emory Parnell as Dean Bradshaw
Olin Howland as Justice of the Peace
Vito Scotti as Esteban Gonzales
Martin Garralaga as Police Captain Garcia
Nita Del Rey as Felice
Joan Blake as Betty
Frances Dominguez as Amelia
Betty Farrington as Janitress
Norman Field as Dr  Campbell
Clark Howat as Davis
Frank Kreig as Cab Driver
Dorothy Neumann as Mrs  Black
Elizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the Peace
Charles Sullivan as Cab Driver
Arthur Walsh as Pete
Passage 2:
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol (When the River Kabani Turned Red) is a 1975 Malayalam feature film directed by P  A  Backer, produced by Pavithran, and starring T  V  Chandran, Shalini, Raveendran and J  Siddiqui  This leftist political drama film came out during the Emergency period  It was the directorial debut of P  A  Backer, who won that year's awards for Best Director and Second Best Film at the Kerala State Film Awards  Pavithran, who later directed many critically acclaimed Malayalam films produced the film  T  V  Chandran, who also later went on to direct a bevy of award-winning films in Malayalam and Tamil, played the lead role  After certain post-production controversies, the film debuted in theatres on 16 July 1976 

Cast
Production and release
The principal production started in June 1975  The day when shoot of the film commenced in Bangalore, Emergency was declared in India The film was screened at several film festivals in 1975  It was not given the censor certificate for the theme it dealt with for more than a year  It released in theatres during the Emergency period itself, on 16 July 1976 The English title of the film is When the River Kabani Turned Red 

Awards
Kerala State Film AwardsSecond Best Film - P  A  Backer (director), Pavithran (producer)
Best Director - P  A  Backer
Passage 3:
The Drover's Wife
The Drover's Wife is a 1945 painting by Australian artist Russell Drysdale  The painting depicts a flat, barren landscape with a woman in a plain dress in the foreground  The drover with his horses and wagon are in the background  The painting has been described as "an allegory of the white Australian people's relationship with this ancient land " Henry Lawson's 1892 short story "The Drover's Wife" is widely seen as an inspiration for the painting, although Drysdale denies that The painting is now part of the collection of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra 
Passage 4:
The Drover's Sweetheart
The Drover's Sweetheart is a 1911 film from the team of Agnes and John Gavin It was the first film they made for their own production company after leaving Stanley Crick and Herbert Finlay on 19 July 1911 and seems to have been made at Gavin's new studios at Waverly Very little is known about the movie, which is considered a lost film  It is not certain if it was ever even released commercially The film was supposed to be followed by another from Gavin called The Lubra's Revenge but is unclear if this was made 
Passage 5:
Operation Leopard
La légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed in French Guiana  The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978  It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain Pierre Sergent  He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980  Coutard shot the film in a documentary style 

Plot
The film is based on true events  In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters from Katanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt  They took 3,000 civilians as hostages  Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed  The rebels appeared to be unpredictable and are reported to have threatened to annihilate all civilians 
Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's head of state, urged Belgium, France and the United States to help  France sent the Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, which were flown from Corsica to Kolwezi  Following their arrival, they secured the perimeter, in co-operation with Belgian soldiers from Zaire, and then started to evacuate the civilians  Within two days more than 2,000 Europeans and about 3,000 African citizens were saved  The film strives to depict the events in a dramatised form, concentrating on the Europeans' plight 

Production
The late Jean Seberg had filmed scenes on location for the film, but her death caused her to be replaced by another French American actress, Mimsy Farmer, who reshot Seberg's scenes 

Cast
Bruno Cremer: Pierre Delbart
Jacques Perrin:Ambassador Berthier
Laurent Malet: Phillipe Denrémont
Pierre Vaneck: Colonel Grasser
Mimsy Farmer: Annie Devrindt
Giuliano Gemma: Adjudant Fédérico
Robert Etcheverry : Colonel Dubourg
Jean-Claude Bouillon : Maurois
Passage 6:
My Little Eye
My Little Eye is a 2002 British horror film directed by Marc Evans about five adults who agree to spend six months together in an isolated mansion while being filmed at all times  The idea for the film came from reality television shows such as Big Brother  The title refers to the guessing game I spy 

Plot
Five contestants, Matt (Sean Cw Johnson), Emma (Laura Regan), Charlie (Jennifer Sky), Danny (Stephen O'Reilly) and Rex (Kris Lemche), agree to take part in a reality webcast, where they must spend six months in a house to win $1 million  If anyone leaves, then no one wins the money  Nearing the end of the six months, tension between the contestants rises after Emma finds strange messages she believes are from a man from her past and the food packages arrive containing a letter that claims Danny's grandfather has died, and a gun with five bullets 
One night, a man named Travis Patterson (Bradley Cooper) arrives, claiming he is lost in the woods and that his GPS has died  Despite claiming to be an internet programmer, he claims to not recognize any of the contestants or ever having heard of the show  Later that night, Travis has sex with Charlie, and then secretly talks directly into a camera, to communicate with whoever is watching them  The next morning, Travis leaves and Danny discovers his backpack outside covered in blood and shredded to pieces  The contestants assume he was attacked by an animal but Rex believes Travis works for the people running their show and that it is all a trick to make them leave the house and forfeit the prize money 
Emma discovers her underwear among Danny’s belongings and confronts him, unaware that Travis planted them there the previous night  Danny denies it and attempts to make peace by giving her a crudely carved wooden cat, which Emma and Charlie ridicule, while Danny overhears 
The next morning, the group finds Danny has committed suicide by hanging himself from the staircase balcony with a rope  The guests finally decide to leave, but after being unable to contact anyone via radio, decide to wait until the next morning  Rex uses the GPS unit from Travis' bag and his laptop to gain access to the internet to find out more about the show but is unable to find any evidence of their show online 
Rex is only able to find a heavily encrypted beta site, that requires a $50,000 fee to access, and displays a web page with their pictures and betting odds  The group decides they will leave the next morning, though Rex and Emma go up to the roof to set off a flare  While Charlie and Matt remain in the house, Matt asks a camera if he should kill her, before suffocating her with a plastic bag 
Later, while Emma is sleeping, Rex comes downstairs and is decapitated with an axe by Matt  Matt awakens Emma and brings her up to the attic, telling her he is being chased and the others are dead  He then makes advances on Emma, who refuses, and attempts to rape her, before she stabs him in the back and runs off 
Emma runs outside and finds a police officer, who handcuffs her inside the car and enters the house  An injured Matt then crawls out, begging the cop to let him kill Emma, since he spent six months in the house with her  Realizing they are working together, Emma escapes the car and tries to run but is shot in the back with a rifle by the cop 
Matt and the cop sit in the kitchen discussing the setup they created with Travis for their high paying clients who want to witness the murders  When the cop says there are always "five suckers" to play the game with, Matt corrects him to four, and is then shot in the head  The cop then leaves, talking to Travis over the radio, while Emma is seen locked in a small room, unable to escape  As she collapses screaming, the cameras filming all shut off, one by one 

Cast
Sean Cw Johnson as Matt
Kris Lemche as Rex
Stephen O'Reilly as Danny
Laura Regan as Emma
Jennifer Sky as Charlie
Nick Mennell as The Cop
Bradley Cooper as Travis Patterson

Home media
My Little Eye is available on DVD from MCA/Universal Home Video with most of the special features available on the Region 2 Special Edition including a filmmakers' commentary and deleted scenes  There is an audio mode "Conversations of the Company (Eavesdropping Audio Track)" which allows the viewer to listen to the radio conversations between the members of the company: Travis and "the cop"  However, during this mode, the viewer cannot hear all of the dialogue of the cast in the scene  A UK release contains a 'Special Mode' where viewers see the film from the perspective of an internet subscriber, and more extra features become unlocked as the film goes on  You can watch other things going on in 'the house' in real time to what's happening in the film 

Reception
The film received polarized but positive reviews and holds 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 5 2/10 

See also
List of films featuring surveillance
Passage 7:
Life Is What You Make It (film)
Life Is What You Make It is a 2017 documentary film which explores the life of award-winning Filipino theatre producer Jhett Tolentino from his migration into the United States and his entry into theatre production in New York  The film came with a soundtrack album entitled Life Is What You Make It: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 

Soundtrack
The song "Life Is What You Make It" served as the documentary's main theme  The song won the Silver Medal at the Global Music Awards in San Diego and was nominated Song of the Year at the Josie Awards in Nashville, Tennessee in 2017 

Accolades
See also
Broadway theatre
Here Lies Love (musical)
National Artist of the Philippines
Musical theatre
Passage 8:
Pigsty (film)
Pigsty (Italian: Porcile) is a 1969 Italian film, written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud, Marco Ferreri, Ugo Tognazzi, Pierre Clémenti, Alberto Lionello, Franco Citti and Anne Wiazemsky 

Plot
The film features two parallel stories  The first one is set in an unknown past time and is about a young man (Clémenti) who wanders in a volcanic landscape (shot around Etna) and turns into a cannibal  The man joins forces with a thug (Citti) and ravages the countryside  At the end, he and his gang get arrested and at his execution, he recites the famous tagline of the film: "I killed my father, I ate human flesh and I quiver with joy " The story is about the human capacity of destruction and a rebellion against the social prerequisites implied against it 
The second story is about Herr Klotz (Lionello), a German industrialist and his young son Julian (Léaud) who live in 1960s Germany  Julian, instead of passing time with his radically politicised fiancée Ida (Wiazemsky), prefers to build relationships with pigs  Herr Klotz, on the other hand, with his loyal aide Hans Guenther (Ferreri), tries to solve his rivalry with fellow industrialist Herdhitze (Tognazzi)  The two industrialists join forces while Julian gets eaten by pigs in the sty  Herdhitze intends to conceal the event  The story attempts to provide a link between the Third Reich and Wirtschaftswunder Germany 

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 56% based on 9 critics, with an average rating of 5 7/10 
Passage 9:
The Night of Nights
The Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and Roland Young The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times  Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and Pork Chop Hill 

Background
Milestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front 

Plot
Dan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadway theater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business   When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter by getting drunk   When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit   The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they have been suspended  At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni   Despondent, he in left the business and went into seclusion 
Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway   He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part of Toni   Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback 

Cast
Reception
Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had "been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly " In noting that the plot centered on "the theatre and some of the curious folk who inhabit it", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was "an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presented with honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr  O'Brien, Mr  Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention " The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being produced within the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, "seemed to be the most awful tripe "
Passage 10:
Jaan-E-Mann
Jaan-E-Mann (transl  Beloved) is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film directed by Shirish Kunder and was produced by Sajid Nadiawala  The film stars Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar and Preity Zinta  This was Kunder's debut film as a director  He also edited and wrote the screenplay and dialogues Jaan-E-Mann released on 20 October 2006 on the festive weekend of Diwali/Eid, clashing with Don – The Chase Begins Again starring Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra  The film proved to be a commercial failure at the box office  It received mixed reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its innovative filming techniques, visuals, production design, soundtrack and special effects; however its story, screenplay and dialogues received sharp criticism 
At the 52nd Filmfare Awards, Jaan-E-Mann received 2 nominations – Best Choreography (Farah Khan for "Humko Maloom Hai") and Best Special Effects 
The DVD for the film was released on 15 December 2006 

Plot
The film begins when Suhaan Kapoor (Salman Khan) receives a notice saying his ex-wife Piya Goyal (Preity Zinta), who has settled in New York, wants a divorce settlement of ₹5 million, because he failed to make his alimony payments due to his poor financial condition  Suhaan appeals to his uncle Bonney Kapoor (Anupam Kher), a midget lawyer, for help  While they are trying to figure out a solution, Agastya Rao (Akshay Kumar) lands at their doorstep searching for Piya  He reveals to them that he fell in love with Piya during his college days but could not express his love to her because she was in love with someone else, unaware that the person he lost her to was Suhaan  Piya had ignored Agastya then, a nerd, a nobody, and even broke his heart by blowing him off to be with Suhaan at a concert that Agastya had taken her to  A heartbroken Agastya left the college as a result and eventually wound up in Houston working for NASA 
Suhaan and Piya fall in love in college and elope  However, he kept his marriage a secret to further his career as a movie star and when his career hits a low, he returns home to find out that she has left him  She does not answer his calls or emails, and he soon receives a divorce notice in the mail 
Suhaan and Bonney hatch a plan to get Agastya and Piya together so that Suhaan does not need to pay alimony to Piya and Agastya can get the girl of his dreams  Suhaan accompanies Agastya to New York to help Agastya win Piya over  They rent an apartment opposite Piya's and watch her every move using telescopes, binoculars, and surveillance techniques  Using a headset, Suhaan feeds Agastya lines to woo Piya with and eventually succeeds in getting Piya and Agastya together 
One night, Suhaan finds out Piya has a baby girl, Suhaan's daughter  He realizes that she left him since she did not want her and the baby to ruin Suhaan's film career  Suhaan realizes his mistake and tries to make amends and start a new life with Piya and his daughter, Suhaani  Unfortunately, before he can act, Piya gets engaged to Agastya 
It later emerges that Piya's brother, Vishal (Nawwab Shah), had been hiding letters that Suhaan wrote to her and was responsible for initiating the divorce process  Agastya realizes that Piya is still in love with Suhaan and not him; so, he reveals the truth and tells her to be with Suhaan  Piya flies back to India where Suhaan is trying to find work as a small-time actor  They express their mutual love, reuniting their broken family 
A few years later, Agastya is on a NASA Space Shuttle and initiates a video conference with Suhaan and Piya (on Suhaan's birthday)  He introduces them to his new girlfriend who looks strikingly like Piya 

Cast
Salman Khan as Suhaan Kapoor, a former superstar who is married to his college girlfriend Piya  After being fired from his career, he gets a divorce notice from Piya and has to pay for the alimony 
Akshay Kumar as Agastya Rao / Champu, a NASA specialist who used to have a crush on Piya during his years in college but was rejected by her back then  He becomes friends with Suhan and with his help, he tries to get him and Piya together 
Preity Zinta as Piya Goyal Kapoor and Preity Zintacova (dual role)
Aman Verma as Zubin Hornibhoy, Piya's friend
Anupam Kher as Bonney Kapoor / New York Cafe Owner (Dual Role)
Nawwab Shah as Vishal Goyal (Piya's brother)
Soni Razdan as Mrs  Sushma Goyal
Jawed Sheikh as Samrat Goyal
Rajesh Balwani as Daboo Goyal, Piya's cousin brother

Production
Filming started in New York City on 1 September 2005 and then moved to Mumbai 

Soundtrack
The music for the film was released on 6 September 2006  The music is composed by Anu Malik and includes a few playback singers forming the former contestants of Indian Idol  Lyrics are penned by Gulzar  According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 1,250,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's eighth highest-selling 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Jaan-E-Mann opened in nearly 1,200 screens worldwide  The film faced stiff competition from Don – The Chase Begins Again which also released on the same day  The film opened to a 40% response  The second day saw a huge drop in the collections, due to the Diwali celebrations  According to boxofficeindia com, the collections jumped to 70%, but fell again to 50%  The film has done very well in the smaller centres in India Pranab Kapadia, the UK distributor of Jaan-E-Mann said "Jaan-E-Mann's figures have picked up dramatically in Britain  Although the film grossed a mere £18,000 on its opening day, the film has experienced a remarkable upswing, grossing £40,000 on Monday and £60,000 on Tuesday  The audience and critics reception has been overwhelming "

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 44% of 9 critics' reviews are positive Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 3 5 out of 5, saying "On the whole, JAAN-E-MANN balances humor and emotions beautifully  In fact, it's a BIG film in all respects -- right from its cast to the extravagant sets to the lavish making, besides, of course, unadulterated entertainment it has to offer  At the box-office, the Diwali and Idd holidays will prove bountiful for the film and add to the big returns  Business-wise, JAAN-E-MANN should fare best at multiplexes and also at major centres, besides Overseas  But its business at comparatively smaller centres, where masala films dominate, is bound to be affected by DON's presence  However, if the strong word of mouth catches on, the business at smaller centres will add to its booty " Poonam Joshi of BBC com gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing "Jaan-E-mann simultaneously parodies the worst elements of Hindi cinema, while exulting in the best that Bollywood has to offer, making for an unexpectedly original and entertaining film " Raja Sen of Rediff com gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating "In the end, what echoes in your ears as you leave is Akki's thick, goofy he-he-he laugh  It's the best thing in the film "Conversely, Namrata Joshi of Outlook India called the film "A mish-mash—a twisted love triangle but even the inventive narrative doesn't take it very far " Vincent Musetto of New York Post gave the film  1 out of 5 stars, writing "We keep waiting for one of those outlandish musical treats to bring some life to the clichd script  Kunder throws in a few breaks, but they're tepid and brief "

Nominations
See also
List of movies set in New York City

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Secret Invasion
The Secret Invasion is a 1964 American war film directed by Roger Corman  It stars Stewart Granger, Raf Vallone, Mickey Rooney, Edd Byrnes, Henry Silva, Mia Massini, and William Campbell  Appearing three years before The Dirty Dozen (1967), the film features a similar World War II mission where convicts are recruited by the Allies for an extremely hazardous operation behind enemy lines 

Plot
In 1943, British Intelligence in Cairo recruits Italian  criminal mastermind Roberto Rocca, demolitions expert and Irish Republican Army member Terence Scanlon, forger Simon Fell, cold-blooded assassin John Durrell, and thief and impersonator Jean Saval for a dangerous mission  The men are offered pardons in exchange for attempting to rescue an Italian general sympathetic to the Allies who is imprisoned in German-occupied Yugoslavia  The group is led by Major Richard Mace, who is trying to expiate his feelings of guilt for sending his own brother on a dangerous mission and waiting too long to extricate him  The fishing boat transporting Mace's team is stopped by a patrol boat, but they dispose of the Germans 
With the assistance of local partisans led by Marko, they split up and enter Dubrovnik  Durrell is partnered with Mila, a recent widow with a baby  They are attracted to each other, but Durrell becomes extremely distraught when he accidentally smothers her crying child to avoid detection by a German patrol  The team is captured and taken to the same fortress where the Italian general is being kept  They are tortured for information, but manage to escape and fulfill their mission, although Mace, Mila, Fell, Scanlon, and Saval are killed while fending off German troops 
At the last minute, Rocca and Durrell discover that the man they have freed is an impostor, and he is about to exhort "his" troops to stay loyal to the Axis  Durrell pretends to be a Nazi fanatic and shoots the fake general; he is killed by the outraged Italians  Rocca, the last man standing, directs the Italians' anger to the Germans 

Cast
Production
After turning out a treatment based on the locale of Dubrovnik, Roger Corman teamed with screenwriter R  Wright Campbell who had a project, Dubious Patriots about a wartime mission involving convicts  The script was taken over by producer David V  Picker at United Artists, who was able to leverage the screenplay into a well-financed studio production  With a budget of $600,000, more than twice more than he had for his earlier independently-funded features, Corman was able to start production in between his Edgar Allan Poe adaptations, The Masque of the Red Death and The Tomb of Ligeia (1964) The original cast was Mickey Rooney, Raf Vallone, Edd Byrnes and Bobby Darin  Brendan Behan was to be adviser for scenes set at Borstal Prison  It was Byrnes first role after his contract with Warner Bros ended In August 1963 it was announced that Darin had pulled out of the film on the orders of his doctor, and he was replaced by Henry Silva  Also that month Stewart Granger signed to star Principal photography under the working title of Dubious Patriots took place on location in Dubrovnik and other parts of Yugoslavia in the summer of 1963 for a typically short Corman shooting schedule of 36 days  With the assistance of the Yugoslavian government, a large number of military personnel and equipment were offered, but an earthquake threatened to delay the production when troops were siphoned off to help in the relief effort Corman's problems extended to not only wrangling military extras, but also to dealing with the emotions of a star like Stewart Granger "stooping" to make a "B film" and worrying that his role was not as prominent as the others in the ensemble cast  At one point, Corman actually rewrote his part "on the spot" so that Granger had more lines than Edd Byrnes, his co-star, who was a current popular television star The production was photographed in Panavision with Eastmancolor film (Gene Corman later reused the title The Dubious Patriots for another film he made with Tony Curtis and Charles Bronson )

Reception
In a contemporary review of The Secret Invasion, The New York Times film reviewer Howard Thompson saw some positives in what was basically a "programmer": 

    a rather surprising amount of brisk muscularity and panoramic color, if not always credibility  The casting of this United Artists release, which arrived at the Criterion and other houses, may make some customers blink and wait for the worst     But they, and the picture, do pretty well, considering 

In Brassey's Guide to War Films, film historian Alun Evans considered the production exemplified Corman's ability to "    create something out of nothing " He also noted that The Secret Invasion has some notoriety as  "    the  sawn-off antecedent of The Dirty Dozen "

See also
List of American films of 1964
Five Guns West, an earlier Roger Corman movie of essentially the same plot
Passage 2:
Ryoichi Hattori (politician)
Ryoichi Hattori (服部良一, Hattori Ryoichi, born February 24, 1950) is a Japanese politician of the Social Democratic Party  He was born in Yame city in Fukuoka prefecture  He entered Kyoto University in 1969 before leaving part-way through his degree and moving to Osaka to work, where he became active with the trade union movement 
In the House of Councillors 2007 election he ran for the House of Councillors in Osaka, but was defeated  He became the private secretary of Tokushin Yamauchi, an SDP member of the House of Councillors 
In the 2009 general election he was elected as the House of Representatives member representing the Kinki block 
Passage 3:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 4:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 5:
Roger Corman
Roger William Corman (born April 5, 1926) is an American film director, producer, and actor  Known under various monikers such as "The Pope of Pop Cinema", "The Spiritual Godfather of the New Hollywood", and "The King of Cult", he is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film  Many of Corman's films are based on works that have an already-established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe In 1964, Corman—admired by members of the French New Wave and Cahiers du Cinéma—became the youngest filmmaker to have a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as in the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art  He was the co-founder of New World Pictures, the founder of New Concorde and is a longtime member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences  In 2009, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award "for his rich engendering of films and filmmakers" Corman is also famous for distributing in the U S  many foreign directors, such as Federico Fellini (Italy), Ingmar Bergman (Sweden), François Truffaut (France) and Akira Kurosawa (Japan)  He mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, Peter Bogdanovich, Joe Dante, John Sayles, and James Cameron, and was highly influential in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s  He also helped to launch the careers of actors like Peter Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Dennis Hopper, Bruce Dern, Diane Ladd, and William Shatner  Corman has occasionally taken minor acting roles in the films of directors who started with him, including The Silence of the Lambs, The Godfather Part II, Apollo 13, The Manchurian Candidate, and Philadelphia A documentary about Corman's life and career entitled Corman's World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel, directed by Alex Stapleton, premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011  The film's TV rights were picked up by A&E IndieFilms after a well-received screening at Sundance 

Early life
Corman was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Anne (née High) and William Corman, an engineer  His younger brother, Gene, produced numerous films, sometimes in collaboration with Roger  Corman and his brother were raised Catholic Corman went to Beverly Hills High School and then to Stanford University to study industrial engineering  While at Stanford, Corman realized he did not want to be an engineer  He enlisted in the V-12 Navy College Training Program with six months of study to complete  After serving in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946, he returned to Stanford to finish his degree, receiving a Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering in 1947  While at Stanford University, Corman was initiated in the fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon 
In 1948, he worked briefly at U S  Electrical Motors on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles, but his career in engineering lasted only four days; he began work on Monday and quit on Thursday, telling his boss "I've made a terrible mistake " Gene Corman was already working in the film industry as an agent, and Roger decided to go into filmmaking instead 

Early film career
Corman found work at 20th Century Fox initially in the mail room  He worked his way up to a story reader  The one property that he liked the most and provided ideas for was filmed as The Gunfighter with Gregory Peck  When Corman received no credit at all, he left Fox and decided he would work in film by himself  Under the G I  Bill, Corman studied English literature at Oxford University and lived in Paris for a time 

He then returned to Los Angeles and tried to re-establish himself in the film industry  He took various jobs, including television stagehand at KLAC and a messenger at Fox  He worked as an assistant to agent Dick Hyland, a literary agent 

Highway Dragnet
Corman wrote a script in his spare time and sold it to William F  Broidy at Allied Artists for $2,000  "Dick thought it was funny and let me pay myself a commission," said Corman  Originally called House in the Sea, it was retitled Highway Dragnet (1953) and starred Richard Conte and Joan Bennett  Corman also worked as associate producer on the film for nothing, just for the experience 

Producer
Corman used his script fee and personal contacts to raise $12,000 to produce his first feature, a science-fiction film, Monster from the Ocean Floor (1954)  It was produced by Corman's own company, Palo Alto, and released by Robert L  Lippert 
The film did well enough to encourage Corman to produce another film, the racing-car thriller The Fast and the Furious (1955), directed by its star, John Ireland, and co-starring Dorothy Malone  Decades later, producer Neal H  Moritz and Universal Pictures licensed the title for the 2001 film, The Fast and the Furious, which eventually spawned a huge franchise  Moritz had difficulty choosing between proposed titles Racer X, Redline, Race Wars, and Street Wars, and was inspired by a documentary on American International Pictures that included Corman's film  Moritz was able to trade the use of some stock footage to Corman for use of the title Corman sold the movie to a new independent company, the American Releasing Company (ARC), run by James H  Nicholson and Samuel Z  Arkoff  Although Corman had a number of offers for the film from Republic and Columbia, he elected to go with ARC because they undertook to advance money to enable him to make two more movies 

Director
Corman's second film for ARC was one he decided to direct, Five Guns West (1955), a Western, made in color for around $60,000, with Malone and John Lund  The script was written by Robert Wright Campbell, who worked with Corman on several more occasions 
Corman announced he would make four more projects for ARC: High Steel, Cobra, Fortress Beneath the Sea, and an untitled film from Campbell  Instead, Corman did some uncredited directing on The Beast with a Million Eyes (1955), then made another Western, Apache Woman (1955), starring Lloyd Bridges, written by Lou Rusoff  Rusoff and Corman reunited on Day the World Ended (1955), a postapocalyptic science-fiction film, which was popular 
Corman was to make The Devil on Horseback by Charles B  Griffith about the Brownsville Raid, but it was too expensive 
The Woolner Brothers, Louisiana drive-in owners, financed Corman's Swamp Women (1956), a girls-on-the-lam saga 
He returned to ARC for two Westerns, The Oklahoma Woman (1956) and Gunslinger (1956) (with Ireland); Gunslinger was co-written by Griffith, who became a crucial collaborator with Corman over the next five years  He bought a script from Curtis Harrington, The Girl from Beneath the Sea  Harrington made it for Corman years later as Night Tide (1961) 
Beverly Garland, one of Corman's early regular stock players, recalled working with him:

Roger made us work hard and long, I remember that! He was always fascinating to me, a fascinating man – and a good businessman! He had such incredible energy, it was tremendous – he was a dynamo to be around  I always knew he was going to be a huge success because there was no stopping him  He just made up his mind that he was going to be a success and that was it 

American International Pictures and Allied Artists
ARC changed its name to American International Pictures  Corman was established as their leading filmmaker  They financed Corman's next film as director, the science-fiction story It Conquered the World (1956)  Co-written by Griffith, it was a follow-up to The Day the World Ended  It was a big hit 
He optioned a TV play, The Stake, and hoped to get Dana Andrews to star  It was never made  Instead, Walter Mirisch of Allied Artists hired Corman to make The Undead (1957), inspired by The Search for Bridey Murphy  Griffith wrote the script 
In June, Corman made a science-fiction film for Allied Artists,  Not of this Earth (1957), written by Griffith 
In August 1956, AIP financed a Corman heist movie shot in Hawaii, Naked Paradise (1957), co-written by Griffith  Corman shot it back-to-back with a movie made with his own money, She Gods of Shark Reef (1958)  Corman wound up selling the movie to AIP 
Corman and Griffith reunited in Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957) for Allied, which wound up being one of his most successful early films For his own production company, Corman made a rock-and-roll "quickle", Carnival Rock (1957), released by Howco  Rock All Night (1957) was a heist film written by Griffith expanded from a TV play, "The Little Guy", with musical acts inserted He was meant to make Rock'n'Roll Girl for AIP in December 1957 In April 1957, Corman announced he would try to make two films back-to-back from then on to save costs Corman made two "teen girl noirs", Teenage Doll (1957) for the Woolner Brothers and Sorority Girl (1957), starring Susan Cabot for AIP For AIP, he made The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1957), shot in August 1957  He was meant to follow this with Teenage Jungle by Tony Miller The success of Not of this Earth and Crab Monsters led to Allied offering Corman a four-picture deal for 1958 

Machine Gun Kelly and producing
Corman received his first serious critical praise for Machine-Gun Kelly (1958), an AIP biopic of the famous gangster, which gave Charles Bronson his first leading role and co-starred Cabot  Campbell wrote the script 
Also for AIP, he did Teenage Caveman (1958), with Robert Vaughn, originally titled Prehistoric World 
He helped produce two films for Allied Artists, both from scripts by Leo Gordon: Hot Car Girl (1958), directed by Bernard Kowalski and produced by his brother Gene (the first film they made together) from a script by Gordon; and The Cry Baby Killer (1958), which gave Jack Nicholson his first starring role 
He had his biggest budget yet for I Mobster (1958), a gangster story, co-produced by Edward L  Alperson and Corman's brother Gene for 20th Century Fox  In September 1958, he was reported as scouting locations in Australia to do a remake of H  Rider Haggard's She War of the Satellites (1958) was conceived and shot in record time to take advantage of the Sputnik launch; it was his first collaboration with art director Daniel Haller 
Corman also produced, but did not direct, Stakeout on Dope Street (1958), directed by Irvin Kershner, Night of the Blood Beast (1958), directed by Kowalski for AIP, using leftover costumes from Teenage Caveman, and Crime and Punishment U S A  (1959), directed by Dennis Sanders with George Hamilton in his first lead role 

The Filmgroup
In January 1959, Corman announced he would be moving into distribution In 1959, Corman founded The Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses  In February 1959, Filmgroup announced they would release 10 films  Their first movies were High School Big Shot (1959) and T-Bird Gang (1959) produced by Stanley Bickman 

For AIP, Corman and Griffith made a black comedy, A Bucket of Blood (1959)  Corman announced he would follow it with a similar comedy, The Bloodshot Private Eye  It does not seem to have been made  Instead, Griffith reused the same script structure and Corman employed many of the same cast in The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)  This film was reputedly shot in two days and one night For Filmgroup, Corman directed The Wasp Woman (1959), starring Cabot from a script by Gordon  His brother and he made two films back-to-back in South Dakota: Ski Troop Attack (1960), a war movie written by Griffith and directed by Corman, and Beast from Haunted Cave (1959), the first film directed by Monte Hellman 
Corman went to Puerto Rico and produced another two films back-to-back: Battle of Blood Island (1960), directed by Joel Rapp, and Last Woman on Earth (1960), directed by Corman from a script by Robert Towne  Filming on these two films went so quickly that Corman commissioned Griffith to write a third, which was shot at the same time: Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961) 
Corman was going to make Part Time Mother from a script by Griffith but it appears to have never been made 

House of Usher
AIP wanted Corman to make two horror films for them, in black and white, at under $100,000 each on a 10-day shooting schedule  Corman, however, was tired of making films on this sort of budget and was worried the market for them was in decline  He proposed making a film in colour for $200,000, shot over 15 days  Corman proposed an adaptation of "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe and AIP agreed  The film was announced in May 1959 Richard Matheson was hired to do the adaptation and Vincent Price was brought in to star; Haller did the art direction  The resulting film, House of Usher (1960), shot in early 1960, was a critical and commercial hit 
Following this, Corman bought two scripts, Sob Sisters Don't Cry and Cop Killer  In March 1960, Corman announced that Filmgroup would be part of an international production group, Compass Productions  He directed a peplum in Greece, Atlas (1961) in August 
He was going to direct a thriller from a script by Robert Towne, I Flew a Spy Plane Over Russia  It was not made; neither were two comedies he was to make with Dick Miller and Jon Haze, Murder at the Convention and Pan and the Satyrs House of Usher had been so successful that AIP wanted a follow-up, and Corman, Haller, Matheson and Price reunited on The Pit and the Pendulum (1961)  It was another sizeable hit, and the "Poe cycle" of films was underway 
Corman hired Charles Beaumont to write Masque of the Red Death and announced two films, Captain Nemo and the Floating City and House of Secrets 

The Intruder
Following The Pit and the Pendulum, Corman directed one of William Shatner's earliest appearances in a lead role with The Intruder (a k a  The Stranger, 1962)  Based on a novel by Charles Beaumont, the film was co-produced by Gene Corman and was shot in July and August 1961  It took a while for the film to be released and it lost money Corman was unhappy with his profit participation on the first two Poe films, so he made a third adaptation for different producers, The Premature Burial (1962), written by Charles Beaumont and starring Ray Milland  The film was co-financed by Pathe labs; AIP put pressure on Pathe and ended up buying out their interest 
For producer Edward Small, Corman made a historical horror piece about Richard III, Tower of London (1962), starring Vincent Price   It was meant to be the first in a three-picture deal with Small, but Corman did not enjoy working with the producer 
For Filmgroup, he also bought the rights to a Soviet science-fiction film, Nebo Zovyot (1959) and had some additional footage shot for it by his then-assistant, Francis Ford Coppola; the result was Battle Beyond the Sun (1962)  He also released The Magic Voyage of Sinbad (1962), dubbed from a Soviet film 
The fourth Poe was an anthology, Tales of Terror (1962), shot in late 1961  One of the installments, "The Black Cat", was a comedy, inspiring Corman to do a whole Poe story comedically next: The Raven (1963)  Later, Corman used the sets for that film for The Terror (1963), made for Filmgroup but released by AIP, and starring Boris Karloff (whose scenes were all shot in two days) and Jack Nicholson  Corman did not direct all of this film; additional scenes were shot by Monte Hellman, Coppola, and Jack Hill, among others 
The Young Racers (1963) was produced and directed by Corman in Europe for AIP, starring and written by Campbell  Working on the film was Francis Ford Coppola, whom Corman financed to make his directorial debut, Dementia 13 (1963) 
Back in the U S , Corman made X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes (1963), a contemporary science-fiction film for AIP starring Ray Milland  He followed it with The Haunted Palace (1963), ostensibly part of the Poe cycle—it featured Price and was made for AIP, written by Beaumont—but was actually based on a story by H  P  Lovecraft 
Corman directed a war film in Yugoslavia with his brother, The Secret Invasion (1964), with Stewart Granger and Mickey Rooney, from a script by Campbell  Following this, he announced he would make The Life of Robert E  Lee as part of a four-picture deal with Filmgroup worth $3 75 million  Other movies were Fun and Profit by Joel Rapp, The Wild Surfers by John Lamb, and Planet of Storms by Jack Hill  None of these films was made, nor was The Gold Bug, a Poe adaptation written by Griffith 

End of the Poe cycle and filming in Europe
Corman made two Poes in England starring Price, the much-delayed The Masque of the Red Death (1964), with Campbell rewriting Beaumont's scripts, and The Tomb of Ligeia (1965), from a script by Robert Towne  Corman made no further Poes; AIP started up a fresh Poe cycle in the late 1960s, but Corman was not part of it 
Corman got Towne to write a script called The Red Baron  He bought the rights to another Soviet science-fiction film, Planeta Bur (1962), and had some additional footage added to it by Curtis Harrington  The result was Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965)  Harrington used footage from Planeta Bur in another film financed by Corman, Queen of Blood (1966) 
He also bought the rights to a Yugoslavian film, Operation Titan (1963), and financed additional shooting by Jack Hill and Stephanie Rothman  The result was Blood Bath (1966)  He also had an investment in the beach party films Beach Ball (1965) and It's a Bikini World (1967) 

Working for major studios
Corman said, "For ten years as an independent I could get financing for $100-$200-$300,000 pictures  Everything had been interesting, artistically satisfying, economically satisfying  But I decided I was going nowhere and wanted to move directly into the business  So I accepted a contract with Columbia "In August 1965, Corman announced he had signed a contract with United Artists to make two films over three years  He also signed with Columbia to make a Western, The Long Ride Home, based on a script by Robert Towne He was announced for a number of other projects at Columbia: the biopic of Robert E  Lee, an adaptation of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, an adaptation of Kafka's The Penal Colony, and a script by novelist Richard Yates about the Battle of Iwo Jima  He intended to make The Deserters for UA, from a script by Wright, but that was not made either He later reflected, "Every idea I submitted was considered too strange, too weird; every idea they had seemed too ordinary to me  Ordinary pictures don't make money "

The Wild Angels
After a year of not directing, Corman took a leave of absence under his contract with Columbia to make a film for AIP, the first biker movie, The Wild Angels  It starred Peter Fonda and Nancy Sinatra, from a script by Griffith; Peter Bogdanovich worked as Corman's assistant  The film opened the 1966 Venice Film Festival and was hugely successful at the box office, making over $6 million on a $350,000 budget and kicking off the "biker movie" cycle He wanted to make a film about the Red Baron, but Columbia turned it down because of The Blue Max (1966)  He proposed a movie about the St Valentine's Day Massacre and also an adaptation of the novel Only Lovers Left Alive  Nick Ray was meant to be making Only Lovers in Britain 
Corman did begin directing Long Ride Home with Glenn Ford at Columbia  However, Corman left production a few weeks into the shoot in June 1966 and was replaced by Phil Karlson  The film was retitled A Time for Killing (1967) 
Corman received an offer to direct a studio film,The St  Valentine's Day Massacre (1967), for 20th Century Fox, starring Jason Robards and George Segal  He did not enjoy the restrictions of working for a major studio  He was given a $2 5 million budget and made it for $400,000 less  Corman, an independent director, was most comfortable in his own style:  shoestring budgets and shooting schedules measured in days, rather than weeks  Nonetheless, it is generally considered one of his best films as a director 
Corman was meant to follow this with Robert E  Lee for United Artists at a budget of $4 5 million  It was not made  Neither was a story Corman optioned, The Spy in the Vatican 

Return to independence
He continued to finance films for Filmgroup: Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965), dubbing a Soviet movie Planeta Bur into English with some additional footage shot by Curtis Harrington, Queen of Blood (1966), using some Soviet footage but a mostly new film, directed by Harrington, Blood Bath (1966), an adapted Yugoslavian film with additional footage shot by Stephanie Rothman and Jack Hill, and  Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1967), yet another dubbed version of Planeta Bur with some additional footage shot by Corman's then-assistant Peter Bogdanovich 
He had money in Navy vs  the Night Monsters (1967)  He financed two Westerns shot back to back in Utah, directed by Monte Hellman and written and co-produced by Jack Nicholson, The Shooting (1967) and Ride in the Whirlwind (1967), which became cult successes  He also financed two films directed by Dan Haller, Devil's Angels (1967), a follow-up to Wild Angels written by Griffith, and a car racing film shot in Europe, The Wild Racers (1968)  He announced a comedy about the population explosion, There Just Isn't Any Room, but it appears to have never been made Corman directed The Trip for AIP, written by Jack Nicholson and starring Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper and Bruce Dern  This began the psychedelic film craze of the late 1960s and was the American entry at Cannes that year  AIP made some changes to the film in post-production, which made Corman unhappy 
In September 1967, he announced plans to build a new film studio  However, this did not happen for a number of years 
Corman made a film for American TV, Target: Harry (1968), shot in Europe with his brother producing  He did some uncredited directing on AIP's De Sade (1969) when director Cy Endfield fell ill  He financed Bogdanovich's first feature, Targets (1968), which incorporated footage from The Terror  He also produced The Dunwich Horror (1970) for AIP, directed by Haller and co-written by Curtis Hanson, and financed Haller's Paddy 

Final films as director
For AIP, Corman returned to the director's chair for a gangster film, Bloody Mama (1970), starring Shelley Winters and a young Robert de Niro  It was a big hit at the box office  He also directed a black comedy, Gas-s-s-s (1970), written by George Armitage; it was cut without his permission by AIP and was a financial failure United Artists finally agreed to finance his Red Baron project, although they asked that it emphasize American characters  Accordingly, it was filmed as Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), shot in Ireland in July 1970  There were several plane crashes during filming and one person died Corman was going to make a film of Couples, a novel by John Updike for United Artists, and In from a script by Richard Schupe, but decided to take a break from directing 
"Directing is very hard and very painful," he said in 1971  "Producing is easy  I can do it without really thinking about it "

New World Pictures
In May 1970, Corman founded New World Pictures, which became a small independently owned production/distribution studio, immediately successful with Angels Die Hard (1970), a biker film, and The Student Nurses (1971), directed by Rothman   The Big Doll House (1971), directed by Jack Hill in the Philippines, was a big hit, making a star of Pam Grier  The company made a profit of $3 2 million in its first financial year, and Corman says all eleven out of his first eleven films were successful   Angels Die Hard led to a series of biker films, including Angels Hard as They Come (1971), produced by Jonathan Demme with Jack Fisk working as art director  Bury Me an Angel (1971) was the first biker movie directed by a woman, Barbara Peeters  Corman financed the directorial debuts of Curtis Hanson, Sweet Kill (1971), produced by Corman protege Tamara Asseyev   Student Nurses led to a "cycle" of nurse pictures, including Private Duty Nurses (the first film directed by George Armitage), Night Call Nurses (1972) (the first feature directed by Jonathan Kaplan), The Young Nurses and Candy Stripe Nurses (1975)  There was also The Student Teachers (1973) and Summer School Teachers (1974)   Big Doll House was followed by a series of women in prison pictures, such as Women in Cages (1972), The Hot Box (1972), Black Mama, White Mama (1973), The Arena (1974) (the first film directed by Steve Carver) and Caged Heat (1974) (the first film directed by Demme)   Of New World's second year, Corman says 11 of the 12 releases were successful   Corman produced one more film at AIP, Boxcar Bertha (1972), the second feature directed by Martin Scorsese, starring David Carradine  He also executive produced Unholy Rollers (1972) for AIP   A proposed political satire, The Wild Political Prank, was not made   He made I Escaped from Devil's Island (1973) with his brother and produced Cockfighter (1974) with Monte Hellman, which was a rare financial failure for New World   A big hit was Big Bad Mama (1974), a gangster film directed by Carver and starring Angie Dickinson  It led to a follow-up, Crazy Mama (1975), produced by his wife and directed by Demme   In 1975, Corman said New World was "the most successful independent film company in the country   if you count AIP as a major"  He said they were "the best of the cheap acts" 

Distributing foreign films
In the 1970s the major Hollywood studios were moving away from distributing foreign arthouse pictures, New World moved into the market and became the U S  distributor for Cries and Whispers (1972), directed by Ingmar Bergman  Corman bought it for $75,000 and it earned over $2 million at the U S  box office  and Corman's distribution side of New World brought many foreign films to mass audiences in the U S  for the first time - reportedly some played at drive-ins and grindhouses - including the works of François Truffaut (The Story of Adele H , Small Change), Peter Weir (The Cars That Ate Paris), Federico Fellini (Amarcord), Joseph Losey (The Romantic Englishwoman), Volker Schlöndorff (The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, The Tin Drum) and Akira Kurosawa (Dersu Uzala)  New World also released Fantastic Planet (1974) 
In a 10-year period, New World Pictures won more Academy Awards for Best Foreign Film than all other studios combined 

20th Century Fox
He had a four-picture deal with 20th Century Fox, making Capone (1975), Fighting Mad (1976) (directed by Demme), Moving Violation (1976) and Thunder and Lightning (1977) 

Peak of New World
Death Race 2000 (1975), written by Robert Thom and directed by Paul Bartel, was a big hit, earning $4 million  It helped inspire a series of car chase movies: Cannonball (1976), directed by Bartel; Eat My Dust! (1976), directed by Griffith starring Ron Howard, which led to a follow-up, Grand Theft Auto (1978), Howard's directorial debut  There was also The Great Texas Dynamite Chase (1976), Deathsport (1978) and Smokey Bites the Dust (1981) 
New World's trailers were cut by Joe Dante and Alan Arkush  Corman gave them the chance to direct together, with Hollywood Boulevard (1976), which used outtakes from other New World films  It was successful enough for Corman to give both men jobs directing features on their own: Dante with Piranha (1978) and Arkush with Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979) 
Piranha was written by John Sayles, who had been discovered by Corman's story editor, Frances Doel  Sayles later wrote The Lady in Red (1979) for Corman, which was directed by Lewis Teague 
Other popular films around this time included Tidal Wave (1975), a Japanese film to which Corman added some extra footage, and Jackson County Jail (1976)  He also financed I Never Promised You a Rose Garden  Less popular was Avalanche (1979), a disaster film directed by Corey Allen 
For Universal he made Fast Charlie    the Moonbeam Rider (1979), directed by Carver  He financed Bogdanovich's Saint Jack (1979) 
Corman was criticized when he insisted on the addition of footage featuring a rape for Humanoids from the Deep (1980)  Similarly, in Galaxy of Terror, as noted on Schlock and Awe   some, "Corman promised the investors that the film would feature a Taaffe O'Connell sex-scene and a gruesome death-scene as-well  To save time, Corman put the two together  The actress agreed to a nude scene, but NOT a rape scene  Corman isn't the kind of man who takes no for an answer, and after some contract renegotiation, O'Connell agreed to being raped to death by a giant worm-monster  Money… it does amazing things "The success of Star Wars inspired New World's most expensive film yet, Battle Beyond the Stars (1981)  This film required extensive special effects, prompting Corman to buy a movie studio in Main Street Venice for $1 5 million  Corman made a TV film for CBS, The Georgia Peaches (1980) 
Battle Beyond the Stars was so successful Corman had its footage and music score reused in other films such as Galaxy of Terror (1981) and Forbidden World (1982) 
He picked up a film called The Personals (1983) which enjoyed success 

Millennium Films
Corman sold New World Pictures in January 1983 to a consortium of three lawyers for $16 9 million Under the terms of the contract, he agreed to stay on as a consultant for two years and to provide New World with at least five films they could release  New World agreed to distribute all of Corman's films until March 1984  He set up a new production company, Millennium – the title of which was taken from the name of a 1981 retrospective of Corman's work at the National Film Theatre of London  He announced plans to make films budgeted between $2–5 million using cash from his sale of New World to finance personally  He announced an intention to make fewer commercial films, movies more like I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and Cries and Whispers 
Millennium's films included Space Raiders (1983), a science fiction epic using footage and music from Battle Beyond the Stars; Love Letters (1984), a serious drama from Amy Holden Jones; Screwballs (1984), a sex comedy in the vein of Porky's; Suburbia (1984), directed by Penelope Spheeris, which he acquired, Deathstalker; and Kain of Dark Planet (which became The Warrior and the Sorceress) 

New Horizons
Corman says people struggled with the name "Millennium" – "nobody could spell it, nobody knew what it meant" – so he changed it to New Horizons by early 1984 Corman and the new owners of New World ended up suing each other in March 1985  Corman claimed that New World failed to honor their guarantee to distribute his movies at a fee of 15%  He sought $400 million in damages and the return of the company  He said they refused to distribute School Spirit (1985) and Wheels of Fire  He also claimed that New World cheated him distributing Space Raiders, Screwballs and Slumber Party Massacre  New World sued Corman in return, claiming he was seeking to return to distribution, and was discrediting New World to potential investors  They said Corman bypassed New World for some of his films, such as Columbia's Hardbodies (1984)  Corman argued "My whole point in selling was to free myself of the burden of running the company and to get guaranteed distribution  If I can't get my guaranteed distribution, I'm forced to go back to running the company "

Concorde Pictures
The case with New World settled out of court  In March 1985 Corman announced he would establish a new distribution "cooperative", Concorde Pictures, where producers could get relatively cheap distribution from Concorde in exchange for contributing to the company's overhead  Their first releases were Corman productions School Spirit, Wheels of Fire and Barbarian Queen  Concorde later merged with a low budget production company, Cinema Group, and announced plans to make 15-20 films a year Early Concorde releases include Loose Screws (1985), a sequel to Screwballs;  Streetwalkin' (1985), a more serious drama directed by Joan Freeman; Cocaine Wars (1986), the first in a series of movies Corman would finance in South America; Hour of the Assassin (1987), shot in Peru and the first film directed by Luis Llosa; and Munchies (1987), a spoof of Gremlins directed by Tina Hirsch 
Corman also remade Not of this Earth (1988) and released Big Bad Mama II (1987), and Transylvania Twist (1989); all three were directed by Jim Wynorski  He produced another version of Masque of the Red Death (1989), directed by Larry Brand 
He produced Sweet Revenge (1987), Slumber Party Massacre II (1988), directed by Deborah Brock, Andy Colby's Incredible Adventure (1988), also directed by Brock, and The Terror Within (1989), directed by Thierry Notz 
Corman financed the early directorial efforts of Carl Franklin (Nowhere to Run (1989)), Vargas Llosa and Katt Shea (Stripped to Kill (1988), Stripped to Kill II (1989))  More experimental was Nightfall (1988) 
After Hour of the Assassin, he made a series of films in Peru, including Crime Zone (1989), also directed by Luis Llosa, and Full Fathom Five (1990), directed by Carl Franklin 
Concorde had a big hit with Bloodfist (1989), starring Don "the Dragon" Wilson which cost $1 million and earned over $6 million  Concorde signed Wilson to a long-term contract and he made a number of sequels for the company, including Bloodfist II and Fighting to Win 

Frankenstein Unbound
He returned to directing once more with Frankenstein Unbound (1990) 

Concorde and New Horizon in the 1990s
In 1990, Concorde sued MGM for $6 million Concorde's films included Overexposed (1990), The Unborn (1991), and In the Heat of Passion (1992)  They had a big hit with Carnosaur (1993), which led to several sequels  He financed Fire on the Amazon (1991, directed Luis Llosa) which had Sandra Bullock and Craig Sheffer in early roles 
Corman had to deal with the decline of the drive-in market and studio competition through the 1990s, but Concorde-New Horizons still made 15-24 pictures a year  This included a never-released version of The Fantastic Four 

Roger Corman Presents
In 1995 Corman was executive producer on Roger Corman Presents, a special series of 13 movies for Showtime with budgets of around $1 5 million each  "I think the Corman name means action, humor and some titillation," says Mike Elliott, the producer of the series  "It's going to deliver the goods – and it will have a little moral statement in there as well " Corman ended up doing a second season of 11 movies  The films were Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Hellfire, Virtual Seduction, Suspect Device, Unknown Origin, Terminal Virus, Where Evil Lies, Vampirella, Shadow of a Scream, Subliminal Seduction, House of the Damned (a k a  Spectre), The Haunted Sea, Alien Avengers (a k a  Aliens Among Us) and its sequel, Inhumanoid, Sawbones, Not Like Us, and Last Exit to Earth  He created his own comic book franchise, Black Scorpion, which led to a sequel and later a TV series  Corman also executive-produced remakes of The Wasp Woman, Humanoids from the Deep, A Bucket of Blood (a k a  The Death Artist), Piranha and Not of this Earth 

Ireland
Concorde set up operations in Ireland as Concorde Anois, building studios in Connemara, County Galway  He received some support from the Irish government, a decision which became controversial when the content of some Corman productions such as Criminal Affairs was criticized in the press Later Concorde-New Horizons films included Overdrive (1997)  "The genres still hold", said Corman in 1997, "action adventure, the suspense thriller, science fiction and horror  The difference is that they are bigger and better now  "Corman also produced the film Moving Target which was filmed in County Galway  It was his last film produced with Concorde-New Horizons 

Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics
Corman operated a short-lived comic book imprint in 1995–1996 called Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics  It produced comics based on his films, written and drawn in a similar no-hold-barred style  Titles included Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Caged Heat 3000, Death Race 2020, Welcome to The Little Shop of Horrors, and Rock & Roll High School — the latter featuring the Melvins (instead of the Ramones)  Notable creators published by Cosmic Comics included Trevor Goring, James Kochalka, Jason Lutes, Pat Mills, Shane Oakley, Jerry Prosser, and J  R  Williams  The longest-running title was Death Race 2020, which lasted eight issues — but was left unfinished when the company closed down 

Later career:  Syfy Channel
He continued to produce creature films, such as Raptor (2001, dir Jim Wynorski)  Dinocroc (2004), which aired on the Syfy cable television channel and was popular enough for two sequels, Supergator and Dinocroc vs  Supergator (2010), as well as a spin-off film, Dinoshark (2010)  Supergator (2007) was turned down by the Syfy channel, but Corman made it anyway 
Corman also continued to make action films: Escape from Afghanistan (2001) was a Russian film, Peshavar Waltz plus some additional footage; The Hunt for Eagle One (2006) and The Hunt for Eagle One: Crash Point (2006) were shot in the Philippines; Roger Corman's Operation Rogue (2014); Fist of the Dragon (2015) 
In 2006 Corman said he made 60% of his films overseas  "These foreign countries are offering subsidies that are so great that not only I but many independent producers are moving overseas", he said  He sold the remake rights of Death Race 2000 to Universal, who made Death Race (2008) with Jason Statham, with Corman credited as executive producer  It led to two direct-to-video prequels and one direct-to-video sequel 
In 2009, Corman produced and directed alongside director Joe Dante the web series "Splatter" for Netflix  The protagonist of the film is portrayed by Corey Feldman, and the story talks of the haunting tale of rock-and-roll legend Johnny Splatter  He also started contributing trailer commentaries to Dante's web series Trailers from Hell  In 2011, Corman cited James Cameron's Avatar (2009) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010) as examples of "great imagination and originality" By now, the SyFy channel was Corman's leading market  For them, he made Sharktopus (2010) and Piranhaconda (2012)  Corman produced the 2017 film Death Race 2050, a sequel to the 1975 film Death Race 2000  It was made with Universal, Corman's first film with a major studio in more than two decades 

Personal life
Corman married Julie Halloran in 1970  They have four children  On April 3, 2018, a lawsuit by Corman's sons, Roger Martin Corman and Brian Corman, was filed against Corman to prevent the trade of his film collection  It was settled in 2020  In 2016, Corman also sued a wealth management company about suspected losses of his personal fortune  To date, the result of that dispute has not been disclosed 

Recognition
In 1964, Corman was the youngest producer/director to be given a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as retrospectives at the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art 
Corman won the Lifetime Achievement Award at Stockholm International Film Festival in 1990 
Corman was the subject of the 1978 documentary Roger Corman:  Hollywood's Wild Angel, produced and directed by Christian Blackwood  Portions of the film reappeared in 2011's Corman's World 
In 1998, he won the first Producer's Award ever given by the Cannes Film Festival 
In 2006, Corman received the David O  Selznick Award from the Producers Guild of America  Also in 2006, his film Fall of the House of Usher was among the twenty-five movies selected for the National Film Registry, a compilation of significant films being preserved by the Library of Congress 
In 2009, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Corman with an Academy Honorary Award at the inaugural Governors Awards, on November 14, 2009 In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Corman for his BBC documentary series A History of Horror, of which the second half of the second episode focuses on Corman In 2010, Corman was inducted into the Beverly Hills High School Hall of Fame 
In 2012, Corman was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival 
In 2018, he received the "Extraordinary Contribution to Film" award at the Austin Film Festival 

Archive
Film elements and prints for many movies directed, produced, and/or distributed by Corman are held at the Academy Film Archive as part of the New Horizons Collection  The Academy Film Archive restored Corman's film The Masque of the Red Death in 2019 

"The Corman Film School"
A number of noted filmmakers (including directors, producers, writers, and cinematographers) have worked with Corman, usually early in their careers, including Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Ron Howard, Polly Platt, Peter Bogdanovich, Declan O'Brien, Armondo Linus Acosta, Paul Bartel, Jonathan Demme, Donald G  Jackson, Gale Anne Hurd, Carl Colpaert, Joe Dante, James Cameron, John Sayles, Monte Hellman, Carl Franklin, George Armitage, Jonathan Kaplan, George Hickenlooper, Curtis Hanson, Jack Hill, Robert Towne, Menahem Golan, James Horner, and Timur Bekmambetov  Many have said that Corman's influence taught them some of the ins and outs of filmmaking  In the extras for the DVD of The Terminator, director James Cameron asserts, "I trained at the Roger Corman Film School " The British director Nicolas Roeg served as the cinematographer on The Masque of the Red Death  Cameron, Coppola, Demme, Hanson, Howard and Scorsese have all gone on to win Academy Awards  Howard was reportedly told by Corman, "If you do a good job on this film, you'll never have to work for me again "
Actors who obtained their career breaks working for Corman include Jack Nicholson, Peter Fonda, Bruce Dern, Charles Bronson, Todd Field Michael McDonald, Dennis Hopper, Tommy Lee Jones, Talia Shire, Sandra Bullock, Robert De Niro, and David Carradine, who received one of his first starring film roles in the Corman-produced Boxcar Bertha (1972) and went on to star in Death Race 2000 (along with Sylvester Stallone) 
Many of Corman's protegés have paid their mentor homage by awarding him cameos in films, such as in The Godfather Part II, The Silence of the Lambs, Apollo 13, and as recently as Demme's 2008 film Rachel Getting Married 

Filmography
The IMDb credits Corman with 55 directed films and some 385 produced films from 1954 through 2008, many as uncredited producer or executive producer (consistent with his role as head of his own New World Pictures from 1970 through 1983)  Corman also has significant credits as writer and actor 
 Roger Corman's Cult Classics 
In 2010, Roger Corman teamed up New Horizons Pictures with Shout! Factory to release new DVD and Blu-ray editions of Corman productions under the name Roger Corman's Cult Classics  The releases have concentrated on 1970–1980s films he produced through New World rather than directed  These titles include Rock 'n' Roll High School, Death Race 2000, Galaxy of Terror, Forbidden World and Piranha, with additional titles continuing to be released 

Books
Corman, Roger; Jerome, Jim (1990)  How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime  Random House  ISBN 978-0-394-56974-1  OCLC 840687965 
His autobiography documents his experiences in the film industry
Passage 6:
The House of the Seven Hawks
The House of the Seven Hawks is a 1959 British mystery film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Robert Taylor, Nicole Maurey and Linda Christian  It was the final film by Robert Taylor under his twenty five-year contract with MGM  The film follows an American captain searching for sunken treasure who becomes entangled with criminals and is arrested by the Dutch police  It is based on the Victor Canning novel The House of the Seven Flies, published in 1952 

Plot
Story of an American skipper who becomes entangled with the Dutch police and international crooks over sunken treasure but survives and finds romance 

Cast
Robert Taylor as John Nordley
Nicole Maurey as Constanta Sluiter
Linda Christian as Elsa
Donald Wolfit as Inspector Van Der Stoor
David Kossoff as Wilhelm Dekker
Eric Pohlmann as Captain Rohner
Philo Hauser as Charlie Ponz
Gerard Heinz as Inspector Sluiter
Paul Hardtmuth as Beukleman
Lily Kann as Gerta
Richard Shaw as Police Sgt  Straatman
André van Gyseghem as Hotel Clerk
Leslie Weston as Tulper
Guy Deghy as Desk Lieutenant
Peter Welch as Gannett
Peter Lannagan as Peter

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, The New York Times called the film "an unpretentious but satisfying entertainment"; whereas more recently, the Radio Times called it a "bland B-movie "

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $415,000 in the U S  and Canada and $650,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $20,000 

See also
List of British films of 1959
Passage 7:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 8:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 9:
Richard Thorpe
Richard Thorpe (born Rollo Smolt Thorpe; February 24, 1896 – May 1, 1991) was an American film director best known for his long career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 

Biography
Born Rollo Smolt Thorpe in Hutchinson, Kansas, Richard Thorpe began his entertainment career performing in vaudeville and onstage  In 1921 he began in motion pictures as an actor and directed his first silent film in 1923  He went on to direct more than one hundred and eighty films  He worked frequently at the Poverty Row studio Chesterfield Pictures during the 1930s  The first full-length motion picture he directed for MGM was Last of the Pagans (1935) starring Ray Mala  
At MGM, he teamed up with producer Pandro S  Berman in the 1950s, with whom he made several films, including Ivanhoe (1952), The Prisoner of Zenda (1952), Knights of the Round Table (1953), All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) and The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955) 
After directing The Last Challenge in 1967, he retired from the film industry 
His two favorite films were Night Must Fall (1937) and Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) 

Wizard of Oz
Thorpe is also known as the original director of The Wizard of Oz  He was fired after two weeks of shooting because it was felt that his scenes did not have the right air of fantasy about them  Thorpe notoriously gave Judy Garland a blonde wig and cutesy "baby-doll" makeup that made her look like a girl in her late teens rather than an innocent Kansas farm girl of about 13  Both makeup and wig were discarded at the suggestion of George Cukor, who was brought in temporarily  Stills from Thorpe's work on the film survive today  Further, it is understood that bits of his filmed footage of Toto escaping from the Wicked Witch's castle are featured in the film, albeit uncredited 
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Thorpe has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd  In 2003 a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California was dedicated to him and his son Jerry He died in Palm Springs, California on May 1, 1991 

Selected filmography
As director
Passage 10:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 



ground_truth: The Drover'S Sweetheart

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Kamures Kadın's husband?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 2:
Place of origin
In Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations  It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances 

Acquisition of municipal citizenship
Swiss citizenship has three tiers  For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:

Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality 
Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required  This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton 
Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen  
Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare  The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence  Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence 
However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin  As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years  In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship 
A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent 

International confusion
Almost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin  The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents  This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents  Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace  More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin 

Significance and history
A citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality  To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence 
The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away  In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law  The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%) In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare 

See also
Ancestral home (Chinese)
Bon-gwan
Registered domicile


== Notes and references ==
Passage 3:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Passage 5:
Valley of Death
Valley of Death may refer to:

Places
Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern Poland
Valley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of Balaclava
Valley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum Run
Valley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)
The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in Russia
The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in Indonesia
Valley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, Brazil

Other uses
The Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio play
The Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film
"Valley of Death", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversy
A literary element of "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
A reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venture capital
"The Valley of Death", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All Wars

See also
All pages with titles containing Valley of Death
Death Valley (disambiguation)
Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
Sennedjem
Sennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II  He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth"  He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis  His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886  When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs 

See also

TT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)
Passage 7:
Mehmed V
Mehmed V Reşâd (Ottoman Turkish: محمد خامس, romanized: Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; Turkish: V  Mehmed or Mehmed Reşad; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the 35th and penultimate sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918  Mehmed V reigned as a constitutional monarch, interfering little when it came to government affairs, though the constitution was held with little respect by his governments  The first half of his reign was marked by contentious politicking between factions of the Young Turks, with the second half being headed by the Committee of Union and Progress and the Three Pashas 
Reşad was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I  He succeeded his half-brother Abdul Hamid II after the 31 March Incident  He was succeeded by his half-brother Mehmed VI in the summer of 1918 
Coming to power in the aftermath of a failed coup attempt, his nine-year reign featured three coup d'etats and four wars  The Italo-Turkish War saw the cession of the Empire's North African territories and the Dodecanese Islands, including Rhodes, during which the CUP was forced out of power by the military  This was followed up by the traumatic loss of almost all of the Empire's European territories west of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in the First Balkan War, and the return of a now radicalized CUP rule  Eastern Thrace was retaken in the Second Balkan War 
The Ottomans entered World War I in November 1914 during which Mehmed declared a jihad against the Allies  During the war the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Christian minorities  While Ottoman forces successfully fended off an Allied invasion at Gallipoli, defeat loomed on the Caucasian and Mesopotamian fronts  Military collapse in the field and a revolt by its Arab subjects would ultimately lead to the Empire's end 

Early life
Prince Reşad was born on 2 November 1844 at the Çırağan Palace, Istanbul  His father was Sultan Abdulmejid I, and his mother was Gülcemal Kadın  He had three elder sisters, Fatma Sultan, Refia Sultan and Hatice Sultan (Refia Sultan's twin sister, died as newborn)  After his mother's death in 1851, he and his sisters were entrusted in the care of his father's senior consort Servetseza Kadın  She had asked Abdulmejid to take the motherless children under her wing, and raise as her own, and carried out the duties of a mother who cares for her children with compassion and concern In 1856, aged twelve, he was ceremoniously circumcised together with his younger half-brothers, Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin, Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin, and Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin Mehmed received his education at the palace  Halid Ziya, the chief clerk of the Chamberlain's office between 1909 and 1912, described this as being a poor one  Thanks to his comparatively high intelligence, however, he made good use of the education he had and used it to go further  He studied Arabic and Persian, and spoke the latter very well  He took piano lessons from an Italian pianist and calligraphy lessons from a famous Ottoman calligrapher, Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi (1801–1876), who designed the giant pendant medallions of the Hagia Sophia 

Reign
His reign began at the conclusion of the 31 March Incident on 27 April 1909, but he was largely a figurehead with no real political power, as a consequence of the demonstration of the CUP's power in the 31 March Incident and the Young Turk Revolution (which restored the Ottoman Constitution and Parliament)  In 1913 the CUP undertook a coup d'état, which brought the dictatorial triumvirate of the Three Pashas to power  At the age of 64, Mehmed V was the oldest person to ascend the Ottoman throne 

In 1911, he embarked on an imperial tour of Selânik (Salonica, today Thessaloniki) and Manastır (today Bitola), stopping by Florina on the way  He also visited Üsküp (Skopje) and Priştine (Pristina), where he attended Friday prayers at the Tomb of Sultan Murad  The visit was recorded on film and photographs by the Manaki brothers  It would soon prove to be the last visit of an Ottoman sultan to the Rumelian provinces before the catastrophe of the Balkan Wars the following year 
Under his rule, the Ottoman Empire lost all its remaining territory in North Africa (Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan) and the Dodecanese to Italy in the Italo-Turkish War and nearly all its European territories (except for a small strip of land west of Constantinople) in the First Balkan War  The Ottomans made some small gains in the following war, recapturing the peninsula comprising East Thrace up to Edirne, but this was only partial consolation for the Turks: the bulk of Ottoman territories that they had fought to keep had been lost forever The sudden loss of these enormous swathes of land, which had been Ottoman territory for centuries and were ceded to the Empire's opponents within a span of only two years, was deeply shocking to the Ottoman Turks and resulted in massive popular backlash against the government, culminating in the 1913 Ottoman coup d'etat  It also spelt the end of the Ottomanism movement, which for several decades had advocated equal rights to all citizens of the Empire regardless of ethnicity or religion, in order to foster a communal sense of belonging and allegiance to the Ottoman state  With the loss of the Empire's ethnic minorities in Rumelia and North Africa, the movement's raison d'être also evaporated, and the country's politics soon began to take on a more reactionary character, centred around Turkish nationalism  The more extreme elements of this right-wing faction, primarily in the upper echelons of the CUP-dominated government, would go on to commit atrocities against the Armenians Despite his preference that the country stayed out of further conflict, Mehmed V's most significant political act was to formally declare jihad against the Entente Powers (Allies of World War I) on 14 November 1914, following the Ottoman government's decision to join the First World War on the side of the Central Powers  He was actually said to look with disfavour on the pro-German policy of Enver Pasha, but could do little to prevent war due to the sultanate's diminished influence since the overthrow of Abdülhamid II in 1909 
This was the last genuine proclamation of jihad in history by a Caliph, as the Caliphate was abolished in 1924  As a direct result of the declaration of war, the British annexed Cyprus, while the Khedivate of Egypt proclaimed its independence and was turned into a British protectorate; these provinces had at least been under nominal Ottoman rule  The proclamation had no noticeable effect on the war, despite the fact that many Muslims lived in Ottoman territories  Some Arabs eventually joined the British forces against the Ottoman Empire with the Arab Revolt in 1916 
Mehmed V hosted Kaiser Wilhelm II, his World War I ally, in Constantinople on 15 October 1917  He was made Generalfeldmarschall of the Kingdom of Prussia on 27 January 1916, and of the German Empire on 1 February 1916  He was also made Generalfeldmarschall of Austria-Hungary on 19 May 1918 

Death
Mehmed V died at Yıldız Palace on 3 July 1918 at the age of 73, only four months before the end of World War I  Thus, he did not live to see the downfall of the Ottoman Empire  He spent most of his life at the Dolmabahçe Palace and Yıldız Palace in Istanbul  His grave is in the Eyüp district of modern Istanbul 

Honours
Ottoman honoursGrand Master of the Order of the Crescent
Grand Master of the Order of Glory
Grand Master of the Order of the Medjidie
Grand Master of the Order of OsmaniehForeign honoursGrand Cross of St  Stephen, in Diamonds, 1914 (Austria-Hungary)
Knight of the Military Order of Max Joseph (Bavaria)
Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe (Serbia)

Family
Mehmed V had a small harem, as well as few children  He was also the only sultan not to take new consorts after his accession to the throne 

Consorts
Mehmed V had five consorts:
Kamures Kadın (5 March 1855 – 30 April 1921)  BaşKadin  She is also called Gamres, Kamres or Kamus  Of Caucasian descent, she married Mehmed when he was still Şehzade  She had a son 
Dürriaden Kadın (16 May 1860 – 17 October 1909)  Second Kadın  She born Hatice Hanim, she married Mehmed when he was still Şehzade  She was the aunt of Inşirah Hanim, who was a consort of Mehmed VI (Mehmed V's younger half-brother)  She had a son 
Mihrengiz Kadın (15 October 1869 – 12 December 1938)  Second Kadın after Dürriaden's death  Circassian, born Fatma Hanım, married Mehmed when he was still Şehzade  She had a son 
Nazperver Kadın (12 June 1870 – 9 March 1929)  Third Kadın after Dürriaden's death  Born Rukiye Hanim, she was an Abkhazian princess of Çikotua family and niece of Dürrinev Kadın, chief consort of Sultan Abdülaziz, who educated her  She married Mehmed when he was still Şehzade  She had a daughter 
Dilfirib Kadın (1890–1952)  Fourth Kadın after Dürriaden's death  Circassian, she married Mehmed when he was still Şehzade  She was close friends with Safiye Ünüvar, a teacher at the Palace  She had no children by Mehmed, but after his death she remarried and had a son 

Sons
Mehmed V had three sons:
Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin (26 August 1873 – 30 January 1938)–with Kamures Kadın  He had five consorts, two sons and six daughters 
Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin (23 June 1878 – 27 June 1913) – with Dürriaden Kadın  Born with kyphosis, he never married or had children 
Şehzade Ömer Hilmi (2 March 1886 – 6 April 1935) – with Mihrengiz Kadın  He had five consorts, a son and a daughter  His great-granddaughter Ayşe Gülnev Osmanoğlu became an authress of historical novels about the Ottoman dynasty 

Daughters
Mehmed V had only one daughter:
Refia Sultan (1888–1888) – with Nazperver Kadın  She died as newborn 

See also
The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors
Passage 8:
Dance of Death (disambiguation)
Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death 
Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:

Books
Dance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloy
Dance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R  L  Stine
Dance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child

Theatre and film
The Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August Strindberg
The Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank Wedekind
The Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W  H  Auden

Film
The Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice Brady
The Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent film
The Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent film
The Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph Dawson
The Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von Stroheim
The Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama film
Dance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris Karloff
Dance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence Olivier
Dance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul Chun

Music
Dance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title song
The Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John Fahey
The Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)
"Death Dance", a 2016 song by Sevendust

See also
Dance of the Dead (disambiguation)
Danse Macabre (disambiguation)
Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the dead
La danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur Honegger
Totentanz (disambiguation)
Passage 9:
Kamures Kadın
Kamures Kadın (Ottoman Turkish: کامرس قادین; meaning "Bringer of pleasure"; called also Gamres, Kamres or Kamus Kadın; 5 March 1855 – 30 April 1921) was the first and chief consort of Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire 

Early years
Kamures Kadın was born on 5 March 1855  According to Palace documents he was born in Ganja, although there are doubts about that  She was sent to the Ottoman court when she was very young as a slave, which was the traditional custom  She received an excellent education and became an outstanding pianist  
She married the then-Prince Mehmed Reşad on 30 September 1872  She was his first consort  A year after the marriage, on 26 August 1873, she gave birth to her only son, Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin 

Reign of Mehmed V
On 27 April 1909, after Mehmed's accession to the throne, she was given the title of "Senior Kadın" In 1914, she met with Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal  Sultan Mehmed, who knew Persian well, acted as interpreter between the two of them  Safiye Ünüvar, a teacher at the Palace School, commented in her memoirs about her beauty, and said that she still some of her looks, when the two met in 1915  Kamures had occupied herself with reading history, and whenever Safiye visited her she would always bring up with the subject of Ottoman history In 1918, she met with the king Boris III of Bulgaria, when he visited Istanbul  She was presented as Queen of Ottoman Empire  This was significant, since meeting a man meant that she broke the traditional harem seclusion  On 30 May 1918, Kamures met with the Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma in the harem of Yıldız Palace, when the latter visited Istanbul with her husband Emperor Charles I of Austria 

Philanthropy
On 20 March 1912, the "Hilal-i Ahmer Centre for Women" was organised within the "Ottoman Hilal-i Ahmer Association", a foundation established in 1877 to provide medical care in Istanbul and surrounding communities  Kamures served as the honorary president of this organization  The same year, she also received the Ottoman Red Crescent Medal (Osmanlı Hilal-i Ahmer Madalyası), which was created shortly after the start of the Balkan Wars in November 1912  The award was given to those who would render beneficent services, materially or morally, to the organisation  She was the only Ottoman Muslim woman before the First World War to have received the medal in gold In February 1914, the organisation announced the start of a course for nursing aids, which would consist of eighteen lessons of two hours each on Fridays and Sundays  The classes were to be taught by Besim Ömer and Akıl Muhtar  Between 40 and 50 women participated in the course and at the end of the five months course 27 women successfully took the exam  These 27 women, who were all wives and daughters of prominent Ottoman officials, received their certificate during a ceremony in the presence of Kamures, of Naciye Sultan and her mother and other palace women In April 1913, Kamures served as the patroness of the organization Osmanlı–Türk Hanımları Esirgeme Derneği (Association for the Protection of Ottoman Turkish Women)  The sultan donated 50 Ottoman pounds to the organization 

Death
After Mehmed's death on 3 July 1918, she settled in the palace of her stepson Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin in Kuruçeşme, where she died on 30 April 1921, at the age of sixty-six  She was buried in the mausoleum of her husband located in the Eyüp Cemetery, Istanbul 

Honours
Ottoman Red Crescent Medal in Gold, 1912

Appointments
Honorary President of the Hilal-i Ahmer Centre for Women, 20 March 1912

Issue
See also
Kadın (title)
Ottoman Imperial Harem
List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans
Passage 10:
Place of birth
The place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born  This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person  Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones 
As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred  The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live  If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth



ground_truth: Constantinople

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, The Secret Invasion or The House Of The Seven Hawks?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  I-10 has one more interchange in Alabama, a diamond interchange with CR 64 (Wilcox Road)  Beyond CR 64, the freeway parallels and then crosses the Styx River, then the westbound highway has a welcome center just west of the Perdido River, where I-10 leaves Alabama and enters Escambia County, Florida, and Pensacola 

Exit list
See also
U S  roads portal
Passage 8:
PrimeStar
PrimeStar was a U S  direct broadcast satellite broadcasting company formed in 1991 by a consortium of cable television system operators (TCI Satellite Entertainment Group, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications, Comcast and MediaOne) and GE Americom, the satellite arm of General Electric, collectively referred to as the PrimeStar Partners  PrimeStar was the first medium-powered DBS system in the United States but slowly declined in popularity with the arrival of DirecTV in 1994 and Dish Network in 1996 

Technology
PrimeStar was a medium-powered DBS-style system utilizing FSS technology that used a larger 3-foot (91 cm) satellite dish to receive signals 
Broadcast originally in analog, they later converted to digital technology   The system used the DigiCipher 1 system for conditional access control and video compression   The video format was MPEG-2  Primestar's satellite receivers were made by General Instrument 
PrimeStar was owned by a consortium of cable television companies who leased equipment to subscribers through the local cable company 
The company was in the process of converting to a high-powered DBS platform when it was purchased and shut down by DirecTV   The Tempo-1 and Tempo-2 DBS satellites acquired by PrimeStar from the defunct ASkyB were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively 

History
The system initially launched using medium-powered FSS satellites that were facing obsolescence with the onset of high-powered DBS and its much smaller, eighteen-inch satellite dishes   In a move to convert the platform to DBS, PrimeStar, originally based in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania before moving to the suburbs of Denver, Colorado in 1997,  bid for the 110-degree satellite location that was eventually awarded to a never-launched direct broadcast satellite service by MCI and News Corporation called ASkyB, or American Sky Broadcasting, named after News Corp's British Sky Broadcasting, also named as a combination of the merged companies British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television 
The ASkyB company sold the incomplete Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 DBS satellites to PrimeStar in the process of going out of business   PrimeStar launched Tempo-2 in 1997 but it was not used for many years  PrimeStar stored the other satellite, Tempo-1, until the company and the two satellites were purchased by DirecTV   DirecTV eventually launched the Tempo 1 satellite after years of delays as the DirecTV-5 satellite in 2002  Meanwhile, ASkyB's license for the 110-degree satellite location, and an uplink center, was resold to EchoStar, the parent company of Dish Network  The 110-degree satellite is now named EchoStar West 110 and is the most commonly used satellite, along with 119 as both can be received with a single wide-format parabolic dish, providing signal to North America 
PrimeStar Partners sold its assets to DirecTV in 1999 and after briefly being known as PrimeStar by DirecTV all subscribers were converted to the DirecTV platform  The PrimeStar brand and its FSS broadcast platform was shut down  Meanwhile, Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 satellite remained and were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively, and moved to several locations to serve DirecTV customers 

Features
During Primestar's years as a competing satellite television provider, it originally had a 95-channel lineup  However, beginning on April 20, 1997, Primestar announced it would add 65 channels, for a total of 160 channels  However, due to a lack of capacity on the FSS platform, many channels only aired for part of the day or week (e g , MuchMusic USA aired weekdays from 2:00 a m  to 5:00 p m  ET, and weekends from 12:00 to 5:00 p m  ET)  Primestar, also at this time in 1997, grouped their channels by category, (e g , "NEWS", "FAMILY", "SPORTS", "MOVIES", etc ), and added a color-coded button on the remote for each category  When pressed, it would bring the user to the beginning of that category, (e g , pressing the orange "FAMILY" button would bring the user to Nickelodeon which was first in that category)  Primestar called this feature "Hyper-Surfing"  (Earlier remotes that lacked the buttons could instead use repetitive channel numbers to bring them to the desired category )

New uses for old equipment
Old PrimeStar satellite dishes are popular among hobbyists for free-to-air (FTA) satellite broadcasts on the Ku band transponders of FSS satellites 
The dishes are also popular for wireless computer networking as high-gain Wi-Fi antennas  The antennas are also used by amateur (ham) radio operators to transmit two-way amateur television 

See also
AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service), a defunct satellite broadcaster that also used medium-powered FSS satellites and larger dishes 
DirecTV, a direct competitor using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes 
Dish Network, a direct competitor using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes 
Orby TV, a short-lived discount DBS operator that leased service instead of operating their own fleet 
Shaw Direct, a Canadian broadcaster using medium-powered FSS satellites and larger dishes 
Bell Satellite TV, a Canadian broadcaster using high-powered DBS satellites and smaller dishes 
Free-to-air
Passage 9:
Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal
The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal is a historic train station in Mobile, Alabama, United States   Architect P  Thornton Marye designed the Mission Revival style terminal for the Mobile and Ohio Railroad   It was completed in 1907 at a total cost of $575,000   The Mobile and Ohio merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad in 1940 to form the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad 

Trains in final years
Major trains served:

Gulf, Mobile & Ohio:
Gulf Coast Rebel: St  Louis, Missouri - Mobile
Southern Railway:
Goldenrod: Birmingham, Alabama - Mobile

Demise
The last GM&O passenger trains into Mobile terminal station were the Gulf Coast Rebels, which made their last runs on October 14, 1958   Louisville & Nashville passenger service in Mobile called at a separate L&N station located about 1 mile distant   Passenger service in the Amtrak era continued at the former L&N passenger station Mobile station  GM&O Terminal Station continued to serve as railroad offices  It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 15, 1975  It had suffered neglect, extensive interior alteration, and partial removal of the train shed by this time  The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad vacated the old terminal building in 1986 and for fifteen years it suffered from demolition-by-neglect  The Alabama Historical Commission and the Alabama Trust for Historic Preservation named it as one of their "Places in Peril" in 1996  In 2001 the City of Mobile and a private company invested more than $18 million to restore the local landmark with the developer taking advantage of the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentive program  Today the building houses private offices and the city's The Wave Transit System  The renovated facility was extensively damaged by flooding during Hurricane Katrina 

See also
Mobile station (Amtrak)
Passage 10:
Open Mobile Terminal Platform
The Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) was a forum created by mobile network operators to discuss standards with manufacturers of mobile phones and other mobile devices   During its lifetime, the OMTP included manufacturers such as Huawei, LG Electronics, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung and Sony Ericsson 

Membership
OMTP was originally set up by leading mobile operators   At the time it transitioned into the Wholesale Applications Community at the end of June 2010, there were nine full members: AT&T, Deutsche Telekom AG, KT, Orange, Smart Communications, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, Telenor and Vodafone  OMTP also had the support of two sponsors, Ericsson and Nokia 

Activities
OMTP recommendations have hugely helped to standardise mobile operator terminal requirements, and its work has gone towards helping to defragment and deoptionalise operators' recommendations  OMTP's focus was on gathering and driving mobile terminal requirements, and publishing their findings in their Recommendations  OMTP was technology neutral, with its recommendations intended for deployment across the range of technology platforms, operating systems (OS) and middleware layers 
OMTP is perhaps best known for its work in the field of mobile security, but its work encompassed the full range of mobile device capabilities  OMTP published recommendations in 2007 and early 2008 on areas such as Positioning Enablers, Advanced Device Management, IMS and Mobile VoIP  Later, the Advanced Trusted Environment: OMTP TR1 and its supporting document, 'Security Threats on Embedded Consumer Devices' were released, with the endorsement of the UK Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith OMTP also published requirements document addressing support for advanced SIM cards  This document defines also advanced profiles for Smart Card Web Server, High Speed Protocol, Mobile TV and Contactless OMTP has also made significant progress in getting support for the use of micro-USB as a standard connector for data and power  A full list of their recommendations can be found at GSMA com 

BONDI
In 2008, OMTP launched a new initiative called BONDI (named after the Australian beach); the initiative defined new interfaces (JavaScript APIs) and a security framework (based on XACML policy description) to enable the access to mobile phone functionalities (Application Invocation, Application Settings, Camera, Communications Log, Gallery, Location, Messaging, Persistent Data, Personal Information, Phone Status, User Interaction) from browser and widget engine in a secure way  The BONDI initiative also had an open source Reference Implementation at https://web archive org/web/20130509121758/https://web archive org/web/20130509121758/http://bondi omtp org//  An Approved Release 1 0 of BONDI was issued in June 2009 
An open source project for a comprehensive BONDI SDK was started at https://web archive org/web/20130528132818/http://bondisdk org/ 

Universal Charging System
In February 2009, OMTP expanded its Local Connectivity specification (based on micro-USB) to describe requirements for a common charger and common connector to enable sharing the same battery charger through different phones  The OMTP Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity was adopted by GSM Association in the Universal Charging System (UCS) initiative  This has been further endorsed by the CTIA and the ITU  In June, 2009 the European Commission reached an agreement with several major mobile phone providers on requirements for a common External Power Supply (EPS) to be compatible with new data-enabled phones sold in the European Union   The EPS shares most of the key attributes of the UCS charger 

Wholesale Applications Community
In June 2010, the OMTP transitioned itself into the new Wholesale Applications Community  All OMTP activities ceased at that time and were either taken over within the WAC organisation or other standards or industry associations  In turn, in July 2012 WAC itself was closed, with the OMTP standards being transferred to GSMA, and other assets and personnel transferring to Apigee 

See also
Mobile security
TRRS standards



ground_truth: The House Of The Seven Hawks