prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out first, Una Prostituta Al Servizio Del Pubblico E In Regola Con Le Leggi Dello Stato or The Bag Man?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Police Serve the Citizens?
La polizia è al servizio del cittadino? (internationally released as The Police Serve the Citizens?) is a 1973 Italian giallo-poliziottesco film directed by Romolo Guerrieri  The film is set in Genova 

Cast
Enrico Maria Salerno: Commissioner Nicola Sironi
Giuseppe Pambieri: Commissioner Marino
John Steiner: Lambro
Venantino Venantini: Mancinelli
Alessandro Momo: Michele Sironi
Memmo Carotenuto: Baron
Marie Sophie Persson: Cristina
Daniel Gélin: Ing  Pier Paolo Brera
Gabriella Giorgelli: Eros, Prostitute
Enzo Liberti: Greengrocer

Release
The film was released on August 25, 1973  It was distributed by P I C  in Italy  The film grossed a total of ₤1 033 billion in Italy 
Passage 2:
Bag-in-box
A bag-in-box or BiB is a container for the storage and transportation of liquids   It consists of a strong bladder (or plastic bag), usually made of several layers of metallised film or other plastics, seated inside a corrugated fiberboard box 

Features
The bag is supplied to the company which will fill it as an empty pre-made bag  The company filling the bag with its product generally removes the tap, fills the bag (with wine, juice or other liquid) and replaces the tap and then the bag is placed in the box  
The bags are available as singles for semi-automatic machines or as web bags, where the bags have perforations between each one  These are used on automated filling systems where the bag is separated on line either before the bag is automatically filled or after  Depending on the end use, there are a number of options that can be used on the bag instead of the tap  The bags can be filled from chilled product temperatures up to 85 °C (185 °F) 
BiB packaging can be made using form seal fill (FSF) technology, where the bags are manufactured on-line from reels of film, then the FlexTap is inserted then filled on an integral rotary head filler  The BiB is currently used to package wine, soda fountain syrup products, milk, liquid chemicals, and water 

History
The first commercial BiB system was invented by American chemist William R  Scholle in 1955 for the safe transportation and dispensing of battery acid  Scholle's invention inspired a "packaging revolution " In 1991, Scholle was inducted into the packaging hall of fame for his invention 

Uses
BiB has many common commercial applications  Among the most common ones are to supply syrup to soft drink fountains and to dispense bulk supplied condiments such as ketchup or mustard in the foodservice industry (especially in fast food outlets)  BiB technology is still used for its original application of dispensing sulfuric acid for filling lead-acid batteries in garages and dealerships  As explained further below, BiBs have also been implemented for consumer applications like boxed wine For commercial syrup applications, the customer opens one end of the box (sometimes via a pre-scored opening) and connects a compatible connector to a built-in port on the bag to pump out its contents  The port itself contains a one-way valve which opens only under pressure from the attached connector and which prevents contamination of the syrup in the bag  For consumer applications like boxed wine, there is a tap already present on the bag which protrudes through a pre-cut hole on the box, so all the consumer has to do is locate the tap on the outside of the box 
Producers like BiB packaging because it is inexpensive  BiB also offers environmental benefits by allowing contents of 1 5–1000 liters, so that less packaging or labeling is required  The material it is made from is lighter than the other plastic alternatives, providing it with a better carbon footprint 

Wine cask
The 'wine cask' was invented by Thomas Angove (1918–2010) of Angove's, a winemaker from Renmark, South Australia, and patented by the company on April 20, 1965  Polyethylene bladders of 1 gallon (4 5 litres) were put into corrugated boxes for sale to consumers  An original design required that the consumer cut the corner off the bladder inside the box, pour out the desired quantity of wine and then reseal it with a special peg In 1967, Charles Malpas and Penfolds Wines patented a plastic, air-tight tap welded into an aluminised film bladder, making storage much more convenient for consumers  All modern wine casks now utilise some sort of plastic tap, which is exposed by tearing away a perforated panel on the box 
The main advantage of BiB packaging is that it prevents oxidation of the wine during dispensing  Rather than working as a conventional tap, the bladder uses gravity pressure to squeeze the liquid out of the bladder, whereas a conventional barrel tap works by allowing incoming air to displace the contents  After opening wine in a bottle, it is oxidized by air in the bottle which has displaced the wine poured; wine in a bag is not touched by air and thus not subject to oxidation until it is dispensed  Cask wine is not subject to cork taint or spoilage due to slow consumption after opening Although a promising technology, there have been production and design problems  The impermeable bladders tend to delaminate around the tap and where the two halves are joined  If tap components are deposited in the bladder during assembly, all the bladders must be destroyed to find the components as the bladders are opaque  It has also been difficult to manufacture taps that do not leak air into the bladder since tap parts usually do not join neatly, although there have been significant improvements  Most red wines require breathing before consumption which is not possible with casks, so the wine has air circulated through it before bottling (usually by running through a centrifuge), which reduces shelf life considerably  Most casks will have a best-before date stamped  As a result, it is not intended for cellaring and should be consumed within the prescribed period 

Aseptic packaging
BiB is also used extensively in the packaging of processed fruit and dairy products in aseptic processes  Using aseptic packaging equipment, products can be packed in aseptic packaging  Pasteurized or UHT treated products packed into this format can be "shelf-stable", requiring no refrigeration  Some products can have a shelf life of up to 2 years, depending on the type of bag that is used 
The key to this unique system is that the product being filled is not exposed to the external environment at any stage during the process and as such, there is no possibility of a bacterial load being added to the product during the filling process  To ensure there is no contamination from the packaging, the bag is irradiated after the bag manufacturing process 
These packs are typically from 10 to 1200 liters and offer the advantage of cheap, disposable and transport efficient packaging 

See also
Corrugated box design
Tetra Brik

Notes
Passage 3:
Bagman (disambiguation)
A bagman or bag man is a collector of dirty money for organized crime 
Bagman may also refer to:

Bagman (video game), a 1982 French platform arcade game
Bagman, a biochip containing the personality of a fallen comrade in the 2000AD comic Rogue Trooper
Bagman (film), a 2010 film about Jack Abramoff
Sack Man or Bag Man, a bogeyman-figure
Ludo Bagman, a character in J  K  Rowling's Harry Potter series
The Bag Man, a 2014 film
Bag Man (podcast), a 2018 podcast about Spiro Agnew's 1973 bribery and corruption scandal
"Bagman" (Better Call Saul), an episode of the television series Better Call Saul

See also
Bağban (disambiguation)
Bag boy (disambiguation)
Bag lady (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Donne con le gonne
Women in Skirts (Italian: Donne con le gonne) is a 1991 Italian romantic comedy film directed by Francesco Nuti  It was the highest-grossing Italian film in Italy in 1992  The film was nominated for two awards, Best Supporting Actress and Best Costume Design 

Cast
Francesco Nuti as Renzo Calabrese
Carole Bouquet as Margherita
Barbara Enrichi as Renzo's mother
Cinzia Leone as Cinzia
Gastone Moschin as lawyer Carabba
Didi Perego as Pubblico Ministero
Daniele Dublino as count Ugolino
Passage 5:
Io piaccio
Io piaccio (also known as La via del successo    con le donne) is a 1955 Italian comedy film directed by Giorgio Bianchi 

Plot
Professor Maldi, a researcher on the company held by Commendatore Tassinetti (Aldo Fabrizi), experiments on various animals, and especially on the capon Gildo, its preparation which should give courage to the men  Pressed by Tassinetti Maldi decides to experiment on himself the latest version of its compound, without waiting to know the reaction of the capon 
Soon, the shy Maldi finds himself desired by every woman he meets: rather than courage, his discovery provides an irresistible fascination for twenty-four hours 

Cast
Walter Chiari: Prof  Roberto Maldi
Aldo Fabrizi: Commendatore Tassinetti
Peppino De Filippo: Nicolino Donati
Dorian Gray: Doriana Paris
Bianca Maria Fusari: Sandra, Maldi's assistant
Tina Pica: Sibilla
Mario Carotenuto: Marassino
Sandra Mondaini:Giovanna
Lina Volonghi: Lucia, Tassinetti's wife
Valeria Fabrizi: Wardrobe supervisor
Enrico Glori: Butler at Caprice nightclub
Riccardo Billi: Husband
Erminio Spalla: Doriana's confidence man
Bruno Corelli: Director
Dina Perbellini: Marassino's wife
Passage 6:
It's in the Bag
It's in the Bag can refer to:

It's in the Bag, a pricing game on The Price Is Right
It's in the Bag (game show), a long-running New Zealand game show
L'affaire est dans le sac (English: It's in the Bag), a 1932 French film
It's in the Bag (1936 film), a British film
It's in the Bag (1944 film), a British film
It's in the Bag! (1945 film), a 1945 American film starring Fred Allen
Passage 7:
The Bag Man
The Bag Man (also known as Motel or The Carrier) is a 2014 neo-noir crime thriller film directed by David Grovic  It is based on an original screenplay by James Russo and a rewrite by David Grovic and Paul Conway and an inspiration of The Cat: A Tale of Feminine Redemption by Marie-Louise von Franz  The film stars John Cusack, Rebecca Da Costa, Crispin Glover, Dominic Purcell, Robert De Niro, and Sticky Fingaz  The film premiered on February 28, 2014, in New York and Los Angeles 

Plot
Brutal gangster Dragna recruits professional killer Jack to pick up a bag and wait for his arrival at a motel   Dragna stresses that Jack is not to open the bag or allow anyone to view its contents under any circumstances   Confused as to why Dragna wants him to do such an apparently easy job, Jack presses for more details, but Dragna only reiterates the rules   When Jack acquires the bag and a henchman of Dragna's shoots him in the hand, Jack kills him and stuffs the body in his car's trunk   Dragna is unsympathetic when Jack calls him and instructs Jack to stick to the plan 
At the motel, Jack meets several people: Ned, the desk clerk who uses a wheelchair; Rivka, a tall hooker; and Lizard and Guano, a pair of pimps  Jack requests room number thirteen, and Ned cautions him that it is a deathtrap, as it is unconnected   When two suited men become curious about Jack, he abruptly breaks into their room and kills both  A subsequent search reveals FBI badges and a briefcase  Jack sets the briefcase aside and leaves to dump the corpse stored in his car, but promptly returns upon being spotted, only to discover that Rivka has broken into his room  Fearful that Lizard will kill her, she requests that he allow her to stay 
Jack initially demands that she leave, then detains her when he cannot be sure whether she opened the bag  Rivka points out that the briefcase contains a photo of the bag, and Jack becomes worried that others may attempt to acquire it  When Jack attempts to drive Rivka to a bus station, she spots the corpse in the back of his car  Lizard and Guano first question Jack about Rivka and later, on the road, attack him  On their corpses he finds another photo of the bag  Unsure what to do with Rivka, or of her involvement, he returns to the hotel with her to await Dragna's arrival 
Ned becomes suspicious that Jack has a guest in his room and calls the sheriff when Jack refuses to pay the double occupancy fee  Sheriff Larson briefly questions Jack, and, after Larson leaves, Jack threatens Ned  Increasingly worried about the safety of the bag, Jack buries it near the motel, only to be caught by Ned, who is now out of his wheelchair  Jack kills Ned and returns to the motel, where Larson arrests him under suspicion of Ned's disappearance 
As Larson prepares to torture Jack for information, Rivka shows up  Larson threatens to rape her, but she overpowers a deputy and frees Jack, who then kills Larson  When Rivka demonstrates detailed knowledge of the bag, Jack becomes suspicious of her again, but she points out that she has saved his life   Somewhat mollified, he retrieves the bag and waits in room fourteen  Dragna finally appears, disappointed in Jack's apparent lack of trust  Nonetheless satisfied that Jack has not looked in the bag, Dragna explains that the whole situation was a test of Jack's skills and character, as he doubted Jack's resolve in the wake of Jack's fiancee's unsolved murder some months earlier  The motel and the local cops are all on Dragna's payroll, and were all (unwittingly) part of the test 
As Dragna prepares to leave, Rivka spontaneously tells Jack that she looked in the bag  Frustrated, Jack points out that Dragna will now kill them both  Jack dutifully reports Rivka's action to Dragna, who orders her killed  Jack instead kills Dragna's bodyguard, who wounds Rivka  Jack hunts down Dragna, and both are wounded  Jack looks in the bag and discovers the head of his fiancee, whom Dragna had killed in order to prevent Jack from quitting the murder-for-hire business  Trying to persuade Jack to surrender, Dragna destroys the hotel (where Rivka supposedly is) with remote-detonated explosives  Moments later, Rivka appears and saves Jack by killing Dragna, but she is shot again  Later, in Dragna's lawyer's office, Rivka reveals herself as Dragna's mistress and personal assassin who was sent to the motel to ensure things went Dragna's way  She collects a five million dollar reward for Jack's assassination, and she and Jack drive off together 

Cast
John Cusack as Jack
Rebecca Da Costa as Rivka
Robert De Niro as Dragna
Crispin Glover as Ned Stensen
Dominic Purcell as Sheriff Larson
Sticky Fingaz as Lizard
Martin Klebba as Guano
Theodus Crane as Goose
David Shumbris as Pike
Mike Mayhall as Deputy Jones
Danny Cosmo as Bishop
David Grovic as Dragna's lawyer

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 10% of 42 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 3 4/10   Metacritic rated it 28/100 based on 18 reviews   Scott Foundas of Variety called it "a tedious, self-consciously quirky postmodern noir"   Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "If it weren't for the touches of cruelty, this might have been a passable B-movie, but Bag Man ends up wasting the A-list talent caught up in the lurid exercise "  Stephen Holden of The New York Times described the plot as "a protracted and increasingly tedious cat-and-mouse game" that "pathetically tries to build up expectations about what might be in the bag"   Mike D'Angelo of The A V  Club called it a Quentin Tarantino knock-off made two decades too late 
Passage 8:
Una prostituta al servizio del pubblico e in regola con le leggi dello stato
Una prostituta al servizio del pubblico e in regola con le leggi dello stato (literally "A prostitute serving the public and complying with the laws of the state", also known as Prostitution Italian Style) is a 1970  Italian comedy-drama film written and directed by Italo Zingarelli For her performance Giovanna Ralli won the Grolla d'oro for best actress 

Cast
Giovanna Ralli: Oslavia
Giancarlo Giannini: Walter
Jean-Marc Bory: François Coly
Denise Bataille
Paolo Bonacelli
Roberto Chevalier
Passage 9:
The Man with the Bag
"The Man with the Bag" may refer to:

The Sack Man, a mythical figure
"(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag", a Christmas song
"The Man with the Bag", an episode of Ally McBeal
Passage 10:
The Police Serve the Citizens?
La polizia è al servizio del cittadino? (internationally released as The Police Serve the Citizens?) is a 1973 Italian giallo-poliziottesco film directed by Romolo Guerrieri  The film is set in Genova 

Cast
Enrico Maria Salerno: Commissioner Nicola Sironi
Giuseppe Pambieri: Commissioner Marino
John Steiner: Lambro
Venantino Venantini: Mancinelli
Alessandro Momo: Michele Sironi
Memmo Carotenuto: Baron
Marie Sophie Persson: Cristina
Daniel Gélin: Ing  Pier Paolo Brera
Gabriella Giorgelli: Eros, Prostitute
Enzo Liberti: Greengrocer

Release
The film was released on August 25, 1973  It was distributed by P I C  in Italy  The film grossed a total of ₤1 033 billion in Italy 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Philip Pendleton Barbour
Philip Pendleton Barbour (May 25, 1783 – February 25, 1841) was the tenth speaker of the United States House of Representatives and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States  He is the only individual to serve in both positions  He was also a slave owner Born in Gordonsville, Virginia, Barbour established a legal career in Gordonsville after studying at the College of William & Mary  Several members of Barbour's family, including his brother, James Barbour, went on to hold prominent political office  Barbour won election to the House of Representatives in 1814 as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party  He served a single term as Speaker from 1821 to 1823 and declined to seek re-election to Congress in 1824  Barbour returned to Congress in 1827 as an ally of Andrew Jackson 
Barbour served in Congress until 1830, when he accepted appointment as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia  President Jackson appointed Barbour to the Supreme Court in 1835 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation in 1835 of Gabriel Duvall  Barbour served on the Court until his death in 1841  On the Court, Barbour generally supported Jacksonian principles and states' rights 

Early and family life
Barbour was born near Gordonsville, Orange County, Virginia, as the son of a planter, Thomas Barbour, who was a legislator, neighbor and early political sponsor of James Madison  He was named for his ancestor Philip Pendleton, through whom he was related to Edmund Pendleton, a politician and judge  The family was one of the First Families of Virginia, descended from a Scottish merchant who married a Miss Taliaferro and made his home in nearby Culpeper County, Virginia Like his brother James Barbour, Philip attended common and private schools before beginning formal legal studies under jurist St  George Tucker in Williamsburg, Virginia, but financial circumstances forced Tucker to end this arrangement in 1799 
He soon moved to Kentucky to make his fortune, where after a year reading law, he was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in Bardstown  After another year, friends persuaded him to return to Virginia and resume his studies at the College of William & Mary, so in 1802, he began practicing law near his family home in Gordonsville In 1804, Barbour married a local planter's daughter, Frances Johnson, with whom he had one son named Sextus Barbour 

Political and early judicial career
Barbour practiced law for eight years before he started his public life as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1812 to 1814   When U S  Representative John Dawson died, Barbour won the special election to fill the seat, and served as a Jeffersonian Republican in the U S  House of Representatives from September 19, 1814 to March 4, 1825, reaching the office of Speaker from 1821 to 1823  Barbour entered politics as the nation witnessed a political shift in which former state's rights activists such as current President James Madison, Henry Clay, and his brother James, now a U S  Senator, began supporting nationalistic policies  Throughout this shift in power, Philip Barbour remained a strong advocate of Jeffersonian "Old Republican" principles of states' rights and maintaining a strict construction of the Constitution 

First term in Congress
Barbour's reputation for constitutional conservatism grew with his opposition to the Bonus Bill of 1817  The Bill permitted the federal funding of internal
improvement projects such as building roads like that being constructed to connect Buffalo, New York to New Orleans, Louisiana, through Washington  Barbour viewed federally funded internal projects as outside the sphere of Congress' powers and therefore unconstitutional and undermining state sovereignty  Barbour viewed states as sovereign, political communities, independent of an overarching political dynasty and free to secede from the Union if the federal government infringed on the rights of the states, an argument that he employed when countering restrictions to Missouri's admission to the Union as a slave state  
Barbour also defended Missouri's ban on free Black Americans entering the state  To those who argued that this ban was a violation of Article IV of the Constitution, he replied that banning free Black Americans was no different than banning destitute white men who would become a burden on the state  He argued that the term "citizen" did not apply to Black Americans, whether free or not His opposition to national restrictions on slave states served to foment his passion for states' rights but also develop his pro-slavery argument in politics  As a Congressman, Barbour was the first prominent politician to openly contest the constitutionality of protective tariffs 

Cohens v  Virginia
In Cohens v  Virginia (1821), Congressman Barbour represented the Commonwealth of Virginia to argue the issue of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to hear the case, in which two men from Baltimore were convicted for selling D C  lottery tickets in Virginia  Barbour unsuccessfully argued that the Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction, since the law banning the sale of foreign lottery tickets was not meant to affect Virginia, rendering this a purely local issue  He also maintained that the suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment, which prohibits suit against a state without its consent  However, Chief Justice Marshall held that the Court had jurisdiction based on the Supremacy Clause, Art  VI, cl  2  This case strengthened Barbour's reputation as an Old Republican leader in a political system in which Virginian influence was waning and power was shifting between parties with the election of Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States 

Jacksonian Democratic-Republican Party
Andrew Jackson's election in 1828 led to the bifurcation of the Old Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democratic Republicans and the opposing National Republicans  Jackson formed the Democratic party on the foundation of Old Republican principles, such as Jefferson's displeasure with Hamilton's National Bank  During his two terms, President Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, and advocated for individual liberty, states' rights, and slavery 

State judge and second term in Congress
Barbour declined to run for re-election in 1824 and turned down an offer from Thomas Jefferson to become the professor of law in the University of Virginia in 1825  Instead, he accepted election by Virginia legislature as a judge of the General Court of Virginia succeeding the late Hugh Holmes  Barbour served for two years as a state judge 
In 1827, Barbour returned to his seat in the House of Representatives as a Jacksonian  For the first two years of his second stint in the House, he was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee 
In 1829, Barbour became one of the first Jeffersonian Old Republicans to join the Jacksonian Democrats in opposition to the National Bank  He fought to expose the Second Bank of the United States as a private enterprise, endowed with federal funds while only masquerading as a government institution  Although his anti-Bank campaign did not take hold, Barbour's advocacy for state sovereignty, the removal of the National Bank, and the legalization of slavery in territories such as Missouri earned him favor with President Andrew Jackson 
Also in 1829, while continuing to serve as a U S  Representative, Barbour became a delegate for the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830, and the Convention elected him their second president, after the Convention's first president, James Monroe, had to withdraw due to failing health on December 8  As such, Barbour (with distinguished Virginians such as Monroe, James Madison, and John Marshall) helped restrict discussion of slavery's role in the Commonwealth, and limited the rancorous assembly's debates to issues of representation and suffrage (Virginia had been one of the last states to allow only landowners to vote, and slaveholders had disproportionate power)  The resulting constitution was adopted in 1830, despite the votes against it from the state's northern and western areas (much of which ultimately split off to become West Virginia during the American Civil War decades after Barbour's death) 

Federal district judge and the 1832 campaign season
Barbour also turned down offers of a chancellorship and the post of U S  Attorney General before finally resigning his congressional seat October 15, 1830 to accept President Jackson's appointment to become judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia  Jackson appointed Barbour by recess appointment on October 8, 1830, to a seat on that court vacated by George Hay  Barbour was formally nominated on December 14, 1830, and two days later he was confirmed by the Senate, and received his commission, serving thereafter until March 17, 1836 In 1832, Democrats unhappy with the selection of Martin Van Buren as their party's vice-presidential nominee held a convention in Virginia, at which they nominated Jackson for president and Barbour for vice president  Barbour eventually withdrew his candidacy and endorsed the Jackson-Van Buren ticket, but the alternative Democratic ticket still appeared on the ballot in several Southern states 
Barbour also refused nominations for judge of the court of appeals, for Governor, and for United States Senator 
Although it was unknown whether Barbour could gain favor with voters outside Virginia, Barbour's campaigning on the Democratic ticket illuminated the similarities in parties and gained favor for the Democratic party   Voters reasoned that, if a man like Barbour, loyal to his party even when his fellow Virginians chose different principles, could switch to the Democratic party, then the Democrats must hold the same values  By joining the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Barbour entrenched Old Republican principles into a new political dynasty, therefore continuing the legacy of Jefferson and further validating the strength of Democratic principles  This was similar to Lincoln's argument that secession should not occur due to the state of perpetual Union that had existed since the first draft of the Constitution before the term "Union" was first used to describe the North during the Civil War  Therefore, Barbour's resignation allowed the second party system to coalesce by unifying the Democratic Party on the ideologies of war in the American system through the national reform retrenchment and economy, and a restoration of republican constitutionalism 

United States Supreme Court
Appointment
In 1835, Chief Justice Marshall's death and Justice Gabriel Duvall's resignation created two vacancies on the Supreme Court  President Jackson, at the end of his second Presidential term, nominated Judge Barbour to fill Duvall's vacancy  Nationalists feared Jackson's appointment of Barbour because Barbour's anti-administration Congressional legacy and Democratic beliefs suggested that he would attempt to undermine the federal supremacy achieved during the Marshall Court  This fear made the finalization of the decision an arduous process with two attempts at delaying the Senate's decision  On March 15, 1836, the Senate approved the appointment of Barbour by a vote of 30-11 

Tenure
Barbour served on the Supreme Court for five years  He heard 155 cases, for which he authored one major opinion and two dissents  His passion for states' rights, strict constructionism, and limits on federal power helped shape the legacy of the Taney Court 
During Barbour's first term (1837), he heard three cases that mitigated Marshall's accomplishment of judicial nationalism, Briscoe v  Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Charles River Bridge v  Warren Bridge, and New York v  Miln  Justice Barbour authored the majority opinion in New York v  Miln  In 1824, the state of New York passed a law that required all ship masters to provide a report delineating personal information of passengers in order to prevent smuggling and immigration of the impoverished for whom the state could not provide  Ship master Miln refused to comply with the law and was therefore jailed and fined  The case went to the Court on the issue of whether the statute violated the Commerce Clause, U S  Const , Art  1, § 8  Barbour held that the New York statute did not violate the Commerce Clause, because it was an exercise of the power granted to the state to "regulate their internal police and to take care that no detriment comes to the commonwealth " People were "not the subject of commerce, and not being imported goods, cannot fall within a train of reasoning founded upon the construction of a power given to Congress to regulate commerce and the prohibition to the states from imposing a duty on imported goods "  Justice Barbour argued that the statue was valid as an act of police power to protect the health and welfare of the community  Because it is within the powers of the state to have jurisdiction over its people and things within its territorial boundaries, then "the authority of a state is complete, unqualified, and exclusive "Justice Barbour's holding in Miln was supported by Taney's opinion in Charles River Bridge that the people have rights and it is the duty of both the state and the nation to preserve those rights in order to ensure the happiness and welfare of every citizen  Miln helped Barbour develop a states' rights constitutional vision for the Supreme Court, by narrowing the scope of federal commerce power while expanding state policing power  For both Briscoe v  Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and Charles River Bridge v  Warren Bridge, Barbour voted with the majority, simultaneously gaining more power for states and weakening Marshall Court nationalism 
While Barbour did not spend enough time on the court to amass a large body of judicial opinions, he authored dissents in Kendall v  United States ex rel  Stokes (1838) and Holmes v  Jennison (1840)  These two dissents sought to diminish federal authority by supporting Jacksonian political aspirations and opposing restrictions to state sovereignty  Kendall dealt with judicial supervision of executive acts  In 1835, President Jackson appointed Amos Kendall the Postmaster General for the United States  A firm, Stockton and Stokes, had had a contract with the previous Postmaster General, and demanded payment of outstanding debts thereunder, which Kendall declined, in favor of the debt-ridden U S  Postal Service's other creditors 
The Court viewed Kendall as a proceeding against an Executive Branch official who acted within the scope of his powers  The Court dealt with the issues of whether it had jurisdiction to hear the case under Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and whether it had the power to issue a writ of mandamus under Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to an official of the Executive Branch  The majority held that the Supreme Court could issue a writ of mandamus to "compel the Postmaster General to perform any ministerial duty devolved on him by law " This issue and holding is similar to that in Marbury v  Madison (1803), which also involved writs of mandamus to an executive officer and held that the Supremacy Clause in Article VI and the notion of popular sovereignty granted the Court jurisdiction over state court cases and the power of judicial review to make legitimate and final rulings on constitutional questions 
Justices Taney and Catron concurred with Barbour's opinion that it was never within the scope of judicial power to control executive actions  Although Barbour believed that "Congress has the constitutional power to give to the federal judiciary …authority to issue the writ of mandamus," Barbour did not believe that the lower court had the "power to issue the writ in question"  Even though the Postmaster General was subject to direction and control of the President with respect of the duties imposed by law, when the law is 'ministerial,' Congress can limit and regulate the executive officials  Because Congress created the executive office, then Congress could monitor executive decisions, but the President is not controlled by the federal courts  While the majority opinion served to further define separation of powers by holding acts of the executive branch as subject to the rulings of the Supreme Court, Barbour's dissenting opinion sought to discourage judicial supervision of executive acts by applying President Jackson's departmental theory, the notion that the executive branch has the right to interpret the Constitution for itself  Barbour's opinion in Kendall demonstrated his loyalty to President Jackson's political agenda 
Barbour made his most powerful argument in favor of states' rights in Holmes v  Jennison (1840), which focused on the extradition of a fugitive from Vermont to Canada  In 1838, George Holmes, a resident of Quebec, was convicted of murdering Louis Paschal Achille Tache in Canada  Holmes escaped to the United States where he was detained under issue of warrant in Vermont  Silas H  Jennison, the governor of Vermont, issued the warrant stating that Holmes, being a citizen of the lower province of Canada, would be arrested and returned to suffer prosecution according to the Canadian justice system, even though the United States had no extradition treaty with Canada  Because the Vermont Supreme Court refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus, Holmes petitioned to the Supreme Court on grounds that he was unlawfully imprisoned and deprived of his personal liberties 
The case became a contentious debate further polarizing the Court between nationalists and states' rights Justices  Holmes focused on whether the Court had the authority to review the case based on Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and whether the governor's warrant violated the Extradition Clause of Article IV, section 2 of the Constitution, which gave the federal government power to surrender a fugitive to a foreign government  Chief Justice Taney believed that the case fell within the Court's jurisdiction and that the federal government had the exclusive power to engage in foreign relations and so believed that the governor had violated the Extradition Clause 
However, as the Court divided 4-4 over the issue of jurisdiction, the Court dismissed the petition   The Vermont Supreme Court subsequently ordered Holmes released in light of the fact that five of the eight Justices expressed the opinion that the governor had violated the Extradition Clause, an expression of the principle that the Constitution gives state officers no power to take independent actions concerned with foreign governments  Barbour was one of the four Justices who disagreed with the Chief Justice  Barbour believed that, because "there is no treaty on the subject of surrendering fugitives," between Vermont and Canada, then the returning of fugitives to Canada did not violate a power granted to the federal government by the Constitution, and therefore the "authority, exercised by the Governor of Vermont, is not repugnant to the power of making treaties in its dormant state, because, in the language of the Chief Justice before cited, it is not the mere existence of the power but its exercise which is incompatible with the exercise of the same power by the states " Barbour opined that, because the Constitution did not explicitly define the affairs of states with foreign countries, Governor Jennison was completely within his rights to order the extradition 
Barbour's opinion in Holmes accorded with his opinion in New York v  Miln that the state has the duty to maintain the welfare of its people  Holmes v  Jennison provides an example of Barbour's strict reading of the Constitution, which allowed him to read a more pronounced states' rights view into the text 

Death and legacy
Barbour died of a coronary thrombosis on February 25, 1841, while asleep in his bed, and partway through the arguments of John Quincy Adams, who sought freedom for African captives in the Amistad Case  Justice Story (although opposing slavery and personally more nationalist than Barbour) eulogized Barbour as earning the respect of his colleagues by his commitment to personal values, persistence in fighting for his beliefs, and legal acumen Barbour owned fifty-four slaves at the time of the 1840 census An Episcopalian throughout his life, Philip Pendleton Barbour was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D C  Barbour's long-time friend and fellow Virginian, Peter V  Daniel, succeeded him on the U S  Supreme Court, and continued Barbour's legacy of maintaining Jacksonian principles, states' rights, and strict constructionist reading of the Constitution Locations named after him include Barbour County, West Virginia, Philippi, West Virginia and its Philip Barbour High School 
Barbour's tenure on the Court demonstrated his loyalty to President Jackson's national vision while applying a narrowed reading of state's rights into the Constitution  Barbour's decisions in major Court cases created an enduring Jacksonian legacy on the Taney Court  Barbour's furtherance of Jacksonian principles of departmental theory in his Kendall dissent, his states' rights advocacy in his majority opinion in New York v  Miln, and textualist reading of the Constitution in order to distinguish state from Congressional power in his dissent in Holmes, all served in this regard 
Barbour's opinions began to unravel the work of Marshall's Court, and set a precedent for future cases as the country became more polarized  Barbour's arguments for the authority of the President to interpret the Constitution in Kendall, and those in defense of the states' police power in Cohens v  Virginia, allowed Chief Justice Taney to rule that slaves were not citizens in Dred Scott v  Sanford (1857)  Ironically, they were also used by President Abraham Lincoln to issue a suspension of habeas corpus in 1861 

See also
Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Passage 2:
Obata Toramori
Obata Toramori (小畠虎盛, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period  He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" 
He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters  
He was the father of Obata Masamori 

See also
Isao Obata
Passage 3:
Arthur Beauchamp
Arthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand  He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield 

Biography
Beauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861 He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington)  Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds  He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884  He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton  Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned   He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian  He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a "fixer" for  Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct  Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro  At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session 

See also
Yska, Redmer (2017)  A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903  Dunedin: Otago University Press  pp  91–99  ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4 
Passage 4:
James Barbour (singer)
James Barbour (born April 25, 1966) is an American singer and theatre actor who played the title role in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera from February 2015 until December 2017  Among his other credits are the Beast in Beauty and the Beast and Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities, for which he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award 
In 2008, Barbour pleaded guilty to two counts of endangering the welfare of a child, and he admitted to engaging in sexual activities with a 15-year-old on more than one occasion 

Early life and education
Barbour was born April 25, 1966, in Cherry Hill, New Jersey  He graduated from Hofstra University, where he majored in English and Theatre with a minor in Philosophy and Physics 

Career
Barbour made his Broadway debut in 1993, in the production of Cyrano: The Musical  He also played Billy Bigelow in Carousel in 1994 and the Beast in Beauty and the Beast in 1998  He was nominated for a Drama League Award in the Outstanding Actor In A Musical category for his role as Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre  He played Leon Czolgosz in Assassins  He also appeared in the Broadway production of Urinetown, and in the national tours of The Secret Garden and Camelot  He also co-founded Laughing Dog Entertainment with the theatre director Steve Binder He played Lancelot in the 2005 Hollywood Bowl production of Camelot  In late 2007, he performed the role of Sydney Carton in a pre-Broadway musical adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities at the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida  In 2008, Barbour reprised his role in the Broadway production of A Tale of Two Cities, which closed after 60 performances  In the New York Times, critic Ben Brantley wrote that he disliked both the production and Barbour's performance in it  Barbour was nominated for the Drama League, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards in the Best Actor in a Musical category for his role in A Tale of Two Cities In 2011, it was announced that he would play the supporting role of Jack Favel in the Broadway musical adaptation of Rebecca  The production was plagued with legal and financial problems, and the production has been indefinitely postponed after multiple delays  Barbour then played the title role in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera for nearly three years, from February 2015 until December 2017 He launched a holiday concert series at New York's Sardi's Restaurant in 2008  Each performance featured a guest performer, including Brandi Burkhardt, Natalie Toro, Deborah Gibson, Marla Schaffel, Marc Kudisch, and Kevin Earley  He repeated the holidays concerts in 2009 in both New York and Los Angeles  In 2010, he expanded these concerts to six cities  He followed this with a second Sardi's concert series, "Love Songs", featuring numerous Broadway classics  The annual holiday concert series has since moved to Birdland, a Manhattan jazz club In March 2017, Barbour's likeness was immortalized in a caricature portrait on the wall at Sardi's  The same year, he finished writing The Ghosts of the Majestic, a solo show about John Raitt, Robert Goulet, and Ezio Pinza, three notable actors that performed at the Majestic Theatre 

Personal life
Barbour is married to fellow performer Dana Stackpole, with whom he has two daughters He has been an Artist Committee Board member of The Actors Fund of America for since 2000 during which time he has performed many charitable fundraisers in support of the Fund and Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS  In 2014, he gave a fundraising performance for Scientology  He has given benefit concerts for his alma mater, Hofstra University 

Arrest
In April 2006, Barbour was arrested and charged with five counts of sexual abuse and sodomy, after a woman accused him of committing statutory rape against her in 2001, when she was 15 years old  In December 2006 he was indicted by a grand jury in New York for said crime In January 2008, Barbour pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of endangering the welfare of a minor in exchange for a lesser sentence in jail and three years' probation  Also, in accordance with his plea bargain, Barbour made a public allocution to these misdemeanors  He served his sentence at Rikers Island, which lasted for 36 days beginning on February 29, 2008 

Broadway appearances
Cyrano: The Musical (1993)
Carousel (1994)
Beauty and the Beast (1998–1999)
Jane Eyre (2000)
Urinetown (2001)
Assassins (2004 & 2012)
A Tale of Two Cities (2008)
The Phantom of the Opera (2015-2017)

Filmography
Beauty and the Beast: A Concert on Ice (1996) (TV)
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996) (TV)
Cyrano: The Musical (1997) (TV)
Just Shoot Me! (1997) (TV)
Houdini (1998)
Sex and the City (1999) (TV)
Twinkle Toes (1999)
The District (2000) (TV)
That's Life (2001) (TV)
Eight Crazy Nights (2002)
Ed (2003) (TV)
Alchemy (2005)

Discography
Bring Me Giants (2010)
A Gift of Christmas (2009)
A Tale of Two Cities, The Musical: International Studio Cast Recording (2008)
Broadway in Concert (with Hershey Felder) (2007)
Dracula: The Musical Concept Recording
Jane Eyre – Original Cast Recording
Assassins – Broadway Cast Recording
Love Songs
The Gift

Awards
2001 Drama League Award – Edward Rochester, Jane Eyre ~ The Musical (WIN)
2006/7 LA Weekly Garland Award – Back From Broadway (WIN)
2007 Sarasota Magazine Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (WIN – Tie)
2008-2009 BroadwayWorld Fan Choice Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Finalist /Runner-Up )
2009 Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Nomination)
2009 Drama Desk Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Nomination)
Passage 5:
Ross Barbour (footballer)
Ross Barbour (born 1 February 1993) is a Scottish semi-professional footballer who plays for Darvel in the West of Scotland League Premier Division 

Playing career
Kilmarnock
A member of Kilmarnock's under 19 squad, Barbour was promoted to the first team on 17 December 2011, where he was an unused substitute in their match against Dundee United  He went on to make his debut aged 19, on 7 April 2012 as a second-half substitute in a 6–0 defeat to champions Celtic  On 22 May 2014, Barbour signed a new two-year contract with the club 

Kirkintilloch Rob Roy
On 25 March 2016, Barbour signed for Junior club Kirkintilloch Rob Roy on a short-term contract after he was released by Kilmarnock 

Stranraer
Barbour signed for Stranraer in July 2016  After only one month at Stranraer, Barbour left the club, citing differences with Manager Brian Reid 

Troon
Barbour signed for Troon on 24 August 2016  after leaving Stranraer 

Linlithgow Rose
Upon the expiry of his contract at Troon, Barbour joined East of Scotland side Linlithgow Rose in July 2018, where he revelled in a previously unfamiliar midfield role  After the departure of Manager Mark Bradley, Barbour requested a move back to his native West Coast 

Troon return
On 24 October 2019  Barbour re-signed for Troon 

Career statistics
As of 30 August 2016
Passage 6:
Antwain Barbour
Antwain La'Mar Barbour (born June 27, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Hoops Club of the Lebanese Basketball League 
Kentucky High School Sweet 16 State Champion 2000 (Elizabethtown) 
MVP Kentucky High School State Tournament 2000 

Career
After playing for Kentucky Wildcats at NCAA, Barbour joined Kentucky Colonels of ABA league in 2004 
Next season he played in the Continental Basketball Association with Yakima Sun Kings and on 2006 he arrives to Spain for finishing the 2005–06 LEB season with UB La Palma



ground_truth: Una Prostituta Al Servizio Del Pubblico E In Regola Con Le Leggi Dello Stato

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of Sextus Barbour's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He only played four games, but it was sufficient for signing for Tenerife Rural 
On the team of the island of Tenerife, Barbour played during two seasons and a half becoming one of the most spectacular players of the LEB League  He has got the scoring record at this league, with 50 points against CB Lucentum Alicante After two seasons reaching the promotion playoffs to Liga ACB and a half of another one, he leaves Tenerife for signing for Erdemir SK of the Turkish Basketball League  In this first season in Turkey, he becomes runner-up of the Turkish Cup Basketball and finishes the 2008–09 season saving the spot in the TBL  When he arrived, the team was in the 15th position On 2009, he returns to Spain to play at Lagun Aro GBC, team of the Liga ACB, the top Spanish basketball league  One year later, Barbour comes back to Zonguldak for playing again at Erdemir SK 
For the 2011–12 season, Antwain Barbour signed with KK Cibona On July 3, 2013, Barbour signed with Mersin BB  After a stint in Poland he came back with Mersin BB on December 10, 2014 
Passage 7:
Cleomenes II
Cleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC  He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him  Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC  Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus 

Life and reign
Cleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r  380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids)  Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371  His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370  Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC  In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r  524–490) 

Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes  He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity"  Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322)  However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r  400–c 360), Archidamus III (r  360–338), and Agis III (r  338–331)  As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes  Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315 Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336  In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373  Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:
Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting "
As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority  Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely 
Passage 8:
Roy Barbour
Roy Hilton Barbour (born 2 June 1935) is a Rhodesian former field hockey player  He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics 
Passage 9:
Sextus Barbour
Dr  Sextus Barbour (July 26, 1813 – December 20, 1848) was a prominent American physician and planter  As the son of Philip P  Barbour (May 25, 1783 – February 25, 1841), U S  Congressman from Virginia and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Barbour was a scion of the Barbour political family 

Early life and education
Barbour was born on July 26, 1813, in Orange County, Virginia  He was the sixth child of Philip P  Barbour and his wife Frances Todd Johnson Barbour was a matriculant at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1834 

Writings
Sometime between 1839 and '43, Barbour wrote "Directions for Writing" which is widely cited in literature on writing and grammar:In notes in the third person, the address, and date, are to be placed, on the right side just below the last line  Both letters, and notes, are to be addressed, to the persons for whom they are intended, on the left side, of the lower part of the paper  The place of abode of the person to whom sent, to be first  This is the case when they are in the third person  The letter, or note should never be carried so, near the bottom, as not to have room for the usual conclusion, and signature or to crunch it  Postscripts should if possible be avoided, and, on no account should civilities be postponed to this part  All letters should be enveloped but such as are sent by the post  Nothing should be written when [?] the inside of the envelope; not must any address, be put on the enclosed letter  A half sheet to be used for the envelope 
A hiring agreement in 1846 between Barbour and his eldest brother Edmund Pendleton Barbour serves as a historically significant source for the safety of, hiring of, and caring for slaves  The agreement did not list a price for a slave's services but included the standard food and clothing clause along with an additional clause stating that "the boy Edwin not be allowed to cross the Libertyville millpond or the watercourse when it is high "

Death
Both Barbour and his brother Thomas Barbour, also a physician, died of cholera during the 1848-49 St  Louis cholera epidemic  The epidemic killed 4,500 people, one-tenth of the population of St  Louis  Barbour died on December 20, 1848, and his brother Thomas died the following year in June 1849 
Passage 10:
John Templeton (botanist)
John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the "Father of Irish Botany"  He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies 

Family
Templeton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner  The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class  Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude "drudgery and fear" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning  Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill  Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged  The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813 
The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history 

United Irishman
Like many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament  But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish "test" or pledge  In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago 
She hoped his sisters would "soon follow him " Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish "Cranmore" (crann mór, 'big tree') 
Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence  He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr  James MacDonnell  MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend  (While unable to "forget the amiable Russell", time, he conceded,  "softened a little my feelings": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands) 

Garden
The garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: "Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today " "Box from Mr  Taylor" Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden 

Botanist
John Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens  Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary  An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there  This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists  He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast) [1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton  The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued  Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48  Others were in The Queen's University Belfast  All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334 
Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society 

Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants  His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr  John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs  Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal  I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force  The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledge

Botanical Manuscripts
The MSS  left by Templeton consist of seven volumes  One of these is a small 8vo  half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp  of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities  In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F  M  More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr  Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast  It was lent by his son, Dr  R  Templeton, to my brother, Alex  G  More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards " The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species  They are now lent to the Belfast Museum  About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them 

Vol  1 —Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text 
Vol  Il —Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured 
Vol IIl —Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures  At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced 
Vol  IV Fungi, 112 folios 
Vol  V —Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text  *Vol  VI —Mosses and Hepatics  117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good  Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast  The earliest published reference to his MSS  is in the "* Flora of Ulster," by Dickie, published in 1864, where there is this indefinite allusion—‘* To the friends of the late Mr  Templeton I am indebted for permission to take notes of species recorded in his manuscript " The MS  was most likely the small volume now in the Royal Irish Academy Library  In the introduction to the "*‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland"’ (1888), there is a brief biographical sketch of Templeton, but no mention of any MS  However, in a ‘‘ Supplement" to the Flora (1894), there is this note— ‘* Templeton, John, four volumes of his ‘ Flora Hibernica’ at present deposited with the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, contain much original matter, which could not be worked out in time for the present paper " This fixes the approximate date of the MSS  being loaned to the Belfast Museum  They were not known to the authors of the ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica’"’ in 1866, while in the second edition (1898) the small volume of the MSS  in R 1 A  Library is described in the Index of Authors under its full title—Catalogue of the Native Plants of Ireland, by John Templeton, A L S 

Notable plant finds
Antrim:Northern beech fern Glenaan River, Cushendall 1809: intermediate wintergreen Sixmilewater 1794: heath pearlwort :Muck Island Islandmagee  1804: dwarf willow Slievenanee Mountain 1809: thin-leaf brookweed beside River Lagan in its tidal reaches – gone now 1797: Dovedale moss Cave Hill 1797: Arctic root Slemish Mountain pre 1825: Cornish moneywort  formerly cultivated at Cranmore, Malone Road, Belfast1 pre-1825 J  persisted to 1947: rock whitebeam  basalt cliffs of the Little Deerpark, Glenarm 15 July 1808: yellow meadow rue Portmore Lough 1800:  Moschatel Mountcollyer Deerpark 2 May 1820 , Bearberry  Fair Head pre 1825, Sea Bindweed Bushfoot dunes pre 1825,  Flixweed , 'Among the ruins of Carrickfergus I found Sisymbrium Sophia in plenty' 2 Sept  1812 – Journal of J  Templeton J4187, Needle Spike-rush Broadwater pre 1825, Dwarf Spurge Lambeg gravel pit 1804, Large-flowered Hemp-nettle, Glenarm  pre 1825
Down:
Field Gentian Slieve Donard 1796: Lesser Twayblade Newtonards Park pre 1825:  Rough poppy 15 July 1797: Six-stamened Waterwort Castlewellan Lake 1808: Great Sundew going to the mountains from Kilkeel 19 August 1808: Hairy Rock-cress Dundrum Castle 1797: Intermediate Wintergree Moneygreer Bog 1797 Cowslip Holywood Warren pre 1825 long gone since: Water-violet Crossgar 7th July 1810 Scots Lovage Bangor Bay 1809, Mountain Everlasting  Newtownards 1793, Frogbit boghole near Portaferry, Parsley fern, Slieve Binnian, Mourne Mountains  19 August 1808, Bog-rosemary Wolf Island Bog 1794,  Marsh Pea Lough Neagh
Fermanagh: Marsh Helleborine

Natural History of Ireland
John Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham  He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808  John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially "Zoophytes") and insects, notably garden pest species  He planned a 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'  This was not published, even in part, but A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq  of Cranmore with localities, descriptions, and illustrations Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472[2], 1836   Catalogue of Irish Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arachnoida, selected from the papers of the late John Templeton Esq  Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 9–14 [3] and 1837 Irish Vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late  John Templeton Esq Mag  Nat  Hist   1: (n  s ): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton)  Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'The Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation 

Dublin
Templeton was a regular visitor to the elegant Georgian city of Dublin (by 1816 the journey was completed in one day in a wellington coach with 4 passengers) and he was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society By his death in 1825 the Society had established a Botanic at Glasnevin "with the following sections:
1 The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, - Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit; and forest-tree plants 
2  Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu  3  Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus  4  Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany  5  Medicinal plants  6  Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle  7  Plants used in rural economy  8  Plants used in dyeing  9  Rock plants  10  Aquatic and marsh plants  - For which an artificial marsh has been formed  11  Cryptogamics  12  Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics" 
Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library 
"Second Room  Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes  1  Mammalia  2  Aves  3  Amphibia  4  Pisces  5  Insectae  6  Vermes  Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species" and the Leske collection 
The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; "amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, "Gramitia Austriaca" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host" Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the 
Kirwanian Society  founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden  Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons 

Death and legacy
Never of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, "leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death"  The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him 
In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution  With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum) 
Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much  Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as "the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced" Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods  Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and Topographical

Contacts
Thomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary 
George Shaw
James Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora Britannica
James Lee
Samuel Goodenough
Aylmer Bourke Lambert
James Sowerby
William Curtis
Joseph Banks
Robert Brown 
Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)
Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804) 
John Walker
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel
Jonathan Stokes
Walter Wade

Other
John Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets  His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses  He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon  His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811 

Gallery
|

See also
Late Enlightenment
James Townsend Mackay



ground_truth: Gordonsville, Virginia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Enheduanna's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Valley of Death
Valley of Death may refer to:

Places
Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern Poland
Valley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of Balaclava
Valley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum Run
Valley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)
The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in Russia
The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in Indonesia
Valley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, Brazil

Other uses
The Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio play
The Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film
"Valley of Death", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversy
A literary element of "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
A reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venture capital
"The Valley of Death", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All Wars

See also
All pages with titles containing Valley of Death
Death Valley (disambiguation)
Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)
Passage 2:
Enheduanna
Enheduanna (Sumerian: 𒂗𒃶𒌌𒀭𒈾, also transliterated as Enheduana, En-hedu-ana, or variants) was the entu (high) priestess of the moon god Nanna (Sīn) in the Sumerian city-state of Ur in the reign of her father, Sargon of Akkad (r  c  2334 – c  2279)  She was likely appointed by her father as the leader of the religious cult at Ur to cement ties between the Akkadian religion of her father and the native Sumerian religion 
Enheduanna has been celebrated as the earliest known named author in world history, as a number of works in Sumerian literature, such as the Exaltation of Inanna feature her as the first person narrator, and other works, such as the Sumerian Temple Hymns may identify her as their author  However, there is considerable debate among modern Assyriologists based on linguistic and archaeological grounds as to whether or not she actually wrote or composed any of the rediscovered works that have been attributed to her  Additionally, the only manuscripts of the works attributed to her were written by scribes in the First Babylonian Empire six centuries after she lived, written in a more recent dialect of the Sumerian language than she would have spoken  These scribes may have attributed these works to her as part of the legendary narratives of the dynasty of Sargon of Akkad in later Babylonian traditions 
The cultural memory of Enheduanna and the works attributed to her were lost some time after the end of the First Babylonian Empire  Enheduanna's existence was first rediscovered by modern archaeology in 1927, when Sir Leonard Wooley excavated the Giparu in the ancient city of Ur and found an alabaster disk with her name, association with Sargon of Akkad, and occupation inscribed on the reverse  References to her name were then later discovered in excavated works of Sumerian literature, which initiated investigation into her potential authorship of those works  Enheduanna's archaeological rediscovery has attracted a considerable amount of attention and scholarly debate in modern times related to her potential attribution as the first known named author  She has also received considerable attention in feminism, and the works attributed to her have also been studied as an early progenitor of classical rhetoric  English translations of her works have inspired a number of literary adaptations and representations 

Background
Enheduanna's father was Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Akkadian Empire  In a surviving inscription Sargon styles himself "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil"  The inscription celebrates the conquest of Uruk and the defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar to the gate of Enlil": "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land, governor of Enlil: he defeated the city of Uruk and tore down its walls, in the battle of Uruk he won, took Lugalzagesi king of Uruk in the course of the battle, and led him in a collar to the gate of Enlil"  Sargon then conquered Ur and "laid waste" the territory from Lagash to the sea, ultimately conquering at least 34 cities in total 

Irene J  Winter states that Sargon, having conquered Ur, likely sought to "consolidate the Akkadian dynasty's links with the traditional Sumerian past in the important cult and political center of Ur" by appointing Enheduanna to an important position in the native Sumerian moon god cult  Winter states that is likely that the position she was appointed to already existed beforehand, and that her appointment to this role, and the attribution to Nanna would have helped her forge a syncreticism between the Sumerian religion and the Semitic religion  After Enheduanna, the role of high priestess continued to be held by members of the royal family  Joan Goodnick Westenholz suggests that the role of high priestess appears to have held a similar level of honor to that of a king; as the high priestess of Nanna, Enheduanna would have served as the embodiment of Ningal, spouse of Nanna, which would have given her actions divine authority  However, although the Giparu in Ur where the en priestess of Nanna worshipped has been extensively studied by archaeologists, we have no definitive information about what their duties were 

Rebellion of Lugal-Ane
Toward the end of the reign of Sargon's grandson Narām-Sîn, numerous former city-states rebelled against the Akkadian central power  From hints in the song Nin me šara ("the Exaltation of Inana"), the events can be reconstructed from the point of view of Enheduanna: A certain Lugal-Ane came to power in the city of Ur, who as the new ruler invoked the legitimacy of the city god Nanna  Lugal-Ane is probably identical with a Lugal-An-na or Lugal-An-né, who is mentioned in ancient Babylonian literary texts about the war as king of Ur  Apparently Lugal-Ane demanded that the high priestess and consort of the moon god Enheduanna had to confirm his assumption of power  En-ḫedu-anna, as representative of the Sargonid dynasty, refused, whereupon she was suspended from her office and expelled from the city  The mention of the temple E-ešdam-ku indicates that she then found refuge in the city of Ĝirsu  In this exile, she composed the song Nin me šara, the performance of which was intended to persuade the goddess Inanna (as Ištar the patron goddess of her dynasty) to intervene on behalf of the Akkadian empire At least, King Narām-Sîn succeeded in putting down the rebellion of Lugal-Ane and other kings and restored the Akkadian central authority for the remaining years of his reign  Probably Enheduanna then returned to her office in the city of Ur 

Archaeological artifact
In 1927, as part of excavations at Ur, British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley discovered an alabaster disk shattered into several pieces, which has since been reconstructed  The reverse side of the disk identifies Enheduanna as the wife of Nanna and daughter of Sargon of Akkad  The front side shows the high priestess standing in worship as what has been interpreted as a nude male figure pours a libation  Irene Winter states that "given the placement and attention to detail" of the central figure, "she has been identified as Enheduanna" Two seals bearing her name, belonging to her servants and dating to the Sargonic period, have been excavated at the Giparu at Ur Two of the works attributed to Enheduanna, "The Exaltation of Inanna" and "Inanna and Ebih" have survived in numerous manuscripts due to their presence in the Decad, an advanced scribal curriculum in the First Babylonian Empire of the 18th and 17th centuries BCE  Black et al  suggest that "perhaps Enheduanna has survived in scribal literature" due to the "continuing fascination with the dynasty of her father Sargon of Akkad" 

Attributed works
The first person to connect the disk and seals with literary works excavated in Nippur was Adam Falkenstein, who observed that the Temple Hymns and two hymns to Inanna: The Exaltation of Inanna and another "Hymn to Inanna" (at the time not yet reconstructed) contained references to Enheduanna  Falkenstein suggested that this might be evidence of Enheduanna's authorship, but acknowledged that the hymns are only known from the later Old Babylonian period and that more work would need to be done constructing and analyzing the received texts before any conclusions could be made  In 1989, Westenholz suggested that Inanna and Ebih and two other hymns, to Nanna at Ur, might also have been written by her 

Temple hymns
These hymns have been reconstructed from 37 tablets from Ur and Nippur, most of which date to the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods  Each hymn is dedicated to a particular deity from the Sumerian pantheon and a city with which the deity was associated, and may have helped to create syncreticism between the native Sumerian religion and the Semitic religion of the Akkadian empire  However, some of these poems, such as hymn 9, addressed to the temple of the deified king Sulgi from the later Third Dynasty of Ur, cannot have been written by Enheduanna or anyone in the Akkadian empire, showing that the collection may have gained additional poems over time The first translation of the collection into English was by Åke W  Sjöberg, who also argued that the mention of a "subscript" or colophon of two lines near the end of the composition appear to credit her with composition of the preceding text  However, Black shows that in the majority of manuscripts, the line following this colophon, which contains the line count for the 42nd and final hymn, demonstrates that the preceding two lines are part of the 42nd hymn  Black concludes that: "At most    it might be reasonable to accept a claim for (Enheduanna)'s authorship or editorship" for only Hymn 42, the final hymn in the collection 

Hymns dedicated to Inanna
The Exaltation of Inanna
Nin me šara ("Mistress of the innumerable me"; modern also The Exaltation of Inana / Inana B) is a hymn to the goddess Inanna of 154 lines  According to Claus Wilcke, the text "belongs to the most difficult that exists in the literary tradition in Sumerian"  The first complete edition of Nin me šara was produced by Hallo / van Dijk in 1968  A fundamentally new edition based on a broader textual foundation as well as recent linguistic research and textual criticism was published by Annette Zgoll in 1997, with further improvements in Zgoll 2014 and 2021 The work refers to the rebellion of Lugal-Ane and Enheduanna's exile  Probably composed in exile in Ĝirsu, the song is intended to persuade the goddess Inanna to intervene in the conflict in favor of Enheduanna and the Sargonian dynasty  To reach this, the text constructs a myth: An, the king of the gods, endows the goddess Inanna with divine powers and has her execute his judgment on all the cities of Sumer, making her herself the ruler of the land and most powerful of all the gods  When now the city of Ur rebels against her rule, Inanna passes her judgment over it and has it executed by Nanna, the city god of Ur and her father  Inanna has thus become the mistress of heaven and earth alike - and thus empowered to enforce her will even over the originally superior gods (An and Nanna), which results in the destruction of Ur and Lugal-Ane 

Hymn to Inanna
This hymn (incipit in-nin ša-gur-ra) which is only partially preserved in a fragmentary form, is outlined by Black et al  as containing three parts: an introductory section (lines 1-90) emphasizing Inanna's "martial abilities"; a long, middle section (lines 91-218) that serves as a direct address to Inanna, listing her many positive and negative powers, and asserting her superiority over other deities, and a concluding section (219–274) narrated by Enheduanna that exists in a very fragmentary form Black et al  surmise that the fragmentary nature of the concluding section makes it unclear whether Enheduanna composed the hymn, the concluding section was a later addition, or that her name was added to the poem later in the Old Babylonian period from "a desire to attribute it to her"  They also note that the concluding section also appears to reference "some historical events which cannot be elucidated " This poem also contains a potential reference to the events described in Inanna and Ebih, which has led Westenholz to suggest that that poem may have been written by Enheduanna as well The first English translation of this work was by Sjöberg in 1975 

Inanna and Ebih
This hymn (incipit in-nin me-huš-a) is characterized by Black et al  as "Inanna in warrior mode " The poem starts with a hymn to Inanna as "lady of battle" (lines 1–24) then shifts to a narration by Inanna herself in the first person (lines 25–52), where she describes the revenge she wants to take on the mountains of Ebih for their refusal to bow to her Inanna then visits the sky god An and requests his assistance (lines 53–111), but An doubts Inanna's ability to take revenge (lines 112–130)  This causes Inanna to fly into a rage and attack Ebih (lines 131–159)  Inanna then recounts how she overthrew Ebih (lines 160–181) and the poem ends with a praise of Inanna (lines 182–184) 
The "rebel lands" of Ebih that are overthrown in the poem have been identifiedwith the Jebel Hamrin mountain range in modern Iraq   Black et al  describe these lands as "home to the nomadic, barbarian tribes who loom large in Sumerian literature as forces of destruction and chaos" that sometimes need to be "brought under divine control" 

Hymns dedicated to Nanna
These two hymns, labeled by Westenholz as Hymn of Praise to Ekisnugal and Nanna on [the] Assumption of En-ship (incipit e ugim e-a) and Hymn of Praise of Enheduanna (incipit lost)  The second hymn is very fragmentary 

Authorship debate
The question of Enheduanna's authorship of poems has been subject to significant debate  While Hallo and Åke Sjöberg were the first to definitively assert Enheduanna's authorship of the works attributed to her, other Assyriologists including Miguel Civil and Jeremy Black have put forth arguments rejecting or doubting Enheduanna's authorship   Civil has raised the possibility that "Enheduanna" refers not to the name, but instead the station of EN-priestess that the daughter of Sargon of Akkad held 
For the Inanna and Nanna poems, Black et al  argue that at best, all of the manuscript sources date from at least six centuries after when she would have lived, and they were found in scribal settings, not ritual ones, and that "surviving sources show no traces of Old Sumerian    making it impossible to posit what that putative original might have looked like "Despite these concerns, Hallo says that there is still little reason to doubt Enheduanna's authorship of these works  Hallo, responding to Miguel Civil, not only still maintains Enheduanna's authorship of all of the works attributed to her, but rejects "excess skepticism" in Assyriology as a whole, and noting that "rather than limit the inferences they draw from it" other scholars should consider that "the abundant textual documentation from Mesopotamia    provides a precious resource for tracing the origins and evolution of countless facets of civilization "Summarizing the debate, Paul A  Delnero, professor of Assyriology at Johns Hopkins University, remarks that "the attribution is exceptional, and against the practice of anonymous authorship during the period; it almost certainly served to invest these compositions with an even greater authority and importance than they would have had otherwise, rather than to document historical reality" 

Influence and legacy
Enheduanna has received substantial attention in feminism  In a BBC Radio 4 interview, Assyriologist Eleanor Robson credits this to the feminist movement of the 1970s, when, two years after attending a lecture by Cyrus H  Gordon in 1976, American anthropologist Marta Weigle introduced Enheduanna to an audience of feminist scholars as "the first known author in world literature" with her introductory essay "Women as Verbal Artists: Reclaiming the Sisters of Enheduanna"  Robson says that after this publication, the "feminist image of Enheduanna    as a wish fulfillment figure" really took off  Rather than as a "pioneer poetess" of feminism, Robson states that the picture of Enheduanna from the surviving works of the 18th century BCE is instead one of her as "her father's political and religious instrument"  Robson also stresses that we have neither "access to what Enheduanna thought or did" or "evidence that (Enheduanna) was able to write", but that as the high priestess and daughter of Sargon of Akkad, Enheduanna was "probably the most privileged woman of her time" Enheduanna has also been analyzed as an early rhetorical theorist  Roberta Binkley finds evidence in The Exaltation of Inanna of invention and classical modes of persuasion  Hallo, building on the work of Binkley, compares the sequence of the Hymn to Inanna, Inanna and Ebih, and the Exaltation of Inanna to the biblical Book of Amos, and considers these both evidence of "the birth of rhetoric in Mesopotamia "

See also
Adad-guppi – Assyrian priestess of the moon god Sin
Anna Komnene – Byzantine historian (1083–1153)
Diotima of Mantinea – Ancient Greek woman or fictional figure in Plato's Symposium
Hypatia – Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician (died 415)
Kushim – Sumerian person, c  3400–3000 BC
Puabi – Queen of Ur
List of female poets

Notes
Passage 3:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 4:
Dance of Death (disambiguation)
Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death 
Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:

Books
Dance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloy
Dance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R  L  Stine
Dance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child

Theatre and film
The Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August Strindberg
The Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank Wedekind
The Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W  H  Auden

Film
The Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice Brady
The Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent film
The Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent film
The Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph Dawson
The Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von Stroheim
The Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama film
Dance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris Karloff
Dance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence Olivier
Dance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul Chun

Music
Dance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title song
The Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John Fahey
The Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)
"Death Dance", a 2016 song by Sevendust

See also
Dance of the Dead (disambiguation)
Danse Macabre (disambiguation)
Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the dead
La danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur Honegger
Totentanz (disambiguation)
Passage 5:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Passage 6:
Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀 Šarrugi), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC  He is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire 
He was the founder of the "Sargonic" or "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century after his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer 
The Sumerian king list makes him the cup-bearer to king Ur-Zababa of Kish His empire is thought to have included most of Mesopotamia, parts of the Levant, besides incursions into Hurrian and Elamite territory, ruling from his (archaeologically as yet unidentified) capital, Akkad 
Sargon appears as a legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian literature of the 8th to 7th centuries BC 
Tablets with fragments of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Library of Ashurbanipal 

Name
The Akkadian name is normalized as either Šarru-ukīn or Šarru-kēn  The name's cuneiform spelling is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, 
šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in  
In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed as 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in) 
In Late Assyrian references, the name is mostly spelled as LUGAL-GI NA or LUGAL-GIN, i e  identical to the name of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II 
The spelling Sargon is derived from the single mention of the name (in reference to Sargon II) in the Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, in Isaiah 20:1 
The first element in the name is šarru, the Akkadian (East Semitic) for "king" (c f  Hebrew śar שַׂר)  The second element is derived from the verb kīnum "to confirm, establish" (related to Hebrew kūn כּוּן) A possible interpretation of the reading Šarru-ukīn is "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king"  Such a name would however be unusual; other names in -ukīn always include both a subject and an object, as in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has established an heir" 
There is some debate over whether the name was an adopted regnal name or a birth name  
The reading Šarru-kēn has been interpreted adjectivally, as "the king is established; legitimate", expanded as a phrase šarrum ki(e)num The terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" were used in Assyriology based on the chronologies of Nabonidus before the historical existence of Sargon of Akkad was confirmed  
The form Šarru-ukīn was known from the Assyrian Sargon Legend discovered in 1867 in Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh 
A contemporary reference to Sargon thought to have been found on the cylinder seal of Ibni-sharru, a high-ranking official serving under Sargon  Joachim Menant published a description of this seal in 1877, reading the king's name as Shegani-shar-lukh, and did not yet identify it with "Sargon the Elder" (who was identified with the Old Assyrian king Sargon I) 
In 1883, the British Museum acquired the "mace-head of Shar-Gani-sharri", a votive gift deposited at the temple of Shamash in Sippar  This "Shar-Gani" was identified with the Sargon of Agade of Assyrian legend 
The identification of "Shar-Gani-sharri" with Sargon was recognised as mistaken in the 1910s  Shar-Gani-sharri (Shar-Kali-Sharri) is, in fact, Sargon's great-grandson, the successor of Naram-Sin It is not entirely clear whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was directly named for Sargon of Akkad, as there is some uncertainty whether his name should be rendered Šarru-ukīn or as Šarru-kēn(u) 

Chronology
Primary sources pertaining to Sargon are sparse; the main near-contemporary reference is that in the various versions of the Sumerian King List 
Here, Sargon is mentioned as the son of a gardener, former cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish  He usurped the kingship from Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to his own city of Akkad  Note that the Weidner chronicle has Sargon ruling directly after Ur-Zababa and does not mention Lugal-zage-si  Various copies of the king list give the duration of his reign as either 40 or 54-56 years  Numerous fragmentary inscriptions relating to Sargon are also known In absolute years, his reign would correspond to c  2334–2279 BC in the middle chronology  His successors until the Gutian conquest of Sumer are also known as the "Sargonic Dynasty" and their rule as the "Sargonic Period" of Mesopotamian history Foster (1982) argued that the reading of 55 years as the duration of Sargon's reign was, in fact, a corruption of an original interpretation of 37 years  An older version of the king list gives Sargon's reign as lasting for 40 years Thorkild Jacobsen marked the clause about Sargon's father being a gardener as a lacuna, indicating his uncertainty about its meaning  Ur-Zababa and Lugal-zage-si are both listed as kings, but separated by several additional named rulers of Kish, who seem to have been merely governors or vassals under the Akkadian Empire The claim that Sargon was the original founder of Akkad has been called into question with the discovery of an inscription mentioning the place and dated to the first year of Enshakushanna, who almost certainly preceded him  The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19:51) states that it was Sargon who "built Babylon in front of Akkad " The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20:18–19) likewise states that late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Agade " Van de Mieroop suggested that those two chronicles may refer to the much later Assyrian king, Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, rather than to Sargon of Akkad Some of the regnal year names of Sargon are preserved, and throw some light in the events of his reign, particularly the conquest of the surrounding territories of Simurrum, Elam and Mari, and Uru'a, thought to be a city in Elam:

Year in which Sargon went to Simurrum
Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a
Year in which Uru'a was destroyed
Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
Year in which Mari was destroyed

Historiography
Language and script used in records
Sargon appears to have promoted the use of Semitic (Akkadian) in inscriptions 
He frequently calls himself "king of Akkad" first, after he apparently founded the city of Akkad  He appears to have taken over the rule of Kish at some point, and later also much of Mesopotamia, referring to himself as
"Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil" During Sargon's reign, East Semitic was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script previously used in the Sumerian language into what is now known as the "Akkadian language"  A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual 

Year names
While various copies of the Sumerian king list and later Babylonian chronicles credit Sargon with a reign length ranging from 34 to 56 years, dated documents have been found for only four different year-names of his actual reign  The names of these four years describe his campaigns against Elam, Mari, Simurrum (a Hurrian region), and Uru'a (an Elamite city-state) 

Nippur inscription
Among the most important sources for Sargon's reign is a tablet of the Old Babylonian period recovered at Nippur in the University of Pennsylvania expedition in the 1890s  The tablet is a copy of the inscriptions on the pedestal of a statue erected by Sargon in the temple of Enlil  Its text was edited by Arno Poebel (1909) and Leon Legrain (1926) 

Conquest of Sumer
In the inscription, Sargon styles himself "Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil"  

It celebrates the conquest of Uruk and the defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar to the gate of Enlil":
Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land, governor of Enlil: he defeated the city of Uruk and tore down its walls, in the battle of Uruk he won, took Lugalzagesi king of Uruk in the course of the battle, and led him in a collar to the gate of Enlil 
Sargon then conquered Ur and E-Ninmar and "laid waste" the territory from Lagash to the sea, and from there went on to conquer and destroy Umma:
Sargon, king of Agade, was victorious over Ur in battle, conquered the city and destroyed its wall  He conquered Eninmar, destroyed its walls, and conquered its district and Lagash as far as the sea  He washed his weapons in the sea  He was victorious over Umma in battle, [conquered the city, and destroyed its walls]  [To Sargon], lo[rd] of the land the god Enlil [gave no] ri[val]  The god Enlil gave to him [the Upper Sea and] the [Lower (Sea) 
Sargon permitted the inhabitants of the territories he conquered to retain their native leaders and traditions  Yet, they were obligated to follow him and pay a tribute in exchange for safety  The people of Sargon's dominion were devoted to him because of his policies, which served to maintain peace  In addition, he proclaimed Akkadian the official language of the government and imposed regular weights and measurements 

Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia, as far as the Mediterranean Sea
Submitting himself to the (Levantine god) Dagan, Sargon conquered territories of Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, including Mari, Yarmuti (Jarmuth?) and Ibla "up to the Cedar Forest (the Amanus) and up to the Silver Mountain (Aladagh?)", ruling from the "upper sea" (Mediterranean) to the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf) 
Sargon the King bowed down to Dagan in Tuttul  He (Dagan) gave to him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla, as far as the Cedar Forest and the Silver Mountains

Conquests of Elam and Marhashi
Sargon also claims in his inscriptions that he is "Sargon, king of the world, conqueror of Elam and Parahshum", the two major polities to the east of Sumer  He also names various rulers of the east whom he vanquished, such as "Luh-uh-ish-an, son of Hishibrasini, king of Elam, king of Elam" or "Sidga'u, general of Parahshum", who later also appears in an inscription by Rimush Sargon triumphed over 34 cities in total  Ships from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at anchor in his capital of Akkad He entertained a court or standing army of 5,400 men who "ate bread daily before him" 

Sargon Epos
A group of four Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" or Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a military commander asking the advice of many subordinates before going on campaigns  
The narrative of Sargon, the Conquering Hero, is set at Sargon's court, in a situation of crisis  Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the virtue of heroism, and a lecture by a courtier on the glory achieved by a champion of the army, a narrative relating a campaign of Sargon's into the far land of Uta-raspashtim, including an account of a "darkening of the Sun" and the conquest of the land of Simurrum, 
and a concluding oration by Sargon listing his conquests 

The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's campaign against the Anatolian city of Purushanda in order to protect his merchants 
Versions of this narrative in both Hittite and Akkadian have been found  
The Hittite version is extant in six fragments, the Akkadian version is known from several manuscripts 
found at Amarna, Assur, and Nineveh 
The narrative is anachronistic, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century milieu  The same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of the West (Mediterranean Sea) and ended up in Kuppara, which some authors have interpreted as the Akkadian word for Keftiu, an ancient locale usually associated with Crete or Cyprus Famine and war threatened Sargon's empire during the latter years of his reign  The Chronicle of Early Kings reports that revolts broke out throughout the area under the last years of his overlordship:

Afterward in his [Sargon's] old age all the lands revolted against him, and they besieged him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward to battle and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed  Afterward he attacked the land of Subartu in his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad  The soil from the trenches of Babylon he removed, and the boundaries of Akkad he made like those of Babylon  But because of the evil which he had committed, the great lord Marduk was angry, and he destroyed his people by famine  From the rising of the sun unto the setting of the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest 
A  Leo Oppenheim translates the last sentence as "From the East to the West he [i e  Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted upon (him as punishment) that he could not rest (in his grave) "

Chronicle of Early Kings
Shortly after securing Sumer, Sargon embarked on a series of campaigns to subjugate the entire Fertile Crescent  According to the Chronicle of Early Kings, a later Babylonian historiographical text:

[Sargon] had neither rival nor equal  His splendor, over the lands it diffused  He crossed the sea in the east  In the eleventh year he conquered the western land to its farthest point  He brought it under one authority  He set up his statues there and ferried the west's booty across on barges  He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours and ruled in unity the tribes of the lands  He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, so that there was not even a perch for a bird left 
In the east, Sargon defeated four leaders of Elam, led by the king of Awan  Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys, and kings of Susa, Waraḫše, and neighboring districts became vassals of Akkad 

Origin legends
Sargon became the subject of legendary narratives describing his rise to power from humble origins and his conquest of Mesopotamia in later Assyrian and Babylonian literature  Apart from these secondary, and partly legendary, accounts, there are many inscriptions due to Sargon himself, although the majority of these are known only from much later copies  The Louvre has fragments of two Sargonic victory steles recovered from Susa (where
they were presumably transported from Mesopotamia in the 12th century BC) 

Sumerian legend
The Sumerian-language Sargon legend contains a legendary account of Sargon's rise to power  It is an older version of the previously known Assyrian legend, discovered in 1974 in Nippur and first edited in 1983 The extant versions are incomplete, but the surviving fragments name Sargon's father as La'ibum  After a lacuna, the text skips to Ur-Zababa, king of Kish, who awakens after a dream, the contents of which are not revealed on the surviving portion of the tablet  For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cup-bearer  Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of the goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the goddess in a river of blood  Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands of Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, but Inanna prevents it, demanding that Sargon stop at the gates because of his being "polluted with blood " When Sargon returns to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again and decides to send Sargon to king Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with a message on a clay tablet asking him to slay Sargon  The legend breaks off at this point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king 

The part of the interpretation of the king's dream has parallels to the biblical story of Joseph, the part about the letter with the carrier's death sentence has similarities to the Greek story of Bellerophon and the biblical story of Uriah 

Birth legend
A Neo-Assyrian text from the 7th century BC purporting to be Sargon's autobiography asserts that the great king was the illegitimate son of a priestess  
Only the beginning of the text (the first two columns) is known, from the fragments of three manuscripts  
The first fragments were discovered as early as 1850 
Sargon's birth and his early childhood are described thus: 

My mother was a high priestess, my father I knew not  The brothers of my father loved the hills  My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates  My high priestess mother conceived me, in secret she bore me  She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid  She cast me into the river which rose over me  The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water  Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me  Akki, the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener  While I was a gardener, Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and     years I exercised kingship 
Similarities between the Sargon Birth Legend and other infant birth exposures in ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted by psychoanalyst Otto Rank in his 1909 book The Myth of the Birth of the Hero  The legend was also studied in detail by Brian Lewis, and compared with many different examples of the infant birth exposure motif found in European and Asian folktales  He discusses a possible archetype form, giving particular attention to the Sargon legend and the account of the birth of Moses  Joseph Campbell has also made such comparisons Sargon is also one of the many suggestions for the identity or inspiration for the biblical Nimrod  Ewing William (1910) suggested Sargon based on his unification of the Babylonians and the Neo-Assyrian birth legend  Yigal Levin (2002) suggested that Nimrod was a recollection of Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter 

Family
The name of Sargon's main wife, Queen Tashlultum, and those of a number of his children are known to us  His daughter Enheduanna was a high priestess of the moon God in Ur who composed ritual hymns  Many of her works, including her Exaltation of Inanna, were in use for centuries thereafter  Sargon was succeeded by his son Rimush; after Rimush's death another son, Manishtushu, became king  Manishtushu would be succeeded by his own son, Naram-Sin  Two other sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) and Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known 

Legacy
Sargon of Akkad is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire (in the sense of the central government of a multi-ethnic territory), although earlier Sumerian rulers such as Lugal-zage-si might have a similar claim  His rule also heralds the history of Semitic empires in the Ancient Near East, which, following the Neo-Sumerian interruption (21st/20th centuries BC), lasted for close to fifteen centuries until the Achaemenid conquest following the 539 BC Battle of Opis Sargon was regarded as a model by Mesopotamian kings for some two millennia after his death  The Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the heirs of Sargon's empire  
Sargon may indeed have introduced the notion of "empire" as understood in the later Assyrian period; the Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written in the first person, has Sargon challenging later rulers to "govern the black-headed people" (i e  the indigenous population of Mesopotamia) as he did  An important source for "Sargonic heroes" in oral tradition in the later Bronze Age is a Middle Hittite (15th century BC) record of a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his immediate successors as "deified kings" (dšarrena) Sargon shared his name with two later Mesopotamian kings  Sargon I was a king of the Old Assyrian period presumably named after Sargon of Akkad  Sargon II was a Neo-Assyrian king named after Sargon of Akkad; it is this king whose name was rendered Sargon (סַרְגוֹן) in the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah 20:1) 
Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus showed great interest in the history of the Sargonid dynasty and even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of his successors 

In popular culture
The fanciful adventure film The Scorpion King: Rise of a Warrior (2008) imagines Sargon of Akkad as a murderous army commander wielding black magic  He is the film's main villain, portrayed by Randy Couture The twentieth episode of the second season of Star Trek: The Original Series, "Return to Tomorrow", features an ancient, telepathic alien named Sargon who once ruled a mighty empire 
American Rock Group They Might Be Giants refer to Sargon of Akkad in the track "The Mesopotamians" on their 2007 album The Else, along with Hammurabi, Ashurbanipal and Gilgamesh 
Carl Benjamin, British far-right YouTuber and political commentator, goes by the online pseudonym "Sargon of Akkad" on his YouTube channel 
The Return of Rome expansion pack for the video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition features a campaign called "Sargon of Akkad", which depicts his conquest of Sumer and the rise of the Akkadian Empire 

See also
Media related to Sargon of Akkad at Wikimedia Commons
History of Mesopotamia
List of kings of Akkad
List of Mesopotamian dynasties

Notes
Passage 7:
Sennedjem
Sennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II  He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth"  He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis  His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886  When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs 

See also

TT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)
Passage 8:
Place of origin
In Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations  It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances 

Acquisition of municipal citizenship
Swiss citizenship has three tiers  For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:

Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality 
Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required  This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton 
Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen  
Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare  The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence  Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence 
However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin  As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years  In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship 
A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent 

International confusion
Almost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin  The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents  This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents  Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace  More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin 

Significance and history
A citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality  To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence 
The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away  In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law  The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%) In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare 

See also
Ancestral home (Chinese)
Bon-gwan
Registered domicile


== Notes and references ==
Passage 9:
Place of birth
The place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born  This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person  Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones 
As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred  The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live  If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)



ground_truth: Akkadian empire