prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the father of Teobaldo Ii Ordelaffi born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Obata Toramori
Obata Toramori (小畠虎盛, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period  He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" 
He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters  
He was the father of Obata Masamori 

See also
Isao Obata
Passage 2:
Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)
Viscount Inoue Masaru (井上 勝, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the "father of the Japanese railways" 

Biography
He was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue  He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family 
Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief  At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer  In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom  He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868  After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871  Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi   After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896  In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association  He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways 

Honors
Inoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five  To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University  The value of the scholarships are £3000 each 

His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa 

Chōshū Five
These are the four other members of the "Chōshū Five":

Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)
Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)
Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by day
Endō Kinsuke

See also
Japanese students in Britain
Statue of Inoue Masaru
Passage 3:
John Templeton (botanist)
John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the "Father of Irish Botany"  He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies 

Family
Templeton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner  The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class  Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude "drudgery and fear" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning  Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill  Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged  The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813 
The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history 

United Irishman
Like many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament  But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish "test" or pledge  In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago 
She hoped his sisters would "soon follow him " Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish "Cranmore" (crann mór, 'big tree') 
Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence  He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr  James MacDonnell  MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend  (While unable to "forget the amiable Russell", time, he conceded,  "softened a little my feelings": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands) 

Garden
The garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: "Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today " "Box from Mr  Taylor" Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden 

Botanist
John Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens  Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary  An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there  This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists  He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast) [1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton  The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued  Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48  Others were in The Queen's University Belfast  All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334 
Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society 

Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants  His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr  John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs  Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal  I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force  The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledge

Botanical Manuscripts
The MSS  left by Templeton consist of seven volumes  One of these is a small 8vo  half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp  of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities  In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F  M  More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr  Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast  It was lent by his son, Dr  R  Templeton, to my brother, Alex  G  More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards " The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species  They are now lent to the Belfast Museum  About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them 

Vol  1 —Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text 
Vol  Il —Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured 
Vol IIl —Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures  At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced 
Vol  IV Fungi, 112 folios 
Vol  V —Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text  *Vol  VI —Mosses and Hepatics  117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good  Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast  The earliest published reference to his MSS  is in the "* Flora of Ulster," by Dickie, published in 1864, where there is this indefinite allusion—‘* To the friends of the late Mr  Templeton I am indebted for permission to take notes of species recorded in his manuscript " The MS  was most likely the small volume now in the Royal Irish Academy Library  In the introduction to the "*‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland"’ (1888), there is a brief biographical sketch of Templeton, but no mention of any MS  However, in a ‘‘ Supplement" to the Flora (1894), there is this note— ‘* Templeton, John, four volumes of his ‘ Flora Hibernica’ at present deposited with the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, contain much original matter, which could not be worked out in time for the present paper " This fixes the approximate date of the MSS  being loaned to the Belfast Museum  They were not known to the authors of the ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica’"’ in 1866, while in the second edition (1898) the small volume of the MSS  in R 1 A  Library is described in the Index of Authors under its full title—Catalogue of the Native Plants of Ireland, by John Templeton, A L S 

Notable plant finds
Antrim:Northern beech fern Glenaan River, Cushendall 1809: intermediate wintergreen Sixmilewater 1794: heath pearlwort :Muck Island Islandmagee  1804: dwarf willow Slievenanee Mountain 1809: thin-leaf brookweed beside River Lagan in its tidal reaches – gone now 1797: Dovedale moss Cave Hill 1797: Arctic root Slemish Mountain pre 1825: Cornish moneywort  formerly cultivated at Cranmore, Malone Road, Belfast1 pre-1825 J  persisted to 1947: rock whitebeam  basalt cliffs of the Little Deerpark, Glenarm 15 July 1808: yellow meadow rue Portmore Lough 1800:  Moschatel Mountcollyer Deerpark 2 May 1820 , Bearberry  Fair Head pre 1825, Sea Bindweed Bushfoot dunes pre 1825,  Flixweed , 'Among the ruins of Carrickfergus I found Sisymbrium Sophia in plenty' 2 Sept  1812 – Journal of J  Templeton J4187, Needle Spike-rush Broadwater pre 1825, Dwarf Spurge Lambeg gravel pit 1804, Large-flowered Hemp-nettle, Glenarm  pre 1825
Down:
Field Gentian Slieve Donard 1796: Lesser Twayblade Newtonards Park pre 1825:  Rough poppy 15 July 1797: Six-stamened Waterwort Castlewellan Lake 1808: Great Sundew going to the mountains from Kilkeel 19 August 1808: Hairy Rock-cress Dundrum Castle 1797: Intermediate Wintergree Moneygreer Bog 1797 Cowslip Holywood Warren pre 1825 long gone since: Water-violet Crossgar 7th July 1810 Scots Lovage Bangor Bay 1809, Mountain Everlasting  Newtownards 1793, Frogbit boghole near Portaferry, Parsley fern, Slieve Binnian, Mourne Mountains  19 August 1808, Bog-rosemary Wolf Island Bog 1794,  Marsh Pea Lough Neagh
Fermanagh: Marsh Helleborine

Natural History of Ireland
John Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham  He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808  John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially "Zoophytes") and insects, notably garden pest species  He planned a 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'  This was not published, even in part, but A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq  of Cranmore with localities, descriptions, and illustrations Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472[2], 1836   Catalogue of Irish Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arachnoida, selected from the papers of the late John Templeton Esq  Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 9–14 [3] and 1837 Irish Vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late  John Templeton Esq Mag  Nat  Hist   1: (n  s ): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton)  Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'The Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation 

Dublin
Templeton was a regular visitor to the elegant Georgian city of Dublin (by 1816 the journey was completed in one day in a wellington coach with 4 passengers) and he was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society By his death in 1825 the Society had established a Botanic at Glasnevin "with the following sections:
1 The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, - Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit; and forest-tree plants 
2  Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu  3  Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus  4  Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany  5  Medicinal plants  6  Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle  7  Plants used in rural economy  8  Plants used in dyeing  9  Rock plants  10  Aquatic and marsh plants  - For which an artificial marsh has been formed  11  Cryptogamics  12  Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics" 
Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library 
"Second Room  Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes  1  Mammalia  2  Aves  3  Amphibia  4  Pisces  5  Insectae  6  Vermes  Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species" and the Leske collection 
The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; "amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, "Gramitia Austriaca" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host" Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the 
Kirwanian Society  founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden  Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons 

Death and legacy
Never of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, "leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death"  The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him 
In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution  With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum) 
Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much  Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as "the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced" Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods  Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and Topographical

Contacts
Thomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary 
George Shaw
James Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora Britannica
James Lee
Samuel Goodenough
Aylmer Bourke Lambert
James Sowerby
William Curtis
Joseph Banks
Robert Brown 
Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)
Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804) 
John Walker
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel
Jonathan Stokes
Walter Wade

Other
John Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets  His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses  He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon  His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811 

Gallery
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See also
Late Enlightenment
James Townsend Mackay
Passage 4:
Arthur Beauchamp
Arthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand  He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield 

Biography
Beauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861 He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington)  Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds  He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884  He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton  Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned   He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian  He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a "fixer" for  Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct  Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro  At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session 

See also
Yska, Redmer (2017)  A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903  Dunedin: Otago University Press  pp  91–99  ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4 
Passage 5:
Takayama Tomoteru
Takayama Tomoteru (高山友照) (1531–1596) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi–Momoyama period, who served Matsunaga Hisahide 
He was the father of Takayama Ukon, and was a Kirishitan 
Passage 6:
Eystein Glumra
Eystein Glumra ("Eystein the Noisy" or "Eystein the Clatterer"; Modern Norwegian Øystein Glumra), also known as Eystein Ivarsson, was reputedly a petty king on the west coast of Norway during the 9th century 
The Heimskringla saga states that Eystein Glumra was the father of Rognvald Eysteinsson and Sigurd Eysteinsson: "The first earl of the Orkney Islands was     Sigurd     a son of Eystein Glumra, and brother of Ragnvald earl of More  After Sigurd, his son Guthorm was earl for one year  After him Torf-Einar, a son of Ragnvald     was long earl, and was a man of great power" 
According to the Orkneyinga saga, Eystein Glumra was the son of Ivar Halfdansson and grandson of Halfdan the Old  The Orkneyinga Saga also named Eystein Glumra as the father of Rognvald Eysteinsson: "Heiti, Gorr's son, was father of Sveiði the sea-king, [who was] the father of Halfdan the old, [who was] the father of Ivar the Uplanders' earl, [who was] the father of Eystein the noisy, [who was] the father of earl Rognvald the mighty and wise in council" 
Two novels by Linnea Hartsuyker, The Half-Drowned King (2017) and The Sea Queen (2018), cover the lives of Eystein's children 
Passage 7:
Anacyndaraxes
Anacyndaraxes (Greek: Ἀνακυνδαράξης) was the father of Sardanapalus, king of Assyria 

Notes

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed  (1870)  "Anacyndaraxes"  Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology  Vol  1  p  157-158 
Passage 8:
Giorgio Ordelaffi
Giorgio Ordelaffi (died 1423) was lord of Forlì and Papal vicar in Romagna (northern Italy)  He was a member of the Ordelaffi family 
The son of Teobaldo Ordelaffi, he married Lucrezia Alidosi of the Alidosi family  He kept the seigniory of Forlì from 1411 until his death, moving his residence in the current Palazzo Comunale 
Just before his death, when his son Teobaldo II Ordelaffi was still young, he offered to Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan the occasion to invade Romagna in 1423, initiating the 30-year long Wars in Lombardy 
Passage 9:
Cleomenes II
Cleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC  He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him  Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC  Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus 

Life and reign
Cleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r  380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids)  Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371  His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370  Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC  In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r  524–490) 

Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes  He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity"  Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322)  However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r  400–c 360), Archidamus III (r  360–338), and Agis III (r  338–331)  As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes  Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315 Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336  In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373  Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:
Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting "
As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority  Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely 
Passage 10:
Teobaldo II Ordelaffi
Teobaldo II Ordelaffi (also known as Tebaldo, 1413–1425) was briefly lord of Forlì from 1422 to 1424  He was the son of Giorgio Ordelaffi 
Giorgio has named Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan as his trustee, but Teobaldo's mother Lucrezia degli Alidosi, appointed herself as regent  Spurred by Visconti, the Forliveses rebelled and called in the Milanese condottiero Agnolo della Pergola  Florence reacted and, after some initial setbacks, it was joined by Venice in 1425 thanks to the efforts of the Count of Carmagnola  The war moved to Lombardy, and Visconti ceded Forlì and Imola to Pope Martin V  The Ordelaffi would return in Forlì in 1433 with Antonio I 

See also
Wars in Lombardy
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mélanie Bernard
Mélanie Bernard (born 14 September 1974) is a former professional tennis player from Canada 

Biography
A right-handed player from Quebec, Bernard had a best singles ranking of 253 
Bernard was most successful as a doubles player, ranked as high as 90 in the world, often partnering with Caroline Delisle  She and Delisle made the round of 16 at the 1994 French Open  The pair also competed together in the main draw of the 1995 Wimbledon Championships and took a set off top seeds Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva in a first round loss 

ITF finals
Doubles (4–6)
Passage 2:
Jean-David Bernard
Jean-David Bernard (born 27 July 1977 in Melun) is a French rower 
Passage 3:
Bernard (son of Charles the Fat)
Bernard or Bernhard (c  870 – 891/2) was the only child of Emperor Charles the Fat  He was born of an unknown concubine and was thus considered illegitimate  Charles tried to make him his heir, but failed in two attempts 
Charles tried to have Bernard recognised as his heir in 885, but met the opposition of several bishops  He had the support of Pope Adrian III, whom he invited to an assembly in Worms in October 885, but who died on the way, just after crossing the river Po  Adrian was going to depose the obstructing bishops, as Charles doubted he could do this himself, and legitimise Bernard  Based on the disfavouring attitude of the chronicler of the Mainz continuation of the Annales Fuldenses, the chief of Charles' opponents in the matter was probably Liutbert, Archbishop of Mainz  Because Charles had called together the "bishops and counts of Gaul" as well as the pope to meet him at Worms, it seems likely that he planned to make Bernard King of Lotharingia  Notker the Stammerer, who considered Bernard as a possible heir, wrote in his Deeds of Charlemagne: "I will not tell you [Charles the Fat] of this [the Viking sack of the Abbey of Prüm] until I see your little son Bernard with a sword girt to his thigh " Perhaps Notker was awaiting Bernard's kingship, when Prüm would be avenged  
After the failure of his first attempt, Charles set about to try again, apparently having given up on having any legitimate children with his wife, Richardis  He had the term proles (offspring) inserted into his charters as it had not been in previous years, probably because he desired to legitimise Bernard  In early 886, Charles met the new Pope, Stephen V, and probably negotiated for the recognition of his son as his heir  When Stephen cancelled a planned meeting at Waiblingen on 30 April 887, Charles probably abandoned his plans for Bernard and instead adopted Louis of Provence as his son at Kirchen in May  It is possible, however, that the agreement with Louis was only designed to engender support for Bernard's subkingship in Lotharingia  
After his father's death, Bernard became the focus of revolt for some Alemannian magnates  In 890, he rebelled against Arnulf of Carinthia and prevented the king from going into Italy as requested by Pope Stephen V  Bernard had the support of Count Ulrich of the Linzgau and Argengau and Bernard, Abbot of Saint Gall  Probably, he fled Alemannia for Italy and the protection of Arnulf's rival, King Guy, as recorded by the late medieval historian Gobelinus, who may have had a lost Carolingian work as his source  By the winter of 891/2, Bernard had returned to Alemannia  The revolt was finally put down by Solomon III, Bishop of Constance, and Hatto, Abbot of Reichenau  Arnulf entered Alemannia in the summer to redistribute lands  Bernard was killed by Rudolf, Duke of Rhaetia, and only then did the unrest in Alemannia cease These events are not mentioned in the main East Frankish source, the Annals of Fulda, rather they come from brief notices in the Annales Alamannici and Annales Laubacenses, which record that in 890, "Bernard, Charles's son, barely escaped the net", and in 891 (which possibly should be 892), he "was killed by Rudolf", without specifying who Rudolf was 

Notes
Sources
Offergeld, Thilo (2001)  Reges pueri: Das Königtum Minderjähriger im frühen Mittelalter  Vol  2 vols  Hanover 
Reuter, Timothy (1991)  Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c  800–1056  London: Longman 
Reuter, Timothy, ed  (1992)  The Annals of Fulda  Manchester Medieval Series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II  Manchester University Press 
MacLean, Simon (2003)  Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire  Cambridge University Press 
Passage 4:
Michèle Bernard
Michèle Bernard (French: [miʃɛl bɛʁnaʁ], born 26 October 1947) is a French singer and songwriter 

Discography
1988 : Michèle Bernard en Public
1992 : Des nuits noires de monde
1997 : Nomade     (Chansons pour les petits et les grands)
1997 : Quand vous me rendrez visite
1999 : Voler   
2002 : Mes premiers vinyls
2002 : Une fois qu'on s'est tout dit
2004 : Poésies pour les enfants
2004 : L'oiseau noir du champ fauve, cantate pour Louise Michel
2006 : Le nez en l'air
2008 : Piano Voix
2008 : Monsieur je m'en fous
2010 : Des nuits noires de monde Live
2012 : Sens Dessus Dessous

Awards
Grand Prix musique jeune public ADAMI 2013
Passage 5:
Yvonne Bernard
Yvonne Mercedes Bernard (born March 6, 1959) is an American film, television, and commercial producer 

Life and career
Yvonne M  Bernard was born in Tarrytown, New York to Bob and Prudy Bernard  She is the sister of Dan Bernard, who is the SVP of Development and Production at Lookout Entertainment and frequently collaborates with her as a producer on several features and commercial projects   Yvonne has four siblings,  Bob Bernard,  Daphne Broudy, and the Lynne Bernard   She attended the University of Iowa and graduated with a degree in Journalism and Theater Arts 
Yvonne represents and produces all content for her friend, author R  L  Stine for film and television  She became one of the first women to 100 per cent own a production company in the United States 
After working on a Stine film in Morocco in the early 1990s, Bernard started an import/export business in California  At the time, she was the only American importing Moroccan goods into the United States 
In 1996, Bernard founded Lookout Entertainment Inc , a film, TV, digital media and commercial production company located in Hermosa Beach, California  Bernard/Lookout has gone on to produce commercials, feature films, and television shows  In addition, she has also produced a number of short films that have been used on rides in prominent theme parks including SeaWorld, San Diego and Busch Gardens 
Bernard has served as an producer for  films including ”Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out?(2008)”, Mostly Ghostly: Have You Met My Ghoulfriend?(2014), ”Mostly Ghostly: One Night in Doom House”  and Mostly Ghostly: Have You Met My Ghoulfriend? (2016)  Throughout her career, she has also been credited an executive producer for the short film Haunted Lighthouse (2003), MTV series Eye Candy (TV series) (2015), and numerous commercials for Ross Stores, Wendy's, Carl's Jr , Mercury Insurance, Smart and Final, Anna's Linens and Shoe PavilionShe is currently working with Warner Bros , Fox, Disney and Lions Gate 
Bernard currently resides in Hermosa Beach, where she lives with her partner Henry, her two children and their two golden retrievers, Gracie and Porter 

Filmography
2003: Haunted Lighthouse (executive producer)
2008: Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out?
2014: Mostly Ghostly: Have You Met My Ghoulfriend? (executive producer)
2015: Eye Candy (TV series) (11 episodes, executive producer)
2016 Mostly Ghostly: One Night in Doom House (executive producer)
Passage 6:
Joel Bernard
Joel Bernard (born December 8, 1963) is a Canadian conservative politician 

Political career
Provincial
He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, representing Nepisiguit, in the general election of 1999 and became deputy speaker of the Legislature   He was defeated in his bid for a second term in the 2003 election by former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Frank Branch  Branch had represented the area from 1970 to 1995, when he retired and did not seek re-election 
Bernard was one of several defeated Progressive Conservative MLAs who were appointed to government positions by Premier Bernard Lord following their defeat in the 2003 election   These appointments were widely criticized as excessive patronage by the media and the opposition Liberals 
Bernard had been appointed to oversee and economic development fund for the Restigouche-Baie des Chaleurs region  He took a leave of absence from his position in March 2004 to be a Conservative candidate in the 2004 federal election 

Federal
In late April 2005, Bernard announced he would be a candidate for the Conservative nomination for the riding of Ottawa—Orléans for the next federal election   On May 16, he was defeated by Royal Galipeau, a former member of the Liberal Party of Canada, for the nomination by a margin of 174 to 126, who went on to win the seat in the election 
From 2006 to 2008, Bernard held the position of Senior Policy Advisor in the office of Stockwell Day, Minister of Public Safety in the new Conservative government 
In the 2008 federal election, the Conservative Party brought Bernard to Nova Scotia to run against Conservative-turned-Independent Bill Casey in the riding of Cumberland–Colchester–Musquodoboit Valley  On election night, Casey was re-elected by over 22,000 votes, with Bernard finishing third, polling just under 9% Bernard was the Senior Policy Advisor for aerospace, procurements, industrial regional benefits and the auto file to Tony Clement, Minister of Industry Canada, until he left the position in 2010  Since then, he has held several positions of Senior Policy Advisor for Fisheries & Oceans Canada, International Development and La francophonie  He is presently employed as a Parliamentary Affairs Advisor for Pierre Paul-Hus, the Shadow minister for Public Safety, Border Security and Emergency Preparedness and the Member of Parliament for Charlesbourg – Haute – Saint-Charles 
In March 2019, Bernard won the Ottawa—Vanier Conservative nomination contest, becoming their candidate for the 2019 federal election 

Personal life
He lives in Ottawa, Ontario with his wife Catherine and his two children, Lilianne and Samuel  Joel's sister-in-law is the former special assistant of former Chief of Staf Nigel Wright, and later former personnel manager of the Office of the Prime Minister of Canada Monica Bernard 
Joel Bernard is an evangelical Christian 

Electoral record
Federal
Provincial
Passage 7:
Escarlata Bernard
Victoria Escarlata Bernard (born 17 March 1989 in Las Palmas) is a Spanish backstroke swimmer who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics 
Passage 8:
Charles the Fat
Charles III (839 – 13 January 888), also known as Charles the Fat, was the emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 888  A member of the Carolingian dynasty, Charles was the youngest son of Louis the German and Hemma, and a great-grandson of Charlemagne  He was the last Carolingian emperor of legitimate birth and the last to rule a united kingdom of the Franks 
Over his lifetime, Charles became ruler of the various kingdoms of Charlemagne's former empire  Granted lordship over Alamannia in 876, following the division of East Francia, he succeeded to the Italian throne upon the abdication of his older brother Carloman of Bavaria who had been incapacitated by a stroke  Crowned emperor in 881 by Pope John VIII, his succession to the territories of his brother Louis the Younger (Saxony and Bavaria) the following year reunited the kingdom of East Francia  Upon the death of his cousin Carloman II in 884, he inherited all of West Francia, thus reuniting the entire Carolingian Empire 
Usually considered lethargic and inept—he was frequently ill, and is believed to have had epilepsy—Charles twice purchased peace with Viking raiders, including at the infamous Siege of Paris, which led to his downfall 
The reunited empire did not last  During a coup led by his nephew Arnulf of Carinthia in November 887, Charles was deposed in East Francia, Lotharingia, and the Kingdom of Italy  Forced into quiet retirement, he died of natural causes in January 888, just a few weeks after his deposition  The Empire quickly fell apart after his death, splintering into five separate successor kingdoms; the territory it had occupied was not entirely reunited under one ruler until the conquests of Napoleon 

Nickname and number
The nickname "Charles the Fat" (Latin Carolus Crassus) is not contemporary  It was first used by the Annalista Saxo (the anonymous "Saxon Annalist") in the twelfth century  There is no contemporary reference to Charles's physical size, but the nickname has stuck and is the common name in most modern European languages (French Charles le Gros, German Karl der Dicke, Italian Carlo il Grosso) His numeral is roughly contemporary  Regino of Prüm, a contemporary of Charles's recording his death, calls him "Emperor Charles, third of that name and dignity" (Latin Carolus imperator, tertius huius nominis et dignitatis) 

Biography
Youth and inheritance
Charles was the youngest of the three sons of Louis the German, first King of East Francia, and Hemma from the House of Welf  An incident of demonic possession is recorded in his youth, in which he was said to have been foaming at the mouth before he was taken to the altar of the church  This greatly affected him and his father  He was described as: "… a very Christian prince, fearing God, with all his heart keeping His commandments, very devoutly obeying the orders of the Church, generous in alms-giving, practising unceasingly prayer and song, always intent upon celebrating the praises of God "In 859, Charles was made Count of the Breisgau, an Alemannic march bordering southern Lotharingia  In 863 his rebellious eldest brother Carloman revolted against their father  The next year Louis the Younger followed Carloman in revolt and Charles joined him  Carloman received rule over the Duchy of Bavaria  In 865, the elder Louis was forced to divide his remaining lands among his heirs: the Duchy of Saxony (along with the Duchy of Franconia and the Duchy of Thuringia) went to Louis, Alemannia (the Duchy of Swabia along with Rhaetia) went to Charles, and Lotharingia was to be divided between the younger two When in 875 the Emperor Louis II, who was also King of Italy, died having agreed with Louis the German that Carloman would succeed him in Italy, Charles the Bald of West Francia invaded the peninsula and had himself crowned king and emperor  Louis the German sent first Charles and then Carloman himself, with armies containing Italian forces under Berengar of Friuli, their cousin, to the Italian kingdom  These wars, however, were not successful until the death of Charles the Bald in 877 In 876 Louis the German died and the inheritance was divided as planned after a conference at Ries, though Charles received less of his share of Lotharingia than planned  In his charters, Charles's reign in Germania is dated from his inheritance in 876 

Acquisition of Italy
Three brothers ruled in cooperation and avoided wars over the division of their patrimony: a rare occurrence in the Early Middle Ages  In 877, Carloman finally inherited Italy from his uncle Charles the Bald  Louis divided Lotharingia and offered a third to Carloman and a third to Charles  In 878, Carloman returned his Lotharingian share to Louis, who then divided it evenly with Charles  In 879, Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke and divided his domains between his brothers: Bavaria went to Louis and Italy to Charles  Charles dated his reign in Italia from this point, and from then he spent most of his reign until 886 in his Italian kingdom In 880, Charles joined Louis III of France and Carloman II, the joint kings of West Francia, in a failed siege of Boso of Provence in Vienne from August to September  Provence, legally a part of the Italian kingdom from 863, had rebelled under Boso  In August 882, Charles sent Richard, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Autun, to take the city, which he finally did in September  After this, Boso was restricted to the vicinity of Vienne 

Imperial coronation
On 18 July 880, Pope John VIII sent a letter to Guy II of Spoleto seeking peace, but the duke ignored him and invaded the Papal States  John responded by begging the aid of Charles in his capacity as king of Italy and crowned Charles emperor on 12 February 881  This was accompanied by hopes of a general revival in western Europe, but Charles proved to be unequal to the task  Charles did little to help against Guy II  Papal letters as late as November were still petitioning Charles for action As emperor, Charles began the construction of a palace at Sélestat in Alsace  He modelled it after the Palace at Aachen which was built by Charlemagne, whom he consciously sought to emulate, as indicated by the Gesta Karoli Magni of Notker the Stammerer  As Aachen was located in the kingdom of his brother, it was necessary for Charles to build a new palace for his court in his own power base of western Alemannia  Sélestat was also more centrally located than Aachen In February 882, Charles convoked a diet in Ravenna  The duke, emperor, and pope made peace and Guy and his uncle, Guy of Camerino, vowed to return the papal lands  In a March letter to Charles, John claimed that the vows went unfulfilled  In 883, Guy of Camerino, now duke of Spoleto, was accused of treason at an imperial synod held at Nonantula late in May  He returned to Spoleto and made an alliance with the Saracens  Charles sent Berengar against Guy III  Berengar was initially successful until an epidemic of disease, which ravaged all of Italy, affecting the emperor and his entourage as well as Berengar's army, forced him to retreat In 883, Charles signed a treaty with Giovanni II Participazio, Doge of Venice, granting that any assassin of a doge who fled to the territory of the Empire would be fined 100 lbs of gold and banished 

Rule in East Francia
In the early 880s, the remnants of the Great Heathen Army, defeated by Alfred the Great at the Battle of Ethandun in 878, began to settle in the Low Countries  Charles's brother Louis the Younger had opposed them with some success, but he died after a short campaign on 20 January 882, leaving his throne to Charles, who reunited the whole East Frankish kingdom After returning from Italy, Charles held an assembly at Worms with the purpose of dealing with the Vikings  Armies from the whole East Francia were assembled in the summer under Arnulf, Duke of Carinthia, and Henry, Count of Saxony  The chief Viking camp was then besieged at Asselt  Charles then opened negotiations with the Viking chiefs Godfrid and Sigfred  Godfrid accepted Christianity and became Charles's vassal  He was married to Gisela, daughter of Lothair II of Lotharingia  Sigfred was bribed off  Despite the insinuations of some modern historians, no contemporary account criticised Charles's actions during this campaign  In 885, fearing Godfrid and his brother-in-law, Hugh, Duke of Alsace, Charles arranged for a conference at Spijk near Lobith, where the Viking leader fell into his trap  Godfrid was executed, and Hugh was blinded and sent to Prüm From 882 to 884, the Wilhelminer War engulfed the March of Pannonia (later March of Austria)  Arnulf of Carinthia, Charles's illegitimate nephew, made an alliance with the rebel Engelschalk II against Aribo of Austria, Charles's appointed margrave of the region  Svatopluk I, ruler of Great Moravia, agreed to help Aribo and in 884 at Kaumberg took an oath of fidelity to Charles  Though the emperor lost his vassals of the Wilhelminer family and his relationship with his nephew was broken, he gained powerful new allies in the Moravian dux and other Slavic duces of the region 

Rule in West Francia
When Carloman II of West Francia died on 12 December 884, the nobles of the kingdom invited Charles to assume the kingship  Charles gladly accepted, it being the third kingdom to "fall into his lap"  According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Charles succeeded to all of the kingdom of Carloman except Brittany, but this does not seem to have been true  It is likely that Charles was crowned by Geilo, Bishop of Langres, as rex in Gallia on 20 May 885 at Grand in the Vosges in southern Lorraine  Although Geilo even developed a special West Frankish seal for him, Charles's government in the West was always very distant and he left most day-to-day business to the higher nobility Though West Francia (the future France) was far less menaced by the Vikings than the Low Countries, it was heavily hit nonetheless  In 885, a huge fleet led by Sigfred sailed up the Seine, for the first time in years, and besieged Paris  Sigfred demanded a bribe again, but this time Charles refused  He was in Italy at the time and Odo, Count of Paris, sneaked some men through enemy lines to seek his aid  Charles sent Henry of Saxony to Paris  In 886, as disease began to spread through Paris, Odo himself went to Charles to seek support  Charles brought a large army and encircled the army of Rollo and set up a camp at Montmartre  However, Charles had no intention of fighting  He sent the attackers up the Seine to ravage Burgundy, which was in revolt  When the Vikings withdrew from France next spring, he gave them 700 pounds of promised silver  Charles's prestige in France was greatly diminished Charles issued a number of charters for West Frankish recipients during his stay in Paris during and after the siege  He recognised rights and privileges granted by his predecessors to recipients in the Spanish March and Provence, but especially in Neustria, where he had contact with Nantes at a time when the Breton duke Alan I was known to be powerful in the county of Nantes  It is probable that Charles granted Alan the right to be titled rex; as emperor he would have had that prerogative and Alan's use of the title appears legitimate  A charter dated to between 897 and 900 makes reference to the soul of Karolus, on whose behalf Alan had ordered prayers to be said in the monastery of Redon  This was probably Charles the Fat 

Succession problems
Charles, childless by his marriage to Richgard, tried to have his illegitimate son by an unknown concubine, Bernard, recognised as his heir in 885, but this met with opposition from several bishops  He had the support of Pope Hadrian III, whom he invited to an assembly in Worms in October 885, but the pope died on the way there, just after crossing the river Po  Hadrian was going to remove the obstructing bishops for Charles, as he doubted he could do this himself, and legitimize Bernard  Based on the unfavorable attitude shown by the chronicler responsible for the Mainz continuation of the Annales Fuldenses, the chief of Charles's opponents in this matter was most likely Liutbert, Archbishop of Mainz  Because Charles had called together the "bishops and counts of Gaul" as well as the pope to meet him at Worms, it is likely that he had plans to make Bernard King of Lotharingia  Notker the Stammerer, who considered Bernard as a possible heir, wrote in his Deeds of Charlemagne:

I will not tell you [Charles the Fat] of this [the Viking sack of the Abbey of Prüm] until I see your little son Bernard with a sword girt to his thigh 
After the failure of this first attempt, Charles set about to try again  He had the term proles (offspring) inserted into his charters (it had not been in previous years), in a likely attempt to legitimize Bernard  In early 886 Charles met the new Pope Stephen V and probably negotiated for the recognition of his illegitimate son as heir  An assembly was planned for April and May of the following year at Waiblingen  Pope Stephen cancelled his planned attendance on 30 April 887  Nevertheless, at Waiblingen, Berengar, who after a brief feud with Liutward had lost the favour of the emperor, came in early May 887, made peace with the emperor and compensated for his actions of the previous year by dispensing great gifts Charles eventually abandoned his plans for Bernard and instead adopted Louis of Provence as his son at an assembly at Kirchen in May  It is possible, however, that the agreement with Louis was only designed to engender support for Bernard's sub-kingship in Lotharingia  In June or July, Berengar arrived in Kirchen, probably pining to be declared Charles's heir; he may in fact have been so named in Italy, where he was acclaimed (or made himself) king immediately after Charles's deposition  Odo, Count of Paris, may have had a similar purpose in visiting Charles at Kirchen  On the other hand, the presence of these magnates at these two great assemblies may merely have been necessary to confirm Charles's illegitimate son as his heir (Waiblingen), a plan which failed when the pope refused to attend, and then to confirm Louis instead (Kirchen) 

Deposition, death, and legacy
With Charles increasingly seen as spineless and incompetent, matters came to a head in late 887  In the summer of that year, having given up on plans for his son's succession, Charles received Odo and Berengar, Margrave of Friuli, a relative of his, at his court  He may have accepted neither, one, or both of these as his heir in their respective kingdoms  His inner circle then began to fall apart  First, he accused his wife Richgard of having an affair with his chief minister and archchancellor, Liutward, bishop of Vercelli  She proved her innocence in an ordeal of fire and left him for the monastic life  He then turned against Liutward, who was hated by all, and removed him from office, appointing Liutbert (archbishop of Mainz), in his place In that year, his first cousin once removed, Ermengard of Provence, daughter of the Emperor Louis II and wife of Boso of Provence, brought her son Louis the Blind to him for protection  Charles confirmed Louis in Provence (he may even have adopted him) and allowed them to live at his court  He probably intended to make Louis heir to the whole realm and the imperium  On 11 November, he called an assembly to Frankfurt  While there he received news that an ambitious nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, had fomented a general rebellion and was marching into Germany with an army of Bavarians and Slavs  The next week saw the collapse of all his support in East Francia  The last to abandon him were his loyal Alemanni, though the men of Lotharingia never seem to have formally accepted his deposition  By 17 November, Charles was out of power, though the exact course of events is unknown  Aside from rebuking his faithlessness, he did little to prevent Arnulf's move—he had recently been ill again—but assured that Bernard was entrusted to his care and possibly Louis too  He asked for a few estates in Swabia on which to live out his days and thus received Naudingen (Donaueschingen)  There he died six weeks later, on 13 January 888 The Empire fell apart, never to be restored  According to Regino of Prüm, each part of the realm elected a "kinglet" from its own "bowels"—the bowels being the regions inside the realm  It is probable that Arnulf desired the whole empire, but the only part he received other than East Francia was Lotharingia  The French elected Odo, although he was opposed at first by Guy III of Spoleto, who also opposed Arnulf in Lotharingia  Guy sought the kingship in Italy after his failures in Francia, despite Berengar having already been crowned  Louis was crowned in Provence, as Charles had intended, and he sought the support of Arnulf and gained it, probably through supplication to him  Odo would eventually submit to Arnulf's supremacy as well  In Upper Burgundy, one Rudolph, a dux of the region, was elected as king in a distinctly non-Carolingian creation, probably the result of his failure to succeed in the whole of Lotharingia  In Aquitaine, Ranulf II declared himself king and took the guardianship of the young Charles the Simple, the Carolingian heir to the West, refusing to recognise Odo's election It is unknown if these elections were a response to Charles's East Frankish deposition or to his death  Only those of Arnulf and Berengar can be certainly placed before his death  Only the magnates of the East ever formally deposed him  He was buried with honour in Reichenau after his death and the Annales Fuldenses heap praises on his piety and godliness  Indeed, contemporary opinion of Charles is consistently kinder than later historiography, though it is a modern suggestion that his lack of apparent successes is the excusable result of near constant illness and infirmity Charles was the subject of a hortative piece of Latin prose, the Visio Karoli Grossi, designed to champion the cause of Louis the Blind and warn the Carolingians that their continued rule was not certain if they did not have "divine" (i e  ecclesiastical) favour 

See also
Family tree of the German monarchs

Notes
Passage 9:
Obata Toramori
Obata Toramori (小畠虎盛, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period  He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" 
He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters  
He was the father of Obata Masamori 

See also
Isao Obata
Passage 10:
Yohann Bernard
Yohann Bernard (born August 7, 1974) is a breaststroke swimmer from France 

Career
Bernard won the bronze medal in the men's 200 metres breaststroke event at the 1999 European Championships in Istanbul  He represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where he finished in seventh place in the 200 m breaststroke, clocking 02:13 31 in the final 



ground_truth: Italy

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of Bernard (Son Of Charles The Fat)'s father?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 2:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 3:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 4:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 5:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 6:
Soldier (1998 American film)
Soldier is a 1998 American science fiction action film directed by Paul W  S  Anderson, written by David Webb Peoples, and starring Kurt Russell, Jason Scott Lee, Jason Isaacs, Connie Nielsen, Sean Pertwee and Gary Busey  The film tells the story of a highly skilled and emotionally distant soldier who is left for dead, befriends a group of refugees, then faces his former superiors who are determined to eliminate them 
The film was released worldwide on October 23, 1998  Upon its release, Soldier received generally negative reviews, although many praised the action sequences and Russell's performance  The film was a box-office bomb, grossing $14 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million 

Plot
In 1996, as part of a new military training program, a group of orphaned infants are selected shortly after birth and raised as highly disciplined soldiers with no understanding of anything but military routine  They are trained to be ruthless professionals, and anyone considered physically or mentally unworthy is executed  The survivors are turned into ultimate fighting machines, but have no understanding of the outside world 
In 2036, Sgt  Todd 3465 is a hardened veteran and one of the original 1996 infants, but his unit is about to be replaced by a superior one, with the original unit likely to be deactivated  Colonel Mekum, leader of the original project, introduces a new group of genetically engineered soldiers, designed with superior physical attributes and a complete lack of emotion, except complete aggression 
Captain Church, the commander of Todd's unit, insists on testing the new soldiers' abilities against his own  One new soldier, Caine 607, easily defeats three of the original soldiers, but Todd gouges out Caine's eye before falling from a great height; the body of a dead soldier cushions his fall, and he is knocked unconscious  Mekum orders their bodies disposed of like garbage, declaring them obsolete, while the remaining older soldiers are demoted to menial support roles 
Dumped on Arcadia 234, a waste disposal planet, Todd limps toward a colony whose residents crash-landed there years earlier; as they were believed dead, no rescue missions have been attempted  Todd is sheltered by Mace and his wife Sandra  Though they try to make him welcome, Todd has difficulty adapting to the community due to his extreme conditioning and their conflict-free lives  While Todd develops a silent rapport with their mute son, Nathan, who had been traumatized by a snakebite as an infant, he soon begins to experience flashbacks from his time as a soldier and mistakes one of the colonists for an enemy, nearly killing him  To make matters worse, in a later conflict with a coiled snake, Todd forces Nathan to face it down and strike back to protect himself  His parents disapprove of the lesson, unsure of how to deal with Todd 
Fearful, the colonists expel Todd from the community  Experiencing strong emotion for the first time, Todd appears confused when he is overcome by loss and cries for the first time  A short time later, Mace and Sandra are almost bitten by a snake while they sleep, but they are saved by Nathan, who uses Todd's technique  Now understanding the value of Todd's lesson, they seek him to reintegrate him into the community, but the others resist 
The new genetically engineered soldiers arrive on the garbage planet, and, since the world is listed as uninhabited, Colonel Mekum decides to use the colonists' community as the target in a training exercise  The soldiers spot Mace and kill him just after he finds Todd  Though out-manned and outgunned, Todd's years of battle experience and superior knowledge of the planet allow him to return to the colony and kill the advance squad  Nervous that an unknown enemy force may be confronting them, Colonel Mekum orders the soldiers to withdraw and return with heavy artillery  Using guerrilla tactics, Todd outmaneuvers and defeats all of the remaining soldiers, including Caine 607, whom he defeats in vicious hand-to-hand combat 
Panicking, Mekum orders the transport ship's crew, composed of Todd's old squad, to set up and activate a portable doomsday device powerful enough to destroy the planet  He orders the ship to lift off, leaving the squad behind  When Captain Church objects, Mekum shoots him in cold blood  Before they can take off as planned, Todd appears, and his old comrades silently side with him over the army that has discarded them, and take over the ship  They leave Mekum and his aides on the planet and evacuate the remaining colonists  In an attempt to disarm the device, Mekum accidentally sets it off, killing him and his aides  Todd pilots the ship from Arcadia just ahead of the shockwave and sets course for the Trinity Moons, the colonists' original destination  He picks up Nathan and points to their new destination, while looking out upon the galaxy 

Cast
Production
Development and writing
The script was 15 years old at the time of production Kurt Russell spoke only 104 words in the entire movie despite being in 85% of the scenes  During the first week of shooting he broke his left ankle, then the top of his right foot four days later, so the entire production needed to be rescheduled  The filmmakers first shot scenes involving Russell lying down, followed by scenes of Russell sitting, Russell standing but not moving, and so on 

Release
Home media
Soldier  was released on VHS and DVD on March 2, 1999, and on Blu-ray on July 26, 2011 

Reception
Box office
Soldier grossed $14 6 million in the United States 

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 15% approval rating based on 53 reviews and an average rating of 3 8/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "A boring genre film and a waste of a good set " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle commented that "the action is handled fairly well, but it's routine, and there's no satisfaction in seeing Todd waste men who are no more bloodthirsty than he is " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly criticized the film's overuse of genre clichés, saying "any cliché you can dream up for a futuristic action movie, any familiar big-budget epic you can think to rip off, Soldier has gotten there first " Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune described the film as "a big, clanging, brutal actioner in which we search the murk in vain for the sparks of humanity the moviemakers keep promising us " Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader found the film to be enjoyable, calling Russell's performance "persuasive" and saying "this appealing formulaic action adventure displays a lot of conviction in its not-too-flashy action scenes and a little levity in the gradual socialization of Russell's character " Similarly, Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a rating of 3 5 out of 5 and called it "a potent comic-book-style action-adventure "

Connection with Blade Runner franchise
Soldier was written by David Peoples, who co-wrote the script for the 1982 film Blade Runner  He considers Soldier to be a "spin-off sidequel"-spiritual successor to Blade Runner, seeing both films as existing in a shared fictional universe  The film obliquely refers to various elements of stories written by Philip K  Dick (who wrote the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, on which Blade Runner is based), or film adaptations thereof  A Spinner from Blade Runner can be seen in the wreckage on the junk planet in the film and Russell’s character is shown to have fought in the battles referenced in Roy Batty’s (Rutger Hauer) dying monologue: the Shoulder of Orion and Tannhäuser Gate 
Passage 7:
Paul W  S  Anderson
Paul William Scott Anderson (born 4 March 1965) is an English filmmaker who regularly works in science fiction films and video game adaptations 
Anderson made his feature film debut with the British independent film Shopping (1994), and found commercial success with his second film, the Hollywood-produced Mortal Kombat (1995), based on the first couple of video games of the same name by Midway Games  He is best known as the creative voice behind the first six films of the Resident Evil film series (2002–2016), which stars Milla Jovovich (whom he married in 2009), and is based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  The series's first six films, of which Anderson directed four, have collectively grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the most commercially successful video game adaptation of all time  Other of Anderson's notable films are Event Horizon (1997), an initial critical and commercial disappointment that found renewed appreciation on home media; Alien vs  Predator (2004), based on the crossover concept of the same name between the Alien and Predator franchises; and Death Race (2008), a remake/prequel to 1975's Death Race 2000 
Anderson and producer Jeremy Bolt founded Impact Pictures in 1992, under which most of Anderson's films have been made 

Early life
Anderson was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, England  At the age of nine, he started making films with a Super-8 camera  After attending Newlands Preparatory School, Gosforth and Newcastle's Royal Grammar School, he became the youngest person ever to graduate from the University of Warwick, with a B A  in film and literature 

Career
Anderson began his professional career as a writer on the British crime drama film comedy series El C I D , which ran for three series, from 1990 to 1992, and starred Alfred Molina in its first two  He met producer Jeremy Bolt and they founded Impact Pictures in 1992, looking to raise money for Anderson's feature film debut as director, from an action crime drama script of his own, called Shopping  After much trouble securing funding, Shopping, which stars Sean Pertwee, Jude Law (in his first feature film role) and Sadie Frost, was released in the United Kingdom in 1994



ground_truth: East Francia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director born later, Woman In The Moon or Changeland?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Changeland
Changeland is a 2019 comedy-drama film written and directed by Seth Green 
It was released on June 7, 2019, by Gravitas Ventures 

Plot
While a troubled man goes through a personal crisis, he meets up with his estranged friend in Thailand 

Cast
Seth Green as Brandon
Breckin Meyer as Dan
Brenda Song as Pen
Macaulay Culkin as Ian
Clare Grant as Dory
Randy Orton as Martin
Rose Williams as Emma
Kedar Williams-Stirling as Marc

Production
The film was announced on June 21, 2017  It marks the feature directorial debut of Seth Green, who also stars in the film alongside Breckin Meyer, Macaulay Culkin, Brenda Song, Clare Grant, Rose Williams, Kedar Williams-Stirling and Randy Orton  Filming in Thailand began that same week  Patrick Stump, who composed the film score, has an uncredited cameo appearance as an airline passenger in the film's opening scene 

Release
In March 2019, Gravitas Ventures acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for a June 7, 2019 release 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 10 reviews with an average rating of 6 10/10  On Metacritic, it has a score of 42 out of 100, based on four critics 
Passage 2:
Fred Roy Krug
Fred R  Krug is an American film and television producer-director born in Bern, Switzerland 
Passage 3:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 4:
Fritz Lang
Friedrich Christian Anton Lang (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈkʁɪsti̯an ˈantɔn laŋ]; December 5, 1890 – August 2, 1976), better known as Fritz Lang ([fʁɪt͡s laŋ]), was an Austrian film director, screenwriter, and producer who worked in Germany and later the United States  One of the best-known émigrés from Germany's school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the "Master of Darkness" by the British Film Institute  He has been cited as one of the most influential filmmakers of all time Lang's most celebrated films include the groundbreaking futuristic Metropolis (1927) and the influential M (1931), a film noir precursor  His 1929 film Woman in the Moon showcased the use of a multi-stage rocket, and also pioneered the concept of a rocket launch pad (a rocket standing upright against a tall building before launch having been slowly rolled into place) and the rocket-launch countdown clock  His other major films include Dr  Mabuse the Gambler (1922), Die Nibelungen (1924), and after moving to Hollywood in 1934, Fury (1936), You Only Live Once  (1937), Hangmen Also Die! (1943), The Woman in the Window (1944), Scarlet Street (1945) and The Big Heat (1953)  He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939 

Early life
Lang was born in Vienna, as the second son of Anton Lang (1860–1940), an architect and construction company manager, and his wife Pauline "Paula" Lang (née Schlesinger; 1864–1920)  His mother was born Jewish and converted to Catholicism  His father was described as a “lapsed Catholic ”  He was baptized on December 28, 1890, at the Schottenkirche in Vienna  He had an elder brother, Adolf (1884–1961) Lang's parents were of Moravian descent  At one point, he noted that he was “born [a] Catholic and very puritan"  Ultimately describing himself as an atheist, Lang believed that religion was important for teaching ethics After finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art  He left Vienna in 1910 in order to see the world, traveling throughout Europe and Africa, and later Asia and the Pacific area  In 1913, he studied painting in Paris 
At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for military service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania, where he was wounded four times and lost sight in his right eye, the first of many vision issues he would face in his lifetime  While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios and ideas for films  He was discharged from the army with the rank of lieutenant in 1918 and did some acting in the Viennese theater circuit for a short time before being hired as a writer at Decla Film, Erich Pommer's Berlin-based production company  In 1919, he married Jewish Lisa Rosenthal, who died under mysterious circumstances of a single gunshot wound deemed to have been fired by a sidearm weapon from World War I 

Career
Expressionist films: the Weimar years (1918–1933)
Lang's writing stint was brief, as he soon started to work as a director at the German film studio UFA, and later Nero-Film, just as the Expressionist movement was building  In this first phase of his career, Lang alternated between films such as Der Müde Tod ("The Weary Death") and popular thrillers such as Die Spinnen ("The Spiders"), combining popular genres with Expressionist techniques to create an unprecedented synthesis of popular entertainment with art cinema 

In 1920, Lang met his future wife, the writer Thea von Harbou  She and Lang co-wrote all of his movies from 1921 through 1933, including Dr  Mabuse, der Spieler ("Dr  Mabuse the Gambler," 1922 - which ran for over four hours, in two parts in the original version, and was the first in the Dr  Mabuse trilogy), the five-hour Die Nibelungen (1924), the dystopian film Metropolis (1927), and the science fiction film Woman in the Moon (1929)  Metropolis went far over budget and nearly destroyed UFA, which was bought by right-wing businessman and politician Alfred Hugenberg  It was a financial flop, as were his last silent films Spies (1928) and Woman in the Moon, produced by Lang's own company In 1931, independent producer Seymour Nebenzahl hired Lang to direct M for Nero-Film  His first "talking" picture, considered by many film scholars to be a masterpiece of the early sound era, M is a disturbing story of a child murderer (Peter Lorre in his first starring role) who is hunted down and brought to rough justice by Berlin's criminal underworld  M remains a powerful work; it was remade in 1951 by Joseph Losey, but this version had little impact on audiences, and has become harder to see than the original film 
During the climactic final scene in M, Lang allegedly threw Peter Lorre down a flight of stairs in order to give more authenticity to Lorre's battered look  Lang, who was known for being hard to work with, epitomized the stereotype of the tyrannical Germanic film director, a type embodied also by Erich von Stroheim and Otto Preminger; Lang wore a monocle, adding to the stereotype 
In the films of his German period, Lang produced a coherent oeuvre that established the characteristics later attributed to film noir, with its recurring themes of psychological conflict, paranoia, fate and moral ambiguity 
At the end of 1932, Lang started filming The Testament of Dr  Mabuse  Adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, and by March 30, the new regime banned it as an incitement to public disorder  Testament is sometimes deemed an anti-Nazi film, as Lang had put phrases used by the Nazis into the mouth of the title character  A screening of the film was cancelled by Joseph Goebbels, and it was later banned by the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda  In banning the film, Goebbels stated that the film "showed that an extremely dedicated group of people are perfectly capable of overthrowing any state with violence", and that the film posed a threat to public health and safety Lang was worried about the advent of the Nazi regime, partly because of his Jewish heritage, whereas his wife and co-screenwriter Thea von Harbou had started to sympathize with the Nazis in the early 1930s, and later joined the NSDAP in 1940  They soon divorced  Lang's fears would be realized following his departure from Austria, as under the Nuremberg Laws he would be identified as half-Jewish by ethnicity even though his mother was a converted Roman Catholic, and he was raised as such 

Emigration
According to Lang, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels called Lang to his offices to inform him – apologetically – that The Testament of Dr  Mabuse was being banned but, nevertheless, he was so impressed by Lang's abilities as a filmmaker (especially Metropolis), that he offered Lang the position of head of German film studio UFA  Lang said it was during that meeting he had decided to leave for Paris – but that the banks had closed by the time the meeting was over  Lang claimed that, after selling his wife's jewelry, he fled by train to Paris that evening, leaving most of his money and personal possessions behind  However, his passport of the time showed that he traveled to and from Germany a few times during 1933 Lang left Berlin for good on July 31, 1933, four months after his meeting with Goebbels and his initial departure  He moved to Paris, having divorced Thea von Harbou, who stayed behind, earlier in 1933 In Paris, Lang filmed a version of Ferenc Molnár's Liliom, starring Charles Boyer  That was Lang's only film in French (excluding the French version of Testament)  He then moved to the United States 

Hollywood career (1936–1957)
Lang made twenty-three features in his 20-year American career, working in a variety of genres at every major studio in Hollywood, and occasionally producing his films as an independent  He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939 Signing first with MGM Studios, Lang's crime drama Fury (1936) saw Spencer Tracy cast as a man who is wrongly accused of a crime and nearly killed when a lynch mob sets fire to the jail where he is awaiting trial  However, in Fury, he was not allowed to represent black victims in a lynching scenario or to criticize racism, which was his original intention  By the time Fury was released, Lang had been involved in the creation of the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, working with Otto Katz, a Czech who was a Comintern spy  He made four films with an explicitly anti-Nazi theme, Man Hunt (1941), Hangmen Also Die! (1943), Ministry of Fear (1944) and Cloak and Dagger (1946)  Man Hunt, wrote Dave Kehr in 2009, "may be the best" of the "many interventionist films produced by the Hollywood studios before Pearl Harbor" as it is "clean and concentrated, elegant and precise, pointed without being preachy "

His American films were often compared unfavorably to his earlier works by contemporary critics, although the restrained Expressionism of these films is now seen as integral to the emergence and evolution of American genre cinema, film noir in particular  Scarlet Street (1945), one of his films featuring Edward G  Robinson and Joan Bennett, is considered a central film in the genre 
One of Lang's most praised films noir is the police drama The Big Heat (1953), known for its uncompromising brutality, especially for a scene in which Lee Marvin throws scalding coffee on Gloria Grahame's face  As Lang's visual style simplified, in part due to the constraints of the Hollywood studio system, his worldview became increasingly pessimistic, culminating in the cold, geometric style of his last American films, While the City Sleeps (1956) and Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956) 

Last films (1959–1963)
Finding it difficult to find congenial production conditions and backers in Hollywood, particularly as his health declined with age, Lang contemplated retirement  The German producer Artur Brauner had expressed interest in remaking The Indian Tomb (from an original story by Thea von Harbou, that Lang had developed in the 1920s which had ultimately been directed by Joe May), so Lang returned to Germany to make his "Indian Epic" (consisting of The Tiger of Eschnapur and The Indian Tomb) 
Following the production, Brauner was preparing for a remake of The Testament of Dr  Mabuse when Lang approached him with the idea of adding a new original film to the series  The result was The Thousand Eyes of Dr  Mabuse (1960), whose success led to a series of new Mabuse films, which were produced by Brauner (including the remake of The Testament of Dr  Mabuse), though Lang did not direct any of the sequels  Lang was approaching blindness during the production, and it was his final project as director 
In 1963, he appeared as himself in Jean-Luc Godard's film Contempt 

Death and legacy
On February 8, 1960, Lang received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture industry, located at 1600 Vine Street 

Lang died from a stroke on August 2, 1976 and was interred in the Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles While his career had ended without fanfare, Lang's American and later German works were championed by the critics of the Cahiers du cinéma, such as François Truffaut and Jacques Rivette  Truffaut wrote that Lang, especially in his American career, was greatly underappreciated by "cinema historians and critics" who "deny him any genius when he 'signs' spy movies     war movies     or simple thrillers " Filmmakers that were influenced by his work include Jacques Rivette, William Friedkin, Steven Spielberg, Christopher Nolan, Luis Buñuel, Osamu Tezuka, Alfred Hitchcock, Jean-Luc Godard and Stanley Kubrick Lang is credited with launching or developing many different genres of film  Philip French of The Observer believed that Lang helped craft the "entertainment war flick" and that his interpretation of the story of Bonnie and Clyde "helped launch the Hollywood film noir"  Geoff Andrew of the British Film Institute believed he set the "blueprint for the serial killer movie" through M In December 2021 Lang was the subject for BBC Radio 4's In Our Time 

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive has preserved a number of Lang's films, including Human Desire and Man Hunt 

Filmography
Awards
Silver Hand in 1931, for his film M, by the German Motion Picture Arts Association
Commander Cross, Order of Merit in 1957 and 1966
Golden Ribbon of Motion Picture Arts in 1963 by the Federal Republic of Germany
Order of Arts and Letters from France in 1965
Plaque from El Festival Internacional del Cine de San Sebastian in 1970
Order of the Yugoslavia Flag with a Golden Wreath in 1971
Honorary Professor of Fine Arts by the University of Vienna, Austria, in 1973
Passage 5:
Jacques Décombe
Jacques Décombe is a French author, actor and director born in 1953 

Biography
After he studied at the Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, he was the director of the shows of Les Inconnus at the request of Didier Bourdon and won the Molière Award for best comedy show  (See fr:Molière du meilleur spectacle comique) in 1991  He also directed shows by Charlotte de Turckheim, Chevallier et Laspalès, Patrick Timsit, Les Chevaliers du fiel   
Passage 6:
Woman in the Moon
Woman in the Moon (German Frau im Mond) is a German science fiction silent film that premiered 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo cinema in Berlin to an audience of 2,000   It is often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films  It was directed by Fritz Lang, and written by his wife Thea von Harbou, based on her 1928 novel The Rocket to the Moon  It was released in the US as By Rocket to the Moon and in the UK as Girl in the Moon  The basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time by this film, including the use of a multi-stage rocket  The film was shot between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg near Berlin 

Plot
Helius (Willy Fritsch) is an entrepreneur with an interest in space travel  He seeks out his friend Professor Mannfeldt (Klaus Pohl), a visionary who wrote a treatise claiming that there was probably much gold on the Moon, only to be ridiculed by his peers  Helius recognizes the value of Mannfeldt's work  However, a gang of evil businessmen have also taken an interest in Mannfeldt's theories, and send a spy (Fritz Rasp) who identifies himself as "Walter Turner" 
Meanwhile, Helius's assistant Windegger (Gustav von Wangenheim) has announced his engagement to Helius's other assistant, Friede (Gerda Maurus)  Helius, who secretly loves Friede, avoids their engagement party 
On his way home from his meeting with Professor Mannfeldt, Helius is mugged by henchmen of the gang  They steal the research that Professor Mannfeldt had entrusted to Helius, and also burgle Helius's home, taking other valuable material  Turner then presents Helius with an ultimatum: the gang know he is planning a voyage to the Moon; either he includes them in the project, or they will sabotage it and destroy his rocket, which is named Friede ("peace")  Reluctantly, Helius agrees to their terms 
The rocket team is assembled: Helius; Professor Mannfeldt and his pet mouse Josephine; Windegger; Friede; and Turner  After Friede blasts off, the team discovers that Gustav (Gustl Gstettenbaur), a young boy who has befriended Helius, has stowed away, along with his collection of science fiction pulp magazines 
During the journey, Windegger emerges as a coward, and Helius's feelings for Friede begin to become known to her, creating a romantic triangle 
They reach the far side of the Moon and find it has a breathable atmosphere, per the theories of Peter Andreas Hansen, who is mentioned near the beginning of the film  Mannfeldt discovers gold, proving his theory  When confronted by Turner, Mannfeldt falls to his death in a crevasse  Turner attempts to hijack the rocket, and in the struggle, he is shot and killed  Gunfire damages the oxygen tanks, and they come to the grim realization that there is not enough oxygen for all to make the return trip  One person must remain on the Moon 
Helius and Windegger draw straws to see who must stay and Windegger loses  Seeing Windegger's anguish, Helius decides to drug Windegger and Friede with a last drink together and take Windegger's place, letting Windegger return to Earth with Friede  Friede senses that something is in the wine  She pretends to drink and then retires to the compartment where her cot is located, closes and locks the door  Windegger drinks the wine, becoming sedated  Helius makes Gustav his confidant and the new pilot for the ship  Helius watches it depart, then starts out for the survival camp originally prepared for Windegger  He discovers that Friede has decided to stay with him on the Moon  They embrace, and Helius weeps into her shoulder while Friede strokes his hair and whispers words of comfort to him 

Influence
Lang, who also made Metropolis, had a personal interest in science fiction  When returning to Germany in the late 1950s, he sold his extensive collection of Astounding Science Fiction, Weird Tales, and Galaxy magazines  Several prescient technical/operational features are presented during the film's 1920s launch sequence, which subsequently came into common operational use during America's postwar space race:

The rocket ship Friede is fully built in a tall building and moved to the launch area
As launch approaches, intertitles count down the seconds from six to "now" ("now" was used for zero), and Woman in the Moon is often cited as the first occurrence of the "countdown to zero" before a rocket launch
The rocket ship blasts off submerged in a pool of water; water is commonly used today on launch pads to absorb and dissipate the extreme heat and to damp the noise generated by the rocket exhaust
In space, the rocket ejects its first stage and fires its second stage rocket, predicting the development of modern multistage orbital rockets
The crew recline on horizontal beds to cope with the G-forces experienced during lift-off and pre-orbital acceleration
Floor foot straps are used to restrain the crew during zero gravity (Velcro is used today) These items and the overall design of the rocket led to the film being banned in Germany from 1933–1945 during World War II by the Nazis, due to similarities to their secret V-2 project 
Rocket scientist Hermann Oberth worked as an advisor on this movie  He had originally intended to build a working rocket for use in the film, but time and technical constraints prevented this from happening  The film was popular among the rocket scientists in Wernher von Braun's circle at the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)  The first successfully launched V-2 rocket at the rocket-development facility in Peenemünde had the Frau im Mond logo painted on its base  Noted post-war science writer Willy Ley also served as a consultant on the film  Thomas Pynchon's 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow, which deals with the V-2 rockets, refers to the movie, along with several other classic German silent films 
Oberth also advised Hergé for Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon (1953/4), which has plot points strongly influenced by Woman in the Moon 

Cast
Klaus Pohl as Professor Georg Manfeldt
Willy Fritsch as Wolf Helius
Gustav von Wangenheim as Ingenieur Hans Windegger (as Gustav v  Wangenheim)
Gerda Maurus as Stud  astr  Friede Velten
Gustl Gstettenbaur as Gustav (as Gustl Stark-Gstettenbaur)
Fritz Rasp as Der Mann "who calls himself Walter Turner"
Tilla Durieux as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Hermann Vallentin as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Max Zilzer as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Mahmud Terja Bey  as  Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Borwin Walth as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Karl Platen as Der Mann am Mikrophon
Margarete Kupfer as Frau Hippolt, Haushälterin bei Helius
Alexa von Porembsky as Eine Veilchenverkäuferin (as Alexa v  Porembska)
Gerhard Dammann as Der Werkmeister der Helius-Flugwerften (as Dammann)
Heinrich Gotho as Der Mieter vom II  Stock (as Gotho)
Alfred Loretto as Zwei eindeutige Existenzen (as Loretto)
Max Maximilian as Grotjan, Chauffeur bei Helius (as Maximilian)
Edgar Pauly as Zwei eindeutige Existenzen (as Pauly)
Die Maus Josephine as Maus

See also
1929 in science fiction
Passage 7:
Sepideh Farsi
Sepideh Farsi (Persian: سپیده فارسی; born 1965) is an Iranian director 

Early years
Farsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris to study mathematics   However, eventually she was drawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photography before making her first short films  A main theme of her works is identity  She still visits Tehran each year 

Awards/Recognition
Farsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best First Feature in 2009  She won the FIPRESCI Prize (2002), Cinéma du Réel and Traces de Vie prize (2001) for "Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker" and Best documentary prize in Festival dei Popoli (2007) for "HARAT" 

Recent News
One of her latest films is called Tehran Bedoune Mojavez (Tehran Without Permission)   The 83-minute documentary shows life in Iran's crowded capital city of Tehran, facing international sanctions over its nuclear ambitions and experiencing civil unrest   It was shot entirely with a Nokia camera phone because of the government restrictions over shooting a film   The film shows various aspects of city life including following women at the hairdressers talking of the latest fads, young men speaking of drugs, prostitution and other societal problems, and the Iranian rapper “Hichkas”   The  dialogue is in Persian with English and Arabic subtitles  In December 2009, Tehran Without Permission was shown at the Dubai International Film Festival 

Filmography
Red Rose (2014)
Cloudy Greece (2013)
Zire Âb / The house under the water (2010)
Tehran bedoune mojavez / Tehran without permission (2009)
If it were Icarus (2008)
Harat (2007)
Negah / The Gaze (2006)
Khab-e khak / Dreams of Dust (2003)
Safar-e Maryam / The journey of Maryam (2002)
Mardan-e Atash / Men of Fire (2001)
Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker (2000)
Donya khaneye man ast / The world is my home (1999)
Khabe Âb / Water dreams (1997)
Bâd-e shomal / Northwind (1993)
Passage 8:
Claude Weisz
Claude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris 

Filmography
Feature films
Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateurs
Jury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973

La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma français
Competition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, Montréal

On l'appelait    le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries "Laurel Wreath"
Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, Cairo

Paula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVD

Short and mid-length
La Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)
L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)
Un village au Québec
Montréal
Deux aspects du Canada (1969)
La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)
Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)
L'huître boudeuse
Ancienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)
Passementiers et Rubaniers
Le quinzième mois
C'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)
Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)
Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films "militants"

Television
Series of seven dramas in German
Numerous documentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)
Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)
Contemplatives    et femmes (TF1 - 1976)
Suzel Sabatier (FR3)
Un autre Or Noir (FR3)
Vivre en Géorgie
Portrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)
Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)

Television documentaries
La porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)
Une histoire balbynienne (2002)
Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)
Hana et Khaman (unfinished)
En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)
Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtre
Les quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autre
Histoire du peuple kurde (in development)
Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)
Réalisation de films institutionnels et industriels
Passage 9:
Seth Green
Seth Benjamin Green (né Gesshel-Green; born February 8, 1974) is an American actor  His film debut came with a role in the comedy-drama film The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), and he went on to have supporting roles in comedy films throughout the 1980s, including Radio Days (1987) and Big Business (1988)  
During the 1990s and 2000s, Green began starring in comedy films such as Idle Hands (1999), Rat Race (2001), Without a Paddle (2004) and Be Cool (2005)  During this time he became known for his portrayal of Scott Evil, Dr  Evil's son, in the Austin Powers film series (1997–2002)  Green has also taken serious roles in films, including The Attic Expeditions (2001) and Party Monster (2003)  He has provided the voice for Howard the Duck in a number of Marvel Cinematic Universe films and series, including Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  2 (2017)  In 2019, he wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy-drama film Changeland 
Green's first lead role on television was on the ABC sitcom Good & Evil in 1991, for which he won a Young Artist Award  Green later gained attention for his supporting roles as Oz, a teenage guitarist and the boyfriend of Willow Rosenberg, on the fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2000), and as the voice of Chris Griffin on the Fox adult animated sitcom Family Guy (1999–present)  He also voiced Leonardo in the Nickelodeon animated series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014–2017) and Joker in the Mass Effect video game series (2007–2012)  Green created, directs, writes, and produces the adult animated comedy series Robot Chicken and its spinoffs (2005–present), which have earned him three Primetime Emmy Awards and five Annie Awards 

Early life
Seth Benjamin Gesshel-Green was born in Overbrook Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Barbara (Gesshel) and Herbert Green  He has one sister, Kaela  Green later legally changed his name to Seth Benjamin Green  He was raised Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony  His ancestors were from Russia, Poland, and Scotland  Green started acting at the age of 7  His early comic influences included Monty Python, Blackadder, Saturday Night Live, Richard Pryor, Bill Cosby, Porky's, and Caddyshack 

Career
Early work
Green's first movie roles were in the 1984 films Billions for Boris and The Hotel New Hampshire; the second film cast him alongside Jodie Foster and Rob Lowe  He appeared in the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love, playing Patrick Dempsey's character's little brother, Chuckie Miller  He starred in Woody Allen's Radio Days (1987) as Joe (a 1930s–1940s boy based on Allen) and appeared in Big Business (1988) and, in the same year, My Stepmother Is an Alien, which also starred Buffy the Vampire Slayer co-star Alyson Hannigan 
In 1984, Green portrayed Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer in the Jell-O Gelatin Pops commercials featuring The Little Rascals  In 1991, Green rose to fame in a Rally's "Cha Ching" commercial, which earned him an appearance at a New Orleans Saints game  Green was given a key to New Orleans in honor of his role in the popular commercial Green appeared in the horror TV series It (as Richie Tozier, age 12) and Ticks, all three Austin Powers movies (as Dr  Evil's son, Scott), and Enemy of the State and The Italian Job (as a computer specialist in both)  He was also in the films Can't Hardly Wait, Rat Race, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Without a Paddle (alongside Matthew Lillard), Idle Hands, Party Monster, Airborne, and Old Dogs  Green also had a role in the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer 
In 1994, he starred alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt in the short-lived series The Byrds of Paradise  He worked with Hewitt again in 1998's Can't Hardly Wait  Green is not related to Bruce Seth Green, who directed some episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer  On occasion, some sources confuse the two and have credited Seth as the director  As an actor in the series, he was close to co-star Alyson Hannigan because they were lovers in the show  He played Daniel "Oz" Osbourne, a calm, mild-mannered member of the band Dingoes Ate My Baby who gets turned into a werewolf  He is very popular among fans of the series  Green has starred on Fox's Greg the Bunny and guest-starred on The X-Files, That '70s Show, Will & Grace, MADtv, Reno 911!, Entourage, Grey's Anatomy, The Wonder Years, Heroes, The Facts of Life, The Drew Carey Show, and My Name Is Earl 

Family Guy
Green provides the voice of Chris for the animated television sitcom  Family Guy  Green primarily voices Chris Griffin, the teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and, in many respects, a younger version of his father, and Neil Goldman, a neighbor of the Griffins  Green did an impression of the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  Green has stated that his main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's 

Howard the Duck
Green provides the voice of Howard the Duck for the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Vol  2 (2017) and the Disney+ animated series What If   ?, as well as the Disney XD animated series Guardians of the Galaxy (2015–19) and Ultimate Spider-Man (2016) Developing the character with James Gunn, Green did an impression of Danny DeVito, "being sort of a gruff and cynical sarcastic character [who] doesn't know what the Earth species of duck even is and doesn't think of himself that way and is offended by that generalization "

Later work
Green is a co-creator, co-producer, writer, director, and most frequent voice of the Emmy-winning stop-motion sketch parody comedy TV series Robot Chicken, for which he does many voices and has appeared in animated form  Green is friends with the band Fall Out Boy, making a cameo in their music video, "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race"  He also appeared in "Weird Al" Yankovic's "White & Nerdy" music video  He made two appearances on The Soup in 2007 and 2008, using his first appearance to lampoon Internet celebrity Chris Crocker  He voiced the character Jeff "Joker" Moreau, pilot of the Normandy-SR starship series in the video games Mass Effect, Mass Effect 2, and Mass Effect 3  He is a producer of The 1 Second Film and appears in the "making of" documentary that accompanies its feature-length credits  Green is also the co-creator (with Hugh Sterbakov) of the comic Freshmen, published by Top Cow Productions 
Green, along with Robot Chicken co-producer Breckin Meyer, appeared in the NBC show Heroes during the 2008–09 season  In January 2009, Green worked with David Faustino (Bud Bundy from Married    with Children) for an episode of Faustino's show Star-ving – Faustino is often mistaken for Green  Later in the same year, he worked with one of his idols, Robin Williams in comedy film Old Dogs, which also starred John Travolta  On July 13, World Wrestling Entertainment's official website announced Green as the special guest host for the July 13 episode of WWE Raw, and on that night, Green competed in the main event, a six-man tag team match, which his team won by disqualification  He was also in attendance for WWE's biggest event of the year, WrestleMania XXVI on March 28, 2010  Green guest-starred in the third season of the acclaimed sitcom Husbands  Green became the new voice of Leonardo in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles beginning in its third season (following Jason Biggs' departure from the role) In 2019, he wrote and released his first movie named Changeland, starring Brenda Song and Macaulay Culkin  The movie was released on June 7, 2019 In 2021, Green reprised the role of Todo 360 in Star Wars: The Bad Batch In 2022, Green voiced Thunderbolt in season three of Stargirl where the character was previously voiced by Jim Gaffigan 

Personal life
After getting engaged on New Year's Eve in 2009, Green married actress Clare Grant on May 1, 2010, in Northern California  They worked together on Robot Chicken, Warren the Ape, Changeland, Holidays, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H , and her Saber and "Geek and Gamer Girls Song" viral videos In 2000, Green stated, "God is, to me, pretty much an idea  God is, to me, pretty much a myth created over time to deny the idea that we're all responsible for our own actions " In 2013, he said that he had "a deep belief in the divinity of the Universe, and I had no ability to really comprehend the scope or magnitude of all the things that I don't understand" 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Video games
Theme park attractions
Awards and nominations
See also
List of recurring That '70s Show characters
Passage 10:
Yolonda Ross
Yolonda Ross is an American actress, writer and director 

Life and career
Ross was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska  She began her acting career in New York, appearing in the episodes of television series New York Undercover and Third Watch  Before landing the leading role in the independent drama film, Stranger Inside (2001)  The movie produced by HBO, first premiered on television, but Ross was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance  She later had supporting roles in a number of independent productions and guest-starred on Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and in 2011 had a recurring role of HBO's Treme Ross co-starred alongside LisaGay Hamilton in the critically acclaimed 2013 independent drama film, Go for Sisters  She received Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination for her performance in film  She later was cast opposite Viola Davis in Lila & Eve  In 2015, Ross played Robyn Crawford, the friend, assistant, and reported girlfriend of Whitney Houston, in the Lifetime movie, Whitney directed by Angela Bassett In 2017, Ross had a recurring role opposite Viola Davis in the ABC legal thriller How to Get Away with Murder  The following year she was cast in a series regular role in the Showtime drama series, The Chi 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations



ground_truth: Changeland