prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Marcus Annius Libo's aunt?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Nola Fairbanks
Nola Fairbanks (born Nola Jo Modine; December 10, 1924 – February 8, 2021) was an American actress  She was also the aunt of actor Matthew Modine 

Early life
Fairbanks was born Nola Jo Modine in Santa Paula, California, on December 10, 1924, the daughter of Zella Vonola Fairbanks and Alexander Revard Modine  She is the granddaughter of Mormon pioneers Ralph Jacobus Fairbanks (aka R J  "Dad" Fairbanks) and Celestia Adelaide (Johnson) Fairbanks, from Payson, Utah and Death Valley, California  She is a descendant of Jonathan Fairbanks, whose 17th century wood-frame house still stands in Dedham, Massachusetts As a child, she joined the Meglin Kiddies Dance Troupe where Shirley Temple was also a student  While her father, Alexander Revard Modine, worked for the Texaco Oil Company, Nola Jo's mother, Zella Vonola Fairbanks Modine, washed clothes to pay for her singing and dancing lessons during the Great Depression 

Career
Her only movie role was as a "glorified extra" in The Corn Is Green in 1945, starring Bette Davis  Soon after, she joined the Lionel Barrymore production of the musical, Halloween at the Hollywood Bowl, and performed on The Standard Hour in addition to the Hollywood Canteen for servicemen 
Next, she went on tour as a soloist with the Sonja Henie Ice Show, completing two national tours  When the tours ended in New York, she stayed on with the show, named Howdy Mr  Ice at the Center Theatre in Rockefeller Center 
Her Broadway debut was in 1950 in the chorus of Cole Porter's Out of This World
  She soon became an understudy and before long, assumed the lead  Summer stock performances included Miss Liberty with Dick Haymes in the Dallas Theatre as well as Die Fledermaus and finally Bloomer Girl in Toronto, Canada  Next, she joined the Broadway cast of Paint Your Wagon opposite James Barton, when Olga San Juan left the role of Jennifer Rumson  She took the show on tour with Burl Ives in the part of her father, Ben Rumson  
In 1952, she starred in the first musical production at the new Jones Beach Theatre in Long Island, New York  Mike Todd was the producer of this production of the Johann Strauss II operetta Eine Nacht in Venedig starring alongside Enzo Stuarti and Thomas Hayward 
After a winning performance on The Arthur Godfrey Radio Show, she appeared on his television show  Her final Broadway performance came when she was asked to replace Florence Henderson in the lead role in Fanny, co-starring Ezio Pinza 
She revived her career in 1978 with appearances in a short-lived sketch comedy TV series, Madhouse Brigade, produced by her husband  In 1981, he produced an off-Broadway show called Romance Is where Fairbanks performed with an ensemble cast  The show closed after a few performances 

Personal life
Fairbanks married James Larkin in 1954 and had four children  They divorced in 1990  She died on February 8, 2021, at the age of 96, in Greenwich, Connecticut 
Passage 2:
Emel Say
Emel Say (1927 – 17 February 2011) was a Turkish painter  She was the daughter of painter Zehra Say and the aunt of pianist Fazıl Say 

Life
Emel Say was born in 1927  Her grandfather was a politician, who left the Committee of Union and Progress and opened a dance hall  Her mother Zehra Say was the first woman in modern Turkey to be married at an official wedding  Emel's mind was always on music  When she was fifteen, she received singing classes from Professor Carl Ebert, who had established the Ankara Conservatory  At first, Emel Say wanted to be an opera artist, but she changed her mind when she fell in love with a piece of land in Hatay, southern Turkey  She had to put her interest in music on hold when she married  Her husband Fuat Say, unlike the tolerance that Fuat Say had shown her mother Zehra, did not send Emel to school, nor was this really possible in Hatay at the time  Raising her three sons was the only thing she did until she divorced her husband when she was 30 years old 
After her divorce, her interest in music did not come to fruition; her mother got sick, so she had to focus on getting a job and income  She started her work life as the secretary of Fuat Bezmen  She worked for him for around ten years She worked in the United States for about five years When her mother, the famous painter Zehra Say, went into the later stages of Alzheimer's disease, she was no longer able to continue painting  Zehra made her daughter Emel promise to finish her painting Maui Adası (Island of Maui), which she had started to paint from a postcard Emel had brought back from a trip to Hawaii  She did not know how she could paint  At first, she cried but then she tried to paint and from that point on did not stop  She completed her mother's painting and it was displayed at an exhibition at the Çiçek Bar  There she was discovered by the sculptor Gürdal Duyar who at first asked what had happened to Maui Adası, and then when Emel told him that her mother had insisted she finish it, she tried at it  Duyar expressed to her that she was a natural talent and had been a painter within all along  If it was not for this reassuring encounter she may not have gone into painting at all in her life  She started painting after the age of 60 Together with Duyar, who became a close friend of hers and other friends and family, she would often work on paintings and listen to music together late into the night  One of these nights, Duyar made a portrait for one of Fazıl's musician friends starting at midnight and finishing towards the morning as recalled by this friend of Fazıl's Say died in 2011 

Art
She was a student in the studio of the painter Osman Özal  She, together with the other (former) students, would meet on Wednesdays at the İzmir Art and Sculpture Museum, and work in the studio there  They became known as the "Group Wednesday", and held collaborative exhibitions She and Duyar had exhibitions at the CEP Gallery in the time period between 1977 and 1990 In 1995, her work, along with the work of Gürdal Duyar, was exhibited in the grand opening exhibition of the Asmalımescit Art Gallery 

Technique
She made many miniatures  One of the techniques she often used was using two different types of paint in the same painting, acrylic and gouache 

Exhibitions
Emel Say painting exhibition, Underground Art Gallery (till 20 May 1992)
Asmalımescit Art Gallery grand opening exhibition (1995)
Emel Say painting exhibition, Çatı Sanatevi (till 7 May 2000)
Emel Say painting exhibition, Underground Art Gallery (till 21 May 2004)
9th exhibition, Çiçek Bar (till 18 December 2004)
Mixed Exhibition of works by Osman Özals students, Dr  Selahattin Akçiçek Culture and Art Center in Konak, İzmir (till 15 April 2012) but extended?

Friends and Family
She is proud of how her mother, Zehra Say, even after her marriage, went to school and became an art teacher, which was quite an accomplishment at that time  She is also proud of her father Fuat Say for supporting his wife, her mother  Say's uncle's grandson, Fazıl Say, did make a career of his musical talent  When talking about him, she said that he is "A Genius!", "When he was just four years old, his mother had bought a small organ, like a toy    Fazıl started to play the songs on the radio with this organ  How many times could a composer the likes of him come to this Earth!"She became friends with the poet and writer Gülsüm Cengiz around after her time in the United States  He was visiting her and Zehra at their home and they continued in conversation late into the night, and they learned about the 1960 military coup towards the morning after someone was banging on the door and they turned on the radio She was also close friends with Gürdal Duyar, and they had exhibitions together 
Passage 3:
Marcus Annius Libo (consul 161)
Marcus Annius Libo (died 163) was a Roman senator  He was suffect consul in the nundinium of January-April 161 with Quintus Camurius Numisius Junior as his colleague  Libo was the nephew of emperor Antoninus Pius, and cousin to emperor Marcus Aurelius 
Libo came from a Roman family that had settled in Hispania generations before, and had returned to Rome more recently  His father was Marcus Annius Libo, consul in 128, and his mother was a noblewoman whose name has been surmised as Fundania, daughter of Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus, consul in 116  Libo had a sister, Annia Fundania Faustina, wife of Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio, whose second consulship was in 176 

Governor of Syria
The only portion of his cursus honorum we know is the portion immediately after Libo stepped down from his consulate  To support his co-emperor Lucius Verus' campaign against the Parthians, Marcus Aurelius appointed Libo governor of the province of Syria  Anthony Birley notes this was a surprising choice  "As Libo had been consul only the previous year, 161," writes Birley, "he must have been in his early thirties, and as a patrician must have lacked military experience " Syria was an important province, and the men picked to govern it were usually senior men with much military and administrative experience  Birley answers his own question, "It seems that Marcus' intention was to have on the spot a man he could rely "As governor, Libo quarreled with the emperor Lucius, taking the attitude that he would only follow the instructions that Marcus gave him  This angered Lucius, so when Libo suddenly died, rumor claimed that Lucius had Libo poisoned When Libo died, Lucius Verus defied Marcus and married Libo's widow to his Greek freedman called Agaclytus  Accordingly, Marcus Aurelius attended neither the ceremony nor the banquet 
Passage 4:
Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)
Marcus Annius Verus (died 124 AD) was a distinguished Roman politician who lived in the 2nd century, served as a praetor and was the father of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius 

Life
He was the son of Roman senator Marcus Annius Verus and noblewoman Rupilia Faustina  His brother was the consul Marcus Annius Libo and his sister was Faustina the Elder, wife of Antoninus Pius  He married Domitia Lucilla, the heiress of a wealthy family which owned a tile factory  They had two children, Marcus Aurelius (born in 121, and who was also originally named Marcus Annius Verus), and Annia Cornificia Faustina (born in 123)  Annius Verus died young while he held the office of praetor  Both his children were still young  The likeliest year of his death is 124 In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius, who was only about 3 years old when his father died, says of him: "From what I heard of my father and my memory of him, modesty and manliness "

Nerva–Antonine family tree
Passage 5:
Lucius Neratius Priscus
Lucius Neratius Priscus was a Roman Senator and leading jurist, serving for a time as the head of the Proculeian school  He was suffect consul in the nundinium of May–June 97 as the colleague of Marcus Annius Verus 

Family
The origins of the gens Neratia lie in the Italian town of Saepinum in the heart of Samnium; Priscus' father was the homonymous suffect consul of the year 87  He is known to have a younger brother, Lucius Neratius Marcellus, who was adopted by their uncle Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa who was suffect consul in either 73 or 74 and co-opted into the Patrician class; Marcellus became suffect consul two years before Priscus, and ordinary consul in 129 The existence of a son with the identical name and consul in either 122 or 123, inferred from the existence of the possible governor of Pannonia Inferior, was disproved by a 1976 paper written by G  Camodeca, whose findings were embraced by Ronald Syme 

Career
Most of Priscus' advancement through the cursus honorum has been established  His first known office was as military tribune with Legio XXII Primigenia between c  79 to c  80, in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz)  Next he held the office of quaestor (c  83/84), and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate  The two other magistracies followed: plebeian tribune (c  85/86) and praetor (c  88/89); usually a senator would govern either a public or imperial praetorian province before becoming a consul, but none is known for Priscus  After serving as suffect consul, Priscus was admitted to the collegia of the Septemviri epulonum, one of the four most prestigious ancient Roman priesthoods  He was also entrusted with governing, in succession, the imperial provinces of Germania Inferior (98-101), then Pannonia (102-105) The Digest of Justinian records that the emperor Trajan invoked the help of Priscus and Titius Aristo on a point of law   According to the Historia Augusta, there was a rumor that Trajan considered making Priscus his heir to the empire, before finally deciding on Hadrian to succeed him  Despite being a potential rival for the throne, Priscus was one of the legal experts the emperor Hadrian relied on for advice  Sir Ronald Syme looks to have considered Priscus as being another name used by or for Publius Cornelius Tacitus 
Passage 6:
Marcus Annius Flavius Libo
Marcus Annius Flavius Libo was a Roman Senator who lived in the second half of the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century  He was consul ordinarius in AD 204 with Lucius Fabius Cilo as his senior colleague 
Libo was a Patrician and came from Hispania Baetica  His grandfather was Marcus Annius Libo, who was made suffect consul in 161  His father of the same name was a legatus of Syria and may have been poisoned, possibly by his cousin, Lucius Verus  Libo was related to Lucius Verus through their mutual ancestor, Marcus Annius Verus, who was consul three times, and by marriage to Emperor Antoninus Pius, who married his grandfather's sister 
Passage 7:
Rupilia
The gens Rupilia, occasionally written Rupillia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome   Members of this gens are first mentioned in the latter part of the Republic, and Publius Rupilius obtained the consulship in 132 BC   Few others achieved any prominence, but the name occurs once or twice in the consular fasti under the Empire   The name is frequently confounded with the similar Rutilius 

Praenomina
The main praenomina of the Rupilii were Publius and Lucius, two of the most common names throughout Roman history 

Branches and cognomina
None of the Rupilii bore cognomina under the Republic, but as with other plebeian families most of them had individual surnames in imperial times 

Members
This list includes abbreviated praenomina   For an explanation of this practice, see filiation Publius Rupilius P  f  P  n , a fierce opponent of the Gracchi, became consul in 132 BC, the year after the murder of Tiberius Gracchus, whose followers he persecuted   He brought the First Servile War to a close, then remained in Sicily to reorganize the province, receiving a triumph on his return   He was prosecuted and condemned during the tribunate of Gaius Gracchus in 123, and died soon afterward 
Lucius Rupilius P  f  P  n , brother of Publius Rupilius, the consul, sought the aid of Scipio Aemilianus to obtain the consulship, but was not elected 
Lucius Rupilius, an actor known to the young Cicero 
Aulus Rupilius, a physician employed by Aulus Cluentius Habitus, whose mother, Sassia, bought a slave, Strato, from Rupilius, and had him tortured in the hope of obtaining evidence against her own son   The slave knew nothing of value, and Sassia's scheme came to naught 
Publius Rupilius, a man of equestrian rank, was magister of the publicani of Bithynia 
Gaius Rupilius, an argentarius, or silversmith, named in an inscription 
Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius M  f  M  n  Frugi Bonus, consul suffectus, serving from May to August in AD 88   He was the great-grandfather of Marcus Aurelius   His descent from the Rupilii is unclear 
Rupilia L  f  M  n  Faustina, the grandmother of Marcus Aurelius, married Marcus Annius Verus 
Lucius Rupilius Appianus, one of the septemviri epulones at Brixia in Venetia and Histria 
Decimus Rupilius Severus, legate in Lycia and Pamphylia in AD 151, perhaps the same Severus who was consul suffectus at the end of 155 
Lucius Rupilius Au[   ], legate of Sextius Lateranus, proconsul of Africa in AD 176 
Quintus Rupilius Q  f  Honoratus, of Mactar in Africa, raised to the equestrian order by Severus Alexander 
Rupilius Pisonianus, curator at Mactar and Mididi between 290 and 293 AD 
Rupilius Pisonianus, praefectus vigilum of Rome under Constans Caesar 

See also
List of Roman gentes
Passage 8:
Annia Fundania Faustina
Annia Fundania Faustina (died 192) was a noble Roman woman who lived in the Roman Empire during the 2nd century AD  She was the paternal cousin of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his sister Annia Cornificia Faustina 

Life
Fundania Faustina was the daughter of the Roman consul Marcus Annius Libo and wife Fundania  Her brother was the younger Marcus Annius Libo who served as governor of Syria in 162  Fundania Faustina's maternal grandparents are inferred to be Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus and his unknown wife; however her paternal grandparents are the Roman consul Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina  She was born and raised in Rome 
Through her paternal grandmother, she was related to the ruling Nerva–Antonine dynasty of the Roman Empire  Her paternal aunt was Empress Faustina the Elder (wife of Emperor Antoninus Pius and mother of Empress Faustina the Younger) and her paternal uncle was praetor Marcus Annius Verus (father of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the paternal grandmother of Empress Lucilla and Emperor Commodus) 
Fundania Faustina, married the Roman Politician Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio  She had two children with him who were:

Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio; he was executed in 182 on the orders of Commodus on the charge of conspiracy against the emperor 
Vitrasia FaustinaBefore 180, her husband had died and Fundania Faustina never remarried  During the reign of her unstable paternal cousin Commodus (180-192), she decided to withdraw from public life and chose to live in retirement in Achaea  Before he was assassinated in 192, Commodus ordered Fundania Faustina's death and she was later executed in that year 

Sources
Septimius Severus: the African emperor, by Anthony Richard Birley Edition: 2 – 1999
From Tiberius to the Antonines: a history of the Roman Empire AD 14-192, by Albino Garzetti, 1974
Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture By Eric R  Varner 2004
Passage 9:
Marcus Annius Libo
Marcus Annius Libo was a Roman Senator active in the early second century AD 

Life
Libo came from the upper ranks of the Roman aristocracy  He was the son of Marcus Annius Verus, consul III in 126, and Rupilia Faustina  Annius Verus was Spanish of Roman descent  Rupilia was the daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus and Vitellia (daughter of emperor Vitellius)  Libo is known to have had three siblings, two sisters and one brother  His elder sister was the Empress Faustina the Elder (mother of the Empress Faustina the Younger) and his younger sister (whose name is missing, but surmised to be Annia) was the wife of Gaius Ummidius Quadratus Sertorius Severus, suffect consul in 118  His brother was Marcus Annius Verus, the father of Marcus Aurelius He was consul in 128 as the colleague of Lucius Nonius Calpurnius Torquatus Asprenas  Libo was the paternal uncle of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius 
Beyond his consulship, almost nothing is known of his senatorial career  During the reign of his brother-in-law, Antoninus Pius, he was one of seven witnesses to a Senatus consultum issued to the city of Cyzicus in 138, which sought approval for establishing a corpus juvenum for the education of young men 

Family
Libo married a noblewoman whose name has been surmised as Fundania, daughter of Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus, consul in 116, and wife Rupilia Annia  They are known to have together two children:

Marcus Annius Libo, suffect consul in 161  He is known to have a son, Marcus Annius Flavius Libo 
Annia Fundania Faustina, wife of Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio, consul II in 176

Nerva–Antonine family tree


== Sources ==
Passage 10:
Kawamura Sumiyoshi
Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi (川村 純義, 18 December 1836 – 12 August 1904), was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy  Kawamura's wife Haru was the aunt of Saigō Takamori 

Biography
A native of Satsuma, Kawamura studied navigation at Tokugawa bakufu naval school at Nagasaki, the Nagasaki Naval Training Center  In 1868, he joined his Satsuma clansmen, and fought on the imperial side in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration as an army general  He was especially noted for his role in the Battle of Aizu-Wakamatsu 
Under the new Meiji government, he became an officer in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Navy, and steadily rose through the ranks  He became first Director of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1870 and taifu (senior vice minister) of Navy in 1872  He was in command of Japanese naval forces during the Taiwan Expedition of 1874 
During the Satsuma Rebellion, he was placed in command of all Imperial troops in September 1877 at the final Battle of Shiroyama near Kumamoto, when Saigō Takamori was killed (or committed seppuku)  This battle, Saigō's last stand against the Meiji government, was the historical basis for the 2003 film The Last Samurai 
In 1878, Kawamura became sangi (councillor) and the second Navy Minister  He remained in that position until 1885 except when he was temporarily replaced by Enomoto Takeaki, and during that period he expanded the influence of people from Satsuma within the navy 
In 1884, he was ennobled with the title of hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system  Later serving as court councillor and Privy Councillor, in 1901 he was given responsibility for the upbringing of the newborn Prince Michi (the future Emperor Hirohito) and his younger brother Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) In 1904, Kawamura was posthumously appointed to the rank of admiral, setting a precedent for such honors  His cause of death remains unknown, setting a mystery 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bonnie Tyler
Gaynor Sullivan  (née Hopkins; born 8 June 1951), known professionally as Bonnie Tyler, is a Welsh singer who is known for her distinctive husky voice  Tyler came to prominence with the release of her 1977 album The World Starts Tonight and its singles "Lost in France" and "More Than a Lover"  Her 1977 single "It's a Heartache" reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, and number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 
In the 1980s, Tyler ventured into rock music with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman  He wrote Tyler's biggest hit "Total Eclipse of the Heart", the lead single from her 1983 UK chart-topping album Faster Than the Speed of Night  Steinman also wrote Tyler's other major 1980s hit "Holding Out for a Hero"  She had success in mainland Europe during the 1990s with Dieter Bohlen, who wrote and produced her hit "Bitterblue"  In 2003, Tyler re-recorded "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with singer Kareen Antonn  Their bilingual duet, titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)", topped the French charts 
Rocks and Honey was released in 2013 and features the single "Believe in Me", which she performed representing the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden  After reuniting with the producer David Mackay, she released Between the Earth and the Stars (2019) and The Best Is Yet to Come (2021) 
Her work has earned her three Grammy Award nominations and three Brit Award nominations (including twice for British Female Solo Artist), among other accolades  In 2022 she was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to music 

Early life
Tyler was born Gaynor Hopkins in Skewen, Wales, to a coal miner father Glyndŵr and mother Elsie Hopkins  She grew up in a four-bedroom council house with three sisters and two brothers  Her siblings had varied music tastes, exposing her to artists such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and the Beatles  Hopkins and her family were deeply religious Protestants  Her first public performance took place in a chapel as a child, singing the Anglican hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful" Leaving school with no formal qualifications, Hopkins began working in a grocery shop  In 1969, she entered a local talent contest, and after coming in second place, was inspired to pursue a career in singing  Responding to a newspaper advertisement, she found work as a backing singer for Bobby Wayne & the Dixies before forming her own soul band called Imagination  It was around this time that she changed her name to Sherene Davis, to avoid being confused with Welsh folk singer Mary Hopkin 

Career
1975–1978: The World Starts Tonight and Natural Force
In 1975, Davis was spotted singing with her band in the Townsman Club, Swansea, by talent scout Roger Bell, who invited her to London to record a demo track  After many months had passed, she received a phone call from RCA Records, offering her a recording contract  They also recommended that she change her name again  After compiling a list of surnames and first names from a newspaper, Davis found a new name in "Bonnie Tyler" Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe became her managers, songwriters and producers  "My! My! Honeycomb" was released as her debut single in April 1976, and failed to impact any charts worldwide  RCA increased their promotional efforts for the release of Tyler's second single, "Lost in France", arranging for her to meet with a party of journalists at a French château  The single had no immediate impact upon its release in September 1976, but became a Top 10 single by the end of the year  Tyler's next single "More Than a Lover" was favoured by some critics, and she performed the song on the BBC's Top of the Pops on 31 March 1977  The song peaked at number 27 in the UK Despite producing two popular singles, Tyler's debut album, The World Starts Tonight, proved unsuccessful in Europe, except in Sweden, where it climbed to number 2 "It's a Heartache" saw Tyler return to prominence again in 1978, reaching number 4 in the United Kingdom  The song also became her first hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 Her second studio album Natural Force, released in the same year, was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) with sales of over half a million copies  "Here Am I" was released as a third single in the spring of 1978, but the song failed to sustain her success in the United Kingdom and the United States, though it charted in other European countries 

1979–1981: Diamond Cut and Goodbye to the Island
Tyler's third studio album, Diamond Cut, was released in 1979  Most of the songs were again written and produced by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe Diamond Cut was a hit in Norway and Sweden, but it only charted on the Billboard 200 at number 145  AllMusic declared the album to be the high point of Tyler's early career, "and a dynamite showcase for Tyler's inimitable voice"  Record Mirror rated the album three stars out of five, stating that "only a minority of the material [was] holding her back", and that the album is "essential listening" for Country music fans "Two singles were released from Diamond Cut; those were "My Guns Are Loaded" and "Too Good to Last"  Tyler also released "(The World Is Full of) Married Men", which was used as the theme song for the film of the same name  Tyler appears in the film singing the song during the title sequence  It peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1979  Record Mirror criticised the song; its reviewer wrote: "Bonnie stops chewing gravel for a minute or two   " and continued with "she ends up sandpapering my eardrums again  Ouch "Tyler's first tour of Japan took place in 1979  During her visit, she represented the United Kingdom in the World Popular Song Festival held in Tokyo  Tyler won the competition with the song "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", written by Scott and Wolfe  "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released in 1979, and listed as a single of the week in 1979 by Record Mirror upon its release Both singles featured on Tyler's final studio album with RCA  Goodbye to the Island was released in 1981, recorded in the Algarve, Portugal  AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five, with other critics predicting that Tyler was "doomed to be a one-hit wonder"  Phil Hendricks from Cherry Records said that Tyler "[proved] time and time again that she was one of those rare artists who was able to take the odd chart flop on the chin and bounce back having suffered little collateral damage "

1982–1989: The CBS Years
After her contract with RCA expired, Tyler signed with CBS/Columbia  A&R man Muff Winwood asked Tyler to scout a new producer  She considered Phil Collins, Jeff Lynne and Alan Tarney, but Jim Steinman was her first choice  "I'm a huge fan of his records, especially his solo album, and when my manager and I were discussing my comeback we both agreed that I had to sound the best or nobody would take me seriously " Steinman initially declined, but reconsidered after Tyler sent him demos of the rock material she was hoping to record After their initial meeting, Tyler returned to Steinman's apartment in New York a few weeks later where he performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Rory Dodd  Steinman described the song as "a Wagnerian-like onslaught of sound and emotion", and a "showpiece" for Tyler's voice  Her fifth album was recorded at the Power Station in New York, with members of the E Street Band, Rick Derringer on guitar, Rory Dodd and Eric Troyer on backing vocals, and Steinman as producer "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was released in the UK on 11 February 1983  It became one of the best-selling singles of all time with over six million units sold  Her fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night, debuted at no  1 on the UK Albums Chart and no  3 on the Cashbox and 4 on the Billboard 200, selling over one million copies in the United States  Tyler's commercial success led to several award nominations, including two Grammys, two AMAs and a BRIT Award  Tyler was named Best Recording Artist at the Variety Club of Great Britain Awards, and she received a Goldene Europa Tyler also found success through some of her soundtrack recordings in the mid-80s  In 1984, she released "Holding Out for a Hero" from the Footloose soundtrack  In the following year, her recording of "Here She Comes" for Giorgio Moroder's restoration of the 1927 film Metropolis earned Tyler a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance  Tyler also declined an offer to record the theme for the James Bond spin-off Never Say Never Again 
In 1986, Tyler released her sixth studio album, Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire  In another collaboration with Jim Steinman, the album also featured songs written by Desmond Child and Bryan Adams and a cover of "Band of Gold" by Freda Payne  "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)" became the album's most successful single, selling over 250,000 units in France  The music video, directed by Steinman and Stuart Orme, received six nominations at the Billboard Video Music Conference In 1987, Tyler collaborated with Mike Oldfield on the title track to his album Islands  In the following year, Tyler played Polly Garter in George Martin's album Under Milk Wood, a radio drama by Dylan Thomas  The music was composed by Elton John, and features vocal contributions from Tom Jones, Anthony Hopkins and Mary Hopkin Tyler asked Desmond Child to produce her seventh album, Hide Your Heart, which came out on 9 May 1988  The album featured collaborations with Michael Bolton, Albert Hammond and Diane Warren  The album's singles, "Hide Your Heart", "Save Up All Your Tears" and "The Best" became major hits for other artists 

1990–2000: Success in continental Europe
In 1990, Tyler signed to Hansa/BMG Ariola and began working with various producers for her eighth studio album  She collaborated with Dieter Bohlen, Giorgio Moroder, Nik Kershaw and Roy Bittan  "We used so many producers in efforts to capture many different moods for many different territories, because we believed in the international crossover potential of Tyler," stated David Brunner, A&R manager for Hansa Bitterblue was released on 11 November 1991  In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Tomas Mureika noted that the album marked a "much more mainstream and less bombastic" direction in Tyler's career  The title track was released a month ahead of the album and became a top 40 hit in several European countries  It was named ‘Catchy Song of the Year' at the RSH-Gold Awards  In the following year, "Bitterblue" was released as a promotional single in the United States where it was met with criticism  Billboard wrote that "bombastic production, with a rush of bagpipes and a choir of chirping children at the forefront, overpower Tyler's distinctive raspy voice "While Bitterblue was never released in the UK or US, the album was a commercial success in mainland Europe  It topped the charts in Austria and Norway, achieving 4× Platinum status in the latter country with eleven weeks at no  1 Tyler's subsequent albums, Angel Heart (1992) and Silhouette in Red (1993), were also successful in mainland Europe  Both albums featured a greater share of songs written and produced by Dieter Bohlen  Tyler was named Best International Singer at the Goldene Europa Awards in 1993, and Best Pop/Rock Singer at the ECHO Awards in 1994 In 1995, Tyler moved to EastWest Records and released Free Spirit  The album featured collaborations with a variety of producers including Humberto Gatica, David Foster and Jim Steinman  The lead single, a cover of Air Supply's "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)", reached no  45 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1996  The album was re-released in March 1996 featuring a cover of "Limelight" by the Alan Parsons Project  The track was used as a theme for the German team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia Tyler's twelfth studio album, All in One Voice, was released in 1998  Much of the album was recorded with Jimmy Smyth in Dublin, and Harold Faltermeyer in Hamburg In 1998, Tyler appeared on Rick Wakeman's orchestral album Return to the Centre of the Earth on the song "Is Anybody There?"  The album also included narration from Star Trek actor Patrick Stewart and vocals from Ozzy Osbourne, Katrina Leskanich and Justin Hayward 

2001–2003: Greatest Hits and Heart Strings
On 14 September 2001, Tyler released Greatest Hits, a compilation album containing seventeen tracks  The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 18, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 60,000 units  Greatest Hits reached the Top 10 in a further five European countries In 2002, Tyler began working on her thirteenth studio album, Heart Strings  EMI approached her with the idea of recording a cover album with an orchestra and Tyler's band  She selected thirteen songs by artists such as U2, The Beatles and Bruce Springsteen  The songs were arranged by composers Nick Ingman and Karl Jenkins, and performed by the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra Heart Strings was released on 18 March 2003, and was followed by a tour in Germany  The album charted in Europe, reaching the Top 50 in five countries 

2004–2005: Success in France
In 2003, vocalist Kareen Antonn invited Tyler to re-record "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a bilingual duet in French and English  The new version was re-titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)" and released in December 2003  It went to no  1 in Belgium and France, where it held the top position for ten weeks, selling over 500,000 units  The success of the single was considered to be Tyler's comeback in France, and received overwhelmingly positive reviews from music critics Tyler's fourteenth studio album Simply Believe was released in April 2004  It featured seven new songs and various re-recordings and covers  Tyler and Antonn recorded "Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)" as a second bilingual duet  It peaked at number 12 in France  Tyler co-wrote the title track of the album, and two additional songs, with producer Jean Lahcene  Simply Believe spent 23 weeks on the French Album Charts and peaked at number 18 
Tyler released her fifteenth studio album Wings in the spring of 2005  It was recorded in Paris, and featured twelve new songs, two of which were also recorded in French, and new versions of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache"  Tyler promoted the album with an extensive tour of Europe, including a televised performance at the Sopot International Song Festival in Poland, and recorded concerts at La Cigale in Paris and at the Fiestas del Pilar in Zaragoza, Spain  Footage from all three concerts appeared on Tyler's live DVD Bonnie on Tour which was released in 2006  Wings was issued in the UK in 2006 under the title Celebrate  Tyler also received the Lifetime Achievement Steiger Award in 2005 

2006–2011: From the Heart: Greatest Hits and Best of 3 CD
In 2006, Tyler made her first appearance on US television in years when she performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with actress Lucy Lawless on Celebrity Duets  In the following year she recorded a new version of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with punk band BabyPinkStar and released From the Heart: Greatest Hits, which reached number 2 in Ireland and number 31 in the UK 
In April 2009, Tyler joined Welsh male voice choir Only Men Aloud! on their UK tour to perform "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  They recorded the song for their second studio album Band of Brothers, which was released in October  In the same year, she also recorded the title song for Mal Pope's new musical Cappuccino Girls, and performed the song at the opening night in Swansea's Grand Theatre  Tyler also made a cameo on Hollyoaks Later to sing "Holding Out for a Hero" in a dream sequence with Carmel McQueen (Gemma Merna) In 2010, Tyler appeared in a television advertisement for MasterCard singing a parody of "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  She released "Something Going On" with Country singer Wayne Warner and a new version of "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)" with Matt Pétrin in July and August respectively  In October, she toured with Robin Gibb in Australia and New Zealand 

In 2011, Tyler appeared on Swedish TV show Kvällen är din ("The Evening Is Yours" in English), singing "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Swedish singer Niklas Paulström  Tyler also performed "It's a Heartache"  She also made a guest appearance in the music video "Newport (Ymerodraeth State of Mind)", a parody of the Jay-Z and Alicia Keys song "Empire State of Mind" for the BBC's Comic Relief charity  Also in 2011, Tyler won an award at the BMI London Awards for "It's a Heartache" gaining over 3 million airplays on US television and radio since it was first recorded in 1977  She also appeared on the Ukrainian version of X Factor as one of the three British guests, alongside Kylie Minogue and Cher Lloyd  She performed "It's a Heartache", "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero"  In December 2011, a portrait of Tyler by Rolf Harris, owned by Cathy Sims, was valued at £50,000 on BBC's Antiques Roadshow In September 2011, Tyler released a new compilation titled Best of 3 CD, which charted at number 36 in France  The album featured a cover of "Eternal Flame" by The Bangles, which was recorded as a duet with Laura Zen in French and English and released as a single 

2012–2018: Rocks and Honey and the Eurovision Song Contest
In early 2012, Tyler began working on her sixteenth album, Rocks and Honey  She travelled to Nashville, Tennessee in search of material for the album  It was recorded at the Blackbird Studios in Nashville, and produced by David Huff  Tyler sent the album to the BBC ahead of its release for feedback  After hearing the third track "Believe in Me", they asked Tyler to represent the United Kingdom with the song at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  Although she was initially reluctant, Tyler accepted, describing Eurovision as "great publicity for my album" Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's entrant on 7 March 2013, and was met with a mixed reaction  "Believe in Me" was released on 13 March, and peaked at number 93 in the United Kingdom  As a member of the "Big Five", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to the Eurovision Grand Final on 18 May  Tyler finished in 19th place with 23 points  Reacting to the results, Tyler stated, "I did the best that I could do with a great song", adding, "I'm so glad and so happy that I did it because it was an incredible experience  It was like the Grammy awards all over again "Following the Eurovision Song Contest, Tyler became the first representative for the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio Award  She received the accolades for Best Song and Best Female Singer Rocks and Honey was released on 6 May 2013 in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 52 on the UK Albums Chart  The album was titled in reference to the contrast between Tyler and Vince Gill's voice on their duet "What You Need from Me", which was likened to "rocks and honey"  "This Is Gonna Hurt" and "Love Is the Knife" were released as the second and third singles in August and September 2013 respectively, though both songs failed to chart In 2014, Tyler released "Miserere" on Rhydian Roberts's album One Day like This, and "Fortune" on Spike's album 100% Pure Frankie Miller In June 2015, Tyler appeared on Die schönsten Disney Songs aller Zeiten, a one-off televised celebration of popular Disney songs in Germany  She performed "Circle of Life" from The Lion King  In September 2015, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero" on Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, Nicole Scherzinger and Alec Baldwin In 2016, Tyler featured on Frankie Miller's album Double Take  In March 2017, Tyler released a new single titled "Love's Holding On" with German metal band Axel Rudi Pell In August 2017, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas with American dance-rock band DNCE to mark the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017  The song received an increase of 31,000 online downloads, which led to a placement of number 13 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart  In November, she released a new compilation titled Remixes and Rarities  The album debuted numerous tracks from her back catalogue that had not previously been released on CD In March 2018, Tyler embarked on a 22-date tour of Germany and Austria to celebrate the 40th anniversary of "It's a Heartache", with Sharron Levy as support 

2019–present: Recent albums
In February 2019, Tyler released "Hold On" as the lead single from her seventeenth studio album, Between the Earth and the Stars  The album followed in March 2019 and peaked at no  34 on the UK Albums Chart  It was recorded with David Mackay, who produced Tyler's first two albums in the 1970s  Between the Earth and the Stars features three duets with Rod Stewart, Francis Rossi and Cliff Richard  Tyler embarked on a 23-date tour of Europe to support the album in April 2019, culminating with an appearance at BBC Proms in the Park in Hyde Park, London, and a headline concert at the London Palladium in September  Her show at L'Olympia in Paris was filmed and released through Canal+ In August 2019, Cherry Red Records released a box set compiling Tyler's first four studio albums  Classic Pop magazine described The RCA Years as "a thoroughly-researched 4CD-set"  In November 2019, Tyler made a guest appearance at Ben Zucker's concert at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, Berlin to sing "It's a Heartache"  Their duet features on his live album, Wer Sagt das?! Zugabe!, released in May 2020 In December 2019, Tyler released a new version of her 2005 song "Streets of Stone" for The World's Big Sleep Out, an international homeless charity event  On 14 December 2019, she performed at the Vatican's annual Concerto di Natale in the presence of Pope Francis In May 2020, Tyler released "Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)" with Lorraine Crosby as a charity single in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust  It reached no  64 on the UK Downloads Chart  Her latest studio album, The Best Is Yet to Come, followed in February 2021 
On 2 September 2022, Tyler and Mike Batt released their duet "Into the Sunset" as a digital single  The track was originally released on the soundtrack to The Dreamstone in 1990  In October 2022, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" live with the cast of Tanz der Vampire in Stuttgart to mark the musical's 25th anniversary In November 2022, Tyler embarked on her first ever tour of South America, with eight dates in Brazil, and one date in Uruguay  Speaking with El País, Tyler stated that she hopes to release another studio album in 2023 

Artistry
Influences
Born into a musical family, Tyler grew up listening to a wide range of musical genres  One of Tyler's earliest musical memories was listening to her mother singing opera music in the family home  Tyler attended church until she was sixteen years old  Her first ever performance was singing "All Things Bright and Beautiful" in church  She was also exposed to the music of Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Beatles and other 1960s bands due to her siblings' musical tastes  Frankie Miller was the first live act that Tyler saw, and she later recorded duets with him Tyler's two biggest influences from a young age were Janis Joplin and Tina Turner  She cites "River Deep – Mountain High" as being her all-time favourite song  Other artists that influenced Tyler in her youth include Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Meat Loaf, Joe Cocker, Dusty Springfield and Tommy Steele  She has also expressed admiration for contemporary artists such as Guns N' Roses, Anastacia, Toni Braxton, Duffy, and Eminem  She has also expressed interest in collaborating with Adele, whom she describes as "a great song writer, singer and performer "

Vocal style
Tyler's music contains elements of country, rock, pop, blues and Celtic  Her voice has been likened to Rod Stewart and Kim Carnes as a result of her vocal cord nodule operation in the 1970s, sometimes even being referred to as "the female Rod Stewart", and, after her collaborations with Jim Steinman, "the female Meat Loaf"  Soon after her operation, when recording her second album, Natural Force, the studio band complimented Tyler's changed voice  Reviewers from AllMusic have described Tyler's voice as "inimitable", "wonderfully gritty", and an "effective instrument" for drawing notice to her first managers, Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe In a review of Rocks and Honey, OMH Media described Tyler's vocals as being "good for only one thing and that's belting out gravelly vocals," suggesting that she sounds like Johnny Cash in his later years when she "tries to restrain [her voice] " With reference to her modern voice, The Yorkshire Times wrote that Tyler's vocals have "still got what it takes to make you tingle " Jim Steinman told People magazine that he wrote "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a "showpiece for [Tyler's] voice " AllMusic said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics "

Songwriting
Though songwriting has never been a significant part of Tyler's career, she has co-written a handful of B-Sides and other tracks  "Gonna Get Better", a B-Side to the 1980 Japanese single "Sayonara Tokyo", was written with her brother, Paul Hopkins In 2001, Tyler co-wrote four songs with Gary Pickford-Hopkins on his GPH album, and duetted with him on the track "Loving You Means Leaving You"  Tyler was also involved in writing several tracks for her 2005 album Wings, including its singles "Louise" and "Celebrate" 

Philanthropy
Tyler has featured in three charity supergroups  In 1986, she joined the Anti-Heroin Project to record "It's a Live-In World"  The proceeds were donated to the Phoenix House Charities who funded heroin recovery centres in the UK 
In the following year, Tyler featured as a chorus vocalist in the British-American charity group Ferry Aid, who released a cover of "Let It Be" by the Beatles  Proceeds were donated to a charity supporting the victims of the Zeebrugge Disaster  The single sold over 500,000 copies in the UK where it topped the charts for three weeks  In 1990, Tyler joined Rock Against Repatriation to record a cover of "Sailing"  It was a protest song in response to the repatriation of Vietnamese boat people who fled to Hong Kong  The single peaked at no  89 on the UK Singles Chart Since the 1990s, Tyler has been a patron of the Bobath Children's Therapy Centre in Cardiff, Wales, who provide care for children with cerebral palsy  In 2013, she campaigned for Bobath to be recognised at the Pride of Britain Awards  Tyler is also an ambassador for the Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales  In January 2005, Tyler performed at the Rock for Asia benefit concert in Ingolstadt, Germany, raising funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  The event was recorded and released on DVD  In 2007, Tyler recorded "I Don't Know How to Love Him" for Over the Rainbow, a charity album conceptualised by Anneka Rice on the television show Challenge Anneka  The album reached no  1 on the UK Compilation Chart, with proceeds going to the Association of Children's Hospices On 1 November 2009, Tyler performed as the headline act at the Pinktober Women in Rock concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In the following year, she co-headlined at a benefit concert alongside Leo Sayer raising funds for Variety, the Children's Charity, in New Zealand  In 2012, Tyler was named patron of the AAG animal charity association in Guia, Portugal  Tyler re-recorded "Holding Out for a Hero" for the 2013 Children in Need appeal  In 2014, she endorsed the BUAV's campaign to make it mandatory for animals in testing laboratories to be re-homed  In 2020, Tyler contributed to a cover of "Don't Answer Me" by the Alan Parsons Project to raise funds for Bergamo, an Italian city that was deeply impacted by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic 

Personal life
In July 1973, Tyler married Robert Sullivan  He is a property developer and 1972 Olympic judo competitor  They have no children; Tyler miscarried when she was aged 39  Tyler and her family are Protestant Since 1988, Tyler and her husband have owned a five-bedroom home in Albufeira, Portugal in the Algarve  Tyler had recorded one of her albums there in the late 1970s, and the couple spend much of the year there  In 2005, Tyler was filmed in the Algarve for the Polish entertainment TV show Zacisze gwiazd, which explores the houses of actors and musicians Tyler and Sullivan have invested in property  As of a 1999 interview, they owned farmland in Portugal and New Zealand, 22 houses in Berkshire and London, and 65 stables offering horse boarding services  In a 2013 interview, Tyler stated that the farm in New Zealand had been converted to a dairy farm twelve years after they purchased the land  In the same interview, she stated that she and Sullivan also own a quarry 

Discography
Studio albums
The World Starts Tonight (1977)
Natural Force (1978)
Diamond Cut (1979)
Goodbye to the Island (1981)
Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983)
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire (1986)
Hide Your Heart (1988) also known as Notes From America
Bitterblue (1991)
Angel Heart (1992)
Silhouette in Red (1993)
Free Spirit (1995)
All in One Voice (1998)
Heart Strings (2003) also known as Heart & Soul
Simply Believe (2004)
Wings (2005) also known as Celebrate
Rocks and Honey (2013)
Between the Earth and the Stars (2019)
The Best Is Yet to Come (2021)

Honours, awards and recognition
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache" have estimated sales of over 6 million units each, and are among the best-selling singles of all time Tyler's 1976 breakthrough with "Lost in France" led to her nomination for Best British Female Newcomer at the 1977 Brit Awards  In the 1980s, she received nominations for two more Brit Awards, and three Grammy Awards  In 2013, she was presented with the Gold Badge award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) In 1979, Tyler won the 10th World Popular Song Festival with "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", representing the United Kingdom  Tyler also became the first and only representative of the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio award in 2013  She was also one of the first western artists to tour the Soviet Union In addition to her music awards, Tyler has received local honours in Wales; including being named freeman of Neath Port Talbot in 2011, and an honorary degree and doctorate from Swansea University in 2013  She is also an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama  In 2016, she was honoured by the Lord Mayor of Swansea for Services to Music Tyler was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to music 

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Passage 2:
Sweet Love
Sweet Love may refer to:

"Sweet Love" (Anita Baker song), 1985
"Sweet Love" (Company of Strangers song), 1992
"Sweet Love" (Chris Brown song), 2012
"Sweet Love" (Commodores song), 1976
Passage 3:
Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)
"Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)" is a song written by Johnny MacRae and Bob Morrison, and recorded by American country music artist George Jones   It was released in January 1983 as the first single from his album Shine On  The song peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart  "Shine On" was Jones' sixth Top 10 solo hit in less than three years  The song also displayed some of the pop elements that producer Billy Sherrill would introduce into George's sound over the course of his next few albums 

Chart performance
Passage 4:
O Valencia!
"O Valencia!" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife 
The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy  It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers  The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang  At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's "sworn enemy") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer 

Track listing
The 7" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with "Culling of the Fold" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing "After the Bombs" as the B-side 

Music videos
For the "O Valencia!" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage  Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment "Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now" and accused the band of stealing the idea  The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of "O Valencia!", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2  The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of "the Boss", plan an escape to an unknown location  At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the "Valencia" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape  Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads "Office"  The letters have all burnt out except for the "O", creating the title of the song  The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers  Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis)  They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan  Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him  The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca  They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch  After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection  2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe  The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town  Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick 
The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums)  The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for "Sixteen Military Wives"  The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket 
Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage 
Passage 5:
I Believe in Your Sweet Love
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler  It was released as a standalone single in November 1979, and Tyler later re-recorded it for her fourth studio album, Goodbye to the Island (1981)  The song was written by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe, who co-produced the track with Hugh Murphy 
The song was a hit in Canada, where it reached number 27 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart  Record Mirror nominated it as a single of the week upon its release 

Background
Tyler's success was in decline (except in Scandinavian countries) after she failed to match the success of her 1978 single "It's a Heartache" with subsequent releases  Diamond Cut (1979) only reached number 145 in the United States, and its most successful singles "Too Good to Last" and "My Guns Are Loaded" only saw regional success in mainland Europe and Canada 
Tyler released two singles in late 1979: "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", which saw her win the World Popular Song Festival in Japan; and "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" 
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released on Tyler's album Lost in France: The Early Years (2005) 

Music video
The video was filmed in Beaulieu Palace House in Brockenhurst, United Kingdom 

Charts
External links
Lyrics to this song at Genius
Passage 6:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 7:
I Believe in Everything (song)
"I Believe in Everything" is a song by John Entwistle  "I Believe in Everything" was released as a single in 1971  The B-side was "My Size"  The song also appears on Entwistle's debut solo album, Smash Your Head Against the Wall  When Entwistle was asked about the song in comparison to the rest of the album, he said:

I've been saying a lot of stuff that I didn't really believe in  I sort of wrote it for the heads, really, the people thinking, "ah, so that's where Entwistle's brain's at, he really sort of believes in the devil and hell and all that sort of business " So I wrote a number that touches on reincarnation, then goes into the absurd, with Father Christmas and the whole bit and right at the end just to prevent the heads from thinking that I did believe in everything like I was saying, 'cause they always seem to believe that you actually believe in your own words  I believe in some of them but not all of them, so I just wrote the joke in to throw them off, and it's done it 
The song ends with a chorus of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" 

Personnel
John Entwistle – vocals, bass
Dave "Cyrano" Langston – guitar
Jerry Shirley – drums
Keith Moon – backing vocals
Passage 8:
Believe in Me (Bonnie Tyler song)
"Believe in Me" is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey (2013)  American songwriter Desmond Child composed the song with British songwriters Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide  It was released as the album's lead single on 13 March 2013  The song was written to "uplift the world", and was completed by Child whilst having dinner with Tyler 
The song was recorded in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee  The lyrics depict Tyler telling a lover who does not believe in love or religion to just believe in her  "Believe in Me" was selected as the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom  To comply with the song duration rules, the album version was cut to three minutes and three seconds for radio play and for live performance  The photograph used for the cover art was taken by Tyler's nephew, Andrew Hopkins  Following the Eurovision Song Contest, the song peaked at No  93 in the United Kingdom, but did not chart elsewhere 
"Believe in Me" received mixed reviews from music critics, and the song was largely blamed for Tyler's mediocre final score in the Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final  Despite the single's chart placing and result at Eurovision, both Tyler and the single won categories in the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards; the first time a UK representative has won in a category in the ESC Radio's history 

Background and release
Tyler had been working on her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey since 2008  She recorded the album in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee, and released the album on 8 March 2013 in Europe, one day after Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest  The official release of "Believe in Me" followed a week later, released on 13 March by Celtic Swan Recordings in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 15 March in Europe  At her appearance on The One Show Tyler explained that the song had already been written before the BBC suggested it as the Eurovision entry when she sent a demo of Rocks and Honey to them  The song has also been added to the SingStar store as a karaoke track  A remix single of the song by Blutonium Boy & Matty Menk was released on 13 May by Celtic Swan Recordings The music video was published on the BBC's official YouTube channel on 6 March 2013  The video was shot in East Sussex in a beach hut and on a nearby beach  Alongside the music video film crew there was a second crew that filmed a 'making-of' video  The BBC published the film in late March 

Composition
Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide's involvement in composing "Believe in Me" is unknown, though when it was announced that the song would represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, Bonnie Tyler told The Telegraph that Child finished composing the song at dinner 

"When I got to Nashville, I was looking for songs around the publishers, and got in touch with Desmond and he said "come up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll give you some songs " He'd already recorded some of these demos, but I said "I really love these two songs " And he said "But "Believe in Me" isn't finished yet  I tell you what, come back up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll finish writing it then," which is what he did  I'll never forget that night, we got there and Bob Ezrin was there, the producer of The Wall for Pink Floyd  After dinner [Child] wrote the second verse "
Welsh singer Paul Child conducted an interview with Desmond Child in Nashville in April 2013 to discuss his work with Bonnie Tyler, both with "Believe in Me" and in the beginnings when he wrote her hit single "If You Were a Woman" in the 1980s  Paul Child drew similarities between the lyrical and rhythmic structure of "Believe in Me" and the Labelle song "Lady Marmalade", specifically with the lines "Voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?" and "[   ] and you laugh at the thought of putting your faith in stuff, like love"  Desmond stated that they (Child, Christy and Braide) wanted to write a song that would "uplift the world, and we're so thrilled that Bonnie sang it and that it got chosen to represent the UK "

Reception
Critical response
Upon its initial release, the song received mixed reviews from music critics  UKMIX described the song as "quite blissful with a smooth vocal delivery and some pretty nice lyrics," but despite not being able to fault the song, the reviewer was unsure that the song was the right choice for the Eurovision Song Contest and predicted that Tyler would suffer the same criticism that Engelbert Humperdinck received the previous year  Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the song two stars out of five, stating that the song is a "polar opposite to the slew of Euro-club bangers entering this year's contest," but applauded Tyler for entering the Eurovision Song Contest with the contrasting song  The Guardian held a poll on their website asking the public if they expected Tyler to be successful at Eurovision  The results were fairly even with 46% predicting that Tyler would win and 54% voting that they didn't expect Tyler to win  Ann Gripper from the Daily Mirror described the song as "heartfelt," and went on to say that Tyler "can still sing " She criticised the songwriters' choice of "above" and "stuff" as the first rhyming lyrics, but noted the line "you never see the rainbow, you just curse the rain" as an improvement, and an opportunity to "have some fun with the staging on finals night in Malmo " Gripper concluded by saying that it "doesn't get into your head like (2012 Sweden winning song) "Euphoria"," and stated that unless the staging is "spectacular", the song won't be remembered by voting time 

Commercial performance
Commercially, the song reached minor success on record charts  On 19 May 2013, "Believe in Me" scored the highest Eurovision-related new entry on that week's Top 100 UK Singles Chart, despite finishing 19th in the contest  The song climbed up to No  86 in the UK mid-week charts following its debut at No  93, but dropped out of the Top 100 by the following week 

Accolades
Bonnie Tyler won Best Song (with 12 6% of the vote) and Best Female Singer (with 16 9% of the vote) at the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards, and became the first representative of the United Kingdom to receive an award from ESC Radio since its initiation in 2006 

Eurovision Song Contest 2013
Tyler was selected by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  The first rehearsal took place on 12 May, the second on 15 May and the performance in front of the jury on 17 May 2013  Tyler's final performance of "Believe in Me" took place on 18 May during the Grand Final, with Anthony Goldsbrough (guitar and backing vocals), Michael Gazzard (guitar and backing vocals), Hayley Sanderson (guitar and backing vocals), Kristen Cummings (keyboards and backing vocals) and Grant Mugent-Kershaw (drums)  The song was staged with Tyler standing by a microphone stand with her backing group before walking down the catwalk onto a rising platform The song finished in 19th place with points from Ireland (7), Malta (5), Spain (4), Romania (3), Switzerland (2), Sweden (1) and Slovenia (1), a total of 23 points 

Reaction to the Eurovision results
Several journalists and singers have made public their views on the song and the result  Irish entrant and three-time winner of Eurovision Johnny Logan complimented Tyler, but argued that the song wasn't strong enough  He continued, "If you're going to win Eurovision, to go through some of the incredible voting I've noticed over the last few years, you have to have something that's going to stand out above everything else  Otherwise you're just going to hope to pick up 10 or 11 votes " Similarly, Nathan Moore agreed that the song was not strong enough, but said "It was a great idea to get Bonnie involved, there's a lot of love for Bonnie out there " Mick Dalley (of Yahoo! News) agreed that "although Tyler herself was on form, singing beautifully and rousing the crowd with her podiumed finale, "Believe in Me" was simply not good enough as a song" 1997 UK winner Katrina Leskanich (of Katrina and the Waves) stated that she was underwhelmed by Denmark's entry, and expected Tyler to have scored higher than she did  British journalist Dave Goodman acknowledged that Tyler's entry was an improvement on the previous year, though argued that it was a combination of a poor position in the running order and the song that kept the UK from scoring higher During promotion for Rocks and Honey in France, Bonnie Tyler spoke out against the Eurovision Song Contest's incidents  After being asked if she believes the contest is rigged, she replied, "I think so "
"The next day after the Eurovision, the Russians were complaining to Azerbaijan, "why didn't you give us the ten points we paid for?" Excuse me! "We paid for?" Is this a competition?     I don't care about that  We [United Kingdom] haven't won for sixteen years, and I didn't expect to win  It's too bad that politics come in to it, it should be a songwriting competition, not who lives next door to you "
The Daily Mail claimed that Tyler overheard the conversation of Russians complaining to Azerbaijanis and spread the rumour; Tyler challenged this and said that she had seen it on Sky News 

Performances and promotion
Tyler first performed the song in Berlin, Germany where she featured as a guest on the Rock Meets Classic Tour in February to March 2013  Tyler was still involved with the tour when it was announced that she would be representing the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in May, and after appearing on The One Show in London, she returned to Germany to begin promoting "Believe in Me"  On 19 April, she stopped off at the Cologne Cathedral and the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Berlin for a photo shoot and unveiled wax figurines of the members of ABBA  On 28 April, the Leute Heute (German TV show) film team published a video from visiting Tyler's house a few weeks before to interview her on her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest  At mid-day, Tyler was interviewed and then performed an acoustic version of the song on BBC Radio 2's Weekend Wogan with her Eurovision group  Her final television appearance in the UK was on 3 May, when she performed "Believe in Me" on The Graham Norton Show After arriving in Malmö on 10 May, Tyler was received positively by the press and by the other Eurovision entrants  Particular support came from Finland's entrant Krista Siegfrids and Malta's entrant Gianluca Bezzina  Before the voting concluded, the UK received 2 more points from Switzerland and the Lithuanian spokesperson spoke "I love you, Bonnie Tyler" despite the UK not scoring any Lithuanian votes 

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single 

Track listings and formats
Germany Maxi CD single"Believe in Me" (Radio edit) – 3:01
"Believe in Me" (Album version) – 3:57
"Stubborn" – 3:46UK Digital download"Believe in Me" (Eurovision edit) – 3:01

Charts
Release history
Passage 9:
I Believe in Love (Bonnie Guitar song)
"I Believe in Love" is a song written by Boudleaux Bryant and recorded by American country artist, Bonnie Guitar 
The song was recorded in January 1968 and officially released as a single in April  "I Believe in Love" peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, becoming her third and final top ten on any Billboard list  The single also became Guitar's final major hit as a musical artist  Additionally, "I Believe in Love" reached a peak of number thirty on the Canadian RPM Country Songs chart in August 1968  It became her final chart appearance on the latter chart  The single was later issued on Guitar's album for Dot Records, also entitled I Believe in Love 

Chart performance
Passage 10:
Bernie Bonvoisin
Bernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁnaʁ bɔ̃vwazɛ̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁni bɔ̃vwazɛ̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director  He is best known for having been the singer of Trust 
He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song "Ride On" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott 

External links
Bernie Bonvoisin at IMDb



ground_truth: Vibia Sabina

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country the performer of song I Believe In Your Sweet Love is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers
Major General Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers (c  1628 – 14 September 1694) was an English nobleman and soldier 
He was the first son of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers by his wife Catherine, daughter of William Parker, 13th Baron Morley  His father was closely involved in the English Civil War on the Royalist side from 1641  Consequently, he lost his castles at Halton and Rocksavage and their contents were confiscated 
About 1647, he married firstly Elizabeth (b  1627), illegitimate daughter of Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland by his mistress Martha Jeanes  Their children included: Thomas, who married Charlotte, daughter of Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby; Richard, who succeeded as 4th Earl Rivers; Elizabeth; and Annabella  They also had other children who died young He was widely believed to be a Roman Catholic, and during the Popish Plot he was denounced by informers, but the evidence was so flimsy that no charges were ever brought against him 
About 1684, he married secondly Arabella, daughter of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey  They had no issue He died at his house in Great Queen Street in the Parish of St Giles in the Fields, Middlesex  A memorial to him by William Stanton was installed in St Michaels Church, Macclesfield Documented evidence exists in the form of a pamphlet which details a murder by a Thomas Savage of St Giles in the Fields  It is likely the Thomas in question is the son of the 3rd Earl Rivers, or a family relation 
Passage 2:
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey PC FRS (8 November 1630 – 8 May 1701), styled Lord Willoughby de Eresby from 1642 to 1666, was an English nobleman 
He was the son of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey and Martha Cokayne  He travelled on the Continent, in France and Italy from 1647 to 1652, attending the University of Padua in 1651  In 1654, he married Mary Massingberd, who died in the late 1650s, after bearing him one daughter:
Lady Arabella Bertie (d  28 February 1716), married Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers Before 1660, he married again to Elizabeth Wharton (d  1669), daughter of Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, by whom he had five children:
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1660–1723)
Rt  Hon  Peregrine Bertie (c  1663–1711)
Hon  Philip Bertie (c  1664–1728), married Elizabeth Brabazon, daughter of William Brabazon, 3rd Earl of Meath, without issue
Hon  Norris Bertie (c  1666 – 27 August 1691)
Hon  Albemarle Bertie (c  1668–1742)He contested Boston in 1661 and was returned to the Cavalier Parliament, in which he sat until he succeeded his father as Earl of Lindsey and Lord Great Chamberlain in 1666  In about 1670, he married a third time, to Lady Elizabeth Pope, daughter of Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe and widow of Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet  By her he had two children:
Hon  Charles Bertie (c  1683–1727)
Lady Elizabeth Bertie, died unmarriedLindsey had inherited an electoral interest at Stamford, on which his brother Peregrine had been returned since 1665  In a 1677 by-election, Lindsey treated the voters lavishly and secured the election of his candidate against that of the 4th Earl of Exeter, heretofore the predominant interest in the borough  For a brief period, both Peregrine and their younger brother Charles Bertie sat for the borough, but the Exclusion crisis in 1679 temporarily destroyed Lindsey's influence and both were turned out  Lindsey's brothers regained both seats at the 1685 election, but in 1689, he compromised with the 5th Earl of Exeter and each chose one member, Lindsey's brother Charles holding the seat until 1711  In 1694, he put in his younger son Philip at a by-election alongside Charles, but the Exeter interest put up a candidate again in 1698 and Philip did not stand 
Passage 3:
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey KG (16 December 1582 – 24 October 1642), previously (from 1601 to 1626) 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby was an English peer, soldier and courtier 

Early life
Robert Bertie was the son of Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (b  12 October 1555 – d  25 June 1601) and Mary de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding  Queen Elizabeth I was his godmother, and two of her favourite earls (Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex), whose Christian name he bore, were his godfathers 
He had been part of Essex's expedition to Cádiz, and had afterwards served in the Netherlands, under Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange  He was even given temporary command of English forces during the Siege of Rheinberg in the summer of 1601  The long Continental wars throughout the peaceful reign of King James I had been treated by the English nobility as schools of arms, as a few campaigns were considered a graceful finish to a gentleman's education He succeeded his father as Baron Willoughby de Eresby in 1601  He was later created Earl of Lindsey on 22 November 1626 and took his title from the northern of the three parts of Lincolnshire, the old Kingdom of Lindsey 

The entrepreneur
The Lindsey Level in The Fens, between the River Glen and The Haven, at Boston, Lincolnshire, was named after the first Earl Lindsey as he was the principal adventurer in its drainage  The drainage work was declared complete in 1638 but the project was neglected with the onset of the Civil War so that the land fell back into its old state  When it was drained again, more than a hundred years later, it was called the Black Sluice Level  There is more information under the article Twenty, Lincolnshire 

The English Civil War
As soon as Lord Lindsey had begun to fear that the disputes between the King, Charles I and Parliament must end in war, he had begun to exercise and train his tenantry in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, of whom he had formed a regiment of infantry 

First Siege of Hull
Lord Lindsey accompanied the King in April 1642 as part of a party who tried to negotiate a handover of the magazine at Hull for the King's military use  This handover was turned down by the pro-Parliamentary governor, Sir John Hotham, who expelled the party, causing it to withdraw with the King to York  Early in July, the King returned from York with a force of 3,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, intent on besieging the city, now garrisoned by reinforcing Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Meldrum, returning to York while leaving Lord Lindsey in command through the siege   Meldrum ordered some effective sorties out of the city, the last of which, on 27 July, blew up the arsenal Lindsey's troops had set up at Anlaby, west of Hull  Lindsey's force, whose cavalry were unsupported by the infantry who had withdrawn to Beverley, gave up the siege after this loss of their munitions and retreated back to York, lifting the siege 

Battle of Edgehill
As Lord Lindsey was a most experienced soldier of 59 years of age at the start of the English Civil War, King Charles I had appointed him General-in-chief of the Royalists for the Battle of Edgehill  However, the King had imprudently exempted the cavalry from Lindsey's command, its general, the King's nephew Prince Rupert of the Rhine, taking orders only from the King  Rupert was only 22 years old, and although an experienced soldier who had fought in the Thirty Years' War, he had not yet learnt that cavalry should also be used in support of infantry and not just against the enemy's cavalry 
With Lindsey was his son Montagu Bertie, Lord Willoughby who had seen some service against the Spaniards in the Netherlands, and after his return had been made a captain in the Lifeguards, and a Gentleman of the Bedchamber  Anthony van Dyck has left portraits of the father and the son; the one a bald-headed, alert, precise-looking old warrior, with the cuirass and gauntlets of earlier warfare; the other, the very model of a cavalier, tall, easy, and graceful, with a gentle reflective face, and wearing the long lovelocks and deep-point lace collar and cuffs characteristic of Queen Henrietta's Court 
At eight o'clock, on the morning of 23 October 1642 King Charles was riding along the ridge of Edge Hill, and looking down into the Vale of the Red Horse, a fair meadow land, here and there broken by hedges and copses  His troops were mustering around him, and in the valley he could see with his telescope the various Parliamentary regiments, as they poured out of the town of Kineton, and took up their positions in three lines  "I never saw the rebels in a body before," he said, as he gazed sadly at the subjects arrayed against him  "I shall give them battle  God, and the prayers of good men to Him, assist the justice of my cause " The whole of his forces were not assembled till two o'clock in the afternoon, for the gentlemen who had become officers found it no easy matter to call their farmers and retainers together, and marshal them into any sort of order 
Lord Lindsey, who was an old comrade of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, who was by then the commander of the Parliamentarian forces, knew that he would follow the tactics they had both together studied in Holland, little thinking that one day they should be arrayed one against the other in their own native England  He had a high opinion of Essex's generalship, and insisted that the situation of the Royal army required the utmost caution  Rupert, on the other hand, had seen the swift fiery charges of the fierce troopers of the Thirty Years' War, and was backed up by Patrick Ruthven, Lord Ruthven, one of the many Scots who had won honour under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden  A sudden charge of the Royal horse would, Rupert argued, sweep the Roundheads from the field, and the foot would have nothing to do but to follow up the victory  The King, sad enough at having to fight at all with his subjects, and never having seen a battle, seemed entirely bewildered between the ardent words of his spirited nephew and the grave replies of the well-seasoned old Earl  Eventually the King, willing at least not to irritate Rupert, desired that Ruthven should array the troops in the Swedish fashion 
It was a greater affront to the General-in-chief than the king was likely to understand, but it could not shake the old soldier's loyalty  He gravely resigned the empty title of General, which only made confusion worse confounded, and rode away to act as colonel of his own Lincolnshire regiment, pitying his master's perplexity, and resolved that no private pique should hinder him from doing his duty  His regiment was of foot soldiers, and was just opposite to the standard of the Earl of Essex 
In the afternoon the Royal forces marched down the hill  Prince Rupert's charge was fully successful  No one even waited to cross swords with his troopers, but all the Roundhead horse galloped headlong off the field, hotly pursued by the Royalists  However, the main body of the army stood firm, and for some time the battle was nearly equal, until a large troop of Parliamentary cavalry who had been kept in reserve, wheeled round and fell upon the Royal forces just when their scanty supply of ammunition was exhausted  Step by step, however, they retreated bravely, and Rupert, who had returned from his charge, sought in vain to collect his scattered troopers, so as to fall again on the Roundheads  Some were plundering, some chasing the Roundheads, and none could be got together 

Death
Lord Lindsey was shot through the thigh bone, and fell  He was instantly surrounded by Roundhead cavalry; but his son, Lord Willoughby, seeing his danger, flung himself alone among them, forced his way forward, and raised his father in his arm, unheeding his own safety  The throng of Roundheads around called to him to surrender, and, hastily giving up his sword, he carried the Earl into the nearest shed, and laid him on a heap of straw, vainly striving to staunch the blood under watch of a Roundhead guard 
It was a bitterly cold night, and the frosty wind came howling through the darkness  Lord Lindsey himself murmured, "If it please God I should survive, I never will fight in the same field with boys again!"–no doubt deeming that young Rupert had wrought all the mischief  His thoughts were all on the cause, his son's all on him  It proved impossible to stop his wounds bleeding and gradually the old man's strength ebbed away 
Toward midnight the Earl's old comrade Essex had news of his condition, and sent some officers to enquire for him, and promise speedy surgical attendance  Lindsey was still full of spirit, and spoke to them so strongly of their broken faith, and of the sin of disloyalty and rebellion, that they slunk away one by one out of the hut, and dissuaded Essex from coming himself to see his old friend, as he had intended  The surgeon, however, arrived, but too late, Lindsey was already so much exhausted by cold and loss of blood, that he died early in the morning of 24 October 1642, as he was being carried through the gates of Warwick Castle where other Royalist prisoners were being kept  His son, despite King Charles' best efforts to obtain his exchange, remained a prisoner of the Parliamentary side for about a year  Lindsey is buried in St Michael and All Angels Church, Edenham, Lincolnshire Lord Lindsey should not be confused with Ludovic Lindsay, 16th Earl of Crawford, who also fought for the King at the Battle of Edgehill 

Marriage and issue
In 1605, Lindsey married Elizabeth Montagu (d  30 November 1654, sister of Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton)  They had thirteen children:

Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey (1608–1666)
Hon  Sir Roger Bertie (d  15 October 1654), married Ursula Lawley, daughter of Sir Edward Lawley
Hon  Robert Bertie (1 January 1619 – 1708), married firstly Alice Barnard, secondly Elizabeth Bennet, and thirdly Mary Halsey
Hon  Sir Peregrine Bertie, married Anne Hardeby
Capt  Hon  Francis Bertie (d  1641), killed in Ireland
Capt  Hon  Henry Bertie (d  1643), killed at the First Battle of Newbury
Hon  Vere Bertie, died unmarried
Hon  Edward Bertie (17 October 1624 – 25 December 1686)
Lady Katherine Bertie, married about 1631 Sir William Paston, 1st Baronet, one son, Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth
Lady Elizabeth Bertie (d  28 February 1684), married in 1661 Sir Miles Stapleton
Lady Anne Bertie (d  1660), died unmarried
Lady Mary Bertie, married firstly Rev  John Hewett (d  1658), and secondly Sir Abraham Shipman
Lady Sophia Bertie, married Sir Richard ChaworthThe office of Lord Great Chamberlain descended through to him following the death of his cousin Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, as being the closest heir male 

Notes
Passage 4:
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, KG, PC (1608 – 25 July 1666), was an English soldier, courtier, and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1626  He was created Baron Willoughby de Eresby by writ of acceleration in 1640 and inherited the peerage of Earl of Lindsey in 1642  He fought in the Royalist army in the English Civil War 

Early life
Bertie was born in Grimsthorpe Castle, Grimsthorpe, the eldest son of Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, and his wife Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton  After a brief term at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1623, Bertie then served as Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire in 1624 and Stamford from 1625 to 1626, when, upon his father's elevation to an earldom, he assumed the style of Lord Willoughby de Eresby 
At some point during his early life, he was also Captain of a cavalry troop in the Low Countries  He rose in favour with King Charles I and was appointed a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, High Steward of Boston, and Steward, Warden and Chief Ranger of Waltham Forest in 1634 In 1639, Willoughby raised The King's Life Guard of Foot, composed of four companies, for service in the First Bishops' War and was given a Captaincy in the regiment  The following year, he was appointed High Steward of the Honour of Bolingbroke and the Manor of Sutton  When the Long Parliament was convened on 3 November 1640, he was summoned to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration as Baron Willoughby de Eresby  In October 1641, Lord Willoughby and four companions, including Endymion Porter, visited Scotland  Their sight-seeing was recorded in an anonymous poem, A Scottish Journie 

English Civil War
Both Lord Willoughby and his father supported the King and raised a regiment of cavalry in Lincolnshire on his behalf  Lord Willoughby commanded the Life Guards at Edgehill, where his father was mortally wounded by a shot through the thigh  Willoughby surrendered to the Parliamentarians in order to attend his father, whom he now succeeded as Earl of Lindsey and Lord Great Chamberlain  He was imprisoned in Warwick Castle, where he wrote a defiant declaration and justification of his loyalty to the King  He was not released until a prisoner exchange in July 1643, whereupon he rejoined the King at Oxford and was appointed a Privy Counsellor in December  As colonel of the King's Life Guards of Foot and subsequently lieutenant-general of the Life Guards "and all the foot", he fought at the First Battle of Newbury, Cropredy Bridge, Lostwithiel, Second Battle of Newbury, and was wounded at Naseby  In addition to his military services for the King, Lindsey frequently acted as a commissioner to treat with Parliament and persistently urged reconciliation  The King additionally honored Lindsey with the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber from 1643 until 1649, and Steward, Keeper and Ranger of Woodstock in 1644 Lindsey was present at the surrender of Oxford in June 1646, attended the King in 1647, and finally served as a commissioner for the Treaty of Newport in 1648  He continued to attend the King during his trial and accompanied the King's body to its burial at Windsor  Lindsey paid heavily for his allegiance, compounding for his estates in December 1646 at £4360 (later reduced to £2100), a sum he did not pay off until 1651 

Commonwealth and Restoration
After the execution of the King, Lindsey retired into private life, and although his movements were carefully monitored by the Council of State, particularly during the Penruddock uprising and Booth's rebellion, he apparently took no part in the Royalist movement After the Restoration, Lindsey was re-appointed to the Privy Council, admitted as Lord Great Chamberlain, and appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire  He was made a Knight of the Garter on 1 April 1661 and officiated as Lord Great Chamberlain at the coronation of Charles II on 23 April 1661  In 1662, the office of Earl Marshal was placed in commission and he was named one of the commissioners  Lindsey died in 1666 at Campden House, Kensington, the home of his son-in-law, and was buried at Grimsthorpe 

Family
Bertie married firstly, on 18 April 1627, Martha Ramsay (née Cockayne), Dowager Countess of Holderness and daughter of Sir William Cockayne, at the Church of St Peter-le-Poor in the City of London  They had eight children:
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey (1630–1701)
Hon  Peregrine Bertie (ca



ground_truth: United Kingdom

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which award the director of film Tiramisu (2002 Film) earned?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 2:
Dante Lam
Dante Lam Chiu-yin (simplified Chinese: 林超贤; traditional Chinese: 林超賢; pinyin: Lín Chāoxián, born 1 July 1964) is a Hong Kong filmmaker, actor and action choreographer 

Background
He was trained in the tradition of John Woo as an assistant director and worked as an actor and producer  He often writes and supervises his own choreography  In 2008 he won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director for his work on Beast Stalker His 2018 film Operation Red Sea is the second-highest-grossing Chinese film of all time and 9th in the international box office list of 2018  It won him the Hundred Flowers Award for Best Director and the award for Best Action Choreography at the 38th Hong Kong Film Awards In the aftermath of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Lam was contracted by the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) to produce a video, Guarding Our City, intended to help rehabilitate the police force's public image  The 15-minute video was released on 23 January 2021 

Filmography
Director
Option Zero (1997)
Beast Cops (1998)
When I Look Upon the Stars (1999)
Jiang hu: The Triad Zone (2000)
Runaway (2001)
Hit Team (2001)
Tiramisu (2002)
The Twins Effect (2003)
Naked Ambition (2003)
Love on the Rocks (2004)
Heat Team (2004)
Undercover Hidden Dragon (2006)
Sparkling Red Star (2007)
The Sniper (2008)
Beast Stalker (2008)
Storm Rider Clash of the Evils (2008)
Fire of Conscience (2010)
The Stool Pigeon (2010)
The Viral Factor (2011)
Unbeatable (2013)
That Demon Within (2014)
To the Fore (2015)
Operation Mekong (2016)
Operation Red Sea (2018)
The Rescue
Guarding Our City (2021)
The Battle at Lake Changjin (2021)
The Battle at Lake Changjin II (2022)
Bursting Point (2023)
Operation Red Sea 2 (2024)
Passage 3:
John Farrell (businessman)
John Farrell is the director of YouTube in Latin America 

Education
Farrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) 

Career
His business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements He co-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico  After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard   Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas com  There he established a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services  He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and media channels 

Google
Farrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America  On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo  He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business  John is also part of Google’s Latin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region  He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO 
Passage 4:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 5:
Tiramisu (2002 film)
Tiramisu is a 2002 Hong Kong romantic fantasy film directed by Dante Lam  It stars Nicholas Tse and Karena Lam in their first film collaboration 

Plot
While a mail man (Nicholas Tse) delivers package to Jane Chan (Karena Lam), a dancer  Jane dies  He meets Jane's ghost on a subway train and begins a romantic relationship 

Cast
Nicholas Tse as Ko Fung
Karena Lam as Jane Chan (aka Chan Jing) 
Eason Chan as Buddy
Candy Lo as Tina
Vincent Kok as Lawrence
Chan Kit-ling as Sue
Kitty Yuen as Monica
Lawrence Chou as Doctor
Ng Siu-kong as Jane's father
Ting Chu-wai as Jane's mother
Lam Nag-man as Chan Wing
Bobby as Bobby
Lam Ching as Doctor's girlfriend
Lung Yuen-lam as Dancing teacher
Chiu Ho-yin as Jerry
Lo Ka-yu as Lydia
Dancers
Karen Chan
Ng Lai-hing
Chan Yuk-chu
Tam Kit-yu
Linda Choi
Tse Pui-kei
Chow Kam-yin
Wong Lai-hung
Lam San
Yip Wing-yan
Ma Cheung-ching
Yiu Wing-chi
Mai To
Lee Kong as Old ghost husband
Wei Wei as Old ghost wife
Chow Yu-kei as Monica's boyfriend
Jazz band members
Wong Wing-kei
Yuen Chan-ting
Chan Man-tin
Doddy P  Marcelo
Lee Tok-fai
Ha Sek-hang
Siu Ping-lam as Newspaper editor
Jackie Lam as Accident victim
Ho Yung-mui as Minibus driver
Benny Tse as Truck driver
Wong Chui-yee as Convenience store clerk
Preliminary's judges
Chan Chuen-mo
Leung Man-wai
Yau Kwok-hung
Chun Lam
Ng Yu-lit also as Final judge
Howard G  Harris as Final judge
Adelaide Chung as Final judge
Lisa Marie Bell-Jones as Final judge
John Nash as Final judge
Poon Long-fong as Kid in convenience store
Chan Chun-shan as Arrowed kid in convenience store
Shek Cheuk-kan as Kid playing piano
Lee Kin-shing as Pastor
Wong Yu-mei as Waitress
Man Kwai-pui as Waiter
Woo Chi-ming as Waiter
Sin Yan-kau as Waiter
Wong Ming-yan as Cleaner
Altan Au as Cleaner
Chan Wing-yin as Cleaner
Plato Lai as Cleaner
Sam Ho-lin as Cleaner
Couriers
Poon Yuk-sung
Chan Wing-hei
Chan Chi-san
Chik Chi-fung
Chan Wing-cheung
Tsang Hing-cheung
Chung Yung
Passage 6:
John Donatich
John Donatich is the Director of Yale University Press 

Early life
He received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude  He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduating summa cum laude 

Career
Donatich worked as director of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992 His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice 
He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director of national accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisher and vice president of Basic Books  While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008   While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authors as Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida 
In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press   At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E  H  Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T  J   Clark   Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis, Norman Manea and Claudio Magris  He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform 
In 2009, he briefly gained media attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, The Variations 

Books
Ambivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St  Martin's Press, 2005 
The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012

Articles
Why Books Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp  329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742

Personal life
Donatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella 
Passage 7:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 8:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 9:
Michael Govan
Michael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art  Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City 

Early life and education
Govan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D C  area, attending Sidwell Friends School He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art  Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate  After receiving his B A  from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego 

Career
As a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R  Guggenheim Foundation  Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R  Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain  Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation 

Dia Art Foundation
From 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City  There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present  Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon  Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for "needlessly and permanently" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building  During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest  Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015 

LACMA
In February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M  Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art  Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961  "I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum," Govan has written, "[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that "Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark  Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion  LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1 6 million in 2016 

Artist collaborations
Since his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists  In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world  Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo  Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a "gritty cavern deep inside the earth     crossed with a high-style urban lounge "Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists  These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard  Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016 In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived  In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years  In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum 

Zumthor Project
Govan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor  As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments  Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard  The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmental collections  Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans  Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of "driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own"  Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a "giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1 5 miles  Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support 
On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that "no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 "To Rome and Back" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as "bland and ineffectual" and an "unsuccessful sample of what's to come" 

Personal life
Govan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage  He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]  That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region 
Los Angeles CA 90020
United States  He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport 
Passage 10:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 



ground_truth: Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director