prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of the director of film Jail Yatra?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 2:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 3:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 4:
Jail Yatra (1947 film)
Jail Yatra is an Indian Hindi-language drama film released in 1947  It was directed by Gajanan Jagirdar 

Cast
Raj Kapoor
Kamini Kaushal
Ramlal
Badri Prasad
Bikram Kapoor

Music
"Duniya Sari Jail Re" - Ninu Majumdar
"Piya Milne Naveli" - Raj Kapoor
"O Gori Kahan 7hali" - Meena Kapoor, Ninu Majumdar
Passage 5:
Song Yoon-ah
Song Yoon-ah (Korean: 송윤아, born June 7, 1973) is a South Korean actress  She is best known for starring in the film Jail Breakers (2002), as well as the television dramas Hotelier (2001), On Air (2008), Mama (2014), The K2 (2016), and Secret Mother (2018) 

Early life
Song Yoon-ah was born in Seoul, but spent her childhood in Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang Province  She has two elder brothers, the first one is a doctor  While studying Cultural Anthropology as a freshman at Hanyang University, she was recommended by an older schoolmate to a modeling agency  Song made her entertainment debut when she won three awards at the KBS Super Talent Contest in 1995, and began appearing in magazine advertisements and as an extra on TV shows 

Career
In 1998, Song rose to fame as the antagonist in Mister Q, playing the head of the design department in an underwear company who bullies the heroine; the trendy drama was a big hit, with a peak viewership rating of 45 3%  Over the next few years, Song became well known for her roles in TV dramas such as Paper Crane (1998), The Boss (1999), and Hotelier (2001) Her first few films did not make a significant impression at the box office  But in late 2002, Song starred in one of the bigger commercial hits of the year, Jail Breakers with actors Sol Kyung-gu and Cha Seung-won  Her energetic performance in Kim Sang-jin's comedy was recognized with Best Supporting Actress trophies from the Blue Dragon Film Awards, the Chunsa Film Art Awards, and the Grand Bell Awards  Song next played an anthropologist from the National Institute of Scientific Investigation in the 2004 horror film Face In 2006, she reunited onscreen with Sol Kyung-gu in Lost in Love, a low-key melodrama directed by Choo Chang-min about two college friends who drift apart and reconnect over the course of ten years  Arang followed, in which Song played a detective on the trail of a serial killer; this was her first time to get top billing over a male costar (rookie actor Lee Dong-wook)  But like Face, her previous project in the horror genre, Arang was a commercial and critical failure  Song returned to television with My Beloved Sister, in the title role of a graduate art student who grew up wealthy but must suddenly take on the responsibilities as head of the family and take care of her younger brothers after their father goes bankrupt then disappears Her next hit drama came in 2008 with On Air, a behind-the-scenes look at the Korean entertainment industry  Song was cast in the role of scribe Kim Eun-sook's alter ego, a successful, acerbic screenwriter who clashes egos with a top actress (played by Kim Ha-neul) while falling for a TV director (played by Park Yong-ha)  Then in the 2009 thriller Secret, Song played the wife of a homicide detective—she becomes the prime suspect in a brutal murder he's investigating, while in the 2010 tearjerker Wedding Dress, her character is a widowed designer who is diagnosed with cancer and begins sewing the ultimate parting gift, a special dress for her young daughter's wedding, which she will never get to see After getting married in 2009 and giving birth in 2010, Song went on a five-year hiatus from acting  She became an adjunct professor and part-time lecturer at Seoul Arts College in 2010, as a faculty member of the Department of Performing Arts and the Department of Broadcasting, Entertainment and Visual Arts  Apart from occasional stints as an awards ceremony host (she hosted the Korean Film Awards from 2003 to 2010), in 2011 she also joined the cooking show Food Essay on cable channel Olive, and served as a judge on the first season of talent-reality show Korea's Got Talent Song made her acting comeback in the 2014 drama series Mama, which revolved around a terminally ill single mother's quest to find a loving family for her son before her impending death, leading to her befriending the current wife of a former lover  Her performance won Best Television Actress at the 51st Baeksang Arts Awards In 2016, Song played a villain in action drama The K2 In 2017, she returned to the big screen and acted as a war correspondent in VR film Nine Days  The film is planned to exhibit in Sundance Film Festival, Cannes Film Festival and Venice Film Festival  The same year, she was cast in the film Stone, her first feature film in 7 years  And the film has invited to the 23rd Busan International Film Festival 
In 2018, Song was cast in SBS mystery family drama Secret Mother Song then starred in JTBC's 2020 pre-produced 19+ age-restricted series Graceful Friends Song was cast in Channel A's series for the first time with melodrama mystery Show Window: The Queen's House 

Personal life
Song married actor Sol Kyung-gu on May 28, 2009 in a Catholic church in Bangbae-dong followed by a reception at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Seoul  Both graduates of Hanyang University, they acted opposite each other in Jail Breakers (2002) and Lost in Love (2006)  Their son Sol Seung-yoon was born on August 3, 2010 In 2014, Song filed a defamation suit against 57 netizens who spread online rumors that she began having an extramarital affair with Sol in 2002 while he was still married to his first wife and was the cause of their divorce in 2006  Sol and Song have denied these rumors, stating that their relationship started in 2007 

Philanthropy
On February 13, 2023, Song donated 50 million won to help 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, by donating money through Korea's UNICEF Committee with participation in the Emergency Relief for Children Victims of the Earthquake in Turkey and Syria' programme along with Sol Kyung-gu 

Filmography
Film
Television series
Television show
Web shows
Hosting
Discography
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Jail Yatra
Jail Yatra may refer to:

Jail Yatra (1981 film), an Indian Bollywood film
Jail Yatra (1947 film), an Indian Hindi-language drama film
Passage 7:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 8:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 9:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Bhappi Sonie
Bhappi Sonie (31 July 1928 – 5 September 2001) was an Indian film director and producer, in Hindi cinema  He is best known for Shammi Kapoor and Dharmendra hit films, Janwar (1965) and Brahmachari (1968), and also won Filmfare Award for Best Film He started his career, assisting Raj Khosla in Milap (1955), C I D  (1956) and Solva Saal (1958), before making his directorial debut with Ek Phool Char Kaante starring Sunil Dutt and Waheeda Rehman He died on 5 September 2001, while undergoing a heart bypass surgery at Nanavati Hospital, in Mumbai, at the age of 73 

Filmography
Context 3: Passage 1:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 2:
Elisaeus Adougan
Elisaeus Adougan was a late 14th century and early 15th century Scottish cleric  His name has been said to have occurred for the first time in a papal letter datable to 25 November 1390, but this letter is simply a repetition of another addressed to him, dated 2 August that year; both letters address him as the rector of the parish church of Kirkmahoe, and authorise him to take up the position of provost of the Collegiate Church of Lincluden providing he resigned Kirkmahoe within a period of two years 
This Collegiate Church, previously a Benedictine nunnery, was erected only on 7 May 1389, after a petition of Archibald Douglas ("the Grim"), Lord of Galloway, to Avignon Pope Clement VII  Papal authorisation came in a letter to the Bishop of Glasgow, inside whose diocese Lincluden lay, which stated:   as is contained in the petition of Archibald, Lord of Galloway, his predecessors founded and built the monastery of Lincluden, O  CLUN ,     and endowed it for the maintenance of eight or nine nuns, to be ruled by a prioress, while right of patronage remained with the lords of Galloway    The letter goes into the details of the monastery's problems and decline, details provided to the papacy by the Lord of Galloway, and asks Bishop Walter Wardlaw:to ascertain that these facts be true and having transferred the nuns to a house of the Cluniac or Benedictine order, to erect the collegiate church and hospice     He still held both Lincluden and Kirkmahoe on 17 May 1391, when the Pope wrote to him providing him to a canonry and prebend of Glasgow Cathedral Elisaeus retained his position as provost of Lincluden until 1406  In that year he was elected and received papal provision to the vacant diocese of Galloway  This election was ascribed by historian Michael Brown to the influence of the Lord of Galloway, now Archibald Douglas II  In a lost MacDowall charter, witnessed by Robert Keith and datable to 1412, he was said to have been in his seventh year of consecration  Nothing more is known about Elisaeus's career as Bishop of Galloway; the time of his death is not known either, but he died sometime before 14 June 1415, when there occurs the earliest evidence that a successor for Galloway was needed 

Notes
Passage 3:
William Nolan (bishop)
William Nolan (born 26 January 1954) is a Scottish prelate of the Catholic Church who has been Archbishop of Glasgow since February 2022  He was previously Bishop of Galloway from 2015 to 2022 

Early life
William Nolan was born on 26 January 1954 and baptised in St Patrick’s Church, Craigneuk  He was the fourth of eleven children born to William and Catherine Nolan and has five brothers and five sisters  He attended Cathedral Primary School, Motherwell, St Patrick’s Primary School, Craigneuk, St Vincent’s College, Langbank, and, from 1967 to 1971, St Mary’s College, Blairs 

Priest
Nolan completed his studies for ordination at the Pontifical Scots College, Rome, from 1971 to 1978, earning a license in sacred theology from the Gregorian University in June 1978 Nolan was ordained priest for the Diocese of Motherwell on 30 June 1977  He was assistant priest at Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride, from 1978 to 1980 and at St  David’s, Plains, from 1980 to 1983  He was Vice-Rector of the Scots College in Rome from 1983 to 1990  Returning to Scotland, he was assistant priest at St Bridget’s, Baillieston, from 1990 to 1994  While parish priest at Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride, from 1994 to 2014 he held several other assignments, including judge of the National Ecclesisatical Tribunal in Scotland, dean of his zone, head of permanent formation of the clergy of Motherwell, and a member and vice-president of the Presbyteral Council  He became vicar general of the Motherwell Diocese in June 2014 In 2013, Nolan was appointed administrator of St John Ogilvie Parish in Blantyre when its pastor, Matthew Despard, was suspended during a canonical investigation  Despard had published an attack on the Church hierarchy and tangled with Bishop Joseph Toal, apostolic administrator of the diocese  Despard's refusal to accept his removal produced an extended dispute with Nolan 

Bishop
Pope Francis appointed Nolan on 22 November 2014 to succeed John Cunningham as bishop of Galloway  Nolan received his episcopal consecration on 14 February 2015 from Leo Cushley  The Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Antonio Mennini and Bishop emeritus Maurice Taylor served as principal co-consecrators  At the time of his appointment, the Galloway diocese had "a troubled history of rebel priests" and Nolan's predecessor had been incapacitated by poor health for several years He managed the scandal of a priest of the diocese who stole parish funds to support a gambling addiction in 2015 and was jailed in June 2016  Nolan suffered a heart attack in August 2016 In January 2021, Nolan called upon the UK government to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and abandon its nuclear arsenal  In May 2021, along with Bishop Paul McAleenan, he criticized the government's plans for asylum seekers  In 2021, he established a Scotland-wide Care of Creation Office to reflect the priorities of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si' and anticipating the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November On 4 February 2022, Pope Francis appointed him to succeed Philip Tartaglia as archbishop of Glasgow  He was installed there on 26 February He is the president of Justice and Peace Scotland, a national body that advocates on a variety of social issues from climate change to nuclear weapons  He serves on the board of the Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund  Within the Scottish Bishops Conference he heads the Commission on Justice and Peace  and The Tablet magazine has described him as "Scotland’s justice and peace bishop" 
Passage 4:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 5:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 6:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 7:
Alan of Galloway
Alan of Galloway (before 1199 – 1234) was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate  As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland, he was one of the most influential men in the Kingdom of Scotland and Irish Sea zone 
Alan first appears in courtly circles in about 1200, about the time he inherited his father's possessions and offices  After he secured his mother's inheritance almost two decades later, Alan became one of the most powerful magnates in the Scottish realm  Alan also held lands in the Kingdom of England, and was an advisor of John, King of England concerning Magna Carta  Alan later played a considerable part in Alexander II, King of Scotland's northern English ambitions during the violent aftermath of John's repudiation of Magna Carta  Alan participated in the English colonisation of Ulster, receiving a massive grant in the region from the English king, and simultaneously aided the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the western and northern peripheries of the Scottish realm  Alan entered into a vicious inter-dynastic struggle for control of the Kingdom of the Isles, supporting one of his kinsmen against another  Alan's involvement in the Isles, a region under nominal Norwegian authority, provoked a massive military response by Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, causing a severe crisis for the Scottish crown 
As ruler of the semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway, Alan was courted by the Scottish and English kings for his remarkable military might, and was noted in Norse saga-accounts as one of the greatest warriors of his time  Like other members of his family, he was a generous religious patron  Alan died in February 1234  Although under the traditional Celtic custom of Galloway, Alan's illegitimate son could have succeeded to the Lordship of Galloway, under the feudal custom of the Scottish realm, Alan's nearest heirs were his surviving daughters  Using Alan's death as an opportunity to further integrate Galloway within his realm, Alexander forced the partition of the lordship amongst Alan's daughters  Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway, descending from the native dynasty of Fergus, Lord of Galloway 

Background
Alan was born sometime before 1199  He was the eldest son of Lochlann of Galloway, Frenchified as Roland, and his wife, Helen de Morville  His parents were likely married before 1185, possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to Henry II, King of England in 1186  Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters  The name of one of Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young  The other, Thomas, became Earl of Atholl by right of his wife  One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne  The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel Alan's mother was the daughter of Richard de Morville, Anglo-Norman lord of Cunninghame and Lauderdale, and sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland  Alan's father was the eldest son of Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway  The familial origins of Fergus are unknown, and he first appears on record in 1136  The mother of at least two of his children, Uhtred and Affraic, was an unknown daughter of Henry I, King of England  It was probably not long after Fergus' emergence into recorded history that he gave away Affraic in marriage to Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of the Isles  One after-effect of these early twelfth-century marital alliances was that Alan—Fergus' great-grandson—was a blood relative of the early thirteenth-century kings of England and the kings of the Isles—men who proved to be important players throughout Alan's career 

Early career
Roland died in December 1200, after which Alan succeeded to the lordship of Galloway  Alan also inherited the constableship of Scotland, a pre-eminent position which had passed to Roland from the Morvilles by right of Roland's wife, the only surviving heir of Richard de Morville  As constable, Alan, like the earls of the realm, was responsible for leading the king's royal forces  It is uncertain whether the constable of this period took precedence over the earls in command of the king's army, or if the constable had charge of the realm's numerous marischals  His attachment to the importance of his position as constable is evidenced by the fact that this title tends to have taken priority over his hereditary title as ruler of Galloway Even before Roland's death, Alan was active in courtly circles, perhaps serving as his father's deputy  Alan's first known important attestation occurs late in December 1199, when he witnessed a royal charter at Forfar  From this point in his career until 1209, Alan appears to have been most often in the attendance of the Scottish king, witnessing several of the latter's royal charters  Alan's eminent standing in society is partly evidenced by the fact that, within these sources, his name tends to appear amongst the top four recorded names, and is usually the first name of non-comital rank  His second marriage, in about 1209, to the king's niece, Margaret, eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon also reveals Alan's significant social standing  From about 1210 to 1215, his activity in Scottish affairs dwindles dramatically, whilst his activity in English affairs increases steadily 

Ulster ambitions
At some point in the first quarter of the thirteenth century, Alan was granted a vast swathe of territory in Ulster from John, King of England  The transaction itself almost certainly took place in the aftermath of the John's expedition to Ireland in 1210  The exact date of the transaction, however, cannot be ascertained due to a gap in English charter records between the months of April 1209 and May 1212  The brunt of John's nine-week Irish campaign appears to have been directed at wayward Anglo-Norman magnates—the troublesome Lacy family in particular  With his subsequent destruction of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster, and the confiscation of the latter's Irish earldom, John was evidently in a position to reward his own supporters with the Lacys' former possessions  A date of 1210 for Alan's grant, as well as the possibility of his participation in the English expedition of the same year, may be evidenced by the record of a certain "Alan, son of Roland" in the king's service that year Other sources, however, point to 1212 as the year of Alan's grant  For instance, the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I states that, when the English and Scottish kings concluded their treaty at Norham in February 1212, Alan did homage for the "extensive" Irish lands that the English king had given him  The fifteenth-century historian Walter Bower echoed this statement, adding that Alan obtained a lordship of one hundred sixty knights' fees, and took an oath on William's behalf to uphold the treaty



ground_truth: Mumbai

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who is older, Space Probe Taurus or Tom Mix In Arabia?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Lynn Reynolds
Lynn Fairfield Reynolds (May 7, 1889 – February 25, 1927) was an American director and screenwriter  Reynolds directed more than 80 films between 1915 and 1928  He also wrote for 58 films between 1914 and 1927  Reynolds was born in Harlan, Iowa and died in Los Angeles, California, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound 

Death
Returning home in 1927 after being snowbound in the Sierras for three weeks, Reynolds telephoned his wife, actress Kathleen O'Connor, to arrange a dinner party at their Hollywood home with another couple  During the dinner, Reynolds and O'Connor engaged in a heated quarrel in which each accused the other of infidelity  With his guests following in an attempt to calm him down, Reynolds left the table to retrieve a pistol from another room where he shot himself in the head 

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Thomas Kennedy
Thomas or Tom Kennedy may refer to:

Politics
Thomas Kennedy (Scottish judge) (1673–1754), joint Solicitor General for Scotland 1709–14, Lord Advocate 1714, Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1720–21
Thomas Kennedy, 9th Earl of Cassilis (bef  1733–1775), Scottish peer, Marquess of Ailsa
Thomas Kennedy (1776–1832), politician in Maryland, United States
Thomas Francis Kennedy (1788–1879), Scottish Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1818–1834
Thomas Daniel Kennedy (1849?–1877), Connecticut state legislator
Thomas Kennedy (Australian politician) (1860–1929), Australian politician
Tom Kennedy (British politician) (1874–1954), Scottish Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs
Thomas Laird Kennedy (1878–1959), politician in Ontario, Canada
Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), American miner, president of the UMWA 1960–1963, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania 1935–1939
Thomas Kennedy (Irish politician) (died 1947), Irish Labour Party politician and trade union official
Thomas P  Kennedy (1951–2015), American politician, Massachusetts state senator
Thomas Blake Kennedy (1874–1957), United States federal judge

Entertainment
Thomas E  Kennedy (born 1944), American fiction writer, essayist and translator
Tom Kennedy (actor) (1885–1965), American actor
Tom Kennedy (television host) (1927–2020), American television game show host
Tom Kennedy (producer) (c  1948–2011), American film trailer producer, director and film editor
Tom Kennedy (musician) (born 1960), jazz double-bass and electric bass player
Tom Kennedy (Neighbours), a character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Bob Hornery

Sports
Tom Kennedy (Australian footballer) (1906–1968), Australian rules footballer
Tom Kennedy (wheelchair rugby) (born 1957), Australian Paralympic wheelchair rugby player
Tom Kennedy (English footballer) (born 1985), English footballer
Thomas J  Kennedy (1884–1937), American Olympic marathon runner
Thomas Kennedy (basketball) (born 1987), American basketball player
Tom Kennedy (quarterback) (1939–2006), American football quarterback
Tom Kennedy (wide receiver) (born 1996), American football wide receiver

Others
Tom Kennedy (journalist) (born 1952), Canadian journalist
Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), president of the United Mine workers
Thomas Fortescue Kennedy (1774–1846), Royal Navy officer
Thomas Kennedy (RAF officer) (1928–2013), British pilot
Thomas Kennedy (violin maker) (1784–1870), British luthier
Thomas A  Kennedy (born 1955), American CEO and chairman, Raytheon Company
Thomas Francis Kennedy (bishop) (1858–1917), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States

See also
Thomas L  Kennedy Secondary School (established 1953), high school in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Passage 3:
Space Probe Taurus
Space Probe Taurus (a k a  Space Monster) is a 1965 low budget black-and-white  science fiction/action/drama film from American International Pictures, written and directed by Leonard Katzman, and starring Francine York, James E  Brown, Baynes Barrow, and Russ Fender 

Plot
In the late 20th century, when crewed missions to outer space have become routine, a distress call from the spaceship Faith One requests its immediate destruction  It has been contaminated by an infectious gas, leaving all crew dead except for its commander (Bob Legionaire)  The mission is aborted and the spaceship is destroyed By 2000, a new propulsion technology has been developed  Four astronauts aboard the spaceship Hope One set off to find new planets for colonization  Their mission takes them past a space platform circling Earth  General Mark Tillman (James Macklin) at Earth Control HQ tells a TV reporter (John Willis) that all is going according to the pre-flight plan 
The crew of gravity-controlled Hope One consists of the pilot/commanding officer, Colonel Hank Stevens (James Brown), and three scientists: Dr  John Andros (Baynes Barron), Dr  Paul Martin (Russ Bender), and Dr  Lisa Wayne (Francine York)  It is quickly revealed that Stevens did not want a woman on the mission, but he is stuck with Dr  Wayne anyway 
Not long into their voyage, Hope One comes upon an unknown spacecraft  Earth Control instructs them to investigate and they encounter a grotesque alien  The alien attacks Dr  Andros, forcing Stevens to shoot and kill it  Radiation levels then rise on the alien spacecraft, so Stevens sets a bomb to blow it up 
After a fiery meteorite storm leads to an emergency landing in the ocean of an Earth-like escaped moon, Tillman takes time to apologize to Wayne for his sexist remarks, which results in a quick reconciliation and a more-than-friendly kiss  While repairs continue, giant crabs take an interest in the spaceship  The crew decides to test the atmosphere to see if it contains breathable air, which it does  Andros then volunteers to go scout the nearest land mass  A sea monster almost intercepts him, but the scientist reaches shore, while his comrades continue repairs and worry about him  Upon his return, Andros is again attacked by the sea monster and, after making it back safely to the spaceship, perishes after confirming that the planet can support human life and plants can grow  The crew confirms this to Earth, names the planet Andros One, and rockets back safely to Earth 

Cast
Francine York as Dr  Lisa Wayne
James Brown as Col  Hank Stevens
Baynes Barron as Dr  John Andros
Russ Bender as Dr  Paul Martin
John Willis as TV Reporter
Bob Legionaire as Faith I Crewman
James Macklin as Gen  Mark Tilman
Phyllis Selznick as Earth Control Secretary
John Lomma as Earth Control
Passage 4:
Mix in
Mix in  may refer to:

A mix-in is some type of confectionery added to ice cream
Mixin is a class in object-oriented programming languages
Passage 5:
Tom Mix in Arabia
Tom Mix in Arabia is a 1922 American silent adventure film directed by Lynn Reynolds and starring Tom Mix, Barbara Bedford and George Hernandez 

Cast
Tom Mix as Billy Evans
Barbara Bedford as Janice Terhune
George Hernandez as Arthur Edward Terhune
Norman Selby as Pussy Foot Bogs
Edward Peil Sr  as Ibrahim Bulamar
Ralph Yearsley as Waldemar Terhune
Hector V  Sarno as Ali Hasson
Passage 6:
Tom
Tom or TOM may refer to:

Tom (given name), a diminutive of Thomas or Tomás or an independent Aramaic given name (and a list of people with the name)

Characters
Tom Anderson, a character in Beavis and Butt-Head
Tom Beck, a character in the 1998 American science-fiction disaster movie Deep Impact
Tom Buchanan, the main antagonist from the 1925 novel The Great Gatsby
Tom Cat, a character from the Tom and Jerry cartoons
Tom Lucitor, a character from the American animated series Star vs  the Forces of Evil
Tom Natsworthy, from the science fantasy novel Mortal Engines
Tom Nook, a character in Animal Crossing video game series
Tom Servo, a robot character from the Mystery Science Theater 3000 television series
Tom Sloane, a non-adult character from the animated sitcom Daria
Talking Tom, the protagonist from the Talking Tom & Friends franchise
Tom, a character from the Deltora Quest books by Emily Rodda
Tom, a character from the 1993 action/martial arts movie Showdown
Tom, a character from the cartoon series Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)
Tom, a character from the anime and manga series One Piece
Tom (Paralympic mascot), the official mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Tom, a fictional dinosaur from the children's cartoon Tom
Tom, the main protagonist from the British children's live-action series Tree Fu Tom
Tom, a character from the children's series Tots TV
T O M , the robot host/mascot of Adult Swim's Toonami action block

Entertainment
Tom (1973 film), a blaxploitation film
Tom (2002 film), a documentary film directed by Mike Hoolboom
Tom (instrument)
Tom (American TV series)
Tom (Spanish TV series)
Tom, a 1970 album by Tom Jones
Tom-tom drum

Geography
Tom (Amur Oblast), in Russia, a left tributary of the Zeya
Tom (river), in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob

Biology
A male cat
A male turkey

Transport
Thomson Airways ICAO code
Tottenham Hale station, London, England (National Rail station code)

Acronyms
Territoire d'outre-mer or overseas territory
Text Object Model, a Microsoft Windows programming interface
Theory of mind, the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have states that are different from one's own
Translocase of the outer membrane, a protein for intracellular protein-equilibrium
Troops Out Movement, campaigned against British involvement in Northern Ireland
Tune-o-matic, a guitar bridge design
Target operating model, a description of the desired state of an organizational model in a business at a chosen date

Other uses
TOM (mascot), three Bengal tigers that have been the mascot of the University of Memphis sports teams
Tom (pattern matching language), a programming language
Tom, Oklahoma
TOM Group, a Chinese media company
TOM Online, a Chinese mobile internet company
TOM (psychedelic)
Tom (gender identity), a gender identity in Thailand

See also
Tom Tom (disambiguation)
Mount Tom (disambiguation)
Peeping Tom (disambiguation)
Thomas (disambiguation)
Tom Thumb (disambiguation)
Tomás (disambiguation)
Tomm (disambiguation)
Tommy (disambiguation)
Toms (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Leonard Katzman
Leonard Katzman (September 2, 1927 – September 5, 1996) was an American film and television producer, writer and director  He was most notable for being the showrunner of the CBS oil soap opera Dallas 

Early life and career
Leonard Katzman was born in New York City on September 2, 1927, to a Jewish family  He began his career in the 1940s, while still in his teens, working as an assistant director for his uncle, Hollywood producer Sam Katzman  He started out on adventure movie serials such as Brenda Starr, Reporter (1945), Superman (1948), Batman and Robin (1949), The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1951), Riding with Buffalo Bill (1954), et al  During the 1950s he continued working as assistant director, mostly with his uncle, in feature films such as A Yank in Korea (1951), The Giant Claw (1957), Face of a Fugitive (1959) and Angel Baby (1961)  Besides his big screen work, Katzman also served on television shows, including The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok, The Mickey Rooney Show and Bat Masterson 
In 1960, Katzman made his production debut, serving not only as assistant director, but also as associate producer, on all four seasons of adventure drama Route 66 (1960-1964), which he would later regard as his favorite production  His additional early work in television production (and occasional writing and directing) includes shows crime drama Tallahassee 7000 (1961), western drama The Wild Wild West (1965-1969), the second season of crime drama Hawaii Five-O (1969-1970), legal drama Storefront Lawyers (1970-1971), the final five seasons of western drama Gunsmoke (1970-1975) as well as its spinoff series Dirty Sally (1974), legal drama Petrocelli (1974-1976) for which he was nominated an Edgar Allan Poe Award, and the two science fiction dramas The Fantastic Journey (1977) and Logan's Run (1977-1978)  In 1965, he wrote, produced and directed the science fiction film Space Probe Taurus (also known as Space Monster)  Aside from his work as assistant director, this was his only venture into feature films 

Dallas
In 1978, Katzman served as producer for the five-part miniseries Dallas, which would evolve into one of television's longest running dramas, lasting until 1991  While the series was created by David Jacobs, Katzman became the de facto show runner during the second season of the show, as Jacobs stepped down to create and later run Dallas spin-off series Knots Landing  Under Katzman's lead, Dallas, whose first episodes had consisted of self-contained stories, evolved into a serial, leading into the '80s trend of prime time soap operas While Katzman headed Dallas' writing staff from the show's second season, he remained producer, with Philip Capice serving as executive producer  The creative conflicts between Capice and Katzman eventually led to Katzman stepping down from his production duties on the show for season nine, instead being billed as "creative consultant" (during this time he also worked on the short-lived drama series Our Family Honor)  However, increased production costs and decreasing ratings caused production company Lorimar—along with series star Larry Hagman (J  R  Ewing)—to ask Katzman to return to the show in his old capacity  Katzman agreed, reportedly under the condition that he would have "total authority" on the show, and as of the tenth season premiere he was promoted to executive producer, and Capice was let go 
Katzman remained as executive producer on Dallas until the series finale in May 1991  Besides his production work, he also wrote and directed more episodes of the series than anyone else 

After Dallas
Following "Dallas", Katzman went on to create the short-lived crime drama Dangerous Curves (1992-1993), which aired as a part of CBS' late-night drama block Crimetime After Primetime, and serve as executive producer for the second season of the action drama Walker, Texas Ranger (1994-1995)  His last work was the 1996 "Dallas" reunion movie J R  Returns, which he also wrote and directed 

Personal life and death
Katzman fathered his first child, Gary Katzman, with Eileen Leener (1929-2019)  Katzman did not raise his first child and left his mother when he was 4 years old  The child was eventually adopted and took the surname Klein  Through Gary Klein, Katzman is the biological grandfather of Ethan Klein of the Israeli-American YouTube comedy channel h3h3Productions Leonard Katzman and his wife LaRue Farlow Katzman  had three children  His daughter, actress Sherril Lynn Rettino (1956-1995), predeceased her father by one year  She played the recurring character Jackie Dugan on Dallas from 1979-91  His sons Mitchell Wayne Katzman and Frank Katzman, as well as son-in-law John Rettino, all worked on the production of Dallas' later seasons  Both sons were also involved in the production of Dangerous Curves; Walker, Texas Ranger; and J  R  Returns 
Katzman died of a heart attack in Malibu, California on September 5, 1996, three days after his 69th birthday, and more than two months prior to the airing of his last production, Dallas: J R  Returns  He was interred in the Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles 

Filmography
Excluding work as assistant director 

Awards
1997: Lone Star Film & Television Awards - Special Award
Passage 8:
Thomas Ford
Thomas or Tom Ford may refer to:

Thomas Ford (martyr) (died 1582), English martyr
Thomas Ford (composer) (c  1580–1648), English composer, lutenist, and viol player
Thomas Ford (minister) (1598–1674), English nonconformist minister
Thomas Ford (politician) (1800–1850), governor of Illinois
Thomas Ford (rower), British rower
Thomas H  Ford (1814–1868), American politician in Ohio
Tom Ford (baseball) (1866–1917), baseball pitcher
Thomas F  Ford (1873–1958), California politician
Thomas Ford (architect) (1891–1971), British architect
Thomas Gardner Ford (1918–1995), Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Tom Ford (born 1961), American designer
Thomas Mikal Ford (1964–2016), American actor
Tom Ford (presenter) (born 1977), British television presenter
Tom Ford (snooker player) (born 1983), English snooker player
Tom Ford (squash player) (born 1993), British squash player
"Tom Ford" (song), a 2013 song by Jay-Z

See also
Tommy Ford (disambiguation)
Passage 9:
Thomas Walker
Thomas or Tom Walker may refer to:

Entertainment
Thomas Walker (actor) (1698–1744), English actor and dramatist
Thomas Walker (author) (1784–1836), English barrister, police magistrate and writer of a one-man periodical, The Original
Thomas Bond Walker (1861–1933), Irish painter
Tom Walker (singer) (born 1991), Scottish singer-songwriter
Tom Walker (Homeland), a character in the TV series Homeland
Tom Walker, British actor and comedian known for his character Jonathan Pie, a fictional British news reporter
Tom Walker (comedian), Australian comedian, mime and Twitch streamer

Law
Thomas Joseph Walker (1877–1945), Judge for the United States Customs Court
Thomas Glynn Walker (1899–1993), United States federal judge
Thomas Walker (attorney) (born 1964), U S  attorney

Politics
Thomas Walker (died 1748) (1660s–1748), Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle, 1735–1741
Thomas Walker (merchant) (1749–1817), English political radical in Manchester
Thomas Eades Walker (1843–1899), British Member of Parliament for East Worcestershire, 1874–1880
Thomas Gordon Walker (1849–1917), British Indian civil servant
Thomas Walker (Australian politician) (1858–1932), member of two different state parliaments
Thomas Walker (Canadian politician) (died 1812), Canadian lawyer and politician
Thomas J  Walker (1927–1998), provincial MLA from Alberta, Canada
Thomas Walker (American politician) (1850–1935), Alabama state legislator

Sports
Tom Walker (cricketer) (1762–1831), English cricketer
Thomas Walker (Yorkshire cricketer) (1854–1925), English cricketer
Tom Walker (1900s pitcher) (1881–1944), baseball player
Tom Walker (1970s pitcher) (born 1948), American baseball player
Tommy Walker (footballer, born 1915) (1915–1993), Scottish footballer and manager
Tom Walker (footballer) (born 1995), English footballer

Other
Thomas Walker (academic) (died 1665), English academic at Oxford University
Thomas Walker (explorer) (1715–1794), American explorer
Thomas Walker (slave trader) (1758–1797), British slave trader
Thomas Walker (died 1805), Irish publisher of Walker's Hibernian Magazine
Thomas Walker (philanthropist) (1804–1886), Australian politician and banker
Thomas Larkins Walker (c 1811–1860), Scottish architect
Thomas Walker (journalist) (1822–1898), English editor of The Daily News
Thomas A  Walker (1828–1889), English civil engineering contractor
T  B  Walker (1840–1928), Minneapolis businessman who founded the Walker Art Center
Thomas William Walker (1916–2010), soil scientist
Thomas Walker (naval officer) (1919–2003), United States Navy officer
Thomas B  Walker Jr  (1923–2016), American investment banker, corporate director and philanthropist
Tom Walker (priest) (born 1933), Anglican priest and author
Thomas J  Walker, namesake of the Thomas J  Walker House in Knoxville, Tennessee
Thomas Walker & Son, manufacturers of nautical instruments, Birmingham, England

See also
Tommy Walker (disambiguation)
Passage 10:
Thomas Baker
Thomas or Tom Baker may refer to:

Politicians
Thomas Cheseman or Thomas Baker (c  1488–1536 or later), Member of Parliament for Rye
Thomas Baker (died 1625), Member of Parliament for Arundel
Tom Baker (Nebraska politician) (born 1948), member of Nebraska Legislature
Thomas Guillaume St  Barbe Baker (1895–1966), Fascist activist and former British Army and RAF officer
Colonel Thomas Baker (1810–1872), founder of Bakersfield, California

Sports
Thomas Baker (cricketer) (born 1981), English cricketer who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Northamptonshire County Cricket Club
Tom Baker (footballer, born 1934), Wales international football player, commonly called George
Tom Baker (bowler) (born 1954), American bowler
Tom Baker (1930s pitcher) (1913–1991), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants
Tom Baker (1960s pitcher) (1934–1980), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
Tom Baker (footballer, born 1905) (1905–1975), British footballer
Thomas Southey Baker (1848–1902), English amateur rower and footballer

Military
Thomas Baker (Royal Navy officer) (1771–1845), Royal Navy admiral
Thomas Durand Baker (1837–1893), Quartermaster-General to the Forces
Thomas Baker (Medal of Honor recipient) (1916–1944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient
Thomas Baker (aviator) (1897–1918), Australian soldier and aviator of the First World War
Thomas Baker (general) (born 1935), United States Air Force general

Religion
Thomas Baker (missionary) (1832–1867), English Christian missionary cannibalised in Fiji
Sir Thomas Baker (Unitarian) (1810–1886), English Unitarian minister and Mayor of Manchester
Thomas Nelson Baker Sr  (1860–1941), African-American minister, author and philosopher
Tom Baker (priest) (1920–2000), Anglican clergyman

Actors
Tom Baker (born 1934), played The Doctor on Doctor Who from 1974 to 1981
Tom Baker (American actor) (1940–1982)

Education
Tom Baker (professor) (born 1959), law professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School
Thomas E  Baker, professor of Constitutional law and former administrative assistant to William Rehnquist
Thomas Baker (college president) (1871–1939), president of Carnegie Mellon University
Thomas Baker (entomologist), American professor at Penn State University

Others
Thomas Baker (antiquarian) (1656–1740), English antiquarian
Thomas Baker (artist) (1809–1864), English landscape painter and watercolourist
Thomas Baker (Peasants' Revolt leader) (died 1381), English landowner
Thomas Baker (musician), composer and producer of musical stage productions
Thomas Baker (mathematician) (1625?–1689), English mathematician
Thomas Baker (dramatist) (c  1680–1749), English dramatist and lawyer

Other uses
Tom Baker Cancer Centre, a hospital in Canada
Tom Baker (24 character)
DC Tom Baker, a character on The Bill
Tom Baker, protagonist in the 2003 film Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel
"Tom Baker", a song by Human League on some versions of Travelogue
Context 3:  Certain documentary sources appear to lend credibility to aforementioned accounts  Specifically, a confirmation charter from John to Alan, dating to 1215; a somewhat dubious copy of a letter from William to John, which makes reference to Alan's seal; and the copy of a letter from the Irish justiciar concerning the delivery of seisin to Alan's proxies, which appears to date to April or May 1212  In July 1213, Alan was granted right to the forests and fairs upon his Irish lands 

There is reason to suspect that Alan obtained William's approval in regard to his dealings with John  In 1211, Ross and Moray, the northern peripheries of the Scottish realm, were invaded by Gofraid mac Domnaill, a member of the Meic Uilleim, a kindred that contested the kingship  Facing continued opposition early in 1212, William likely undertook the treaty negotiations at Norham as a means of retaining good relations with John, and the agreement itself was likely concluded in the context of shared security concerns  The Meic Uilleim appear to have drawn support against the Scottish crown from peripheral regions of the realm, and likely from Gaelic Ulster as well  In fact, Gofraid's invasion may well have been based from Ulster, and could have been an after-effect of John's campaign there  The most powerful native Gaelic ruler in the region during this period was Áed Méith Ua Néill, King of Tír Eoghain, a figure who appears to have not only seized upon the power vacuum created by Hugh's fall, but may have also aided the Meic Uilleim insurrection in Scotland  The successful implementation of Alan's massive grant in Ulster, therefore, would have not only served English interests in the region, but would have also dramatically increased the security of the Scottish realm  In effect, the alliance between John and Alan appears to have been a coordinated campaign constructed by the English and Scottish crowns in an effort to secure the control of outlying territories where their royal authority was disputed The territories granted to Alan encompassed most of what is today northern County Antrim and far north-eastern County Londonderry, stretching from Glenarm to Coleraine  The vast scale of Alan's allotment suggests that it was almost certainly a speculative grant, with little prospect that he could assemble the necessary men and resources to enfeoff and populate the area  Furthermore, his territories lay on the fringes of former Lacy power, in a region where native Gaelic power was still strong  Alan was not the only member of his family allotted Ulster lands from the English  His brother, Thomas, and his cousin, Donnchad mac Gilla Brigte, Earl of Carrick, also received grants of lands nearby 

In English service
In July 1212, John summoned Alan to send one thousand of the "best and most vigorous" Gallovidian troops to assist the English forces in a planned campaign directed at northern Wales  The fact that William appears to have been in John's presence at Carlisle in late June, conceivably with Alan and Thomas as well, suggests that John's solicitation for Alan's military support had William's consent  In fact, the Scots had previously received military aid against the Meic Uilleim in the form of Brabantine mercenaries lent by John, which may reveal that William used John's summons as an opportunity to make recompense  Although Alan accepted the summons, he refused to pay for the troops' upkeep as John had originally requested  This may show that Alan reasoned that his refusal would avoid any suggestion that Galloway owed England military service  Late in 1214, William died and was succeeded by his son, Alexander II  According to Gesta Annalia I, it was shortly after Alexander's coronation that Alan received royal confirmation of his right to the constableship Up until 1215, Alan was able to successfully serve both his liege lords: the kings of England and Scotland  As time progressed, however, the political situation in England began to deteriorate, and John faced ever-mounting baronial resistance  Meanwhile, in Scotland, Alexander associated himself with some John's leading opponents  Although Alan likely attempted to maintain dual allegiances for as long as possible, he soon threw in his lot with John's cause  From about January to Easter, John had been in continuous negotiations with the rebel barons  On 5 May 1215, after a breakdown in mediations, the rebels renounced their fealty to the king  On the same day, John authorised a prest of three hundred merks to Alan, an act that appears to reveal the importance that the king placed upon Alan's substantial military arsenal 

Midway through June, John was forced to accept the terms of his opponents, and so confirmed the charter of liberties known as Magna Carta, a concession that led most of the rebel barons to renew their pledges of homage to him  Alan's involvement in the negotiations is evidenced by the fact that he was in the king's presence in Windsor on 3 June, when he is recorded to have exchanged gifts with the king  Furthermore, Alan's name is one of twenty-seven advisors recorded in the preamble of the charter, revealing that he was one of the magnates who counselled the king regarding the document  Clear evidence of Alan's influence on the deliberations may be the inclusion of a provision—clause fifty-nine—requiring John to satisfy certain grievances claimed by Alexander  By the end of June, Alan was confirmed in his Irish lands, whilst Thomas received custody of the castle of Antrim, and was granted an Ulster lordship centred at Coleraine  Also in 1215, Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, the Justiciar of Ireland, was ordered by the English Crown to allow Alan to transport goods between Ulster and Galloway 

End of English-Scottish ambiguity
When John later repudiated Magna Carta, and Alexander took up arms against him, Alan sided with the latter, and appears to have taken a considerable part in the subsequent conflict  In 1216, for instance, Alan was identified as a rebel in arms by an English government memorandum, and the Chronicle of Melrose reports that Gallovidians formed part of the Scottish army that invaded Northumberland in July 1217  Furthermore, when the English ordered Alexander to hand over custody of the castle of Carlisle in September 1217, Alan's name was also included in the correspondence directed at the Scots 

A particular war-time charter granted by Alan, confirming the lands of Kirkby Thore and Hillbeck to John of Newbiggin, also evidences Alan's allegiance with Alexander against John  Although these particular lands laid within Westmorland, and had been granted by John to Robert de Vieuxpont in 1203, Alan's Morville ancestors had held the district as late as 1173, giving him a claim to the region  The charter itself may have been granted in Westmorland, no earlier than about June 1216 and no later than about October 1217, and indicates that Robert's effective overlordship of the region had been superseded by Alan  The names of many of those who attested the charter had strong familial or tenurial connections with Scotland, and many were open opponents of John  Not only does the charter reveal that Alan pursued territorial claims whilst serving Scottish interests, but it forms part of a body of evidence suggesting that Alexander envisaged the imposition of Scottish royal authority over Northumberland  Although Alan's war-time acquisitions in northern England were only temporary, appearing to have lasted about a year, the after-effects of his influence reverberated for years to come  For instance, in about 1219 his clerk was indicted for unlawfully drawing revenues in Penrith, and in 1223 Robert de Vieuxpont was still having difficulty regaining possession of lands that Alan had confirmed to John of Newbiggin 

Re-engagement with the English
The peace secured between the English and Scottish kings did not lead to Alan's speedily return to business south of the border  Contributing factors to Alan's tardiness in English affairs were likely the death of his mother in June 1217, and his subsequent succession to the Morville inheritance of Lauderdale and Cunningham, substantial territorial blocks within the Scottish realm  In fact, Alan does not appear to have enjoyed the same amiable relationship with Henry's regime as he had during John's administration, and it wasn't until 1220 that matters concerning Alan's fealty to Henry, and the confirmation of Alan's English and Irish estates were finally settled  In April of that year, correspondence was sent on behalf of Alan to Henry explaining that Alan and his brother were unable to make use of their Ulster lands  The English Crown thereupon ordered that Alan's lands were to restored to him, with a directive to that effect issued to Geoffrey de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland, and a request for Alan to attend the upcoming summit between Alexander and Henry at York  Consequently, in June, Alan rendered homage to Henry at the aforementioned assembly, where he duly received confirmation of his English and Irish possessions, and was one of the twelve Scottish magnates who swore to uphold Alexander's oath that the latter would marry one of Henry's sisters, either Joan or Isabella 

Peripheral operations
Little is certain of Alan's activities in the early 1220s, although his position as constable suggests that he was involved in Alexander's peripheral campaigns during these years  One such operation, directed deep into the Highlands against a certain Domnall mac Niall, seems to have been based from Inverness, and perhaps directed into the Strathspey and Great Glen regions  Alexander's success in this campaign may have led to his establishment of the Comyns in Badenoch, and to the creation of lordships in Stratherrick, Boleskine, and Abertarff  It is unknown if this campaign was connected to the maritime operations undertaken by Alan's brother in the same year  According to the Annals of Loch Cé, Thomas had slain Diarmait Ua Conchobair, a claimant to the kingship of Connacht, whilst the latter was en route to Connacht with a mercenary fleet recruited in the Hebrides  In fact, this clash may have been related to an ultimately unsuccessful Scottish intrusion into Argyll in the same year 

The only record of this Argyllian campaign is preserved by Gesta Annalia I, which notes that Alexander's forces included Gallovidians  Both this source and the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland by Andrew Wyntoun, reveal that Alexander's troops mounted a second and successful assault the following year, resulting in the region's submission  The target of Alexander's animosity may have been Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill, Lord of Kintyre, who appears to have held Kintyre and the outer Islands of the Clyde  It is uncertain if the latter had been aiding the Meic Uilleim, although his recorded involvement with Thomas in 1212 against the Cenél nEógain suggests otherwise  If, on the other hand, Ruaidrí had involved himself with Diarmait, an opponent of Henry's ally Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, Ruaidrí would have placed himself at odds with both English and Scottish interests  Whatever the case, following the second royal campaign into Argyll, Alexander soon consolidated his authority in the Firth of Clyde through the apparent expulsion of Ruaidrí, the construction of a royal castle at Tarbert, the erection of a royal burgh at Dumbarton in 1222, and the eventual endowment of Cowal to the family of the royal steward 

Ulster ambitions ended
In 1223 and 1224, Hugh de Lacy waged war to recover his former Irish lands, allied himself to Áed Méith, and soon overran most of Ulster  In regard to Alan's family during this resurgence, the Annals of Ulster reveal that Áed Méith destroyed Thomas' castle at Coleraine  Alan wrote to Henry in 1224, stating that he had been active in the king's service from June to September, and was about to launch a planned invasion of Ireland, but had just received intelligence indicating that a deal had been concluded between Hugh and the justiciar; additionally in his letter, Alan asked the king for confirmation of such a truce, and requested, in the event that Hugh were to be restored to favour, that his own and his brother's lands would be safeguarded by the king  Although Alan received a royal licence to colonise his Irish lands the following year, there is no evidence that he or his brother were able to develop them Late in 1225, Thomas received monetary aid from the king in the form of an annuity of one hundred marks, likely meant to cover the military and territorial losses suffered by Thomas in Ulster  Despite the reassurances from the English that the brothers' lands were to be protected, there is evidence suggesting that, by as late as 1227, their lands were still under threat from Hugh  In 1229, Alan and Thomas were listed amongst other Irish tenants-in-chief summoned to take part in a planned English military campaign in France  Although Thomas obeyed the king, Alan—who had not received royal compensation for his toils in Ireland—declined Henry's summons  It was likely in the same year that Alan married Hugh's daughter, Rose, as recorded by the Chronicle of Lanercost  It is possible that Alan commenced this union in an effort to salvage something of his family's prospects in Ulster which had by then fallen under Hugh's overlordship  It may have also been an attempt by Alan to gain another ally to assist him in the Isles  In any case, the Irish ambitions that Alan had doggedly pursued since 1212 had finally come to an end 

Instability and kin-strife in the Isles
Although the return and restoration of Hugh almost certainly contributed to Alan's inability to succeed in Ulster, the latter may have overextended his resources pursuing interests in the Isles  When Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles died in 1187, he had apparently intended that his younger son, Amlaíb Dub, would succeed to the kingship  Since the latter had been only a child at the time, the Islesmen instead inaugurated Ragnall, Gofraid's eldest (albeit illegitimate) son  As the first quarter of the thirteenth century began to wane, contentions between the half-brothers broke out into outright war, and Alan is recorded aiding Ragnall against Amlaíb Dub From the perspective of the Scots, the instability in the Isles was almost certainly a cause for concern  Conflict amongst the Islesmen could have led to hostilities overflowing into the Scottish realm, and feuding in the Isles could have been exploited by elements opposed to the Scottish crown  As a result, it is possible that Scots decided to support one half-brother against another, in the expectation that the victor would destroy the power of his rival, thus restoring stability in the region  Of the two, Ragnall appears to have been the most palatable to the Scots, and may have been a key player in Scottish plans to counter the threat of the Meic Uilleim, and their probable Ulster supporters, the Uí Néill 

In about 1225, the Chronicle of Mann records that Alan aided Ragnall in an unsuccessful military expedition in the Hebrides against Amlaíb Dub  Shortly afterwards in about 1225 or 1226, the same source states that an unnamed daughter of Ragnall married Thomas, Alan's illegitimate son  Unfortunately for Ragnall, the marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the chronicle records that the Manxmen had him removed from power and replaced with Amlaíb Dub  The recorded resentment of the marital alliance may indicate that Alan's son was intended to eventually succeed Ragnall, who was perhaps about sixty years-old at the time  A plan intended to place a Scottish magnate's son on the throne would have been almost certainly encouraged by the Scottish crown, considering its potential to bring stability to the region, and the prospect of expanding Scottish royal authority Following his expulsion, Ragnall appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway  In 1228, whilst Amlaíb Dub and his chieftains were absent in Hebrides, the chronicle records the invasion of Mann by Ragnall, Alan, and Thomas  The attack appears to have resulted in the complete devastation of the southern half of the island, since the chronicle declares that it was almost reduced to a desert  The chronicle's report that Alan installed bailiffs on Mann, with instructions to collect tribute from the island and send it back to Galloway, may reveal the price that Ragnall had to pay for Alan's support in the affair  Suffering serious setbacks at the hands of his enemies, Amlaíb Dub reached out for English assistance against Ragnall, as evidenced from correspondence dating to the same year, between Henry and Amlaíb Dub, in which the latter alluded to aggression dealt from Alan  Gallovidian successes were short-lived, however, as once Alan left Mann for home, Amlaíb Dub and his forces arrived on the scene, and routed the remaining Gallovidians 

Early in January 1229, Ragnall launched yet another invasion of Mann  Although the chronicle's description of the attack alludes to Gallovidian involvement, as it states that the expedition originated from Galloway, the fact that Ragnall commanded only five ships suggests that this support may have been waning  Weeks later, Ragnall and Amlaíb Dub met in battle on Mann, where the former was finally defeated and slain  The lack of substantial Gallovidan support in Ragnall's final foray may have been due to a flare-up of insurrection in Scotland that required Alan's immediate attention as constable of the realm  According to Bower, a certain Gilla Escoip, who was almost certainly a Meic Uilleim, had burned the castle of Abertarff and sacked Inverness  Alexander's presence at Elgin in June 1228 corroborates Bower's claim that royal forces operated in the north against Gilla Escoip  The campaign itself appears to have been long and arduous, as Bower reports that Gilla Escoip and his two sons were slain in the following year  Alexander appears to have conducted further operations in the north in 1230, about the time that the Meic Uilleim were extirpated once and for all 

Although Alan's marital alliance with Ragnall had likely been welcomed by the Scottish crown, the fact that the two were unable to quickly deal with Amlaíb Dub caused serious repercussions  The Meic Uilleim insurrection of 1228–1230, for instance, may have been a byproduct of the instability prolonged by Alan's involvement in the Isles  Even so, Alan's actions appear to have also led to the end of Irish support for the Meic Uilleim  If he had indeed married Rose in 1229, for instance, this union may well have compelled her father to disassociate Áed Méith from lending support to the Meic Uilleim  Whatever the case, Uí Néill ambitions in the Isles appear to have come to an abrupt end with Áed Méith's death the following year, after-which the latter's kin became embroiled for years in a struggle against the Meic Lochlainn over the kingship of Tír Eoghain 

Escalation and confrontation in the Isles
The death of Alan's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles  In fact, it is probable that Alan and certain members of the Meic Somairle—Dubgall and Donnchad, sons of Dubgall mac Somairle—continued to harass the recently inaugurated Amlaíb Dub  According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the court of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, the nominal overlord of the Isles, in the summer of 1229  Specifically, the saga singles out the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle as "unfaithful" to the Norwegian king, and several versions of the source describe Alan as the "greatest warrior at that time", possessing a large force of men and ships with which he plundered throughout the Hebrides  Early in 1230, Amlaíb Dub arrived at the king's court, having been forced from the Isles by Alan and his allies 

Several versions of the saga allege that Alan had boasted that it was no harder to sail to Norway than it was to sail from Norway to Scotland, suggesting that Alan thought himself capable of even invading Norway  In fact, this bluster may well have been designed by Amlaíb Dub to direct further Norse animosity at Alan  Whatever the case, the saga reveals that Hákon had begun preparations for a military campaign in the Isles well before Amlaíb Dub's arrival  In fact, the king is stated to have appointed a certain Óspakr as King of the Isles, giving him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the region  Within days of Amlaíb Dub's arrival in Norway, Óspakr's twelve-ship fleet set sail for the Isles, gaining another twenty after reaching Orkney  The campaign itself is documented in several sources, such as the Chronicle of Mann, the Chronicle of Lanercost, and the Icelandic annals, with the most detailed source being Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar  Once in the Isles at Islay, the fleet met up with three members of the Meic Somairle, apparently kinsmen of Óspakr, including the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle  At about this point, the saga states that the fleet had reached a size of eighty ships, a number which suggests a fighting force of about three thousand men Meanwhile, news of the gathering Norse fleet reached Alexander, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis  On 28 May, Alan is recorded in the presence of the king at Ayr, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled  It was probably June when the Norse fleet finally rounded Kintyre, entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where Óspakr's forces stormed and captured the castle of Rothesay  The fortress itself was a holding of Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland, which may well reveal the anxiety felt by the Meic Somairle in the face of the steward's steadily increasing regional influence



ground_truth: Tom Mix In Arabia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Thomas Of Galloway (Bastard)'s father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, forced the Norse to withdraw to Kintyre  In fact, the Eirspennill version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, whilst the Flateyjarbók, Frísbók, and Skálholtsbók versions number it at one hundred and fifty  These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand or three thousand men 

It was perhaps following the Norse withdrawal to Kintyre that Óspakr succumbed to wounds suffered on Bute, whereupon command was assumed by Amlaíb Dub  The latter then used the fleet to serve his own needs, diverting it to Mann, where he used it to reinstate himself on the island  There the Norwegians overwintered before returning for home in 1231, and following the death of Ragnall's illegitimate son Gofraid Donn, King of the Isles the same year, Amlaíb Dub regained complete control of the island kingdom  The events of 1230–1231 marked a dramatic end of Alan's ambitions in the Isles  Even though it had not been his intention, Alan's prolonged campaigning against Amlaíb Dub had caused a grave international crisis  In fact, the Norse had not been intent on solely restoring order in the Isles, but had directed their retaliatory campaign squarely at Scottish-held territories, thereby endangering the recent westward advances of the Scottish crown  Although Alan's unexpected appearance in force off Kintyre had overawed the Norse, the Scots had only narrowly averted full-scale war, and as a result, Alan almost certainly incurred Alexander's subsequent displeasure 

Family
Alan was married three times  His first wife appears to have been a daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester  It was likely upon this union that Alan gained the English lordship of Kippax as maritagium from his father-in-law  Alan's second marriage, to David's daughter Margaret, is dated to 1209 by the Chronicle of Lanercost and Chronicle of Melrose  The date of Alan's third marriage, to Hugh's  daughter Rose, is generally thought to date to 1229, as stated by the Chronicle of Lanercost  Another possible date for this marriage is about a decade earlier  Alan's second marriage, therefore, allied him to the Scottish royal family, and his first and third marriages allied him to the two main branches of the powerful Lacy family—firstly the Pontefract branch, and afterwards the Woebley branch 

Alan had several children from his first two marriages, although only daughters appear to have reached adulthood  One daughter from his first marriage died whilst a Scottish hostage of the English king, her death being reported in June 1213  Helen, another daughter from Alan's first marriage, married Roger de Quincy  Although the date of this union is unknown, it may have taken place before Alan's death, and could well have been the point when her husband came into possession of Kippax  At some point before 1234, Christiana, one of Alan's daughters from his second marriage, married William de Forz  In 1233, Dervorguilla, a younger daughter from Alan's second marriage, married John de Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle   Alan had a son named Thomas  A product of Alan's second marriage, he was his only known legitimate male offspring  Although the date of this son's death is unknown, he may have lived into in the 1220s  Additionally, Alan had an  illegitimate son, also named Thomas 

Death
Thomas, Alan's brother, died in 1231, possibly from injuries suffered in a tournament accident  Alan's death, about three years later in 1234, is recorded by the Annals of Ulster, the Chronicle of Melrose, and the Chronicle of Lanercost—the later specifying the month February  Alan's body was interred at Dundrennan Abbey, a Cistercian religious house founded by his paternal great-grandfather  There amongst the monastic ruins, a particular dilapidated effigy of grey stone is generally identified as his  As the last Gallovidian ruler in the legitimate patrilineal line descended from Fergus, Alan's death brought an abrupt end to about half a century of stable Gallovidian rule under he and his father, and the lack of a legitimate male heir to succeed himself led to a sudden succession crisis It is possible that Alan had hoped that his illegitimate son, Thomas, would be able succeed to the lordship  Celtic custom would not have barred the latter from the succession  According to feudal practice, however, Alan's nearest heirs were his three daughters  As it turned out, the Gallovidian succession was quickly seized upon by the Scottish crown  The prospect of Alan's illegitimate son succeeding to the lordship threatened to reignite Gallovdian interests in the Isles, and thereby threatened the welfare of the Scottish realm  On the other hand, the husbands of Alan's daughters were prominent men of Anglo-Norman descent, and the prospect of bringing about the demise of the semi-autonomous lordship, through its division between such eminent Englishmen, was an advantageous opportunity that Alexander could not pass up 

Although it is possible that the people of Galloway regarded Alan's illegitimate son as their rightful lord, the Chronicle of Melrose states that they appealed to Alexander to take the whole lordship into his own hands, suggesting that whilst the Gallovidians were willing to accept that illegitimacy indeed excluded Alan's son from the inheritance, they were unwilling to accept female succession  Whatever the case, Alexander denied the Gallovidian's their request, quickly crushed their subsequent retaliatory uprising, and went ahead with the tripartite partitioning  One of the Scots who played a key part in the king's destruction of the Gallovidian resistance was Ferchar mac in tSagairt, Earl of Ross, a rising star in Alexander's administration, who happened to be Amlaíb Dub's father-in-law Following Alan's death, the constableship passed to Roger de Quincy, husband of Alan's eldest surviving daughter, Helen  Alan's Irish lands were not inherited by his daughters  Forty years after his death, these lands are recorded in the hands of the Bissets, although precisely how this came about is uncertain  The succession of the Irish and Gallovidian lands of Alan's brother, Thomas, is also uncertain  In fact, Thomas' lands should have passed to his son, Patrick, had the latter not died on the eve of his inheritance (under suspicious circumstances, apparently at the hands of the Bissets) 

Assessment
Throughout his career, Alan appears to have moved seamlessly between the native Gaelic environment of Galloway, and the Frankish cultural environment of the English and Scottish royal courts  In this respect, Alan followed in his father's footsteps, who first appears in records under forms of the native Gaelic name Lochlainn, before adopting forms of the continental Roland  In fact, Alan's own name may also be evidence of Frankish influence on his family  Surviving charters concerning Alan's lordship reveal that his dependants were almost exclusively drawn from the Frankish milieu  Few of these sources concern Galloway specifically, however, and not one concerns the ancestral Gallovidian patrimony  Comparatively more charter evidence survives documenting the holdings of his cousin, Donnchad, who ruled nearby Carrick  In contrast to the acta concerning Alan, these sources reveal that many of Donnchad's dependants were drawn from the native aristocracy, which could be evidence that Alan's lordship in Galloway followed a similar course 

Although it is debatable to what extent the dramatic events of 1230–1231 influenced Alexander's break-up of Galloway, Alan's standing in the king's service diminished after 1231 and starkly contrasted that of the royal steward, Walter fitz Alan  As the lord of Renfrew, North Kyle and Bute, and allied in marriage to the nearby earls of Carrick and Lennox, the steward was the most powerful Scottish magnate in the Clyde region after Alan  Whilst Alan's career declined, the climb of the steward's steward's standing can be gauged with his reception of the office of Justiciar of Scotia and his continued consolidation of Cowal  Alexander, therefore, appears to have turned from Alan to Walter fitz Alan, entrusting the latter with the task of imposing royal authority further west into Argyll 

The sheer scale of the military resources at Alan's disposal was remarkable, as indicated by John's request of one thousand of Alan's best warriors, and by the sheer size of his galley-fleet of 1230–1231  As a native kindred of Gaelic heritage, Alan's family was remarkable for its religious foundations and endowments  Alan himself endowed St Andrew's Priory, in Northampton, where his father was interred  In 1218, Alan founded Tongland Abbey, a Premonstratensian religious house in Galloway, He went on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in 1220, accompanied by Walter fitz Alan, and Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale  There they observed the translation of the remains of St Thomas of Canterbury on 7 July, marking the martyred saint's jubilee  In fact, Alan's Morville ancestors were closely related to Hugh de Morville, one of the saint's killers, and this relationship may partly account for Alan's pious journey 

Ancestry
Notes
Citations
Passage 8:
Thomas of Galloway (bastard)
Tomás mac Ailein, sometimes known as Thomas of Galloway (1208 – after 1296), was an illegitimate son of Alan of Galloway, Constable of Scotland and the last Mac Fearghusa Lord of Galloway  After the death of his father, who left no legitimate sons, King Alexander II of Scotland planned to divide the lordship between the husbands of Alan's three daughters 
Thomas, along with his associate Gille Ruadh, led an unsuccessful rebellion against the king, with the aim of maintaining Galloway's status as an independent sub-kingdom  Thomas was imprisoned for the next 60 years and released by Edward I after the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 and the death of Alexander III in 1286, though he was taken back into custody later that year 
Thomas married a daughter of Ronald, King of Man about a decade prior to the death of his father   Thomas had a son, Cane McGillolane, who was the eponymous ancestor of Clan MacLellan 
Passage 9:
Gille Brigte of Galloway
Gille Brigte or Gilla Brigte mac Fergusa of Galloway (died 1185), also known as Gillebrigte, Gille Brighde, Gilbridge, Gilbride, etc , and most famously known in French sources as Gilbert, was Lord of Galloway of Scotland (from 1161 with Uchtred; 1174 alone, to 1185)  Gilla Brigte was one of two sons of the great Fergus, the builder of the "Kingdom" of Galloway 

Background, marriage and family
In the struggle that arose after the death of Fergus between Gille Brigte and Uchtred, Gille Brigte emerged the stronger  The partitioning of Galloway left Gille Brigte with the western part, the part less exposed to the armies of the Scottish and English Kings We do not know for certain to whom Gille Brigte was married  Richard Oram suggests the strong likelihood that his main wife was a daughter of Donnchad II, Mormaer or Earl of Fife and the most important native lord in Scotland  The introduction of the name Donnchad (or Duncan) into the family naming pattern is some evidence of this, as is the later marriage of Gille Brigte's great-granddaughter Marjorie to the Fife petty-lord Adam de Kilconquhar  
Gille Brigte had two known children:

Donnchad
Máel Coluim

Events of 1174 & approach to England
From 1161 until 1174, Gille Brigte and Uchtred shared the lordship, with Gille Brigte in the west, and Uchtred in the east  In 1174, King William le Lion of Scotland invaded England in an attempt to regain Northumberland  He brought with him the two meic Fergusa, Gille Brigte and Uchtred  During the invasion, William was caught off-guard, and captured while besieging the castle at Alnwick  Benedict of Peterborough reported that:

When they [the brothers] heard that their lord the king of Scotland was taken, they immediately returned with their Galwegians to their own lands, and at once expelled from Galloway all the bailiffs and guards whom the king of Scotland had set over them; and all the English and French whom they could seize they slew; and all the defences and castles which the king of Scotland had established in their land they besieged, captured and destroyed, and slew all whom they took within them
Despite the implications that both brothers were involved, it is clear that only Gilla Brigte was, and that Uchtred opposed him  For Benedict goes on to tell us that, in relation to the same year, Gille Brigte's son Máel Coluim was besieging Uchtred on an island in Galloway  Máel Coluim mac Gille Brigte captured Uchtred  Uchtred was blinded, castrated and had his tongue cut out  
What Gille Brigte did at this time might have changed British history for ever  Gille Brigte sent a messenger, and asked King Henry II for direct lordship (i e  without the Scottish king as a middle man)  Henry sent a delegation to investigate  This delegation consisted of Roger de Hoveden and Robert de Vaux  Thanks to the former, we have a record of the embassy  It is reported by Benedict of Peterborough that Gille Brigte offered the King of England a one-off payment of 2000 marks, and a yearly tribute of 500 cows and 500 swine, if the King would "remove them [the Galwegians] from the servitude of the king of Scotland" (Anderson,  p  258)   
However, when the delegation discovered the fate of Uchtred, Henry's cousin, they rejected the request  Gille Brigte's fratricide effectively prevented any deal  Gille Brigte's bad fortune was compounded later in the year, when Henry and William signed the Treaty of Falaise  Gille Brigte was forced to come to terms with the two kings  In 1176, Gille Brigte travelled into England, was fined 1000 marks by Henry, and handed over his son Donnchad into Henry's custody as a hostage to ensure good behaviour 

The Lordship of Gille Brigte
Gille Brigte's reign is characterized by a large degree of hostility towards the Scottish kings  Unlike his brother Uchtred, he was no friend to incoming Normans  He maintained a Gaelic following  Such a policy made him popular in the province, but alienated him from his nominal Franco-Gaelic overlords, King Máel Coluim IV and then King William  William cultivated the loyalty of Uchtred's son Lochlann (Roland), using him as a card in the game for control over the Galwegian lordship  In the 1180s, tension between Gille Brigte and William was high, with Gilla Brigte being known to have made frequent raids into the Scottish controlled territory of eastern Galloway  When Gille Brigte died in 1185, he was at war with William  
Gille Brigte's timely death, with Donnchad still in Henry II's custody, eased the way for William to install Lochlann as Gille Brigte's successor 

Footnotes
Passage 10:
Henry Wemyss
Henry Wemyss (died 1541) was a prelate from the 16th century Kingdom of Scotland  He appears in the sources in the bishopric of Galloway for the first time in 1517, and rose to become Bishop of Galloway in 1526, a position he held until his death in 1541 

Biography
Origin
He was said to have been the son of John Wemyss, fifth son of Sir John Wemyss of Wemyss, by a daughter of Sir John Arnot of Arnot (in Fife); if true, this would make him a relative of David Arnot, sometime Bishop of Galloway who resigned that bishopric in Wemyss' favour; Robert Keith thought he may have been related to King James V, as a brother, but this was a mistake based on textual misreading (mispunctuating) which resulted in Henry's name being confused with that of James Stewart, Earl of Moray, the King's actual brother 

Earlier career
Henry is found as the Official of the diocese of Galloway on 8 February 1517, and again on 16 January 1522; the last known holder of this position occurred on 12 March 1512, so that Henry must have taken this position at some point between 1512 and 1517  Henry was parson of the parish church of Auchterderran (Outherdekan), Fife, in the diocese of St Andrews, and is found to be Archdeacon of Galloway on 9 December 1522; like his position as Official, it is not known when he ascended the archdeaconry, and the last occurrence of a predecessor occurs on 9 November 1513 

Bishopric of Galloway
Henry Wemyss received provision to the bishopric of Galloway (with the position of Dean of the Chapel Royal, Stirling) when David Arnot resigned his bishopric on 23/4 January 1526; Arnot retained right of return upon any future vacancy and half of the revenue of the diocese  Although Arnot also resigned his position as Commendator of Tongland for, once again, a lifelong pension and with right of return on vacancy, Arnot may have effectively held on to Tongland Abbey for a few more years; repeated crown nominations of Wemyss to Tongland failed, apparently because of Arnot, while William Stewart, a canon of Glasgow Cathedral, also got crown nomination until the Pope finally agreed to give Bishop Henry Wemyss Tongland Abbey in commendam in 1530, with Stewart resigning his rights The commend of Dundrennan Abbey came into Wemyss' possession after a crown nomination on 11 December 1529, to which he was admitted on 24 April 1530  Henry also retained the Archdeaconry of Galloway after becoming bishop, at least until he resigned the position to Patrick Arnot on 11 February 1531  Bishop Wemyss was a frequent attender of parliament, and his name occurs frequently as a witness to charters under the Great Seal of Scotland  He appeared for the last time in the latter capacity on 14 March 1541  He died soon after this date, and was certainly dead by 21 May  On 25 May, Andrew Durie, Abbot of Melrose, was put in charge of the vacant temporalities of Galloway and Tongland; Durie indeed succeeded Wemyss to these positions later in the year There survive some correspondences between Bishop Henry Wemyss and William Kennedy, Abbot of Crossraguel, written in the English language  Bishop Henry and Abbot William have been said to have been close friends  Two letters sent by Bishop Wemyss, dated to 5 July, and to 5 December 1536, survive; the first was addressed to "Jhone Makmaister and maister Patrik Ryschert", officials at Crossraguel Abbey, and the second to Abbot William; they concern certain revenues pertaining to one Ninian Boyd and his land at Culmoyr (Cùl Mòr, "big back"), over which the bishop may have had rights; Culmoyr was in the now defunct parish of Clashant, later belonging to the MacDowall kindred of Garthland  Bishop Wemyss' signature has survived on the letter to Abbot William 

Notes



ground_truth: 1234