prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director was born first, The Abduction Club or Wooden Crosses?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Abduction Club
The Abduction Club is a 2002 British-Irish romantic comedy-drama adventure film directed by Stefan Schwartz  Based loosely on real events, the plot centres on a group of outlaws who abduct women in order to marry them  It was written by Richard Crawford and Bill Britten 

Plot
In 18th century Ireland, there are two financially insecure young bachelors, Garrett Byrne and James Strang, whose exploits evolve from the need to secure wealth  Both are younger sons that will not inherit titles and estates so they become members of an infamous society known as the 'Abduction Club', whose main aim is to woo and then abduct wealthy heiresses in order to marry them (therefore providing themselves with financial security)  The men decide to set their sights on the beautiful yet feisty Kennedy sisters, Catherine and Anne, but are unprepared for the negative reaction they are to receive, and they soon find themselves on the run across the Irish countryside (with the sisters in tow) from Anne's cold-hearted admirer, John Power, who does not take kindly to the news of their kidnapping, and with the help of the embittered Attorney General Lord Fermoy, implicates Byrne and Strang in the murder of a Redcoat soldier 

Cast
Alice Evans as Catherine Kennedy
Daniel Lapaine as Garrett Byrne
Sophia Myles as Anne Kennedy
Matthew Rhys as James Strang
Liam Cunningham as John Power
Edward Woodward as Lord Fermoy
Patrick Malahide as Sir Myles
Tom Murphy as Knox
Passage 2:
Wooden Crosses
Wooden Crosses (French: Les Croix de Bois) is a 1932 French war film by Raymond Bernard, based upon a novel by Roland Dorgelès 

Plot
Patriotic student Demachy enlists in the French army in 1914 at the start of World War I  He and his comrades soon experience the terrifying, endless trench war in Champagne, where more and more wooden crosses have to be erected for this cannon fodder 

Cast (in credits order)
Pierre Blanchar as Adjudant Gilbert Demachy
Gabriel Gabrio as Sulphart
Charles Vanel as Caporal Breval
Raymond Aimos as Soldat Fouillard
Antonin Artaud as Soldat Vieuble
Paul Azaïs as Soldat Broucke
René Bergeron as Soldat Hamel
Raymond Cordy as Soldat Vairon
Marcel Delaitre as Sergent Berthier
Jean Galland as Capitaine Cruchet
Pierre Labry as Soldat Bouffioux, Le Cuistot
Geo Laby as Soldat Belin
René Montis as Lieutenant Morache
Jean-François Martial as Soldat Lemoine
Marc Valbel as Maroux
Passage 3:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 4:
Stefan Schwartz
Stefan Schwartz (born 1 May 1963) is an English and Canadian film and television director, writer and actor, most known for the feature film Shooting Fish and his work on the BBC's Spooks and Luther, AMC's The Walking Dead and Fear The Walking Dead as well as The Americans and The Boys 

Career
1992–2007
Stefan Schwartz teamed up with Richard Holmes at The University of York and formed The Gruber Brothers  The duo made a number of films together including their feature film debut Soft Top Hard Shoulder (1992) starring Peter Capaldi and Phyllis Logan, which won two BAFTAs in Scotland and the London Film Festival's prestigious audience award  Building on this success in 1995 he directed Giving Tongue, shown as part of BBC2′s Wicked Women series and in 1997 wrote and directed Shooting Fish, a crime-caper comedy starring Kate Beckinsale which won several awards and made over twenty million dollars worldwide He then signed a three-year deal to write and direct for Miramax and wrote screenplays for them, teaming up with notable producers such as Laurence Bender and Jennifer and Suzanne Todd before directing The Abduction Club (2002) for Pathe Films His next film as writer/director was the romantic comedy The Best Man starring Stuart Townsend, Amy Smart and Seth Green in 2005 

2007–2015
In television, he directed Hustle, the award-winning Spooks and The Ghost Train for Lynda La Plante before moving on to the season finale of the ground-breaking series, Luther, for the BBC  In the US he has directed several episodes of the critically acclaimed Crash with Dennis Hopper, joined the Starz series Camelot, which he directed for and also co-executive produced, and directed for the much praised Dexter series 
After finishing Being Human for Syfy Stefan directed in the final season of House and worked in New York on White Collar  He then went back to Showtime for another episode of Dexter 
Autumn 2012 he worked in Paris with Jean Reno on the series Jo, before travelling to Atlanta to shoot The Walking Dead for which he won Online Film & Television Association -  Television Award - Best Direction in a Drama Series for The Walking Dead 
Early 2013 he directed the mid-season finale of ABC's hit show Revenge, then went back to work on the final season of Dexter 
AMC then asked him back to direct Low Winters Sun in Detroit before heading back to New York to shoot the season opener of  White Collar  From there to Pittsburgh to direct Chloe Sevigny and James D'Arcy in Those Who Kill, and then to South Africa to shoot the first episode of Black Sails for Starz, (second season) 
In 2014 he started the year in New York on The Americans then worked with Diane Kruger on The Bridge  He won the OFTA Television Award for Best Direction in a Drama Series  – The walking Dead 
Summer 2014 he completed an episode of the new Starz show called Flesh and Bone set in the world of ballet and written by Adam Rapp and Moira Walley-Beckett  Then Power 

2015–2018
In 2015 Stefan returned to Cape Town to shoot two new episodes of Black Sails directing some of the most complex action/vfx sequences on television at that time  In the same year, he also directed the season finale of Fear the Walking Dead season 1 in Los Angeles, before crossing the country to direct episode 4 of The Americans season 4 in New York 

Filmography
Film
Television
As director
As actor
Passage 5:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 6:
Raymond Bernard
Raymond Bernard (10 October 1891 – 12 December 1977) was a French film director and screenwriter whose career spanned more than 40 years  He is best remembered for several large-scale historical productions, including the silent films Le Miracle des loups (The Miracle of the Wolves) and Le Joueur d'échecs (The Chess Player) and in the 1930s Les Croix de bois (Wooden Crosses) and a highly regarded adaptation of Les Misérables 

Biography
Raymond Bernard was born in Paris in 1891, the son of the author and humorist Tristan Bernard and younger brother of the playwright Jean-Jacques Bernard  He began his career as an actor appearing on stage in plays written by his father, including Jeanne Doré (1913) alongside Sarah Bernhardt (also filmed in 1916)  In 1917, Bernard began to work behind the camera as assistant to Jacques Feyder at Gaumont and then continued as a director, principally adapting plays by his father  In these popular entertainments, he soon gained experience of working with leading performers such as Max Linder and Charles Dullin In 1924, Bernard embarked upon a new style of film, the historical spectacle, with Le Miracle des loups set in 15th-century France in the reign of Louis XI  This proved to be the most expensive film of its day and one of the more profitable  Bernard's ability to combine dramatic narrative with spacious settings and large numbers of performers was utilised in the two remaining productions of his silent film career, Le Joueur d'échecs (1927) and Tarakanova (1930) Bernard's film-making in the sound era continued for nearly three decades  Further large-scale productions included his film about the First World War, Les Croix de bois (1932), and a three-part adaptation of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables (1934) which was nearly five hours in length  In his later films, he returned to modest projects and budgets, including a number of sophisticated comedies  During the wartime Occupation of France, Bernard as a Jew was obliged to remain in hiding, and his film-making ceased until the end of the war 
He retired from film-making in 1958, but in the 1970s, when he was in his 80s, he was able to supervise the reconstruction of Les Misérables, which had been severely truncated in the 1940s for easier distribution  In 1977, shortly after the broadcast of a nearly complete version on French television, Bernard died at age 86 Raymond Bernard was an Officer of the Legion of Honour 

Filmography (as director)
Le Ravin sans fond (1917) (co-directed with Jacques Feyder)
Le Traitement du hoquet (1917)
Le Gentilhomme commerçant (1918)
Le Petit Café (1919) (The Little Café)
Le Secret de Rosette Lambert (1920) (The Secret of Rosette Lambert)
La Maison vide (1921)
Triplepatte (1922)
L'Homme inusable (1923)
Grandeur et Décadence (1923)
Le Costaud des Épinettes (1923)
Le Miracle des loups (1924) (The Miracle of the Wolves)
Le Joueur d'échecs (1927) (The Chess Player)
Tarakanova (1930)
Faubourg Montmartre (1931) (Montmartre)
Les Croix de bois (1932) (Wooden Crosses)
Les Misérables (1934)
Tartarin de Tarascon (1934)
Amants et Voleurs (1935) (Lovers and Thieves)
Anne-Marie (1936)
Le Coupable (1937) (Culprit)
Marthe Richard au service de la France (1937)
J'étais une aventurière (1938) (I Was an Adventuress)
Les Otages (1939) (The Mayor's Dilemma)
Cavalcade d'amour (1940) (Love Cavalcade)
Un ami viendra ce soir (1946) (A Friend Will Come Tonight)
Adieu chérie (1946) (Goodbye Darling)
Maya (1949)
Le Cap de l'espérance (1951) (The Cape of Hope)
Le Jugement de Dieu (1952) (Judgement of God)
La Dame aux camélias (1953) (Lady of the Camelias)
La Belle de Cadix (1953) (The Beauty of Cadiz)
Les Fruits de l'été (1955) (Fruits of Summer)
Le Septième Commandement (1957) (The Seventh Commandment)
Le Septième Ciel (1958) (Seventh Heaven)
Passage 7:
Deepak Sareen
Deepak Sareen is a Bollywood film director and assistant director  His first film as director was Ranbhoomi and last film as director was Albela 

As assistant director
Deewaar (1975)
Kabhi Kabhi (1976)
Doosra Aadmi (1977)
Silsila (1981)
Mashaal (1984)
Faasle (1985)

As director
Ranbhoomi (1991)
Aaina (1993)
Gaddaar (1995)
Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai (1998)
Albela (2001)

External links
Deepak Sareen at IMDb
Passage 8:
Ringo-en no shōjo
Ringo-en no shōjo (リンゴ園の少女, Ringo-en no shōjo, lit  "Girl of Apple Park") is a 1952 black and white Japanese film directed by Koji Shima The art director was Tomoo Shimogawara 

Cast
Hibari Misora as Marumi
Akihiko Katayama
Kokuten Kōdō
Yōko Kosono as Yoko Kozono
Koji Mitsui
Hideaki Miura
Bontarō Miyake as Bontaro Miake
Zeko Nakamura as Zekō Nakamura
Takeshi Sakamoto
Isao Yamagata
So Yamamura

See also
List of films in the public domain in the United States
Passage 9:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 10:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sula Island
Sula Island is an island located in the Albay province of the Philippines 

See also
List of islands of the Philippines
Passage 2:
Henry Island (Nova Scotia)
Henry Island is an island located in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia, Canada, just east of Prince Edward Island and southwest of Port Hood Island 

Geography
Consisting of 150 acres (0 61 km2) of mostly forested tract, the 2½ mile long by 1-mile (1 6 km) wide island has up to 100-foot (30 m) cliffs along the west shore, and beaches of shallow shoals along the east shore   The water along the west shore reaches depths of up to 80 feet (24 m)   There are no year-round residents   Privately owned, the family inhabits the island in the summer 

History
Early nautical charts refer to the island as Iles aux Jestico or Juste-au-Corps, the previous county name of the current-day Inverness County, Nova Scotia   There is some debate over the origin of the current name, Henry   One theory has it that the island was named for Henry Hood, son of Admiral Samuel Hood, commander-in-chief of the Royal Navy of North America in the late 18th century   Others think it may have been named for Prince William Henry, the uncle of Queen Victoria 
The first person known to have settled the island was James Campbell during the 18th century   By this time an area of great maritime activity, a lighthouse existed on the summit as early as 1854   During the period of the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty which was in effect from 1854 to 1866, fishermen set up temporary camps each summer on Henry Island   Soon after the treaty expired the area was overcome by economic depression   Nearly 30 years later, the original lighthouse was replaced with the currently standing 53-foot (16 m) red and white lighthouse in 1902 under the supervision of foreman Jim MacDonnell of Margaree Harbor, Nova Scotia for a total cost of $3,489   The current lighthouse remains the property of the Canadian Coast Guard  An adjacent house had also been constructed in 1901   This new lighthouse had been a campaign promise of Parliament member Angus MacLennan, M D  The first three lighthouse keepers were relatives and descendants of MacLennan: John MacLennan from 1901, Daniel MacLennan, starting in 1907, and Charles MacLennan, the father of a local shopkeeper, Sadie Murphy   The last known keeper before the lighthouse was automated was Sterling Morrison, who became keeper in 1961 for a very brief period   By 1992, the adjacent house had not been lived in for 40 years and had been vandalized, and a nearby shed destroyed   The island was purchased by William F  Baker, who undertook the restoration of the home back to its original state 

Transportation
Henry Island is accessible for day tours around the periphery and walking tours to the lighthouse via boat through Port Hood Island Views Boat Tours 
Passage 3:
Ingmarsö
Ingmarsö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden 
Passage 4:
Fairbank Island (Michigan)
Fairbank Island is an island located in Chippewa County, Michigan, United States 
Passage 5:
Jeløya
Jeløya is an island located in the municipality of Moss in Østfold County, Norway 

History
Jeløya was actually a peninsula in the Oslofjord, but was divided from the mainland in 1855 by the Moss canal (Mossekanalen)  a 20-meter broad canal that was built through the low isthmus  The Canal Bridge (Kanalbrua) is the link between Jeløya and the mainland at Moss  This was at first a low, sliding bridge, and since 1957 a simple-leaf Bascule bridge, but dating from the early 1990s has been locked and unable to open  Part of the city of Moss lies on the south-eastern part of Jeløya 
At 19 km2, Jeløya is the largest island in the Oslofjord  Geologically, Jeløya is largely made up of a young lava rock-type from the Permian period  Other islands in the Oslofjord formed during that same time period include Revlingen, Eldøya, Missingene and the Søsterøyene  Ringerike sandstone is found in some parts of Jeløya, and fossil cephalaspids have been found  The largest Norwegian moraine from the Ice Age crosses Jeløya, goes to the east of Moss and Rygge and continues through Sweden to Finland Until the 1990s, two of Moss' largest industrial zones were on the southern part of Jeløya - Moss Glassverk  and Moss Verft  Moss Glassverk produced glass containers from 1898 until 1999  Moss Verft was a shipyard formed in 1870 which was active in shipbuilding until 1987 and was historically one of the biggest employers in the municipality  These areas are now turning into costly apartments and post-industrial businesses  Jeløya is today best known for its beaches, its scenery, a swarming harbor with boats, and Refsnes Gods,  a hotel with a renowned cuisine 
Jeløya is the site of a number of country manor houses on farms including Grønli gård and Kubberød gård  Torderød gård is now owned by Moss Municipality which hosts tours during the summer  Grimsrød gård housed Edvard Munch for a number of years  Roed gård has been established as a combined Arts and Cultural Center  Alby gård is the site of one of Norway's most widely known art galleries,  Galleri F 15 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Twin Cairns Island
The Belcher Islands (Inuktitut: ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ, Sanikiluaq) are an archipelago in the southeast part of Hudson Bay near the centre of the Nastapoka arc  The Belcher Islands are spread out over almost 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi)  Administratively, they belong to the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  The hamlet of Sanikiluaq (where the majority of the inhabitants of the Belcher Islands live) is on the north coast of Flaherty Island and is the southernmost in Nunavut  Along with Flaherty Island, the other large islands are Kugong Island, Tukarak Island, and Innetalling Island  Other main islands in the 1,500–island archipelago are Moore Island, Wiegand Island, Split Island, Snape Island and Mavor Island, while island groups include the Sleeper Islands, King George Islands, and Bakers Dozen Islands 

History
The archaeological evidence present on the islands indicates that they were inhabited by the Dorset culture between 500 BCE and 1000 CE  Centuries later, from 1200 to 1500, the Thule people made their presence on the islands The first European to discover the islands was English sea explorer Henry Hudson, the namesake of Hudson Bay, who sighted the island in 1610  The islands are named after Royal Navy Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (1799-1877) 
In the early 19th century, caribou herds which lived on the islands disappeared  In an alternative effort to find warm clothing, the inhabitants of the islands sought the down of the Eider duck, a species of bird which nests on the island Before 1914, English-speaking cartographers knew very little about the Belcher Islands, which they showed on maps as specks, much smaller than their true extent  In that year a map showing them, drawn by George Weetaltuk, came into the hands of Robert Flaherty, and cartographers began to represent them more accurately In 1941, a religious movement led by Charley Ouyerack, Peter Sala, and his sister Mina caused the death by blows or exposure of nine persons, an occurrence that came to be known as the Belcher Island Murders 

Geology
General geology
The geologic units of the Belcher Group, which forms the Belcher Islands, were deposited during the Paleoproterozoic  Combined with other Paleoproterozoic units that occur along the edge of the Superior Craton, the Belcher Group forms part of the Circum-Superior Belt From youngest to oldest, the Belcher Group is composed of:
Loaf Formation (molasse)
Omarolluk Formation (flysch)
Flaherty Formation (flood basalt)
Kipalu Formation (iron formation)
Mukpollo Formation (sandstone)
Rowatt Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Laddie Formation (deep marine red bed)
Costello Formation (carbonate slope deposit)
Mavor Formation (stromatolite reef complex)
Tukarak Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Fairweather Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Eskimo Formation (flood basalt)
Kasegalik Formation (sabkha)The oldest part of the Belcher Group, the Kasegalik Formation, was deposited between 2 0185 and 2 0154 billion years ago
Context 3: Passage 1:
Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers
Major General Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers (c  1628 – 14 September 1694) was an English nobleman and soldier 
He was the first son of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers by his wife Catherine, daughter of William Parker, 13th Baron Morley  His father was closely involved in the English Civil War on the Royalist side from 1641  Consequently, he lost his castles at Halton and Rocksavage and their contents were confiscated 
About 1647, he married firstly Elizabeth (b  1627), illegitimate daughter of Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland by his mistress Martha Jeanes  Their children included: Thomas, who married Charlotte, daughter of Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby; Richard, who succeeded as 4th Earl Rivers; Elizabeth; and Annabella  They also had other children who died young He was widely believed to be a Roman Catholic, and during the Popish Plot he was denounced by informers, but the evidence was so flimsy that no charges were ever brought against him 
About 1684, he married secondly Arabella, daughter of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey  They had no issue He died at his house in Great Queen Street in the Parish of St Giles in the Fields, Middlesex  A memorial to him by William Stanton was installed in St Michaels Church, Macclesfield Documented evidence exists in the form of a pamphlet which details a murder by a Thomas Savage of St Giles in the Fields  It is likely the Thomas in question is the son of the 3rd Earl Rivers, or a family relation 
Passage 2:
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey PC FRS (8 November 1630 – 8 May 1701), styled Lord Willoughby de Eresby from 1642 to 1666, was an English nobleman 
He was the son of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey and Martha Cokayne  He travelled on the Continent, in France and Italy from 1647 to 1652, attending the University of Padua in 1651  In 1654, he married Mary Massingberd, who died in the late 1650s, after bearing him one daughter:
Lady Arabella Bertie (d  28 February 1716), married Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers Before 1660, he married again to Elizabeth Wharton (d  1669), daughter of Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, by whom he had five children:
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1660–1723)
Rt  Hon  Peregrine Bertie (c  1663–1711)
Hon  Philip Bertie (c  1664–1728), married Elizabeth Brabazon, daughter of William Brabazon, 3rd Earl of Meath, without issue
Hon  Norris Bertie (c  1666 – 27 August 1691)
Hon  Albemarle Bertie (c  1668–1742)He contested Boston in 1661 and was returned to the Cavalier Parliament, in which he sat until he succeeded his father as Earl of Lindsey and Lord Great Chamberlain in 1666  In about 1670, he married a third time, to Lady Elizabeth Pope, daughter of Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe and widow of Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet  By her he had two children:
Hon  Charles Bertie (c  1683–1727)
Lady Elizabeth Bertie, died unmarriedLindsey had inherited an electoral interest at Stamford, on which his brother Peregrine had been returned since 1665  In a 1677 by-election, Lindsey treated the voters lavishly and secured the election of his candidate against that of the 4th Earl of Exeter, heretofore the predominant interest in the borough  For a brief period, both Peregrine and their younger brother Charles Bertie sat for the borough, but the Exclusion crisis in 1679 temporarily destroyed Lindsey's influence and both were turned out  Lindsey's brothers regained both seats at the 1685 election, but in 1689, he compromised with the 5th Earl of Exeter and each chose one member, Lindsey's brother Charles holding the seat until 1711  In 1694, he put in his younger son Philip at a by-election alongside Charles, but the Exeter interest put up a candidate again in 1698 and Philip did not stand 
Passage 3:
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey KG (16 December 1582 – 24 October 1642), previously (from 1601 to 1626) 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby was an English peer, soldier and courtier 

Early life
Robert Bertie was the son of Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (b  12 October 1555 – d  25 June 1601) and Mary de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding  Queen Elizabeth I was his godmother, and two of her favourite earls (Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex), whose Christian name he bore, were his godfathers 
He had been part of Essex's expedition to Cádiz, and had afterwards served in the Netherlands, under Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange  He was even given temporary command of English forces during the Siege of Rheinberg in the summer of 1601  The long Continental wars throughout the peaceful reign of King James I had been treated by the English nobility as schools of arms, as a few campaigns were considered a graceful finish to a gentleman's education He succeeded his father as Baron Willoughby de Eresby in 1601  He was later created Earl of Lindsey on 22 November 1626 and took his title from the northern of the three parts of Lincolnshire, the old Kingdom of Lindsey 

The entrepreneur
The Lindsey Level in The Fens, between the River Glen and The Haven, at Boston, Lincolnshire, was named after the first Earl Lindsey as he was the principal adventurer in its drainage  The drainage work was declared complete in 1638 but the project was neglected with the onset of the Civil War so that the land fell back into its old state  When it was drained again, more than a hundred years later, it was called the Black Sluice Level  There is more information under the article Twenty, Lincolnshire 

The English Civil War
As soon as Lord Lindsey had begun to fear that the disputes between the King, Charles I and Parliament must end in war, he had begun to exercise and train his tenantry in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, of whom he had formed a regiment of infantry 

First Siege of Hull
Lord Lindsey accompanied the King in April 1642 as part of a party who tried to negotiate a handover of the magazine at Hull for the King's military use  This handover was turned down by the pro-Parliamentary governor, Sir John Hotham, who expelled the party, causing it to withdraw with the King to York  Early in July, the King returned from York with a force of 3,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, intent on besieging the city, now garrisoned by reinforcing Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Meldrum, returning to York while leaving Lord Lindsey in command through the siege   Meldrum ordered some effective sorties out of the city, the last of which, on 27 July, blew up the arsenal Lindsey's troops had set up at Anlaby, west of Hull  Lindsey's force, whose cavalry were unsupported by the infantry who had withdrawn to Beverley, gave up the siege after this loss of their munitions and retreated back to York, lifting the siege 

Battle of Edgehill
As Lord Lindsey was a most experienced soldier of 59 years of age at the start of the English Civil War, King Charles I had appointed him General-in-chief of the Royalists for the Battle of Edgehill  However, the King had imprudently exempted the cavalry from Lindsey's command, its general, the King's nephew Prince Rupert of the Rhine, taking orders only from the King  Rupert was only 22 years old, and although an experienced soldier who had fought in the Thirty Years' War, he had not yet learnt that cavalry should also be used in support of infantry and not just against the enemy's cavalry 
With Lindsey was his son Montagu Bertie, Lord Willoughby who had seen some service against the Spaniards in the Netherlands, and after his return had been made a captain in the Lifeguards, and a Gentleman of the Bedchamber  Anthony van Dyck has left portraits of the father and the son; the one a bald-headed, alert, precise-looking old warrior, with the cuirass and gauntlets of earlier warfare; the other, the very model of a cavalier, tall, easy, and graceful, with a gentle reflective face, and wearing the long lovelocks and deep-point lace collar and cuffs characteristic of Queen Henrietta's Court 
At eight o'clock, on the morning of 23 October 1642 King Charles was riding along the ridge of Edge Hill, and looking down into the Vale of the Red Horse, a fair meadow land, here and there broken by hedges and copses  His troops were mustering around him, and in the valley he could see with his telescope the various Parliamentary regiments, as they poured out of the town of Kineton, and took up their positions in three lines  "I never saw the rebels in a body before," he said, as he gazed sadly at the subjects arrayed against him  "I shall give them battle  God, and the prayers of good men to Him, assist the justice of my cause " The whole of his forces were not assembled till two o'clock in the afternoon, for the gentlemen who had become officers found it no easy matter to call their farmers and retainers together, and marshal them into any sort of order 
Lord Lindsey, who was an old comrade of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, who was by then the commander of the Parliamentarian forces, knew that he would follow the tactics they had both together studied in Holland, little thinking that one day they should be arrayed one against the other in their own native England  He had a high opinion of Essex's generalship, and insisted that the situation of the Royal army required the utmost caution  Rupert, on the other hand, had seen the swift fiery charges of the fierce troopers of the Thirty Years' War, and was backed up by Patrick Ruthven, Lord Ruthven, one of the many Scots who had won honour under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden  A sudden charge of the Royal horse would, Rupert argued, sweep the Roundheads from the field, and the foot would have nothing to do but to follow up the victory  The King, sad enough at having to fight at all with his subjects, and never having seen a battle, seemed entirely bewildered between the ardent words of his spirited nephew and the grave replies of the well-seasoned old Earl  Eventually the King, willing at least not to irritate Rupert, desired that Ruthven should array the troops in the Swedish fashion 
It was a greater affront to the General-in-chief than the king was likely to understand, but it could not shake the old soldier's loyalty  He gravely resigned the empty title of General, which only made confusion worse confounded, and rode away to act as colonel of his own Lincolnshire regiment, pitying his master's perplexity, and resolved that no private pique should hinder him from doing his duty  His regiment was of foot soldiers, and was just opposite to the standard of the Earl of Essex 
In the afternoon the Royal forces marched down the hill  Prince Rupert's charge was fully successful  No one even waited to cross swords with his troopers, but all the Roundhead horse galloped headlong off the field, hotly pursued by the Royalists  However, the main body of the army stood firm, and for some time the battle was nearly equal, until a large troop of Parliamentary cavalry who had been kept in reserve, wheeled round and fell upon the Royal forces just when their scanty supply of ammunition was exhausted  Step by step, however, they retreated bravely, and Rupert, who had returned from his charge, sought in vain to collect his scattered troopers, so as to fall again on the Roundheads  Some were plundering, some chasing the Roundheads, and none could be got together 

Death
Lord Lindsey was shot through the thigh bone, and fell  He was instantly surrounded by Roundhead cavalry; but his son, Lord Willoughby, seeing his danger, flung himself alone among them, forced his way forward, and raised his father in his arm, unheeding his own safety  The throng of Roundheads around called to him to surrender, and, hastily giving up his sword, he carried the Earl into the nearest shed, and laid him on a heap of straw, vainly striving to staunch the blood under watch of a Roundhead guard 
It was a bitterly cold night, and the frosty wind came howling through the darkness  Lord Lindsey himself murmured, "If it please God I should survive, I never will fight in the same field with boys again!"–no doubt deeming that young Rupert had wrought all the mischief  His thoughts were all on the cause, his son's all on him  It proved impossible to stop his wounds bleeding and gradually the old man's strength ebbed away 
Toward midnight the Earl's old comrade Essex had news of his condition, and sent some officers to enquire for him, and promise speedy surgical attendance  Lindsey was still full of spirit, and spoke to them so strongly of their broken faith, and of the sin of disloyalty and rebellion, that they slunk away one by one out of the hut, and dissuaded Essex from coming himself to see his old friend, as he had intended  The surgeon, however, arrived, but too late, Lindsey was already so much exhausted by cold and loss of blood, that he died early in the morning of 24 October 1642, as he was being carried through the gates of Warwick Castle where other Royalist prisoners were being kept  His son, despite King Charles' best efforts to obtain his exchange, remained a prisoner of the Parliamentary side for about a year  Lindsey is buried in St Michael and All Angels Church, Edenham, Lincolnshire Lord Lindsey should not be confused with Ludovic Lindsay, 16th Earl of Crawford, who also fought for the King at the Battle of Edgehill 

Marriage and issue
In 1605, Lindsey married Elizabeth Montagu (d  30 November 1654, sister of Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton)  They had thirteen children:

Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey (1608–1666)
Hon  Sir Roger Bertie (d  15 October 1654), married Ursula Lawley, daughter of Sir Edward Lawley
Hon  Robert Bertie (1 January 1619 – 1708), married firstly Alice Barnard, secondly Elizabeth Bennet, and thirdly Mary Halsey
Hon  Sir Peregrine Bertie, married Anne Hardeby
Capt  Hon  Francis Bertie (d  1641), killed in Ireland
Capt  Hon  Henry Bertie (d  1643), killed at the First Battle of Newbury
Hon  Vere Bertie, died unmarried
Hon  Edward Bertie (17 October 1624 – 25 December 1686)
Lady Katherine Bertie, married about 1631 Sir William Paston, 1st Baronet, one son, Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth
Lady Elizabeth Bertie (d  28 February 1684), married in 1661 Sir Miles Stapleton
Lady Anne Bertie (d  1660), died unmarried
Lady Mary Bertie, married firstly Rev  John Hewett (d  1658), and secondly Sir Abraham Shipman
Lady Sophia Bertie, married Sir Richard ChaworthThe office of Lord Great Chamberlain descended through to him following the death of his cousin Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, as being the closest heir male 

Notes
Passage 4:
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, KG, PC (1608 – 25 July 1666), was an English soldier, courtier, and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1626  He was created Baron Willoughby de Eresby by writ of acceleration in 1640 and inherited the peerage of Earl of Lindsey in 1642  He fought in the Royalist army in the English Civil War 

Early life
Bertie was born in Grimsthorpe Castle, Grimsthorpe, the eldest son of Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, and his wife Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton  After a brief term at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1623, Bertie then served as Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire in 1624 and Stamford from 1625 to 1626, when, upon his father's elevation to an earldom, he assumed the style of Lord Willoughby de Eresby 
At some point during his early life, he was also Captain of a cavalry troop in the Low Countries  He rose in favour with King Charles I and was appointed a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, High Steward of Boston, and Steward, Warden and Chief Ranger of Waltham Forest in 1634 In 1639, Willoughby raised The King's Life Guard of Foot, composed of four companies, for service in the First Bishops' War and was given a Captaincy in the regiment  The following year, he was appointed High Steward of the Honour of Bolingbroke and the Manor of Sutton  When the Long Parliament was convened on 3 November 1640, he was summoned to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration as Baron Willoughby de Eresby  In October 1641, Lord Willoughby and four companions, including Endymion Porter, visited Scotland  Their sight-seeing was recorded in an anonymous poem, A Scottish Journie 

English Civil War
Both Lord Willoughby and his father supported the King and raised a regiment of cavalry in Lincolnshire on his behalf  Lord Willoughby commanded the Life Guards at Edgehill, where his father was mortally wounded by a shot through the thigh  Willoughby surrendered to the Parliamentarians in order to attend his father, whom he now succeeded as Earl of Lindsey and Lord Great Chamberlain  He was imprisoned in Warwick Castle, where he wrote a defiant declaration and justification of his loyalty to the King  He was not released until a prisoner exchange in July 1643, whereupon he rejoined the King at Oxford and was appointed a Privy Counsellor in December  As colonel of the King's Life Guards of Foot and subsequently lieutenant-general of the Life Guards "and all the foot", he fought at the First Battle of Newbury, Cropredy Bridge, Lostwithiel, Second Battle of Newbury, and was wounded at Naseby  In addition to his military services for the King, Lindsey frequently acted as a commissioner to treat with Parliament and persistently urged reconciliation  The King additionally honored Lindsey with the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber from 1643 until 1649, and Steward, Keeper and Ranger of Woodstock in 1644 Lindsey was present at the surrender of Oxford in June 1646, attended the King in 1647, and finally served as a commissioner for the Treaty of Newport in 1648  He continued to attend the King during his trial and accompanied the King's body to its burial at Windsor  Lindsey paid heavily for his allegiance, compounding for his estates in December 1646 at £4360 (later reduced to £2100), a sum he did not pay off until 1651 

Commonwealth and Restoration
After the execution of the King, Lindsey retired into private life, and although his movements were carefully monitored by the Council of State, particularly during the Penruddock uprising and Booth's rebellion, he apparently took no part in the Royalist movement After the Restoration, Lindsey was re-appointed to the Privy Council, admitted as Lord Great Chamberlain, and appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire  He was made a Knight of the Garter on 1 April 1661 and officiated as Lord Great Chamberlain at the coronation of Charles II on 23 April 1661  In 1662, the office of Earl Marshal was placed in commission and he was named one of the commissioners  Lindsey died in 1666 at Campden House, Kensington, the home of his son-in-law, and was buried at Grimsthorpe 

Family
Bertie married firstly, on 18 April 1627, Martha Ramsay (née Cockayne), Dowager Countess of Holderness and daughter of Sir William Cockayne, at the Church of St Peter-le-Poor in the City of London  They had eight children:
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey (1630–1701)
Hon  Peregrine Bertie (ca  1634–1701)
Hon  Richard Bertie (ca  1635 – 19 January 1685/6)
Hon  Vere Bertie (d  13 February 1680)
Hon  Charles Bertie (ca  1640–1711)
Lady Elizabeth Bertie (d  1683), married the 3rd Viscount Campden and had issue
Lady Bridget Bertie (1629 – 7 January 1704), married the 1st Duke of Leeds and had issue
Lady Catherine Bertie, married Robert DormerMartha died in July 1641, and Bertie married secondly, sometime between 1646 and 1653, Bridget Wray, Baroness Norris, daughter of Edward Wray and Elizabeth Norris  This second marriage produced four children:
James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon (1653–1699)
Hon  Edward Bertie
Hon  Henry Bertie (ca 1656–1734)
Lady Mary Bertie (1655–1709), married Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon, no issue
Passage 5:
Elizabeth Noel, Viscountess Campden
Elizabeth Noel, Viscountess Campden (1640 – July 1683), formerly Lady Elizabeth Bertie, was the fourth wife of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden, and the mother of nine of his children 
Lady Elizabeth was the daughter of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, and his first wife, Martha Ramsay (née Cockayne), Dowager Countess of Holderness  Her siblings included Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey, Hon  Peregrine Bertie, Hon  Richard Bertie, Hon  Vere Bertie and Hon  Charles Bertie, as well as two sisters 
Elizabeth married Viscount Campden on 6 July 1655, when she was 15 and he was in his forties; he had been widowed three times, and had at least four surviving children, including his heir, Edward  Elizabeth's children by Campden were:
Baptist Noel, MP, who married Susannah Fanshaw and was the father of Baptist Noel, 3rd Earl of Gainsborough
John Noel (1659–1718), who married Elizabeth Sherard and had children
Martha Penelope Noel, who married a Mr Dormer
Catherine Noel (1657-1724 or 1733) who married, as his third wife, John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, and had childrenA portrait of Viscountess Campden was painted by Sir Peter Lely  She outlived her husband by a year, and is buried with him at the Church of St Peter and St Paul, in Exton, Rutland 
Passage 6:
Albemarle Bertie (MP)
Albemarle Bertie (c  1668–1742), of Swinstead, Lincolnshire, was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1705 and 1741 
The fifth son of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey and his wife Elizabeth Wharton, he successfully contested Lincolnshire for the Whigs at the 1705 English general election  At the 1708 British general election, he stood down at Lincolnshire to make way for his nephew, Lord Willoughby de Eresby and was returned instead for Cockermouth on the interest of his uncle, the 1st Earl of Wharton  He was probably the candidate put up by the Wharton interest at Appleby at the 1710 British general election, who withdrew before the poll expressing a desire to sit no longer in Parliament Bertie stood for Lincolnshire again at a by-election in 1721, but was defeated  At the 1734 British general election, he was returned for Boston by his nephew, now the 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, but stood down again at the 1741 British general election and died the following year 
Passage 7:
Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet
Sir Francis Henry Lee, 4th Baronet (17 January 1639 – 4 December 1667) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1667 
Lee was the son of Sir Francis Henry Lee, 2nd Baronet, of Quarrendon, Buckinghamshire, and his wife Hon  Anne St  John, daughter of Sir John St John, 1st Baronet of Lydiard Tregoze, later Countess of Rochester  In 1659 he succeeded his brother Henry in the baronetcy In 1660, Lee was elected Member of Parliament for Malmesbury in the Convention Parliament  He was re-elected MP for Malmesbury in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1667Lee lived at Ditchley, Oxfordshire, and died at the age of 28 
Lee married Lady Elizabeth Pope, daughter of Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe (later third wife of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey)  His son Edward succeeded to the baronetcy and was later ennobled as Earl of Lichfield 
Passage 8:
Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, PC (17 October 1756  – 8 July 1779), styled Lord Robert Bertie until 1758 and Marquess of Lindsey between 1758 and 1778, was a British peer  He was born in Grimsthorpe, the second son of the General Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (died 1778), and Mary Panton (died 1793)
On the death of his elder brother, Peregrine Thomas Bertie, Marquess of Lindsey, on 12 December 1758, he inherited the courtesy title of Marquess of Lindsey  He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge About 1777, he served as a volunteer in North America  A lieutenant in the 7th Regiment of Foot, on 20 January 1778, he was promoted to a captaincy in the 15th Regiment of Foot On his father's death on 12 August 1778, he succeeded as 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 4th Marquess of Lindsey, 7th Earl of Lindsey, 20th Baron Willoughby de Eresby and Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain  He was the last to hold the Lord Great Chamberlainship as an undivided office  On 12 February 1779 he was invested as Privy Counsellor and was Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire 
He never married and died in Grimsthorpe on 8 July 1779 from scarlet fever  At the time of his death he was engaged to Lady Anna Waldegrave, daughter of James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, and Maria Walpole, the illegitimate granddaughter of Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister  Lady Waldegrave, after her husband's death, married in secret Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, a younger brother of King George III, a marriage which outraged the King and led to the passing of the Royal Marriages Act 1772  After his death, his fiancée married Lord Hugh Seymour  He was buried on 22 July 1779 in Edenham  On his death, the Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlainship and the Barony Willoughby de Eresby fell into abeyance between his two sisters, all other titles of his passed to his uncle  An illegitimate daughter of the 4th duke, Susan, was married to Banastre Tarleton; but there were no children 
Passage 9:
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven PC (20 October 1660 – 26 July 1723), styled 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby between 1666 and 1701, and known as 4th Earl of Lindsey between 1701 and 1706, and as 1st Marquess of Lindsey between 1706 and 1715, was a British statesman and nobleman 

Early life
Bertie was the eldest son of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey and, his second wife, the Hon  Elizabeth Wharton  Among his younger brothers were Hon  Peregrine Bertie (the Vice Chamberlain to King William III and to Queen Anne, Teller of the Exchequer), Hon  Philip Bertie (Auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall, who married Lady Elizabeth Brabazon, eldest daughter of William Brabazon, 3rd Earl of Meath), Hon  Norris Bertie (a Lt  of the Royal Navy), and Hon  Albemarle Bertie (MP who also served as Auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall  Among his sisters were Lady Jane Bertie (wife of Maj -Gen  Edward Mathew, Governor of Grenada), Lady Caroline Bertie (second wife of Capt  George Dewar)  From his father's first marriage to Mary (née Massingberd) Berkeley (widow of Hon  George Berkeley and second daughter John Massingberd, Treasurer of the East India Company), he had an elder half-sister, Lady Arabella Bertie (second wife Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers) His paternal grandparents were Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, and the former Martha Cokayne  Among his large extended family were uncles Peregrine, Richard, Vere, and Charles Bertie, and aunts Lady Elizabeth (wife of the 3rd Viscount Campden) and Lady Bridget (wife of the 1st Duke of Leeds)  His mother was the only child of Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton and the former Elizabeth Wandesford (daughter of Sir Rowland Wandesford of Pickhill, an attorney of the Court of Wards and Liveries) 

Career
Lord Willoughby entered Parliament as Member of Parliament for Boston in 1685, and sat in the Loyal Parliament, from 1685 to 1687, and the Convention Parliament from 1689 to 1690  He was commissioned captain of an independent troop of horse raised to suppress the Monmouth Rebellion on 20 June 1685   In 1688, Bertie took part in the northern rising led by his kinsman, the Earl of Danby, in favour of William of Orange  He was rewarded with the chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1689, a post which enabled him to secure a seat at Preston at the general election of 1690 In 1690, he was returned for Preston, but was soon forced to leave the House of Commons for the House of Lords after receiving a writ of acceleration as Baron Willoughby de Eresby  Lord Willougby inherited the earldom of Lindsey on his father's death in 1701, and was invested a Privy Counsellor one month later; along with the Earldom of Lindsey, he also inherited the offices of Lord Great Chamberlain and Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, both of which he would hold until his death and would pass onto his son, the 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven Lord Lindsey, as he was now styled, was then created Marquess of Lindsey in 1706, and was finally created Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1715, with a special remainder failing the heirs male of his body, to the heirs male of the body of his father, Robert, late Earl of Lindsey, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Philip, Lord Wharton  Also in 1715, he temporarily served as a Lord Justice In 1715, he employed Sir John Vanbrugh to design a baroque front to his house at Grimsthorpe to celebrate his ennoblement as first Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven 

Personal life
On 30 July 1678, Lord Willoughby married Mary Wynn (d  1689), a Welsh heiress and direct descendant of the princely house of Aberffraw  She was the daughter, and sole heiress, of Sir Richard Wynn, 4th Baronet of Gwydyr Estate and the former Sarah Myddelton (daughter of Sir Thomas Myddelton of Chirk Castle)  They had five children, including:
Robert Bertie, Lord Willoughby (1683–1704), who died while studying at the Wolfenbüttel Ritter-Akademie
Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1686–1742), who married Jane Brownlow, third daughter of Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet 
Lady Elizabeth Bertie, who died unmarried 
Lady Eleanor Bertie, who died unmarried 
Lady Mary Bertie, who died unmarried After the death of his first wife in 1689, he married Albinia Farington on 6 July 1705  She was a daughter of Maj -Gen  William Farington of Chislehurst and the former Theodosia Betenson (sister and co-heiress of Sir Edward Betenson, 1st Baronet)  Together, they were the parents of:
Lord Vere Bertie (d  1768), an MP for Boston who married Ann Casey, illegitimate daughter of Sir Cecil Wray, 11th Baronet, in 1736 
Capt  Lord Montagu Bertie (d  1753), who married Elizabeth Piers, daughter of William Piers, MP in 1758 
Capt  Lord Thomas Bertie (1720–1749)
Lt -Gen  Lord Robert Bertie (1721–1782), the Governor of Cork who married Hon  Mary (née Blundell) Raymond, widow of Robert Raymond, 2nd Baron Raymond and third daughter of Montague Blundell, 1st Viscount Blundell, in 1762 
Lady Louisa Bertie, who married Thomas Bludworth, Gentleman of the Horse to the Prince of Wales and a Groom of the Bedchamber, in 1736 Lord Ancaster died in July 1723, aged 62, an established but relatively unheralded statesman  He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Peregrine  His widow remarried to James Douglas and died in 1745 

Descendants
Through his son Lord Vere, he was a grandfather of Albinia Bertie (wife of George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire) and Louisa Bertie (wife of Lt -Gen  Hon  Sir Charles Stuart, Governor of Minorca and fourth son of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute) Through his son Lord Montagu, he was a grandfather of Augusta Bertie, who married John Fane, 9th Earl of Westmorland 
Passage 10:
Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey
Lieutenant-General Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey (17 September 1744 – 18 September 1818) was a British nobleman and general 

Early life
Bertie was born on 17 September 1744  He was the son of Peregrine Bertie, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn (1709–1779) and the former Elizabeth Payne  He had two sisters, Louisa Bertie (wife of Fletcher Richardson of Cartmel) and Henrietta Bertie (wife of George Edmonds of Peterborough) His paternal grandparents were the former Mary Narbonne (daughter and heiress of John Narbonne of Great Stukeley) and Charles Bertie, MP for Stamford (a son of the Hon  Charles Bertie, also an MP for Stamford, Envoy to Denmark and Secretary to the Treasury who was the fifth son of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey)  His maternal grandfather was Edward Payne of Tottenham Wick 

Military career
In 1762, he was commissioned an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards  He became lieutenant and captain in that regiment in 1769, captain and lieutenant colonel in 1776, and colonel in 1781  He became 3rd Major of the regiment 12 March 1789 and 2nd Major on 8 August 1792 In 1793, he was promoted major-general, and was appointed colonel of the newly formed 81st Regiment of Foot on 19 September with instructions to recruit volunteers for it  In 1794, he obtained a colonelcy of an existing regiment, the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot, instead  Bertie was promoted lieutenant-general in 1798 and general in 1803  In 1804, the Duke of York recommended him for the colonelcy of the 77th Regiment of Foot, then part of the Indian establishment, noting that "the difference of emolument is of great consequence" to Bertie  In 1808, he became commander of the 89th Regiment of Foot after John Whitelocke was cashiered and dismissed from the service Bertie retired from active service in 1809 upon inheriting the title of Earl of Lindsey from his third cousin on 8 February 1809  The earldom had been held by Robert Bertie, 1st Marquess of Lindsey from 1706 until 1715 when he was he was created the 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven  The Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven held the earldom until the dukedom became extinct on the death of Brownlow Bertie, 5th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1809, and the earldom passed to Bertie 

Political career
In 1801, he was nominated as Member of Parliament for Stamford, where the Bertie family had once held an electoral interest, by the Marquess of Exeter, then pre-eminent in the borough  He held the seat until succeeding to his peerage in 1809, but demonstrated little activity in Parliament  Lindsey inherited the Irish title of Viscount Cullen by special remainder in 1810, but never claimed it nor was acknowledged in the title  In 1814, he was appointed Governor of Blackness Castle, and in March 1818, of Charlemont Fort 

Personal life
On 7 May 1794, Bertie was married to Eliza Maria (née Clay) Scrope, the widow of Thomas Scrope of Coleby and a daughter of William Clay of Burridge Hill, Nottinghamshire  They had no children before her death in July 1806 On 18 November 1809 (when he was the Earl of Lindsey), he married Charlotte Susannah Elizabeth Layard (1780–1858), the daughter of the Very Reverend Charles Layard, Dean of Bristol  Together, Charlotte and Bertie were the parents of three children:
Lady Charlotte Bertie (1812–1895), a prominent linguist who married John Josiah Guest, 1st Baronet in 1833  After his death in ⁠1852, she married Charles Schreiber, MP for Cheltenham and Poole 
George Augustus Frederick Albemarle Bertie, 10th Earl of Lindsey (1814–1877), who died unmarried 
Montagu Peregrine Bertie, 11th Earl of Lindsey (1815–1899), who married Felicia Elizabeth Welby, the second daughter of Rev  John Earle Welby, Rector of Hareston (and son of Sir William Earle Welby, 1st Baronet) and Felicia Eliza Hole (a daughter of Rev  George Hole, Bishop of Norwich), in 1854 Lord Lindsey died on 18 September 1818  After his death, his two sons, in turn, succeeded to his titles  After his death, Lady Lindsey married the Rev  William Peter Pegus and was the mother of Maria Antoinetta Pegus (who married Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly) before her death on 28 November 1858 

Descendants
Through his daughter, Lady Charlotte, he was a grandfather of Charlotte Maria Guest (wife of Richard Du Cane); Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (who married Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill, a daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough); Katharine Gwladys Guest (wife of the Rev  Frederick Cecil Alderson); Thomas Merthyr Guest (who married Lady Theodora Grosvenor, a daughter of Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster);Montague John Guest (who never married); Augustus Frederick Guest (who died unmarried aged 21); Arthur Edward Guest (who married Adeline Mary Chapman); Mary Enid Evelyn Guest (wife of her cousin, Sir Austen Henry Layard); Constance Rhiannon Guest (wife of Hon  Charles Eliot, youngest son of Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans); and Blanche Vere Guest (wife of Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough) Through his youngest son, he was a grandfather of Montague Bertie, 12th Earl of Lindsey (1861–1938), who married Millicent Emma Cox (the eldest daughter of Dr  James Charles Cox), and served as aide-de-camp to the Governor of New South Wales from 1885 to 1888 



ground_truth: Wooden Crosses

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Twin Cairns Island and Nova Zembla Island located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The Kasegalik Formation also contains the oldest unambiguous Cyanobacteria microfossils  Much of the  Belcher Group strata were deposited under intertidal to shallow-water conditions, although the Mavor Formation formed a platform margin stromatolite reef complex, and the overlying Costello and Laddie formations represent slope and deep basin deposits, respectively  The Kipalu Formation, deposited approximately 1 88 billion years ago, is notable for being a granular iron formation  The Flaherty Formation basalt that composes much of the Belcher Islands was deposited between 1 87 and 1 854 billion years ago, with the overlying Omarolluk and Loaf formations being deposited from 1 854 billion years ago until sometime after 1 83 billion years ago 

Soapstone
The occurrence of very high-quality soapstone in the Belcher Islands supports a locally significant carving industry  These soapstone occurrences formed when sedimentary rocks of the Belcher Group were intruded by Haig sills and dykes approximately 1 87 billion years ago  Most soapstone is quarried from a site on western Tukarak Island where dolomite of the Costello Formation was intruded by hot magma, with dolomite reacting with quartz and water under intense heat to form talc, calcite, and carbon dioxide:
3CaMg(CO3)2 + 4SiO2 + H2O  → [Heat] Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 + 3CaCO3 + 3CO2
Other minerals within the soapstone are largely calcite, dolomite, talc, and clinochlore, with minor amounts of ilmenite 
Although most soapstone has been sourced from two quarries, the relatively widespread occurrence of Haig intrusions within the Belcher Islands suggests that there may be many more possible sources of high-quality soapstone not yet discovered 

Flora
Several species of willow (Salix) form a large component of the native small shrubbery on the archipelago  These include rock willow (Salix vestita), bog willow (S  pedicellaris), and Labrador willow (S  argyrocarpa), as well as naturally occurring hybrids between S  arctica and S  glauca 
Trees cannot grow on the islands because of a lack of adequate soil 

Fauna
The main wildlife consists of belugas, walrus, caribou, common eiders and snowy owls all of which can be seen on the island year round  There is also a wide variety of fish that can be caught such as Arctic char, cod, capelin, lump fish, and sculpin  The historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and the eider is the subject of a feature-length Canadian documentary film called People of a Feather  The director, cinematographer and biologist Joel Heath, spent seven years on the project, writing biological articles on the eider In 1998, the Belcher Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) herd numbered 800 
Passage 7:
Wadmalaw Island
Wadmalaw Island is an island located in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States  It is one of the Sea Islands, a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean 

Geography
Wadmalaw Island is located generally to the southwest of Johns Island and more than halfway encircled by it   To the north it is bordered by Church Creek; to the northeast and east by Bohicket Creek; to the south by the North Edisto River; and to the west by the Bohicket Creek   The island's only connection to the mainland is via a bridge over Church Creek   The island is about 10 miles long by 6 miles wide  It has a land area of 108 502 km² (41 893 sq mi)  The 2000 census reported a population of 2,611 persons 

History
Wadmalaw Island was landed upon by Captain Robert Sandford and the crew of the Berkeley Bay in mid-June 1666 after an excursion up the Bohicket Creek  It is believed that Sandford landed where Rockville, South Carolina now sits  On June 23, 1666, Captain and crew carried out the ritual of turf and twig, claiming the land for England and the Lords Proprietors In 1670, 148 colonists arrived and settled on the west bank of the Ashley (Kiawah) River   They survived the first four years of poor crop production through the generosity of natives who shared beans and corn   They later moved to what is now Charleston In 1890, planters organized the first sailing regatta at Rockville, less than a mile from the tea garden  The 120th Rockville Regatta was held in August, 2010 
In more recent times, The Lipton Tea Company operated an experimental tea farm on Wadmalaw Island from 1960 until 1987, when it was sold to Mack Fleming and Bill Hall  These gentlemen converted the experimental farm into a working tea Garden  The Charleston Tea Garden utilized a converted cotton picker and tobacco harvester to mechanically harvest the tea  The Charleston Tea Garden sold tea mail order known as American Classic Tea and also produced Sam's Choice Instant Tea, sold through Sam's Clubs  American Classic Tea has been the official tea of the White House since 1987  In 2003, Bigelow Tea Company purchased the Charleston Tea Garden and temporarily closed the garden in order to renovate it   The garden reopened in January 2006  Tours are now offered of this last remaining working Tea Farm in America  Wadmalaw now produces Firefly, a sweet tea flavored vodka 

See also
Charleston Tea Garden
Passage 8:
Round Island (Nunavut)
Round Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island  Nova Zembla Island is 7 4 km (4 6 mi) to the northwest Another, smaller Nunavut Round Island is located in Cross Bay, at the land end of Chesterfield Inlet 
Passage 9:
Nova Zembla Island
Nova Zembla Island ("New Land") is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island  Round Island is 7 4 km (4 6 mi) to the southeast The island was visited in 1875 by a Swedish expedition led by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and sponsored by the businessman Oscar Dickson 
Passage 10:
Runmarö
Runmarö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden  The island is known for its many species of orchids (at least 27 different kinds) and 9 marshy lakes 

Notable residents
Author and entomologist Fredrik Sjöberg lives on the island with his family  The island is frequently referenced in his 2014 novel The Fly Trap 



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Robert Bertie, 3Rd Earl Of Lindsey's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Honours and awards
The Grand Duke received the following Russian and foreign decorations:
RussianKnight of St  Andrew, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Alexander Nevsky, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Anna, 1st Class, 22 April 1847
Knight of the White Eagle, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Stanislaus, 1st Class, 11 June 1865
Knight of St  George, 3rd Class, 14 November 1877
Knight of St  Vladimir, 4th Class, 22 April 1868; 2nd Class with Swords, 15 September 1877; 1st Class, 15 May 1883Foreign

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 6:
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (9 January 1807 – 2 February [O S  21 January] 1873), later known as Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, was the wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, the youngest son of Emperor Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Early life
She was born in Stuttgart, as Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the eldest daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and of Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen  As a child, Charlotte lived in Paris with her father and her younger sister Pauline  Their home was quite modest by royal standards  In Paris, Charlotte came under the tutelage of several intellectuals 

Marriage and issue
In 1822, she became engaged to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia, her first cousin once removed (Mikhail's mother was her father's aunt)  It was said that Charlotte was an exceptional girl, highly intelligent and mature for her age of 15  The Grand Duke was obviously impressed by her beauty and her poise, and during a reception held in her honor, she charmed all the guests with her conversations  On 17 December 1823, she was received into the Russian Orthodox Church and was given the name Elena Pavlovna  On 20 February 1824, the couple married in Saint Petersburg and settled in the Mikhailovsky Palace  When the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna died in 1828, the palace of Pavlovsk passed on to Mikhail and he and Elena visited it often  Their marriage was not a happy one: Mikhail's only passion was for the army, and he neglected Elena  Nevertheless, he and Elena had five daughters, only two of whom lived to mature adulthood:

Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia (9 March 1825, Moscow – 19 November 1846, Vienna); died unmarried 
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (26 May 1826, Moscow – 28 January 1845, Wiesbaden); married Adolf, Duke of Nassau and died in childbirth 
Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia (28 August 1827 – 12 May 1894), married Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (28 January 1831, Moscow – 27 March 1832, Moscow), died in childhood
Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna of Russia (27 October 1834, Moscow – 22 March 1836, Saint Petersburg), died in childhood

Influence at court and in society
Elena became a close friend of her brother-in-law, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and of his wife the Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna  She was also quick to befriend the shy Maria Alexandrovna, who married the then Tsarevich Alexander in 1841  When Princess Charlotte's husband died, in 1849, she became a patron of several charitable organizations and of the arts  She founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatoire and co-founded (1854) a group of nursing sisters (Society of the Sisters of Marcy) which would eventually become the forerunners of the Red Cross in Russia  During her time in Russia she became known as the "family intellectual", and was considered the most exceptional woman in the imperial family since Catherine the Great (r  1762–1796)  She founded the Russian Musical Society (1859) and the Russian Conservatoire (1862), and was liberal on serfdom  She helped to push her nephew Alexander II to abolish serfdom while he stayed with her As a patroness of the composer Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894), she commissioned some of his early operas: Fomka the Fool (1853), The Siberian Hunters (1852), and Vengeance (1852/1853) Elena died in Saint Petersburg, at the age of 66 

Ancestry
Bibliography
Lincoln, W  Bruce  The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias  1983
Sebag Montefiore, Simon  The Romanovs: 1613-1918  2016  Knopf Publishing Group 
Taylor, Philip S , Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music, Indianapolis, 2007
Zeepvat, Charlotte  Romanov Autumn  2001
Passage 7:
Abdul-Vahed Niyazov
Abdul-Vahed Validovich Niyazov (Russian: Абдул-Вахед Валидович Ниязов), born Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev (Russian: Вадим Валерианович Медведев; 23 April 1969) is a Russian businessman and Islamic social and political activist  He was president of the Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, and the public division of Russian Council of Muftis 

Life and career
Niyazov was born on 23 April 1969 in Omsk as Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev   After graduating from high school, he served in the engineering and construction troops of the Baikal-Amur Mainline  In 1990 he began studying at the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute, but failed to graduate In April 1991 Niyazov became president of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Moscow, which in 1993 became the Islamic Cultural Centre of Russia, established with the financial support of the Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Moscow  In February 1994 he became deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Supreme Coordination Centre of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia (VKTs DUMR, Russian: ВКЦ ДУМР)  In May 1995 Niyazov became co-chairman of the Union of Muslims of Russia  In autumn 1998, he was elected chairman of the Council of the All-Russian political social movement "Refakh" (Prosperity)   On 19 December 1999 Niyazov was elected a deputy of the State Duma's  third convocation as part of the "Interregional movement Unity ("Bear")" electoral bloc, on the federal list of the Union of Muslims of Russia  He worked as deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on the regulations and organization of the work of the State Duma  He was expelled from the faction for "provocative" statements in support of "world Islamic extremism and terrorism", on the subject of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the Second Intifada In May 2001 Niyazov became chairman of the political council of the "Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia"  By late 2007 Niyazov was head of the movement "Muslims in support of President Putin"  In 2011 he was elected Honorary President of the international initiative "SalamWorld", which aimed to create a social network for Muslims along Sharia norms  The site had closed by 2015 after spending three years in development and tens of million of dollars in marketing, having had backup and funding issues  Since 2018, Niyazov has been president of the European Muslim Forum 
Passage 8:
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August [O S  2 August] 1901 –  7 July 1980) was the fourth son and fifth child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia  He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 

Early life
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Gatchina Palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia on 15 August 1901  He was the fourth son and fifth child among seven siblings  His parents, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866–1933) and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna (1875–1960), were first cousins once removed  Consequently, Prince Dmitri was the great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I (from his father's side) while the great-great-grandson of the same Tsar Nicholas I (from his mother's side), the grandson of Tsar Alexander III and the nephew of Tsar Nicholas II 
During the Russian Revolution Prince Dmitri was imprisoned along with his parents and grandmother the Dowager Empress at Dulber, in the Crimea  He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed by German troops in 1918  He left Russia on  11 April 1919, at the age of seventeen, aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough to attend  to Malta where they spent nine months before settling to England 

Exile
In exile, Prince Dmitri lived between England and France  He had a varied career  In the late 1920s he emigrated to the United States where he worked as a stockbroker in Manhattan  He returned to Europe in the early 1930s  For a brief period in the 1930s, he managed Coco Chanel's shop at Biarritz 
It was through Chanel that he met a Russian aristocrat who worked as model for her fashion house: Countess Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova (20 November 1912 – 7 January 1969)  She was the second daughter of Count Sergei Alexandrovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1885 – 1950) and his wife Countess Maria Alexandrovna, born Chernysheva-Bezobrazova (1890 – 1960)  Countess Marina was a direct descendant of sisters Anastasia Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolenskiy, one of the Seven Boyars of 1610, and Marfa Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Keybulatovich Tcherkasskiy  Anastasia and Marfa were the daughters of Nikita Romanovich (Russian: Никита Романович; born c  1522 – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who was a prominent boyar of the Tsardom of Russia  His grandson Michael I (Tsar 1613-1645) founded the Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars  Anastasia and Marfa were the paternal aunts of Tsar Michael I of Russia of Russia and the paternal nieces of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva of Russia  After the revolution, Marina and her family moved to Kislovodsk and later to Crimea, where her father served as head of the Yalta County  In August 1920 the family was evacuated to Istanbul and then to Paris  In the French capital, Marina began to work for Chanel 
Prince Dmitri fell in love with her and they married in Paris on 25 October 1931  The wedding attracted a lot of attention and the bride wore a Chanel wedding dress The couple had one daughter :

Princess Nadejda Dmitrievna (4 July 1933 – 17 September 2002)  Nadejda married Anthony Allen, with whom she had two daughters and one son: Penelope, Marina and Alexander; after divorcing Allen, she married William Hall Clark During World War II, Prince Dmitri served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve  After the war, he became secretary of the travelers club in Paris In 1947 he divorced Princess Marina who moved with their daughter to the United States  In 1949 she remarried Otto de Neufville (1898–1971), a descendant of a French-German aristocratic family  Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova died on January 7, 1969, in Sharon, Connecticut 
During the 1950s, Prince Dmitri studied wine-making and worked as the European sales representative for a whisky firm in London  As his ex-wife did, Prince Dmitri also remarried  His second wife was the Dowager Lady Milbanke, née Margaret Sheila MacKellar Chisholm (9 September 1898 – 13 October 1969)  Born in rural New South Wales, Australia, she was married, firstly, to Francis St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough (heir to the 5th Earl of Rosslyn), and secondly, to Sir John Milbanke, 11th baronet  She married Prince Dmitri on 20 October 1954  No children were born of this marriage  The couple lived modestly in  Belgravia, in central London  Princess Dmitri died October 13, 1969, and was buried in a chapel, near Edinburgh, next to her youngest son, Peter St  Clair-Erskine, who had died, at the age of twenty, in 1939 
Following the creation of the Romanov Family Association in 1979, Prince Dmitri was chosen as its first president serving until his death a year later in England 

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 9:
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957), sometimes known as Helen, Helena, Helene, Ellen, Yelena, Hélène, or Eleni, was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia  She was also first cousin of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen consort of Denmark and the grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy, and Prince Michael of Kent 

Early life
Elena and her three surviving older brothers, Kirill, Boris, and Andrei, had an English nanny and spoke English as their first language  The young Elena had a temper and was sometimes out of control  At four years old, she posed for the artist Henry Jones Thaddeus  She grabbed a paper knife and threatened her nurse, who hid behind Thaddeus  "The little lady then transferred her attentions to me, her black eyes ablaze with fury," recalled Thaddeus  Elena, raised by a mother who was highly conscious of her social status, was also considered snobbish by some  "Poor little thing, I feel sorry for her," wrote her mother's social rival, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "for she is really quite sweet, but vain and pretty grandiose "

Marriage and children
She was engaged to Prince Max of Baden, but Max backed out of the engagement  Elena's mother was furious and society gossiped about Elena's difficulty in finding a husband  At one point in 1899, the seventeen-year-old Elena was reputedly engaged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, however this came to nothing as he fell in love with Countess Sophie Chotek Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, the third son of George I of Greece, first proposed in 1900, but Elena's mother was reluctant to allow her daughter to marry a younger son with no real fortune or prospects of inheriting a throne  She finally agreed to let Elena marry Nicholas, who was Elena's second cousin through his mother Olga Constantinovna of Russia and her father Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in 1902 after it became clear that no other offers were on the horizon The couple married on 29 August 1902 in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia  Like many imperial weddings, it was a grand affair, and was attended by the Emperor and Empress of Russia, the King and Queen of the Hellenes, among other royals and nobility of Russia Elena's "grand manner" irritated some people at court  According to the British diplomat Francis Elliot, there was an incident between Elena and her sister-in-law Princess Marie Bonaparte: Allegedly, Elena refused to greet Marie and "drew back her skirts as if not to be touched by her " Elena thought that Marie was beneath her, because her grandfather operated the Monte Carlo Casino  Elena looked down on another sister-in-law Princess Alice of Battenberg because of the latter's morganatic blood  The Dowager Empress wrote that Elena "has a very brusque and arrogant tone that can shock people "Prince and Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark had three daughters:

Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1903–1997); married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893-1976) in 1923 and had issue:
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1924–2016); married firstly to Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (b  1934) from 1955 to 1967 and had issue; married secondly to Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein (b  1942) in 1973 and had issue 
Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (1928–1954); did not marry and had no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (b  1936); married firstly to Howard Oxenberg (1919-2010) from 1961 to 1966 and had issue; married secondly to Neil Balfour (b  1944) from 1969 to 1978 and had issue; married thirdly to Manuel Ulloa Elías (1922-1992) in 1987, no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (1904–1955); married Carl Theodor, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (1900-1967)in 1934 and had issue:
Hans Veit, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1935); married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (b  1938) in 1964 and had issue 
Countess Helene of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1937); married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria (1918-2004) in 1956 and had issue 
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1906–1968); married Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902-1942) in 1934 and had issue:
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b  1935); married Katharine Worsley (b  1933) in 1961 and had issue 
Princess Alexandra of Kent (b  1936); married The Hon  Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928-2004) in 1963 and had issue 
Prince Michael of Kent (b  1942); married Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz (b  1945) in 1978 and had issue Grand Duchess Elena suffered from ill health after the birth of Princess Marina, which caused her husband anguish  
According to her niece, Princess Sophie of Greece, Grand Duchess Elena's priorities, throughout her life, remained as follows: “God first, the Grand Dukes of Russia then and finally everything else ” Thus, the Grand Duchess and her husband, Prince Nicholas, visited Russia annually to visit their relatives 

Life in exile
The family was later affected by the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent turmoil in Greece, which became a republic and resulted in the family living in France for a time 
While living in France Grand Duchess Elena became deeply involved in charity work for Russian exiles, particularly children  Short of money due to their exile from Greece and the loss of their Russian income, Prince Nicholas and his family lived in reduced, but elegant, circumstances  Grand Duchess Elena's fabulous jewel collection, as well as Prince Nicholas' own artwork, were their sources of income 
Princess Olga of Greece married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia; Princess Elizabeth of Greece married Count Karl Theodor zu Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Duchess Sophie in Bavaria and scion of an old and rich Bavarian mediatized family; and Princess Marina of Greece married the Prince George, Duke of Kent in November 1934 
Grand Duchess Elena became a widow early in 1938, as Prince Nicholas suffered a heart attack and died suddenly  She remained in Greece throughout the Second World War, dying there in 1957  She bequeathed her personal library to the Anavryta School 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Russian: Мария Владимировна Романова, romanized: Maria Vladimirovna Romanova; born 23 December 1953) has been a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov, the Imperial Family of Russia (who reigned as Emperors and Autocrats of all the Russias from 1613 to 1917) since 1992  Although she has used Grand Duchess of Russia as her title of pretence with the style Imperial Highness throughout her life, her right to do so is disputed  She is a great-great-granddaughter in the male line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia 

Early life
Birth
Maria Vladimirovna was born in Madrid, the only child of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia, head of the Imperial Family of Russia and titular Empress of Russia, and Princess Leonida Bagration-Mukhrani of Georgian, Polish, German and Swedish descent  Her paternal grandparents were Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Fyodorovna (née Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) through whom she is a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria  Her godfather was Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, for whom Prince Nicholas of Romania stood in at the christening ceremony, and her godmother was Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria 

Education
Maria was educated in Runnymede College in Madrid and Paris before studying Russian history and literature at Oxford University Maria Vladimirovna lives in Madrid  She is fluent in Russian, English, French, and Spanish, and also speaks some German, Italian, and Arabic On 23 December 1969, upon reaching her dynastic majority, Maria swore an oath of loyalty to her father, to Russia, and to uphold the Fundamental Laws of Russia which governed succession to the defunct throne  At the same time, her father issued a controversial decree recognising her as heiress presumptive and declaring that, in the event he predeceased other dynastic Romanov males, then Maria would become the "Curatrix of the Imperial Throne" until the death of the last male dynast  This has been viewed as an attempt by her father to ensure the succession remained in his branch of the imperial family, while the heads of the other branches of the imperial family, the Princes Vsevolod Ioannovich of the Konstantinovichi, Roman Petrovich of the Nikolaevichi and Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of the Mihailovichi declared that her father's actions were illegal  As it happened, Vladimir Kirillovich, who died in 1992, outlived all the other male Romanov dynasts, and his daughter had no occasion to assume curatorship 

Marriage
In Dinard on 4 September 1976 (civil) and at the Russian Orthodox Chapel in Madrid on 22 September 1976 (religious), Maria married Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, her third cousin once removed  He is a Hohenzollern great-grandson of Germany's last emperor Wilhelm II and a great-great-great grandchild of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom  Franz Wilhelm converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith prior to the wedding, taking the name Michael Pavlovich and receiving the title of a Grand Duke of Russia from Maria's father The couple separated in 1982, a year after the birth of their only child, George Mikhailovich, who had been granted the title Grand Duke of Russia at birth by his grandfather Vladimir  Following the divorce on 19 June 1985, Franz Wilhelm reverted to his Prussian name and style 

Succession claims and activities
Maria Vladimirovna is a patrilineal descendant of Alexander II of Russia, who is also a male-line descendant of Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg 
When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' Pauline laws  Although the charter of the Romanov Family Association (RFA), which represents other descendants of the Romanov family, asserts the premise that Russia's form of government should be determined democratically and that therefore the Association and its members undertake to adopt no position on any claims to the Imperial throne, its two most recent presidents have personally opposed Maria's claims: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, who maintained his own claims to dynastic status and to headship of the Romanov family, stated, "Strictly applying the Pauline Laws as amended in 1911 to all marriages of Equal Rank, the situation is very clear  At the present time, not one of the Emperors or Grand Dukes of Russia has left living descendants with unchallengeable rights to the Throne of Russia," and his younger brother, Prince Dimitri Romanov, said of Maria's assumption of titles, including "de jure Empress of all the Russias", "It seems that there are no limits to this charade"   The supporters of Maria Vladimirovna point to the fact that neither Nicholas nor his brother Dimitri had any dynastic claims due to the morganatic marriage of their parents By the Pauline Laws, she is the rightful heir to the throne  The Pauline Laws emphasize male succession before female succession  As an example, if Tsarevich Alexei Romanov had not been murdered in 1918, and died without issue (i e , without children), his sisters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia wouldn't become Empresses before male Romanov relatives  
Alexander III had four sons: Nicholas II of Russia whose only male son died before he could produce heirs, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, who died shortly before he was 11 months old, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, who died with no issue, and Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia whose only son, George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov died at age 20, childless 
From there, the line of succession looks to Alexander III's father, Alexander II  His sons, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia both died without issue  Excluding the future Alexander III, the third boy Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia – born after the childless Tsarevich and Alexander III, whose descendants couldn’t claim leadership for many reasons – had four sons  The eldest died in infancy and the second eldest, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia, had one son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia  His only child is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, making her the legal heir to the Russian throne 
Following the discovery of the remains of Emperor Nicholas II and most of his immediate family in 1991, Maria Vladimirovna wrote to President Boris Yeltsin regarding the burial of the remains, saying of her Romanov cousins, whom she does not recognise as members of the Imperial House (including the grandchildren of Nicholas II's sister Grand Duchess Xenia), that they "do not have the slightest right to speak their mind and wishes on this question  They can only go and pray at the grave, as can any other Russian, who so wishes"  At the behest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Maria did not recognise the authenticity of the remains and declined to attend the reburial ceremony in 1998, however according to Victor Aksyuchits, ex-advisor of Boris Nemtsov, the exact reason behind Maria's absence from the state burial for Nicholas II and his family in 1998 was motivated by the Russian government's refusal to recognize her status as official Head of the Romanov House, after asking via a letter prior the funeral ceremony  She has also said, regarding some of her Romanov cousins, that "My feeling about them is that now that something important is happening in Russia, they suddenly have awakened and said, 'Ah ha! There might be something to gain out of this '"Maria hopes for the restoration of the monarchy someday and is "ready to respond to a call from the people"  When questioned about the ongoing rift among Romanov descendants, Maria said:

"Attempts to disparage my rights have originated with people who, firstly, do not belong to the Imperial Family, and, secondly, either do not themselves know the relevant laws or think that others do not know these laws  In either case, there is unscrupulousness at work  The only thing that causes me regret is that some of our relatives waste their time and energy on little intrigues instead of striving to be of some use to their country  I have never quarreled with anyone about these matters and I remain open to a discussion and cooperation with all, including, of course, my relatives  But there can be no foundation for cooperation without respect for our dynastic laws, fulfilling these laws, and following our family traditions "
In 2002, Maria became frustrated with the internal strife within the Russian monarchist movement  When representatives of the Union of Descendants of Noble Families, one of two rival nobility associations (the other, older one being the Assembly of the Russian Nobility) were discovered to be distributing chivalric titles and awards of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, without her approval, she published a relatively strongly worded disclaimer In 2003, Kirill I Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia stated in a congratulatory message on Maria Vladimirovna's 55th birthday, "you are the embodiment of a Russian Grand Duchess: noble, wise, compassionate, and consumed with a genuine love for Russia  Though you may reside far from Russia, you continue to take an active part in its life, rejoicing when there are triumphs and empathizing when there are trials  It is deeply gratifying to know that, even in these new historical circumstances, you are making a significant contribution to the building of Russia's global standing on the basis of spiritual and moral values, and the centuries-old traditions of the Russian people  The Russian Orthodox Church remains the preserver of the historical memory of the Russian people, and supports, as it has traditionally, the warmest possible relations with the Russian Imperial House "In March 2013, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, made a statement which seems to have drawn further supporters  In an interview, he was asked if any of the Romanovs had a legitimate claim to the throne and responded: "Well, to the second part of your question: are the claims, as you say, of the descendants of the Romanovs to the Russian throne legitimate? I would like to say right away that there are no claims  Today, none of the descendants of the Romanovs make claims the Russian throne  But in the person of the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and her son George, the succession of the Romanovs is preserved - not to the Russian imperial throne, but simply historically " (Сегодня никто из лиц, принадлежащих к потомкам Романовых, не претендует на Российский престол  Но в лице Великой княгини Марии Владимировны и ее сына Георгия сохраняется преемственность Романовых — уже не на Российском императорском престоле, а просто в истории)  Further, the Patriarch noted: "And I must thank this family and many other Romanovs with gratitude for their today's contribution to the life of our Fatherland  Maria Vladimirovna supports a lot of good initiatives, she visits Russia, she meets people, she elevates the most ordinary people who have distinguished themselves to a nobility  I remember well how on the Smolensk land an old peasant woman was elevated to the dignity of nobility, who did so much for those who were by her side during the difficult years of the war and in the post-war period  Therefore, the cultural contribution of this family continues to be very noticeable in the life of our society  " In December 2013, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna visited the United States at the request of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, which received her with full honours and recognition as head of the Russian Imperial House  On 17 July 2018 she participated in the liturgical commemoration of the centenary of the assassinations of Saints Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and their children conducted in Yekaterinburg by Patriarch Kirill I In January 2021, Grand Duchess Maria announced the morganatic engagement of her son to Rebecca Virginia Bettarini from Italy  Bettarini converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Victoria Romanovna  Grand Duchess Maria granted permission for the couple to marry  She decreed that Bettarini will have the title Princess, with the predicate "Her Serene Highness" and the right to use the surname Romanov  In March, she issued a statement condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, after previously voicing her support for Crimea and Donbas annexation in 2014 by Russia 

Honours
Russian Dynastic honours
House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Andrew Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign, Grand Mistress and Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Catherine Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Alexander Nevsky Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of the White Eagle Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  George Disputed In abeyance
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Vladimir Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Anna Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Stanislas Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Michael the Archangel Disputed

Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church: Order of St  Sergius of Radonezh, 1st Class 
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Order of Our Lady of the Sign, 1st Class
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Medal of John of Shanghai and San Francisco

Moldovan Orthodox Church
Moldovan Orthodox Church: Medal of Saint Paraskevi

Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate): Medal of Saint Barbara

Foreign dynastic
Ethiopian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 Georgian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Tamara
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 Transnistria: Commander of the Order of the Republic
 Poland: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
 Portuguese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing

Awards
Italy: Honorary Citizen of the City of Agrigento
 Russia: Winner of the  Russian International Person of the Year
 Russia: Honorary Citizen of the Ivolginsky District
 Russia: Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts
 Russia: Medal of the Assembly of the Russian Nobility

Ancestry
See also
List of Grand Duchesses of Russia



ground_truth: 25 July 1666