prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of Abdulaziz Nasser Al Shamsi's wife?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Khalfan Mubarak
Khalfan Mubarak Khalfan Obaid Alrizzi Al Shamsi (Arabic: خلفان مبارك خلفان عبيد الرزي الشامسي; born 9 May 1995) is an association football player who plays for Al Jazira 

Club career
Khalfan was born in Ajman to father Mubarak Khalfan, a colonel in Ajman police, former footballer in Ajman club  In 2001, at the age of 6, his father enrolled him in the Ajman youth academy till he reached 12 years  In 2008, he moved to Al Ahli 

Al Jazira
On 12 July 2013, Khalfan signed a three-year deal with Al Jazira  The agreement also stipulates that Al Jazira will pay €375 000 thousand for Al Ahli for the player care 

International career
Khalfan Mubarak made his international debut for the senior team in 2018 
Khalfan in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup scored his first international goal against India 

International goal
Scores and results list the United Arab Emirates' goal tally first 
Passage 2:
Empress Shōken
Empress Dowager Shōken (昭憲皇太后, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (一条勝子, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan  She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (昭憲皇后, Shōken-kōgō)  She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War 

Early life
Lady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan  She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch  Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family  Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox  As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5  By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy  By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama  She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850  They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (美子), which was intended to reflect her 
serene beauty and diminutive size 
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered  The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868 

Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869  She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years  However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children  Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince  On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo  In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations 

Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing  On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S  Grant during his visit to Japan  She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881  Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers  From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers  When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University  In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto  While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society  She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross  Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities  After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895  While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay 

Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (皇太后, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō  She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband  Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo  On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shōken Kōtaigō (昭憲皇太后)  Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture 

Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888

Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St  Catherine, 13 December 1887
 Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
 Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
 German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
 Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908

Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
Ōmiya Palace

Notes
Passage 3:
Nasser al-Qudwa
Nasser Al Qudwa, also spelled Nasser Al-Kidwa (Arabic: ناصر القدوة; born 1953), is the nephew of the late Yasser Arafat 

Early life and education
Al Qudwa was born in 1953  He attended Cairo University, graduating with a degree in dentistry in 1979  Then became an executive member of the Palestinian Red Crescent shortly after 

Career
Al Qudwa joined Fatah in 1969  He became president of the General Union of Palestinian Students in 1974  He is also a central-committee member of Fatah Qudwa represented his uncle Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization as an unofficial observer in the United Nations in 1987, then as a permanent observer in 1991  In 2005, he was succeeded by Riyad H  Mansour, when he became Foreign Affairs Minister in the Palestinian Authority Government of February 2005  Nasser served as United Nations Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Afghanistan in the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)  Al Qudwa was appointed deputy to Kofi Annan, then special envoy to Syria for the U N  and Arab League in March 2012  He was responsible for the contacts with Syrian opposition groups  In 2014, Al Qudwa resigned from his position as U N  Deputy Mediator on Syria 

Personal life
A current resident of New York City, al-Qudwa is the head of the Yasser Arafat Foundation 

See also
Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
Foreign relations of Palestine
Passage 4:
Hissa Abdulla Ahmed Al-Otaiba
Hissa Abdulla Ahmed Al-Otaiba is a diplomat from the United Arab Emirates who serves as ambassador to Switzerland since June 2022, having previously held this position in the Netherlands  As of 2012 she was Ambassador to the Holy See  Al-Otaiba was born in Abu Dhabi and has lived in Egypt, North Africa, Europe, South America, and North America  Al Otaiba's husband, Abdulaziz Al Shamsi, serves as the UAE Ambassador to Italy  Her relative, ambassador Yousef Al Otaiba, serves as the UAE Ambassador to the United States 
She earned her PhD in Business Administration from Lausanne Business School, a master's degree in Computer Administration from Webster University and a bachelor's degree in Commerce and Business Administration from Cairo University 

Career
Al-Otaiba was one of the first women ambassadors of the UAE when she was appointed Ambassador to Spain in 2008, a position she continues to hold 
As the first UAE Ambassador to the Holy See, Al-Otaiba presented her credentials to Pope Benedict XVI on May 20, 2010 
She is a member of the International Forum for Women at the United Nations 
Passage 5:
Mohamed Al Shamsi
Mohamed Hasan Khalifa Mohamed Al-Shamsi (Arabic: مُحَمَّد حَسَن خَلِيْفَة مُحَمَّد الشَّامسِيّ; born 4 January 1997) is an Emirati footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Al-Wahda 

Career
Al Shamsi made his professional debut in the UAE Pro-League for Al-Wahda on 16 September 2017, starting in the away match against Dibba Al-Fujairah, which finished as a 5–0 win Al Shamsi was included in United Arab Emirates's squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates 

Career statistics
International
As of 17 December 2017
Passage 6:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl  late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria 

Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios  Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife  On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife  According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium  According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca  998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava  Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil 
Passage 7:
Abdullatif M  Al Shamsi
Abdullatif M  Al Shamsi (Arabic: دكتور عبداللطيف الشامسي‎) is an Emirati academic and author focused on technology-oriented educational management  He was the President & CEO of the non-profit, UAE government owned Higher Colleges of Technology, which is the largest higher education institution in the UAE  He has held this role since March 2015 when he was appointed by Federal Decree by UAE President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Al Shamsi has authored a series of books and published more than 40 research papers in international journals  He speaks regularly at conferences on topics such as pedagogical approaches in education, mechanical engineering, change management during crises, and technology integration in educational practices 
As head of HCT, which has 23,000 enrolled students attending 16 campuses, he introduced a 'hybrid' system, which combines traditional classroom education with remote learning  This was implemented throughout the pandemic, allowing classes to continue uninterrupted 
In recognition of attainment against the UK Professional Standards Framework in higher education (Advance HE), Al Shamsi is the first Emirati to achieve the status of Principal Fellow (PFHEA) 

Education
Al Shamsi received his Ph D  from Duke University (Durham, North Carolina), and his M Sc  and B Sc  both from Boston University (Boston, Massachusetts) 

Career
Al Shamsi started his academic career at UAE University as an associate professor, later holding the position of assistant vice chancellor for research where he founded a University-wide Internship and Work Integrated Learning (iWIL) program  Prior to his appointment in HCT, Al Shamsi was the managing director of the Institute of Applied Technology (IAT) from 2007 until the end of 2014, where he managed the Applied Technology High Schools (ATHS), Fatima College for Health Sciences, and Abu Dhabi Polytechnic since the inception  
Al Shamsi is also the vice chairman of the board of trustees of the Institute of Applied Technology (IAT), and vice chairman of the board of directors of the Abu Dhabi Maritime Academy (ADMA)  He has previously been a board of trustees member of the Emirates College for Advanced Education (ECAE), and a member of the Board of Directors of the Emirates Schools Establishment  These are in addition to his memberships of several higher committees and educational advisory councils, such as the Emirates College for Advanced Education, and the Higher Committee for Aqdar World Summit 

Initiatives and achievements
Under Al Shamsi's tenure Higher Colleges of Technology has launched several notable initiatives 
Higher Colleges of Technology 4 0 Strategic Plan
Al Shamsi led the HCT 4 0 Strategic Plan (2017-2021), which was announced UAE Vice President and Prime Minister and Dubai Ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum in 2019  saw the establishment of Sector Skills Academies to provide students with multiple career pathways, coupled with flexible and agile workforce development programs  The plan also offered Professional Certification Qualifications (where students gain an academic and professional qualifications concurrently) and a Fast-Track degree system for high-achieving students to receive a bachelor's degree in three years
HCT 4 0 has three pillars at its core, including Technical Leaders, No Emirati Left Behind, and Graduating Companies, all designed to make Emiratis more employable and help them to become entrepreneurs and innovators  As part of the pillar of graduating companies, HCT is the first institution to establish an economic free zone within the campuses in order to fulfilling its mandate, not only to graduate students, but also to graduate companies 
COVID-19 & Digital Transformation
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resultant closure of in-person classes in the UAE, Al Shamsi led HCT's transformation from on-campus to 100 per cent online or remote learning A new Hybrid Education Model, based on a blend on online classes and assessments and on-campus learning, has been implemented at HCT based on the university's COVID-19 experience  These are detailed in the whitepaper, From Crisis to Achievement Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic 
The 3D Persona
Al Shamsi formulated a human resource development model he calls "Future Persona 4 0", which seeks to create well-rounded individuals through a combination of the 'Digital Persona', 'Professional Persona', and 'Entrepreneurial Persona'  Designed to help graduates succeed in the post-COVID-19 era, the "3D Persona" includes a set of valuable traits that future students should have to be able to invest their skills and abilities, and deal with the changes and challenges in the labor market 
Awards
In March 2021, Al Shamsi was named among the top CEOs of 2020 in CEO Today Magazine  He was also among the winners of CEO Today Global Awards 2021  In 2017, he won the 5th Federal Personality Award, which is presented by Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, and Chairman of the Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (ECSSR)   The award recognized Al Shamsi's contributions to furthering higher education in the UAE 

Recent list of publications
Al Shamsi has published and presented more than 40 research publications in world-class scientific journals and at international conferences  His latest publication is a series of books published in Arabic entitled: "The Make of Education "

AlShamsi, A  M , (2014) "Welcome to iPad Generation"  Kalima Press, Abu Dhabi, UAE 
AlShamsi, A  M , (2011) "The Make of Education"  ISBN 978-9948-14-449-6, 1st Ed  (132 pages)  The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research Press, Abu Dhabi, UAE 
AlShamsi, A  M , (2005) "Partnership between Educational Institutions and Society: Education is a Societal Responsibility " ISBN 9948-03-205-5, 1st Ed  (111 pages)  Dar AlKhaleej Press, Sharjah, UAE Education Blogs published

The Professional Learner, published 13-04-2020 Sharik ae
Empowering through Emiratization, published 17-11-2019 Sharik ae
Professional Persona, published 10-06-2020 Sharik ae
Disrupting Education, published 28-05-2020 Sharik ae
The Economics of Education, published 08-06-2020 Sharik ae
Digital Persona, published 07-05-2020 Sharik ae
Future Persona, published 06-05-2020 Sharik ae
Embracing Remote Student Life, published 06-05-2020 Sharik ae
Yes, We Are Ready, published 13-04-2020 Sharik ae
What Does the Post-Remote Learning Future Hold?, published 06-05-2020 Sharik ae
The CEO - The Pedagogue, published 12-07-2020 Sharik aeHarvard Business Review (Arabic)

The Persona 4 0 outlines the attributes of graduates for the post-COVID times, published October 2020  Business Review (Arabic)Higher Education Digest

Persona 4 0: A quantum leap in Education outcomes, published 14-10-2020 Education Digest, October 14, 2020ITP Media Group

HCT preparing Graduates for Life & WorkAl Ittihad newspaper interview

Al Shamsi, HCT President & CEO interview Ittihad newspaper, November 2, 2020
Passage 8:
Saeed Mohammed Al Shamsi
Dr  Saeed Mohammed Al-Shamsi is a lawyer, diplomat, and a former assistant foreign minister for international organizations affairs with the rank of an ambassador  Ambassador Dr  Al Shamsi was UAE's former ambassador to Australia  He's married and has three children As of 2023, Al-Shamsi is the current UAE ambassador to the Maldives 

Academic Qualifications
Ph D in International Relations - College of International Services, American University, Washington 
M A  in International Public Policy - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 
Bachelor in Political Science - Arizona State University, Arizona 

Diplomatic career
Dr  Al Shamsi started his diplomatic career in 1974 and held the following positions:

25/10/1981 - UAE Embassy in Washington, United States 
26/6/1988 - 12/3/1992 Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany 
31/1/1989 – 12/3/1992 Non Resident Ambassador to the Kingdom of Norway 
10/2/1989 – 12/3/1992 Non Resident Ambassador to the Republic of Finland 
16/3/1989 – 12/3/1992 Non Resident Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark 
28/4/1989 – 12/3/1992 Non Resident Ambassador to the Kingdom of Sweden 
25/8/2001 - 30/8 /2004 Ambassador to the Republic of India 
6/12/2004 - Ambassador to the Commonwealth of Australia 
12/07/2005 - Ambassador to New Zealand 
25/3/2019 - ambassador to the Republic of the Maldives 

Attendance in International Conferences
Participated in several Regional and International Conferences 
Participated in meetings of the 58th Session of UN General Assembly 
Passage 9:
Abdulaziz Nasser Al Shamsi
Abdulaziz Nasser Al Shamsi (Arabic: عبدالعزيز ناصر الشامسي) is the director of protocol at the ministry of foreign affairs in the United Arab Emirates  Al Shamsi who was born in Ajman in 1956 obtained his bachelor's degree in business administration at the University of Cairo in 1980  He is married to Hissa Abdulla Ahmed Al-Otaiba 

Diplomatic career
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Italy (From: March 2008 – Present)
Director of Protocol (From: August 2007 to March 2008)
Permanent Representative of the UAE to the United Nations (From: September 2001 to July 2007) 
Director, Department of International Organizations & Conferences, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (From: August 2001 to 20/05/2002) 
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to France (From: 07/03/1995 to 25/08/1999) 
Represented the UAE as Permanent Representative to UNESCO (From: 07/03/1995  to 25/08/1999) 
Non-Resident Ambassador to Switzerland (From: 23/05/1997 to 25/08/1999) 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (From: 05/10/1994 to February 1995) 
Non-Resident Ambassador to Chile (From: 09/12/1993 to 05/10/1994) 
Non-Resident Ambassador to Argentina (From: 22/03/1993 to 05/10/1994) 
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Brazil (From: 14/06/1991 to 05/10/1994) 
Promoted to Minister Plenipotentiary with title of Ambassador on 21/01/1991 
Appointed Deputy Director of the Department of Arab Nations Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 13/10/1990 
Promoted to Counsellor on 30/12/1989 
Promoted to First Secretary on 16/02/1986 
Transferred to the Permanent Mission of the United Arab Emirates in Geneva from 22/03/1985 
Transferred to the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Tunisia from 28/07/1984 
Promoted to Second Secretary on 15/11/1982 
Transferred to the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Belgium on 04/03/1982 
Appointed in the Diplomatic and Consular Section of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Third Secretary on 01/09/1980 

Attendance In International Conferences
Ambassador Al-Shamsi participated in numerous conferences and meetings at Arab, Regional and International levels 

Honours & Medals
- The Légion d'honneur from the President of France, in appreciation of his efforts towards promoting excellent relations between the UAE and France 
- The Rio Branco Club Medal of the Order of the Grand Cross from the President of Brazil 
Passage 10:
Abdullah Al-Shamsi
Abdullah Al-Shamsi (born 25 November 1967) is a former wrestler, who represented North Yemen at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in the men's Greco-Roman 68kg class  He lost his first two bouts and was eliminated 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Michael Jai White
Michael Jai White (born November 10, 1964) is an American actor, director and martial artist  He was the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture, starring as Al Simmons, the protagonist in the 1997 film Spawn  White appeared as Marcus Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? and Why Did I Get Married Too?, and starred as the character on the TBS/OWN comedy-drama television series Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse  White portrayed Jax Briggs in Mortal Kombat: Legacy and the Cyborg Seth in Universal Soldier: The Return  He portrayed boxer Mike Tyson in the 1995 HBO television film Tyson  He also played the title role in the blaxploitation parody film Black Dynamite, as well as the animated series of the same name 

Early life
White is a martial artist in nine different styles: Shōtōkan, Goju-Ryu (for which he studied under Master Eddie Morales where he learned to sharpen his Goju karate technique), Taekwondo, Kobudō, Tang Soo Do, Wushu, Jujutsu, Kyokushin and Boxing, with a specific focus in Kyokushin Karate (although his style incorporates aspects of many different martial arts forms)  White started training in the martial arts at the age of four in Jujutsu  He next took up Shōtōkan and moved on to other styles later  White holds seven legitimate black belts in Kyokushin Karate, Goju-Ryu Karate, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kobudo, and Wushu 
White is a former special education teacher and taught students with behavioral problems for three years  He cites his history in education as the reason why, despite his personal love for the music genre on "a lot of levels", he cannot "in good [conscience]" have a positive opinion on hip hop or "excuse some of [its] pervasive and destructive elements", mainly due to his experience with youngsters who had difficulty seeing the difference between it and real life 

Acting career
White's first major starring role and breakout performance was in the 1995 HBO film Tyson, as heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson  He portrayed the eponymous character in the 1997 film Spawn, making him the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture   His work in Spawn earned him a nomination for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award  White starred opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme in Universal Soldier: The Return, in 1999  A few years earlier, he acted in Full Contact, with Jerry Trimble  In 2001, he also starred opposite fellow martial artist Steven Seagal in Exit Wounds  In 2003, he starred in Busta Rhymes and Mariah Carey's music video "I Know What You Want"  Since 2003, in addition to his on screen roles, White has been doing voice work, including in Static Shock and Justice League   White showcases his martial arts skills in the direct-to-DVD film Undisputed II: Last Man Standing  He also appears in Michelle Yeoh's Silver Hawk in 2004  He appeared in Kill Bill: Volume 2, although his role was cut from the theatrical release  His film Why Did I Get Married? opened at number one at the box office on October 12, 2007 
White played the role of the mob boss Gambol in the 2008 film The Dark Knight  He also starred in the film Blood and Bone and the blaxploitation homage Black Dynamite, both released in 2009  White wrote the scripts for both Black Dynamite and his upcoming 3 Bullets in which he stars with Bokeem Woodbine 
On March 30, 2010, White appeared on The Mo'Nique Show to promote his film Why Did I Get Married Too  The two joked about the acclaim that comes with winning an Oscar  In May of that year he appeared in the music video for Toni Braxton's new song "Hands Tied" from her album Pulse, as well as the Nicki Minaj music video for "Your Love" as Nicki's sensei and love interest 
He also starred in Kevin Tancharoen's short film Mortal Kombat: Rebirth, as Jax Briggs, and reprised the role in Mortal Kombat: Legacy, a webseries from the same director  He posted on Twitter that he would not be returning to the role for the second season, but would return for the 2013 film 
White made his directorial debut and starred in Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, which was released on home video on September 13, 2011 White also provided the voice of Green Lantern in the video game Justice League Heroes In October 2019, White announced the spiritual successor to Black Dynamite titled The Outlaw Johnny Black officially entered pre-production  Despite the Indiegogo campaign not reaching its goal, he was still able to secure enough backers and additional donors to get the project off the ground  It is currently available for pre-order on the official website, although a release date has not been announced or confirmed 
In October 2020, White's latest film Welcome to Sudden Death debuted on Netflix and became one of the most watched films on the platform  The Universal Pictures Home Entertainment release is a remake of the 1995 film Sudden Death starring Jean-Claude Van Damme 
On July 12, 2021, White laid out a vision for starting a film studio in New Haven, CT called "Jaigantic Studios"  He wants to create a studio district on New Haven's Quinnipiac River waterfront 

Personal life
From 2005 to 2011, White was married to Courtenay Chatman and together they have a daughter named Morgan  In addition, White has two sons  In February 2014, White announced his engagement to actress Gillian Iliana Waters  In April 2015, White penned an open letter via Facebook entitled "Apologies to My Ex's", where he credited Waters for helping him become, "the very best version of myself "  In July 2015, White married Waters in Thailand  They appeared together in the martial arts thriller movie Take Back (2021), with Gillian White starring as the female lead In 2014, White was honored with the Fists of Legends Decade Award at the Urban Action Showcase & Expo at HBO  On November 8, 2019, he assumed the "Mantle of The Black Dragon" from Ron van Clief, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, Cynthia Rothrock, and Taimak, in a ceremony at the 2019 Urban Action Showcase & Expo at AMC 25, NYC 

Filmography
Film
Television
Stunts
Video games
Web series
Music videos
Notes
Passage 2:
Sharon Leal
Sharon Ann Leal is an American actress and singer  She is known for her roles in movies such as Dreamgirls (2006), This Christmas (2007), Why Did I Get Married? (2007), Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) and her roles on the television shows Legacy, Guiding Light and Boston Public 

Early life
Leal was born in Tucson, Arizona  Her mother, Angelita, is Filipina  Her father was an African-American military policeman who broke up with her mother before Sharon was born  Shortly after, her mother married Jesse Leal, a Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force and a police officer at Clark Air Base, Philippines; he legally adopted Sharon 

Career
Leal's career began with the role of Dahlia Crede in the CBS daytime serial Guiding Light   Later, she joined the Broadway company of Rent  Soon after, she was cast as Mimi for the San Francisco leg of the first national tour of Rent  Leal appeared on the 1999 original cast recording of the Off-Broadway musical Bright Lights, Big City alongside Patrick Wilson and Jesse L  Martin  She also appeared on the 2001 cast recording of Making Tracks 
From 2000 to 2004, Leal starred in the Fox prime time TV series Boston Public  She also had a role in the theatrical release Face the Music  She then appeared in a recurring role in the short-lived NBC series LAX, as the wife of airport co-director, Roger de Souza 
In 2006, she co-starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Michelle Morris, Effie White's replacement in the pop group The Dreams, with Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Hudson, Eddie Murphy and Jamie Foxx  In 2007, Leal was cast in the Tyler Perry production Why Did I Get Married? and This Christmas  In 2010, she starred in Perry's sequel production Why Did I Get Married Too?  She also portrayed the character Vanessa Lodge in the series Hellcats, until it was cancelled in 2011  In 2013, Leal played the supporting role in the movie 1982, which tells a story of a drug addicted mother and a father's fight to protect his daughter 
Leal appears in seasons 2, 3, 5 and 6 of Supergirl as M'gann M'orzz (Megan in human form) 

Personal life
In October 2001, Leal married Bev Land  Their son Kai Miles Land was born in September 2001  The couple divorced in 2009 
Former Guiding Light co-star Yvonna Wright has said that she and Leal are close friends; the two starred together in a community production of Dreamgirls in their hometown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Tasha Smith
Tasha Smith (born February 28, 1971) is an American actress, director and producer  She began her career in a starring role on the NBC comedy series Boston Common (1996–97), and she later appeared in numerous movies and television series 
Smith has appeared in the films The Whole Ten Yards (2004), Daddy's Little Girls (2007), The Longshots (2008), Couples Retreat (2009), and Jumping the Broom (2011)  She starred as Angela Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? (2007), its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and on the television series based on the movies, For Better or Worse (2011–2017)  In 2015, she began a recurring role as Carol Holloway on the Fox musical drama series Empire  Later in the same year, Smith made her directorial debut 

Early life and education
Tasha Smith was born on February 28, 1971, in Camden, New Jersey, and was raised by a single mother  She has an identical twin sister Sidra Smith, who currently lives in Harlem  Smith dropped out of Camden High School in her freshman year, and at age 19 moved to California 

Career
Smith made her acting debut with a small role in the comedy film Twin Sitters (1994)  From 1996 to 1997, she starred in the NBC comedy series, Boston Common  Later in 1997, she was cast alongside Tom Arnold in another short-lived comedy series, The Tom Show on The WB  In 2000, she had supporting role in the HBO miniseries, The Corner in which she played a drug addict  In the 2000s, Smith had guest starring roles on The Parkers, Without a Trace, Nip/Tuck, and Girlfriends  She has made number of supporting roles in movies such as Playas Ball (2003), The Whole Ten Yards (2004), and ATL (2006) 
Smith has played roles in multiple Tyler Perry projects  In 2007, she appeared as the main antagonist in the romantic comedy-drama film, Daddy's Little Girls  She played the role of Angela Williams in the Why Did I Get Married? (2007), and its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  The role she later played in the comedy series based on films, Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse 
Smith co-starred alongside Ice Cube and Keke Palmer in the family comedy-drama film, The Longshots (2008)  She had supporting role in the romantic comedy film Couples Retreat (2009), and co-starred alongside Salli Richardson, Nicole Ari Parker and Michael B  Jordan in Pastor Brown (2010)  In 2011, she appeared in the comedy-drama film Jumping the Broom alongside Angela Bassett and Paula Patton, and in 2014, she played a psychotherapist in the erotic thriller, Addicted  In 2014, she also was cast in a recurring role in the Fox drama series Empire as Carol Hardaway, Cookie Lyon's younger sister In 2015, Smith made her directorial debut with the short film Boxed in, which premiered during the 19th Annual American Black Film Festival  In 2017, Smith directed the television film When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story, starring Lil Mama and Lance Gross, based on a true story  It premiered to 1 6 million viewers, ranking as TV One's #1 original movie premiere of all time among all key demos  In October 2017, she also directed an episode in the BET drama anthology series Tales  Smith worked as Mary J  Blige's acting coach for her role in Mudbound In 2019, Smith appeared in the comedy-drama film Dolemite Is My Name, and starred opposite Lisa Kudrow and Whitney Cummings in the Amazon comedy pilot Good People  Also that year, she directed episodes of Star, 9-1-1 and Black Lightning  In 2020, Smith directed the episode "Legacy" on the Starz TV series P-Valley  In 2021, Smith directed the Starz drama series Black Mafia Family In 2022, it was announced that Smith will be starring in the Lee Daniels' horror/thriller The Deliverance with Mo'Nique, Andra Day, Omar Epps, and Miss Lawrence 

Personal life
In December 2010, Smith married her boyfriend of one-year Keith Douglas, who was also her manager  In November 2014, Smith appeared in court to request a restraining order against Douglas  In documents filed prior to the court appearance, she accused him of having affairs with other women  Smith's friend Tisha Campbell-Martin acted as a character witness  The final divorce decree was issued in March 2015  However, Smith contested the divorce by alleging that Douglas concealed information from her that she should have known before the marriage  Smith alleged that Douglas was not "man of the cloth" that he presented himself to be during their courtship  She also said that, if she had known about Douglas' background, she would not have married him  The allegations about Douglas' background included five marriages before he married Smith, multiple children that he did not claim and disclose to Smith, and non-payment of income taxes for nearly a decade  The judge in the case granted Smith an annulment of the marriage in December 2015 on the basis of fraud committed by Douglas In an interview with D L  Hughley in 2014, Tasha Smith shared that during most of her teenage years and young adulthood she was an atheist, despite her family being devout religious Christians, because of the "hardships, tragedies, and misfortune she saw her family endure throughout her childhood " However, she said after learning that one of her family members had gotten very sick and was not able to visit them at the hospital, she decided to turn to prayer "and ask God to show himself to her and help her unbelief " After doing so, she says that she became a devout, practicing Christian and uses her Christian faith as one of her motivators for her career and philanthropy Smith is the creator of TSAW - an actor's workshop that empowers and inspires performers at various stages in their careers with focus on the Black community 

Filmography
Film
Television
Directing
Passage 4:
Ilir Hoxha
Ilir Hoxha (born 31 March 1949) is an Albanian politician  He is one of the sons of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha  Ilir was imprisoned in 1995, but was released in 1996  Ilir has been called in to testify several times in an attempt to disclose secrets from the previous communist era  Ilir wrote a memoir in 1995 called "My Father, Enver Hoxha"  The article recounts Ilir's memories of his father's death, the impact it had on the family, his mother's struggles, and also the investigation and prosecution that was conducted on him after his father's death 
During the 2005 election campaign in Albania, Ilir campaigned for candidates of the Party of Labour of Albania 
Passage 5:
Lamman Rucker
Lamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor  Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation  In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University  As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons 

Early life
Rucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker  He has partial ancestry from Barbados  Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area  He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants   His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade  He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D C  Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team
Context 3: Passage 1:
Fernando Augusto de Castro Ribeiro
Fernando Augusto de Castro Ribeiro (born 30 March 1997), better known as Fernando Castro or just Fernando, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper 

Club career
Born in Orlândia, São Paulo, Fernando Castro joined Santos' youth setup in 2010, from Botafogo-SP  On 1 March 2016, he renewed his contract with the club until the end of 2018 On 19 April 2018, Fernando Castro signed a two-year contract with fellow Série A club Bahia, after terminating his contract with Peixe  He made his professional debut on 2 September, coming on as a half-time substitute for injured Douglas Friedrich in a 2–0 away defeat to Atlético Paranaense On 13 June 2020, after being mainly a third-choice, Fernando Castro moved abroad and joined Liga Portugal 2 side Arouca on a three-year contract 

Personal life
Fernando Castro's mother Solange was a professional basketball player, and appeared in the 1983 Pan American Games  She died in 2017 due to a lymphoma 

Career statistics
As of 16 November 2020

Honours
BahiaCampeonato Baiano: 2018, 2019, 2020
Passage 2:
Jadson Viera
Jadson Viera Castro or simply Jadson (born 4 August 1981) is an Uruguayan retired football defender born in Brazil and current football coach  He is currently the assistant coach of Talleres 

Biography
Jadson was born in Santana do Livramento, a city located in the south of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, along the border with the Uruguayan city of Rivera 
Jadson started his professional career in 2001 with Danubio in Uruguay, during his time with the club he has helped them to win 2 Apertura, 3 Clausura and 2 overall Uruguayan league championships 
Jadson spent part of 2005 on loan to Atlante in Mexico before returning to Uruguay in 2006 
After helping Danubio to claim the overall league championship in 2007, Jadson moved to Argentina to join Club Atlético Lanús where he helped the club to win the Apertura 2007 tournament, their first ever top flight league title 
In July 2010, he signed with Vasco da Gama 

Coaching career
After retiring, Viera was appointed assistant coach at Nacional under manager Alexander Medina  The duo left the club at the end of the year 
Viera followed Alexander Medina to Argentina club Talleres de Córdoba in June 2019 

Minor titles
National titles
Passage 3:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 4:
Damir Nikšić
Damir Nikšić (born 6 December 1970) is a Bosnian conceptual artist, standup comedian, blogger and politician  One of his best known art works is a seven-minute-long video entitled "If I wasn't muslim" (2005) Since 2022, Nikšić has been a member of Our Party, a social-liberal party that is a member of the ALDE group of European parties  Previously, from 2018 to 2019, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party 

Biography
General
Nikšić was born 6 December 1970 in Brezovo Polje, Brčko  He was a student at fine arts academies in Sarajevo, Milan and Bologna  In 2000 he graduated at Academy of Fine Arts Sarajevo, Painting department  He has lived in the USA 2000–2004; he has studied as a postgraduate at the University of Arizona (UA) until 2004  He magistered fine arts and art history in 2004 at UA; after that, he gave lectures at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois  He was a member of Maxumim art group  He exhibited at Venice Film Festival in 2003 international selection  He works and lives in Sarajevo 

Education
In 2000 he acquired a BFA degree from Academy of Fine Arts Sarajevo and moved as a graduate student to Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA  In 2001 he moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he graduated at the University of Arizona in May 2004  In 2004 he moved to Chicago, Illinois 

Sing Sing
Nikšić was a co-founder and member (vocal singer) of rhythm and blues band "Sing Sing"  The band played four concerts in CDA Mladost 

Maxumim
Damir Nikšić is also a co-founder of Maxumim art group, together with Anur Hadžiomerspahić, Anela Šabić, Ajna Zlatar, Eldina Begić, Dejan Vekić, Almir Kurt, Samir Plasto, Hamdija Pašić, Rachel Rossner, Nebojša Šerić, Suzana Cerić, Alma Fazlić, Zlatan Filipović  In 1997, the group has its first exhibition "Maxumim I," at Collegium Artisticum, Sarajevo, which would be followed up in 1998 with "Maxumim II," and in 1999/2000 with "Maxumim III," at Collegium Artisticum, Sarajevo; Pavarotti Music Center, Mostar; Bosnian Cultural Center, Tuzla; City Gallery, Zenica; City Gallery, Bihać 

Other activities
In 2011, he protested regarding the closing of the Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, setting up daily video updates 

Work method – criticism
He mostly presents his art through YouTube and social networks, where he uploads short videos and comments of humorous character in which he seriously and symbolically refers to the reality of Bosnia and Herzegovina  He also commented on the attack on Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić during his visit to the event marking the 20th anniversary of the Srebrenica crime, saying in his video Srebrni pir: Manipulacija razjedinjenih nacija ("Silver Feast: A Disunited Nations Manipulation") published on 13 July 2015 that "a corrida was made of Potočari"; this has received a notable media attention in his home and neighbouring countries 

Political engagement
In mid-2016, he decided to run for mayor of the Sarajevo Center Municipality, as a "libertarian, individualist and anarchist " In an interview with the BiH portal Klix ba, he said the following:
I am someone who is an individualist, someone who really believes in individualism, not collectivism  I became disappointed with the collective and became a great cynic and individualist  (   ) The state is giving more money to that kind of smeared folklore tradition where some imaginary people are celebrated, somewhere out there    some tribe in the forest or on the mountain or in a small village, but no one is really that people, so that's a good place to hunt in the murky and money laundering  For this reason, an individual is important, he can engage in dialogue, while the people cannot, because they cannot speak unison  (   ) We have very big fascist problems on our own soil and I have no intention of hiding, as some 'Bosniak', what 'my' [people is] are doing to me and insisting on what 'another' [one] is doing to us  No, it's all individual, and I want to set some parameters for you by my own example, on how to combat it both through art and through politics 
His goal, he said, was to make a more European city of Sarajevo and prevent the feudalisation of BiH, and that his office would always be covered by a camera whose footage would be broadcast online so that citizens could watch the "one municipality mayor's reality show" live  He did not win 2016 elections, but later became a member of the Sarajevo Canton Assembly  From 23 May 2018, until his expulsion on 16 March 2019, Nikšić was a member of the Social Democratic Party  He announced his candidacy for mayor of the same municipality in the 2020 elections 

Philosophy
Nikšić's political philosophy aims for others to understand that one is living in a crisis of civil society and thus the civil state, that is—ethnocracy is present instead of democracy  Instead of the idea of people and collectivism, he advocates individualism and the notion of citizens as individuals, calling the ideology he follows "liberal progressive individualist discourse" and "stratoseparatism "

Most notable works
If I wasn't muslim (2005)
Krunisanje Kralja Tvrtka (2007)
Totalitarni fatalizam (2015)

Songs
"Ta to ti" (2012)
"Gdje si" (2012)
"Sjedio sam u kafani sam" (2013)
"Na rubu plača" (2015)
"Stranac u svome plemenu" (2016) - izvedba pjesme grupe Major (autor: Masa Mor)
"Još jedna revolucionarna" (2018)
"Hastahana" [demo] (2020)
Passage 5:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M



ground_truth: Abu Dhabi

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the cause of death of Constantia Eriksdotter's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Career
His major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T  Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie  He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005  He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half 
Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films  He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns  He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011  The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode  He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies  Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters 

Filmography
Film
Television
Award nominations
Passage 6:
Richard T  Jones
Richard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor  He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s  His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017)  Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) 

Early life
Jones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California  He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka  He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr , who works as a high school basketball coach  They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season  His parents later divorced  Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University 

Career
Since the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams  That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr  in What's Love Got to Do with It  From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017) His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion 

Personal life
Joshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E  Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 7:
Constantia Eriksdotter
Constantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649) was the illegitimate daughter of Eric XIV of Sweden and Agda Persdotter  She was called "The Queen of Tiveden" 

Life
Constantia Eriksdotter and her sister Virginia were removed from their mother's custody when she married in 1561  This was illegal, as according to the law the mother had sole custody until the children reached the age of three   They were placed first in the court of Princess Cecilia of Sweden, then that of Princess Elizabeth of Sweden (1564), and finally that of queen Karin Månsdotter   In 1573, she visited her deposed father in prison, and was possibly the last family member to see him alive 
On 13 January 1594, she married the English nobleman Henry Frankelin, courtier to her uncle Charles IX of Sweden  The same year, she was awarded nine estates in Väne parish in Bohuslän by her cousin king Sigismund III Vasa  In 1595, she was further granted Bocksjö Manor in the parish of Tiveden in Västergötland, where she chose to reside  As a widow after 1610, she mainly lived at Odenfors gard in Linköpings kommun outside Vreta   She died at Östergötland and was buried together with her husband at Undenäs Old Church in Undenäs parish (Undenäs socken) in Skaraborg County  A moonstone belonging to Constantia is still kept
in the Undenäs church 

Issue
Carl Frankelin (d  1631), major, fell at Greifswald when occupied under the Treaty of Stettin 
Johan Frankelin
Maria Catharina Frankelin (d  1661), married to governor and nobleman Anders Koskull (1594-1676)
Elisabet Frankelin (d  1655), married to Christian Frost (d  1631)
Passage 8:
Denise Boutte
Denise Boutte (born January 19, 1982) is an American actress and model, who has appeared in the films Why Did I Get Married? as Trina, Death Valley: The Revenge of Bloody Bill, as Mandy, Sister's Keeper and Noah's Arc 

Career
She starred in the sitcom Meet the Browns as Sasha Brown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Passage 9:
Eric XIV of Sweden
Eric XIV (Swedish: Erik XIV; 13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was captured in a rebellion led by his brother John in 1568 and formally deposed 26 January 1569  Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–1535)  He was also ruler of Estonia, after it placed itself under Swedish protection in 1561 
While he has been regarded as intelligent and artistically skilled, as well as politically ambitious, early in his reign he showed signs of mental instability, a condition that eventually led to insanity  Some scholars claim that his illness began early during his reign, while others believe that it first manifested with the Sture murders 
Eric, having been imprisoned and deposed, was most likely murdered  An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that he probably died of arsenic poisoning 

Early years
Eric XIV was born at Tre Kronor castle, the morning of 13 December 1533   His mother died before his second year  In 1536, his father, Gustav Vasa, married Margaret Leijonhufvud (1516–1551), a Swedish noblewoman 
Eric's first teacher was the learned German Georg Norman, whose services were shortly thereafter needed elsewhere within the Swedish state  He was replaced by French Calvinist Dionysius Beurraeus (1500–67)  Dionysius taught both Eric and his half-brother John, and seems to have been appreciated by both  Eric was very successful in foreign languages and mathematics  He was also an informed historian, a good writer and familiar with astrology 
When Eric started to appear in public, he was referred to as "chosen king" (Swedish: utvald konung) and after the meeting of parliament in Stockholm in 1560, he received the title of "hereditary king" (Swedish: arvkonung) 
In 1557, Eric was assigned the fiefdoms of Kalmar, Kronoberg and Öland  He took up residence in the city of Kalmar 
Against his father's wishes, Eric entered into marriage negotiations with the future Queen Elizabeth I of England and pursued her for several years  Tensions between Eric and his father grew  Eric also made unsuccessful marriage proposals to, among others, Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), Renata of Lorraine (1544–1602), Anna of Saxony (1544–1577) and Christine of Hesse (1543–1604) 

Rule
The news of his father's death reached Eric as he was on the point of embarking for England to press his suit for the hand of Queen Elizabeth  Back in Stockholm he summoned a Riksdag, which met at Arboga on 15 April 1561  There he adopted the royal propositions known as the "Arboga articles", considerably curtailing the authority of the royal dukes, John and Charles, in their respective provinces 
He was crowned as Eric XIV, but was not necessarily the 14th king of Sweden named Eric  He and his brother Charles adopted regnal numbers according to Johannes Magnus's partly fictitious history of Sweden  There had, however, been at least six earlier Swedish kings with the name of Eric, as well as pretenders about whom very little is known From the start of his reign, Eric was in opposition to the Swedish nobility  He chose as a close adviser Jöran Persson (1530–68), who had narrowly escaped execution under Eric's father  Persson was also opposed to the nobility and a determined opponent of Eric's half-brother, later John III of Sweden (1537–92)  John was the Duke of Finland and was married to a Polish princess, against Eric's wishes, which made him friendly with Poland  John pursued an expansionist policy in Livonia (now Estonia and Latvia), in breach of the Arboga articles, which led to contention between the brothers  In 1563, John was seized by an army sent to Finland, and tried for high treason by Eric's order 
Unlike his father, who had been satisfied with ruling an independent state, Eric tried to expand his influence in the Baltic region and in Estonia, beginning the process that resulted in Sweden becoming a great power in the 17th century  This expansionism resulted in a clash with his cousin, Frederick II of Denmark-Norway (1534–88)  Most of Eric XIV's reign was then dominated by the Livonian War and the Scandinavian Seven Years' War against Denmark-Norway (1563–70), during which he successfully repelled most Danish-Norwegian attempts at conquest, but was unable to keep his own acquisitions From 1563 onwards, his insanity became pronounced; his rule became even more arbitrary and marked by violence  His suspicion of the nobility led him to suspicions of the Sture family, then headed by Svante Stensson Sture, who was married to Gustav's sister-in-law  He first acted against the family in 1566, accusing Svante's son Nils of treason, but commuted the sentence and instead sent Nils to Lorraine, supposedly to arrange a marriage with the princess Renata  However, Eric had determined to marry his mistress Karin Månsdotter and in 1567, on Nils's return and suspicious of high treason, he killed several members of the family in the so-called Sture Murders, Eric himself stabbing Nils Svantesson Sture  The King probably thought of the killing as an execution rather than murder 

Downfall
After the Sture homicides, John was imprisoned and Eric's conflict with the nobility came to its climax  Early in 1568, Eric seemed to recover his reason, and attempted to reconcile with John on the condition that the latter recognized Eric's marriage with Karin Månsdotter  This marriage was solemnized in July, Karin crowned Queen, and their infant son Gustav pronounced Prince-royal  However, in the fall of 1568, asserting Eric's insanity, the dukes and the nobles rebelled, and after some resistance, Eric was imprisoned by his brother Duke John, who took power on 30 September  Jöran Persson was assigned much of the blame for the actions directed against the nobility during Eric XIV's reign and was executed shortly after John III had incarcerated Eric, who was legally dethroned in January 1569 by the Riksdag 

Imprisonment and death
For the next eight years the ex-king was a source of anxiety to the new government  Three rebellions – the 1569 Plot, the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot – with the object of releasing and reinstating him, had to be suppressed, and Eric was held as a prisoner in many different castles in both Sweden and Finland  He died in prison in Örbyhus Castle  According to a tradition starting with Johannes Messenius, his final meal was a poisoned bowl of pea soup  A document signed by his brother, John III of Sweden, and a nobleman, Bengt Bengtsson Gylta (1514–74), gave Eric's guards in his last prison authorization to poison him if anyone tried to release him  His body was later exhumed and modern forensic analysis revealed evidence of lethal arsenic poisoning 

Family and descendants
Eric XIV had several relationships before his marriage 
With Agda Persdotter:

Virginia Eriksdotter (1559–1633; living descendants)
Constantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649; living descendants)
Lucretia Eriksdotter (1564–after 1574) died young With Karin Jacobsdotter:

An unnamed child, died April 1565 Eric XIV finally married Karin Månsdotter (1550–1612) on 4 July 1568; their children were:

Sigrid (1566–1633; born before the marriage), lady-in-waiting, wife of two noblemen 
Gustaf (1568–1607; born before the marriage), mercenary
Henrik (1570–74)
Arnold (1572–73)

Eric XIV in literature
The life of Eric XIV is the subject of an 1899 play by Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849–1912)  The love story of Eric XIV and Karin Månsdotter is the subject of a 1942 historical novel Karin Månsdotter by Mika Waltari 

See also
List of Swedish monarchs
List of Finnish monarchs and Heads of State
History of Sweden
History of Sweden (1523–1611)
Passage 10:
Charibert I
Charibert I (French: Caribert; Latin: Charibertus; c  517 – December 567) was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and his first wife Ingund  His elder brother Gunthar died sometime before their father's death  He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father's death in 561, receiving the old kingdom of Childebert I, with its capital at Paris 

Personal life
Charibert married Ingoberga and they had four children: 

Blithide of Cologne (538-603), possibly married to Ansbertus, Gallo-Roman senator
Chrodobertus (d  595)
Clithorice (541-569)
Bertha, who married Æthelberht of Kent
Charibert also had several concubines  By Merofleda, a wool carder's daughter, and her sister Marcovefa, he had daughters: Berteflede (a nun in Tours) and Clothilde (a nun in St  Croix, Poitiers)  By Theodogilda (or Theudechild), a cowherd's daughter; Charibert had a son who died in infancy 
Charibert married his daughter Bertha to Æthelberht, the pagan King of Kent  She took  Bishop Liudhard with her as her private confessor  Her influence in the Kentish court was instrumental in the success of St  Augustine of Canterbury's mission in 597, effecting the conversion to Christianity of the first Anglo-Saxon ruler 

Military campaigns and enthronement
In 556, Chlothar sent his sons Charibert and Guntram (his youngest) against their stepmother, "Chunna," and younger stepbrother, "Chramn," who were in revolt  During ongoing negotiations, Chramn was hiding out on Black Mountain in the Limousin  When the negotiations failed, the two armies prepared for battle  However, a thunderstorm prevented any engagement, and Chramn (who was hiding out in Black Mountain) sent forged letters to his brothers (Charibert and Guntram) in which he falsely reported the death of their father (Chlothar)  Charibert and Guntram immediately returned to Burgundy to secure their positions 

After the actual death of Chlothar in 561, the Frankish kingdom was divided between his sons in a new configuration (map, left)  Each son ruled a distinct realm which was not necessarily geographically coherent but could contain two unconnected regions  Their kingdoms were named after the city from which they ruled  Charibert received Neustria (the region between the Somme and the Loire), Aquitaine, and Novempopulana with Paris as his capital  His other chief cities were Rouen, Tours, Poitiers, Limoges, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Cahors, and Albi  Guntram received Burgundy  Sigebert received Austrasia (including Rheims) with his capital at Metz, and the youngest brother Chilperic received a compact kingdom with Soissons as its capital 

Death and legacy
Though Charibert was eloquent and learned in the law, Gregory of Tours found him one of the most dissolute of the early Merovingians  He maintained four concurrent wives, two of them sisters, and this resulted in his excommunication by Germanus  This was the first ever excommunication of a Merovingian king   As a result, he was buried in disgrace at Blavia castellum, a stronghold in the Tractatus Armoricani  At his death, his brothers divided his realm between them, agreeing at first to hold Paris in common  His surviving queen (out of four), Theudechild, proposed a marriage with Guntram, though a council held at Paris in 557 had outlawed such matches as incestuous  Guntram decided to house her more safely, though unwillingly, in a nunnery at Arles 
The main source for Charibert's life is Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks (Book IV, 3,16,22,26 and IX, 26), and from the English perspective Bede's Ecclesiastic History of the English People 
Context 3: Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 6:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 7:
Cipriano Castro
José Cipriano Castro Ruiz (12 October 1858 – 4 December 1924) was a high-ranking officer of the Venezuelan military, politician and the president of Venezuela from 1899 to 1908  He was the first man from the Venezuelan Andes to rule the country, and was the first of four military strongmen from the Andean state of Táchira to rule the country over the next 46 years 

Early life
Cipriano Castro was the son of José Carmen Castro and Pelagia Ruiz  He was born on 12 October 1858 in Capacho Viejo, Táchira  Castro's father was a mid-level farmer and he received an education typical of the tachirense middle-class  His family had significant mercantile and family relations with Colombia, in particular with Cúcuta and Puerto Santander  After studying in his native town and the city of San Cristóbal, he continued his studies at a seminary school in Pamplona, Colombia (1872–1873)  He left those studies to return to San Cristóbal, where he began work as employee of a company called Van Dissel, Thies and Ci'a  He also worked as a cowboy in the Andean region  During his early life he grew up with 22 brothers and sisters and his mother died which then lead on to his father marrying somebody else then leading to more siblings  He was very close to his family and he then sent most of his little brothers to study in Caracas

Military experience and introduction to politics
In 1876 Castro opposed the candidacy of general Francisco Alvarado for the presidency of the Táchira state  In 1878 he was working as the manager of the newspaper El Álbum when he participated along with a group of independence advocates in the seizure of San Cristóbal when they refused to submit to the authority of the new president of the state 
In 1884, he got into a disagreement with a parish priest, Juan Ramón Cárdenas in Capacho, which led to his imprisonment in San Cristóbal  After six months, he escaped and took refuge in Cúcuta, where he ran an inn  There he met his future wife, Rosa Zoila Martínez, who would become known as Doña Zoila  In June 1886, he returned to the Táchira as a soldier, accompanying generals Segundo Prato, Buenaventura Macabeo Maldonado and Carlos Rangel Garbiras to again raise the flag of autonomy, much to the dismay of the governor of the Táchira region, General Espíritu Santo Morales   Castro defeated government forces in Capacho Viejo and in Rubio   Promoted to general, himself, Castro began to stand out in the internal politics of Táchira state   It was during the burial of a fellow fighter, Evaristo Jaimes, who had been killed in the earlier fighting that Castro met Juan Vicente Gómez, his future companion in his rise to power  He entered politics and became the governor of his province of Táchira but was exiled to Colombia when the government in Caracas was overthrown in 1892  Castro lived in Colombia for seven years, amassing a fortune in illegal cattle trading and recruiting a private army 

Presidency
Amassing considerable support from disaffected Venezuelans, Castro's once personal army developed into a strong national army, and he used it to march on Caracas in October 1899 in an event called the Restorative Liberal Revolution, and seize power, installing himself as the supreme military commander 
Once in charge, Castro inaugurated a period of plunder and political disorder having assumed the vacant presidency, after modifying the constitution (1904)  He remained president for the period 1899–1908, designating Juan Vicente Gómez his "compadre" as vice-president 
Castro's rule was marked by frequent rebellions, the murder or exile of his opponents, his own extravagant living, and trouble with other nations  Castro was characterized as "a crazy brute" by United States secretary of state Elihu Root and as "probably the worst of Venezuela's many dictators" by historian Edwin Lieuwen  His nine years of despotic and dissolute rule are best known for having provoked numerous foreign interventions, including blockades and bombardments by Dutch, British, German, and Italian naval units seeking to enforce the claims of their citizens against Castro's government 

Crisis of 1901–1903
In 1901 the banker Manuel Antonio Matos was the leader of the Liberating Revolution, a major military movement with the intention to overthrow Cipriano Castro's government



ground_truth: poisoning

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Cipriano Castro or Damir Nikšić?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Severe disagreements between Castro and the foreign economic elite that support the revolution (as New York and Bermudez Company, Orinoco Shipping Company, Krupp, French Cable, and others) evolved into an open war that shook the country and brought the government to the brink of collapse 
On 2 April 1902, in response to rising political tension between the Netherlands and Venezuela to evacuate the Jews of Coro to Curaçao, the HNLMS Koningin Regentes and the HNLMS Utrecht arrived in the Venezuelan port of La Guaira  Prior to their arrival, the Venezuelan Navy had repeatedly checked Dutch and Antillean merchant ships and the presence of the Dutch warships acted as a deterrent against further actions 
In November 1902, the troops at command of Castro himself broke the Siege of La Victoria, weakened the vast network of revolutionaries armies and its extraordinary power 
Few weeks after that, Venezuela saw a naval blockade of several months imposed by Britain, Germany and Italy over Castro's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in the recent Liberating Revolution  Castro assumed that the Monroe Doctrine would see the United States prevent European military intervention, but at the time the government of president Theodore Roosevelt saw the Doctrine as concerning European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se  With prior promises that no such seizure would occur, the US allowed the action to go ahead without objection  The blockade saw Venezuela's small navy quickly disabled, but Castro refused to give in, and instead agreed in principle to submit some of the claims to international arbitration, which he had previously rejected  Germany initially objected to this, particularly as it felt some claims should be accepted by Venezuela without arbitration 

When the world press reacted negatively to incidents including the sinking of two Venezuelan ships and the bombardment of the coast, the U S pressured the parties to settle, and drew attention to its nearby naval fleet in Puerto Rico at command of Admiral George Dewey  With Castro failing to back down, Roosevelt pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reaction to the affair, the blockading nations agreed to a compromise, but maintained the blockade during negotiations over the details  This led to the signing in Washington of an agreement on 13 February 1903 which saw the blockade lifted, and Venezuela represented by U S  ambassador Herbert W  Bowen commit 30% of its customs duties to settling claims  When an arbitral tribunal subsequently awarded preferential treatment to the blockading powers against the claims of other nations, the U S feared this would encourage future European intervention  The episode contributed to the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, asserting a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts, in order to preclude European intervention to do so   The revolutionaries, bearing a wound that could not be healed, succumbing finally in July 1903 in the Battle of Ciudad Bolivar after the siege of government army conducted by General Gomez, with which Matos decides to leave Venezuela, establishing itself in Paris 

Dutch–Venezuelan crisis
In 1908, a dispute broke out between the Netherlands and president Castro regime on the grounds of the harboring of refugees in Curaçao  Venezuela expelled the Dutch ambassador, prompting a Dutch dispatch of three warships – a coastal battleship, the HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck, and two protected cruisers, the HNLMS Gelderland and the HNLMS Friesland  The Dutch warships had orders to intercept every ship that was sailing under the Venezuelan flag 
On 12 December 1908, the Gelderland captured the Venezuelan gunboat Alix off Puerto Cabello  She and another ship the 23 de Mayo were interned in the harbor of Willemstad  With their overwhelming naval superiority, the Dutch enforced a blockade on Venezuela's ports 

Castro's overthrow in 1908, exile and death in 1924
Few days later, Castro, who had been seriously ill for four years due to a kidney problem, left for Paris to seek medical treatment for syphilis, leaving the government in the hands of vice president Juan Vicente Gómez, the man who was instrumental in his victories of 1899 and 1903  However, on 19 December 1908, Gómez seized power himself and effectively ended the war with the Netherlands  A few days later, General Castro left for Berlin, nominally for a surgical operation  After that Castro suffered the harassment of the European powers resentful due to the policy that he had maintained towards them during his 8 years as president of Venezuela  Without resources to carry out an armed invasion, he went to Madrid and then recovered from his operation in Paris and in Santa Cruz de Tenerife  At the end of 1912 Castro intended to spend a season in the United States, but was captured and vexed by the immigration authorities of Ellis Island which forced him to leave in peremptory terms (February, 1913)  He finally settled with his wife in Puerto Rico (1916), under close surveillance by spies sent by Juan Vicente Gómez, who assumed the Venezuelan presidency  
Castro spent the rest of his life in exile in Puerto Rico, making several plots to return to power — none of which were successful  Castro died 4 December 1924, in Santurce, Puerto Rico 

Cipriano Castro cabinet (1899–1908)
Personal life
Castro was married to Zoila Rosa Martínez, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1899 to 1908  Castro's daughter was the actress of Hollywood silent movies Rosa Castro Martínez who adopted the name stage as Lucille Mendez She was married to the film director  Ralph Ince  She died in August 1982 in Hollywood, California, USA 

Trivia
During his presidency, northern Venezuela was struck by the powerful 1900 San Narciso earthquake, which caused widespread material damage in Miranda State and in the Venezuelan capital Caracas  Castro was woken in the middle of the night, and he leaped off from a window of the Yellow House, the then official residence of the President of Venezuela, and suffered a broken ankle  The earthquake lead him to consider changing the official residence to a building with anti-seismic structure, which occurred in 1904, when he transferred the Presidential House to Miraflores Palace, becoming its first occupant 

In popular culture
Cipriano Castro was portrayed by Roberto Moll in the 2017 film La planta insolente 

See also
Presidents of Venezuela
List of Venezuelans
Passage 8:
Wesley Barresi
Wesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer  He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak  In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022 

Career
Wesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal  Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament  However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled 
Passage 9:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 10:
Sebastian Castro (painter)
Sebastiaen Castro or Sebastian a Castro, in English sources also referred to as Sebastian Castro or Sebastianus a Castro was a Flemish painter specialized in marine painting who was active in Antwerp between 1633 and 1656 

Life
Very few details about Sebastian Castro's life and training are known   It has been speculated that he was of Portuguese descent and a member of a family, which had escaped the persecution of Jews during the Portuguese Inquisition of the early 1600s  He may have trained under Andries van Eertvelt, the leading Flemish marine painter of the first half of the 17th century but there is no evidence of this 
Castro is first recorded as a master painter in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in the guild year 1633–34   In 1656 he was still in Antwerp when he was registered as present at the distribution of the moveable assets of the father of the painters Gaspar van Eyck and Nicolaes van Eyck He married Anna van Beneden in Antwerp on 9 January 1636   After the death of his wife, he married Anna Wuijlens (died c  1660) in Antwerp on 20 October 1643  The couple is believed to be the parents of Laureys a Castro (also known as Laureys Castro, Laureys A  Castro or Lorenzo A  Castro) (1644-1700), a marine painter who became a master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1664-65 and was later active in England   If the speculation on the Jewish roots of the family is correct, the family must have converted to Catholicism as the newborn Laureys was baptized in the Saint George parish of Antwerp on 20 March 1644 

Work
Castro was active in Antwerp as a marine painter   The few works by his hand that are currently known cover the range of subjects typical for marine painters in the 17th century such as sailing ships, port scenes and naval battles   These works show an influence by the Dutch development towards tonal painting while retaining typically Flemish stylistic elements   This is demonstrated in the Spanish Ships at Anchor (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich) which through the tonality of its color scheme, low horizon and build-up of clouds in the background reveals a Dutch influence while its more theatrical lighting and schematic depiction of the ships reflect typically 'Flemish' stylistic traits His composition Spanish Ships Approaching a Jetty (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich) shows a similar tonality of colour and a low perspective   The painting testifies to Castro's skill in depicting figures and boats in a landscape setting without sacrificing an overall painterly effect  The brushwork of the work is open and fluid 



ground_truth: Cipriano Castro