prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Rodney Steps In?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Passage 2:
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III  
Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain  Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms  She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766  In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden  Their coronation was on 29 May 1772 
The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful  The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy  Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court  She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends  However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion  The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again 
After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813 

Early life
Princess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen  She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene  She received her own royal household at birth 
Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V  She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage  She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden  The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family  The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost  The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia  The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm After the death of her mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate  She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia 
In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige  The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance  Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin  She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement  However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity  This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika  Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: "His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen"  In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated 
When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: "why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: "She would suit you better!"

Crown Princess
On 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom  She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire  In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself  As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: "Watch out, Madame!", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court 
The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way  She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden  Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace  At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: "By God, how beautiful she is!", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: "terrible fear of the Queen"  On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment in the society life  Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant  Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend  Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous 
Sophia Magdalena was known to be popular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, while Louisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats  The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, and officially demonstrated their support  Sophia Magdalena was advised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters from the Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, the Queen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queen encouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home  This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship  In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile the couple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriage remained unconsummated After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden  The following year, on 29 May, Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen 

Early reign as Queen
The coronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772  She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolute monarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates in the revolution of 1772  At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, who painted her as pro-Danish  Denmark was presumed to oppose the coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark 
Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herself pleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, for whom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat  The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and the sympathies were on her side  In the contemporary paper Dagligt Allehanda, a fable was presented about Rävinnan och Turturduvan ("The She Fox and the Turtle Dove")  The fable was about the innocent turtle dove (Sophia Magdalena) who was slandered by the wicked she fox (Louisa Ulrika), who was supported by the second she fox (Anna Maria Hjärne) and the other foxes (the nobility)  The fable was believed to have been sent from the Caps party Queen Sophia Magdalena was of a shy and reserved character, and was never a member of the King's inner circle  At the famous amateur court theater of Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena is occasionally named as participator in the documents  In 1777, for example, she dressed as an Italian sailor and participated in a battle between Italian and Spanish sailors  Usually it was rather her role to act as the passive lady of games and tournaments, and to decorate the winner with the award  She did her ceremonial duties, but disliked the vivid lifestyle of the court around her outgoing spouse As queen, she was expected to do a great deal of representation – more than what had been expected from previous queens due to her husband's adoration of representation  On formal occasions, she was at her best: she performed beautifully according to royal court etiquette, and was seen as dignified and impressive  For instance, on 17 September 1784, she cut the cord to let off the first air balloons from the Stockholm observatory  During the King's Italian journey in 1783–84, she hosted a grand formal public dinner every two weeks  During that time, she appeared at the Royal Swedish Opera and at the French Theater, but otherwise preferred her solitude  This attracted attention as during the absence of the King she had been expected to represent the royal couple all the more 
Sophia appeared to have enjoyed nature trips in the country side with only one lady-in-waiting and two footmen, however, her country side visitations were stopped because it was deemed 'unsuitable'  Several of her ladies-in-waiting were well known Swedish women of the era, among them The Three Graces: Augusta von Fersen, Ulla von Höpken and Lovisa Meijerfelt, as well as Marianne Ehrenström and Charlotta Cedercreutz, who were known artists 
Sophia Magdalena was a popular Queen: on 22 July 1788, for example, during the absence of her spouse in Finland, several members of the Royal Dramatic Theater and the musical society Augustibröder, among them Bellman, took a spontaneous trip by boat from the capital to Ulriksdal Palace, where she was, and performed a poem by Bellman to her honor at the occasion of her name day 
In the famous diary of her sister-in-law, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, Sophia Magdalena is described as beautiful, cold, silent and haughty, very polite and formal, reserved and unsociable  When she performed her duties as Queen, her sister-in-law, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, described her as "Forced to meet people" Sophia Magdalena preferred to spend her days in solitude whenever she could  She had two very intimate friends, Maria Aurora Uggla and Baroness Virginia Charlotta Manderström, but otherwise rarely participated in any social life outside of what was absolutely necessary to perform her representational  duties  She frequently visited the theater, and she also had a great interest for fashion  As a result of this, she was somewhat criticized for being too vain: even when she had no representational duties to dress up for and spend her days alone in her rooms, she is said to have changed costumes several times daily, and according her chamberlain Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, she never passed a mirror without studying herself in it  She was also interested in literature, and educated herself in various subjects: her library contained works about geography, genealogy and history  She educated herself in Swedish, English, German and Italian, and regularly read French magazines  According to Augusta von Fersen, Sophia Magdalena was quite educated, but she was not perceived as such because she rarely engaged in conversation In 1784, after the King had returned from his trip to Italy and France, the relationship between the King and Queen soured  At this time, Gustav III spent more and more time with male favorites  In 1786, this came to an open conflict  The King had taken to spend more time at intimate evenings with his favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, from which he excluded her company  When he gave some of her rooms at the Royal Palace to Armfelt, Sophia Magdalena refused to participate in any representation until the rooms were given back to her, and she also banned her ladies-in-waiting from accepting his invitations without her permission 
In 1787, she threatened him with asking for the support of the parliament against him if he took their son with him to Finland, which she opposed, and the year after, she successfully prevented him from doing so  She also reprimanded him from allowing his male favorites to slander her before him 
Queen Sophia Magdalena was never involved in politics, except for one on one occasion  In August 1788, during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the King gave her the task to enter in negotiations with Denmark to prevent a declaration of war from Denmark during the ongoing war against Russia  He asked her to call upon the Danish ambassador Reventlow and give him a letter to be read in the Danish royal council before her brother, the Danish King  He gave her the freedom to write as she wished, but to use the argument that she spoke as a sister and mother to a son with the right to the Danish throne and upon her own initiative 
Sophia Magdalena called upon the Danish ambassador, held a speech to him followed by a long conversation and then handed him a letter written as a "warm appeal" to her brother  A copy was sent to Gustav III, and her letter was read in the royal Danish council, where it reportedly made a good impression  However, her mission was still unsuccessful, as the Russo-Danish alliance made it unavoidable for Denmark to declare war shortly afterward  At the time, there was a note that she met two Russian prisoners of war in the park of the Haga Palace, and gave them 100 kronor each 

At the parliament of 1789 Gustav III united the other estates against the nobility and to gain support for the war and for his constitutional reform  Coming into conflict with the nobility, he had many of its representatives imprisoned  This act led to a social boycott of the monarch by the female members of the aristocracy, who followed the example of Jeanna von Lantingshausen as well as the King's sister and sister-in-law, Sophie Albertine of Sweden and Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte  The Queen did not participate in this political demonstration and refused to allow any talk of politics in her presence  She was nevertheless involved in the conflict  When the King informed his son about the event, he discovered the child to be already informed in other ways than what he had intended  He suspected Sophia Magdalena to be responsible, and asked the governor of the prince, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, to speak to her  Gyldenstolpe, however, sent one of the king's favorites, Baron Erik Boye  The Queen, who despised the favorites of the King, furiously told Boye that she spoke to her son how she wished and that only her contempt for him prevented her from having him thrown out of the window  She was known to dislike the reforms of 1789, and she did let it be known to its representatives  At the celebrations of the Victory at Fredrikshamn in 1790, she refused to be escorted by riksråd Count Joakim Beck-Friis, who was in favor of the reform, and demanded to be escorted by Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, who was in opposition to it 
In the autumn of 1790, the King chose to remain in the summer residence of Drottningholm Palace well in to the autumn because of the social boycott  Finally, the Queen returned to the capital without his consent  He accused her of having been manipulated by the female courtiers into participating in the political demonstration, and refusing him the company of her ladies-in-waiting by leaving  This applied especially to Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie and Augusta von Fersen, who did not participate in the boycott: he suspected Hedvig Eleonora von Fersen to have persuaded the Queen to participate in the boycott  This is however is not considered to have been true: though the Queen did oppose to the act of 1789, she is reported never to have allowed any one to speak of politics in her presence  The reason to why she wished to leave was reportedly due to her health, as Drottningholm was quite cold by that time of the year and she had been afflicted by an ear infection  The King did in any case suspect her of being in political opposition to him, and before his trip to Aachen in 1791, he ordered that his son was to be separated from her during his absence abroad  When she was made aware of this, Sophia Magdalena caused a public scene when she visited him in his box at the opera and demanded to be given access to her son  This led to a heated argument and she left the box with the words: "I will have my vengeance, monsieur! I give you my sacred vow on that!"

Succession issues
Sophia Magdalena is mostly known in Swedish history for the scandal created around the consummation of her marriage and the questioned legitimacy of her son  Her marriage was a then normal arranged royal match for political convenience, in which Sophia Magdalena at first was described by her spouse as "cold as ice"  Sophia Magdalena's religious upbringing and introverted character made her avoid the lively and spontaneous Gustavian court life, which made her even less attractive in the eyes of her outgoing spouse Their marriage was not consummated until 1775, nine years after the wedding  The status quo between Gustav III and his consort was nurtured by the Queen Dowager, Louisa Ulrika, who did not want competition in her influence over her son  There were rumors that the King was a homosexual or sexually underdeveloped  His sexuality, which had much effect on Sophia Magdalena's life, as a royal marriage was designed to produce offspring, has been much debated  His sexual inexperience has been blamed on immaturity or him also being asexual 
As a teenager, Gustav had a crush on Axel von Fersen's mother, Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, though this affection was never physical  In 1768, he had another infatuation with the noble Charlotte Du Rietz, but this is not believed to have been sexually consummated either  Various documents written during his lifetime alleged that he was bisexual or homosexual 
His sister-in-law, Princess Charlotte, claims that the King did participate in homosexual activity after his trip to Italy in 1784 and that there were several rumors about this: she claims that she herself had witnessed that the park at Drottningholm Palace had become a place where male courtiers searched for homosexual partners, and in a letter to Sophie von Fersen, she writes in code: 

"It is said that the King recently attacked a young man in the park at night and offered him the post of chamberlain to the Queen if he agreed to his lusts, but the young man preferred to leave  Agree that this is to take things too far  It is said that the trips to Svartsjö Palace are made to be provide privacy, it is unbelievable, but it is what it is said  I could tell you a million things about this "
In 1791, Sophia Magdalena herself paid a surprise visit to the King during his stay at the Gustav III's Pavilion, where the King had spent more time since he came in conflict with the nobility after the 1789 parliament; and where he was reputed to indulge in orgies  She found the King in bed, and he asked one of his favorites, Count Fabian Wrede, to show her around  In the King's private chamber, however, the Queen found the actor and page of the King, Lars Hjortsberg, sleeping, naked  The Queen reacted by interrupting the tour by saying to Wrede that he apparently did not know his way around Haga, as he had obviously showed her the chamber of the staff rather than the King by mistake Some sources explain that both the Queen and the King had serious anatomical problems resulting in erotic complications  Erik Lönnroth has concluded that there is no factual proof for the rumors that Gustav III was inclined toward homosexuality or bisexuality, nor that Gustav Adolf was illegitimate 
During the Coup of Gustav III on 19 August 1772, Sophia Magdalena was at Ekolsund Castle  After having been told of the successful coup where her consort had reinstated absolute monarchy, she confided to her Mistress of the Robes, Countess Anna Maria Hjärne, that she was afraid that she would now be divorced by Gustav, because she knew she was not liked by him, because she had not given birth, and because she knew she was being slandered before him  Gustav III was told of this and her words led to a conflict  At a following ball at Ekolsund, the King told Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, that he did plan to divorce her on the grounds of pro-Danish plots and adultery with riksråd Count Fredrik Sparre and Marcus Gerhard Rosencrone of the Danish legation in Stockholm  Von Fersen, however, convinced him not to by saying that she should not be regarded to participate in pro-Danish plots just for her love of her Danish chamber-maids, and that as a neglected wife, she should not be blamed for enjoying the compliments of Count Ribbing, which were not grounds for suspicions of adultery  During this period, it had been noted that Count Ribbing was often seen in the company of the Queen and had paid her compliments and made her laugh, among other things by caricaturing her Mistress of the Robes Countess Anna Maria Hjärne  Countess Hjärne had informed the King that the Queen was pregnant, "And the riksråd Ribbing is her favorite "The King had given Countess Ulrica Catharina Stromberg the task to investigate this, and she was told by the chamber madame of Sophia Magdalena, Charlotta Hellman, that: "information, which where dubious, especially since the clearest evidence could be gathered from the linen of the Queen"  Her contact with Rosencrone is said to have been restricted to the fact that he handled her correspondence with Denmark  After the reconciliation of Sophia Magdalena and Gustav III, he apologized to her for having believed these rumors 
In 1774, the King arranged the marriage between his brother, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, and Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, to solve, for the time being, the immediate question of an heir to the throne  The Duchess had false pregnancies and miscarriages only, which may have hastened the King to expedite the consummation of his own marriage and produce a son of his own 
In 1778, Sophia Magdalena gave birth to Gustav Adolf, successor to the throne, and in 1782, she gave birth to a second son, Charles Gustav, who only lived for one year  It was suggested in some circles that King Gustav's first son was sired by someone else  When the heir was born, the father was believed, by the Queen Dowager among others, to be Count Adolf Fredrik Munck af Fulkila, then Riksstallmästare  This rumor was believed by elements of the public and the royal court, and her acquiescence to it led to a year-long break between the Queen Dowager and her son 

Succession scandal
The King, claiming to be sexually inexperienced, called upon Munck to help him with a reconciliation with his spouse, instruct the couple in the ways of sexual intercourse, and physically show them how to consummate their marriage  Munck, a Finnish nobleman and, at the time, a stable master was, at that point, the lover of Anna Sofia Ramström, the Queen's chamber maid  Through Anna Sofia Ramström, Munck contacted Ingrid Maria Wenner, who was assigned to inform the queen of the king's wish, because she was married and the confidant of the queen  Munck and Ramström were to be present in a room close to the bedchamber, ready to be of assistance when needed, and he was, at some points, called into the bedchamber  Munck himself writes in his written account, which is preserved at the National Archives of Sweden, that to succeed, he was obliged to touch them both physically When it became known that Munck participated in the reconciliation between the royal couple, there were rumours that he was the father of Sophia Magdalena's firstborn These became the subject of accusations from the political opposition, as late as in 1786 and 1789,: 132  where it was claimed that the whole nation was aware of the rumour that the King had asked Munck to make the Queen pregnant : 118  Pamphlets to that end were posted on street corners all over Stockholm : 143 This was also caricatured by Carl August Ehrensvärd in private letters discovered later – his drawing was published in 1987 —, where he passed on a number of rumors and jokes about Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena and Munck without inferring that he believed they were true  There was also a rumour that the King and Queen had divorced in secret and that the Queen had married Munck There is no proof that Munck was the father of the crown prince  Erik Lönnroth has suggested that the anatomical problems mentioned in Munck's account, known only to a few initiated persons, were the primary factor in their delay in producing an heir  At the time, the rumors became more persistent, however, when the royal couple presented Munck with gifts: the King promoted him, and the Queen gave Munck a pension, a diamond ring, and a watch with her image A few socialites took the Queen Mother's side in supporting and spreading the rumors, such as Anna Charlotta Schröderheim and Eva Helena Löwen The circle around the King's brother, Duke Charles, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, who desired the throne, also encouraged these rumors  Their mother was quoted as saying, during the pregnancy of Sophia Magdalena, that there were rumors among the public that the future child was illegitimate, and that she herself believed that the King had hired Munck to impregnate the Queen, and that she would never accept that the throne would come into the hands of "a common nobleman's illegitimate offspring" : 103–4 The Queen Mother ordered Duke Charles to interrogate Munck, and word spread to the King, who was shocked  Sophia Magdalena was equally shocked by the accusations  She swore she would never speak to the Queen Dowager again, and indeed she never did 
The King arranged for his mother to make a public apology for her accusation in the presence of the rest of the Royal Family the 12 May 1778  The scene gained a lot of attention and broke the bonds between Gustav III and his mother  The scandal disturbed celebrations, as did an accident with the public banquet  The public was invited to a great feast to celebrate the birth of the heir, but too many people were let in, and the crowd panicked  Between sixty and one hundred people were trampled to death in the crowd 
Sven Anders Hedin, a medical doctor at the royal court, and married to one of the Queen's chambermaids, Charlotta Hellman, contributed two statements which have been quoted in connection with the scandal  In the summer of 1780, during the King's absence abroad, he passed through the private apartments of the Queen, which were expected to be empty at that hour  There, he claimed to have seen the Queen and Baron Munck embracing each other through the not-quite closed door to her bedroom   To warn them that they were not alone, he hummed a tune and pretended to speak to himself, saying that he would be in trouble if the Queen discovered him there, and then left the room  He claimed to have found three expensive court costumes in his room a few days after this event  In October 1781, Hedin met the King in the corridor on his way to the Queen's bedchamber  Gustav III asked Hedin what time it was, and Hedin claims to have added to his reply: "In nine months, I will be able to answer exactly!" in which Hedin insinuated that the King had expected him to remember the time should the fatherhood of the next child be questioned 
In 1782, Sophia Magdalena had a second son  After the death of her younger son in 1783, her marriage deteriorated  In May 1784, Sophia Magdalena is believed to have had a miscarriage, and after this, there are no further notes of any pregnancies  A brief reconciliation in 1787 was deemed by Duchess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte in her diaries as temporary, with no hope of being complete and lasting,: 191  as the King was not "receptive to female charm": another insinuation that he was homosexual 
In 1787, Sophia Magdalena deposited a sum of 50 000 riksdaler in an account for Munck, which was generally rumoured to be a "farewell gift" : 156–7   At this point, Munck had started an affair with the ballerina Giovanna Bassi, to whom Sophia Magdalena showed great dislike : 157   The King was terrified when he heard that the Queen had made that deposit, and he tried to prevent the transaction from becoming public knowledge, which, however, did not succeed : 157  Munck was, however, continued to be used as a go-between and a messenger between the King and the Queen, especially during conflicts 
A child of Giovanna Bassi's, rumored to be the child of Munck, bore a strong likeness to the Crown Prince 

Queen Dowager
On 16 March 1792 Gustav III was attacked and mortally wounded  Sophia Magdalena was reportedly shocked and horrified by the attack  The conspirators intended to make her the regent of her son during his minority : 443  As a Guardian government had been necessary by putting a minor monarch on the throne, their plan was to offer this role to Sophia Magdalena by taking military control and offering the Queen dowager the role of presiding over the guardian council instead of her brother-in-law Duke Charles  Directly after she was told of the attack, Sophia Magdalena sent for the king's favorite, Gustav Mauritz Armfelt, and was taken by him to the sick bed of the King  There, she took the hands of the King between hers and cried out to Armfelt: "How horrifying! Such a cruel atrocity!" She was kept informed of his state by Armfelt, but she was prevented from further visits because Gustav did not wish to receive visits from women because of the smell from his wounds  At the death of Gustav III 29 March 1792, she attempted to visit him, but she was blocked by her brother-in-law Duke Charles, who fell on his knees before her to stop her from entering the bed room 
Sophia Magdalena caused a scandal as it was noted that she did not dress in mourning except when she was forced to do so at visits and on formal occasions : 442   This criticism was likely worsened because she was exposed to some suspicions, as it was known that the conspirators had planned to make her regent 
As Queen Dowager, it was a relief to Sophia Magdalena to withdraw from public life  Her brother-in-law, Duke Charles, became regent, and she eschewed a political role  As a widow, Sophia Magdalena lived a withdrawn life  She did not wish to take part in any representational duties, and she gave up her quarters at Drottningholm Palace to be relieved of them  She lived in the Royal Palace in Stockholm during the winter, and at Ulriksdal Palace during the summer  She lived in a circle of her own court, and seldom entertained any guests other than her lifelong friends Maria Aurora Uggla and Virginia Manderström  It is noted that, although she had hated the male favorites of her spouse during his lifetime, she gave several of them positions in her court as a widow  Sophia Magdalena had a close relationship with her son, King Gustav IV Adolf, who visited her regularly and with whom she shared an interest in religion 

In 1797, she insisted on skipping the protocol at the reception of her daughter-in-law, Frederica of Baden  The etiquette demanded that as Queen Dowager, she should not greet her daughter-in-law at the stair of the royal palace with the rest of the royal family, but wait for her in her own salon, but she refused: "I know myself how I suffered, when I arrived to Sweden, and how painfully I reacted to the cold reception I was given by Queen Louisa Ulrika  As for my daughter-in-law, I have decided to spare her from having to experience such bitter emotions!" During the reign of her son, she seldom showed herself at court except on Sundays and at court presentations, and preferred to stay at her estate  She regularly met her son and his family on family visits, but she did not participate in court life 
In 1809 she witnessed the coup and following abdication of her son, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, after Sweden lost Finland to Russia  She was deeply affected by his deposition  On the day of the coup, she was informed by her friend Maria Aurora Uggla, and in her company she immediately rushed to the quarters of her son  She was prevented from seeing him by guards, and burst into tears in the arms of Uggla  Shortly after, she was visited in her quarters by Duke Charles in the company of guards, who officially told her what had happened and made her burst into tears again by officially banning her from seeing her son  When she, during the captivity of her son, formally applied for permission to see him, and was told by Charles that she could not unless given permission by the government, she publicly commented: "The government was not asked for permission for the murder of my husband, neither any permission was sought to depose and imprison my son, but I must have their permission, to speak to my child " She was never to see her son again, but she corresponded with him for the rest of her life  He was sent into exile and replaced by his paternal uncle Charles XIII, but she remained in Sweden until her death  She did, however, say goodbye to her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren when they left Stockholm to join Gustav Adolf 
In January 1810, she was presented to the elected heir to the throne, Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden  During his visit, he stopped before the portrait of her grandson Gustav, and informed her that he wished to adopt him for his successor  Later that year (2 November 1810), she was presented to the next elected heir to the throne, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte  He regarded her with suspicion and believed that she did not wish to see him, but she commented: "I am grateful for the sensitivity of the Crown prince, but he is mistaken, if he believes that I do not wish to see him! It would be unfair if I were to hold the least bit of dislike toward him, for it is not he who has deposed my son!" At the meeting, her face was said to have turned white, but at the end, she is said to have been delighted by his charm  In 1811, she was one of the few in the Swedish Court who were nice to Désirée Clary 
In September 1812, Germaine de Staël was presented to her, and gave her the impression of her: "Her Majesty analyzed my books as an educated woman, whose judgement showed as much thoroughness as well as delicate feeling  Never has any one impressed me such as your Queen! I almost dared not reply to her, so taken was I by the royal glory around her – it gave me such respect, that I shivered!" When the Crown Prince banned any contact between Swedes and the former royal family, Germaine de Staël asked that an exception was to be made for Sophia Magdalena, and it was: her letters were however read by foreign minister Lars von Engeström 

Later life and death
Sophia Magdalena lived more isolated towards the end of her life and was affected by worsened health  From 1812, she devoted much of her time to her friendship with the young amateur botanic Baron Anton Fredrik Wrangel  She never fully recovered after having suffered a stroke in May 1813 

Children
In popular culture
The affair of the consummation of her marriage and the succession scandal was portrayed in SVT's period drama production of "Gustav III:s äktenskap" (The Marriage of Gustav III) in 2001, where Sophia Magdalena was portrayed by Danish actress Iben Hjejle 
It was also used to inspire the novel Drottningens juvelsmycke, famous in Sweden, where the character of Tintomara is portrayed as a half sibling of Gustav IV Adolf through Count Munck 

Ancestry
Inline references
Bibliographic references
Alm, Mikael (2003–2006)  Sophia Magdalena  Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish)  Vol  32  Retrieved 28 April 2022 
Bech, Claus (1983)  Sophie Magdalene  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  13 (3 ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendals Forlag  ISBN 8700055514 
Jørgensen, Harald (1942)  Sophie Magdalene (PDF)  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  22 (2 ed )  Copenhagen: J H  Schultz Forlag  pp  314–315 
Laursen, Laurs (1902)  "Sophie Magdalene af Danmark"  Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish) (1st ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag  XVI: 179–180 
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeberg, 1906
Stålberg, Wilhelmina (1864), Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Notes on Swedish women] (in Swedish), Runeberg 
Munk (in Swedish), SE: Passagen, archived from the original on 9 January 2001
Personakt för Gustav III av >> Holstein-Gottorp, Född 1746-01-24 (in Swedish), NU: Historiska Personer, archived from the original on 9 November 2007, retrieved 9 November 2007
Starbäck, Carl Georg; Bäckström, Per Olof (1885–1986), "Nionde bandet  Gustaf III  Gustaf IV Adolf", Berättelser ur svenska historien [Tales from the history of Sweden] (in Swedish)
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical hand-dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeber, 1906
Andersson, Ingvar (1979)  Gustavianskt [The Gustavian age] (in Swedish)  Fletcher & Son  ISBN 91-46-13373-9 
Ribbing, Gerd, Gustav III:s hustru Sofia Magdalena [Sophia Madalena, wife of Gustav III]
Hartmann, Godfred (1993)  "Gode Dronning" – Om den svenske konge Gustaf III's dronning Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) og hendes ulykkelige skæbne ["Good Queen" – About the Swedish king Gustaf III's queen Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) and her unfortunate fate] (in Danish)  København: Gyldendal  ISBN 87-00-15758-9 

Primary sources
af Klercker, Cecilia, ed  (1942)  Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas Dagbok [The diaries of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte] (in Swedish)  Vol  IX  PA Norstedt & Söners förlag  Unknown ID 412070  on WorldCat

Further reading
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Passage 3:
Guy Newall
Guy Newall (25 May 1885 – 25 February 1937) was a British actor, screenwriter and film director  He was born on the Isle of Wight on 25 May 1885  He began his film career by acting in the 1915 film The Heart of Sister Ann  In 1920 he directed his first film, and went on to direct a further ten including The Chinese Puzzle before his death in 1937  He established a production company with George Clark whom he had met during the First World War, and they raised finance to construct a new studios at Beaconsfield Studios  Newall was married twice, to actresses Ivy Duke and Dorothy Batley 

Partial filmography
Director

The Bigamist (1921)
Fox Farm (1922)
Boy Woodburn (1922)
A Maid of the Silver Sea (1922)
The Starlit Garden (1923)
What the Butler Saw (1924)
Rodney Steps In (1931)
The Rosary (1931)
The Marriage Bond (1932)
The Chinese Puzzle (1932)
Chin Chin Chinaman (1932)
The Admiral's Secret (1934)Actor

The Heart of Sister Ann (1915)
Esther (1916)
Driven (1916)
Money for Nothing (1916)
Mother Love (1916)
Trouble for Nothing (1916)
The Manxman (1916)
Comradeship (1919)
The Garden of Resurrection (1919)
I Will (1919)
Fancy Dress (1919)
The Lure of Crooning Water (1920)
Duke's Son (1920)
The Bigamist (1921)
Boy Woodburn (1922)
A Maid of the Silver Sea (1922)
The Starlit Garden (1923)
Ghost Train (1927)
Number 17 (1928)
The Road to Fortune (1930)
The Eternal Feminine (1931)
Potiphar's Wife (1931)
The Marriage Bond (1932)
Grand Finale (1936)
Merry Comes to Town (1937)
Passage 4:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 5:
Rodney Steps In
Rodney Steps In is a 1931 British comedy film directed by Guy Newall and starring Richard Cooper, Elizabeth Allan, Walter Piers and Leo Sheffield  A carefree aristocrat becomes involved with a woman suspected of murder - and assists her in proving her innocence 
Passage 6:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 7:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 8:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 9:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 10:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen
Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (11 October 1892 – 6 January 1946) was the head of the house of Saxe-Meiningen from 1941 until his death 

Biography
He was born in Kassel the eldest son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen (1861-1914) and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1870–1948)  His father was a son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his mother a daughter of Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld  Georg studied law at the Universities of Munich and Jena Georg suspended his studies to serve in World War I and saw action as a Captain in a cavalry regiment  His uncle Bernhard III abdicated on 10 November 1918 following the German Revolution as the German monarchies were abolished  After the war he resumed his law studies and for a time served as a substitute judge for the town of Hildburghausen in the Free State of Thuringia  On 1 May 1933 he joined the Nazis, becoming NSDAP member (# 2 594 794) 
After the death of his uncle Ernst on 29 December 1941, Georg succeeded to the headship of the house of Saxe-Meiningen and assumed the title of Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and style Georg III 
Georg died in the Russian prisoner of war camp near Cherepovets (Tscherepowetz in German) in Northern Russia  His heir was his second and only surviving son Prince Frederick Alfred who renounced the succession, being a monk in 1953, allowing it to pass to his uncle Bernhard 

Marriage and children
He was married in Freiburg im Breisgau on 22 February 1919 to Countess Klara Marie von Korff genannt Schmising-Kerssenbrock (Darmstadt, 31 May 1895 - Högerhof bei Türnitz, Lower Austria, 10 February 1992)  They had four children:

Ancestry
Passage 2:
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (Gotha, 30 January 1745 – Gotha, 20 April 1804) was the reigning Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg from 1772 to 1804  He was the third but second surviving son of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen  The death of his older brother Frederick in 1756 made him the heir to the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 

Early life
Luise Dorothea was intensely worried about the training of her surviving sons, Ernest and her youngest son August, and had them educated by a select group of teachers  In 1768 and 1769, both princes went on an educational journey to the Netherlands, England and France, and Ernest met important people in politics, science and the arts 

Succession
In 1772 his father died, and Ernest inherited the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg  As a liberal and enlightened prince, he was interested in the arts and sciences and used his reign to further them  He promoted the educational system, the economy, theatre, art collections and libraries as well as the natural sciences in his duchy, which was thereby ranked in the top place of the Saxon duchies in Thuringia  Privately, he was particularly interested in astronomy and physics  He appointed competent specialists in all of these areas like the mechanic and clockmaker Johann Andreas Klindworth to whom he granted the title of court mechanic For his special interests, he employed the services of the important astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach for Gotha  With him, he established the Observatory of Gotha (Sternwarte Gotha), which developed into a European centre of astronomy  His will stated that this institution should survive as the only visible indication of his existence  It was so successful that Gotha, despite its size, was thought of as a place that important people of the time should visit  One such person was Goethe, who visited several times 

Freemasonry
From 1774 he was a Freemason in the Zinnendorf system and a member of the Gotha Lodge Zum Rautenkranz, which had been founded by Abel Seyler, Konrad Ekhof and other members of the Seyler Theatre Company in the same year  In 1775, he was appointed Grand Master of the Landesloge of Germany (Zinnendorf system)  In 1783, he became a member of the Bavarian Illuminati under the name of Quintus Severus and/or Timoleon, and in 1784, he was made Supervisor of Abessinien (a name for Upper Saxony)  In 1787, he granted Adam Weishaupt, the founder of the secret society, asylum in Gotha  He was buried wrapped in a white cloth on the park island 

Descendants
In Meiningen on 21 March 1769, Ernest married Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen, the half-first cousin of his mother  They had four sons:

Ernest (b  Gotha, 27 February 1770 – d  Gotha, 3 December 1779) 
Emil Leopold August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b  Gotha, 23 November 1772 – d  Gotha, 27 May 1822), known as Augustus 
Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b  Gotha, 28 November 1774 – d  Gotha, 11 February 1825) 
Ludwig (b  Gotha, 21 October 1777 – d  Gotha, 26 October 1777) 

Ancestors
Passage 3:
Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
August Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (Frankfurt, 19 November 1754 – Sonneberg, 21 July 1782), was a duke of Saxe-Meiningen 

Family
He was the first son of Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal 

Reign
August Friedrich succeeded his father in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (1763) when he was only eight years old  Because of this, his mother, the Dowager Duchess Charlotte Amalie, acted as regent during his minority, which ended in 1779  He was succeeded by his last younger surviving brother, Georg 

Marriage
In Gedern on 5 June 1780, Karl Wilhelm married Louise of Stolberg-Gedern  They had no children  The widowed Louise later married Duke Eugen of Württemberg and had issue 

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (Feodora Viktoria Auguste Marie Marianne; 12 May 1879 – 26 August 1945) was born at Potsdam, the only child of Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and his wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia (the eldest daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor, and Victoria, Princess Royal)  Feodora was the first great-grandchild of both Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Emperor William I of Germany 

Early life
Princess Feodora was born on 12 May 1879 as the only child of Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, and his wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia, herself the eldest daughter of German Crown Prince Frederick William and Crown Princess Victoria  The new baby was the first grandchild of the Crown Prince and Princess, and through her mother was also the first great-grandchild of the British Queen Victoria Charlotte, who loved to socialize, had hated being pregnant, believing that it limited her activities  Preferring to return to enjoying social life in Berlin, she declared after Feodora's birth that she would have no further children, dismaying her mother, Crown Princess Victoria  It was unusual to be an only child in European royal families, and Feodora likely endured a lonely childhood  Charlotte loved to travel, and often left her daughter with Vicky at Friedrichshof, whom she viewed as the source of a convenient nursery  The Crown Princess, for her part, loved having the chance to spend time with her eldest granddaughter  Describing Feodora on one visit, she wrote that "she is really a good little child, & far easier to manage than her Mama" Victoria, who became German empress in 1888, perceived a deficit in Feodora's upbringing and gradually became concerned about the girl's physical appearance and mental development, describing the thirteen-year-old as possessing "sharp pinched features" and an unusually short stature  Feodora also cared little for her studies, preferring instead to discuss fashion  Her grandmother, who placed a high value on education, blamed insufficient parental guidance for the girl's lack of studiousness, commenting that the "atmosphere of her home is not the best for a child of her age    With Charlotte for an example, what else can one expect    Her parents are rarely ever at home or together    She hardly knows what home life is!"Queen Victoria was fond of her eldest great-grandchild  In June 1887, the young Feodora and her parents attended the queen's  Golden Jubilee in London  While her parents stayed at Buckingham Palace, Feodora stayed with her young cousin Princess Alice of Battenberg at the home of the Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch at Whitehall, allowing the girls to watch the royal procession as it made its way to Westminster Abbey  Queen Victoria described her as "sweet little Feo, who is so good and I think grown quite pretty  We were delighted to have her and I think the dear child has enjoyed herself "

Marriage
As Feodora grew older, her marriage began to be a consideration  The exiled Prince Peter Karađorđević, thirty-six years older than Feodora, proposed himself as a suitor, though this was likely a bid to gain support for succeeding to the Serbian throne  Charlotte declared that "for such a throne Feodora is far too good"  Her mother's maternal first cousin Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the only son of Charlotte's friend (and Feodora's maternal grandaunt) the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was also considered Several months after returning from Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in June 1897, Feodora became engaged to Prince Heinrich XXX Reuss of Köstritz (1864-1939), with the betrothal announced in early October  Born in Castle Neuhoff, he was the youngest son of Prince Heinrich IX Reuss of Köstritz (1827-1898) and Baroness Anne Marie Wilhelmine Helene of Zedlitz und Leipe (1829-1907)  Henry's father died in early 1898, forcing a temporary postponement of the marriage  Rumours that the marriage had been cancelled proved to be untrue, and they married at Breslau on 24 September 1898 in  a Lutheran ceremony  Princess Feodora was the only great-grandchild of Queen Victoria and only grandchild of German Empress Victoria to be married in their lifetimes; she married in 1898 and both the Queen and the German Empress died in 1901 
Prince Henry was a captain in the Brunswick Infantry Regiment No  92, though not particularly wealthy or high-ranked  Feodora's grandmother Empress Victoria was surprised at the choice of groom, particularly his lack of position, but observed that the bride at least seemed happy  Of the fifteen-year age gap, Victoria commented, "I am very glad he is older than she is, and if he is wise and steady and firm, he may do her a vast deal of good, and it may turn out very well, but she has had a strange example in her mother, and is a strange little creature " The historian John Van der Kiste writes that Feodora was "evidently besotted" with her new husband, and she likely also sought marriage as an escape from her "irksome home life" Once returned from their honeymoon, Henry spent much of his time on duty with his regiment, while Feodora joined a reading group and attended the opera and theatre in Berlin  Feodora also often accompanied her husband during his military assignments, travelling throughout Germany 

Last years
Feodora suffered most of her adult life from ill health, describing it as "the old story" of her life  Like her mother and maternal grandmother, and maternal great grandmother Feodora's illnesses included dizziness, insomnia, nausea, various pains, paralysis, constipation, and diarrhoea  She underwent several operations to treat her illnesses and alleviate her infertility, each without success Feodora visited Windsor Castle in 1900, which would be the last time she saw her great-grandmother before Queen Victoria's death the following year  Henry attended her funeral, but ill health kept Feodora from attending  Feodora blamed malaria for her condition, though Charlotte told family members that Henry had given his wife a venereal disease, an allegation Feodora furiously denied  Charlotte asked her daughter to get tested by Charlotte's personal physician; when Feodora refused, it confirmed to Charlotte that her beliefs were correct  In reaction, Feodora refused to enter her mother's house and complained to family members of Charlotte's "incredible" actions In 1903, the couple moved to Flensburg upon Henry being transferred, where they lived in a small house  Feodora found that the region's mild climate had a positive impact on her health  To further improve it and increase the probability of becoming pregnant, she took pills of arsenic and thorium  Her poor health recurred, however, and she again began suffering from toothache and migraines  In October 1904, a serious illness was blamed on influenza  Her further efforts to conceive included numerous visits to private clinics through the years, which often led to painful surgeries and procedures 

Two World Wars
With the outbreak of World War I, Henry was dispatched to the Western Front, while his wife opened a small hospital to treat wounded soldiers  By this stage, relations between him and his wife had deteriorated; Henry believed Feodora enjoyed complaining about being sick and seeing doctors  He wrote that her illness "consists mainly in complete lack of energy and mental apathy", and complained that "she grossly exaggerates her illnesses and causes me and others quite unnecessary anxiety"  Henry died in 1939 
After the war concluded with Germany's defeat, Feodora's father's rule over the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was ended  Her post-war life is mostly unknown, and records of her subsequent medical history have mainly been lost  She spent her final years at the Sanatorium Buchwald-Hohenwiese, near Hirschberg, Silesia, in what is now southwestern Poland  She died by suicide on 26 August 1945, dying shortly after World War II ended  In describing Feodora's life, the historian John Van der Kiste writes that "the princess who had so desperately wanted children of her own had instead continued to battle with constant physical ailments, insomnia and severe depression, and endured many years of ill-health similar to that of her mother" 

Medical analysis
In the 1990s, the historian John Röhl and his colleagues Martin Warren and David Hunt found Feodora's grave in Poland, exhuming the body for DNA analysis in the belief that it would reveal signs of the genetic disease porphyria however, it was proved inconclusive
Context 3: Passage 1:
Winter Sleepers
Winter Sleepers (German: Winterschläfer meaning "hibernators") is a 1997 German film directed by Tom Tykwer  It was premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival 

Plot
The film is set in the deeply snowy alpine winter resort of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria; the story begins shortly after Christmas Day, with five people returning, not all of whom are connected 
Laura, a surgical nurse, and Rebecca, a translator, live together in the house that Laura inherited from her great aunt  René is a projectionist in a cinema  Marco, Rebecca's boyfriend, is a skiing instructor who drives an expensive Alfa Romeo  Theo is a middle-aged farmer who lives with his wife Edith, their daughter, and two sons on a poor farm nearby 
When Marco arrives, he is greeted passionately by Rebecca, and tugged into the house  He leaves his car open outside, with the key still in the ignition  It is the early morning, and René, walking drunkenly home, passes the house, taking pictures, among other things, of Rebecca and Marco having sex inside  Finally, he climbs into the car and drives away  Theo, meanwhile, is taking his horse to the veterinarian, but doesn't let his daughter come with him  He doesn't notice when she sneaks into the horse trailer with the animal  Theo, distracted by his sons calling him on a walkie-talkie and driving on the wrong side of the road, almost collides with René  The Alfa Romeo crashes off the road and into a snowdrift and Rene is not hurt; however, the horse trailer is flipped over and the girl and horse badly injured  Theo is dazed, but René, rather than helping, takes a photo of him, and as he walks off, Theo is stricken by a strange snake-like scar on the back of René's head   When Theo is helped out of his truck by a passing driver, he shoots the injured horse on the spot and takes his daughter to the hospital where Laura works 
There, Laura hears Theo becoming obsessed with finding the man who caused the accident, to prove his own innocence: no-one believes that there was another car, because it is buried under snow  All he remembers was the shape of René's scar  The young girl is operated-on and is in a coma, between life and death 
Meanwhile, Marco reports the car theft to the police and becomes exasperated by their lack of progress, claiming they aren't taking the theft seriously  Rebecca is becoming discontent with her relationship with him; she sees him as taking her for granted, jealous without cause, and lacking ambition  Outside of their passionate sex life, they argue constantly  Laura befriends René after a play in which she was performing; he gives her a free pass for the cinema where he works, and eventually he shows her his photos, which he keeps in an album with numbers and dates  The reason he takes them is his short-term memory problems which were caused by a head injury while serving in the Army; without photos he would have no way of remembering places or people 
Theo and Edith have to shut the farm down because of debt and move to a smaller place near the resort  Theo draws a picture of the shape he remembers, copies it and sticks them up around town, appealing for anyone to come forward if they recognize the scar on the back of the head (like that of René)  But Edith takes down all his posters, believing he is only trying to escape his own guilt and explaining that she's ashamed 
Marco has started an affair with Nina, a young student from the skiing class he teaches  He invites her to his boss's house one evening while his boss is out of town, pretending it is his  Later, he has to go to the hospital after burning himself on the coffee machine and is treated by Laura  While he is there, Theo's daughter dies 
Theo, investigating the site of the car crash again, finds the buried car and comes across documents showing Marco to be the owner  Theo goes to Marco's workplace (the ski area) and is told Marco is skiing in the mountains, with Nina  They become separated in fog, and Nina injures herself by falling off a ledge and onto a tree  After falling out of the tree, Nina staggers to Theo's new residence and is tended to by Edith   Desperately trying to find Nina, Marco meets Theo on the mountainside where Theo sets his dog onto Marco   When Marco demands to know what's happening, Theo explains only "You killed her "  Not knowing about Theo's daughter, Marco starts to panic about losing Nina   After injuring Theo's aggressive German shepherd, Marco manages to ski hurriedly away before going over the edge of a cliff, and he falls, seemingly forever, into a crevasse in the valley, to his death 
In another coincidence, Rebecca and the injured Nina depart on the same train, but don't know each other  The film ends with the birth of René and Laura's child 

Production
The film is based on the novel Expense of Spirit by Anne-Françoise Pyszora;  however, this original story does not contain the character of Theo, and takes place in summer: Tykwer felt the film would be more attractive in a snowy winter setting  The story of the two couples is faithful to the novel The soundtrack album was released on 3 November 1997 on Ariola Records/BMG  It contains the songs "Untitled #1" by Spain and Fratres by Arvo Pärt  The CD is no longer in print 
Passage 2:
Dino Risi
Dino Risi (23 December 1916 – 7 June 2008) was an Italian film director  With Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola, he was one of the masters of commedia all'italiana 

Biography
Risi was born in Milan  He had an older brother, Fernando, a cinematographer, and a younger brother, Nelo (1920–2015), a director and writer  At the age of twelve, Risi became an orphan and was looked after by relatives and friends of his family  He studied medicine but refused to become a psychiatrist, as his parents wishedRisi started his career in cinema as an assistant director to cinema figures such as Mario Soldati and Alberto Lattuada  Later he began directing his own films and was credited with giving early opportunities to future acting stars such as Sophia Loren and Vittorio Gassman  His 1966 film Treasure of San Gennaro was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize His biggest hits were Poor, But Handsome (Poveri ma belli), followed by two sequels, which he also directed; A Difficult Life (Una vita difficile); The Easy Life (Il sorpasso); Opiate '67 or, in a cut version, 15 From Rome (I Mostri); and Scent of a Woman (Profumo di Donna), which was remade by Martin Brest starring Al Pacino in 1992 In 2002, he was awarded the Golden Lion – Honorary Award (Leone d'oro alla carriera) at the Venice Film Festival for his life-time work  Two of his films, Il giovedì and Il commissario Lo Gatto, were shown in a retrospective section on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival He died on 7 June 2008 at his residence in Rome  He was 91 and was survived by two children, Claudio Risi (1948–2020) and Marco Risi (1951), both film directors 

Filmography
Passage 3:
Pretty But Poor
Belle ma povere (internationally released as Pretty But Poor) is a 1957 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi  It is the sequel of Poveri ma belli and was followed by Poveri milionari 

Plot
Romolo and Salvatore are two Roman boys, engaged respectively to Annamaria and Marisa, Salvatore's first sister and Romulus's second  The two girls would like to get married soon, but the two engaged couples have neither a steady job nor the intention of putting their heads straight: then they unwillingly decide to follow a radio engineering course in an evening school where however Romulus is committed while Salvatore quickly abandons them  Education 
The two are great friends but they quarrel when Giovanna, an old flame of both of them, returns  She is the latter after leaving her beloved Hugh she works in the jewelry of her boyfriend Franco  Romulus thinks that Salvatore is not suitable to marry his sister, and Salvatore thinks the same of Romulus and his sister, and as long as they are both idle the marriage for both will not take place 
But Annamaria and Marisa suffer even more  Marisa, understood that Salvatore will never have a steady job, decides to go to work as a clerk in a shoe shop where she meets a charming young man who courts her  Salvatore, fearing to lose Marisa, decides to become a thief  Meanwhile Romulus, to open his radio shop, borrows money from Giovanna's boyfriend who, to make her partner jealous and lead him to the wedding, again feigns interest in Romulus, arousing Annamaria's jealousy



ground_truth: Ivy Duke

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What nationality is Princess Charlotte Of Saxe-Meiningen's husband?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (German: Marie Charlotte Amalie Ernestine Wilhelmine Philippine, Prinzessin von Sachsen-Meiningen) (11 September 1751, Frankfurt am Main, Free Imperial City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire – 25 April 1827, Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia) was a member of the House of Saxe-Meiningen and a Princess of Saxe-Meiningen by birth and a member of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Duchess consort of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg through her marriage to Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 

Early life and family
Princess Charlotte was born on 
11 September 1751  She was the eldest child and daughter of Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his second wife, Landgravine Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal  Charlotte was an elder sister of Charles William, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen 

Marriage
Charlotte married Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (later Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg), son of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and his wife Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen, on 21 March 1769 in Meiningen  Charlotte and Ernest had four children:

Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b  Gotha, 27 February 1770 – d  Gotha, 3 December 1779) 
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b  Gotha, 23 November 1772 – d  Gotha, 27 May 1822)
Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b  Gotha, 28 November 1774 – d  Gotha, 11 February 1825) 
Prince Ludwig of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b  Gotha, 21 October 1777 – d  Gotha, 26 October 1777) Charlotte's husband, Ernest, was regarded as an enlightened monarch and a great patron of art and science, who led his country into a cultural flowering  He was assisted in his cultural undertakings by his wife, Charlotte 
Like her husband, Charlotte was a patron of astronomy  She counted relief panels for the court astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach and she also participated in observations  Charlotte also participated in the First European Astronomy Congress in 1798 at the Seeberg Observatory and independently corresponded with the leading astronomers of her time 

Later life
After her husband's death in 1804, there were difficulties with Charlotte's son, Augustus, upon his succession  Charlotte left Gotha with Zach and spent some time in Eisenberg  Later she traveled with Zach throughout southern Europe and lived several years in Marseilles, and later in Genoa, where she died in 1827 

Ancestry
Passage 6:
Bernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen
Bernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (German: Bernhard, Prinz von Sachsen-Meiningen; 30 June 1901 – 4 October 1984) was the head of the House of Saxe-Meiningen from 1946 until his death 

Prince of Saxe-Meiningen
Bernhard was born in Köln the third son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld  His father was the second son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his mother a daughter of Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld 
After the death of his older brother Prince Georg in 1946 his nephew Prince Frederick Alfred renounced his succession rights and so Bernhard succeeded to the headship of the house of Saxe-Meiningen and the nominal title of Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (as Bernhard IV) 
As his first marriage was morganatic his second son Prince Frederick Konrad succeeded him as head of the ducal house following his death in Bad Krozingen 
Bernhard and his first wife were declared guilty of a Nazi conspiracy against Austria in 1933; he was sentenced to six weeks in prison, while she was placed under house arrest  After intervention of the German envoy, he was released from prison, upon which they escaped to Italy  Three weeks later he was arrested while trying to return to his castle of Pitzelstaetten

Family
Bernhard was married morganatically to Margot Grössler (1911–1998), a merchant's daughter from Breslau (today: Wrocław) in Eichenhof im Riesengebirge on 25 April 1931  This union ended in divorce on 10 June 1947  They had two children, both of whom had no succession rights:

Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (27 April 1932) she married Burkhard Kippenberg on 6 April 1967  They have one son:
Walter Johannes Kippenberg (27 January 1968)
Prince Frederick Ernest of Saxe-Meiningen  (21 January 1935 – 13 July 2004) he married Ehrengard von Massow on 3 March 1962  He remarried Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on 12 June 1977  They have two children and one grandson:
Princess Marie Alexandra of Saxe-Meiningen (5 July 1978) married Benno Beat Christian Wiedmer on 27 July 2004 
Prince Friedrich Constantin of Saxe-Meiningen (3 June 1980) He has one son with Sophia Lupus:
Michael of Saxe-Meiningen (July 2015)Bernhard married secondly in Ziegenberg über Bad Nauheim on 11 August 1948 to Baroness Vera Schäffer von Bernstein (1914–1994)  They had three children, whose son Konrad with full rights to the succession to the house of Saxe-Meiningen:

Princess Eleonore Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen (9 November 1950) she married Peter Eric Rosden on 22 October 1982 
Prince Frederick Konrad of Saxe-Meiningen (14 April 1952)
Princess Almut of Saxe-Meiningen (25 September 1959) she married Eberhard von Braunschweig on 16 October 1993  They have two children:
Marie Cecilie von Braunschweig (4 August 1994)
Julius-Alexander von Braunschweig (20 October 1996)

Ancestry
Passage 7:
Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (23 September 1853 – 22 February 1923) was the only daughter of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia  She was notable as a musician and composer  One of her most famous works is Romanze in F major for clarinet and piano 

Early life
Princess Marie Elisabeth was born on 23 September 1853 in Potsdam  She was the third child and only daughter of Georg, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia, and had one surviving brother, Hereditary Prince Bernhard  Her parents' marriage was very happy, as it was the rare instance of a love match rather than a marriage of state  In 1855, tragedy struck with the death of their younger infant brother; Charlotte died three months later of complications after childbirth of a baby son, two months earlier  This youngest brother died, one day old  Georg was inconsolable, but remarried several years later to Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in order to provide a mother for his remaining young children  Marie Elisabeth's father succeeded as Duke Georg II of Saxe-Meiningen in 1866  His second marriage was unhappy; it produced three younger brothers (Ernst, Friedrich, and Viktor) for Marie Elisabeth before Feodora's death in 1872 Marie Elisabeth's father participated in the Franco-Prussian War, where he fought in nearly every battle  After the war, Georg II devoted himself to the stage, and his court became famous for its brilliance and culture  A year after Feodora's death, Georg II married for a third and last time to Ellen Franz, a stage actress  A happy marriage, together they founded the Meiningen Ensemble, which became the centre for dramatic art in Germany 

Music
As her father was a great patron of the stage and the founder of a national theater, Marie Elisabeth was raised in this environment, consequently becoming artistic and a great lover of music like her parents  She received a thorough education under the tutelage of Theodor Kirchner, a talented pianist  Her father was a great patron of German composer and pianist Johannes Brahms, who worked as a music teacher in Meiningen for various pupils, including Marie Elisabeth, whom he gave piano lessons to  In addition to Brahms, Marie Elisabeth was in close contact with other famous musicians, such as Richard Strauss, Franz Mannstädt, and Hans von Bülow 
Marie Elisabeth was a student of the Conservatorium; she and Prince Alexander of Hesse, another royal pupil of Brahms, celebrated the birthday of musician Joachim Raff in Frankfurt in 1886  There, they interpreted Brahm's Sonata (Op  78) for pianoforte and violin in a special feature for the ceremony  At the 1878 wedding of her elder brother Bernhard to Princess Charlotte of Prussia, eldest daughter of German Crown Prince Frederick William, Marie Elisabeth composed a piece of music specially meant for the occasion entitled torch dance 
As of 1913, Marie Elisabeth was the author of Einzugsmarsch for orchestra, Fackeltanz for piano as well as several other piano compositions  She also wrote a "pretty" Cradle Song for violin and piano, and, in 1892, she produced a Romanze in F major for clarinet and piano which had been influenced by Brahms' teachings  At her residence in Berchtesgaden, Marie Elisabeth received a regular circle of artists and encouraged talented singers by financing their education 
Marie Elisabeth died on 22 February 1923 in Obersendling  She never married, and is buried in the cemetery park in Meiningen 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (11 August 1763, in Langenburg – 30 April 1837, in Meiningen) was a German regent   She was duchess of Saxe-Meiningen by marriage to George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and Regent of Saxe-Meiningen during the minority of her son from 1803 to 1821 

Life
Louise Eleonore was a daughter of Prince Christian Albert Louis of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1726-1789) and his wife Princess Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern (1732–1796) 
On 27 November 1782, in Langenburg, she married George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen 

Regency
When her husband died on 24 December 1803, she took over as regent of the duchy for their son Bernhard II  She ruled with energy, courage, and good sense during the Napoleonic Wars, which for the next decade ravaged the Saxon states The duchy was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine during these Wars and provide it with troops; afterwards the duchy was struck with famine, which Luise sought to prevent by importing wheat   French armies, and later those of Russia, marched back and forth across the country, but Luise refused to flee; she stayed with her infant son and two daughters inside their castle She used every strategy to preserve the autonomy of her regency, so that when she joined the Allies in 1813, she had saved the duchy for her son  He became the ruling Duke of Meiningen eight years later By adjustments in the duchy's administration she ensured the duchy was better managed and in 1821 opened the Gymnasium Bernhardinum in Meiningen (already begun by her husband)  
Her children were carefully educated, with a grand tour to Italy under their tutor Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi   After her son came of age, Luise retired as regent and went on several foreign trips, including one to England to visit her daughter Adelaide 

Issue
Adelheid  (later Adelaide, 13 August 1792 – 2 December 1849), with whom Luise had a very close relationship; in 1818 she married King William IV of the United Kingdom while Luise was regent and special taxes needed to be instituted in the duchy to raise funds for her enormous dowry (6,000 florins per year) 
Ida (25 June 1794 – 4 April 1852), married Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 
Stillborn daughter (16 October 1796) 
Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, (17 December 1800 – 3 December 1882), married Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel (1804–1888) 

Ancestry
Passage 9:
Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (16 February 1679 in Ichtershausen – 10 March 1746 in Meiningen), was a duke of Saxe-Meiningen 

Life
He was the fifth son of Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his first wife, Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt 
When his father died in 1706, according to his will, he inherited the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen with his older full-brother, Ernst Ludwig I, and his younger half-brother, Anton Ulrich 
But, shortly after, Ernst Ludwig signed a contract between himself and his brothers, and they were compelled to leave full control of the duchy in his hands 
When Ernst Ludwig died (1724), Friedrich Wilhelm and Anton Ulrich took again the government of the duchy as guardians of his nephews until 1733 
After the death of his nephew, Karl Frederick (1743), he inherited the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen 
Friedrich Wilhelm never married and died after only three years of reigning  He was succeeded by his younger half-brother, Anton Ulrich 

Ancestors
Passage 10:
Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
Bernhard III (German: Bernhard Friedrich Wilhelm Albrecht Georg; 1 April 1851 – 16 January 1928), was the last reigning duke of Saxe-Meiningen 

Biography
Bernhard was born on 1 April 1851 at Meiningen in what was then the German Confederation,
as the eldest son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his first wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia Bernhard had one full sister, Princess Marie Elisabeth, and several half-brothers by his father's second marriage  
From 1860 Bernhard was schooled by a Prof  Rossmann before he went to study at Heidelberg University in 1869  For the war against France he interrupted his studies and served as Ordonnanz-Offizier  After the war ended he resumed his studies at Leipzig  From 1873 he again served in the military and rose into the highest echelons: By 1905 he was Generaloberst and inspector general of the 2nd Army Inspection (Central Germany)  In 1909, he became Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls and retired from active service in 1912 

He married in Berlin on 18 February 1878 Princess Charlotte of Prussia, his second cousin, daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and granddaughter of the Queen Victoria  They had one daughter: Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (b  Potsdam, 12 May 1879 - d  Schloß Neuhoff, 26 August 1945), married on 24 September 1898 to Heinrich XXX of Reuss-Köstritz 

Reign
Bernhard assumed the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen after the death of his father in 1914  With the start of World War I Bernhard hoped to be assigned command over an army but was disappointed  In reaction he also withdrew from his role in the Duchy's government After Germany lost the war, the German revolution forced Bernhard to abdicate as duke on 10 November 1918  Like all the German princes he lost his title and state  He spent the rest of his life in his former country as a private citizen Bernhard died on 16 January 1928 in Meiningen  He is buried next to his wife in the park at Altenstein 

Interests
Despite his military career he also took a great interest in the arts  He was active as a composer, poet and translator  He was known in particular as an expert on Modern Greek and was renowned for translating German literature into Greek  For his historical studies, for which he repeatedly travelled to Greece and Asia Minor, the University of Breslau awarded him an honorary doctorate 

Honours
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1869; Joint Grand Master, 25 June 1914
 Kingdom of Prussia:Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class
Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 2 April 1877
Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 23 April 1877; with Collar, 1878
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 1870
 Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of Ludwig, 18 February 1878
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military division), 25 February 1878
 Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Crown in Gold, 18 February 1878
 Baden:Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1881
Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1881
 Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1885
  Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St  Stephen, 1887
 United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (civil division), 21 June 1887
 Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, 5 February 1896
 Russian Empire: Knight of the Imperial Order of St  Alexander Nevsky, 1896

Ancestry
Context 3: 
Just when Romulus decides to return the money he had on loan to Giovanna, Salvatore with the help of an accomplice decides to break into Franco's jewelry and steal everything  However, he is stopped by Marisa, who explains to Salvatore that there is nothing between her and the young man  Even between Romulus and Annamaria everything is clarified  Romulus and Salvatore understand that what matters is inner wealth 
The marriages of Romulus with Annamaria and of Salvatore with Marisa are then celebrated on the same day, in the same church, that of Piazza Navona, with the same clothes  And also Giovanna finally gets married with Franco 

Cast
Marisa Allasio as  Giovanna
Maurizio Arena as Romolo
Renato Salvatori as Salvatore
Lorella De Luca as Marisa
Alessandra Panaro as Anna Maria
Riccardo Garrone as Franco
Memmo Carotenuto as Alvaro
Gildo Bocci
Marisa Castellani
Carlo Giuffrè
Nino Vingelli
Passage 4:
Poveri milionari
Poveri milionari (internationally released as Poor Millionaires) is a 1959 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi  It is the final chapter in the trilogy started with Poveri ma belli 

Cast
Maurizio Arena: Romolo
Renato Salvatori: Salvatore
Alessandra Panaro: Anna Maria
Lorella De Luca: Marisa
Sylva Koscina: Alice
Memmo Carotenuto: Alvaro
Gildo Bocci: Sor Nerone
Roberto Rey: Psichiatra
Lina Ferri: Sora Cecilia
Fred Buscaglione: himself
Passage 5:
Tom Tykwer
Tom Tykwer (German: [ˈtɪkvɐ]; born 23 May 1965) is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer  He is best known internationally for directing the thriller films Run Lola Run (1998), Heaven (2002), Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), and The International (2009)  He collaborated with The Wachowskis as co-director for the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012) and the Netflix series Sense8 (2015–2018), and worked on the score for Lana Wachowski's The Matrix Resurrections (2021)  Tykwer is also well known as the co-creator of the internationally acclaimed German television series Babylon Berlin (2017–) 

Early life
Tykwer was born in Wuppertal, West Germany  Fascinated by film from an early age, he started making amateur Super 8 films at the age of eleven  He later helped out at a local arthouse cinema in order to see more films, including those for which he was too young to buy tickets  After graduating from high school, he applied to numerous film schools around Europe, unsuccessfully 

Career
1986-1995
Tykwer moved to Berlin where he worked as a projectionist  In 1987, at the age of 22, he became the programmer of the Moviemento cinema and became known to German directors as a film buff  In Berlin, Tykwer met and befriended the filmmaker Rosa von Praunheim, who urged him to create stories from his own experience  He suggested, for example, that Tykwer record arguments with his girlfriend, and turn them into a short film  Because (1990) was screened at the Hof International Film Festival and well received by the audience, which inspired Tykwer to continue pursuing filmmaking 
He made a second short film, Epilog (1992), for which he took on personal financial debt, but he also gained valuable technical film making experience  Tykwer wrote the screenplay for, and directed, his first feature film, the psychological thriller Deadly Maria (1993)  It aired on German television and had a limited theatrical release in Germany and the international film festival circuit 
In 1994, Tykwer founded the production company X Filme Creative Pool with Stefan Arndt, Wolfgang Becker, and Dani Levy 

1996-2005
Tykwer and Becker wrote the screenplay for the comedy Life Is All You Get (1997), while working on Winter Sleepers (1997), Tykwer's second feature and a much bigger and more complex production than Deadly Maria  Winter Sleepers brought Tykwer to the attention of German cineastes and film festivals, but he was struggling financially His next feature film, Run Lola Run (1998), became the most successful German film of 1998, earned $7 mln at the US box office, and elevated Tykwer to international fame  As Lola was becoming a success worldwide, Tykwer was already at work on his next film, The Princess and the Warrior (2000), a love story about a nurse and a former soldier, which was shot in his home town of Wuppertal Miramax produced his next film, Heaven (2002), based on a screenplay by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski, which was shot in English, starred Cate Blanchett and Giovanni Ribisi, and was filmed in Turin and Tuscany 

2006-2015
Tykwer was approached by French producers to film a short contribution to Paris, je t'aime (2006), a film composed of 20 short films by many famous directors depicting love in Paris  Tykwer shot the 10-minute short film, True, with Natalie Portman and Melchior Beslon  He shot the film quickly with almost no pre-production  The result, Tykwer later said, "symbolises an entire life for me, in just ten minutes "Tykwer shot the film Pink Children (2012) together with 4 German directors about their mentor Rosa von Praunheim 
Tykwer's next film was Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), an adaptation of the novel Perfume by the German novelist Patrick Süskind  It was filmed in the Spanish cities of Figueras, Girona and Barcelona  Tykwer later made his Hollywood debut with the big-budgeted 2009 conspiracy thriller The International, starring Clive Owen and Naomi Watts, which was shot in several locations ranging from Berlin, Milan, New York City, and Istanbul  The film received a lukewarm reception from the public and critics alike 

2016-present
Tykwer directed 2016's A Hologram for the King, starring Tom Hanks and Sarita Choudhury, based on a novel by American novelist Dave Eggers  In 2017, Tykwer co-created the television series Babylon Berlin, directing and writing the screenplay; set in 1920s Berlin, the series comprised 16 episodes in its first two seasons  A third season premiered in 2020  Later on, in 2023, the fifth season has been announced In 2018, Tykwer headed the 68th Berlinale 

Musical composition
Since Winter Sleepers, the music for all of Tykwer's films (with the exception of Heaven) has been composed by Johnny Klimek, Reinhold Heil, and Tykwer, unusual for a film director  The trio gave themselves the name "Pale 3", and it originally worked as a film scoring group, then expanding to produce music unrelated to film 

Critical reception
Both Tykwer's directing and his musical contributions have received accolades 

Awards
1994: Bavarian Film Awards, Best New Director
1998: Bavarian Film Awards, Best Production
2005: State-Award of the Film Commission North Rhine-Westphalia
2006: Bavarian Film Awards, Best Director
2012: Golden Globe Awards, Best Original Score for Cloud Atlas (Nominated)

Filmography
Other roles

Inglourious Basterds (2009) — German dialogue translator 

Personal life
In 2009, Tykwer signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse case 
Passage 6:
Roman Smishko
Roman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper 
He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko 

Career
He played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes 
Passage 7:
Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev 

Honours
Zhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001
Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001
Passage 8:
Vadim Vlasov
Vadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod 
He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov 
Passage 9:
La Bestia humana
La Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola 

External links
La Bestia humana at IMDb
Passage 10:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020



ground_truth: Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director is younger, Winter Sleepers or Poveri Milionari?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
As of late 2014, he was a member of ISIL's eight-member governing council  His responsibilities for ISIL included frequently traveling across Syria to transfer ISIL prisoners  Also in late 2014, he changed his name when he was reported dead in the press as a security measure 

2015
In early 2015, he  was a member of an ISIL governance council chaired by IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi  As of early 2015, he was the senior figure in charge of ISIL detention of Western hostages In June 2015, he was the governor of Aleppo and the security emir for Syria responsible for foreign fighters  Previously as governor of Raqqa, he was responsible for executions  In July 2015, he was reappointed governor of Raqqa and was the de facto chief in Raqqa, overseeing security affairs  As of mid-2015, he was ISIL's overall security amir at a Raqqa detention facility holding more than 1,000 ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight 

US and UN sanctions
On 29 September 2015 he was added to the United States Department of Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control Specially Designated Nationals List The US Department of Treasury further describes his role, saying "Al-Shawakh is being designated for acting for or on behalf of ISIL, an entity designated pursuant to E O  13224  As of mid-2015, Syrian national al-Shawakh served as ISIL’s governor for Raqqa, Syria, after having served as ISIL’s senior security official for Syria and as governor in Aleppo, roles in which he directed combat assignments for foreign fighters    Al-Shawakh was in charge of ISIL’s detention of foreign hostages, and oversaw the appointment of other ISIL leaders   Al-Shawakh supervised security matters, including executions, interrogations, and transfers of ISIL prisoners, at an Raqqa detention facility used to hold foreign hostages and ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight   In mid-2014, al-Shawakh ordered the beheadings of two ISIL hostages   Al-Shawakh also served on a governance council chaired by ISIL leader and U S  and UN-designated SDGT Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (AKA Dr  Ibrahim al-Badri)" He is also sanctioned by the United Nations who said, "Ali Musa al-Shawakh was listed on 29 February 2016 pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 4 of resolution 2161 (2014) as being associated with Al-Qaida for “participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf of, or in support of” the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), listed as Al-Qaida in Iraq (QDe 115)" 

Death
Abu Luqman was reportedly killed by an Iraqi airstrike on 17 April 2018 
Passage 5:
Ali Loke
Ali Loke (née Hemingway) (born 26 May 1993 in Stevenage) is a Welsh professional squash player  She has competed in the main draw of multiple professional PSA tournaments  As of April 2019, she was ranked number 77 in the world and was the 2nd-highest internationally ranked player in Wales 
Passage 6:
Sultan Buyung
Sultan Buyung or Ali Ri'ayat Syah II (died 28 June 1589) was the ninth sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra  He had a short and contested reign from 1585/85 to 1589, ending with his violent demise 

Indrapura origins
Sultan Buyung did not belong to the sultan's family of Aceh but originated from Indrapura on the west coast of Sumatra  His background is known from epigraphic data: he was the son of Munawwar Syah, son of Muhammad Syah, son of Almalik Zainuddin  This indicates that Indrapura had been ruled by a Muslim dynasty since at least 1500  The sister of Sultan Buyung, Raja Dewi, was married to Sultan Mughal alias Sri Alam who was sultan of Aceh for a brief period in 1579  At a time the prince went to Aceh to be with his widowed sister  When he had stayed there for two months the current sultan Alauddin Mansur Syah was murdered  This happened in early 1585 according to the chronicles but in 1586 according to a Portuguese account 

Contested reign
After the murder of Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan Buyung was raised to the throne with the throne name Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah  The precise reasons why he was selected are not known to us, but there was apparently a lack of grown-up candidates  The old sultan left a young grandson, Raja Asyem, who may have been supported by part of the orang kayas (grandees) but was too young to reign  Raja Asyem was protected by an old military of humble background, the later sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal who had allegedly murdered the boy's grandfather  Thus Aceh appears to have been politically divided during Sultan Buyung's brief reign  Of political events, we only know that the hostilities with the Portuguese in Melaka ceased in his reign  Relations between the Portuguese and the leading Malay kingdom Johor deteriorated after 1585 and the Johorese suffered a disastrous military defeat in 1587  As a consequence of this an Acehnese envoy appeared in Melaka and a peace was concluded  The result of all this was that the sea-roads between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra became free and trade expanded greatly  The peace held on for the next 19 years  Finally, the sultan was murdered under unclear circumstances on 28 June 1589 by "all the grandees" of the kingdom  Thus he was the fourth ruler in succession to be killed  The throne was now taken by Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal, who claimed descent from the 15th-century rulers of Aceh  His accession made an end to ten years of violent political infighting 
Passage 7:
Albertus Seba
Albertus or Albert Seba (May 12, 1665, Etzel near Friedeburg – May 2, 1736, Amsterdam) was a Dutch pharmacist, zoologist, and collector  Seba accumulated one of the largest cabinets of curiosities in the Netherlands during his time  He sold one of his cabinets in 1717 to Peter the Great of Russia  His later collections were auctioned after his death  He published descriptions of his collections in a lavishly illustrated 4 volume Thesaurus  His early work on taxonomy and natural history influenced Linnaeus 

Career
Born in Etzel, Seba moved to Amsterdam as an apprentice and, around 1700, opened a pharmacy near the harbour  Seba asked sailors and ship surgeons to bring exotic plants and animal products he could use for preparing drugs  Seba also started to collect snakes, birds, insects, shells, and lizards in his house 
From 1711, he delivered various medicines to the Russian court in Saint Petersburg and sometimes accepted fresh ginger as payment  Seba promoted his collection to Robert Erskine (1674–1719), the tsar's head physician, and in early 1716 Peter the Great bought the complete collection  In the following several years, Seba managed to develop another collection of natural specimens, which grew more extensive than the first 
Through Seba, Frederik Ruysch—a well-known Amsterdam physician and anatomist—also sold his collection to the tsar  Both collections so expanded Peter's imperial cabinet of curiosities that they led to the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the construction of a new building for the Kunstkammer, opened in 1728 as the first Russian public museum In October 1728, Seba had become a Fellow of the Royal Society  In 1734, he had published a Latin "treasury" (thesaurus) of animal specimens with beautiful engravings  Its full title was Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio et Iconibus Artificiosissimus Expressio per Universam Physices Historiam ("A Careful Description and Exceedingly Artistic Expression in Pictures of the Exceedingly Rich Treasury of Nature Throughout the Entire History of Natural Science"), traditionally shortened and abbreviated in Latin as the Rerum Naturalium Thesaurus ("A Treasury of Nature") or as Seba's Thesaurus  A traditional English version of the name has been A Cabinet of Natural Curiosities, after the early modern cabinets of curiosities  The last two of the four volumes were published after his death (1759 and 1765)  Today, an original 446-plate volume is in the collection of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, Netherlands  Recently, a complete example of the Thesaurus sold for $460,000 at an auction  In 2001, Taschen Books published a reprint of the Thesaurus, with a second printing in 2006 In 1735, Carl Linnaeus visited Seba twice  Linnaeus found Seba's collection to be useful for the classification system which Linnaeus was developing, and Linnaeus used many of Seba's specimens as holotypes for original descriptions of species  Seba's inclusion of fantastic beasts such as the hydra influenced Linnaeus to include the "Paradoxa", species which may exist but which have not been found, in his Systema Naturae Seba himself did not use Linnaeus' taxonomy, as it was published only a year before his death  However, he did organize his Thesaurus by physical similarities, leading to some similarities with Linnaeus' larger project In 1752, several years after Seba's death, his second collection was auctioned in Amsterdam  Several objects were purchased by Russia's Academy of Sciences 

Taxa named in honor of Seba
Seba is commemorated in the scientific names of two species and one subspecies of snakes: Ninia sebae, Python sebae, and Oxyrhopus petola sebae 

Gallery
Passage 8:
Ali Elmusrati
Almoatasembellah Ali Mohamed Al-Musrati (Arabic: المعتصم بالله علي محمد المصراتي; born 6 April 1996), known simply as Al-Musrati, is a Libyan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primeira Liga club Braga and the Libya national team 

Club career
Vitória de Guimarães
Reserve team
In January 2017, he signed a three-and-a-half-year deal at Vitória de Guimarães of Portugal's Primeira Liga, on the recommendation of their former player Romano Sion  He began playing for their reserve team in LigaPro, and on 4 March 2018 scored his first goal to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to União 

First team
On 5 August 2019, Al-Musrati made his debut for the first team, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 win at Feirense in the second round of the Taça da Liga  Thirteen days later he made his Primeira Liga debut in a 1–1 home draw with Boavista and was third-place in the vote for the league's best midfielder of the month, behind Bruno Fernandes and Pizzi  On 12 December, he scored his only goal for the first team, equalising in a 3–2 comeback win at Eintracht Frankfurt in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League; his club was already eliminated 

Loan to Rio Ave
Al-Musrati was loaned to Rio Ave of the same league on 29 January 2020, for the rest of the season  He, Diogo Figueiras and Nuno Santos were sent off on 17 June in a 2–1 home loss to Benfica 

Braga
On 31 July 2020, Al-Musrati signed a four-year deal at Braga, joining his former Rio Ave manager Carlos Carvalhal  His first goal was on 26 November, to open a 3–3 home draw with Leicester City in the Europa League group stage; three days later he struck for the first time in the top flight to win at the Estádio Municipal de Braga against Farense  He was voted the league's Player of the Month for February 2021 

International career
Al-Musrati was first called up for Libya at the 2014 African Nations Championship in South Africa, and played all but one game including the penalty shootout win over Ghana in the final 

Career statistics
Club
As of match played 4 June 2023

International
As of match played 28 March 2023

International goals
Scores and results list Libya's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Elmusrati goal 

Honours
Braga

Taça de Portugal: 2020–21Libya

African Nations Championship: 2014
Passage 9:
Ali Dinar
Ali Dinar (Arabic: علي دينار; 1856 – November 6, 1916) was a Sultan of the Sultanate of Darfur and ruler from the Keira dynasty   
In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, he managed to regain Darfur's independence 

A rebellion led by him in 1915—in the context of his giving his support to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War— led the British government to dispatch the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition, in which he was killed in action, after which his Sultanate was incorporated into the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 

Further reading
'Alī Dīnār, Last Sultan of Darfur, 1898–1916
Passage 10:
Mohammad Jahromi
Mohammad Jahromi (born 1958) is a former Iranian governor and politician who served as minister of labor and social affairs from 2005 to 2009 

Early life and education
Jahromi was born in Tehran in 1958  He holds a bachelor's degree in mathematics  He also received a PhD in strategic management 

Career
Jahromi was the deputy chairman for executive affairs of the Guardian Council  He was also one of the founding members of the IRGC in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran in 1979  He acted as an IRGC commander in Noor  In addition, he served as the governor of different provinces, including Zanjan (1982-1984), Lorestan (1984-1989) and Semnan (1984-1999)  He was among the members of secretariat of the State Expediency Council On 24 August 2005, he became the minister of labor and social affairs in the first cabinet of Mahmoud Ahmedinejad  He was approved by the Majlis with 197 votes in favor  During his tenure, he was considered to be the economic spokesperson of the government  In late 2008, he announced his candidacy for the presidential election of 2009  He was succeeded by Reza Sheykholeslam in August 2009 as minister of labor and social affairs Immediately after his removal from office, Jahromi was appointed deputy of the judiciary chief, Sadeq Larijani, in August 2009  Next Jahromi was named chief of the state-run Bank Saderat 

Sanctions
Jahromi was sanctioned by the European Union on 1 December 2011 due to his presidency at the Saderat Bank, which was also sanctioned by the Union  He was omitted from the sanction list in October 2012 

Personal life
Jahromi is the son-in-law of Ali Akbar Nategh Noori 



ground_truth: Winter Sleepers