prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Maria (Wife Of Boris I Of Bulgaria)'s husband?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 2:
Beaulieu-sur-Loire
Beaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France  It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars 

Population
See also
Communes of the Loiret department
Passage 3:
Dance of Death (disambiguation)
Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death 
Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:

Books
Dance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloy
Dance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R  L  Stine
Dance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child

Theatre and film
The Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August Strindberg
The Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank Wedekind
The Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W  H  Auden

Film
The Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice Brady
The Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent film
The Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent film
The Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph Dawson
The Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von Stroheim
The Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama film
Dance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris Karloff
Dance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence Olivier
Dance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul Chun

Music
Dance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title song
The Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John Fahey
The Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)
"Death Dance", a 2016 song by Sevendust

See also
Dance of the Dead (disambiguation)
Danse Macabre (disambiguation)
Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the dead
La danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur Honegger
Totentanz (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Place of origin
In Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations  It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances 

Acquisition of municipal citizenship
Swiss citizenship has three tiers  For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:

Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality 
Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required  This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton 
Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen  
Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare  The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence  Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence 
However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin  As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years  In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship 
A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent 

International confusion
Almost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin  The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents  This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents  Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace  More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin 

Significance and history
A citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality  To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence 
The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away  In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law  The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%) In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare 

See also
Ancestral home (Chinese)
Bon-gwan
Registered domicile


== Notes and references ==
Passage 5:
Maria Pietersdr Olycan
Portrait of Maria Pietersdochter Olycan is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1638, now in the São Paulo Museum of Art  It is considered a pendant to the portrait of Maria's husband Andries van Hoorn 

Life
Maria Pietersdr Olycan was born in Haarlem in 1607 as the daughter of the wealthy brewers Pieter Jacobsz Olycan and Maritge Claesdr  Voogt  She was the younger sister of the brewer Jacob Pietersz Olycan  Maria's older sister Dorothea married Cornelis van Loo, the son of another brewer, Claes van Loo  Her brother Nicolaes van Olycan married Agatha Dicx, the daughter of the brewer and mayor, Dirk Dicx  Maria's younger sister Hester married the brewer Tyman Oosdorp 
On 25 July 1638 Maria married the widower Andries van Hoorn, also a brewer  He had a daughter Christine by his first marriage and a brewery of his own  His sister Agatha had married the brewer Cornelis Guldewagen  Andries and Maria had a daughter of their own, also called Maria, in 1639, but Maria Pietersdr Olycan died only five years later in 1655  Andries survived his second wife by 22 years and lived to see his daughter Christine's wedding in 1657 to Adriaan Noirot, and his daughter Maria's wedding in 1662 to the diplomat jhr  mr  Cornelis Ascanius van Sypesteyn  He also lived to see the Sypesteyn house be searched by a mob in 1672 on suspicion of hiding Johan de Witt, and though nothing was found, C A  van Sypesteyn continued to be mistrusted and was stabbed to death in 1673 in Gorinchem  Maria van Hoorn outlived both her parents and her husband and died in 1704 

Painting
Maria's dress reflects the height of fashion in 1638  The millstone collar has made way for layers of intricate lace that edge see-through linen collars that come together with a brooch in a manner that suggests a decolleté  She is holding a fan and wears matching pearl bracelets and a pearl necklace  Her hair is wrapped around a diadem that is studded with gold dangles  This portrait was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1910, before the sitter was identified  He wrote "384  PORTRAIT OF A WOMAN  M  206  Half-length  She is turned slightly to the left, and looks at the spectator  Her left hand is at her breast ; her right hand holds her fan  She wears a black dress trimmed with lace, a close-fitting cap, a white lace collar and wristbands, and a pearl necklace  Grey background  Painted about the years 1635-40  Canvas, 31 1/2 inches by 25 1/2 inches  Exhibited in the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition, London, 1903, No  45  Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No  31  Purchased in the Isle of Wight, 1896, from the grandson of George IV 's cook, who had formerly owned it, by the London dealers Dowdeswell  In the possession, successively, of the London dealer C  Wertheimer ; of the Paris dealer C  Sedelmeyer ; and the London dealers T  Agnew and Sons  In the collection of J  Pierpont Morgan, London "
Of this portrait's pendant, Hofstede de Groot noted that it did not resemble the wedding portrait of Michiel de Wael that he included as #242  Of this portrait of an as yet unidentified man, he wrote:282  PORTRAIT OF A MAN SEATED  M  135  Half-length  He faces right, and leans his left hand on a stick  He has a moustache and slight imperial  He wears a large black felt hat, a black costume, a white ruff, and yellowish-grey gloves  Doubtfully identified as a portrait of Michiel de Wael  [Compare 242 ] Inscribed, "AETAT SVAE 32 AN 1638" (the last numeral is not clear); canvas, 34 inches by 26 1/2 inches  Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No  30  Bought in Paris by an elder Seymour (for  40)  Sale  Arthur Seymour, London, April I, 1897, No  113 (T  Agnew and Sons)  In the collection of J  Pierpont Morgan, London  
In 1974 Seymour Slive tried to trace the remark about the king's cook but there is no reference in the Royal collections of such a statement  He remarked on Andries' portrait bearing an inscription and coat of arms while Maria's portrait lacks this, but notes that coats of arms were generally added by later descendants 

Wedding pendant
See also
List of paintings by Frans Hals
Passage 6:
Sennedjem
Sennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II  He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes  Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth"  He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis  His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886  When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs 

See also

TT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)
Passage 7:
Boris I of Bulgaria
Knyaz Boris I (also Bogoris), venerated as Saint Tsar Boris I (Mihail) the Baptizer  (Church Slavonic: Борисъ А҃  / Борисъ-Михаилъ Bulgarian: Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907), was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in 852–889  At the time of his baptism in 864, Boris was named Michael after his godfather, Emperor Michael III  The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history Despite a number of military setbacks, the reign of Boris I was marked with significant events that shaped Bulgarian and European history  With the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864 paganism (i e  Tengrism) was abolished  A skillful diplomat, Boris I successfully exploited the conflict between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Papacy to secure an autocephalous Bulgarian Church, thus dealing with the nobility's concerns about Byzantine interference in Bulgaria's internal affairs 
When in 885 the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius were banished from Great Moravia, Boris I gave them refuge and provided assistance which saved the Glagolithic and later promoted the development of the Cyrillic script in Preslav and the Slavic literature  After he abdicated in 889, his eldest son and successor tried to restore the old pagan religion but was deposed by Boris I  During the Council of Preslav which followed that event, the Byzantine clergy was replaced with Bulgarian, and the Greek language was replaced with what is now known as Old Church Slavonic 
He is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church, as the Prince and baptizer of Bulgaria, and as Equal-to-the-Apostles, with his feast day observed on May 2 and in Synaxis of all venerable and holy Fathers of Bulgaria (movable holiday on the 2nd Sunday of Pentecost) 

Name and titles
The most common theory is that the name Boris is of Bulgar origin  After his official act of conversion to Christianity, Boris adopted the Christian name Michael  He is sometimes called Boris-Michael in historical research 
The only direct evidence of Boris's title are his seals and the inscription found near the town of Ballsh, modern Albania, and at Varna  There he is called by the Byzantine title "Archon of Bulgaria", which is usually translated as "ruler", and in the 10-11th centuries also as "Knyaz" (Кнѧзъ, Bulg )  In the Bulgarian sources from that period, Boris I is called "Knyaz" or "Tsar" ("Царь", Bulg ), and during the Second Bulgarian Empire, "Tsar" In modern historiography Boris is called by different titles  Most historians accept that he changed his title after his conversion to Christianity  According to them, before the baptism he had the title Khan or Kanasubigi, and after that Knyaz 

Reign
Central Europe in the 9th century
The early 9th century marked the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the Greek East and Latin West, which would ultimately lead to the schism between the Orthodox Church in Constantinople and the Catholic Church in Rome 
As early as 781, the Empress Irene began to seek a closer relationship with the Carolingian dynasty and the Papacy  She negotiated a marriage between her son, Constantine, and Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard  Irene went as far as to send an official to instruct the Frankish princess in Greek; however, Irene herself broke off the engagement in 787, against her son's wishes  When the Second Council of Nicaea of 787 reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene, the result was not recognized by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited even though Charlemagne was by then ruling more than three provinces of the old Roman empire  While this improved relations with the Papacy, it did not prevent the outbreak of a war with the Franks, who took over Istria and Benevento in 788 
When Charlemagne was proclaimed Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Leo III, the Pope was effectively nullifying the legitimacy of Irene  He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy and to honour his protector Charlemagne  Irene, like many of her predecessors since Justinian I, was too weak to protect Rome and its much reduced citizenry and the city was not being ruled by any emperor  Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not seen as an usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians  It was, however, seen as such in Byzantium, but protests by Irene and her successor Nicephorus I had no great effect 
Mojmír I managed to unite some Slavic princes and established Great Moravia in 833  His successor, Rastislav, also fought against the Germans  Both states tried to maintain good relations with Bulgaria on account of its considerable military power 

Military campaigns
Boris I was the son and successor of Presian I of Bulgaria  In 852 he sent emissaries to Eastern Francia to confirm the peace treaty of 845  At the time of his accession he threatened the Byzantines with an invasion, but his armies did not attack, and he received a small area in Strandzha to the southeast  The peace treaty was not signed, however, although both states exchanged temporary delegations  In 854 the Moravian Prince Rastislav persuaded Boris I to help him against East Francia  According to some sources, some Franks bribed the Bulgarian monarch to attack Louis the German  The Bulgarian-Slav campaign was a disaster, and Louis scored a great victory and invaded Bulgaria  At the same time the Croats waged a war against the Bulgarians  Both peoples had coexisted peacefully up to that time, suggesting that the Croats were paid by Louis to attack Bulgaria and distract Boris' attention from his alliance with Great Moravia  Kanasubigi Boris could not achieve any success, and both sides exchanged gifts and settled for peace  As a result of the military actions in 855, the peace between Bulgaria and Eastern Francia was restored, and Rastislav was forced to fight against Louis alone  In the meantime, a conflict between the Byzantines and Bulgarians had started in 855–856, and Boris, distracted by his conflict with Louis, lost Philippopolis (Plovdiv), the region of Zagora, and the ports around the Gulf of Burgas on the Black Sea to the Byzantine army led by Michael III and the caesar Bardas 

Serbia
After the death of Knez Vlastimir of Serbia circa 850, his state was divided between his sons  Vlastimir and Boris' father had fought against each other in the Bulgarian-Serbian War of 839–842, which resulted in a Serbian victory, and Boris sought to avenge that defeat  In 853 or 854, the Bulgarian army led by Vladimir-Rasate, the son of Boris I, invaded Serbia, with the aim of replacing the Byzantine overlordship over the Serbs  The Serbian army was led by Mutimir and his two brothers; they defeated the Bulgarians, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars  Boris I and Mutimir agreed to peace (and perhaps an alliance), and Mutimir sent his sons Pribislav and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace  Boris himself gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs"  An internal conflict among the Serbian brothers resulted in Mutimir banishing the two younger brothers to the Bulgarian court  Mutimir, however, kept a nephew, Petar, at his court for political reasons  The reason for the feud is not known, though it is postulated that it was a result of treachery  Petar would later defeat Pribislav, Mutimir's son, and take the Serbian throne 

Motivations for baptism and conversion to Christianity
There are a number of versions as to why Boris converted to Christianity  Some historians attribute it to the intervention of his sister who had already converted while being at Constantinople   Another story mentions a Greek slave in the ruler's court   A more mythological version is the one in which Boris is astonished and frightened by an icon of Judgement day and thus decides to adopt Christianity  Richard B  Spence sees the decision as deliberate, practical, and politic For a variety of diplomatic reasons, Boris became interested in converting to Christianity  In order to both extend his control over the Slavic world and gain an ally against one of the most powerful foes of the Bulgars, the Byzantine Empire, Boris sought to establish an alliance with Louis the German against Ratislav of Moravia  Through this alliance, Louis promised to supply Boris with missionaries, which would have effectively brought the Bulgars under the Roman Church   However, late in 863, the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Michael III declared war on Boris and the Bulgars during a period of famine and natural disasters   Taken by surprise, Boris was forced to make peace with the Byzantines, promising to convert to Christianity according to the eastern rites, in exchange for peace and territorial concessions in Thrace (he regained the region of Zagora recently recovered by the Byzantines)   At the beginning of 864, Boris was secretly baptized at Pliska by an embassy of Byzantine clergymen, together with his family and select members of the Bulgarian nobility   With Emperor Michael III as his godfather, Boris also adopted the Christian name Michael Separate from diplomatic concerns, Boris was interested in converting himself and the Bulgarians to Christianity to resolve the disunity within the Bulgarian society  When he ascended to the throne, the Bulgars and Slavs were separate elements within Boris' kingdom, the minority Bulgars constituting a military aristocracy  Richard Spence compares it to the relationship between the Normans and Saxons in England  Religious plurality further contributed to divisions within the society  The Slavs had their own polytheistic belief system while the Bulgar elite believed in Tangra, the Sky God, or God of Heaven 
The arrival of Methodius and his followers introduced the Cyrillic alphabet, freeing the Bulgarians from dependence on Greek as a written and liturgical language  A Slavic Christian culture developed that helped unify the realm 

Baptism of the Bulgarians and the establishment of the Bulgarian Church
After his baptism, the first major task that Boris undertook was the baptism of his subjects and for this task he appealed to Byzantine priests between 864 and 866  At the same time Boris sought further instruction on how to lead a Christian lifestyle and society and how to set up an autocephalous church from the Byzantine Patriarch Photios   Photios' answer proved less than satisfactory, and Boris sought to gain a more favorable settlement from the Papacy   Boris dispatched emissaries led by the kavhan Peter with a long list of questions to Pope Nicholas I at Rome in August 866, and obtained 106 detailed answers, detailing the essence of religion, law, politics, customs and personal faith   Stemming from his concerns with the baptism of the Bulgarians, Boris also complained to Nicholas about the abuses perpetrated by the Byzantine priests responsible for baptizing the Bulgarians and how he could go about correcting the consequences resulting from these abuses  The pope temporarily glossed over the controversial question of the autocephalous status desired by Boris for his church and sent a large group of missionaries to continue the conversion of Bulgaria in accordance with the western rite  Bulgaria's shift towards the Papacy infuriated Patriarch Photios, who wrote an encyclical to the eastern clergy in 867 in which he denounced the practices associated with the western rite and Rome's ecclesiastical intervention in Bulgaria  This occasioned the Photian Schism, which was a major step in the rift between the eastern and western churches 
To deliver his response to Boris’ questions, Pope Nicholas I sent two bishops to Bulgaria: Paul of Populonia and Formosus of Porto  The Pope expected that these priests would execute their episcopal responsibilities to address Boris’ concerns, but did not intend for them to be elevated to the positions that they assumed in the Bulgar hierarchy  In Bulgaria, the activities of Bishop Formosus (later Pope Formosus) met with success, until the pope rejected Boris' request to nominate Formosus as archbishop of Bulgaria  Nicholas justified the rejection of the request by arguing that it was “uncanonical to transfer an already established bishop from one see to another”  The new Pope Adrian II refused Boris' request for a similar nomination of either Formosus or Deacon Marinus (later Pope Marinus I), after which Bulgaria began to shift towards Constantinople once again   At the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 870 the position of the Bulgarian church was reopened by Bulgarian envoys, and the eastern patriarchs adjudicated in favor of Constantinople   This determined the future of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, which was granted the status of an autocephalous archbishopric by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and an archbishop of its own  Later in the 870s, the Patriarch of Constantinople surrendered Bulgaria to the Papacy, but this concession was purely nominal, as it did not affect the actual position of Bulgaria's autocephalous church The Christianization of the Bulgarians as a result of Boris’ actions had profound effects not only on the religious belief system of the Bulgarians but also the structure of the Bulgarian government  Upon embracing Christianity, Boris took on the title of Tsar and joined the community of nations that embraced Christ, to the great delight of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later given the name Byzantium by historians Toward the end of his reign, Boris began to increase the number of native Bulgarian clergy  Consequently, Boris began to send Bulgarians to Constantinople to obtain a monastic education and some of these Bulgarians returned to their homeland to serve as clergymen  In 885, Boris was presented with a new opportunity to establish a native clergy when Slavic-speaking disciples of St  Cyril and St  Methodius were forced to flee from Moravia after a German-inspired reaction to the death of the apostle 

Changes to Bulgarian culture brought on by Clement and Naum
In 886 Boris' governor of Belgrade welcomed the disciples of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, who were exiled from Great Moravia into Bulgaria and sent them on to Boris in Pliska  Boris happily greeted two of these disciples, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav, who were of noble Bulgarian Slavic origin  To utilize the disciple's talents, Boris commissioned Clement to be a “teacher” in the province of Kutmichevitsa 
Both Clement and Naum were instrumental in furthering the cultural, linguistic and spiritual works of Cyril and Methodius  They set up educational centers in Pliska and in Ohrid to further the development of Slavonic letters and liturgy  Clement later trained thousands of Slavonic-speaking priests who replaced the Greek-speaking clergy from Constantinople still present in Bulgaria  The script that was originally developed by Cyril and Methodius is known as the Glagolitic alphabet 
In Bulgaria, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav created (or rather compiled) the new Bulgarian script, later called Cyrillic that was declared the official alphabet in  893  Old Bulgarian was declared as the official language in the same year  In the following centuries this script was adopted by other Slavic peoples and states  The introduction of Slavic liturgy paralleled Boris' continued development of churches and monasteries throughout his realm 

Reactions to religious conversion
Conversion to Christianity met great opposition among the Bulgarian elite  Some refused to become Christians while others apostatized after baptism and started a rebellion against Boris for forcing them to be baptized  Some people did not object necessarily to the Christian religion but to the fact that it was brought by foreign priests, which, as a result, established external foreign policy  By breaking the power of the old cults, Boris reduced the influence of the boyars, who resisted the khan's authority  In the summer of 865 a group of Bulgar aristocrats (boyars) started an open revolt  Boris ruthlessly suppressed it and executed 52 boyars together with their entire families  Thus the Christianization continued 

End of Boris' reign
In 889 Boris abdicated the throne and became a monk  His son and successor Vladimir attempted a pagan reaction, which brought Boris out of retirement in 893  Vladimir was defeated and Boris had him blinded, his wife shaved and sent to a monastery  Boris gathered the Council of Preslav placing his third son, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria, on the throne, threatening him with the same fate if he too apostatized  Boris returned to his monastery, emerging once again in c  895 to help Simeon fight the Magyars, who had invaded Bulgaria in alliance with the Byzantines  After the passing of this crisis, Boris resumed monastic life and died in 907  The location of his retreat, where perhaps he was interred, is not certain; it may be near Preslav, or Pliska, or in a monastery near Varna or Ravda 

Legacy
St  Boris Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Boris I of Bulgaria 
Boris I's life is featured in the 1985 film "Boris I" (Борис Първи), with Stefan Danailov in the title role 

See also
Christianization of Bulgaria
Cyril and Methodius
Glagolitic alphabet

Footnotes
Passage 8:
Maria (wife of Boris I of Bulgaria)
Maria (Bulgarian: Мария) was a Bulgarian royal consort as the wife of the Knyaz Boris I of Bulgaria  Her parents are unknown  She is mentioned in one charter from 850/96, together with her family members  
These are the children of Boris and Maria:

Vladimir of Bulgaria
Gavriil (Gabriel)
Simeon I of Bulgaria
Jacob
Anna

Footnotes


== External links ==
Passage 9:
Place of birth
The place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born  This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person  Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones 
As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred  The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live  If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth  In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth 
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents  For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947  This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth  The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant 
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin  A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin  A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent  In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth  In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept 
In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli  Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis) 
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise  The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country) 
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth"  It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth"  For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place 

Reference list
8 FAM 403 4 Place of Birth
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany
Elisabeth of Carinthia (also known as Elisabeth of Tyrol; c  1262 – 28 October 1312), was a Duchess of Austria from 1282 and Queen of the Romans from 1298 until 1308, by marriage to King Albert I of Habsburg 

Life
Born in Munich, Bavaria, Elisabeth was the eldest daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia-Tyrol, and Elizabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany, widow of the late Hohenstaufen King Conrad IV of Germany  
Elizabeth thus was a half-sister of Conradin, King of Jerusalem and Duke of Swabia  Elizabeth was in fact better connected to powerful German rulers than her future husband: a descendant of earlier monarchs, for example Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, she was also a niece of the Bavarian dukes, Austria's important neighbors 

Duchess and Queen
Elisabeth was married in Vienna on 20 December 1274 to Count Albert I of Habsburg, eldest son and heir of the newly elected Rudolf I, King of the Romans, thus becoming daughter-in-law of the King of the Romans and Emperor-to-be  After Rudolf had defeated his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he invested his son Albert with the duchies of Austria and Styria at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg on 17 December 1282 Albert initially had to share the rule with his younger brother Rudolf II, who nevertheless had to waive his rights according to the Treaty of Rheinfelden the next year  Duke Albert and Elizabeth solidified their rule in what was to become the Habsburg "hereditary lands", also with the help of Elizabeth's father Meinhard, who in his turn was created Duke of Carinthia by King Rudolf I in 1286 Elizabeth was described as shrewd and enterprising, in possession of some commercial talents  The construction of the Saline plant in Salzkammergut goes back to her suggestion  
Upon the death of Albert's father in 1291, the princes elected Count Adolf of Nassau German king, while Duke Albert himself became entangled in internal struggles with the Austrian nobility  Not until Adolf's deposition in 1298, Elizabeth's husband was finally elected King of the Romans on 23 June 1298  Two weeks later, Adolf was defeated and killed in the Battle of Göllheim  In 1299, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of the Romans in Nuremberg 

Later life
On 1 May 1308 her husband was murdered by his nephew John "the Parricide" near Windisch, Swabia (in modern-day Switzerland)  After Albert's assassination, Elizabeth had the Poor Clare monastery of Königsfelden erected at the site, where she died on 28 October 1312 and was also buried  Today her mortal remains rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia 

Issue
Elizabeth's and Albert's children were:

Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau) 
married in Graz ca  1295 to Margrave Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (ca  1275 – 1308);
married in Breslau 1310 to Duke Heinrich VI of Breslau (1294-1335) 
Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden)
married in Vienna on 13 February 1296 to King Andrew III of Hungary (ca  1265-1301) 
Rudolf III (ca  1282 – 4 July 1307), married but line extinct  He predeceased his father 
married on 25 May 1300 to Duchess Blanche of France (ca  1282 – 1305);
married in Prague on 16 October 1306 to Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (1288 – 1335) 
Elisabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353) 
married in 1304 to Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (1282 – 1328) 
Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330) 
married on 11 May 1315 to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany (1305 – 1330) but line extinct 
Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg) 
married in 1315 to Catherine of Savoy (1284 – 1336) 
Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples) 
married in 1316 to Charles, Duke of Calabria (1328 – 1298) 
Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna) 
married in Vienna on 15 February 1324 to Joanna of Pfirt (ca  1300 – 1351) 
Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur) 
married Countess Elizabeth of Virneburg but line extinct 
Meinhard (1300 – 1301) 
Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna) 
married on 15 May 1325 to Elizabeth of Bavaria, Duchess of Austria (ca  1306 – 1330);
married on 16 February 1335 to Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (1323 – 1338) 
Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329) 
married in Baden 26 March 1319 to Count Ludwig VI of Öttingen 
Passage 2:
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336) was born in St Clement's, Oxford to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, a daughter of Edward I of England 
After his father's death at the Battle of Boroughbridge, the family lands were forfeited  It was not until after the fall of the Despensers that John was permitted to succeed to his inherited position as Earl of Hereford and Essex, hereditary Constable of England, and Lord of Brecknock 

Marriages
He married firstly, in 1325, to Alice FitzAlan (died 1326), daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and secondly to Margaret Basset (died 1355)  After the marriage, it was discovered that the couple were related to the fourth degree of consanguinity and they were forced to live apart  An appeal to Pope John XXII resulted on 19 February 1331 in a papal commission to the bishops of Lichfield and London to hold an enquiry into the case  However, Roger Northburgh, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, failed to act and the case was still pending when the Pope issued a further demand for an enquiry in 1334 

Death
He did not play much of a public role, despite his high titles and offices, most likely because he had some sort of incapacity  His younger brothers were often deputed to fulfil his duties as Constable  He died at Kirkby Thore, Westmorland and was interred in Stratford Langthorne Abbey, London 


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Edward I of England
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307  Concurrently, he was Lord of Ireland, and from 1254 to 1306, he ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king  Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward  The eldest son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign  In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford  After reconciliation with his father, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War  After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265  Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward left to join the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270  He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death  Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey 
Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law  Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of several feudal liberties  The law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law, but the King's attention was increasingly drawn toward military affairs  After suppressing a minor conflict in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second one in 1282–83 by conquering Wales  He then established English rule, built castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people  After the death of the heir to the Scottish throne, Edward was invited to arbitrate a succession dispute  He claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland and invaded the country, and the ensuing First Scottish War of Independence continued after his death  Simultaneously, Edward found himself at war with France (a Scottish ally) after King Philip IV confiscated the Duchy of Gascony  The duchy was eventually recovered but the conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland  By the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and this met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition  When the King died in 1307, he left to his son Edward II a war with Scotland and other financial and political burdens 
Edward's temperamental nature and height made him an intimidating figure and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries, although he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith  Modern historians are divided in their assessment of Edward; some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, but others have criticised his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility  Edward is credited with many accomplishments, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III and establishing Parliament as a permanent institution, which allowed for a functional system for raising taxes and reforming the law through statutes  At the same time, he is also often condemned for his wars against Scotland and for expelling the Jews from England in 1290 

Early years, 1239–1263
Childhood and marriage
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence  Edward, an Anglo-Saxon name, was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint  Edward's birth was widely celebrated at the royal court and throughout England, and he was baptised three days later at Westminster Abbey  He was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward until his accession to the throne in 1272  Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall  Henry of Almain remained a close companion of the prince for the rest of his life  Edward was placed in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246  Edward received an education typical of an aristocratic boy his age, including in military studies, although the details of his upbringing are unknown There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251  Nonetheless, he grew up to become a strong, athletic, and imposing man  At 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) he towered over most of his contemporaries, hence his epithet "Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins"  The historian Michael Prestwich states that his "long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman  In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white  The regularity of his features was marred by a drooping left eyelid     His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive "In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English-held province of Gascony induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile  They were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile  As part of the marriage agreement, Alfonso X gave up his claims to Gascony, and Edward received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year  The marriage eventually led to the English acquisition of Ponthieu in 1279 upon Eleanor's inheritance of the county  Henry made sizeable endowments to Edward in 1254, including Gascony; most of Ireland, which was granted to Edward with the stipulation that it would never be separated from the English crown; and much land in Wales and England, including the Earldom of Chester  They offered Edward little independence for Henry retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, and benefited from most of the income from those lands  Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had been appointed as royal lieutenant of Gascony the year before and drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province  Around the end of November, Edward and Eleanor left Castile and entered Gascony, where they were warmly received by the populace  Here, Edward styled himself as "ruling Gascony as prince and lord", a move that the historian J  S  Hamilton states was a show of his blooming political independence From 1254 to 1257, Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the Savoyards, the most notable of whom was Peter II of Savoy, the Queen's uncle  After 1257, Edward became increasingly close to the Lusignan faction – the half-brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as William de Valence  This association was significant because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, who would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement  Edward's ties to his Lusignan kinsmen were viewed unfavourably by contemporaries, including the chronicler Matthew Paris, who circulated tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward's inner circle, which raised questions about his personal qualities 

Early ambitions
Edward showed independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony in their conflict with the Colomb family  This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions  In May 1258, a group of magnates drew up a document for reform of the King's government – the so-called Provisions of Oxford – largely directed against the Lusignans  Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions  The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, and Edward's attitude gradually changed  In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester and on 15 October announced that he supported the barons' goals, and their leader, the Earl of Leicester The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic: the Earl of Leicester was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony  When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination  He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, and his father believed that Edward was considering a coup d'état  When Henry returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall and Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury, the two were eventually reconciled  Edward was sent abroad to France, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled there Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters  The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, but Edward's forces were besieged in northern Wales and achieved only limited results  Around the same time, Leicester, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement  As the King seemed ready to give in to the barons' demands, Edward began to take control of the situation  From his previously unpredictable and equivocating attitude, he changed to one of firm devotion to protection of his father's royal rights  He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – including Henry of Almain and John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels  Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France an agreement was made between the two parties  This Mise of Amiens was largely favourable to the royalist side and would cause further conflict 

Civil war and crusades, 1264–1273
Second Barons' War
The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by the Earl of Leicester fought against those who remained loyal to the King  Edward initiated the armed conflict by capturing the rebel-held city of Gloucester  When Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the baronial forces, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl  Edward later broke the terms of the agreement  He then captured Northampton from Simon de Montfort the Younger before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands  The baronial and royalist forces met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264  Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of the Earl of Leicester's forces  Unwisely, he pursued the scattered enemy, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated  By the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Leicester 
Edward remained in captivity until March 1265, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance  In Hereford, he escaped on 28 May while out riding and joined up with Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the King's side  The Earl of Leicester's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with little effort  Meanwhile, Leicester had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon  Edward made a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the Earl of Leicester  The two forces then met at the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265  The Earl of Leicester stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy  During the summer campaign he began to learn from his mistakes and gained the respect and admiration of contemporaries through actions such as showing clemency towards his enemies  The war did not end with the Earl of Leicester's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning  At Christmas, he came to terms with Simon the Younger and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports  A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth in October 1266  In April it seemed as if the Earl of Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement  Around this time, Edward was made steward of England and began to exercise influence in the government  He was also appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1265  Despite this, he was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars  His main focus was on planning his forthcoming crusade 

Crusade and accession
Edward pledged himself to undertake a crusade in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund Crouchback and cousin Henry of Almain  Some of Edward's former adversaries, such as John de Vescy and the 7th Earl of Gloucester, similarly committed themselves, although some, like Gloucester, did not ultimately participate  With the country pacified, the greatest impediment to the project was acquiring sufficient finances  King Louis IX of France, who was the leader of the crusade, provided a loan of about £17,500  This was not enough, and the rest had to be raised through a direct tax on the laity, which had not been levied since 1237  In May 1270, Parliament granted a tax of one-twentieth of all movable property; in exchange the King agreed to reconfirm the Magna Carta, and to impose restrictions on Jewish money lending  On 20 August Edward sailed from Dover for France  Historians have not determined the size of his accompanying force with any certainty, but it was probably fewer than 1000 men, including around 225 knights Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre in Palestine, but King Louis and his brother Charles of Anjou, the king of Sicily, decided to attack the emirate of Tunis to establish a stronghold in North Africa  The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, killed Louis himself  By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the Emir, and there was little to do but return to Sicily  Further military action was postponed until the following spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded both Charles and Philip III, Louis' successor, from any further campaigning  Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre The Christian situation in the Holy Land was precarious  Jerusalem had been reconquered by the Muslims in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Kingdom of Jerusalem  The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were threatening Acre  Though Edward's men were an important addition to the garrison, they stood little chance against Baibars' superior forces, and an initial raid at nearby St Georges-de-Lebeyne in June was largely futile  An embassy to the Ilkhan Abaqa of the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which distracted Baibars' forces  The Mongol invasion ultimately failed  In November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but this was unsuccessful  The situation in Acre grew desperate, and in May 1272 Hugh III of Cyprus, who was the nominal king of Jerusalem, signed a ten-year truce with Baibars  Edward was initially defiant, but in June 1272 he was the victim of an assassination attempt by a member of the Syrian Order of Assassins, supposedly ordered by Baibars  Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and was severely weakened over the following months  This finally persuaded Edward to abandon the campaign It was not until 24 September 1272 that Edward left Acre  Shortly after arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November  Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards  This was due partly to his still-poor health, but also to a lack of urgency  The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king after his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary  In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell  Edward passed through Italy and France, visiting Pope Gregory X and paying homage to Philip III in Paris for his French domains  Edward travelled by way of Savoy to receive homage from his uncle Count Philip I for castles in the Alps held by a treaty of 1246 Edward then journeyed to Gascony to order its affairs and put down a revolt headed by Gaston de Béarn  While there, he launched an investigation into his feudal possessions, which, as Hamilton puts it, reflects "Edward's keen interest in administrative efficiency     [and] reinforced Edward's position as lord in Aquitaine and strengthened the bonds of loyalty between the king-duke and his subjects"  Around the same time, the King organised political alliances with the kingdoms in Iberia  His four-year-old daughter Eleanor was promised in marriage to Alfonso, the heir to the Kingdom of Aragon, and Edward's heir Henry was betrothed to Joan, heiress to the Kingdom of Navarre  Neither union would come to fruition  Only on 2 August 1274 did Edward return to England, landing at Dover  The thirty-five-year-old king held his coronation on 19 August at Westminster Abbey, alongside Queen Eleanor  Immediately after being anointed and crowned by Robert Kilwardby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward removed his crown, saying that he did not intend to wear it again until he had recovered all the crown lands that his father had surrendered during his reign 

Early reign, 1274–1296
Conquest of Wales
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons' War  The 1267 Treaty of Montgomery recognised his ownership of land he had conquered in the Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad and his title of Prince of Wales  Armed conflicts nevertheless continued, in particular with certain dissatisfied Marcher Lords, such as the Earl of Gloucester, Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford  Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys, after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn, defected to the English in 1274  Citing ongoing hostilities and Edward's harbouring of his enemies, Llywelyn refused to do homage to the King  For Edward, a further provocation came from Llywelyn's planned marriage to Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort the Elder In November 1276, Edward declared war  Initial operations were launched under the captaincy of Mortimer, Edward's brother Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick  Support for Llywelyn was weak among his own countrymen  In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500, of whom 9,000 were Welshmen  The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender  By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales When war broke out again in 1282, it was an entirely different undertaking  For the Welsh, this war was over national identity, enjoying wide support, provoked particularly by attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects  For Edward, it became a war of conquest rather than simply a punitive expedition, like the former campaign  The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277  Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success  In June, Gloucester was defeated at the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr  On 6 November, while John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, was conducting peace negotiations, Edward's commander of Anglesey, Luke de Tany, decided to carry out a surprise attack  A pontoon bridge had been built to the mainland, but shortly after Tany and his men crossed over, they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Moel-y-don  The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge  The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor the following autumn; Edward ordered Dafydd's head to be publicly exhibited on London Bridge  Further rebellions occurred in 1287–88 and, more seriously, in 1294, under the leadership of Madog ap Llywelyn, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd  This last conflict demanded the King's own attention, but in both cases the rebellions were put down 
By the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan, the principality of Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs  English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes  After 1277, and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a project of English settlement of Wales, creating new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan  Their new residents were English migrants, the local Welsh being banned from living inside them, and many were protected by extensive walls An extensive project of castle-building was also initiated, under the direction of James of Saint George, a prestigious architect whom Edward had met in Savoy on his return from the crusade  These included the Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech castles, intended to act both as fortresses and royal palaces for the King  His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern architectural influences  Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design  The castles drew on imagery associated with the Byzantine Empire and King Arthur in an attempt to build legitimacy for his new regime, and they made a clear statement about Edward's intention to rule Wales permanently In 1284, King Edward had his son Edward (later Edward II) born at Caernarfon Castle, probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales  David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this widely reported account  In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales, when the King granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales  The King seems to have hoped that this would help in the pacification of the region, and that it would give his son more financial independence 

Diplomacy and war on the Continent
Edward never again went on crusade after his return to England in 1274, but he maintained an intention to do so, and in 1287 took a vow to go on another Crusade  This intention guided much of his foreign policy, until at least 1291  To stage a European-wide crusade, it was essential to prevent conflict between the sovereigns on the Continent  A major obstacle to this was represented by the conflict between the French Capetian House of Anjou ruling southern Italy and the Kingdom of Aragon in Spain  In 1282, the citizens of Palermo rose up against Charles of Anjou and turned for help to Peter III of Aragon, in what has become known as the Sicilian Vespers  In the war that followed, Charles of Anjou's son, Charles of Salerno, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese  The French began planning an attack on Aragon, raising the prospect of a large-scale European war  To Edward, it was imperative that such a war be avoided, and in Paris in 1286 he brokered a truce between France and Aragon that helped secure Charles's release  As far as the crusades were concerned, Edward's efforts proved ineffective  A devastating blow to his plans came in 1291, when the Mamluks captured Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land Edward had long been deeply involved in the affairs of his own Duchy of Gascony  In 1278 he assigned an investigating commission to his trusted associates Otto de Grandson and the chancellor Robert Burnell, which caused the replacement of the seneschal Luke de Tany  In 1286, Edward visited the region himself and stayed for almost three years  The perennial problem was the status of Gascony within the Kingdom of France, and Edward's role as the French king's vassal  On his diplomatic mission in 1286, Edward had paid homage to the new king, Philip IV, but in 1294 Philip declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him in Paris to discuss the recent conflict between English, Gascon, and French sailors that had resulted in several French ships being captured, along with the sacking of the French port of La Rochelle Correspondence between Edward and the Mongol court of the east continued during this time  Diplomatic channels between the two had begun during Edward's time on crusade, regarding a possible alliance to retake the Holy Land for Europe  Edward received Mongol envoys at his court in Gascony while there in 1287, and one of their leaders, Rabban Bar Sauma, recorded an extant account of the interaction  Other embassies arrived in Europe in 1289 and 1290, the former relaying Ilkhan Abaqa's offer to join forces with the crusaders and supply them with horses  Edward responded favourably, declaring his intent to embark on a journey to the east once he obtained papal approval  Although this would not materialise, the King's decision to send Geoffrey of Langley as his ambassador to the Mongols revealed that he was seriously considering the prospective Mongol alliance Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290  The couple loved each other, and like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their marriage  He was deeply affected by her death, and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night  As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV's half-sister Margaret, but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war  Edward made alliances with the German king, the counts of Flanders and Guelders, and the Burgundians, who would attack France from the north  The alliances proved volatile and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time, both in Wales and Scotland  It was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders, at which time his allies there had already suffered defeat  The support from Germany never materialised, and Edward was forced to seek peace  His marriage to Margaret in 1299 ended the war, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English  French possession of Gascony would not end until 1303, at which point it was partially returned to the English crown 

Great Cause
The relationship between England and Scotland by the 1280s was one of relatively harmonious coexistence  The issue of homage did not reach the same level of controversy as it did in Wales; in 1278 King Alexander III of Scotland paid homage to Edward, who was his brother-in-law, but apparently only for the lands he held in England  Problems arose only with the Scottish succession crisis of the early 1290s  When Alexander died in 1286, he left as heir to the Scottish throne Margaret, his three-year-old granddaughter and sole surviving descendant  By the Treaty of Birgham, it was agreed that Margaret should marry King Edward's six-year-old son Edward of Carnarvon, though Scotland would remain free of English overlordship  Margaret, by now seven years of age, sailed from Norway for Scotland in the autumn of 1290, but fell ill on the way and died in Orkney  This left the country without an obvious heir, and led to the succession dispute known to history as the Great Cause Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title, the foremost competitors were John Balliol and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale  The Scottish magnates made a request to Edward to conduct the proceedings and administer the outcome, but not to arbitrate in the dispute  The actual decision would be made by 104 auditors – 40 appointed by Balliol, 40 by Brus and the remaining 24 selected by Edward from senior members of the Scottish political community  At Birgham, with the prospect of a personal union between the two realms, the question of suzerainty had not been of great importance to Edward



ground_truth: Preslav

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What nationality is Elizabeth Of Rhuddlan's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Now he insisted that, if he were to settle the contest, he had to be fully recognised as Scotland's feudal overlord  The Scots were reluctant to make such a concession, and replied that since the country had no king, no one had the authority to make this decision  This problem was circumvented when the competitors agreed that the realm would be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir had been found  After a lengthy hearing, a decision was made in favour of John Balliol on 17 November 1292 Even after Balliol's accession, Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland  Against the objections of the Scots, he agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum  A further provocation came in a case brought by Macduff, son of Malcolm II, Earl of Fife, in which Edward demanded that Balliol appear in person before the English Parliament to answer the charges  This the Scottish King did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in the war against France  This was unacceptable; the Scots instead formed an alliance with France and launched an unsuccessful attack on Carlisle  Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in a particularly bloody attack  At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed  Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone – and brought it to Westminster, placing it in what became known as King Edward's Chair; he deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country  The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would be only temporary 

Government and law
Character as king
Edward had a reputation for a fierce and sometimes unpredictable temper, and he could be intimidating; one story tells of how the Dean of St Paul's, wishing to confront Edward over the high level of taxation in 1295, fell down and died once he was in the King's presence, and one 14th-century chronicler attributed the death of Archbishop Thomas of York to the King's harsh conduct towards him  When Edward of Caernarfon demanded an earldom for his favourite Piers Gaveston, the King erupted in anger and supposedly tore out handfuls of his son's hair  Some of his contemporaries considered Edward frightening, particularly in his early days  The Song of Lewes in 1264 described him as a leopard, an animal regarded as particularly powerful and unpredictable  At times, Edward exhibited a gentler disposition, and was known to be devoted to his large family  He was close to his daughters, and frequently lavished expensive gifts on them whenever they visited court Despite his harsh disposition, Edward's contemporaries considered him an able, even an ideal, king  Though not loved by his subjects, he was feared and respected, as reflected in the fact that there were no armed rebellions in England during his reign  Edward met contemporary expectations of kingship in his role as an able, determined soldier and in his embodiment of shared chivalric ideals  In religious observance he also fulfilled the expectations of his age: he attended chapel regularly, gave alms generously and showed a fervent devotion to the Virgin Mary and Saint Thomas Becket  Like his father, Edward was a keen participant in the tradition of the royal touch, which had the supposed effect of curing those who were touched from scrofula  Contemporary records suggest that the King touched upwards of a thousand people each year  Despite his personal piety, Edward was frequently in conflict with the Archbishops of Canterbury who served during his reign  Relations with the Papacy were at times no better, Edward coming into conflict with Rome over the issue of ecclesiastical taxation Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign  In 1278 he visited Glastonbury Abbey to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, recovering "Arthur's crown" from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales; his castle-building campaign in Wales drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location  He held "Round Table" events in 1284 and 1302, involving tournaments and feasting, and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur  In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests, including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour 

Administration and the law
Soon after assuming the throne, Edward set about restoring order and re-establishing royal authority after the troubled reign of his father  To accomplish this, he immediately ordered an extensive change of administrative personnel  The most important of these was the designation of Robert Burnell as chancellor in 1274, a man who would remain in the post until 1292 as one of the King's closest associates  The same year as Burnell's appointment, Edward replaced most local officials, such as the escheators and sheriffs  This last measure was taken in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England, that would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers  The second purpose of the inquest was to establish what land and rights the Crown had lost during the reign of Henry III The inquest produced a set of census documents called the Hundred Rolls  These have been likened to the 11th-century Domesday Book, and they formed the basis for the later legal inquiries called the Quo warranto proceedings  The purpose of these inquiries was to establish by what warrant (Latin: Quo warranto) liberties were held  If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty, then it was the Crown's opinion – based on the writings of the influential thirteenth-century legal scholar Henry de Bracton – that the liberty should revert to the King  Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285 codified the existing law in England  By enacting the Statute of Gloucester in 1278 the King challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general eyres (royal justices to go on tour throughout the land) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto to be heard by such eyres This caused great consternation among the aristocracy, who insisted that long use in itself constituted licence  A compromise was eventually reached in 1290, whereby a liberty was considered legitimate as long as it could be shown to have been exercised since the coronation of Richard the Lionheart in 1189  Royal gains from the Quo warranto proceedings were insignificant as few liberties were returned to the King, but he had nevertheless won a significant victory by establishing the principle that all liberties emanated from the Crown The 1290 statute of Quo warranto was only one part of a wider legislative reform, which was one of the most important contributions of Edward's reign  This era of legislative action had started already at the time of the baronial reform movement; the Statute of Marlborough (1267) contained elements both of the Provisions of Oxford and the Dictum of Kenilworth  The compilation of the Hundred Rolls was followed shortly after by the issue of Westminster I (1275), which asserted the royal prerogative and outlined restrictions on liberties  The Statutes of Mortmain (1279) addressed the issue of land grants to the Church  The first clause of Westminster II (1285), known as De donis conditionalibus, dealt with family settlement of land, and entails  The Statute of Merchants (1285) established firm rules for the recovery of debts, and the Statute of Winchester (1285) dealt with security and peacekeeping on a local level by bolstering the existing police system  Quia emptores (1290) – issued along with Quo warranto – set out to remedy land ownership disputes resulting from alienation of land by subinfeudation  The age of the great statutes largely ended with the death of Robert Burnell in 1292 

Finances, the expulsion of Jews, and Parliament
Edward's reign saw an overhaul of the coinage system, which was in a poor state by 1279  Compared to the coinage already circulating at the time of Edward's accession, the new coins issued proved to be of superior quality  In addition to minting pennies, halfpences and farthings, a new denomination called the groat (which proved to be unsuccessful) was introduced  The coinmaking process itself was also improved  The moneyer William Turnemire introduced a novel method of minting coins that involved cutting blank coins from a silver rod, in contrast with the old practice of stamping them out from sheets; this technique proved to be efficient  The practice of minting coins with the moneyer's name on them became obsolete under Edward's rule because England's mint administration became far more centralised under the Crown's authority  During this time, English coins were frequently counterfeited on the Continent, especially the Low Countries, and despite a ban in 1283, English coinage was secretly exported to the European continent  In August 1280, Edward forbade the usage of the old long cross coinage, which forced the populace to switch to the newly minted versions  Records indicate that the coinage overhaul successfully provided England with a stable currency 
Edward's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation  There were several ways through which the King could raise money for war, including customs duties, money borrowing and lay subsidies, which were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen who held such assets  In 1275, Edward negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community that secured a permanent duty on wool, England's primary export  In 1303, a similar agreement was reached with foreign merchants, in return for certain rights and privileges  The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the Riccardi, a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy  This was in return for their service as moneylenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars  When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt  After this, the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown Another source of crown income was represented by the English Jews  The Jews were the King's personal property, and he was free to tax them at will  By 1280, the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown, but they could still be used in political bargaining  Their loan-with-interest business – a practice forbidden to Christians – had made many people indebted to them and caused general popular resentment  In 1275, Edward had issued the Statute of the Jewry, which outlawed loan with interest and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions; in 1279, in the context of a crack-down on coin-clippers, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households in England and had around 300 of them executed  In 1280, he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons, preached by Dominican friars, with the hope of persuading them to convert, but these exhortations were not followed  The final attack on the Jews in England came in the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, whereby Edward formally expelled all Jews from England  This not only generated revenues through royal appropriation of Jewish loans and property, but it also gave Edward the political capital to negotiate a substantial lay subsidy in the 1290 Parliament  The expulsion, which was reversed in the 1650s, followed a precedent set by other European rulers, including Philip II of France, John I, Duke of Brittany and Louis IX of France Edward held Parliament on a regular basis throughout his reign  In 1295, a significant change occurred  For this Parliament, as well as the secular and ecclesiastical lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned  The representation of commons in Parliament was nothing new; what was new was the authority under which these representatives were summoned  Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates, it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority (plena potestas) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament  The King now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population  Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign, Edward collected nine  This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments, and historians have named the assembly the "Model Parliament", a term first introduced by the English historian William Stubbs 

Later reign, 1297–1307
Constitutional crisis
The incessant warfare of the 1290s put a great financial demand on Edward's subjects  Whereas the King had levied only three lay subsidies until 1294, four such taxes were granted in the years 1294–1297, raising over £200,000  Along with this came the burden of prises, seizure of wool and hides, and the unpopular additional duty on wool, dubbed the maltolt ("unjustly taken")  The fiscal demands on the King's subjects caused resentment, which eventually led to serious political opposition  The initial resistance was caused not by the lay taxes, but by clerical subsidies  In 1294, Edward made a demand of a grant of one-half of all clerical revenues  There was some resistance, but the King responded by threatening opponents with outlawry, and the grant was eventually made  At the time, Robert Winchelsey, the designated Archbishop of Canterbury, was in Italy to receive consecration  Winchelsey returned in January 1295 and had to consent to another grant in November of that year  In 1296, his position changed when he received the papal bull Clericis laicos  This bull prohibited the clergy from paying taxes to lay authorities without explicit consent from the Pope  When the clergy, with reference to the bull, refused to pay, Edward responded with outlawry  Winchelsey was presented with a dilemma between loyalty to the King and upholding the papal bull, and he responded by leaving it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit  By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency  This allowed Edward to collect considerable sums by taxing the English clergy 

Opposition from the laity took longer to surface  This resistance focused on two things: the King's right to demand military service and his right to levy taxes  At the Salisbury Parliament of February 1297, the Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, objected to a royal summons of military service  Bigod argued that the military obligation only extended to service alongside the King; if the King intended to sail to Flanders, he could not send his subjects to Gascony  In July, Bigod and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, drew up a series of complaints known as the Remonstrances, in which objections to the extortionate level of taxation were voiced  Undeterred, Edward requested another lay subsidy  This one was particularly provocative, because the King had sought consent from only a small group of magnates, rather than from representatives of the communities in Parliament  While Edward was in Winchelsea, preparing for the campaign in Flanders, Bigod and de Bohun arrived at the Exchequer to prevent the collection of the tax  As the King left the country with a greatly reduced force, the kingdom seemed to be on the verge of civil war  The English defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge resolved the situation  The renewed threat to the homeland gave king and magnates common cause  Edward signed the Confirmatio cartarum – a confirmation of the Magna Carta and its accompanying Charter of the Forest – and the nobility agreed to serve with the King on a campaign in Scotland Edward's problems with the opposition did not end with the Scottish campaign  Over the following years he would be held to the promises he had made, in particular that of upholding the Charter of the Forest  In the Parliament of 1301, the King was forced to order an assessment of the royal forests, but in 1305 he obtained a papal bull that freed him from this concession  Ultimately, it was a change in personnel that spelt the end of the opposition against Edward  De Bohun died late in 1298, after returning from the Scottish campaign  In 1302 Bigod arrived at an agreement with the King that was beneficial for both: Bigod, who had no children, made Edward his heir, in return for a generous annual grant  Edward finally got his revenge on Winchelsey, who had been opposed to the King's policy of clerical taxation, in 1305, when Clement V was elected pope  Clement was a Gascon sympathetic to the King, and on Edward's instigation had Winchelsey suspended from office 

Return to Scotland
Edward believed that he had completed the conquest of Scotland when he left the country in 1296, but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of Andrew de Moray in the north and William Wallace in the south  On 11 September 1297, a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray at the Battle of Stirling Bridge  The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately  Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north  On 22 July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the Battle of Falkirk  Edward underestimated the gravity of the ever-changing military condition in the north and was not able to take advantage of the momentum; the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle  Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups The Scots appealed to Pope Boniface VIII to assert a papal claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English  His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward's behalf by the Barons' Letter of 1301  The English managed to subdue the country by other means: in 1303, a peace agreement was reached between England and France, effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance  Robert the Bruce, the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291, had sided with the English in the winter of 1301–02  By 1304, most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward, and this year the English also managed to re-take Stirling Castle  A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir John de Menteith and turned over to the English, who had him taken to London where he was publicly executed  With Scotland largely under English control, Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country The situation changed again on 10 February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn, and a few weeks later, on 25 March, was crowned King of Scotland  Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this campaign took the English by surprise  Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy, while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales  The English initially met with success; on 19 June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the Battle of Methven  Bruce was forced into hiding, and the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles Edward acted with unusual brutality against Bruce's family, allies, and supporters  His sister, Mary, was imprisoned in a cage at Roxburgh Castle for four years  Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, who had crowned Bruce, was held in a cage at Berwick Castle  His younger brother Neil was executed by being hanged, drawn, and quartered; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward's forces who had been seeking his wife, daughter and sisters  Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations, but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects  This brutality, though, rather than helping to subdue the Scots, had the opposite effect, and rallied growing support for Bruce 

Death and burial
In February 1307, Bruce resumed his efforts and started gathering men, and in May he defeated Valence at the Battle of Loudoun Hill  Edward, who had rallied somewhat, now moved north himself  He developed dysentery on the way, and his condition deteriorated  On 6 July he encamped at Burgh by Sands, just south of the Scottish border  When his servants came the next morning to lift him up so that he could eat, the King died in their arms Several stories emerged about Edward's deathbed wishes; according to one tradition, he requested that his heart be carried to the Holy Land, along with an army to fight the infidels  A more dubious story tells of how he wished for his bones to be carried along on future expeditions against the Scots  Another account of his deathbed scene is more credible; according to one chronicle, Edward gathered around him Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln; Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick; Aymer de Valence; and Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford, and charged them with looking after his son Edward  In particular they should make sure that Piers Gaveston, whom he had banished earlier that year, was not allowed to return to the country  This wish the son ignored, and had his favourite recalled from exile almost immediately  The new king, Edward II, remained in the north until August, but then abandoned the campaign and headed south, partially due to financial limitations  He was crowned king on 25 February 1308 
Edward I's body was brought south, lying in state at Waltham Abbey, before being buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October  There are few records of the funeral, which cost £473  Edward's tomb was an unusually plain sarcophagus of Purbeck marble, without the customary royal effigy, possibly the result of the shortage of royal funds  The Society of Antiquaries of London opened the tomb in 1774, finding that the body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years, and took the opportunity to determine the King's original height  Traces of the Latin inscription Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308  Pactum Serva ("Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots, 1308  Keep the Troth") can still be seen painted on the side of the tomb, referring to his vow to avenge the rebellion of Robert Bruce  This resulted in Edward being given the epithet the "Hammer of the Scots" by historians, but is not contemporary in origin, having been added by the Abbot John Feckenham in the 16th century 

Legacy
The first histories of Edward in the 16th and 17th centuries drew primarily on the works of the chroniclers, and made little use of the official records of the period  They limited themselves to general comments on Edward's significance as a monarch, and echoed the chroniclers' praise for his accomplishments  During the 17th century, the lawyer Edward Coke wrote extensively about Edward's legislation, terming the King the "English Justinian" after the renowned Byzantine lawmaker Justinian I  Later in the century, historians used the available record evidence to address the role of Parliament and kingship under Edward, drawing comparisons between his reign and the political strife of their own century  Eighteenth-century historians established a picture of Edward as an able, if ruthless, monarch, conditioned by the circumstances of his own time The influential Victorian historian William Stubbs instead suggested that Edward had actively shaped national history, forming English laws and institutions, and helping England to develop a parliamentary and constitutional monarchy  His strengths and weaknesses as a ruler were considered to be emblematic of the English people as a whole  Stubbs's student, Thomas Tout, initially adopted the same perspective, but after extensive research into Edward's royal household, and backed by the research of his contemporaries into the early Parliaments of the period, he changed his mind  Tout came to view Edward as a self-interested, conservative leader, using the parliamentary system as "the shrewd device of an autocrat, anxious to use the mass of the people as a check upon his hereditary foes among the greater baronage "Historians in the 20th and 21st centuries have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign  Most have concluded this was a highly significant period in English medieval history, some going further and describing Edward as one of the great medieval kings, although most also agree that his final years were less successful than his early decades in power  G  Templeman argued in his 1950 historiographical essay that "it is generally recognized that Edward I deserves a high place in the history of medieval England"  More recently, Michael Prestwich argued that "Edward was a formidable king; his reign, with both its successes and its disappointments, a great one," and he was "without doubt one of the greatest rulers of his time", and John Gillingham suggests that "no king of England had a greater impact on the peoples of Britain than Edward I" and that "modern historians of the English state     have always recognized Edward I's reign as pivotal " Fred Cazel similarly comments that "no-one can doubt the greatness of the reign"  Most recently, Andrew Spencer has agreed with Prestwich, arguing that Edward's reign "was indeed     a great one", and Caroline Burt states that "Edward I was without a doubt one of the greatest kings to rule England" Three major academic narratives of Edward have been produced during this period  F  M  Powicke's volumes, published in 1947 and 1953, forming the standard works on Edward for several decades, were largely positive in praising the achievements of his reign, and in particular his focus on justice and the law  In 1988, Michael Prestwich produced an authoritative biography of the King, focusing on his political career, still portraying him in sympathetic terms, but highlighting some of the consequences of his failed policies  Marc Morris's biography followed in 2008, drawing out more of the detail of Edward's personality, and generally taking a harsher view of his weaknesses and less pleasant characteristics, pointing out that modern analysts of Edward's reign denounce the King for his policies against the Jewish community in England  Considerable academic debate has taken place around the character of Edward's kingship, his political skills, and in particular his management of his earls, and the degree to which this was collaborative or repressive in nature There is a great difference between English and Scottish historiography on King Edward  G  W  S  Barrow, in his biography of Robert the Bruce, accused Edward of ruthlessly exploiting the leaderless state of Scotland to obtain a feudal superiority over the kingdom followed by his determination to reduce it to nothing more than an English possession  Modern commentators have conflicting opinions on whether Edward's conquest of Wales was warranted  Contemporary English historians were firmly in favour of the King's campaigns there  Morris takes the position that the poor condition of Wales would have allowed England to dominate it at some point or another, whether by direct conquest or through natural deterioration 

Family
First marriage
By his first wife Eleanor of Castile, Edward had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen  Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one son outlived his father, becoming King Edward II (r  1307–1327)  Edward's children with Eleanor were:
Katherine (1261 or 1263–1264)
Joan (1265–1265)
John (1266–1271)
Henry (1268–1274)
Eleanor (1269–1298)
Unnamed daughter (1271–1271 or 1272)
Joan (1272–1307)
Alphonso (1273–1284)
Margaret (1275–1333)
Berengaria (1276–1277 or 1278)
Unnamed child (1278–1278)
Mary (1278–1332)
Elizabeth (1282–1316)
Edward II (1284–1327)

Second marriage
By Margaret of France, Edward had two sons, both of whom lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child  His progeny by Margaret of France were:
Thomas (1300–1338)
Edmund (1301–1330)
Eleanor (1306–1311)A genealogy in the Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that John Botetourt may have been Edward's illegitimate son, but the claim is unsubstantiated 

Genealogical table
See also
List of earls in the reign of Edward I of England
Savoyard knights in the service of Edward I

Notes
Passage 4:
Elizabeth of Celje
Elizabeth of Celje  (1441 – 1455), also Elizabeth of Cilli, was the first wife of Matthias Corvinus, the future King of Hungary 

Family background
Elizabeth was born to Ulrich II, Count of Celje and his wife Catherine Branković, daughter of the Serb despot George Branković  Her father was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with extensive domains in both the Empire and in the Kingdom of Hungary, centered in Lower Styria, Carniola, and Slavonia  Her mother was the sister of Mara Branković, a favorite wife of the Ottoman sultan Murad II 
Elizabeth was most likely born in Celje, the family seat  She seems to have had a twin sister, called Catherine, who died as a child  Elizabeth was baptised in the Eastern Orthodox faith of her mother, an arrangement that aroused consternation in the Roman Catholic milieu of Celje 
Both of her brothers, Hermann IV and George, died by 1452  Thereafter she remained her parents' sole child, and the last offspring of the House of Celje 

Betrothal
Elizabeth was initially betrothed to John of Gorizia, son of count Henry IV of Gorizia, who was living in Celje under the tutelage of her father  However, it was later decided she would marry into the Hunyadi family 
Elizabeth's father and maternal grandfather were long-time opponents of John Hunyadi, as the houses of Celje and Hunyadi were competing for influence in the Kingdom of Hungary since the early 1440s  In June 1448, the two parties reached an agreement on the division of spheres of interest, sealed by Elizabeth's betrothal to Ladislaus, John Hunyadi's firstborn son In the autumn of the same year, Hunyadi was defeated by the Ottomans at Kosovo; captured by George Branković during his retreat, he was forced to return several estates to him  With the help of the pope, Hunyadi had the disvantageous agreement dissolved; as a consequence, the settlement with the Celjes was called off, as well  Under pressure from the estates, protracted negotiations ensued  In August 1451, a settlement was reached in Smederevo  This time, it was agreed that Elizabeth would marry John's second-born son, Matthias  The wedding was set to 6 December 1453, with the stipulation that should the marriage fail to materialize because any fault attributable to Branković, the latter’s castles and other estates in Hungary would be transferred to Hunyadi and his sons It was John Hunyadi himself, however, to call off the wedding few months before it was to take place  In the fall of 1453, in fact, Elizabeth's father fell out of favor with king Ladislaus, and Hunyadi took advantage of the situation to dissolve the alliance with the Celjes which limited his autonomy of action in Hungary  By February 1455, however, Ulrich was back in power, and George Branković was instrumental in renewing the alliance between his son-in-law and Hunyadi in order to secure a common front against the Ottoman threat 

Marriage and death
Following a renewal of the Celje-Hunyadi alliance, Elizabeth was married to Matthias in the spring of 1455, after having converted to Catholicism  By this time, Ulrich of Celje had remained without sons, with his wife approaching forty: Matthias thus became his most likely heir  He was sent to the royal court in Buda where Ulrich now resided as regent, while Elizabeth settled in the Hunyadis' estates; the two young spouses thus served mostly as hostages between their respective families In the winter of 1455, Elizabeth fell seriously ill  The famous preacher John Capistran organized public prayers for her recovery  However, she died before the end of the year at the Hunyadi court in Transylvania  With her death, Ulrich of Celje remained childless, and the last link between the Hunyadi and Celje families was cut 

Ancestry
Notes


== Sources ==
Passage 5:
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile  Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age 

First marriage
In April 1285 there were negotiations with Floris V for Elizabeth's betrothal to his son John I, Count of Holland  The offer was accepted and John was sent to England to be educated  On 8 January 1297 Elizabeth was married to John at Ipswich  In attendance at the marriage were Elizabeth's sister Margaret, her father, Edward I of England, her brother Edward, and Humphrey de Bohun  After the wedding Elizabeth was expected to go to Holland with her husband, but did not wish to go, leaving her husband to go alone  It is recorded that while in Ipswich the King, in some outburst, threw his daughter's coronet into the fire  A great ruby and a great  emerald, stones supplied by Adam the Goldsmith, were lost as a result After some time travelling England, it was decided Elizabeth should follow her husband  Her father accompanied her, travelling through the Southern Netherlands between Antwerp, Mechelen, Leuven and Brussels, before ending up in Ghent  There they remained for a few months, spending Christmas with her two sisters Eleanor and Margaret  On 10 November 1299, John died of dysentery, though there were rumours of his murder  No children had been born from the marriage 

Second marriage
On her return trip to England, Elizabeth went through Brabant to see her sister Margaret  When she arrived in England, she met her stepmother Margaret, whom Edward had married while Elizabeth was in Holland  On 14 November 1302 Elizabeth was married to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, 3rd of Essex, also Constable of England, at Westminster Abbey In August 1304, she was pregnant and travelled from Linlithgow Palace in Scotland to Knaresborough Castle  She gave birth to her second son, Humphrey de Bohun, in September, assisted by a holy relic of the girdle of the Virgin, brought especially from Westminster Abbey  Humphrey died about six weeks later and was buried at Westminster Abbey with his sister Margaret 

Issue
The children of Elizabeth and Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford were:

Margaret de Bohun (born 1302 – died 7 Feb  1304) 
Humphrey de Bohun (born c  Oct  1303 – died c  Oct  1304) 
Lady Eleanor de Bohun (17 October 1304 – 1363)
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336)
Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford (6 December c  1309 – 1361)
Margaret de Bohun, 2nd Countess of Devon (3 April 1311 – 1391)
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (1312–1360) 
Edward de Bohun (1312–1334), twin of William
Agnes, Married Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley, son of John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley
Eneas de Bohun, (1314 – after 1322); he is mentioned in his father's will
Isabel de Bohun (born and died 5 May 1316)

Later life
During Christmas 1315, Elizabeth, who was pregnant with her eleventh child, was visited by her sister-in-law, Queen Isabella of France  On 5 May 1316 she went into labour, giving birth to her daughter Isabella  Both Elizabeth and her daughter Isabella died shortly after the birth 
Elizabeth was interred at Waltham Abbey, Essex, together with her infant daughter & other members of the de Bohun family 

Ancestry
Passage 6:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016
Context 3: Passage 1:
Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley
Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley (2 May 1304 – 5 May 1337) was the wife of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley  She was the eldest daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, the de facto ruler of England from 1327 to 1330, and his wife Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville 

Family
Margaret Mortimer was the eldest of the twelve children of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville  Her paternal grandparents were Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer and Margaret de Fiennes  Her maternal grandparents were Piers de Geneville, of Trim Castle and Ludlow, and Jeanne of Lusignan 

Marriage and death
Her father Roger proposed the marriage of his eldest daughter Margaret to Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley's son and heir Thomas  From Roger's point of view, the marriage was meant to secure an earlier alliance with an important lord of the Welsh Marshes  Margaret was duly married to Thomas de Berkeley in May 1319  He succeeded his father as 3rd Baron Berkeley in 1326  They had the following issue:

Maurice de Berkeley (born 1320, date of death unknown), who succeeded his father as Baron de Berkeley 
Thomas de Berkeley, (born c  1325, date of death unknown)
Roger de Berkeley (born 1326, date of death unknown)
Alphonsus de Berkeley (born 1327, date of death unknown)
Joan de Berkeley (born 1330 – 1369), married Sir Reginald Cobham 
John de Berkeley (born 1326)Their eldest son Maurice married Elizabeth le Despenser, despite the fact that it had been his grandfather Roger Mortimer that was namely responsible for the execution of Elizabeth's father Hugh le Despenser in 1326 

Later life
After her father's fall from power in 1322, Margaret was arrested  In 1324, she was sent to Sholdham Priory  Her marriage to Berkeley was confirmed, and her offspring declared legitimate by Pope John XXII in 1329 Margaret died on 5 May 1337  She was buried at St  Augustine's Abbey, Bristol, Gloucestershire  After her death, her husband married again to Catherine born Clivedon 

Ancestry
Passage 2:
William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton
William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton PC, PC (I) (d  24 March 1741), was a British politician and judge, of the Bruton branch of the Berkeley family  He was Master of the Rolls in Ireland between 1696 and 1731 and also held political office as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1710 to 1714 and as First Lord of Trade from 1714 to 1715 

Background
Berkeley was the third son of John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, by Christiana, daughter of Sir Andrew Riccard  Charles, a naval captain who held the title for two years, and John, an admiral who held the title for 16 years, were his elder brothers  William lived a much longer life  He was born on an unknown date between John's 1663 birth and 23 March 1672 which would have made William a septuagenarian by the time of his death in 1741 

Political and judicial career
In 1696 Berkeley was appointed Master of the Rolls in Ireland and sworn of the Irish Privy Council  The following year he succeeded his elder brother in the barony  In 1710 he was admitted to the English Privy Council and appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster  He was made First Lord of Trade in 1714, a post he held until 1715  He remained Master of the Rolls in Ireland during this period and continued in this post until 1731 

Family
Lord Berkeley of Stratton married Frances, daughter of Sir John Temple and Jane Yarner; her sister Jane having married his elder brother  Lord Berkeley and his wife had several children, including the Honourable Frances, who married William Byron, 4th Baron Byron, and was the mother of William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, and of Admiral John Byron  Lady Berkeley of Stratton died in July 1707  Lord Berkeley of Stratton remained a widower until his death at Bruton, Somerset, in March 1741  He was succeeded by his eldest son, John 

Notes and references
Notes

References
Passage 3:
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford
Margaret Beaufort (c  1437 – 1474) was a daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and Lady Eleanor Beauchamp 
Her maternal grandparents were Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and his first wife Elizabeth Beauchamp, 4th Baroness Lisle  Elizabeth was daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley and Margaret de Berkeley, 3rd Baroness Lisle, becoming the main heiress of her mother 

Marriages
Margaret's father led forces loyal to the House of Lancaster in the First Battle of St Albans (22 May 1455) against his main rival Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York  Henry Stafford followed his father-in-law into battle  Margaret's father was killed; her husband, Stafford, was wounded  Margaret could no longer count on the support of her father  She became a widow when her husband died of plague three years later 

Ancestry
Sources
Weir, Alison  Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy  London: Vintage Books, 2008  ISBN 0-09-953973-X 
Passage 4:
Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley
Thomas Berkeley, de jure 5th Baron Berkeley, (1472 – 22 January 1532) was an English soldier and aristocrat 
He was born to Sir Maurice Berkeley, de jure 3rd Baron Berkeley, and Isabel Meade, in England  He was the younger brother to Maurice Berkeley, de jure 4th Baron Berkeley, and had a younger brother, James, and a younger sister, Anne 
On 9 September 1513, he fought in the Battle of Flodden and was knighted by the Earl of Surrey, Thomas Howard  He later became Constable of Berkeley Castle on 15 May 1514, and Sheriff of Gloucestershire, November 1522 – November 1523  By writ, he was succeeded to the title of de jure 5th Baron Berkeley on 12 September 1523 after his brother Maurice's death, and his eldest son Thomas followed as the de jure 6th Baron Berkeley, again by writ 

Marriage and children
He firstly married in 1504/1505, to Alienor Constable (c  1485 – 1540), daughter of Marmaduke Constable, eldest son of Sir Robert Constable (4 April 1423 – 23 May 1488)  of Flamborough, Yorkshire, and Agnes Wentworth (died 20 April 1496), daughter of Roger Wentworth of North Elmsall, Yorkshire and Margery le Despencer, by his second wife, Joyce Stafford, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford (c  1400 – 7 June 1450) of Grafton, Worcestershire and Eleanor Aylesbury (born c  1406), the daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury (died 9 September 1418) and his second wife, Katherine Pabenham (c 1372 – 17 June 1436)  Alienor was the widow of John Ingleby of Ripley, Yorkshire  Thomas and Alienor had two sons and two daughters 

Thomas Berkeley, de jure 6th Baron Berkeley (1505 – 19 September 1534), married, firstly, Mary Hastings and had no issue  His second marriage was to Anne Savage (c  1506 – died before 1546) in April 1533, which produced a son and a daughter  His son, Henry Berkeley, became the de facto 7th Baron Berkeley in 1553 
Maurice Berkeley (c  1507 – 1523)
Muriel Berkeley (1518 – 1541), was married to Robert Throckmorton of Coughton Court, Warwickshire (1513 – 1581), in 1527, and had one son and four daughters 
Joan Berkeley (d  31 March 1563) who firstly married Nicholas Poyntz on 24 Jun 1527  Secondly, she married Thomas Dyer sometime after 1556  Dyer's ill-treatment of Joan was a source of scandal, and is thought to have caused her death in 1564 His second wife was Cecily Arnold, daughter and co-heiress to Sir Arnold of Gloucestershire, widow of Richard Rowdon, Sheriff of Gloucestershire 
Passage 5:
James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (c  1394 – 22 October 1463), also known as "James the Just", was an English peer 
Berkeley was the son of Sir James de Berkeley and his wife Elizabeth (née Bluet)  He was made heir to his uncle Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley  He was married four times  His third wife was Lady Isabel, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk; and his fourth wife was the Lady Joan Talbot, daughter of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury  Lord Berkeley was involved in a bitter feud with his cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the fifth Baron Berkeley and wife of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick  He was unable initially to claim Berkeley Castle, as it was taken in possession by the Earl and Countess of Warwick  In 1421, when the Warwicks finally gave up Berkeley Castle, James was summoned to Parliament by writ as Lord Berkeley  The feud did not end there as his third wife Isabel was captured by the Countess of Warwick's son-in-law the Earl of Shrewsbury, and held imprisoned until her death in 1452 
Lord Berkeley was succeeded by his son from his third marriage, William, who was created Marquess of Berkeley in 1489 

Marriages and issue
He firstly married the daughter of John St  John on 9 April 1410, by contract, and had no issue 
His second marriage was to the daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford of Hook Dorset in 1415  No issue came from this marriage 
In about 1424, he was wed to Lady Isabel de Mowbray (b  1396 - d  29 November 1452), in which James was her second husband and Henry Ferrers was her first  They had the following issue:

Elizabeth de Berkeley (b  1425 - d  1482)
Sir William de Berkeley, Earl of Nottingham (c  1427 - 1492); William became the 2nd Baron Berkeley sometime after his father's death in 1463 
James de Berkeley, Esquire (b  1429)
Alice de Berkeley (b  1432)
Sir Maurice de Berkeley VI, Lord Berkeley (c  1435 - 1 September 1506), who was married to Isabel Meade, daughter of merchant Phillip Meade and his wife Isabel, in 1465 and had issue 
Thomas de Berkeley, Esquire (b  1435 - d  1484), who married Margaret Guy, and had issue 
Isabel de Berkeley (b  1438 - d  1482)His fourth marriage to Joan Talbot was before 25 July 1457 

Notes
Passage 6:
Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt
Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt (c  1717 – 15 October 1770), was a British courtier, member of parliament, and royal governor of the colony of Virginia from 1768 until his death in 1770 

Origins
Norborne Berkeley was born about 1717, the only son of John Symes Berkeley of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire by his second wife Elizabeth Norborne, a daughter and co-heiress of Walter Norborne of Calne, Wiltshire and the widow of Edward Devereux, 8th Viscount Hereford  The Berkeleys of Stoke Gifford were descended from Maurice de Berkeley (d 1347), who died at the Siege of Calais, who had acquired the manor of Stoke Gifford in 1337, the second son of Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, 7th feudal baron of Berkeley (1271–1326), Maurice the Magnanimous, of Berkeley Castle  His descendant Sir Thomas Berkeley (d 1361) of Uley, Gloucestershire married Katherine Botetourt (d 1388), a daughter and co-heiress of John Botetourt, 2nd Baron Botetourt  His son and heir was Sir Maurice Berkeley (1358-1400), of Uley and Stoke Gifford, MP for Gloucestershire in 1391 

Life
In 1726, Berkeley was admitted to Westminster School



ground_truth: England

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Maurice De Berkeley, 4Th Baron Berkeley's maternal grandfather?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He succeeded his father to Stoke Park  in Stoke Gifford in 1736 and remodelled both the house (now known as the Dower House) and the gardens in the 1740s and 1750s with the help of the designer Thomas Wright of Durham 
He was appointed Colonel of the newly raised South Gloucestershire Militia and commanded it from 1758 to 1766 His political career began in 1741 when he was elected to the House of Commons as a knight of the shire for Gloucestershire, a seat he held until 1763  Considered a staunch Tory, Berkeley's fortunes were boosted considerably on the accession of George III in 1760, when he was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber and in 1762 (until 1766) Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire  In 1764, almost 400 years after the title went into abeyance through lack of direct heirs, he successfully claimed the title of Baron Botetourt as the lineal descendant of Maurice de Berkeley (d  1361) and his wife Catherine de Botetourt  He thus took a seat in the House of Lords as the 4th Baron de Botetourt, and in 1767 was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber to George III and in 1768 Governor of Virginia 
He died in Williamsburg on 15 October 1770, after an illness lasting several weeks  Botetourt never married and left no legitimate heirs  Stoke Park passed to his sister Elizabeth, who continued his improvements 

Statues
A statue of Botetourt was placed in the Capitol in Williamsburg in 1773  The Capital of Colonial Virginia was located in Williamsburg from 1699 until 1780, but at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson was moved to Richmond for security reasons during the American Revolution  In 1801 the statue of Botetourt was acquired by the College of William and Mary and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building  Barring a brief period during the Civil War when it was moved to the Public Asylum for safety, it stood in the College Yard until 1958 when it was removed for protection from the elements, and then in 1966 was installed in the new Earl Gregg Swem Library, in the new Botetourt Gallery  In 1993, as the College celebrated its tercentenary, a new bronze statue of Botetourt by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray was installed in the College Yard in front of the Wren Building, in the place occupied for generations by the original 

Legacy
Botetourt County, Virginia, was named in Botetourt's honour  Historians also believe that Berkeley County, West Virginia, and the town of Berkeley Springs, both now in West Virginia, were also named in his honour, or possibly that of another popular colonial governor, Sir William Berkeley Lord Botetourt High School in the unincorporated town of Daleville in Botetourt County, Virginia, is also named for him, as is the Botetourt Dorm Complex at The College of William and Mary  Two statues also adorn the campus of The College of William and Mary  Gloucester County, Virginia has an elementary school named for the governor   Both Richmond, Virginia and Norfolk, Virginia have streets named in his honour 
Passage 7:
Maurice de Berkeley
Sir Maurice de Berkeley "the Resolute" (1218 – 4 April 1281), 5th (feudal) Baron de Berkeley, was an English soldier and rebel, residing at Berkeley Castle in the English county of Gloucestershire 

Life
Maurice was born in 1218 to Thomas de Berkeley and wife Joan de Somery  He married Isabel FitzRoy, daughter of Richard FitzRoy, Baron of Chilham (an illegitimate son of King John of England) and wife Rose de Douvres, sometime before 12 July 1247 
Berkeley fought in the French Wars and was invested as a knight before 1242  He inherited the title of Baron de Berkeley in 1243 and, on 14 December 1243, he had livery of his father's lands  He fought in the war in North Wales and in 1264 he joined the Barons against King Henry III  Berkeley died on 4 April 1281 and was buried in St Augustine's Abbey in Bristol 
His son was Thomas de Berkeley 
Passage 8:
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley, KB (26 November 1534 – 26 November 1613) was an English peer and politician  He was Lord Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of Gloucestershire  He was the grandfather of George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley 

Family
Henry Berkeley, sometimes called 'Henry the Harmlesse or Posthumous Henry', was born on 26 November 1534, nine weeks and four days after his father's death  He was the son of Thomas Berkeley, 6th Baron Berkeley (c  1505 – 19 September 1534), and his second wife, Anne Savage (died October 1564), the daughter of Sir John Savage of Frodsham, Cheshire  The 16th Baron had earlier been married to Mary Hastings, the daughter of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, by Anne Stafford (d  March 1533), daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, but had no issue by her 

Career
Berkeley was made a Knight of the Bath on 28 September 1553 at the coronation of Mary I  In the following year, Berkeley Castle and other estates were restored to him when the line of male heirs of Henry VII was extinguished  As Simon Adams points out, "in 1487 William, Marquis Berkeley, had granted Berkeley Castle and its related manors to Henry VII and his heirs male  The crown's right having expired with Edward VI, they were restored to Henry, the 7th Lord Berkeley in December 1554 " On 13 May 1555, he had livery of his lands, although still underage Berkeley is said to have rebuilt Caludon Castle about 1580, which had fallen into disrepair after the banishment from England in 1398 of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by Richard II He was Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire from 1603 until his death Berkeley died 26 November 1613, leaving a will dated 20 December 1612  He was succeeded by his grandson, George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley  However, according to Andrew Warmington, the 8th Baron's inheritance was much diminished, as his grandfather had '"recently ended the 192-year legal feud over the estates with the Lisle family and their heirs, including the crown", and "due to this and Henry's extraordinary profligacy, the once vast estate had been reduced to twenty-five manors covering about 11,000 acres, mainly in Gloucestershire, with a rental value of some £1200 per year"  Contemporaneous mention of this legal feud is made in Leicester's Commonwealth where the anonymous author, alluding to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, writes:

What shall I speak of others, whereof there would be no end? As of his dealing with Mr  Richard Lee for his manor of Hook Norton (if I fail not in the name); with Mr  Lodovick Greville, by seeking to bereave him of all his living at once if the drift had taken place; with George Whitney, in the behalf of Sir Henry Lee, for enforcing him to forgo the Controllership of Woodstock which he holdeth by patent from King Henry VII? With my Lord Berkeley, whom he enforced to yield up his lands to his brother Warwick which his ancestors had held quietly for almost two hundred years together?
As D C  Peck explains:

Litigation over the Berkeley lands had been going on for two centuries; at this time it was pursued by the Dudleys against Henry (d  1613), seventh Lord Berkeley, Lord Harry Howard's brother-in-law, from whom they were able to recover several manors  In August 1574, Leicester persuaded the Queen to leave her itinerary and be his guest at Berkeley Castle in its lord's absence, as if it were his own 

Marriages and issue
Berkeley first married, in September 1554, at Kenninghall, Norfolk, Katherine Howard, third daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and Frances de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, and Elizabeth Trussell:

Sir Thomas Berkeley(1575-1611) predeceased his father leaving a son, George 
Mary (b  1557) married John Zouche of Codnor, Derbyshire
Frances (1561-1595)married George Shirley of Staunton Harold, Leicestershire and was the mother of Sir Henry Shirley and the antiquary Thomas Shirley Berkeley's first wife, Katherine, died of dropsy at Caludon on 7 April 1596, and was buried on 20 May near the Drapers Chapel at St Michael's, Coventry  Katherine was fond of field sports, and said to be 'so good an archer at butts with the longbow, as her side, by her, was never the weaker'  She was also fond of falconry, and 'kept commonly a cast or two of merlins, mewed in her own chamber, to the detriment of her gowns and kirtles' Berkeley married for a second time, on 9 March 1598 at St Giles, Cripplegate, Jane Stanhope (c  1547–1618), widow of Sir Roger Townshend (d  1590), and daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope (d  1552) of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, by his wife, Anne Rawson, daughter of Nicholas Rawson of Aveley, Essex  Berkeley's second wife, Jane, had two sons by her previous marriage, Sir John Townshend (1567/68–1603) and Sir Robert Townshend (b  1580)  She died at her house in the Barbican on 3 January 1618, leaving a will dated 20 July 1617 which was proved by her grandson, Sir Roger Townshend, 1st Baronet, on 10 March 1618 

Notes
Passage 9:
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley (c  1330 – 8 June 1368), The Valiant, feudal baron of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, was an English peer  His epithet, and that of each previous and subsequent head of his family, was coined by John Smyth of Nibley (died 1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys" 
He was born in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, the eldest son and heir of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley by his wife Lady Margaret Mortimer 
In August 1338 Berkeley married Elizabeth le Despenser, daughter of Hugh Despenser the younger by his wife Eleanor de Clare  By Elizabeth he had seven children as follows:

Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (1352/3-1417), eldest son and heir, who married Margaret de Lisle, Baroness Lisle
Sir James de Berkeley (born c  1355 – 13 June 1405) married Elizabeth Bluet; one of their sons was James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
John de Berkeley (c  1357 – 1381)
Maurice de Berkeley (born c  1358) married Jone Hereford
Catherine de Berkeley (born c  1360)
Agnes de Berkeley (born c  1363)
Elizabeth de Berkeley (born c  1365)

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of Somerset
Lady Eleanor Beauchamp, Baroness de Ros and Duchess of Somerset (September 1408 – 6 March 1467) was the second daughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and Elizabeth de Berkeley, daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley 

First marriage
On 17 December 1423, Lady Eleanor was married to Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros  They were parents of the following surviving issue:

Margaret de Ros (b  1425 – d  10 December 1488), married firstly (as his second wife) William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux (d  1462), secondly Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough 
Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros (b  9 September 1427 – d  17 May 1464)
Richard Ros (b  8 March 1429 – after 1492)

Second marriage
Eleanor married Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset sometime between 1431 and 1433 in an unlicensed marriage, although this was pardoned on 7 March 1438  He was the son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Lady Margaret Holland  They had the following surviving issue:

Eleanor Beaufort, Countess of Ormonde (b  between 1431 and 1433 - d  August 16, 1501), married firstly James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde and secondly Sir Robert Spencer 
Joan Beaufort (b  1433 – d  11 August 1518), married firstly Robert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth  and secondly Sir Richard Fry 
Anne Beaufort (b  1435 – d  17 September 1496), who married, Sir William Paston (b  1436 – died before 7 September 1496), a younger son of William Paston (1378–1444), Justice of the Common Pleas 
Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (b  26 January 1436 – d  15 May 1464)
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford (b  1437 – d  1474), married firstly Humphrey, Earl of Stafford and secondly Sir Richard Darell 
Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (b  1439 – d  4 May 1471)
John Beaufort, Earl of Dorset (b  1441 – 4 May 1471)
Thomas Beaufort (b  1442 – d  1517)
Elizabeth Beaufort (b  1443 - died before 1475), married Sir Henry FitzLewis 
Mary Beaufort (b  between 1431 and 1455)

Third marriage
She married thirdly to Walter Rokesley  There was no known issue from this marriage 

Death
She died on 6 March 1467 at the age of 58 at Baynard's Castle, London, England 

Ancestry



ground_truth: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March