prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who died first, Albertus Seba or Ali Dinar?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bobby Dixon
Bobby Dixon or Ali Muhammed (born April 10, 1983), is an American-born naturalized Turkish professional basketball former player who played at the point guard position  He also represented the senior Turkish national basketball team, as he holds Turkish citizenship since 2015, under the name of Ali Muhammed 

College career
After graduating from Chicago's Sullivan High School, Dixon played college basketball at Troy University  In his two-year career with the Trojans, he played in 59 games, averaging 16 3 points, 4 6 rebounds, and 5 3 assists per game  He was also named to the 2005–06 All-Sun Belt Conference First Team 

Professional career
Dixon started his professional career in France with  Saint-Étienne Basket  In May 2007, he signed a contract with the French League team Gravelines until the end of the season  In the summer of 2007, he signed a contract with Polpak Świecie of the Polish Basketball League  He led the 2007–08 season Polish League in assists, averaging 5 1 per game  In the summer of 2008, he signed a contract with the Italian League team Pallacanestro Treviso  In February 2009, he moved to the France again, signed by Le Mans Sarthe Basket  In the summer of 2009, he signed a contract with the French League team ASVEL Basket  In 2010, he moved to the Italy, signed by Pallacanestro Treviso again  In the summer of 2010, he signed a contract with the Italian League team New Basket Brindisi  In the summer of 2011, he signed a contract with the French League team Dijon Basket 

Karşıyaka (2012–2015)
In July 2012, Dixon signed a contract with Karşıyaka of the Turkish League  On February 9, 2014, he was named the MVP with 19 points, 5 rebounds, and 6 assists in the Turkish Cup final game against Anadolu Efes S K  He also helped to lead them to a Turkish President's Cup victory against Fenerbahçe in 2014  He was named to the All-EuroCup Second Team in the 2014–15 EuroCup season  On June 19, 2015, he won the Turkish League championship with Karşıyaka, after beating Anadolu Efes by a series score of 4–1 in the Turkish League Finals  Dixon was named the Turkish League Finals MVP 

Fenerbahçe (2015–2021)
On July 21, 2015, Dixon signed a two-year contract with Fenerbahçe  On 28 March 2016, he had a 23 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists performance against Beşiktaş, which marked his first triple double in the team  That triple double, was the third in Fenerbahce history, after Mark Dickel had a 16 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists performance against Galatasaray, in the 2002–03 season; and Emir Preldžić had 10 points, 15 rebounds, and 10 assists against Olin Edirne, in the 2010–11 season In 2017–18 EuroLeague, Fenerbahçe made it to the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four, its fourth consecutive Final Four appearance  Eventually, they lost to Real Madrid with 80–85 in the final game  Over 20 EuroLeague games, he averaged 7 points, 1 1 rebounds and 1 2 assists per game, in decreased playing time over last season 
In April 2019, he signed a new two-year contract with Fenerbahçe, staying at the club until the end of 2020–21 season  Dixon parted ways with the team on September 14, 2021 On October 14, 2021, he has announced his retirement from professional basketball and started to work as a Youth Coach for Fenerbahçe Beko 

Turkish national team
After receiving Turkish citizenship, Dixon became a member of the senior men's Turkish national basketball team  With the Turkish national team, he played at the EuroBasket 2015, and the Manila 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament 

Career statistics
EuroLeague
Domestic leagues
Personal
In June 2015, Dixon received a Turkish passport and citizenship, which legally changed his name in Turkey to Ali Muhammed 
Passage 2:
Ali Farzat
Ali Farzat or Ali Ferzat (Arabic: علي فرزات; born 22 June 1951) is a Syrian political cartoonist  He has published more than 15,000 caricatures in Syrian, Arab and international newspapers  He serves as the head of the Arab Cartoonists Association  In 2011, he received Sakharov Prize for peace  Farzat was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2012 

Life and career
Farzat was born and raised in the city of Hama, in central Syria on 22 June 1951  At the age of 12, he started publishing drawings professionally on the front pages of al-Ayyam newspaper, shortly before it was banned by the ruling Baath Party  His first cartoon was about the Évian Accords negotiations between Algerians and French officials  In 1969, he began drawing caricatures for the state-run daily, al-Thawra  He enrolled at the Faculty of Fine Arts at Damascus University in 1970, and left before dropping out in 1973  In the mid-1970s, he moved to another government controlled daily, Tishreen, where his cartoons appeared every day  His caricatures were critical of government corruption but were not directed at particular individuals  International recognition followed in 1980 when he won the first prize at the Intergraphic International Festival in Berlin, Germany, and his drawings began to appear in the French newspaper Le Monde  His exhibition in 1989 at the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris, France led to a death threat from Saddam Hussein, and a ban from Iraq, Jordan and Libya  The drawing that brought about the most controversy was called The General and the Decorations which showed a general handing out military decorations instead of food to a hungry Arab citizen Farzat met Syrian president Bashar al-Assad prior to his presidency in 1996  According to Farzat, "He [Bashar] actually laughed at some of the cartoons—specifically at those targeting security personnel—he had a bunch of them with him and he turned to them and said: 'Hey, he is making fun of you  What do you think?" Afterward the two developed a friendship  In December 2000, Farzat started publishing al-Domari (Arabic: الدومري, lit  'The Lamplighter'), which was the first independent periodical in Syria since the Baath Party came to power in 1963  The newspaper was based on political satire and styled in a similar way to the French weekly Le Canard enchaîné  The first issue of the paper came out in February 2001 and the entire 50,000 copies were sold in less than four hours  In 2002, he won the prestigious Dutch Prince Claus Award for "achievement in culture and development"  By 2003, however, frequent government censorship and lack of funds forced Farzat to close down al-Domari  He has been called "one of the most famous cultural figures in the Arab world"  In December 2012, Farzat was awarded Gebran Tueni prize in Lebanon 

Syrian Civil War
During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Farzat had been more direct in his anti-government cartoons, specifically targeting government figures, particularly al-Assad  Following the fall of Tripoli in late August to anti-government rebels seeking to topple Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, Farzat published a cartoon depicting a sweaty Bashar al-Assad clutching a briefcase running to catch a ride with Gaddafi who is anxiously driving a getaway car  Other cartoons Farzat published previously include one where al-Assad is whitewashing the shadow of large Syrian security force officer while the actual officer remains untouched with the caption reading "Lifting the emergency law" and another showing al-Assad dressed in a military uniform flexing his arm in front of a mirror  The mirror's reflection shows Assad being a dominant muscular figure contrasting with his actual slim stature On 25 August 2011, Farzat was reportedly pulled from his vehicle in Umayyad Square in central Damascus by masked gunmen believed to be part of the security forces and a pro-government militia  The men assaulted him, focusing mainly on his hands, and dumped him on the side of the airport road where passersby found him and took him to a hospital  According to one of his relatives, the security forces notably targeted his hands with both being broken and then told Farzat it was "just a warning"  His brother As'aad, however, claims Farzat was kidnapped from his home around 5 am by five gunmen and then taken to the airport road after being beaten "savagely"  The gunmen then warned him "not to satirize Syria's leaders"  The Local Coordination Committee (LCC), an activist group representing the rebellion in Syria, stated that his briefcase and the drawings in them were confiscated by the assailants In response to news of Farzat's ordeal, Syrian opposition members expressed outrage and several online activists changed their Facebook profile picture with that of a hospitalized Farzat in solidarity with the cartoonist  The incident provoked an outpouring of solidarity by cartoonists in the Arab world and internationally  Egyptian Al Sharouk's Waleed Taher had drawn a map of the Arab world with a face emerging out of Syria screaming "They beat up Ali Farzat, World!" Egypt's Al Masry Al Youm published a cartoon depicting a man with two amputated hands, taken aback by how another person guessed that he was a cartoonist  In the Lebanese daily Al Akhbar Nidal al-Khairy published a cartoon depicting Farzat's broken hand being stabbed by three security men smaller than the hand in size with the caption reading "The hands of the people are above their hands " Well-known Carlos Latuff of Brazil drew a rifle with a pen as its barrel pursuing a frantic al-Assad The United States condemned the attack calling it "targeted, brutal"  According to the BBC's Arab affair's analyst, Farzat's beating is a sign that the Syrian authorities "tolerance for dissent is touching zero " One month earlier, Ibrahim al-Qashoush, the alleged composer of a popular anti-government song, was found dead with his vocal cords removed Following the attack Farzat stated that he would not meet with al-Assad any longer, although he was not sure if al-Assad directly ordered the assault against him  Farzat said he would continue to criticize al-Assad, stating "I was born to be a cartoonist, to oppose, to have differences with governments that do these bad things  This is what I do "

Style
Farzat's drawings are centred around themes involving criticism of bureaucracy, corruption and hypocrisy within the government and the wealthy elite  His drawings, typically without captions, are noted for their scathing criticism and for depicting types rather than individuals  Through his cutting caricatures he gained the respect of many Arabs while drawing the ire of their governments  However, since the uprising in Syria began Farzat has been more direct in his caricatures, depicting actual figures including the President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad 

Collections
A Pen of Damascus Steel: The Political Cartoons of an Arab Master (2005) Published by Cune Press www cunepress com
Passage 3:
Alireza Jamshidi
Dr Alireza Jamshidi (or Ali-Reza Jamshidi) is an official spokesman for Iran's judiciary, headed by Mahmoud Shahroudi  In that capacity, he holds regular news conferences  As he has little other public presence, his name is associated mainly with stories he has promulgated:

Imprisonment of members of the Baháʼí Faith because of their religionProsecution of doctors carrying out HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs, apparently because of links with the United StatesExecutions of juvenile offenders such as that of Mohammad Hassanzadeh for a crime committed at the age of fourteen years Denial of punishments such as stoning, which he claimed were falsely attributed to Iran by Western media
Capital punishment for “insulting religious sanctities and laws, and homosexuality ”
Passage 4:
Abu Luqman
Ali Moussa Al-Shawakh, (1973 –17 April 2018) known by his kunya Abu Luqman, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari or Ali al-Hamoud, was a Syrian man and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant governor of Raqqa, Syria as of July 2015  He used to be governor of Aleppo province 

History
Abu Luqman was born in as-Sahl village in Raqqa province  He studied law at the University of Aleppo  He is from the Ajeel clan of Raqqa  It is claimed he used to have a Sufi orientation because he followed Mahmud al-Aghasi (known as Abu Qaqa) who was the leader of Ghuraba al-Sham 
He was freed from Sednaya Prison, Damascus in the summer of 2011 by President Bashar al-Assad, at the outset of the uprising against the Syrian government 

ISIL activity
According to Ibrahim Muslem, a human-rights activist quoted by The Wall Street Journal, "Abu Luqman decides who gets the oil"  At Mr  Luqman's discretion, smugglers pay for fuel and load it into tanker trucks  Refined products from the Akrish refinery are driven more than 200 miles to Syrian villages near the Turkish border, according to Mr  Muslem 
Mohammed al-Saleh, a spokesman for the advocacy group Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently, quoted in The Wall Street Journal, said Abu Luqman replaced several foreign generals with locals after the loss of the town of Tell Abyad 
He was also responsible for the execution of Abu Saad al-Hadram, Jabhat al-Nusra's commander for Raqqa province 

2014
In early 2014, he was ISIL's chief interrogator in Raqqa province  As of April 2014, he was the IS emir of Raqqa province  In this role, he was the primary official responsible for appointing other ISIL leaders, distributing fighters among the various IS fighting fronts, and publicizing ISIL military operations  In mid-2014, he ordered the beheading of two hostages held by ISIL 
As of late 2014, he was a member of ISIL's eight-member governing council  His responsibilities for ISIL included frequently traveling across Syria to transfer ISIL prisoners  Also in late 2014, he changed his name when he was reported dead in the press as a security measure 

2015
In early 2015, he  was a member of an ISIL governance council chaired by IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi  As of early 2015, he was the senior figure in charge of ISIL detention of Western hostages In June 2015, he was the governor of Aleppo and the security emir for Syria responsible for foreign fighters  Previously as governor of Raqqa, he was responsible for executions  In July 2015, he was reappointed governor of Raqqa and was the de facto chief in Raqqa, overseeing security affairs  As of mid-2015, he was ISIL's overall security amir at a Raqqa detention facility holding more than 1,000 ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight 

US and UN sanctions
On 29 September 2015 he was added to the United States Department of Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control Specially Designated Nationals List The US Department of Treasury further describes his role, saying "Al-Shawakh is being designated for acting for or on behalf of ISIL, an entity designated pursuant to E O  13224  As of mid-2015, Syrian national al-Shawakh served as ISIL’s governor for Raqqa, Syria, after having served as ISIL’s senior security official for Syria and as governor in Aleppo, roles in which he directed combat assignments for foreign fighters    Al-Shawakh was in charge of ISIL’s detention of foreign hostages, and oversaw the appointment of other ISIL leaders   Al-Shawakh supervised security matters, including executions, interrogations, and transfers of ISIL prisoners, at an Raqqa detention facility used to hold foreign hostages and ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight   In mid-2014, al-Shawakh ordered the beheadings of two ISIL hostages   Al-Shawakh also served on a governance council chaired by ISIL leader and U S  and UN-designated SDGT Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (AKA Dr  Ibrahim al-Badri)" He is also sanctioned by the United Nations who said, "Ali Musa al-Shawakh was listed on 29 February 2016 pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 4 of resolution 2161 (2014) as being associated with Al-Qaida for “participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf of, or in support of” the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), listed as Al-Qaida in Iraq (QDe 115)" 

Death
Abu Luqman was reportedly killed by an Iraqi airstrike on 17 April 2018 
Passage 5:
Ali Loke
Ali Loke (née Hemingway) (born 26 May 1993 in Stevenage) is a Welsh professional squash player  She has competed in the main draw of multiple professional PSA tournaments  As of April 2019, she was ranked number 77 in the world and was the 2nd-highest internationally ranked player in Wales 
Passage 6:
Sultan Buyung
Sultan Buyung or Ali Ri'ayat Syah II (died 28 June 1589) was the ninth sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra  He had a short and contested reign from 1585/85 to 1589, ending with his violent demise 

Indrapura origins
Sultan Buyung did not belong to the sultan's family of Aceh but originated from Indrapura on the west coast of Sumatra  His background is known from epigraphic data: he was the son of Munawwar Syah, son of Muhammad Syah, son of Almalik Zainuddin  This indicates that Indrapura had been ruled by a Muslim dynasty since at least 1500  The sister of Sultan Buyung, Raja Dewi, was married to Sultan Mughal alias Sri Alam who was sultan of Aceh for a brief period in 1579  At a time the prince went to Aceh to be with his widowed sister  When he had stayed there for two months the current sultan Alauddin Mansur Syah was murdered  This happened in early 1585 according to the chronicles but in 1586 according to a Portuguese account 

Contested reign
After the murder of Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan Buyung was raised to the throne with the throne name Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah  The precise reasons why he was selected are not known to us, but there was apparently a lack of grown-up candidates  The old sultan left a young grandson, Raja Asyem, who may have been supported by part of the orang kayas (grandees) but was too young to reign  Raja Asyem was protected by an old military of humble background, the later sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal who had allegedly murdered the boy's grandfather  Thus Aceh appears to have been politically divided during Sultan Buyung's brief reign  Of political events, we only know that the hostilities with the Portuguese in Melaka ceased in his reign  Relations between the Portuguese and the leading Malay kingdom Johor deteriorated after 1585 and the Johorese suffered a disastrous military defeat in 1587  As a consequence of this an Acehnese envoy appeared in Melaka and a peace was concluded  The result of all this was that the sea-roads between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra became free and trade expanded greatly  The peace held on for the next 19 years  Finally, the sultan was murdered under unclear circumstances on 28 June 1589 by "all the grandees" of the kingdom  Thus he was the fourth ruler in succession to be killed  The throne was now taken by Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal, who claimed descent from the 15th-century rulers of Aceh  His accession made an end to ten years of violent political infighting 
Passage 7:
Albertus Seba
Albertus or Albert Seba (May 12, 1665, Etzel near Friedeburg – May 2, 1736, Amsterdam) was a Dutch pharmacist, zoologist, and collector  Seba accumulated one of the largest cabinets of curiosities in the Netherlands during his time  He sold one of his cabinets in 1717 to Peter the Great of Russia  His later collections were auctioned after his death  He published descriptions of his collections in a lavishly illustrated 4 volume Thesaurus  His early work on taxonomy and natural history influenced Linnaeus 

Career
Born in Etzel, Seba moved to Amsterdam as an apprentice and, around 1700, opened a pharmacy near the harbour  Seba asked sailors and ship surgeons to bring exotic plants and animal products he could use for preparing drugs  Seba also started to collect snakes, birds, insects, shells, and lizards in his house 
From 1711, he delivered various medicines to the Russian court in Saint Petersburg and sometimes accepted fresh ginger as payment  Seba promoted his collection to Robert Erskine (1674–1719), the tsar's head physician, and in early 1716 Peter the Great bought the complete collection  In the following several years, Seba managed to develop another collection of natural specimens, which grew more extensive than the first 
Through Seba, Frederik Ruysch—a well-known Amsterdam physician and anatomist—also sold his collection to the tsar  Both collections so expanded Peter's imperial cabinet of curiosities that they led to the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the construction of a new building for the Kunstkammer, opened in 1728 as the first Russian public museum In October 1728, Seba had become a Fellow of the Royal Society  In 1734, he had published a Latin "treasury" (thesaurus) of animal specimens with beautiful engravings  Its full title was Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio et Iconibus Artificiosissimus Expressio per Universam Physices Historiam ("A Careful Description and Exceedingly Artistic Expression in Pictures of the Exceedingly Rich Treasury of Nature Throughout the Entire History of Natural Science"), traditionally shortened and abbreviated in Latin as the Rerum Naturalium Thesaurus ("A Treasury of Nature") or as Seba's Thesaurus  A traditional English version of the name has been A Cabinet of Natural Curiosities, after the early modern cabinets of curiosities  The last two of the four volumes were published after his death (1759 and 1765)  Today, an original 446-plate volume is in the collection of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, Netherlands  Recently, a complete example of the Thesaurus sold for $460,000 at an auction  In 2001, Taschen Books published a reprint of the Thesaurus, with a second printing in 2006 In 1735, Carl Linnaeus visited Seba twice  Linnaeus found Seba's collection to be useful for the classification system which Linnaeus was developing, and Linnaeus used many of Seba's specimens as holotypes for original descriptions of species  Seba's inclusion of fantastic beasts such as the hydra influenced Linnaeus to include the "Paradoxa", species which may exist but which have not been found, in his Systema Naturae Seba himself did not use Linnaeus' taxonomy, as it was published only a year before his death  However, he did organize his Thesaurus by physical similarities, leading to some similarities with Linnaeus' larger project In 1752, several years after Seba's death, his second collection was auctioned in Amsterdam  Several objects were purchased by Russia's Academy of Sciences 

Taxa named in honor of Seba
Seba is commemorated in the scientific names of two species and one subspecies of snakes: Ninia sebae, Python sebae, and Oxyrhopus petola sebae 

Gallery
Passage 8:
Ali Elmusrati
Almoatasembellah Ali Mohamed Al-Musrati (Arabic: المعتصم بالله علي محمد المصراتي; born 6 April 1996), known simply as Al-Musrati, is a Libyan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primeira Liga club Braga and the Libya national team 

Club career
Vitória de Guimarães
Reserve team
In January 2017, he signed a three-and-a-half-year deal at Vitória de Guimarães of Portugal's Primeira Liga, on the recommendation of their former player Romano Sion  He began playing for their reserve team in LigaPro, and on 4 March 2018 scored his first goal to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to União 

First team
On 5 August 2019, Al-Musrati made his debut for the first team, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 win at Feirense in the second round of the Taça da Liga  Thirteen days later he made his Primeira Liga debut in a 1–1 home draw with Boavista and was third-place in the vote for the league's best midfielder of the month, behind Bruno Fernandes and Pizzi  On 12 December, he scored his only goal for the first team, equalising in a 3–2 comeback win at Eintracht Frankfurt in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League; his club was already eliminated 

Loan to Rio Ave
Al-Musrati was loaned to Rio Ave of the same league on 29 January 2020, for the rest of the season  He, Diogo Figueiras and Nuno Santos were sent off on 17 June in a 2–1 home loss to Benfica 

Braga
On 31 July 2020, Al-Musrati signed a four-year deal at Braga, joining his former Rio Ave manager Carlos Carvalhal  His first goal was on 26 November, to open a 3–3 home draw with Leicester City in the Europa League group stage; three days later he struck for the first time in the top flight to win at the Estádio Municipal de Braga against Farense  He was voted the league's Player of the Month for February 2021 

International career
Al-Musrati was first called up for Libya at the 2014 African Nations Championship in South Africa, and played all but one game including the penalty shootout win over Ghana in the final 

Career statistics
Club
As of match played 4 June 2023

International
As of match played 28 March 2023

International goals
Scores and results list Libya's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Elmusrati goal 

Honours
Braga

Taça de Portugal: 2020–21Libya

African Nations Championship: 2014
Passage 9:
Ali Dinar
Ali Dinar (Arabic: علي دينار; 1856 – November 6, 1916) was a Sultan of the Sultanate of Darfur and ruler from the Keira dynasty   
In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, he managed to regain Darfur's independence 

A rebellion led by him in 1915—in the context of his giving his support to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War— led the British government to dispatch the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition, in which he was killed in action, after which his Sultanate was incorporated into the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 

Further reading
'Alī Dīnār, Last Sultan of Darfur, 1898–1916
Passage 10:
Mohammad Jahromi
Mohammad Jahromi (born 1958) is a former Iranian governor and politician who served as minister of labor and social affairs from 2005 to 2009 

Early life and education
Jahromi was born in Tehran in 1958  He holds a bachelor's degree in mathematics  He also received a PhD in strategic management 

Career
Jahromi was the deputy chairman for executive affairs of the Guardian Council  He was also one of the founding members of the IRGC in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran in 1979  He acted as an IRGC commander in Noor  In addition, he served as the governor of different provinces, including Zanjan (1982-1984), Lorestan (1984-1989) and Semnan (1984-1999)  He was among the members of secretariat of the State Expediency Council On 24 August 2005, he became the minister of labor and social affairs in the first cabinet of Mahmoud Ahmedinejad  He was approved by the Majlis with 197 votes in favor  During his tenure, he was considered to be the economic spokesperson of the government  In late 2008, he announced his candidacy for the presidential election of 2009  He was succeeded by Reza Sheykholeslam in August 2009 as minister of labor and social affairs Immediately after his removal from office, Jahromi was appointed deputy of the judiciary chief, Sadeq Larijani, in August 2009  Next Jahromi was named chief of the state-run Bank Saderat 

Sanctions
Jahromi was sanctioned by the European Union on 1 December 2011 due to his presidency at the Saderat Bank, which was also sanctioned by the Union  He was omitted from the sanction list in October 2012 

Personal life
Jahromi is the son-in-law of Ali Akbar Nategh Noori 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Magic Mountain
Magic Mountain or The Magic Mountain may refer to:

Books
The Magic Mountain, a novel by Thomas Mann

Places
Magic Mountain (California), a landform that was Nike missile location LA-98R
Magic Mountain (British Columbia), a hydrothermal vent field on the Pacific Ocean sea floor
Magic Mountain site, a prehistoric archaeological site in Colorado
Magic Mountain, Vermont, a natural ski area in Londonderry, Vermont
Magic Mountain (Washington), a mountain on the border of North Cascades National Park and Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, USA

Parks and Recreation
Magic Mountain (roller coaster), a steel roller coaster in Castelnuovo del Garda, Italy
Magic Mountain, Glenelg, a former theme park in Glenelg, Australia
Magic Mountain Resort, a small ski area south of Twin Falls, Idaho
Magic Mountain, Merimbula, a theme park in Australia
Magic Mountain (New Brunswick), a water park in Moncton, New Brunswick
Magic Mountain, Nobby Beach, a former theme park on the Gold Coast, Australia
Six Flags Magic Mountain, a theme park in Valencia, California

Film and TV
The Magic Mountain (1982 film), a film directed by Hans W  Geißendörfer
The Magic Mountain (2015 film), a film directed by Anca Damian
Magic Mountain (TV series), an Australian and Chinese children's programme

Music
"Magic Mountain" (song), by Eric Burdon & War (1977)
Magic Mountain (Hans Koller album) (1997)
Magic Mountain (Black Stone Cherry album) (2014)
"Magic Mountain", a song by Blonde Redhead from Misery Is a Butterfly (2004)
"Magic Mountain", a song by the Drums from Encyclopedia (2014)
Passage 2:
1994–95 Orlando Magic season
The 1994–95 NBA season was the Magic's 6th season in the National Basketball Association  After building through the draft in previous years, the Magic made themselves even stronger by signing free agents Horace Grant, who won three championships with the Chicago Bulls, and Brian Shaw during the off-season  The Magic got off to a fast start winning 22 of their first 27 games, then later holding a 37–10 record at the All-Star break  Despite losing seven of their final eleven games in April, the Magic easily won the Atlantic Division with a 57–25 record  They also finished with a 39–2 home record, tied for second best in NBA history 
Shaquille O'Neal continued to dominate the NBA with 29 3 points, 11 4 rebounds and 2 4 blocks per game, and was named to the All-NBA Second Team, while second-year star Penny Hardaway averaged 20 9 points, 7 2 assists and 1 7 steals per game, while being named to the All-NBA First Team, and Grant gave the Magic one of the most dominant starting lineups in the NBA, averaging 12 8 points and 9 7 rebounds per game, as he was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team  In addition, Nick Anderson provided the team with 15 8 points and 1 6 steals per game, while three-point specialist Dennis Scott played a sixth man role, averaging 12 9 points per game off the bench, Donald Royal contributed 9 1 points and 4 0 rebounds per game as the team's starting small forward, and Shaw contributed 6 4 points and 5 2 assists per game off the bench  O'Neal and Hardaway were both selected to play in the 1995 NBA All-Star Game, with head coach Brian Hill coaching the Eastern Conference  O'Neal also finished in second place in Most Valuable Player voting, while Hardaway finished in tenth place, and Scott finished in fifth place in Sixth Man of the Year voting In the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Magic overwhelmed the Boston Celtics with a 124–77 victory in Game 1  Despite losing Game 2 at home, 99–92, the Magic would eliminate the Celtics at the Boston Garden to win the series, 3–1  These matches would be the final 2 basketball games ever played at the Garden  Coincidentially, O’Neal played his final game in Boston 16 years later with the 2010–11 Boston Celtics before retiring from the NBA at 39 years old In the Eastern Conference Semi-finals, the Magic were matched up against the 5th-seeded Chicago Bulls  The Bulls were on an emotional high as Michael Jordan had just returned from his baseball career to play basketball  Jordan was now wearing the number 45 for the Bulls  The Magic won the first game 94–91  Tensions rose when Anderson indicated that Jordan was no longer the same player when Anderson was quoted by the media saying, "No  45 doesn't explode like No  23 used to  No  23, he could just blow by you  He took off like a space shuttle  No  45, he revs up, but he really doesn't take off " The comment motivated Jordan to return to number 23 and the Bulls evened the series with a 104–94 road win in Game 2  With the series tied at two games a piece, the Magic won Game 5 at home, 103–95  The Magic would eliminate the Bulls in Game 6 as the Magic won, 108–102 to advance to the conference finals In the Eastern Conference finals, the Magic would beat Reggie Miller, and the 2nd-seeded and Central Division champion Indiana Pacers in a tough 7-game series that saw the home team win every game  The Magic were off to their first ever NBA Finals appearance 
In the Finals, the Magic faced off against the 6th-seeded and defending NBA champion Houston Rockets  Shaq would be up against Hakeem Olajuwon in a battle of All-Star Centers  Game 1 was played in Orlando and the game was lost at the free-throw line  Anderson missed four consecutive free throws with the Magic up by three at the waning seconds of the game and the Rockets tied the game at the buzzer  The Rockets would then win Game 1 in overtime, 120–118  The Magic would not recover from their Game 1 loss as the Rockets swept the series in four straight  Following the season, Anthony Avent was traded to the newly expansion Vancouver Grizzlies, and Tree Rollins retired 
For the season, the Magic added new blue pinstripe road uniforms, while the black pinstripe jerseys became their alternate  Both uniforms remained in use until 1998  Orlando did not make another appearance in the NBA Finals until 2009 

Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs  opponents
Game log
Regular season
Playoffs
Player statistics
Season
Playoffs
Awards and honors
Shaquille O'Neal – All-NBA 2nd team, Scoring Champion, All-Star
Penny Hardaway – All-NBA 1st Team, All-Star
Horace Grant – All-Defensive 2nd Team
Brian Hill – All-Star East Head Coach

Transactions
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Passage 3:
The Magic Christian
The Magic Christian  may refer to:

Magic Christian (magician) (born 1945)
Magic Christian Music, an album by Badfinger featuring three songs from the 1969 film
The Magic Christian (film), a 1969 film
The Magic Christian (novel), a 1959 comic novel by Terry Southern

See also
Christian views on magic
Magic cristian, American musician Phil Cristian
Passage 4:
Celebrate the Magic
Celebrate the Magic was a nighttime show at the Magic Kingdom park of Walt Disney World, that premiered on November 13, 2012  It replaced The Magic, the Memories and You display, a similar show that ran at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland from January 2011 to September 4, 2012 Celebrate the Magic takes place on Cinderella Castle and includes a contemporary musical score, projection mappings, pyrotechnics and lighting  A three-dimensional computer-generated rendering of Cinderella Castle was released by Disney in August 2012, revealing some of the various designs that will be displayed on the structure On October 26, 2016, it was announced that the show would be replaced by Once Upon a Time formerly from Tokyo Disneyland  The last Celebrate the Magic took place on November 3, 2016 

Plot
Tinker Bell introduces the show as she appears flying over the castle's turrets  The castle is transformed into a paper canvas as Walt Disney appears sketching Mickey Mouse in his iconic Steamboat Willie appearance  Tinkerbell enchants a paintbrush, which then becomes the host of the show  A kaleidoscope featuring images of Mickey, Donald Duck and Goofy are projected followed soon after by short clips from Cinderella, Pinocchio and The Princess and the Frog  The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; Alice in Wonderland, Dumbo, Wreck-It Ralph, The Lion King, Tarzan,  The Jungle Book, Lady and the Tramp, Tangled, Toy Story, Pirates of the Caribbean and Frozen  The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Bambi, Sleeping Beauty, Pocahontas, Up, Peter Pan, The Little Mermaid, Finding Nemo, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and Tangled  During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous quotes; "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse"  The show then proceeds into a synchronized pyrotechnic finale 

Seasonal outlook
Similar to its predecessor, Celebrate the Magic will showcase sequences from that will be appropriately themed to seasonal parts of the year  The show premiered with the original Christmas segment from The Magic, the Memories and You  The summer months show films such as Phineas and Ferb, The Little Mermaid and Lilo & Stitch, in addition, segments featuring Disney Princesses and couples for Valentine's Day and Disney Villains for Halloween are shown, and in the winter, Frozen is showcased 
The summer edition debuted during the Monstrous Summer All-Nighter event on May 24, 2013 until August 31, 2013  The Halloween edition featuring the Disney villains debuted on September 1, 2013 until October 31, 2013 
A new segment based on Frozen debuted on November 17, 2013 replacing a segment based on Brave 

See also
Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland
Disneyland Forever
Together Forever: A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular
Once Upon a Time
Passage 5:
Above Rubies
Above Rubies is a 1932 British comedy film directed by Frank Richardson and starring Zoe Palmer, Robin Irvine and Tom Helmore  It is set in Monte Carlo It was made at Walton Studios as a quota quickie for release by United Artists 

Cast
Zoe Palmer as Joan Wellingford
Robin Irvine as Philip
Tom Helmore as Paul
John Deverell as Lord Middlehurst
Franklyn Bellamy as Dupont
Allan Jeayes as Lamont
Madge Snell as Lady Wellingford
Passage 6:
Magic Keyboard
The Magic Keyboard is an Apple trademark used on several of their keyboards, referring to:

Magic Keyboard (Mac), a wireless keyboard released by Apple in 2015
Magic Keyboard for iPad, a wireless keyboard with an integrated trackpad for use in iPads with a Smart Connector, released in 2020
The built-in keyboard of the MacBook Pro since 2019 and MacBook Air since 2020  Older Apple notebook keyboards that used the butterfly-switch mechanism do not use this brand name 
Passage 7:
Got the Magic
Got the Magic may refer to:

Got the Magic (Celtic Harp Orchestra album), 2003
Got the Magic (Spyro Gyra album), 1999
Passage 8:
The Magic Aster
The Magic Aster (马兰花; Ma Lan Hua) is a Chinese animated film released June 19, 2009 by Shanghai Animation Film Studio, Xiamen Shangchen Science and Technology company and the Shanghai Chengtai investment management company 

Cast
The film included a notable cast of celebrities for the voice over of the on-screen characters 
Passage 9:
The Magic House
The Magic House may refer to:

The Magic House (film), a 1939 Czech film
The Magic House (TV series), a 1994–1996 British children's television puppet show that aired on Scottish Television
The Magic House, St



ground_truth: Albertus Seba

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Above Rubies or The Magic Aster?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Louis Children's Museum, children's museum in  Missouri
The Magic House is a magical event in the television series Teletubbies about a puppet who walks around his pink house and sings from one of his windows 
Passage 10:
A Price Above Rubies
A Price Above Rubies is a 1998 British-American drama film written and directed by Boaz Yakin and starring Renée Zellweger  The story centers on a young woman who finds it difficult to conform to the restrictions imposed on her by her community  Reviews of the film itself were mixed, though there were generally positive reviews of Zellweger's performance 
The title derives from a Jewish Sabbath tradition  The acrostic Sabbath chant The Woman of Valor (eishet chayil) begins with the verse "    Who can find a woman of valor, her price is far above rubies     ," which in turn is excerpted from The Book of Proverbs  This chant traditionally is a prelude to the weekly toast (kiddush) which begins the Sabbath meal 

Plot summary
Sonia is  a young Brooklyn woman who has just given birth to her first child  She is married, through an arranged marriage, to Mendel, a devout Hasidic Jew who is too repressed and immersed in his studies to give his wife the attention she craves  He even condemns her for making sounds during sex and considers nudity with sex "indecent" 
Sonia is distressed and later, after a panic attack, she tries to kiss her sister-in-law Rachel  Rachel persuades her to talk to the Rebbe but Sonia cannot truly articulate what is upsetting her, instead resorting to a metaphor of a fire burning her up 
Sonia develops a relationship with Sender, who brings her into his jewellery business  Her husband forgets her birthday and Sonia says she longs for something beautiful in her life - even if it is a terrible beauty  Sender is the only release for Sonia's sexuality but she is repelled by his utter lack of morals  He is also abrupt and self-centred in his seductions, never waiting for Sonia to achieve orgasm 
Sonia sometimes sees and hears her brother  He appears as a child and judges her actions  On one occasion she buys a non-kosher egg roll whilst in Chinatown and her brother tells her off and an elderly street beggar-woman sees him and offers him candy  She comments on another woman's earrings and this leads Sonia to track down the maker of a ring she had discovered earlier that day 
The maker is Puerto Rican artist and jewellery designer Ramon, who works as a salesperson in the jewellery quarter but keeps his artistry a secret from everyone in the business 
Later Sonia's husband tells her she cannot continue to work  She is furious  Her husband insists they see a marriage counsellor (their rabbi) but the man decides Sonia is not being a good enough Jew  She says she is tired of being afraid and if she is so offensive to God then 'let him do what he wants to me ' The counsellor says we bring suffering upon ourselves but Sonia protests that her relatives who were murdered in the Holocaust and her brother who died when he was ten did not deserve their suffering  The counsellor says that 'we' do not question the ways of God but Sonia corrects this to 'you' and asserts that she will question whatever she wants to 
Sonia stops wearing her wig and starts wearing a headscarf instead  She introduces Ramon and some samples to a jewellery buyer who expresses an interest in his potential as a designer  They argue at Ramon's flat as she becomes bossy over his career, and he tries to get her to model (clothed) with a naked male model so he can complete a sculpture  She runs away 
Sonia's marriage breaks down irrevocably  Sonia is locked out of her apartment, and finds that her son has been given to Rachel  She is told she may live in a tiny apartment owned by Sender and kept for 'business purposes'  When she arrives, Sender is eating at a table and it is clear he has set her up as his mistress when she asks what the price is to stay: he says above that of emeralds but below the price of rubies  This is 'freedom'  Sonia hands him back the keys and leaves 
None of her friends will take her phone calls and Sonia is homeless  She meets the beggar-woman on the street and is taken to an empty studio and given food  The woman refers to an old legend (one her brother spoke of at the start of the film), to encourage Sonia  Meantime, Mendel takes back his son - for nights only  Rachel protests but he says he would appreciate her caring for his son during the day when he is studying 
Sonia now goes to Ramon's place and he lets her stay  She says he was right to be wary of her when they met as she has destroyed every good thing she had  But Ramon disagrees, removes her jewellery, and points out that her necklace is 'a chain'  (It is unclear if the necklace is of religious significance or if he means the need to have financial security through jewellery is a chain or restriction)  The two end up kissing 
Sonia dreams her brother returns from the lake to say he swam, and she - as her childhood self - says she swam too  When she wakes up in Ramon's bed there is a prominent crucifix on the wall  Sonia goes to speak to the widow of the Rebbe  The widow tells her that Sonia's words about being consumed by fire had awoken a fire in the Rebbe and for the first time in 20 years he had said 'I love you ' It is implied that they made love and the Rebbe had a heart attack  The widow is not unhappy with this outcome  She assists Sonia in reclaiming property from Sender's safe 
With Ramon's ring back in her keeping she returns it to Ramon  She doesn't want to stay as she does not feel she belongs  Ramon offers her time to think about what she wants 
Mendel arrives  Sonia asks after her son and then if Mendel misses her  He shakes his head  He asks the same of her and she shakes her head  They laugh  He apologises for forgetting her birthday but he knows that this was not all it was about  He gives her a ruby as token of his regret and invites her to visit their son 
Mendel leaves and Sonia says, 'God bless you' 

Cast
Renée Zellweger as Sonia Horowitz
Christopher Eccleston as Sender Horowitz
Julianna Margulies as Rachel
Allen Payne as Ramon Garcia
Glenn Fitzgerald as Mendel Horowitz
Shelton Dane as Yossi
Kim Hunter as Rebbetzin
John Randolph as Rebbe Moshe
Kathleen Chalfant as Beggar Woman
Peter Jacobson as Schmuel
Edie Falco as Feiga
Allen Swift as Mr  Fishbein

Production
It was shot in Brooklyn during 1997  Entertainment Weekly reported that a group of onlookers, upset over the film's depiction of Judaism, got in the way of shooting one day  The producers faced backlash for casting Zellweger, who did not follow Judaism, in the lead role  Director Boaz Yakin remarked, "Zellweger was the best actor for the part  She is an actor  The Jews that worked on this film knew less about the Hasidic lifestyle than Renee did after reading 10 books about it  So, being a Jew doesn't qualify you to act the part any more than any other thing  It was more important for each actor and actress to find the emotional light of their character and learn to wear it like a second skin "

Reception
Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie three stars  While impressed by Zellweger's "ferociously strong performance", he found the film did not teach us "much about her society", and that the Hasidic community could have been treated in greater depth  Charles Taylor of Salon likewise appreciated Zellweger's performance, while also finding the cultural aspect treated too superficially  He described Sonia's choices as "clichés left over from the Liberated Woman movies of 20 years ago", and the movie generally as "that old middle-of-the-road groaner about the good and bad in every race"  Maria Garcia of Film Journal International was more positively inclined to the movie, and called it a "beautifully wrought, skillfully rendered, and brilliantly acted film" 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Stranger on Horseback
Stranger on Horseback is a 1955 American Anscocolor Western film directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Joel McCrea  The screenplay is based on a story by Louis L'Amour  It was filmed in and around Sedona, Arizona 

Plot
Rick Thorne, a circuit judge, rides into Bannerman and discovers everything in town is controlled by rich rancher Josiah Bannerman and his kin  He meets sheriff Nat Bell and district attorney Buck Streeter and asks why Bannerman's arrogant son, Tom, got away with killing a man without an arrest or trial 
Offered no assistance, Thorne stands up to Tom and then jails him  He becomes acquainted with Bannerman's beautiful niece, Amy Lee, who is attracted to Thorne but doubts her cousin Tom is a cold-blooded killer 
Thorne finds allies in Caroline and Vince Webb, who own a gun shop and are willing to testify with evidence against Tom in court  Thorne realizes he needs to sneak Tom and the Webbs to a different town if he's to get a fair trial  Bannerman and his men pursue them, and Amy Lee watches as Tom deliberately causes Vince Webb's death  In time, Thorne gets the prisoner to the next town safely, and Amy Lee goes to court to back him up 

Cast
Joel McCrea as Judge Richard 'Rick' Thorne
Miroslava as Amy Lee Bannerman
Kevin McCarthy as Tom Bannerman
John McIntire as Josiah Bannerman
John Carradine as Col  Buck Streeter
Nancy Gates as Caroline Webb
Emile Meyer as Sheriff Nat Bell
Robert Cornthwaite as Arnold Hammer
Jaclynne Greene as Paula Morrison
Walter Baldwin as Vince Webb
Emmett Lynn as Barfly
Roy Roberts as Sam Kettering
George Keymas as Bannerman's Henchman
Lane Bradford as Kettering Henchman (uncredited)
Dabbs Greer as Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
Frank Hagney as Bartender (uncredited)

See also
List of American films of 1955
Passage 2:
La Morte Vivante
La Morte Vivante (English: The Living Dead Girl) is a 1982 French horror-drama film directed by Jean Rollin and starring Marina Pierro, Francoise Blanchard, Mike Marshall, Carina Barone, Fanny Magier, Patricia Besnard-Rousseau and Sam Selsky  The story involves a young woman who has returned from the dead and needs human blood in order to survive 

Plot
Two men break into an old crypt, seeking to dump toxic waste and rob the graves  When an earthquake causes the toxic waste to spill, Catherine Valmont, a young woman who died several years ago, is resurrected  She viciously kills the thieves and drinks their blood  As Catherine walks aimlessly through a field, Barbara spots her and takes a few photos, though Barbara's boyfriend, Greg, takes no notice  Catherine returns to her old house, the Valmont Mansion, and memories of her childhood come back to her, especially her childhood friend, Hélène  As Catherine wanders the house, a real estate agent shows an old couple around the property, though they show little interest  After they leave, Hélène calls the house, presumably inquiring about it  However, she hears nothing but a cherished music box, leading her to believe that Catherine may still be alive 
The agent later returns to the Valmont Mansion, along with her boyfriend  Catherine interrupts them having sex, killing both and drinking their blood  Hélène arrives and is shocked to discover the dead bodies  When she finds Catherine, naked and playing the piano, she assumes that Catherine didn't really die but was actually hidden for the past two years  Hélène washes the blood off Catherine, puts her to bed, and drags the bodies down to the crypt, where she discovers the bodies of the grave robbers  Catherine creeps down and begins to drink the blood from one of the bodies, but Hélène stops her  Hélène cuts her arm and lets Catherine drink her blood, until she can think of a way to supply her friend with blood 
Barbara goes around the village asking about the woman in her photograph, but the answer is always the same: It is Catherine Valmont, and she died two years ago  Greg thinks Barbara is making too much of it, and discourages her from investigating further  Meanwhile, Hélène tries to understand what is happening to Catherine, trying to teach her to speak again  Deciding to bring her victims, Hélène pretends to be out of fuel and flags down a helpful motorist, drawing her back to the mansion  Hélène offers the woman a drink and locks her in  The woman soon begins to panic, but Hélène throws her in the crypt, where Catherine grabs her and rips her stomach out  Soon after, Barbara shows up at the Valmont mansion, seeking Catherine  Unsettled by Catherine's behavior, she attempts to phone Greg, but Hélène confronts her  They argue, and Hélène tries to take Barbara's camera  Barbara flees 
Catherine, now more in touch with her humanity, realizes that she must be destroyed  She begs Hélène to kill her, but Hélène instead goes back to the village, to bring Catherine another victim  Barbara sees Hélène and eventually convinces Greg to accompany her to the mansion, in order to help Catherine  Hélène tortures the kidnapped girl, but Catherine rejects the unwilling sacrifice and frees her, telling her to return to the village and seek help  Drawn by the screams, Barbara and Greg go to investigate, but they are brutally murdered by Hélène  Overwhelmed by all the death and murder, Catherine attempts suicide, but she is rescued by Hélène, who offers herself to sate Catherine's hunger  Unable to resist, Catherine devours her friend alive 

Cast
Marina Pierro as Hélène
Françoise Blanchard as Catherine Valmont ("The Living Dead Girl")
Mike Marshall as Greg
Carina Barone as Barbara Simon
Fanny Magiere as 6th Victim (as Fanny Magieri)
Patricia Besnard-Rousseau
Véronique Pinson (as Veronique Pinson)
Sandrine Morel as Teenage Catherine Valmont
Sam Selsky as Old American man in the house of Catherine

Production
Rollin originally sought Italian actress Teresa Ann Savoy for the title role, but when she met him, Savoy said she would never work with Rollin under any circumstances  Instead, Blanchard was cast  She found the shooting to be physically exhausting and collapsed on the set  Blanchard's performance in the ending scene in which Catherine devours Hélène and descends into madness was so believable that the crew were worried for her mental state, thinking that she had in fact gone mad 
Rollin met Pierro at the Sitges Film Festival, casting her for her strong personality, but finding her vain 

Release
The original release was 25 August 1982  Alternate titles included The Living Dead Girl, Lady Dracula, Queen Zombie and Scare: Dead or Alive 

Censorship
La morte vivante was banned in Germany in 1986 for its explicit scenes of violence and gore  The film was released direct-to-video in the United Kingdom in 1994; however, most of these scenes were removed or shortened by the BBFC in order for the film to pass with an 18 certificate  A scene in which Catherine impales a woman's throat which her sharp fingernail was edited; one in which a female victim is disemboweled by Catherine was slightly cut to remove some of the prolonged gore; a scene in which Hélène slashes at a teenage girl's navel area was completely removed; the ending scene where Catherine eats Hélène alive was somewhat trimmed down; and the shot where Hélène's thumb is bitten off was cut  Some of these scenes were waived for the 2000 release, which also premiered on UK television for the first time in 2005 when it was screened on The Horror Channel  The film was eventually passed uncut in the UK in 2007 

Reception
Bloody Disgusting rated the Blu-ray release 3 out of 5, saying that the film has plenty of flaws but is worth watching 

Home media
In the United States, La morte vivante was initially released on DVD in an edited version on 9 November 1999, and was available in a "Widescreen Edition" via Image Entertainment and Redemption  It was re-released on DVD, complete and uncut for the first time, on 25 October 2010 by Redemption  Kino Lorber and Redemption released a Blu-ray version, as well as a remastered DVD on 7 August 2012, featuring an intro by Rollin, several featurettes and interviews, and a 12-page booklet In the United Kingdom, the film was first made available on VHS format in a direct-to-video release in 1994  It was issued on DVD on 2 May 2000, followed by a reissued VHS version on 8 May 2000  The DVD contained a cropped 4:3 aspect ratio, which was a transfer from the original video release and reversible cover artwork  Redemption released two subsequent DVD editions in the UK, the first on 3 September 2007, presenting the film complete and uncensored for the first time  The second was released on 18 May 2015, containing newly commissioned artwork La morte vivante, under the title The Living Dead Girl, received a Blu-ray release in the UK in 2018  Released by Black House Films, this version of the film has a 1:78:1 aspect ratio 
The complete uncut version was released by Encore in Europe on 30 November 2005 in a 2-DVD set with a new aspect ratio of 16:9/1 78:1  The special features included introductions by Blanchard (in French with English subtitles) and Rollin, selected scenes commentary by Blanchard (in French with English subtitles), a bonus soundtrack CD, a 64-page essay booklet, and interviews (all in French with English subtitles) with Blanchard, Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and composer Philippe d'Aram 
Passage 3:
La Morte
La Morte (French pronunciation: ​[la mɔʁt]) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France 

Population
See also
Communes of the Isère department
Passage 4:
Jacques Tourneur
Jacques Tourneur (French: [tuʁnœʁ]; November 12, 1904 – December 19, 1977) was a French film director known for the classic film noir Out of the Past and a series of low-budget horror films he made for RKO Radio Pictures by Val Lewton, including Cat People, I Walked with a Zombie, and The Leopard Man  He is also known for directing Night of the Demon, which was released by Columbia Pictures  While in Hollywood, he was usually addressed by his anglicized name "Jack Turner", a literal and phonetic translation of his name in English 

Life
Born in Paris, France, Tourneur was the son of Fernande Petit and film director Maurice Tourneur  At age 10, Jacques moved to the United States with his father  He started a career in cinema while still attending high school as an extra and later as a script clerk in various silent films  Both Maurice and Jacques returned to France after his father worked on the film The Mysterious Island in 1925  Tourneur died in 1977, aged 73, in Bergerac, Dordogne, France 

Career
Tourneur began work as an editor and assistant director  He made his debut as a director on the French film Tout ça ne vaut pas l'amour in 1931  Tourneur went to Hollywood in 1934 where he had a contract with MGM Studios  While working as the second unit director on the film A Tale of Two Cities he met film producer Val Lewton Tourneur made his feature debut as director in the 1939 film They All Come Out  After Tourneur was dropped by MGM in 1941, he was picked up by Lewton to film several acclaimed low-budget horror films for RKO Studios including Cat People and I Walked with a Zombie Cat People, although considered a B movie and made on a limited budget, was distinguished by a style of lighting and cinematography that has been imitated countless times  Tourneur was promoted to the A-list at RKO, directing films including Out of the Past and Berlin Express  In the 1950s, Tourneur became a freelance director, filming various genre films including Wichita, Anne of the Indies, Way of a Gaucho, Nightfall, The Flame and the Arrow, Stars In My Crown and Night of the Demon  His last two films, made for American International Pictures and starring Vincent Price, were The Comedy of Terrors (1963) and War-Gods of the Deep (1965) After his final days working for film, Tourneur began directing television episodes  Tourneur filmed episodes of The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Bonanza, The Twilight Zone, and The Alaskans  Tourneur's final director credit was for an episode of T H E  Cat in 1966  Tourneur then retired and returned to France 

Filmography
Director
Feature films

Short films

TV
1955-1961 : General Electric Theater, 4 episodes
1955 : The Martyr
1955 : Into the Night
1960 : Aftermath
1961 : Star Witness: The Lili Parrish Story
1956 : Fireside Theater, 3 episodes
1956 : A Hero Returns
1956 : Kirsti
1956 : The Mirror
1957 : Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, 1 episode
1957 : Outlaw's Boots
1957 : The Walter Winchell File, 3 episodes
1957 : The Steep Hill
1958 : House on Biscayne Bay
1958 : The Stopover
1958 : Cool and Lam, CBS Productions
1958 : Northwest Passage, 8 episodes
1958 : The Gunsmith
1958 : The Burning Village
1958 : The Bond Women
1959 : The Break Out
1959 : The Vulture
1959 : The Traitor
1959 : The Assassin
1959 : The Hostage
1959 : Bonanza, 1 episode
1960 : Denver McKee
1959 : The Alaskans, 1 episode
1960 : The Devil Makers
1960 : The Barbara Stanwyck Show, 11 episodes
1960 : The Mink Coat
1960 : Ironbark's Bridge
1960 : The Miraculous Journey of Tadpole Chan
1961 : Frightened Doll
1961 : The Choice
1961 : Sign of the Zodiac
1961 : Adventure on Happiness Street
1961 : The Golden Acres
1961 : Confession
1961 : Dragon by the Tail
1961 : Dear Charlie
1962 : Adventures in Paradise, 1 episode
1962 : A Bride for the Captain
1962 : Follow the Sun, 1 episode
Sergeant Kolchak Fades Away
1963 : The Twilight Zone, 1 episode
1963 : Night Call
1966 : T H E  Cat, 1 episode
1966 : The Ring of Anasis

Assistant director or editor
1929 : Le Navire des hommes perdus (Das schiff der verlorenen menschen), directed by Maurice Tourneur
1930 : Accusée, Levez vous, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1931 : Maison de danses, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1931 : Partir, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1932 : Au nom de la Loi, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1932 : Les Gaités de l'escadron, directed by Maurice Tourneur (Editor)
1933 : Les Deux Orphelines, directed by Maurice Tourneur (Editor)
1993 : Lidoire, directed by Maurice Tourneur 
1933 : Obsession, directed by Maurice Tourneur (uncredited)
1933 : La Fusée, directed by Jacques Natanson (Editor)
1933 : Le Voleur, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1934 : Rothchild, directed by Maurice Tourneur (Editor)
1935 : A Tale of Two Cities, directed by Jack Conway, war sequences, (séquence de la prise de la Bastille) 

Posterity
La Mort en direct (1980), film by Bertrand Tavernier is dedicated to deceased film director Jacques Tourneur
”There are films that watch us grow old ” Serge Daney  Quoted by Serge Le Péron in (Jacques Tourneur Le Médium), film by Alain Mazars, 2015  
By naming the main character Jessica Holland in his film Memoria (2021),  Apichatpong Weerasethakul pays tribute to Jacques Tourneur’s film I Walked with a Zombie 
Passage 5:
Jean Rollin
Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil (French: [ʒɑ̃ mˈɪt‍ʃə‍l ɹˈə‍ʊlɪn lˈə d‍ʒˈɛnt]; 3 November 1938 – 15 December 2010) was a French film director, actor, and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre 
Rollin's career, spanning over fifty years, featured early short films and his achievements with his first four vampire classics Le viol du vampire (1968), La vampire nue (1970), Le frisson des vampires (1970), and Requiem pour un vampire (1971)  Rollin's subsequent notable works include La rose de fer (1973), Lèvres de sang (1975), Les raisins de la mort (1978), Fascination (1979), and La morte vivante (1982) His films are noted for their exquisite, if mostly static, cinematography, off-kilter plot progression, poetic dialogue, playful surrealism and recurrent use of well-constructed female lead characters  Outlandish dénouements and abstruse visual symbols were trademarks  Belied by high production values and precise craftsmanship, his films were made with little money, often against deadlines  In the mid-1970s, lack of regular work led the director to direct mostly pornographic films under various pseudonyms, an activity he continued until the early 1980s 

Early life
Jean Rollin was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), France, to Claude Louis René Rollin-Roth-Le Gentil, an actor and theatre director who went by the stage name Claude Martin, and his wife Denise (née Leffroi), an artists' model  His half-brother was actor Olivier Rollin 

Career
Rollin had a passion for cinema from an early age   He saw his first film during the second World War  It was Capitaine Fracasse, a 1942 film directed by Abel Gance   Rollin decided he wanted to make films when he grew up; his father, a theatre actor, was a heavy influence on him   During his teens, he developed an obsession for American serials and read comic books   
When he was 16, he found a job at Les Films de Saturne, helping write invoices while earning some money though he wanted to be involved in cinema   They specialized in creating opening and closing credits and short cartoons, but real films were also shot such as industrial shorts and documentaries   Rollin was part of the crew in a short documentary about Snecma, a big factory in France which built motors and planes   He arranged the tracking shots, laid the tracks, checked the electricity, and helped the cameraman 
When Rollin did his military service for the French army, he worked as an editor in the cinema department alongside Claude Lelouch   They worked on army commercials with Lelouch directing and Rollin editing  They also made two films, Mechanographie, a documentary, and La Guerre de Silence (The War of Silence), a real film with actors and a story 
In 1958 after leaving the army, he directed his first short film Les Amours Jaunes (The Yellow Lovers)   He shot it on a 35mm Maurigraphe camera, and used a beach in Dieppe as his location, the same beach used in his later films 

1960s
In 1960, Rollin decided to direct his first feature film, but later abandoned the project as he had no money to finish it   His next short, Ciel de Cuivre (Sky of Copper), was directed in 1961, and was quite surreal though it told a sentimental story   He did not finish the film because he ran out of money and it was not very good   The footage is now lost 
In 1962, he was as an assistant director on the film Un Cheval pour Deux (A Horse for Two), which was not a great experience for him, and he decided to approach cinema in a different way   In the early sixties, Rollin became interested in politics and made a short documentary in 1964 called Vivre en Espagne (Life in Spain)  It was about Generalissimo Francisco Franco, thirty minutes were filmed but he risked a lot to get it made   Rollin and the crew found themselves pursued by the police and just managed to make it back into France   Jean also directed a short film in 1965 called Les Pays Loins 

In 1968, Jean directed his first feature Le Viol du Vampire (The Rape of the Vampire)   At the time he was still not known in the world of cinema, having only done a few short films and documentaries   The film was shot on a low budget, and consisted of two parts because it was originally intended to be another short film; the second part was later added so that it was released as a feature film   The release of Le Viol caused public scandal and outrage, his strong inspiration of American serials did not attract viewers   It was released during the events of May 1968, and due to the riots, it was a rare theatrical production at the time  Rollin himself was also threatened due to this scandal, because of this, he briefly decided to give up making films 
His second feature La Vampire Nue (The Nude Vampire) was his first film in colour   It was mostly inspired by the 1916 film Judex, and also surrealism in general  Rollin wanted to do something a little more temperate than Le Viol, a traditional mystery film  Anyway, as he himself stated, it came to be the same kind of film as his first feature, it also has the same spirit  La vampire nue also became notable in that it introduced Catherine and Marie-Pierre Castel, twin sisters who frequently collaborated with Rollin during the early years of his career 
Following La vampire nue, Rollin found himself in a financial crisis and having suffered an accident during production which left him traumatized, the circumstances took a positive turn when he met with producer Monique Nathan, owner of the Films Moderns company  Nathan having put her faith and support in Rollin, turned down several a number of the most prominent French New Wave filmmakers for financing and instead entirely supported Rollin as both a producer and a co-screenwriter for his next project, Le Frisson des Vampires (Shiver of the Vampires) which was heavily influenced by the trappings of the hippie movement  It did however retain many of the themes one could expect from a Rollin film and one of the most iconic scenes ever to appear in a Rollin film: actress Dominique emerging from an old grandfather clock  Production for the film took place in an abandoned castle in Soissons, a commune in the Aisne department of Picardy 

1970s
1971, Rollin directed Requiem pour un Vampire (Requiem for a Vampire), which became one of his most successful films, and it was another low budget production, which almost took no money to produce   There was no dialogue in the first forty minutes of the film, this was in Rollin's words to make the "ultimate naive film", simplifying the story, direction and cinematography  Initially, Rollin had Catherine Castel in mind to play one of the leading ladies in Requiem; however, Castel was unable to accept the role due to being pregnant, which forced Rolling to offer the role to Maire-Pierre  The second female lead was portrayed by Mireille D'argent whom Rollin chose after she was introduced to him by an agent  Rollin discovered that D'argent's agent was collecting her wages, which prompted him to contact a lawyer and have her wages returned to her  Requiem was filmed in the small village of Crêvecoeur  The graveyard was located outside the village on a knoll  The castle, a historical place entirely furnished with genuine antiques, all of which were worth a fortune, had been rented from the duchess of Roche-Guyon  It wasn't her castle that Rollin and the crew were interested in, but the ruins of the dungeon above, that overlooked the entire area  Following this, Rollin made a temporary departure to creating films associated with the erotic vampire genre 
Having risen to success during his early vampire era, Rollin embarked on a different approach to filmmaking  Rollin financed his 1973 film La Rose de Fer (The Iron Rose) himself and was convinced that it would become a failure, leading to financial ruin  Prior to production, he engaged in a deal with Impex films to direct a number of hardcore porn films in the near future in order to produce La rose de fer and ensure that it would not fail  The story follows two young lovers (Françoise Pascal and Hugues Quester) who meet at a wedding reception and agree to go on a date, for which they decide to take a walk in an enormous cemetery  As they make love in an underground tomb, strange and bizarre occurrences take place above ground  As night falls, they frantically try to escape from the cemetery, and with no luck, end up where they started  They are slowly overcome with hysteria and paranoia which brings about their mortality  The film was shot in the city of Amiens over a four-week period and premiered at the 2nd Annual Convention of the Fantastique in Paris in April 1973 and was initially met with a negative reception and as a result, Rollin was unable to find anyone to back his future personal projects Rollin directed the adult sex films Jeunes filles impudiques (Schoolgirl Hitchhikers), Le sourire vertical (The Vertical Smile), and Tout le monde il en a deux (Bacchanales sexuelles or Fly Me the French Way) under the pseudonym Michel Gentil as he was financially unable to come up with a budget for another mainstream feature film  However, in 1974 Rollin directed the horror adventure and self-proclaimed "Expressionist" film Les démoniaques which was inspired by the adventure classics he had enormous admiration for in his youth  The film includes Joëlle Cœur and Willy Braque whom Rollin worked with on Jeunes filles impudiques  The story follows two young women who have been involved in a shipwreck and are brutally raped and murdered by a group of rogue pirates, only to be resurrected after making love to the devil so that they can seek their revenge  Rollin had many disputes with the producers of the film during production of the project as they insisted on a low budget  He was hospitalized for two weeks following the work due to mental and physical exhaustion  Further problems would arise including the working title, Les diablesses, having to be changed as the copyright was not free of charge and with the Castel Twins being unavailable for the roles of the avenging ghosts, the parts where offered to inexperienced actresses Lieva Lone and Patricia Hermenier Rollin made a brief return to the erotic vampire genre in 1975 when he wrote and directed Lèvres de sang (Lips of Blood)  The film includes all the surreal dreamlike aspects for which Rollin's films are known  The story follows a young man named Frederic who is on a quest to find a woman dressed in white following the discovery of a photo of a ruined château  The photo triggers a suppressed childhood memory, which may be a dream  Despite his mother trying to convince him that it was dream, Frederic becomes fixated and obsessed with location the castle and the woman that may be inside  Lèvres de sang features Jean-Loup Philippe, whom Rollin co-wrote the film with, Annie Belle, and Nathalie Perrey, whom Rollin had worked with frequently throughout his career as a credited actress, script writer and editor  The film also sees the return of the Castel Twins as part of a group of vampires 
Due to the commercial failures of both La rose de fer and Lèvres de sang, Rollin again had no choice but to direct another adult sex film for financial reasons as there was no possible way to produce a feature film for the foreseeable future  Phantasmes (Once Upon a Virgin) was written and directed by Rollin for release in 1975 and was the first and only pornographic film in which he was credited under his own name because he liked what he did in the film  Rollin mentioned that the film is his "first and final attempt at a serious" adult film, wanting to create a film that didn't just "poke fun at sex"  The score for Phantasmes is considered one of the films best attributes, courtesy of composer Didier William Lepauw of Lèvres de sang Between 1976 and 1977, his work consisted strictly of hardcore pornographic films as there was a lack of money and producers reluctant to fund any new mainstream projects due to his previous commercial failures  Seven porn films were produced within this period under his pseudonym Michel Gentil, and one of which, Suce moi vampire (Suck Me Vampire: the hardcore version of Lèvres de sang), he credited himself as Michel Gand  His 1976 hardcore film Douces pénétraitions marked the final time the Castel Twins would appear together working for Rollin, and the final time Marie-Pierre would work with him altogether  Catherine would continue to appear in his films for several years 
Jean Rollin returned in 1978, when he wrote and directed Les raisins de la mort (The Grapes of Death) which has been considered the first French gore film  It has been described as one of the most pivotal films in his entire canon and is seen as a rare departure from his usual dreamlike and poetic works  Following the negative reception and commercial failures of his previous films and having to direct pornographic pictures, Rollin eventually gained financial backing to produce his next mainstream feature  The story here features a young woman, Elisabeth (Marie-Georges Pascal) who is travelling to a secluded vineyard in the mountains owned by her fiancé  There she discovers that the local residents who occupy the village have been transformed into mindless zombies by a dangerous pesticide which contaminated the grapes growing at the vineyard following a wine festival which occurred some days before 
The film includes pornographic actress Brigitte Lahaie, in her first mainstream role, as Rollin was the first French director to recognise her acting capabilities and offer her much more prominent roles in his subsequent films  Rollin stated that Les raisins de la mort was his "first traditional, almost conventional, production" which was because the film acquired solid finances with made a change and with special effects supplied by Italian experts  Claude Becognee served as director of photography which added to the film's success  Rollin would credit much of the film's success to Marie-Georges Pascal's portrayal of Elisabeth, whom he would recall delivered a very "moving" performance in the film  Les raisins de la mort was shot in the deserted mountain region of Les Cévennes 
The film is often referred to as being influenced by George A  Romero's Night of the Living Dead  However, it has more in common with Jorge Grau's 1974 Spanish-Italian horror film Let Sleeping Corpses Lie (also known as The Living Dead at Manchester Morgue)  The film does not follow the tradition zombie method, instead, Rollin's zombies centre on madness with a strong environmentally conscious message  As he has mentioned, the zombies "have retained their consciousness" and they finally "suffer for what they are"  With the film as a notable success, Rollin would continue with pornographic films under a new pseudonym, Robert Xavier, while retaining the Michel Gentil credit 
In 1979, and now established as a somewhat successful director, Rollin created Fascination in which he returned to the roots of the fantastique genre his early works are known for  The film is inspired by the short story Un verre de sang (A Glass of Blood) from French poet Jean Lorrain with tells the tale of wealthy French people, who, at the turn of the century, begin to drink the blood of bulls in order to cure anemia  The title of the film refers to and pays homage to a French magazine of the same name which is dedicated to different forms of eroticism in art  Rollin's story of Fascination differs slightly from that of Lorrain's novel, in that, in the year 1905 a group of wealthy Parisian women arrive at an abattoir to drink the blood of an ox as it is believed to be a curative for anemia  The central story follows two lovers Elizabeth and Eva (Franca Maï and Brigitte Lahaie respectively), chambermaids-in-waiting who reside at a deserted castle and are suddenly interrupted by a thief named Mark (Jean-Pierre Lemaire), who takes refuge at the castle in order to hide from a group of thieves he has stolen coins from  When Mark makes love to Eva, she is forced to go outside and confront the thieves in the nearby stables to make a deal; she is forced to have sex with one of the male thieves and subsequently they are murdered by Eva in an iconic scene with Eva wielding a scythe  It is soon revealed that Elizabeth and Eva are expecting a group of women to arrive where sensual love making takes place and the women are revealed to devour the blood of humans 
The film is often said to be of the vampire genre  However, it does not feature the elements which his early vampire films are known for, aside from the drinking of blood  The production of Fascination was not without complications; as it may have been one of the easiest films to shot in Rollin's experience, despite the low budget, the story was met with disapproval from the film's producer, Christine Renaud  As Rollin himself had said, the "co-producer wanted (him) to make a very explicit sex film-straight exploitation fare without too much emphasis on the fantastical elements"  Rollin overcame these obstacles and made the film he wanted  Additional members of the crew included Nathalie Perrey, who designed the costumes, and Philippe D'Aram, who provided the score  It was predicted that Fascination would lead to success, as did Les raisins de la mort  However, in a setback, one of the directors of UGC, a huge French distributor, cancelled the screenings Rollin had been promised  As the film was yet another financial failure for Rollin, he had little choice but to resume his pornographic works with continued until the end of the 1970s 

1980s
As Jean Rollin's career continued into the 1980s, he started off the decade with the release of La nuit des traquées (The Night of the Hunted) in the summer of 1980  This mainstream feature saw the return of pornographic actress Brigitte Lahaie, in her first leading role in a Rollin film  Upon the film's debut, it was considered a failure  However, it eventually garnered somewhat of a following in later years, as several of Rollin's works have done in the past  La nuit des traquées was shot in less than ten days on an extremely low budget, similar to his pornographic films  Rollin admitted that "I was tired of X-films", as the film was intended to be another hardcore sex film and told the producer "if you want a horror film for the same cost", then, "I can make it in 9 days"  Rollin came to the decision to cast actors of the pornographic industry in the picture in order to keep production cost down and to give the actors the opportunity to show their legitimate talent  The film stands as a noteworthy piece of work in Rollin's canon, as it differs from any of his previous work and is a departure from the fantastique genre that his films are greatly known for; the film is often poetic, yet it serves a realistic tone and chilling atmosphere  Lahaie portrays the character of Elizabeth, a young woman discovered wandering around in the rain on a dark night, by a man named Robert (Vincent Gardère)  As Elizabeth has no recollection of why she is there and frequently continues to lose her memory every few minutes, Robert drives her to his apartment in the city where they make love  The following morning while Robert goes to work, a doctor named Francis and a woman named Solange (Bernard Papineau and Rachel Mhas) locate Elizabeth and accompany her back to the clinic where she has escaped from  It is revealed that Elizabeth and fellow patients are currently confined to the hospital for a deteriorating disease in which they have been contaminated by an environmental accident 
In addition to Lahaie, Rollin had actress Martine Delva in mind for the role of Lahaie's character's friend Véronique  Delva was introduced to Rollin and Lionel Wallman by actor Alain Plumey and when offered the role, she accepted the role  Prior to production, which was intended to take place in La Défense district, she was involved in a serious car accident which left her unconscious with a broken leg and she died within one week from her injuries  The role of Véronique then offered to Dominique Journet  Pornographic actress Catherine Greiner and frequent collaborator, Natalie Perrey appeared as patients at the hospital 
In the early year of the film, it was met with a negative reception and did not please audiences during its release; not receiving a successful response at the Stigès Festival,  It did however receive positive reaction when it was screened at a festival in Trieste, where it was applauded and viewed as a highly subversive work  Rollin himself had stated that "I don't think it is a very good film and it is probably one of my worst" and that if he could remake just one of his films it would be La nuit des traquées In 1980, Rollin directed the Spanish zombie horror feature, Le lac des morts vivants (commonly known as Zombie Lake) under the pseudonym J A  Lazer  Jésus Franco was intended to direct the film, and with an unfortunate turn of events he became unavailable  At this point, Rollin was planning to take a vacation, and on the morning he was expecting to leave, he received a phone call from the production company Eurociné asking if he would be interested directing the horror film which was due to start filming the next morning, as Franco could not be located  Rollin agreed, and arrived on set the following morning  The company could not attach Rollin's name to the project due to issues with the contact, as a Spanish name had to be credited for the film and J A  Lazer was chosen  Le lac des morts vivants was released in 1981 and Rollin admitted that he never really cared for the film  It contains most of the elements which one would expect from a Franco film, and includes Franco's frequent collaborators such as actors Howard Vernon, Nadine Pascal, Antonio Mayans and Alain Petit, and composer Daniel White  Photography for the film was courtesy of Max Monteillet, who Rollin would later work with in several projects  Rollin himself made a cameo appearance in the film In 1981, Rollin returned with the drama film, Les paumées du petit matin (The Escapees or The Runaways)  It marks a departure to the usual horror tones which his films are notable for, and here mixes drama with elements of adventure, thriller and crime, while maintaining erotic and poetic themes and remains a distinctive and unique piece of work from Rollin  The story follows two young women who are confined to mental asylum in the countryside; Michelle (Laurence Dubas), a troubled teenager, has been returned to the asylum after escaping and is forced into a straitjacket  She manages to get the attention of Marie (Christiane Coppé), a teenage girl who is who sits in the garden on a rocking chair, while staring into space and never speaks, by dropping a tin food dish from her bedroom window and the sound somehow brings Marie back to reality  They escape from the asylum and encounter a group of burlesque dancers, a bar singer and a group of women who proceed to rape Marie  Their journey ends when they become involved in crime and death  The cast includes Rollin's usual collaborators Louise Dhour, Nathalie Perrey, Brigitte Lahie and a cameo appearance from Rollin himself  Les paumées du petit matin unfortunately failed to receive a proper theatrical in 1981 which resulted in it being one of the most difficult Rollin films to find in future  It did however receive its first DVD release in 2009 in the United States courtesy of Redemption Films, with a subsequent release in the United Kingdom  Again with a limited budget an issues with the script, Rollin stated that there were many problems with the production right from the beginning; that it was "an incredible mess", filled with "clichés and platitudes of melodrama



ground_truth: Above Rubies

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both directors of films La Morte Vivante and Stranger On Horseback from the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: " Later reviews of the film have been quite positive; Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs would go so far as to call it a schizophrenic work in their wonderful Immoral Tales, but they would also note that "the beginning and end are pure Rollin" and "what is good in (The Escapees) is very good "
His 1982 film, La morte vivante (The Living Dead Girl) was his most commercial and successful work since Les raisins de la mort  In addition to its small budget, Rollin again had to contend with producers to construct a film that he wanted, as they required another zombie piece  He was reluctant to do so and was influenced to create a film with combinations from his previous works  Rollin described that the living dead girl is sort of a vampire woman who devours the blood of humans, taking the idea from his vampire works, but not exactly making her a vampire  The gore is a notable aspect taken from Les raisins de la mort  His usual poetic, supernatural and horror themes are still present within the film  Rollin created the story of a young woman named Catherine Valmont (Françoise Blanchard) who has been dead and buried in her family vault beneath the Valmont mansion for the past two years  As three thieves enter the vaults and plan to rob Catherine and her deceased relative of their jewellery as they lay in their coffins, an earth tremor occurs, which suddenly resurrects Catherine  Unaware of her surroundings, she must acquire human victims and drink their blood to prevent her descending into madness and possibly death, with drifting in and out of childhood memories of her childhood friend, Hélène (Marina Pierro)  During which, a photographer, Barbara (Carina Barone), becomes fascinated by Catherine when she discovers her and thinks she is quite peculiar, and sets out to uncover a mystery  Catherine's childhood friend, Hélène is intending to buy the Valmont mansion, which is currently on the market and a strange phone call leads her to the home where she discovers that Catherine is alive and the bodies of the thieves and the real estate agent and her boyfriend  Trying to convince herself that Catherine did not actually die, she realises that she has returned from the dead and must help her by bringing her unsuspecting victims  Some of the financing for the film was courtesy of Jacques Raif, who co-wrote the feature  The film's photographer Pierre LeBlond, found a castle which would become the Valmont mansion, which they rented  The castle provided accommodation for the cast and crew, in which the owner offered to cook  According to Rollin, the owner insisted on being referred to as "His Lordship" and that he was very difficult to get along with  Actress, Françoise Blanchard was introduced to Rollin by Fanny Magier, a co-star actress who appeared in the film  When Blanchard arrived, Rollin was unsure whether to offer her the role of Catherine due to the fact that in the first scene in which her character is resurrected, Blanchard appeared wearing trousers which wasn't required for the scene and Rollin did not ask her to remove them  She did however receive the role due to good contact  Blanchard showed great professionalism in her role and in one particular scene, the final scene of the film, in which Blanchard's character cries and screams after devouring her childhood friend, the crew became concerned over her mental state as they thought she has descended into madness  She gave an amazing performance for the role  During the preparation of the film, Rollin had been to Rome with Lionel Wallman to find an actress to portray the role of Hélène  Rollin had Teresa Ann Savoy in mind for the role, whom he was greatly impressed with  After speaking with Savoy and showing her a script for a pornographic picture which was in English and devoid of interest and not for La morte vivante, as she didn't speak French, she refused the role and told her agent that she would never in her life shoot with a guy like him  His second choice was actress Marina Pierro, a recurring collaborator with director Walerian Borowczyk, whom Rollin instantly liked  Pierro accepted the role  In the role of the photographers, American actor Mike Marshall, whom Rollin enjoyed working with during the production received the role of Greg and Canadian actress Carina Barone, was offered the role of Barbara due to a previous actress who featured in Les paumées du petit matin turning it down as she unmistakable believed that it was supposedly an erotic film  The film was a commercial success within theatres and received quite a positive reception, especially in Italy  Upon its release, Rollin was betrayed by a dishonest distributor who premiered in a select number of small theatres behind his back, as the film deserved a much larger audience in highly established theatres  However, La morte vivante was selected in many festivals which gave the film little success, particularly in Rome where Rollin's friend, Andriano Pintaldi presented the film in his festival where it was given the public's award After directing three additional pornographic features following La morte Vivante, Rollin's next feature film, Les trottoirs de Bangkok (The Sidewalks of Bangkok) was released in 1984  It is a rare production for Rollin, in that it does not contain his traditional fare of the supernatural, horror, or the fantastique genre  It is highly influenced by Rollin's childhood passion for old serials as it contains themes of adventure, crime and mystery, comic-book fantasy and is inspired by the 1932 Boris Karloff classic The Mask of Fu Manchu  The leading protagonist of the film is pornographic actress, Yoko, whom Rollin mentioned that he had "never worked with an actor who was so open-minded and easy to direct " She portrays the role of Eva, who is on the run from the French Secret Service and a rival syndicate who desperate require a deadly chemical which she possesses  This is her only mainstream role outside of the pornographic industry  Françoise Blanchard returns in her second film with Rollin, as she appears in the role of Claudine, a woman who works for the syndicate and is forced to locate Eva and hand her over to her villainous boss, instead she chooses to protect Eva  Supporting cast includes Argentina actor Gérard Landry, Israeli actress Brigitte Borghese, Jean-Pierre Bouyxou, whom Rollin has worked with on numerous occasions throughout his career, and a cameo appearance from Rollin  On a limited budget, and again working with producer Lionel Wallman and cinematographer Claude Becognee, the production of Les trottoris de Bangkok was filmed in several locations, many of which were not given permission to; the Chinese Quarter of Porte d'Italie and on the docks where goods from Asia were unloaded, an abandoned den near the Champs-Élysées, and on part of the French railroad  The film became a success and Rollin admitted that despite the fact that the film was a mess, he said "the entire shoot was great fun " Working with Yoko prompted Rollin to write a new film which included her alongside Brigitte Lahaie which unfortunately never became a film as Yoko retired from acting in the early nineties Rollin received minor work following Les trottoirs de Bangkok; in 1985, he resumed his pseudonymous work as "Michel Gentil" with a non-pornographic feature, the slapstick comedy, Ne prends pas les poulets pour des pigeons which reunited Brigitte Borghese and Gérard Landry from his previous film, and included French actor and comedian Popeck  Rollin was hired, and therefore his real name was not attached to the project  In 1988, he received the uncredited directorial role in the erotic sequel Emmanuelle 6, for which he wrote the screenplay  The film suffered many flaws during production under direction from Bruno Zincone and Rollin became involved in an attempt to salvage what he could and see that production was completed for the financiers At the end of the decade, Rollin created Perdues dans New York (Lost in New York) which was produced in 1989  Rollin mentioned that the film was "an anthology of all the themes and obsessive images I have used in my films", and that it, "brought to an end what had been started within the previous 13 films " A friend of Rollin's who was a producer insisted his help as he need location shots of New York an upcoming TV series he was working on  Rollin agreed and travelled to New York with a small film crew and a 16mm camera  While filming the shots, Rollin was struck with an idea to improvise a theme in which two young women are separated and desperately search for one another  He produced the film with a runtime of just under one hour and immediately struggled to find distribution, whether it be released to theatres or television  It was difficult to find distribution for independent and exploitation pictures in the late eighties as in a time of revolution and change, distributors would only pick up more commercial and high-budget film  It was not until the following years that the film found its audience on the home video market  Initially, Perdues dans New York was to be the final production of Rollin's canon as he has become ill during this period, and he expressed gratitude to his many fan by paying homage to his early works 
Despite his intentions to retire from directing following Perdues dans New York, his final film of the 1980s, Killing Car (working title Femme dangereuse) was produced in 1989  It is a revenge thriller and one of his most underrated and overlooked works  Initially intended to be a softcore production under the Michel Gentil pseudonym, Rollin attached his own name to the project and made it one of his most personal and self-referential of all his works  The film was shot on 16mm and in less than a week on a minimal budget of under $100,000  Australian model Tiki Tsang, originally of Brisbane, Queensland, had been residing in Paris, France for sometime when she was discovered by Rollin and offered her the role of "The Car Woman", a strange woman who steals an old Buick and proceeds to kill a number of people to seek revenge for a past tragedy  The part of "The Car Woman" was written especially for Tsang in what is the only film credit to her name  Killing Car gives nod to previous Rollin works including Tsang emerging from a grandfather clock (as did Dominique in an iconic scene from Les frisson des vampires)  Max Monteillet returned as cinematographer and Philippe Brejean provided the score  Cast includes recurring collaborators Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and Jean-Loup Philippe  Following the production, Rollin was hospitalized due to exhaustion and started editing the film after his recovery  The editing process lasted two years  Several problems would arise during post-production, as the film found it difficult to receive distribution, like Perdues dans New York, if it could not receive a theatrical distribution, Rollin would settle for a video or television release  The film was eventually released in 1993  It was announced that no usable print or negative of the film exists today, and all known film negatives are considered lost 

1990s
Rollin's final adult production came in 1994 when he made a brief return to direct (uncredited) and wrote the scenario for Le Parfume de Mathilde (The Scent of Mathilde)  Rollin was initially required as a screenwriter for the production due to the fact that he was to replace producer Marc Dorcel's in-house auteur Michele Ricaud, who has just recently passed away  However, Rollin became co-director of the made-for-video film  Following his final time working on a sex film, Rollin later returned to his traditional works when he would go on to resume what he was best known for Rollin continued his career into the 1990s, following what was intended to be a brief return in 1994 when he directed and wrote a final pornographic film  He remained true to form for what were to be his final years of film making, and his next feature went into production in 1995; Les deux orphelines vampires (The Two Orphan Vampires) saw the return of his most recognizable work, and his first vampire film since 1975's Levres de sang  With the then recent increase in popularity of Rollin's works, and with the resurgence with the vampire genre in general, most notable with Bram Stoker's Dracula, this prompted Rollin to create a new vampire feature, quite different from Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 blockbuster, as he stated that it was "not a good film at all", and that "it just doesn't work for one second"  The idea of the film was based upon Rollin's novel of the same name and went into production in June 1995 for a mere ₣3,000,000, which is actually more than his prior works received  Locations for the shoot included four days in New York at the beginning, with the remaining three weeks in Paris  Cinematography was provided by Norbert Marfaing-Sintes, who previously worked with Italian director Duccio Tessari, as Max Monteillet was not available  Nathalie Perrey introduced Rollin to Marfaing-Sintes, as she had experience working with Marfaing-Sintes in many films; to show his gratitude, Rollin offered Perrey a role in Les deux orphelines vampires  The leading roles were offered to two inexperienced actresses, Alexandra Pic and Isabelle Teboul, whom Rollin choose while answering a newspaper ad they had printed  Brigitte Lahaie received a minor role in the film  Following an extensive period in post-production, the film was eventually released on 9 July 1997 
His next directorial feature, La fiancée de Dracula (The Fiancée of Dracula) went into production in 1999  Rollin had written the screenplay for the film, as he did with many of his previous works  During which time, Rollin was receiving dialysis for kidney disease and for periods of time, did not remain with the film crew and production was shared with Jean-Noël Delamarre in his absence, while Rolling was staying at a hotel in Caen  Filming locations included the islands of Chausey where the majority of the filming took place, a cemetery in Épinay-Champlâtreux, a castle in Blandy, Seine-et-Marne, and port of Pourville-lès-Dieppes  Long-time collaborators Brigitte Lahaie, Catherine Castel and Nathalie Perrey returned for prominent roles in the film  Rollin's niece, Sandrine Thoquet appeared in the film as a young vampire burned by the rays of the sun  Following production, Rollin received a kidney transplant in October 2000 during the post-production which lasted for almost two years  The film was successfully shown in theatres on 14 August 2002, for which Rollin was not completely satisfied of the release date  However, he was pleased that it was released to theaters and was somewhat well received 

Personal life and death
Rollin was married to Simone Rollin Roth Le Gentil (née Morel), with whom he had two sons, Serge and Carel  He was married to Simone until his death 
Rollin died on 15 December 2010 after a long battle with cancer and was survived by his wife Simone, son Serge and granddaughter Gabrielle  He is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris  Rollin's son, Carel (1973–2001), and his wife, Simone (1934–2016), rest alongside him 

Selected filmography
The following list consists of Jean Rollin's mainstream works as both director and writer and not of his pseudonym or pornographic works  For a complete list of his entire work, including producer and acting credits, see full filmography 

Bibliography
Coulthart, John (8 December 2014)  "Review of Saga de Xam by Nicolas Devil (1967)"  { feuilleton }  Retrieved 16 October 2016 Rollin, Jean (1990)  Le temps d'un visage  Éd  Saint-Germain de Prés  ISBN 2-243-03253-8 — (1993)  Les deux orphelines vampires  Fleuve Noir  ISBN 978-2-265001-11-4  Other titles in the same series include Anissa, Les Voyageuses, Les Pillardes, Les Incendiaires— (1996)  Ombres vives  Éd  Saint-Germain-des-Prés  ISBN 978-2-243-03542-1 — (1998)  Les dialogues sans fin: précédés de quelques souvenirs sur George Bataille, Maurice Blanchot et Michel Fardoulis-Lagrange  Éd  Mirandole  ISBN 978-2-912965-10-3 — (1998)  Cauchemar d'anniversaire  R  de Surtis  ISBN 978-2-912271-25-9 — (1998)  Monseigneur Rat roman  Paris: Sortilèges  ISBN 978-2-251-49126-4 — (1998)  La cabriole a disparu  Illustrated by Michel Solliec  Le Faouët: Liv'éditions  ISBN 978-2-910781-66-8 — (1998)  Enfer privé  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-82004-0 — (1998)  La statue de chair  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-82007-1 — (1999)  La promeneuse romans  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-49137-0 — (2001)  Vies et aventures de Jean-Pierre Bouyxou  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-84672-009-0 — (2001)  Tuatha  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-49154-7 — (2001)  Gargouillis glauques (Pour une fontaine de feu)  R  de surtis  ISBN 978-2-912271-98-3 — (2001)  La petite fille au cerceau  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-84672-010-6 — (2003)  Estelle et Edwige, les demoiselles de l'étrange  Paris: E-dite  ISBN 978-2-84608-108-5 — (2004)  Rien n'estvrai  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-02-4 — (2004)  Jean-Pierre Bouyxou contre la femme au masque rouge  Paris: E-dite : Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-84608-121-4 — (2004)  Les voleuses de foudre  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-00-0 — (2006)  Alice et Aladin détectives de l'impossible  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-03-1 — (2005)  Déraison  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-04-8 — (2005)  Bestialité  Oulon: Éd  Nuit d'avril  ISBN 978-2-35072-015-9 — (2007)  La petite Ogresse  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-91516-007-9 — (2008)  MoteurCoupez!: mémoires d'un cinéaste singulier  ISBN 978-2-84608-253-2 — (2009)  Bille de clown  Paris: E-dite  ISBN 978-2-84608-254-9 — (2010)  Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 1  Paris: Édite  ISBN 978-2-84608-277-8 — (2011)  Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 2  E/dite  ISBN 978-2-84608-281-5 

Notes
Passage 6:
Françoise Blanchard
Françoise Denise Aline Blanchard (6 June 1954 – 24 May 2013) was a French actress and voice dubbing artist  Her most notable work is that of her role in the 1982 French film La morte vivante, directed by Jean Rollin  Blanchard had collaborated with Rollin on several occasions in films Les trottoirs de Bangkok (1984), À la poursuite de Barbara (1991) and La nuit des horloges (2007)  She had worked frequently with directors Richard Balducci and Jesús Franco  She was also known for her work as a voice artist, having dubbed films, such as, Robert Altman's Popeye (1980), The NeverEnding Story III (1994) and Hackers (1995), and animated television series, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Totally Spies!

Career
Blanchard's career stretched from between the late 1970s until the early 1990s  She may have been best known for playing Catherine Valmont in 1982 horror La Morte Vivante (The Living Dead Girl), a film from Jean Rollin 
She also appeared in films by directors Jess Franco and Bruno Mattei  She recalled her career in an interview, which was featured on the Encore release of La Morte Vivante, she mentioned that it was a tragedy and a coincidence that started her career in the late 1970s  While trying to make ends meet as a hand model, she lost her brother in the late 1970  Around that same time she was offered her first role, coincidentally as someone who had also lost a family member  Françoise approached the part skeptically as she remembered that at that time she was, "aggressive against people but also a bit confused" due to the death of her brother  She enjoyed the experience and took a serious interest in acting, so decided to take acting lessons afterwards Blanchard soon became involved in several B movies when her career quickly became intertwined with the legendary Eurocine company  "I liked the feel of these B movies, especially horror", Françoise noted to Encore, which perhaps explains why she became so popular to several of the most noteworthy genre directors of the late 1970s  She also mentioned that she didn't mind nudity and even went so far as to pose for Lui Magazine in the early 1980s  After several films directors such as Pierre Chevalier, Françoise took a role in Bruno Mattei's Caligula and Messalina in 1981  The following year she appeared in Jess Franco's Revenge In The House Of Usher, and she liked Franco and admired his creativity and fire She then appeared in the La Morte Vivante with Rollin  The night shoot on the film was mostly difficult and there were many problems with the special effects but, despite some disagreements, she liked and admired Rollin and admitted to Encore that, "he is really nice and is very much there"  She enjoyed working with and admired her co-star in the film, Italian actress Marina Pierro, and noted, "she is very maternal with me " Françoise worked again with Rollin in Les Trottoirs De Bangkok (The Sidewalks Of Bangkok), a film which she had a lot of fun making, and she appeared in his newest film production La nuit des horloges (The Night of Clocks) opposite Ovidie 

Death
Blanchard died on 24 May 2013, twelve days before her 59th birthday  The cause of death was not disclosed 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Giulio Questi
Giulio Questi (18 March 1924 – 3 December 2014) was an Italian film director and screenwriter Questi was born in Bergamo   He wrote short stories and filmed several documentaries before he started as assistant director and script writer in the movie business 
He is best known for the films La morte ha fatto l'uovo and Django Kill! (If You Live Shoot!) 
Questi died in Rome, aged 90 

Filmography
Passage 8:
Mr  Right (2009 film)
Mr  Right is a 2009 British film directed by David Morris and Jacqui Morris  The jointly-made gay-themed film is the debut for both directors 

Synopsis
The film presents life of a number of individuals who live in London's Soho area in their quest for their "Mr  Right"  One of the highlights of the film is when all the characters gather for an excruciatingly awkward and hilarious dinner party at which wine and secrets are spilled 
Harry (James Lance) is a TV producer but dreams to get way  He loves Alex (Luke de Woolfson), an aspiring yet insecure actor who also works as a caterer  Meanwhile Alex is struggling to create an identity for himself and decides to live independently through monetary help from his brother despite Harry wanting him back
Tom (David Morris, the co-director of the film) is a successful art dealer who is in a precarious relationship with Lars (Benjamin Hart), a handsome sometime-model  Tom finds excuses for Lars' flings so long as Lars doesn't leave him  Meanwhile Lars has this attraction to Harry and can't get over his feelings
William (Rocky Marshall) a divorced former rugby player finds it difficult very difficult to parent his nine-year-old daughter Georgie while trying to get on a new relationship with Lawrence (Leon Ockenden), a striving soap actor  Their relationship is complicated as Georgie is intent on sabotaging his relationship 
Louise (Georgia Zaris), a fag hag, is dating Paul (Jeremy Edwards), but suspects Paul is gay  Paul is slowly but surely getting drawn into the gay scene, despite visibly and verbally protesting every step of the way By the end of the film three months later, the characters are still striving to make new paths for themselves  Harry is appealing for Alex, now in a small studio residence to return, but the latter turns him gently down despite having feelings for him  Things are much better between William and Lawrence as Georgie becomes more accepting of their relationship  Things have soured between Lars and William  Devastated Lars catches Harry while the latter has just packed to leave everything behind for his long-planned trip away from his dreaded work  Meanwhile Paul is getting more and more into the gay scene despite putting a brave face that he is still straight 

Cast
MainJames Lance as Harry
Luke de Woolfson as Alex
David Morris as Tom
Benjamin Hart as Lars
Rocky Marshall as William
Leon Ockenden as Lawrence
Georgia Zaris as Louise
Jeremy Edwards as PaulOthersJan Waters as Harry's Mother
Maddie Planer as Georgie, Williams's daughter
Sheila Kidd as William's mother
Andrew Dunn as Alex's Father
Karen Meagher as Alex's Mother
Rick Warden as Alex's Brother
Katy Odey as Presenter
Lucy Jules as Emma
Sarah Carleton as Waitress
Dolly Wells as Fizz
Harry Serjeant as Runner
Ian Tytler as Charlie
Jim Cole as Heath
Archie Kidd as Barnaby
Heather Bleasdale as Barnaby's Mother
Yvonne O'Grady as Business Woman
Max Karie as Marcel
Kate Russell as The Yellow Team
Ian Russell as The Yellow Team
Mark Hayford as The Blue Team
Diane Morgan as The Blue Team
Terry Bird as Red Team
Cheryl Fergison as Red Team



ground_truth: yes