prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Mary Of Woodstock's mother die?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Mary Martin (missionary)
Mother Mary of the Incarnation Martin, M M M  (24 April 1892 – 1975) was the Irish foundress of the Catholic religious institute of the Medical Missionaries of Mary 

Early life
She was born Marie Helena Martin in Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on 24 April 1892, the second of the twelve children her parents Thomas Martin and Mary Moore were to have  In 1904, while attending classes for her First Holy Communion, Martin contracted rheumatic fever, which was to affect her heart permanently  Tragedy hit the family on St  Patrick's Day 1907, as her father was killed in what was presumed to be an accidental shooting  Later her mother sent her to schools in Scotland, England and Germany, all of which she left as quickly as possible Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Martin joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, a division of the Red Cross, and helped with the nursing of wounded soldiers brought back from the front  Her own brother, Charles, was soon sent to fight in the campaign of Gallipoli  In October 1915, she was assigned to work in Malta  Here she helped there for the thousands of soldiers being brought back from that battle  Learning that her brother had been declared missing in action, she sought to gain information about his fate from the returning soldiers  Learning little of use added to her stress and she began to long to return home  The family finally learned that Charlie had been killed in the conflict, dying of wounds received at the battle  She returned to Ireland in April 1916  While she was at sea, the Easter Uprising took place in Dublin, which was to lead to the establishment of the Republic of Ireland Martin was called to serve again a month later at Hardelot, France, in a field hospital near the front lines of the Battle of the Somme  There she cared for soldiers suffering from gas poisoning  This assignment lasted until December of that year, followed by a brief stint in Leeds, England  All this time, she tried to discern her future  Shortly after the end of the War, she was called up on help in nursing victims of the Spanish flu, which had begun to devastate populations around the world In 1917 a new curate came to the parish which Martin attended, the Reverend Thomas Roynane, to whom she turned for guidance  Roynane had an interest in missionary work, bringing together two fellow members of the clergy who were go to on and found the Missionary Society of St  Columban  They soon conceived of the idea of a congregation of Religious Sisters to provide medical care in the missions of China to which they had planned to go  Roynane recruited two women to commit themselves to this work, the Lady Frances Moloney and Agnes Ryan, a local schoolteacher 

Training for the missions
Roynane had also inspired Martin with an interest in pursuing this calling   To this end she went to England in January 1919 for further medical training  She was scheduled to undertake training in midwifery the following year   Her mother's severe illness prevented her from taking that training, however, as she had to return home to care for her   By chance, Joseph Shanahan, C S Sp , an Irish member of the missionary Holy Ghost Fathers, had just been named Vicar Apostolic for southern Nigeria, then still a British colony  He received permission to recruit among the secular clergy to serve there on contracts of five-years duration   Roynane received permission from his own bishop to volunteer for this work In April 1920, Roynane arranged for Martin to meet the new bishop, and she volunteered her services as a lay missionary to work in his jurisdiction  She advised him that she was about to comment training as a midwife  Ryan, by now in her fourth year of medical training, advised her that she wished to join her in the African mission  She completed that training in February 1921 

Service in Africa
In April of that same year, Martin left Ireland for Nigeria, with Ryan, who had left her studies  They set sail for Africa from Liverpool on 25 May on the S S  Elmina, a ship of the African Steamship Company  They arrived in the port of Calabar on 14 June  They arrived prepared to provide medical care, only to learn that they were expected to run a school which had been staffed by French Religious Sisters until two years prior  To give the parents and children of the school a sense of continuity, the two women were addressed as "Sisters" by the priests and treated as if they were already members of an established religious institute By October, Ryan had contracted malaria and developed a heart condition, which required her return to Ireland  Forced to fill in as Acting Headmistress, Martin determined to confer directly with the bishop in his headquarters at Onitsha, a journey of 100 miles (160 kilometers), for which she brought along three of the oldest girls at the school  Meeting with the bishop, Martin was advised that caution was needed in providing medical care to the people of her mission, so as not to provoke objections by other missionaries in the region  Further, before leaving Ireland, the bishop had organized a support group of Catholic mothers to provide assistance to the missions, of which Martin's own mother had become the president  They agreed that a religious congregation was needed to meet the needs of the mission  Upon her return to Calabar, Martin made a 30-day retreat In April 1922 the bishop traveled there and held two weeks of consultations with Martin, Roynane and another missioner, during which the Rule and Constitutions of a new congregation were hammered out, with the understanding that Martin would be the foundress  Martin was not to see the bishop again for two years  During this time she learned that the bishop was working to establish the new congregation in Ireland, a direction she felt would focus the congregation on teaching rather than the medical care to which she felt called  An Irish Sister of Charity, Sister Magdalen Walker, was released from her congregation to help in this new work  She arrived in Calabar in October 1923  The following January Martin was directed by the bishop to return to Ireland to make a canonical novitiate  In March she joined Agnes Ryan, another volunteer at the mission, Elizabeth Ryan, and an American candidate, Veronica Hasson, as they started their time of postulancy, prior to admission to the novitiate year  After 18 months, however, upon completion of the novitiate year she left the community, as the training provided by the Dominican Sisters providing their formation had not been oriented toward medical care 

New paths
In this formal step of forming the new congregation, Martin had encountered the prohibition in the new Code of Canon Law of 1917 of the Catholic Church against members of religious orders practicing medicine  Facing this barrier, Martin still felt a call to consecrated life and considered following the example of the recently canonized Carmelite nun, Thérèse of Lisieux (coincidentally also bearing the family name of Martin)  In 1927 she applied to the community of that Order in Dublin, but her application was declined, solely on the decision of the prioress who overrode a unanimous vote by community, feeling that Martin was called to a different path in life  She then went through a new period of confusion until she was requested to consider again serving the missions  She then formed a small group of women to provide the domestic service for the preparatory school run by the Benedictine monks Glenstal Abbey Following a long period of illness in 1932, the following year Martin approached the new Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland, Archbishop Paschal Robinson, O F M  The nuncio was supportive of her goals and encouraged her continually over the next years  Finally, in February 1936, the Holy See lifted prohibition against Religious Sisters serving as doctors or midwives  Martin then sought a diocese which would accept a new congregation, without success  In October of that same year, Robinson's former secretary, Antonio Riberi, was named Apostolic Delegate in Africa, based in Kenya  He gave his support to having the congregation established in Calabar, which at that time was under a new Vicar Apostolic, James Moynagh, S P S , whose own sister was a member of the new community 

Foundation
While still negotiating to purchase a house in Ireland as a local base, complicated by the fact that they were not yet a formal congregation, the small community sailed for Nigeria at the end of 1936  Upon their arrival Martin suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at Port Harcourt  It was there that she professed religious vows on 4 April 1937  With that the Medical Missionaries of Mary became established 

Legacy
Martin's health was always a source of concern but she lived until 1975  Today the Medical Missionaries of Mary number some 400 women from 16 different nations, who serve in 14 different countries around the world 
Passage 2:
Henry Morgan (bishop)
Henry Morgan (died 23 December 1559) was a Welsh lawyer and churchman, Bishop of St Davids during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
He was born in Dewisland, Pembrokeshire, and became a student in the University of Oxford in 1515  He proceeded B C L  10 July 1522, and D C L  17 July 1525, and soon after became principal of St  Edward's Hall, which was then a hostel for civilians  He was admitted at Doctors' Commons 27 October 1528, and for several years acted as moderator of those who performed exercises for their degrees in civil law at Oxford 
Taking holy orders, he obtained rapid preferment  He became rector of Walwyn's Castle, Pembrokeshire, 12 February 1530; canon of Bristol, 4 June 1542; prebendary of the collegiate church St Carantoc's Church, Crantock in Cornwall, 1547; canon of Exeter, 1548; rector of Mawgan, Cornwall, 1549, and of St  Columb Major, Cornwall, 1550 
On the deprivation of Robert Ferrar he was appointed by Queen Mary bishop of St  David's in 1554  He held the see until he was deprived of it, on the accession of Elizabeth, about midsummer 1559  He then retired to Wolvercote, near Oxford, where some relatives, including the Owens of Godstow House, resided  He died at Wolvercote on 23 December 1559, and was buried in the church there  John Foxe in his Acts and Monuments of the Church and Thomas Beard in his Theatre of God's Judgments state that Morgan was 'stricken by God's hand' with a malady; Foxe gives some gruesome details; but Anthony à Wood could find no tradition to that effect among the inhabitants of Wolvercote 

Notes
Passage 3:
Nicolas Spierinc
Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s  Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy  He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth  He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours 

Notes
Sources
de Schryver, Antoine  The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008  ISBN 978-0-8923-6943-0
Kren, Thomas  Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J  Paul Getty Museum  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010  ISBN 978-1-6060-6014-8
Passage 4:
William Rede (by 1529–at least 1569)
William Rede (born by 1529 - at least 1569) was an English politician during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
Rede was probably the son of the clothier Thomas Rede  He was probably the William who was from Yate, Gloucestershire and married a daughter of the clothier, Walter Bailey  He had a son, Edward Rede  In 1554, he was described as 'of Bristol', suggesting a possible connection to William Rede I 

Career
Rede was a Member of Parliament for Devizes in October 1553  He was admitted to the Middle Temple 
Passage 5:
Mary of England
Mary of England may refer to:

Mary I of England (1516–1558), Queen of England from 1553 until her death
Mary II of England (1662–1694), Queen of England from 1689 until her death

See also
Henrietta Maria of France (1609–1669), queen consort of England, also known as Queen Mary
Mary of Modena (1685–1688), queen consort of England
Mary of Scotland (disambiguation)
Mary of Teck (1867–1953), queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Mary of Waltham (1344–1362), daughter of Edward III of England
Mary of Woodstock (1279–1332), daughter of Edward I of England
Mary of York (1467–1482), daughter of Edward IV of England
Mary Stuart (1605–1607), daughter of James VI and I, King of England
Mary Tudor (disambiguation)
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1631–1660), daughter of Charles I of England
Princess Mary (disambiguation)
Queen Mary (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
Avelin Mary
Avelin Mary is a marine biologist and a Roman Catholic nun belonging to the Congregation of the Mother of Sorrows, Servants of Mary  She is a Director of Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC), Tuticorin 

Education
Mary received her Ph D  in marine biology from Marathwada University, Aurangabad  She completed her post-doctoral work at Osborne Laboratories (New York Zoological Society) and Duke University Marine Laboratories (Beaufort, North Carolina)  She was a visiting scientist at Tulane University, Duke University, University of Delaware, University of Hawaii and Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan In 1988, she returned to India to establish her own independent research group  Her research area is the biology of barnacles  Her specific interest is in the replacement of toxic chemicals affecting the ocean environment with alternative compounds from natural sources that may have similar functional properties without the toxic effects on other marine organisms 

Career
Mary was the principal of St  Mary's College, a Catholic institution for higher education of women in Tuticorin In 1991, she founded Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC) as an independent non-profit organization for the purpose of marine research and conservation  She is currently the Director of the institute, which is affiliated with U S -based research and development company Poseidon Ocean Sciences, Inc During her study of corals, she discovered they produce chemicals that could prevent fouling in ships and save millions of dollars 

Awards
Mary was named one of the "2,000 outstanding scientists of the 20th century" by the International Biographical Research Centre at Cambridge  In 1999, the vanity press American Biographical Institute awarded her "Woman of the Year 1998",In 2002, she was recognized by India's National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) in New Delhi as one of 14 Scientists of the Year  She received the award in Calcutta In January 2003, she was one of 12 recipients of the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation's 2003 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Award for Excellence 
Passage 7:
Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony 
The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband  She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited  When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross 
Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation  She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs  She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu 

Life
Birth
Eleanor was born in Burgos, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu  Her Castilian name, Leonor, became Alienor or Alianor in England, and Eleanor in modern English  She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Eleanor of England, the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England 
Eleanor was the second of five children born to Ferdinand and Joan  Her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43; two sons born after Louis died young  For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers were paid to walk in the public procession to commemorate each year of her life  As the tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life, 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or 1241 
As her parents were apart from each other for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in Andalusia, from which he returned to the north of Spain only in February 1241, Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year  The courts of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for their literary atmosphere  Both kings also encouraged extensive education of the royal children, and it is therefore likely that Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood which is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen She was at her father's deathbed in Seville in 1252 

Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre
Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future Edward I of England was not the only marriage her family planned for her The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the Kingdom of Navarre due to sworn homage from Garcia VI of Navarre in 1134  In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir, Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X of Castile, stalled negotiations with England in hopes that she would marry Theobald II of Navarre  
The marriage afforded several advantages  First, the Pyrenees kingdom also afforded passage from Castile to Gascony  Secondly, Theobald II was not yet of age, thus the opportunity existed to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile  To avoid Castilian control, Margaret of Bourbon (mother and regent to Theobald II) in August 1253 allied with James I of Aragon instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised that Theobald would never marry Eleanor 

Marriage
In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected another ancestral claim, this time to the duchy of Gascony in the south of Aquitaine (the last possession of the Kings of England in France), which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of Eleanor of England  Henry III of England swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves  Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward (by now the titular duke), and Alfonso would transfer his Gascon claims to Edward  Henry was so anxious for the marriage to take place that he willingly abandoned elaborate preparations already made for Edward's knighting in England and agreed that Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next Feast of Assumption The young couple were married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254  Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed, as Edward's grandfather King John of England and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine  Following the marriage they spent nearly a year in Gascony, with Edward ruling as lord of Aquitaine  During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to her first child, a short-lived daughter  She journeyed to England alone in late summer of 1255  Edward followed her a few months later Henry III took pride in resolving the Gascon crisis so decisively, but his English subjects feared that the marriage would bring Eleanor's kinfolk and countrymen to live off Henry's ruinous generosity  A few of her relatives did come to England soon after her marriage  She was too young to stop them or prevent Henry III from supporting them, but she was blamed anyway and her marriage soon became unpopular 
The presence of more English, French and Norman soldiers of fortune and opportunists in the cities of Seville and Cordoba, recently conquered from the Moorish Almohads, would be increased, however, thanks to this alliance between royal houses, until the advent of the later Hundred Years War, when it would be symptomatic of extended hostilities between the French and the English for peninsular support 

Second Barons' War
There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War, between Henry III and his barons, divided the kingdom  During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from her mother's county of Ponthieu in France  It is untrue, however, that she was sent to France to escape danger during the war; she was in England throughout the struggle and held Windsor Castle and baronial prisoners for Edward  Rumours that she was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader, Simon de Montfort, to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the royalist army had been defeated at the Battle of Lewes  
Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was honourably confined at Westminster Palace  After Edward and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government and Eleanor rose to prominence at his side  Her position was greatly improved in July 1266 when, after she had borne three short-lived daughters, she gave birth to a son, John, to be followed by a second boy, Henry, in the spring of 1268, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter, Eleanor 

Crusade
By 1270, the kingdom was pacified and Edward and Eleanor left to join his uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade  Louis died at Carthage before they arrived, however, and after they spent the winter in Sicily, the couple went on to Acre in the Holy Land, where they arrived in May 1271  Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, known as "Joan of Acre" for her birthplace 
The crusade was militarily unsuccessful, but Baibars of the Bahri dynasty was worried enough by Edward's presence at Acre that an assassination attempt was made on the English heir in June 1272   He was wounded in the arm by a dagger that was thought to be poisoned  The wound soon became seriously inflamed, and a surgeon saved him by cutting away the diseased flesh, but only after Eleanor was led from his bed, "weeping and wailing"  Later storytellers embellished this incident, claiming Eleanor sucked poison from the wound, thereby saving Edward's life, but this fanciful tale has no foundation 
They left Acre in September 1272, and in Sicily that December, they learned of Henry III's death (on 16 November 1272)  Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child, Alphonso (named for Eleanor's half brother Alfonso X), was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274 

Queen consort of England
Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other  Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock  The couple were rarely apart; she accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 April 1284 at Caernarfon Castle, either in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction works, or in the partially constructed Eagle Tower 
Their household records witness incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship  Each year on Easter Monday, Edward let Eleanor's ladies trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; so important was this custom to him that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them had she been alive  Edward disliked ceremonies and in 1290 refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor thoughtfully (or resignedly) paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding 
That Edward remained single until he wedded Margaret of France in 1299 is often cited to prove he cherished Eleanor's memory  In fact, he considered a second marriage as early as 1293, but this does not mean he did not mourn Eleanor  Eloquent testimony is found in his letter to the abbot of Cluny in France (January 1291), seeking prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love"  In her memory, Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses (of which three survive, though none of them is intact) between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London  (See § Procession, burial and monuments below )
Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, however, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war  Despite personal grief, Edward faced his duty and married again  He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life, Margaret at his side on at least one occasion 

Popularity
Eleanor is warmly remembered by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time  Her reputation was primarily as a keen businesswoman  Walter of Guisborough preserves a contemporary poem:

The annalist of Dunstable Priory echoed him in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors" Her acquisition of lands was an unusual degree of economic activity for any medieval noblewoman, let alone a queen – and the level of her activity was exceptional by any standard: between 1274 and 1290 she acquired estates worth above £2500 yearly  In fact, it was Edward himself who initiated this process and his ministers helped her  He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government  One of his methods to help Eleanor acquire land was to give her the debts Christian landlords owed Jewish moneylenders  In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged for the debts  The debtors were often glad to rid themselves of the debts, and profited from the favour Eleanor showed them afterwards; she granted many of them, for life, lands worth as much as the estates they had surrendered to her, and some of them became her household knights 
There is, however, very clear evidence that Eleanor's property dealings made her widely unpopular  John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: "A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal  It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property - lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from Christians under the protection of the royal court " Given the chroniclers' passages quoted above, the accusation is indeed borne out by contemporary writers  Peckham also warned her of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants  Eleanor must have been aware of the truth of such reports since, on her deathbed, she asked Edward to name justices to examine her officials' actions and make reparations  The surviving proceedings from this inquest reveal a pattern of ruthless exactions, often (but not always) without Eleanor's knowledge  Her executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291  In her lifetime, Eleanor had righted such wrongs when she heard of them, and her deathbed request of Edward indicates that she knew, suspected, or feared, that her officials had perpetrated many more transgressions than were ever reported to her 
Two other letters from Peckham, moreover, show that some people thought she urged Edward to rule harshly and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if any one crossed her, which contravened contemporary expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed, or the condemned Thus, he warned a convent of nuns that "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, but whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor  Record evidence from the king's administrations shows that Hugh Despenser the Elder, who agreed to allow the queen to hold one of his manors for a term of years in order to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer that the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt 
Thus the evidence tends unavoidably to the conclusion that Eleanor was not greatly loved outside her own circle  It is only with a chronicle written at St Albans in 1307–08 that we find the first positive remarks, and it is hard to avoid the impression that the chronicler was writing to flatter her son, Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307  It is also likely that the impressive succession of "Eleanor Crosses" Edward constructed after her death (as discussed below) was intended to improve the late queen's image 

Limited political influence
It has traditionally been argued that Eleanor had no impact on the political history of Edward's reign, and that even in diplomatic matters her role was minor, though Edward did heed her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers  Otherwise, it has been said, she merely gave gifts, usually provided by Edward, to visiting princes or envoys  Edward always honoured his obligations to Alfonso X, but even when Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile; he sent only knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile 
However more recent research has indicated that Eleanor may have played some role in Edward's counsels, though she did not exercise power overtly except on occasions where she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony   Some of Edward's legislation, for example the Statute of Jewry and his approach to Welsh resettlement show some similarities to Castilian approaches  His military strategies, too, appear to have been influenced by the work of Vegetius, to which Eleanor directed his attention  Edward was, however, clearly prepared to resist her demands, or to stop her, if he felt she was going too far in any of her activities, and that he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm, as happened on one occasion when Robert Burnell, the Lord Chancellor, assured the Bishop of Winchester, from whom the queen was demanding a sum of money the bishop owed her, that he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop 

Cultural influence
If she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor was a highly intelligent and cultured woman and found other satisfying outlets for her energies   She was an active patroness of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her  Some of the works produced were apparently vernacular romances and saints' lives, but Eleanor's tastes ranged far more widely than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office  The number and variety of new works written for her show that her interests were broad and sophisticated  In the 1260s she commissioned the production of the Douce Apocalypse  She has also been credibly linked to the Trinity Apocalypse, although the question of whether she commissioned it, or simply owned an apocalypse which influenced its production, remains a matter of debate  On Crusade in 1272, she had De Re Militari by Vegetius translated for Edward  After she succeeded her mother as countess of Ponthieu in 1279, a romance was written for her about the life of a supposed 9th century count of Ponthieu  She commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord John de Vescy, who married a close friend and relation of hers  In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for her to explain what angels were and what they did  She almost certainly commissioned the Alphonso Psalter, now in the British Library, and is also suspected to be the commissioner of the Bird Psalter which also bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife  In January 1286 she thanked the abbot of Cerne for lending her a book—possibly a treatise on chess known to have been written at Cerne in the late thirteenth century—and her accounts reveal her in 1290 corresponding with an Oxford master about one of her books  There is also evidence suggesting that she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X 
Relevant evidence suggests that Eleanor was not fluent in English, but was accustomed to read, and so presumably to think and speak, in French, her mother's tongue, with which she would have been familiar from childhood despite spending her early years in Spain  In this she was luckier than many medieval European queens, who often arrived in their husband's realms to face the need to learn a new language; but the English court was still functionally bilingual, in large measure through the long succession of its queens, who were mostly from French-speaking lands  In 1275, on a visit to St Albans abbey in Hertfordshire, the people of the town begged her help in withstanding the abbot's exactions from them, but one of her courtiers had to act as translator before she could respond to the plea for assistance  All the literary works noted above are in French, as are the bulk of her surviving letters, and since Peckham wrote his letters and his angelic treatise for her in French, she was presumably well known to prefer that language 
In the domestic sphere she popularised the use of tapestries and carpets – the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London, but by the time of her death was plainly much in vogue amongst richer magnates, with certain of her hangings having to be reclaimed from Anthony Bek, the bishop of Durham   She also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and even forks (though it remains uncertain whether the latter were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters)  She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates  Extensive spending on gardens is evidenced at her properties and in most places she stayed, including the use of water features – a common Castilian garden design feature, which was owed to Islamic and Roman influences in Spain   The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during her ownership of the castle 

The queen was a devoted patron of the Dominican Order friars, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge  Not surprisingly, then, Eleanor's piety was of an intellectual stamp; apart from her religious foundations she was not given to direct good works, and she left it to her chaplains to distribute alms for her  Her level of charitable giving was, however, considerable 
She patronised many relatives, though given foreigners' unpopularity in England and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, she was cautious as queen to choose which cousins to support  Rather than marry her male cousins to English heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, she arranged marriages for her female cousins to English barons  Edward strongly supported her in these endeavours, which provided him and his family (and Eleanor herself, in her potential widowhood) with an expanded network of potential supporters  In a few cases, her marriage projects for her lady cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms  The marriage of her kinswoman Marguerite de Guines to the earl of Ulster, one of the more influential English noblemen in Ireland, not only gave Edward a new family connection in that island but also with Scotland, since Marguerite's cousin Marie de Coucy was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law Alexander III  The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her Châtellerault cousins with a member of the Lusignan family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, not only strengthening the king's ties with that family but also creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, on Gascony's northern flank 

Death
Eleanor was presumably a healthy woman for most of her life; that she survived at least sixteen pregnancies suggests that she was not frail   Shortly after the birth of her last child, however, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own begin to record frequent payments for medicines to the queen's use   The nature of the medicines is not specified, so it is impossible to know what ailments were troubling her until, later in 1287 while she was in Gascony with Edward, a letter to England from a member of the royal entourage states that the queen had a double quartan fever  This fever pattern suggests that she was suffering from a strain of malaria  The disease is not fatal of itself, but leaves its victims weak and vulnerable to opportunistic infections   Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury which may cause death from internal bleeding  There is also a possibility that she had inherited the Castilian royal family's theorised tendency to cardiac problems 
From the time of the return from Gascony there are signs that Eleanor was aware that her death was not far off   Arrangements were made for the marriage of two of her daughters, Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young Edward of Caernarfon to Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on  In summer 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties was commenced, but proceeded at a much slower pace than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in Clipstone, rather than in London  Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings that travel might endanger their health   Following the conclusion of the parliament Eleanor and Edward set out the short distance from Clipstone to Lincoln  By this stage Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles a day 
Her final stop was at the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 7 miles (11 km) from Lincoln  The journey was abandoned, and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church   After piously receiving the Church's last rites, she died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage  Edward was at her bedside to hear her final requests   For three days afterward, the machinery of government came to a halt and no writs were sealed 

Procession, burial and monuments
Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties and accompanied for most of the way by Edward, and a substantial cortege of mourners  Edward gave orders that memorial crosses be erected at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster  Based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, these artistically significant monuments enhanced the image of Edward's kingship as well as witnessing his grief  The "Eleanor crosses" stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone near Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing – only three survive, none in its entirety  The best preserved is that at Geddington  All three have lost the crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain  The top (cross) part of the Hardingstone monument is believed to reside in the Northampton Guildhall Museum  The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of the queen are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London 
The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the railway station of that name, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station  The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall, on the south side of Trafalgar Square, but was destroyed in 1647 and later replaced by a statue of Charles I 
In the thirteenth century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual  Eleanor however was afforded the more unusual "triple" burial – separate burial of viscera, heart and body  Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb  The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and has been replaced with a 19th-century copy  On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century; probably they were not originally intended to depict the couple The queen's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars in London, along with that of her son Alphonso  The accounts of her executors show that the monument constructed there to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, including wall paintings as well as an angelic statue in metal that apparently stood under a carved stone canopy  It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries 

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290  Her body was placed in a grave near the high altar that had originally contained the coffin of Edward the Confessor and, more recently, that of King Henry III until his remains were removed to his new tomb in 1290  Eleanor's body remained in this grave until the completion of her own tomb   She had probably ordered that tomb before her death  It consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields (originally painted) of the arms of England, Castile, and Ponthieu  The chest is surmounted by William Torel's superb gilt-bronze effigy, showing Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal 
When Edward remarried a decade after her death, he and his second wife Margaret of France, named their only daughter Eleanor in honour of her 

Legacy
Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife, and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives   The estates Eleanor assembled became the nucleus for dower assignments made to later queens of England into the 15th century, and her involvement in this process solidly established a queen-consort's freedom to engage in such transactions  Few later queens exerted themselves in economic activity to the extent Eleanor did, but their ability to do so rested on the precedents settled in her lifetime 

Historical reputation
Despite her ambiguous reputation in her own day, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor a positive, if slightly obscure standing over the next two centuries  As late as 1586, the antiquarian William Camden first published in England the tale that Eleanor saved Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound  Camden then went on to ascribe construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of an heroic wife who had selflessly risked her own life to save his  A year later in 1587, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland described Eleanor as "the jewel [Edward I] most esteemed     a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay "But a counter-narrative, driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation onwards, may already have begun to emerge  The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from as early as the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen Mary Tudor and her husband the Spanish Philip II of Spain  It depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have/Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses not only to murder of the Mayoress but also to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First  The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward  If so, it sank with little trace  The surviving revised version, as printed in 1593, depicts a haughty Eleanor as "a villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke"  The misdeeds attributed to her in The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor are repeated and expanded upon: Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears; and she now confesses to adultery with her own brother-in-law Edmund Crouchback and to conceiving all her children, bar Edward I's heir Edward II, in adultery – which revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame  This is a portrait of Eleanor that owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain, and English fears of a repeat attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemic of the period 

It would appear likely Peele's play, and the ballad associated with it, had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century  Performances of the play and reprints of The Lamentable Fall (it was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity) meant that by the time of the Civil War this entirely hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed  The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have been lost in the years 1643–1646: for example Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the Charing Cross torn down in 1643  Eleanor's reputation however began to change for the positive once again at this time, following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's A History of the Kings of England, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre  Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and derived ultimately from Camden, who was uncritically repeated wholesale by historians  In the 19th century the self-styled historian Agnes Strickland used Camden to paint the rosiest of all pictures of Eleanor  None of these writers, however, used contemporary chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but even when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland praised, many rejected the correction, often expressing indignant disbelief that anything negative was said about Eleanor   Only in recent decades have historians studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention  These decades produced a sizeable body of historical work that allows Eleanor's life to be scrutinised in the terms of her own day, not those of the 17th or 19th century 
The evolution of her reputation is a case study in the maxim that each age creates its own history  If Eleanor of Castile can no longer be seen as Peele's transgressive monstrosity, nor as Strickland's paradigm of queenly virtues, her career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of an exceptionally demanding life 

Issue
Stillborn girl (July 1255)
Katherine (c  1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey 
John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall  Buried in Westminster Abbey 
Henry (before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Eleanor (18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298)  She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar, by whom she had one son and two daughters 
Daughter (1271 Palestine)  Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Joan (April 1272 – 7 April 1307)  She married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer  She had four children by each marriage 
Alphonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester 
Margaret (15 March 1275 – after 1333)  In 1290 she married John II of Brabant, who died in 1318  They had one son 
Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey  There is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Mary (11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury 
Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth  There is no contemporary evidence for his name 
Elizabeth (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316)  She married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex  The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children 
Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327)  In 1308 he married Isabella of France  They had two sons and two daughters 

Eleanor as a mother
It has been suggested that Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children  As king and queen, however, it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place, and when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigors of constant travel with their parents  The children had a household staffed with attendants carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, with whom the parents corresponded regularly  The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old; then they began to accompany their parents, if at first only on important occasions  By their teens they were with the king and queen much of the time  In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, presumably to help with their education  She also sent gifts to the children regularly, and arranged for the entire establishment to be moved near to her when she was in Wales  In 1306 Edward sharply scolded Margerie de Haustede, Eleanor's former lady in waiting who was then in charge of his children by his second wife, because Margerie had not kept him well informed of their health  Edward also issued regular and detailed instructions for the care and guidance of these children 
Two incidents cited to imply Eleanor's lack of interest in her children are easily explained in the contexts of medieval royal childrearing in general, and of particular events surrounding Edward and Eleanor's family  When their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at Guildford in 1274, neither parent made the short journey from London to see him; but Henry was tended by Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence  The boy had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and since he was barely two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had many substantial memories of them at the time they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his last illness and death  In other words, the dowager queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been at that time, and it was in all respects better that she tended him then  Furthermore, Eleanor was pregnant at the time of his final illness and death; even given the limited thirteenth-century understanding of contagion, exposure to a sickroom might have been discouraged  Similarly, Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother, Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, to raise their daughter Joan of Acre in Ponthieu (1274–1278)  This implies no parental lack of interest in the girl; the practice of fostering noble children in other households of sufficient dignity was not unknown and Eleanor's mother was, of course, dowager queen of Castile  Her household was safe and dignified, but it does appear that Edward and Eleanor had cause to regret their generosity in letting Joan of Ponthieu foster young Joan  When the girl reached England in 1278, aged six, it turned out that she was badly spoiled  She was spirited and at times defiant in childhood, and in adulthood remained a handful for Edward, defying his plans for a prestigious second marriage for her by secretly marrying one of her late first husband's squires  When the marriage was revealed in 1297 because Joan was pregnant, Edward was enraged that his dignity had been insulted by her marriage to a commoner of no importance  Joan, at twenty-five, reportedly defended her conduct to her father by saying that nobody saw anything wrong if a great earl married a poor woman, so there could be nothing wrong with a countess marrying a promising young man  Whether or not her retort ultimately changed his mind, Edward restored to Joan all the lands he had confiscated when he learned of her marriage, and accepted her new husband as a son-in-law in good standing  Joan marked her restoration to favour by having masses celebrated for the soul of her mother Eleanor 

See also
Infante
Passage 8:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 9:
Mary of Woodstock
Mary of Woodstock (11 March 1278 – before 8 July 1332) was the seventh named daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile  She was a nun at Amesbury Priory, but lived very comfortably thanks to a generous allowance from her parents  Despite a papal travel prohibition in 1303, she travelled widely around the country 

Early life
Mary's grandmother, Eleanor of Provence, had decided to retire to Amesbury Priory in Wiltshire, a daughter house of Fontevrault   She lobbied for Mary and another granddaughter, Eleanor of Brittany, to become Benedictine nuns at the priory  Despite resistance from Eleanor of Castile, Mary was dedicated at Amesbury in 1285, at the age of seven, alongside thirteen daughters of nobles  She was not formally veiled as a nun until December 1291, when she had reached the age of twelve   Eleanor of Brittany had been veiled in March, while Eleanor of Provence did not arrive until June 1286 Mary's parents granted her £100 per year for life (approximately £104,000 in 2023); she also received double the usual allowance for clothing and a special entitlement to wine from the stores, and lived in comfort in private quarters  Her father visited her and Eleanor at the priory repeatedly: twice in 1286 and in 1289, and again in 1290 and 1291   Eleanor of Provence died in 1291, and it was expected that Mary would move to Fontevrault  Certainly the prioress of Fontevrault wrote frequently to Edward I asking that his daughter be allowed to live there  Probably to prevent his daughter falling into French hands in the event of war with England, Edward refused, and Mary remained at Amesbury, while her allowance was doubled to £200 per year   In 1292, she was also given the right to forty oaks per year from royal forests and twenty tuns of wine per year from Southampton 

Representative of the order
Despite being a resident at the priory, Mary began to travel the country   She visited her brother Edward in 1293, and regularly attended court, spending five weeks there in 1297, in the run-up to her sister Elizabeth's departure to Holland  By the end of the century, she held the post of vicegerent and visitatrix for the abbess, with the right to authorise the transfer of nuns between convents  In 1302, her £200 per year was replaced by the rights to several manors and the borough of Wilton, all held on condition that she remain in England  However, she ran up considerable dice gambling debts while visiting her father's court, and in 1305 was given £200 to pay them off  She was also given Grovebury Priory in Bedfordshire to manage, holding this until her death Mary was unsuccessful in obtaining high office in the order, whereas Eleanor of Brittany became abbess at Fontevrault in 1304  The papal bull Periculoso was read at Amesbury in 1303, requiring nuns to remain within their religious establishments, but Mary's travels do not appear to have been affected  She went on numerous pilgrimages, including one to Canterbury, and continued to visit court, with a retinue of up to twenty-four horses, sometimes with fellow nuns  Soon after 1313, her role as visitor was removed  In 1317, Mary's brother Edward, by now King Edward II, asked Eleanor to restore her to the post, but his request was refused  But Mary persevered and obtained a papal mandate requiring her reinstatement, which Eleanor appears to have obeyed 

Later life
Despite her apparent conflict with Eleanor, Mary continued to live comfortably  In 1316, she was able to borrow more than £2 from abbey funds (approximately £1,100 in 2023), and sent a clerk to London on personal errands, at the priory's expense It was effectively as a princess, not a nun, that Mary received the homage of the English Dominican friar Nicholas Trevet, a prolific and versatile university scholar and author, who in 1328–1334 dedicated to her his Cronicles, which she may even have commissioned him to write  Intended as an amusing history of the world, it later became an important source for several popular works of the period  In part it is an account of Mary's own Plantagenet clan, and she herself is given a flattering mention there:

 the fourth daughter was dame Mary of whom it ys before sayde that she wedded herself unto the hygh king heaven  And in so moche as hit ys trewly sayde of her and notably this worthy text of holy scripture: optimam partem elegit ipsi Maria,  que non auferetur ab ea  The whych ys as moche to say "As Maria hathe chosyn the best party to her, the whych shall not be done away from her"  
Trevet here quotes from Jesus' words in the Gospel of Luke (10:42), where Jesus good-humouredly defends Mary to her sister Martha  It is a somewhat daring use of the Gospel text, which was traditionally often applied the Virgin Mary Likewise because of Mary's status, several nobles who wished their daughters to take vows placed them into her custody Mary died before 8 July 1332, and was buried in Amesbury Priory  After her death, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, attempting to divorce Mary's niece Joan, claimed to have had an affair with Mary before he married Joan  If John's claim was valid, his marriage to Mary's niece would have been rendered null and void, but despite papal mandates for inquests to be made into the matter, the truth was never established 

Ancestors
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Cumulus (disambiguation)
Cumulus is a type of cloud with the appearance of a lump of cotton wool 
Cumulus may also refer to:

Computing and technology
Cumulus (software), digital asset management software developed by Canto Software
Cumulus Corporation, a defunct computer hardware company
Cumulus Networks, a computer software company

Gliders
Reinhard Cumulus, glider
US Aviation Cumulus, motorglider

Other uses
Cumulus Media, a radio broadcasting company
Cumulus oophorus, cells which surround a human egg after fertilisation
Passage 2:
Lump of labour fallacy
In economics, the lump of labour fallacy is the misconception that there is a finite amount of work—a lump of labour—to be done within an economy which can be distributed to create more or fewer jobs  It was considered a fallacy in 1891 by economist David Frederick Schloss, who held that the amount of work is not fixed The term originated to rebut the idea that reducing the number of hours employees are allowed to labour during the working day would lead to a reduction in unemployment  The term is also commonly used to describe the belief that increasing labour productivity, immigration, or automation causes an increase in unemployment  Whereas opponents of immigration argue that immigrants displace a country's workers, this is a fallacy, as the number of jobs in the economy is not fixed and immigration increases the size of the economy and may increase productivity, innovation, and overall economic activity, as well as reduce incentives for off-shoring and business closures, thus creating more jobs The lump of labor fallacy is also known as the lump of jobs fallacy, fallacy of labour scarcity, fixed pie fallacy, and the zero-sum fallacy—due to its ties to zero-sum games  The term "fixed pie fallacy" is also used more generally to refer to the idea that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world  This and other zero-sum fallacies can be caused by zero-sum bias 

Immigration
The lump of labour fallacy has been applied to concerns around immigration and labour  Given a fixed availability of employment, the lump of labour position argues that allowing immigration of working-age people reduces the availability of work for native-born workers ("they are taking our jobs") However, skilled immigrating workers can bring capabilities that are not available in the native workforce, for example in academic research or information technology  Additionally, immigrating workforces also create new jobs by expanding demand, thus creating more jobs, either directly by setting up businesses (therefore requiring local services or workers), or indirectly by raising consumption  As an example, a greater population that eats more groceries will increase demand from shops, which will therefore require additional shop staff 

Employment regulations
Advocates of restricting working hours regulation may assume that there is a fixed amount of work to be done within the economy  By reducing the amount that those who are already employed are allowed to work, the remaining amount will then accrue to the unemployed  This policy was adopted by the governments of Herbert Hoover in the United States and Lionel Jospin in France, in the 35-hour working week (though in France various exemptions to the law were granted by later centre-right governments) Many economists agree that such proposals are likely to be ineffective, because there are usually substantial administrative costs associated with employing more workers  These can include additional costs in recruitment, training, and management that would increase average cost per unit of output  This overall would lead to a reduced production per worker, and may even result in higher unemployment 

Early retirement
Early retirement has been used to induce workers to accept termination of employment before retirement age following the employer's diminished labour needs  Government support for the practice has come from the belief that this should lead to a reduction in unemployment  The unsustainability of this practice has now been recognised, and the trend in Europe is now towards postponement of the retirement age In an editorial in The Economist a thought experiment is proposed in which old people leave the workforce in favour of young people, on whom they become dependent for their living through state benefits  It is then argued that since growth depends on having either more workers or greater productivity, the society cannot really become more prosperous by paying an increasing number of its citizens unproductively  The article also points out that even early retirees with private pension funds become a burden on society as they also depend on equity and bond income generated by workers 

Arguments in favor of the concept
There have been critiques of the idea that the concept is a fallacy  Arguments include that Schloss' concept is misapplied to working hours and that he was originally critiquing workers intentionally restricting their output, that prominent economists like John Maynard Keynes believed shorter working hours could allieviate unemployment, and that claims of it being a fallacy are used to argue against proposals for shorter working hours without addressing the non-economic arguments for them 

See also
Indivisibility of labour
Labour (economics)
Luddite fallacy
Parable of the broken window
Working time
Zero-sum bias
Passage 3:
The Lump of Coal
The Lump of Coal is a Christmas short story written by Lemony Snicket and illustrated by Brett Helquist  Originally published in the December 10–12, 2004 issue of the now-defunct magazine USA Weekend, it was re-released as a stand-alone book in 2008  It is meant to parody traditional children's Christmas stories, à la the 1823 poem 'Twas the Night Before Christmas  Though illustrated and relatively short, the book uses vocabulary above that of most children, including the term objets d'art  Many elements of the story are easily recognizable as Snicket-esque to A Series of Unfortunate Events readers, including a culturally intelligent and talented protagonist who is dismissed by many a mumpsimus 

Plot summary
It is Christmas time  A living lump of coal falls off a barbecue grill  He wishes for a miracle to happen  The lump of coal is artistic and wants to be an artist  He goes in search of something  First, he finds an art gallery that, he believes, shows art by lumps of coal  But when he comes in, he sadly discovers the art is by humans who use lumps of coal  He then finds a Korean restaurant called Mr  Wong's Korean Restaurant and Secretarial School, but he goes in and discovers that all things used must be 100% Korean (although the owner does not use a Korean name or proper Korean spices)  The lump of coal continues down the street and runs into a man dressed like Santa Claus  The lump of coal tells the man about his problem, and the man gets an idea  He suggests he put the lump of coal in Jasper (his bratty son)'s stocking  The son finds it and is ecstatic; he has wanted to make art with coal  So he makes portraits and he and the lump of coal become rich  They move to Korea and open an authentic Korean restaurant, and have a gallery of their art 

See also
Lemony Snicket bibliography
Passage 4:
Energy value of coal
The energy value of coal, or fuel content, is the amount of potential energy coal contains that can be converted into heat  This value can be calculated and compared with different grades of coal and other combustible materials, which produce different amounts of heat according to their grade 
While chemistry provides ways of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal  The grade of a sample of coal does not precisely define its chemical composition, so calculating the coal's actual usefulness as a fuel requires determining its proximate and ultimate analysis (see "Chemical Composition" below) 

Chemical composition
Chemical composition of the coal is defined in terms of its proximate and ultimate (elemental) analyses  The parameters of proximate analysis are moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon  Elemental or ultimate analysis encompasses the quantitative determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen within the coal  Additionally, specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and particular carbonization properties 
The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen  Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal  Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters  Dulong suggests the following approximate formula for Q when the oxygen content is less than 10%: 

Q = 337C + 1442(H - O/8) + 93S,where C is the mass percent of carbon, H is the mass percent of hydrogen, O is the mass percent of oxygen, and S is the mass percent of sulfur in the coal   With these constants, Q is given in kilojoules per kilogram 

See also
Coal assay techniques
Energies per unit mass
Heat of combustion
Passage 5:
Jugband Blues
"Jugband Blues" is a song by the English psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd, released on their second album, A Saucerful of Secrets, in 1968  Written by Syd Barrett, it was his sole compositional contribution to the album, as well as his last published for the band  Barrett and Pink Floyd's management wanted the song to be released as a single, but were vetoed by the rest of the band and producer Norman Smith  "Jugband Blues" is directed towards anyone within Barrett's proximity 

Background and recording
"Jugband Blues" was written around the same time as "Vegetable Man"  Both songs contain the same cynical humour, but while on "Vegetable Man" Barrett focuses his humour on himself, on "Jugband Blues" it is directed towards those around him



ground_truth: Harby

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which song came out first, Joel The Lump Of Coal or Jugband Blues?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: "Jugband Blues" was either wholly or partly  recorded on 19 October 1967 at De Lane Lea Studios  The interview with producer Norman Smith, recorded for the DVD documentary Meddle: A Classic Album Under Review (2007), suggests that at least two separate recording 
sessions took place  The first session was evidently to record the basic Pink Floyd band track, which was possibly cut at EMI's Abbey Road Studios, since Smith clearly states in the interview that he was unable to use Abbey Road for the brass band session, and was obliged to book De Lane Lea Studios in Holborn instead  Smith's description of the De Lane Lea session implies that it was specifically booked to overdub the brass band onto an existing band track, and he makes no mention of the other members of the group, suggesting that only Barrett and the members of the brass band were present for this overdub session 
According to Smith, it had been his initial idea to add a brass arrangement to the basic track, which led Barrett to suggest using a Salvation Army band  Smith recalled that after some considerable effort he was able to contract the eight-piece Salvation Army International Staff Band for the session, which was booked from 7pm to 10pm, but Barrett was almost an hour late arriving  Smith then invited Barrett to outline his musical ideas for the ensemble, but Syd told them he wanted them to simply "play whatever they want" regardless of the rest of the group  Dismayed, Smith had to insist on scored parts, and he was obliged to sketch out an arrangement himself -- according to his account, Barrett walked out of the studio shortly afterwards and did not return  In the interview Smith also specifically mentions playing an existing version of the track for the brass players, to give them some idea of what they were expected to play  About The Salvation Army, band manager Andrew King said that Barrett "wanted a massive Salvation Army freak-out, but that's the only time I can remember Norman [Smith] putting his foot down " The song features a distinctive three-tiered structure: starting off in 34 meter, then into 24 and finishing off in 44 

Video
The promotional video for the song was filmed in December 1967, for the Central Office of Information in London  The video was supposed to be about Britain, and was meant to be distributed in the US and Canada  The video features Barrett (shown with an acoustic guitar for the first time) and the group miming to the song in a more conventional stage setting, with psychedelic projections in the background  The original audio to the promo is lost, and most versions use the BBC recording from late 1967, consequently causing sync issues most evident as Barrett sings the opening verse  The original film was considered to be lost, until it was re-discovered in the Manchester Arts Lab in 1999  Barrett and Waters first watched the promo video during the second week of December 1967 

Reception
In a contemporary negative review for A Saucerful of Secrets, Jim Miller of Rolling Stone asserts that ‘Jugband Blues’ "hardly does any credit to Barrett's credentials as a composer "

Legacy
Barrett, along with Pink Floyd's managers, Peter Jenner and King, wanted to release the song as a single in the new year, before being vetoed by both the band and Norman Smith  Jenner said that "Jugband Blues", along with two others that Syd wrote around this time, ("Scream Thy Last Scream" and "Vegetable Man") were "amazing songs " When compared to "Bike" and "The Scarecrow", Jenner said "You think, 'Well, OK, those are all right, but these are powerful disturbing art ' I wouldn't want anyone to have to go as mad and disturbed as Syd did to get that, but if you are going to go that disturbed give me something like that  That's great art " Jenner had also called "Jugband Blues" "an extraordinary song, the ultimate self-diagnosis on a state of schizophrenia, [and] the portrait of a nervous breakdown "Barrett, by the beginning of the recording sessions for A Saucerful of Secrets, was already shrinking into a delirious state of mind, exacerbated by his feelings of alienation from the rest of the band  The common interpretation of the lyrics is that they reflect his schizophrenia and it has been argued that they could also be read as a criticism of the other band members for forcing him out  King said of the song: "The most alienated, extraordinary lyrics  It's not addressed to the band, it's addressed to the whole world  He was completely cut off " Jenner said "I think every psychiatrist should be made to listen to those songs ["Jugband Blues", "Scream Thy Last Scream" and "Vegetable Man"]  I think they should be part of the curriculum of every medical college along with those Van Gogh paintings like The Crows ""Jugband Blues" is one of two songs (the other being "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun") from A Saucerful of Secrets that were later included on the compilation album Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd  The song was preceded on the compilation by "Wish You Were Here", with lyrics by Roger Waters written in tribute to Barrett  The band 
Opal released a cover of the song on the Barrett tribute album Beyond the Wildwood in 1987 

Personnel
Syd Barrett – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, lead vocals
Richard Wright – Farfisa organ, tin whistle
Roger Waters – bass guitar
Nick Mason – drums, castanets, kazoowith:

The Salvation Army International Staff BandRay Bowes (cornet), Terry Camsey (cornet), Mac Carter (trombone), Les Condon (E♭ bass), Maurice Cooper (euphonium), Ian Hankey (trombone), George Whittingham (B♭ bass), plus one other uncredited musician 
Passage 6:
High Coal, West Virginia
High Coal or Highcoal is an unincorporated community and coal town located in Boone County, West Virginia, United States 
Passage 7:
The Lump
The Lump is a short animated film released in 1991  It tells the story of an unattractive and unpopular man named George  One day, a lump appears on his head that looks like an attractive face  By pretending the lump is his real face, he gains fame and fortune, but soon he gets into trouble when he enters into the company of several corrupt politicians 
A National Film Board of Canada film, The Lump was written and directed by John Weldon  Harvey Atkin contributed the voice  It was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Animated Short at the 13th Genie Awards in 1992, and won the Gordon Bruce Award for Humor at the Ottawa International Animation Festival in that year 
Passage 8:
Joel the Lump of Coal
"Joel the Lump of Coal" is a song by Las Vegas-based rock band The Killers featuring late night talk show host Jimmy Kimmel  It was released on December 1, 2014  The song marks the ninth consecutive year in which the band has released a Christmas song  As with their previous Christmas releases, all proceeds from this song go to AIDS charities as part of the Product Red campaign   The song's announcement and debut occurred on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, where the music video and a montage about the recording process aired 

Music video
The animated music video first aired on Jimmy Kimmel Live! (December 1, 2014)   The style of the video is similar to that of the stop motion animated Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) and other Rankin/Bass Productions holiday-themed films in digital collage form   The song tells the story of Joel, a lump of coal living at the North Pole  Joel is excited when Santa chooses him to be a child's present, but he is disappointed to learn that instead of being a special gift, Santa is taking him to a naughty boy for Christmas  Joel reluctantly accepts his fate, but he soon realizes that he is just the present the naughty boy needs to help him change his ways  At the end, selfless Joel turns himself into a diamond to make the naughty boy happy The song is written by Jimmy Kimmel, Jonathan Bines, and the Killers (Flowers, Keuning, Vannucci and Stoermer) with additional material by Tony Barbieri  The video is directed by Jonathan Kimmel, produced by Jennifer Sharron, and edited by Jason Bielski  The animation is by Sean Michael Solomon, Julian Petschek, Jonathan Kimmel, Jesse Griffith and Patrick Campbell, with Bernd Reinhardt as Director of Photography and Jim Alario as cameraman  The sound mix was recorded at Henson Studios, with field sound recorded by Brian Angely and Todd JeanPierre 

Track listing
Digital Download"Joel the Lump of Coal" – 3:58

Charts
Passage 9:
Ministry of Coal
The Ministry of Coal is an Indian government ministry headquartered in New Delhi  The portfolio is held by Cabinet Minister Pralhad Joshi 
The Ministry of Coal is charged with exploration of coal and lignite reserves in India, production, supply, distribution and price of coal through the government-owned corporations Coal India Limited and its subsidiaries, as well as Neyveli Lignite Corporation The Ministry of Coal also manages the Union Government's 49 percent equity participation in Singareni Collieries Company, a public sector undertaking that is a joint venture with Government of Telangana  in which equity is held partly by the State Government of Telangana (51%) and the Government of India 

Ministers of Coal
List of Ministers of State
Organisations
Central Public Sector Undertakings
Coal India
Neyveli Lignite Corporation

Statutory Bodies
Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation (CMPFO)
Coal Mines Welfare Organisation
Commissioner Of Payments
COAL CONTROLLER'S ORGANIZATION (CCO)

Functions And Responsibilities
The Ministry of Coal is responsible for development and exploitation of coal and lignite reserves in India  The subjects allocated to the Ministry which include attached and sub-ordinate or other organisations including PSUs concerned with their subjects under the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, as amended from time to time, are as follows:

Exploration and development of coking coal and non-coking coal and lignite deposits in India
All matters relating to production, supply, distribution and prices of coal
Development and operation of coal washeries other than those for which Department of Steel (ISPAT Vibhag) is responsible
Low-Temperature carbonisation of coal and production of synthetic oil from coal
Administration of the Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974 (28 of 1974)
The Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation
The Coal Mines Welfare Organisation
Administration of the Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provision Act, 1948 (46 of 1948)
Administration of the Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1947 (32 of 1947)
Rules under the Mines Act, 1952 (32 of 1952) for the levy and collection of duty of excise on coke and coal produced and dispatched from mines and administration of rescue fund
Administration of the Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act, 1957 (20 of 1957)
Passage 10:
Singles: Individually Wrapped
Singles: Individually Wrapped is a greatest hits album by Odds, released in 2000  The album contains singles from all four of the band's studio albums, as well as a rendition of the Christmas song "Kings of Orient" which the band recorded for the 1991 Christmas compilation A Lump of Coal 

Track listing
"Someone Who's Cool" (3:17)
"Truth Untold" (3:55)
"It Falls Apart" (3:38)
"Love Is the Subject" (4:43)
"Jackhammer" (long version) (4:20)
"Satisfied" (3:00)
"Nothing Beautiful" (3:06)
"Eat My Brain" (4:26)
"Make You Mad" (4:07)
"Wendy Under the Stars" (4:15)
"Yes (Means It's Hard to Say No)" (single remix) (3:14)
"I Would Be Your Man" (3:26)
"King of the Heap" (single remix) (3:57)
"Heterosexual Man" (3:32)
"Mercy to Go" (5:18)
"Kings of Orient (We Three Kings)" (4:26)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Frederick Hibbard
Frederick Cleveland Hibbard  (June 15, 1881 – December 12, 1950) was an American sculptor based in Chicago  Hibbard is best remembered for his Civil War memorials, produced to commemorate both the Union and Confederate causes 
Born and raised in Canton, Missouri, he graduated from the University of Missouri before deciding to be a sculptor  He studied with Lorado Taft at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago Hibbard was a member of the National Sculpture Society and exhibited at their 1923 show held in New York City 

Selected works
Carter H  Harrison, Union Park, Chicago, Illinois, 1907 
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain), Riverview Park, Hannibal, Missouri, 1913 
Volney Rogers Memorial, Mill Creek Park, Youngstown, Ohio, 1920
Bust of John Ross Callahan, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, 1923 
Relief portrait of Jefferson Davis, bronze, Jefferson Davis Monument State Historic Site, Fairview, Kentucky, 1924 
Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn at the Foot of Cardiff Hill, Cardiff Hill, North & Main Streets, Hannibal, Missouri, 1926 
Jefferson Davis, marble, Kentucky State Capitol, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1936 
Jefferson Davis, bronze, Alabama State Capitol, Montgomery, Alabama,  1940 
Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln Monument, East Park, Racine, Wisconsin, 1943 

Military monuments and memorials
Statue of bald eagle on Illinois Memorial, Vicksburg National Military Park, 1906 
Confederate Soldier Monument, Monroe County Courthouse, Forsyth, Georgia, 1907–08 
General James Shields, Carroll County Courthouse, Carrollton, Missouri,  1910 
A replica is at the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul 
Artillery, Cavalry, Infantry, Navy, Sedgwick County Soldiers and Sailors Monument, Wichita, Kansas, 1913  E  M  Viquesney designed the monument and modeled the Victory figure atop its dome 
Confederate Memorial, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Shiloh National Military Park, 1917
Col  Alexander Doniphan, Ray County Courthouse, Richmond, Missouri, 1917–18 
Equestrian Statue of General Ulysses S  Grant, Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Mississippi,  1919 
Col  David N  Foster, Swinney Park, Ft  Wayne, Indiana, 1922 
Parade Rest and Lookout, Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  1923 
James Pendergast Memorial, Case Park, Kansas City, MO  1913 
Fawn fountain, at Promontory Point (Chicago)
Passage 2:
Frederick Cleveland Morgan
Frederick Cleveland Morgan D C L  LL  D (also known as F  C  Morgan, F  Cleveland Morgan and informally as Cleve Morgan) (1 December 1881 – 3 October 1962) was a Canadian department store heir, art collector, museum manager, and philanthropist 

Career
F  Cleveland Morgan was the great nephew of Henry Morgan, founder of  Morgan’s Department stores, which were sold to the Hudson's Bay Company in the early sixties  At age 18, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge  He received an M A  degree in zoology from McGill University in 1904 and then entered the family business Henry Morgan and Company till 1952 when he retired  There, as Vice-President, he was responsible for display, special events and the art and antique departments  Persistent eye problems (he had lost an eye in an accident when he was seven) led to his dedicating his life to building the decorative arts collection that defines the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts He was made the first curator of Decorative Arts at the Art Association of Montreal, now the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and held the position from 1916 until his death in 1962  Under his direction, the collection amassed more than 70,000 works (around 150 every year ) Among his acquisitions were the first Inuit artworks acquired by the Museum; he made these acquisitions in 1953 Denys Sutton of the Apollo magazine believed Morgan was one of the most perceptive connoisseurs of his day in North America  Morgan's "outstanding judgement of quality and discernment" is reflected in the objects he gave (896 in his own name, 262 from his family ),, talked family and friends into purchasing and donating or purchased for the collection  His gifts constituted nearly his entire personal collection but there were many more that came to the collection through his astute knowledge of the art field and influence  These gifts are estimated at about a thousand Another area of interest for him was the breeding of Siberian irises in which he was a pioneer  He was founding member of the American Iris Society  Some of his magnificent cultivars still enhance gardens around the globe In 1912, he built a country home in Senneville, Quebec, and called it Le Sabot  It was designed by David Shennan and today is considered an important monument of the Arts and Crafts movement in Canada and designated as a Historic Site of Canada  He also is responsible for the establishment of the Morgan Arboretum, given to McGill University in 1985  Frederick Cleveland Morgan died in Senneville on October 3, 1962  He is buried in the Cimetière Mont-Royal
Outremont, Montreal Region, Quebec 

Honours
1954 Doctor of Civil Law degree Bishop's University 
1960 Hon  Doctor of Laws McGill University 
1970 (posthumous) Award of Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society for creating the 'Mount Royal' iris 
2014 Designated a Person of National Historic Interest 
Passage 3:
Leota Morgan
Leota Morgan (sometimes credited as Leota Statten Morgan or Leota Morgan Boehm) was an American screenwriter, playwright, and writer  She was born in Missouri to Samuel Morgan and Della Quinn 

Selected works
Films:

The Phantom of the Turf (1928)
Heroes in Blue (1927)
A Light in the Window (1927)
The Truth About Women (1924)
Gambling Wives (1924)
The Empty Cradle (1923)
Man and Wife (1923)
None So Blind (1923)
The Streets of New York (1922)
White Hell (1922)
Common Sense (1920)Plays:

The 11th Woman
The Streets of New York
Banks of the Hudson
Tiger-DoveNovels:

Cheating Wives
Passage 4:
Nate James (disambiguation)
Nathan, Nate or Nathaniel James may refer to:

USS Nathan James, a fictional ship in The Last Ship
Nate James (born 1979), singer-songwriter
Nate James (American football) (born 1945), American football player
Nate James (basketball) (born 1977), American basketball player and coach

See also
All pages with titles containing Nathan James
All pages with titles containing Nathaniel James
Passage 5:
Hélène Grenier
Hélène Grenier was a Canadian librarian born in 1900 who died in 1992 

Biography
She was director of school libraries for the Catholic School Commission of Montreal from 1933 to 1961  A musician, she published in 1947 a monograph entitled The Symphonic Music of Monteverde to Beethoven  She was the granddaughter of former Quebec premier Félix-Gabriel Marchand 
Grenier's archives are kept in the Montreal archives center of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec 
Passage 6:
Nathaniel McLenaghan
Nathaniel McLenaghan (November 11, 1841 – September 26, 1912) was an Ontario merchant and political figure  He represented Lanark South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1890 to 1893 as a Conservative member 
He was born in Drummond Township, Canada West in 1841, the son of Irish immigrants, and educated in Perth  He taught school for several years before becoming involved in exporting cattle  McLenaghan served on the town council for Perth  He was named deputy customs collector at Perth in 1893 and customs collector in 1897 
He died at Perth in 1912 
Passage 7:
Frances Lasker Brody
Frances Lasker Brody (1916–2009) was an American arts advocate, collector, and philanthropist who influenced the development of Los Angeles' cultural life as a founding benefactor of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and later as a guiding patron of the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Gardens Mrs  Brody, who died on November 12, 2009, at 93, was the wife of Sidney F  Brody, a real estate developer who died in 1983, and the stepdaughter of Mary Lasker, a philanthropist and champion of medical research who died in 1994  The Brodys lived in a modernist house in the Holmby Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles that was designed by the architect A  Quincy Jones and the decorator William Haines to show off the couple’s collection 

Early life
Frances Lasker was born May 27, 1916, in Chicago to Flora Lasker (née Warner) and Albert Lasker, who built the advertising firm of Lord & Thomas  Albert Lasker was known in the advertising world for campaigns that popularized Kleenex tissues, Lucky Strike cigarettes and Sunkist orange juice  She studied political science, English and history at Vassar College, where she graduated in 1937 After college, she worked briefly as a model and saleswoman at a dress shop near Chicago  During World War II, while serving in a volunteer ambulance corps, she met Sidney Brody, a decorated Army lieutenant colonel who flew missions in Europe  They were married in 1942 After the war, the couple moved to Los Angeles, where he built a fortune as a developer of shopping centers  He died in 1983 

Art collection and auction
At the suggestion of Brody's father and her stepmother, medical philanthropist Mary Lasker, she and Sidney began collecting art  Through her work with the UCLA Art Council, which was founded in the early 1950s, she fell in love with a Henry Moore sculpture  "Sid put it under the Christmas tree  And well, by then I guess we were hooked," she told the Los Angeles Times in 1969 With her late husband, Sidney, she played a major role in the launch of LACMA, which opened in 1965, and for many years was a force on the UCLA Art Council, which she helped found and served as president  Under her leadership, the council mounted an important exhibition on the works of Pablo Picasso for his 80th birthday in 1961  She was the catalyst for a major Matisse retrospective at UCLA in 1966 that, with its unprecedented loans from the Matisse family, was what Los Angeles Times critic Henry J  Seldis called "one of the most ambitious exhibitions ever organized locally "
Brody was a member of the Huntington's board of overseers for 20 years, playing a crucial early role in the development of its Chinese garden Sotheby's and Christie's competed for four months for the auction with an original estimated value of $150 million  The Brody collection was a huge success, totaling $224 17 million  Because Brody was passionate about gardens, some of the sale’s proceeds were to go to the Huntington Library A Picasso painting, Nu au Plateau de Sculpteur (Nude, Green Leaves and Bust), was the jewel of the collection and estimated to bring more than $80 million  The painting sold for a $95 million bid, which with the sale charge raised the full price to $106 48 million  Painted in rich blues, pinks and greens, it depicts the artist’s mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter asleep naked; above her, a bust of her head rests on a pedestal  The couple bought the painting from Paul Rosenberg, a New York dealer, who acquired it from Picasso in 1936  Picasso painted several canvases of Marie-Thérèse Walter that year, including Le Rêve, (The Dream), which belongs to the casino owner Stephen A  Wynn A bust by Alberto Giacometti, Grande tête mince (1954), was expected to sell for $25 million to $35 million  His bronze La main (1948) sold for $25 million  The bronze figure of a cat by Giacometti, cast in 1955, sold for $20 8 million Georges Braque’s La Treille set a world record for the painter at $10 16 million  A Marino Marini bronze of a rider, Piccolo cavaliere, followed at $2 32 million, also more than the highest estimate  Picasso’s Femme au chat assise dans un fauteuil, painted in 1964, sold for $18 million In 1951, the Brodys purchased Camille Pissarro’s “Rue Saint-Honoré, dans l’après-midi  Effet de pluie” from the Frank Perls Gallery  The Pissarro is the object of a long-running claim for restitution for Nazi-looted art  The Pissarro had been acquired by the Nazi appraiser Jackob Scheidwimmer from Lilly Cassirer and her husband Otto Neubauer, seized by the Gestapo, and auctioned at a Nazi auction before being smuggled from Germany to California and sold at the Frank Perls Gallery  The Brodys resold the Pissarro via Knoedler in 1952 and, after more transactions it ended up via the Stephen Hahn Gallery in the collection of  Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza 

House
In 1949, the couple commissioned a modernist house in Holmby Hills by architect A  Quincy Jones and interior designer William Haines  The house combined two fashionable contemporary styles: California mid-century Modernist architecture and sophisticated Hollywood Moderne décor  The house became a gathering spot for a cross-section of the city's elite, from old Los Angeles families such as the Chandlers to Hollywood icons Gary Cooper and Joan Crawford and also served as a showcase for a stunning art collection Shortly after the house was completed, the Brodys commissioned Henri Matisse in 1952 to execute a massive ceramic-tile wall mural, one of few the artist ever made, for their courtyard  In 1953 they traveled to France to review his preliminary maquette  The story of Frances’s polite resistance to Matisse’s first cut-out design and how she persuaded the artist to provide alternatives is now legend  Matisse eventually created a 12-by-11-foot ceramic-tile wall mural for the courtyard  It was later donated to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art The Brody House was listed for sale in May 2010 for $24 95 million, the same week the Brody's art collection hit the auction block at Christie's in New York  The 11,500-square-foot (1,070 m2) home at 360 South Mapleton Drive, next door to the Playboy Mansion, sits on 2 3 acres (9,300 m2) and includes a tennis court and a pool with a guesthouse  It was designed with a modernist décor that includes a floating staircase and floor-to-ceiling glass windows that create an indoor-outdoor living space considered cutting edge at the time The Brody House was sold for $14 8 million in late December 2010  The investor/owner spent three years working with the Los Angeles Conservancy to restore the house  In 2014, Ellen DeGeneres bought the house for $39 888 million in an off-market deal 
Passage 8:
David Scotus
David Scotus was a Gaelic chronicler who died in 1139 

Biography
His date of birth is unknown  Early in the twelfth century there was at Würzburg an ecclesiastic and teacher known as David  His surname Scotus shows that he was probably a Gael from either Ireland or Scotland, if he is identical with the homonymous  Bishop of Bangor, from Wales (see below) 
According to Ekkehard's Chronicon, Emperor Henry V received him, was charmed with his virtue and knowledge, and made him one of the imperial chaplains  With other scholars, David accompanied Henry on his expedition to Italy in 1110, and was appointed royal historiographer for the occasion with the intention, perhaps, of drafting the emperor's relatio, a brief narrative stringing together the documents of the intended treaty and presenting his master's achievements in the best light  The expedition did not go to plan, with the incumbent Pope Pascal II at first refusing to crown Henry and his wife, Matilda, relenting only after two months of imprisonment  The work written by David has been lost, although it was used as authority in the writings of William of Malmesbury and Ordericus Vitalis He died in 1139 

Writings
His work in three books is now known only from excerpts of it in later historians, especially in Ekkehard and William of Malmesbury  The latter says that David described the expedition with partiality for the king 

Possibly identical homonym
A certain David was consecrated Bishop of Bangor in Wales, 4 April 1120; according to Malmesbury he was none other than the chaplain David Scotus  As bishop he took part in several English synods, and probably died in 1139, since his successor was then consecrated  But it is not easy to reconcile with the foregoing, the statement of the later historian Trithemius, that David became a monk under St  Macharius in the monastery of St  James in Würzburg, as this abbey was not founded until 1140 

See also
Aaron Scotus (died 1052)
Blessed Marianus Scotus (died circa 1088)
Joseph Scottus (died near 800), Irish deacon, scholar, diplomat, poet, and ecclesiastic
Johannes Scotus Eriugena (circa 815–877), Irish theologian
Marianus Scotus (circa 1028–1082), Irish monk
Marianus Scotus (died c  1088), Irish abbot of St Peter's at Ratisbon (Regensburg)
Sedulius Scottus (9th century), Irish teacher, grammarian and Scriptural commentator

Notes
Sources
 Herbermann, Charles, ed  (1913)  "David Scotus"  Catholic Encyclopedia  New York: Robert Appleton Company 

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed  (1913)  Catholic Encyclopedia  New York: Robert Appleton Company  {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Passage 9:
Nathanael Salmon
Nathanael (or Nathaniel) Salmon (22 March 1675 – 2 April 1742) was an English antiquary who wrote books on Roman and other antiquities to be found in the south-east of England  He was not well respected as a scholar in his time or subsequently, but he was industrious and well travelled, and he recorded many local customs and much folklore 

Early life
Nathanael Salmon was born on 22 March 1675 at Meppershall Rectory, Bedfordshire, the eldest son of Thomas Salmon, the Rector, and his wife Katherine Bradshaw  He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (LLB, 1695) 

Career
Salmon was ordained a priest in 1699, but refused to swear allegiance to Queen Anne in 1702 and thereby reject the son of King James II  He resigned as a curate and worked for a time as a physician  He rejected the offer of a parish in Suffolk, although it paid a stipend of £140 a year Salmon wrote a number of books on local history, collecting folklore and detailing local customs, and he "could turn a pungent phrase " He travelled extensively in England, carefully observing landscape and recording what he was told of the folklore, as well as current life and conditions  His histories are considered inaccurate, but he usefully published much manuscript material 

Death
Salmon died in London on 2 April 1742, leaving three daughters  He was buried at St Dunstan in the West, London 5 April 1742 

Works
The History of Hertfordshire, describing the county and its ancient monuments, particularly the Roman, Richardson, London, 1728 
A New Survey of England, wherein the Defects of Camden are supplied &c, 11 parts, 1728–1729 
The Lives of the English Bishops from the Restauration to the Revolution, 1731–1733 
Antiquities of Surrey, collected from the most ancient records, London, 1736 
The History and Antiquities of Essex, 1740 

See also
Henry Chauncy
Passage 10:
Muiredach Ua hÉnlainge
Muiredach Ua hÉnlainge was a Bishop of Clonfert who died in 1117 



ground_truth: Jugband Blues

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who died first, Frederick Cleveland Morgan or Nathaniel Mclenaghan?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 11 (8–3)
Doubles: 27 (12–15)
Passage 5:
Alan Chipp
Alan Chipp (born 9 January 1937) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL)  He is a younger brother of politician Don Chipp 

Notes
External links
Alan Chipp's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Alan Chipp at AustralianFootball com
Passage 6:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020
Passage 7:
Anton Shunto
Anton Shunto (Belarusian: Антон Шунто; Russian: Антон Шунто; born 31 May 1988) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Zhodino-Yuzhnoye He is a younger brother of Denis Shunto, who is a founder and former president of Krumkachy Minsk 

Career
Shunto started his career with FC Krumkachy Minsk 
Passage 8:
Guy Arvely Dolsin
Guy Arvely Dolsin (born January 15, 1957 in Toamasina) is a Malagasy politician   He is a member of the Senate of Madagascar for Boeny, and is a member of the Tiako I Madagasikara party 
Passage 9:
Zoran Švonja
Zoran Švonja (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Швоња; born 4 October 1996) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder for  Mladost Novi Sad  He is the younger brother of footballer Goran Švonja 

Club career
From 2016 to 2018, he played for OFK Bačka 
Passage 10:
Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev 

Honours
Zhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001
Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001



ground_truth: Nathaniel Mclenaghan