prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out first, F The Prom or The Comedians Of Comedy?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Comedians of Comedy
The Comedians of Comedy is a stand-up comedy tour featuring comedians Patton Oswalt, Zach Galifianakis, Brian Posehn and Maria Bamford that was documented in a 2005 film and 2005 Comedy Central television series of the same name, both directed by Michael Blieden  After Zach Galifianakis left the tour, he was replaced by comedian Eugene Mirman 

History
The idea behind The Comedians of Comedy—its name a play on The Original Kings of Comedy and similar tours—involves the comedians performing at smaller indie rock venues instead of comedy clubs  Playing indie rock clubs was an idea taken from anti-comic Neil Hamburger, who is considered a pioneer of this type of show, playing such clubs since 2000  Both the film and television series alternate between footage of the comedians on stage and other aspects of their lives on the road 
The final Comedians of Comedy show with Patton Oswalt, Brian Posehn, and Maria Bamford occurred on July 28, 2008, in San Diego, California  Zach Galifianakis appeared via pre-recorded video/sketch and special guests included Paul Scheer, Rob Huebel, and Aziz Ansari of Human Giant, along with Sarah Silverman  The show took place at Spreckels Theatre in San Diego, California during the same weekend as the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con 

Movies and series
The film The Comedians of Comedy, shot during the fall of 2004, had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2005  It is one of the first films to be financed by the DVD-rental service Netflix, also the film's distributor  The film inspired Comedy Central to commission a six-episode Comedians of Comedy television series, involving a six-city tour during the summer of 2005; the show premiered in November of that year  The episodes were shot in Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, Atlantic City, Boston and Martha's Vineyard 
After ending their run on Comedy Central, Oswalt, Posehn, Mirman and Morgan Murphy performed in a 2006 Comedians of Comedy tour The Comedians of Comedy also appeared as one of the Friday opening acts at the 2007 Coachella Valley Arts and Music Festival, including San Francisco Bay Area comedians Brent Weinbach and Jasper Redd 
On October 2, 2007, a DVD of a live performance from the Troubador was released, featuring the cast of the film alongside other notables like Eugene Mirman, Jon Benjamin, David Cross, and others 
Passage 2:
History of comedy
History of comedy may refer to:

The history of comedy
The History of Comedy, a CNN television programThose interested in the ever expansive history of comedy, may also enjoy the comedy of history, one of societies greatest accomplishments 
Passage 3:
List of comedy films of the 1960s
A list of comedy films released in the 1960s 
Passage 4:
The Comedians in Africa
The Comedians is a 1967 American political drama film directed and produced by Peter Glenville, based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Graham Greene, who also wrote the screenplay  The stars were Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, Peter Ustinov, and Alec Guinness  Paul Ford and Lillian Gish had supporting roles as a presidential candidate and wife, as did James Earl Jones as an island doctor  The role played by Elizabeth Taylor was originally intended for Sophia Loren Set in Haiti during the Papa Doc Duvalier regime, it was filmed in Dahomey (Benin since 1975)  The film tells the story of a sardonic white hotel owner and his encroaching fatalism as he watches Haiti sink into barbarism and squalor 

Plot
A ship arrives in Port-au-Prince, Haiti  Four of the alighting passengers are: Major H  O  Jones (Alec Guinness), a British businessman with a letter of invitation to do business with the government; Mr  and Mrs  Smith (Paul Ford and Lillian Gish), an elderly American couple who wish to set up a vegetarian complex for education and nutrition for the locals; and the central character, a cynical, washed-up hotel owner named Brown, portrayed by Richard Burton 
Upon arrival, Major Jones presents his credentials to Captain Concasseur (Raymond St  Jacques), a law enforcement officer, who notices that the official who invited Jones has been deposed and imprisoned  Concasseur and his men rough up and imprison Jones 
Brown has been bequeathed a hotel in the capital from his late British mother, but has been unable to sell it in his trip to New York City  Brown also has an ongoing affair with Martha (Elizabeth Taylor), the German-born wife of the Uruguayan ambassador to Haiti, Pineda (Peter Ustinov)  When Martha and Brown have an argument, Brown goes to Mere Catherine's brothel where he discovers that not only has Jones been released, but he's a guest of Captain Concasseur and is enjoying the hospitality of Brown's favourite prostitute, Marie Therese (Cicely Tyson) 
Jones has gained the favour of the new regime, who are keen to receive a supply of arms  They have paid a down payment, and Jones claims the weapons are impounded in a warehouse in Miami, but the weapons may be imaginary and a confidence trick by Jones  The government will not allow Jones to leave the island until they are sure the weapons exist 
Mr  Smith, a former "Vegetarian Party" candidate for the Presidency of the United States against Harry S  Truman, is given a tour of the new capital, an empty shambles called Duvalierville  He and Mrs  Smith follow a local procession that they believe is a religious ceremony but turns out to be an audience for executions by firing squad  Captain Concasseur and his men enter Brown's hotel and beat him up until Mrs  Smith bluffs the thugs by threatening to inform her husband, the American "presidential candidate " The Smiths depart the next day 
Brown watches as the Duvalier regime seeks to put down any dissent with an iron fist  He becomes friends with Dr  Magiot (James Earl Jones), the rebel leader who was once a close friend of Brown's late mother 
As Brown becomes a reluctant participant in the planned insurrection, the rebels recruit Major Jones to provide military leadership  Jones has been regaling the other expatriates with his tales of heroism as a commando officer in the Burma Campaign that Brown does not quite believe  Brown hosts a meeting of the group, including Magiot, Jones, and Ambassador Pineda  But trouble ensues soon thereafter – Duvalier’s spies from the Tonton Macoute are watching Brown’s Hotel Trianon and his every step 
When the government informs Jones that they wish to have Captain Concasseur fly to Miami to inspect the apparently fictional arms Jones wishes to sell to the regime  Jones flees to Brown's hotel  Brown is able to get Jones into the Uruguayan embassy where he pleads asylum  He escapes by dressing as Brown's female cook, wearing drag and blackface 
The day after the meeting, three assassins confront Magiot while he’s performing surgery and cut his throat with a scalpel knife   Taking him to a rebel rendezvous in the place of Dr  Magiot, Brown suspects that Jones has become involved with Martha Pineda  The inebriated Jones makes matters worse by bragging about his conquest 
Driving carelessly up the treacherous, winding road, Brown hits an embankment and breaks the car’s front axle  On foot, they arrive at a remote cemetery, the designated meeting point  They settle in for the night with Jones admitting that his jungle war stories were total fabrication, as was his claimed conquest of Martha   His wartime career involved running a cinema in India, and he'd never been with a woman he hadn't paid "or promised to pay "
In the morning, Captain Concasseur and one Tonton Macoute accost Brown at the cemetery  Brown denies that the Major is there, talking loudly to warn Jones  But a sleepy Jones approaches anyway  Commanded to stop, Jones turns and runs, but is killed  Brown is ordered into a jeep, but shots from rebels ring out  Concasseur and his henchman drop dead 
Asked about Jones, Brown tells the two rebels in dismay: "You arrived two minutes too late " The rebels plead with Brown to assume the role of Jones, seeing this as the only hope they have left  Brown hesitates, but relents after being asked whether he wants to continue living like this 
The three meet up with a ragtag group of poorly equipped rebels who believe that Brown is Jones  He gives a cynical, taunting speech, apparently without being understood, since the rebels speak French and he English 
The Pinedas are leaving the island  Petit Pierre (Roscoe Lee Browne), a journalist friend of Brown, tells them about a battle between government troops and rebels  He says two rebels have been killed, one "unidentified " As the plane takes off, Martha notices smoke on a hillside of the island  The question whether Brown has survived remains unanswered 

Cast
Richard Burton as Brown
Elizabeth Taylor as Martha Pineda
Alec Guinness as Major Jones
Peter Ustinov as Ambassador Pineda
Georg Stanford Brown as Henri Philipot
Roscoe Lee Browne as Petit Pierre
Paul Ford as Mr  Smith
Gloria Foster as Mrs  Philipot
Lillian Gish as Mrs  Smith
James Earl Jones as Dr  Magiot
Zakes Mokae as Michel
Douta Seck as Joseph
Raymond St  Jacques as Captain Concasseur
Cicely Tyson as Marie Therese

Production
Because political conditions in Haiti made filming there impossible, location shooting took place in Dahomey (now part of the Republic of Benin)  Filming also took place on the Côte d'Azur in France  A short promotional documentary titled The Comedians in Africa was released in 1967 which chronicled the difficulties encountered by the on-location crew and cast  The film featured a group of black American actors who would be famous into the 1970s: Raymond St  Jacques, James Earl Jones, and Cicely Tyson  Of these stars, both Tyson and Jones would later be nominated for Academy Awards  Other black stars in the film included Zakes Mokae, Roscoe Lee Browne, Gloria Foster, and Georg Stanford Brown 
This was the final film directed by Glenville, who three years earlier directed Burton in an award-winning production of Becket   Glenville previously directed the premier of Greene's first play, The Living Room, at Wyndham's Theatre in April 1953  
Several of the characters were based on real people the newspaper columnist Petit Pierre for instance was based on Aubelin Jolicoeur 

Reception
The film was poorly received, despite the all-star cast  On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 27% based on reviews from 11 critics Variety called the film "plodding, low-key, and eventually tedious"  Roger Ebert wrote in the Chicago Sun-Times that "the movie tries to be serious and politically significant, and succeeds only in being tedious and pompous", and denounced the "long, very wordy discussions", though he conceded that "the atmosphere of the Caribbean is invoked convincingly"  Bosley Crowther gave the film a mixed review, praising the atmosphere and some individual scenes, but stating: "Mr  Greene's characteristic story of white men carrying their burdens cheerlessly and with an undisguised readiness to dump them as soon as they can get away from this God-forsaken place is no great shakes of a drama  It is conventional and obvious, indeed, and is rendered no better or more beguiling by some rather superfluous additions of amorous scenes" 
The film received some recognition from several critics' circles  Lillian Gish received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress  Paul Ford won the 1967 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Smith, and Alec Guinness tied with Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons for the 1968 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Jones 
The film was not successful financially 

See also
List of American films of 1967
Passage 5:
Prom (disambiguation)
A prom is a dance party of high school students 
Prom, Proms or The Prom may also refer to:

Programmable ROM, a form of digital memory
BBC Proms, an annual summer season of daily classical music concerts in London

Arts and entertainment
Film
Prom (film), a 2011 teen comedy from Walt Disney Pictures
The Prom (film), a 2020 American musical comedy film
Flawless (2018 film) (Hebrew: הנשף, Haneshef, 'Prom'), a 2018 Israeli drama film

Television
"Prom" (The Secret Circle)

Music
Prom (album), by Amy Ray, 2005
The Prom (band), an American indie band
"Prom", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence from the 2005 album You'll Rebel to Anything
"Prom" (SZA song), a song by SZA from their 2007 album Ctrl
"Prom", a song by Vulfpeck from the 2011 album Mit Peck

Other uses in arts and entertainment
Prom, a 2005 novel by Laurie Halse Anderson
The Prom (musical), 2016

Medicine
Passive range of motion exercises, in physical therapy
Patient reported outcome measures
Prelabor rupture of membranes, in obstetrics

Other uses
PROM-1, an antipersonnel mine
Phosphate rich organic manure
The Prom, or Wilsons Promontory National Park, in Victoria, Australia
La Prom, nickname of the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France

See also
All pages with titles beginning with Prom
Prom Night (disambiguation)
Prom Queen (disambiguation)
Promenade (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
List of comedy films of the 2010s
A list of comedy films in the 2010s 

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019


== Notes ==
Passage 7:
The Comedians in Africa
The Comedians is a 1967 American political drama film directed and produced by Peter Glenville, based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Graham Greene, who also wrote the screenplay  The stars were Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, Peter Ustinov, and Alec Guinness  Paul Ford and Lillian Gish had supporting roles as a presidential candidate and wife, as did James Earl Jones as an island doctor  The role played by Elizabeth Taylor was originally intended for Sophia Loren Set in Haiti during the Papa Doc Duvalier regime, it was filmed in Dahomey (Benin since 1975)  The film tells the story of a sardonic white hotel owner and his encroaching fatalism as he watches Haiti sink into barbarism and squalor 

Plot
A ship arrives in Port-au-Prince, Haiti  Four of the alighting passengers are: Major H  O  Jones (Alec Guinness), a British businessman with a letter of invitation to do business with the government; Mr  and Mrs  Smith (Paul Ford and Lillian Gish), an elderly American couple who wish to set up a vegetarian complex for education and nutrition for the locals; and the central character, a cynical, washed-up hotel owner named Brown, portrayed by Richard Burton 
Upon arrival, Major Jones presents his credentials to Captain Concasseur (Raymond St  Jacques), a law enforcement officer, who notices that the official who invited Jones has been deposed and imprisoned  Concasseur and his men rough up and imprison Jones 
Brown has been bequeathed a hotel in the capital from his late British mother, but has been unable to sell it in his trip to New York City  Brown also has an ongoing affair with Martha (Elizabeth Taylor), the German-born wife of the Uruguayan ambassador to Haiti, Pineda (Peter Ustinov)  When Martha and Brown have an argument, Brown goes to Mere Catherine's brothel where he discovers that not only has Jones been released, but he's a guest of Captain Concasseur and is enjoying the hospitality of Brown's favourite prostitute, Marie Therese (Cicely Tyson) 
Jones has gained the favour of the new regime, who are keen to receive a supply of arms  They have paid a down payment, and Jones claims the weapons are impounded in a warehouse in Miami, but the weapons may be imaginary and a confidence trick by Jones  The government will not allow Jones to leave the island until they are sure the weapons exist 
Mr  Smith, a former "Vegetarian Party" candidate for the Presidency of the United States against Harry S  Truman, is given a tour of the new capital, an empty shambles called Duvalierville  He and Mrs  Smith follow a local procession that they believe is a religious ceremony but turns out to be an audience for executions by firing squad  Captain Concasseur and his men enter Brown's hotel and beat him up until Mrs  Smith bluffs the thugs by threatening to inform her husband, the American "presidential candidate " The Smiths depart the next day 
Brown watches as the Duvalier regime seeks to put down any dissent with an iron fist  He becomes friends with Dr  Magiot (James Earl Jones), the rebel leader who was once a close friend of Brown's late mother 
As Brown becomes a reluctant participant in the planned insurrection, the rebels recruit Major Jones to provide military leadership  Jones has been regaling the other expatriates with his tales of heroism as a commando officer in the Burma Campaign that Brown does not quite believe  Brown hosts a meeting of the group, including Magiot, Jones, and Ambassador Pineda  But trouble ensues soon thereafter – Duvalier’s spies from the Tonton Macoute are watching Brown’s Hotel Trianon and his every step 
When the government informs Jones that they wish to have Captain Concasseur fly to Miami to inspect the apparently fictional arms Jones wishes to sell to the regime  Jones flees to Brown's hotel  Brown is able to get Jones into the Uruguayan embassy where he pleads asylum  He escapes by dressing as Brown's female cook, wearing drag and blackface 
The day after the meeting, three assassins confront Magiot while he’s performing surgery and cut his throat with a scalpel knife   Taking him to a rebel rendezvous in the place of Dr  Magiot, Brown suspects that Jones has become involved with Martha Pineda  The inebriated Jones makes matters worse by bragging about his conquest 
Driving carelessly up the treacherous, winding road, Brown hits an embankment and breaks the car’s front axle  On foot, they arrive at a remote cemetery, the designated meeting point  They settle in for the night with Jones admitting that his jungle war stories were total fabrication, as was his claimed conquest of Martha   His wartime career involved running a cinema in India, and he'd never been with a woman he hadn't paid "or promised to pay "
In the morning, Captain Concasseur and one Tonton Macoute accost Brown at the cemetery  Brown denies that the Major is there, talking loudly to warn Jones  But a sleepy Jones approaches anyway  Commanded to stop, Jones turns and runs, but is killed  Brown is ordered into a jeep, but shots from rebels ring out  Concasseur and his henchman drop dead 
Asked about Jones, Brown tells the two rebels in dismay: "You arrived two minutes too late " The rebels plead with Brown to assume the role of Jones, seeing this as the only hope they have left  Brown hesitates, but relents after being asked whether he wants to continue living like this 
The three meet up with a ragtag group of poorly equipped rebels who believe that Brown is Jones  He gives a cynical, taunting speech, apparently without being understood, since the rebels speak French and he English 
The Pinedas are leaving the island  Petit Pierre (Roscoe Lee Browne), a journalist friend of Brown, tells them about a battle between government troops and rebels  He says two rebels have been killed, one "unidentified " As the plane takes off, Martha notices smoke on a hillside of the island  The question whether Brown has survived remains unanswered 

Cast
Richard Burton as Brown
Elizabeth Taylor as Martha Pineda
Alec Guinness as Major Jones
Peter Ustinov as Ambassador Pineda
Georg Stanford Brown as Henri Philipot
Roscoe Lee Browne as Petit Pierre
Paul Ford as Mr  Smith
Gloria Foster as Mrs  Philipot
Lillian Gish as Mrs  Smith
James Earl Jones as Dr  Magiot
Zakes Mokae as Michel
Douta Seck as Joseph
Raymond St  Jacques as Captain Concasseur
Cicely Tyson as Marie Therese

Production
Because political conditions in Haiti made filming there impossible, location shooting took place in Dahomey (now part of the Republic of Benin)  Filming also took place on the Côte d'Azur in France  A short promotional documentary titled The Comedians in Africa was released in 1967 which chronicled the difficulties encountered by the on-location crew and cast  The film featured a group of black American actors who would be famous into the 1970s: Raymond St  Jacques, James Earl Jones, and Cicely Tyson  Of these stars, both Tyson and Jones would later be nominated for Academy Awards  Other black stars in the film included Zakes Mokae, Roscoe Lee Browne, Gloria Foster, and Georg Stanford Brown 
This was the final film directed by Glenville, who three years earlier directed Burton in an award-winning production of Becket   Glenville previously directed the premier of Greene's first play, The Living Room, at Wyndham's Theatre in April 1953  
Several of the characters were based on real people the newspaper columnist Petit Pierre for instance was based on Aubelin Jolicoeur 

Reception
The film was poorly received, despite the all-star cast  On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 27% based on reviews from 11 critics Variety called the film "plodding, low-key, and eventually tedious"  Roger Ebert wrote in the Chicago Sun-Times that "the movie tries to be serious and politically significant, and succeeds only in being tedious and pompous", and denounced the "long, very wordy discussions", though he conceded that "the atmosphere of the Caribbean is invoked convincingly"  Bosley Crowther gave the film a mixed review, praising the atmosphere and some individual scenes, but stating: "Mr  Greene's characteristic story of white men carrying their burdens cheerlessly and with an undisguised readiness to dump them as soon as they can get away from this God-forsaken place is no great shakes of a drama  It is conventional and obvious, indeed, and is rendered no better or more beguiling by some rather superfluous additions of amorous scenes" 
The film received some recognition from several critics' circles  Lillian Gish received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress  Paul Ford won the 1967 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Smith, and Alec Guinness tied with Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons for the 1968 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Jones 
The film was not successful financially 

See also
List of American films of 1967
Passage 8:
List of comedy films of the 1950s
A list of comedy films released in the 1950s 
Passage 9:
List of comedy films of the 1980s
A list of comedy films released in the 1980s 

American films
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
British films
Comedy-horror
1981

An American Werewolf in London
Full Moon High
The Funhouse
Motel Hell1982

Basket Case
Big Meat Eater
Hysterical1983

Bloodbath at the House of Death
Frightmare1984

Bloodsuckers from Outer Space
Gremlins
The Toxic Avenger1985

Mr  Vampire
Once Bitten
Re-Animator
The Return of the Living Dead1986

Blood Hook
Class of Nuke 'Em High
Critters
Evil Laugh
From Beyond
Haunted Honeymoon
House
Little Shop of Horrors
Monster in the Closet
Night of the Creeps
The Seventh Curse
TerrorVision
Vamp1987

Bad Taste
A Chinese Ghost Story
Deathrow Gameshow
Evil Dead II
House II: The Second Story
I Was a Teenage Zombie
The Monster Squad1988

Beetlejuice
Curse of the Queerwolf
Dead Heat
Elvira: Mistress of the Dark
High Spirits
Hollywood Chainsaw Hookers
Killer Klowns from Outer Space
The Lair of the White Worm
My Best Friend Is a Vampire
Night of the Demons
Return of the Living Dead Part II
Waxwork1989

Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death
Chopper Chicks in Zombietown
Cutting Class
Dr Caligari
My Mom's a Werewolf
Out of the Dark
Over-sexed Rugsuckers from Mars
The Toxic Avenger Part II
The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie

Sci-fi comedy
Comedy-drama
Parody films
Passage 10:
F the Prom
F the Prom (also known as F*&% the Prom) is a 2017 American teen comedy film directed and produced by Benny Fine and written by him, Rafi Fine, and Molly Prather  In the film, two estranged best friends reunite due to unfortunate circumstances and conspire to destroy the senior prom  The film stars Danielle Campbell, Joel Courtney, Madelaine Petsch, and Cameron Palatas, with Meg DeLacy, Nicholle Tom, Richard Karn, Jill Cimorelli, Luke Bilyk, Brendan Calton, Michael Chey, Adan Allende, Diamond White, Cheri Oteri, and Ian Ziering in supporting roles  It was released online and on-demand on December 5, 2017 

Plot
Best friends Maddy Datner and Cole Reed attend their first day of high school at Charles Adams High  Cole is pantsed by a fellow student, revealing his white briefs and earning him the nickname "Tighty"  Rather than stand up for him, Maddy decides not to intervene, and refuses to talk to Cole from that point on  Three years later, Maddy is at the top of the social hierarchy, and is dating the hottest boy at school, Kane  Cole, still shunned by his peers, has decided to apply to a prestigious art college 
Maddy catches her best friend Marissa making out with Kane  Revealing her disgust with Maddy's recent self-centered behavior, Marissa explains that she intends to be crowned Queen at the upcoming senior prom, which Maddy was expected to win  That night, Maddy goes to Cole's house, and they reconnect, reminiscing about their former friendship  Maddy suggests that they ruin the prom, enlisting Cole's friend Felicity to help  Felicity refuses to help at first, but when Maddy stands up for Cole against Kane, she agrees, and enlists the help of other social outcasts to execute the plan 
Maddy announces that she intends to take Cole to the prom, which greatly increases his status  Marissa tries to steal Cole's affections, but he rebuffs her  Kane, meanwhile, seeks forgiveness from Maddy  Felicity reveals that at one time, she and Kane were together, until Marissa manipulated Kane into dumping her for Maddy  As the date for prom approaches, Maddy forgives Kane and reneges on her commitment to take Cole as her date  Feeling hurt, Cole nearly calls the plan off, but his father intervenes  A former prom king himself, he has come to regret his behavior in high school, and believes his lack of humility was the reason why Cole's mom left them  He also believes that if his prom had been ruined, he would be more humble  Cole initially does not believe him, but his father urges him to humble the popular kids so they do not turn out like him, and he reluctantly agrees to go through with the plan 
The night of the prom, Felicity and the other conspirators rig the voting system, drug Marissa's punch, and turn the popular kids against each other using social media, including posting fake pornographic images of one boy  At the end of the night, Maddy is crowned prom queen, and is thus doused with tar—the punishment intended for Marissa—before one of the kids pulls the fire alarm  Marissa takes revenge on Cole for rejecting her by once again pantsing him in front of the crowd  Enraged, Cole delivers a lengthy speech in which he criticizes how the students have hurt each other in pursuit of popularity that is ultimately without meaning or worth 
Cole ignores Maddy for the rest of the school year due to her betrayal at prom and the fact that she could have helped him all the past years in high school, but instead stood idly by and watched as he was tormented by other students  After graduation, Felicity explains to Cole that the only reason he was accepted into the college he has been trying to attend is because Maddy sent his profile in to a recruiter  Unaware of this information, Cole stops by Maddy's house to give her a graphic novel of his drawings as both a thank you and a going-away present, since he leaves for school that weekend  He also confesses his feelings for her  Maddy reciprocates, and they kiss, but Cole ultimately rejects her offer of a relationship, wishing to remain friends instead 

Cast
Danielle Campbell as Madeline "Maddy" Datner
Joel Courtney as Cole Reed
Madelaine Petsch as Marissa
Cameron Palatas as Kane
Meg DeLacy as Felicity "City" Stufts / Stuffs
Jill Cimorelli as TIG / Abbey
Luke Bilyk as T J 
Michael Chey as Sweats / Larry
Brendan Calton as Strings / Efraim
Adan Allende as Mutey / Emile
Ian Ziering as Ken Reed
Logan Shroyer as Young Ken
Cheri Oteri as Christine Datner
Mika Cigic as Young Christine
Richard Karn as Murphy Datner
Michael McLean as Young Murphy
Nicholle Tom as Principal Statszill
Diamond White as Rayna
Tom Phelan as Jerry
Eric Beckerman as Akiva
Ethan James Teague as Barry
Jeannie Elise Mai as Anna
Edward Zo as Yang
Lilly Singh as Miss Fallsburg (cameo appearance)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Lamman Rucker
Lamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor  Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation  In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University  As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons 

Early life
Rucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker  He has partial ancestry from Barbados  Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area  He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants   His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade  He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D C  Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team 

Career
His major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T  Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie  He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005  He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half 
Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films  He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns  He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011  The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode  He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies  Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters 

Filmography
Film
Television
Award nominations
Passage 2:
Richard T  Jones
Richard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor  He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s  His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017)  Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) 

Early life
Jones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California  He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka  He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr , who works as a high school basketball coach  They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season  His parents later divorced  Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University 

Career
Since the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams  That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr  in What's Love Got to Do with It  From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017) His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion 

Personal life
Joshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E  Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 3:
Port of Seven Seas
Port of Seven Seas is a 1938 drama film starring Wallace Beery and featuring Frank Morgan and Maureen O'Sullivan   The movie was written by Preston Sturges based on the plays of Marcel Pagnol and the films based on them, and was directed by James Whale, the director of Frankenstein (1931) and The Invisible Man (1933)  The cinematography is by Karl Freund, who filmed Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) and I Love Lucy (1951-1957) 

Plot
TCM Synopsis:
In the port of Marseilles, France, Honore Panisse, a well-to-do sailmaker in his fifties, is enamored of the lovely Madelon, the daughter of a widowed fishmonger  For many years Panisse has played cards with Bruneau, Captain Escartefigue and tavern-owner Cesar, the father of Marius, the boy with whom Madelon is in love  Though Cesar and Marius are great friends, they argue constantly, especially over Panisse's infatuation with Madelon, whom Cesar considers one of the family  One day, Marius sends Madelon a note saying that he is going to sea for three years, but cannot say goodbye in person because it would break his heart  Madelon rushes to the docks and faints as his ship sails away  Because Panisse has just arrived, he tries to carry her home, but Cesar insists on taking her himself, not realizing that Marius has gone  Panisse tries to tell him why she fainted, but cannot, and listens fretfully as Cesar tells him that the two young people will soon be married  When he tells Madelon's mother Honorine this, Madelon, now revived, tells them that Marius has gone  Despite her love, she did not stop him because she knew how much he loved the sea  One month later, As Cesar pretends not to care that Marius has not written, the postman arrives with a letter from the boy  When Madelon arrives he reads the letter aloud, saddening Madelon, who is barely mentioned  Soon Panisse goes to Honorine to ask once again for the hand of Madelon  At the same time, Madelon finds out that she is pregnant and prays that she will have the strength to tell her mother  Madelon later goes to Panisse and tells him why she cannot marry him, but he is overjoyed with the news of her pregnancy because he has always wanted a son and his late wife was never able to bear a child  Because Panisse is so kind, Madelon agrees to marry him for the sake of the little one, and when Cesar arrives, quells his anger by telling him the truth  Cesar finally relents in his anger at Panissse for "stealing" his grandchild when Panisse says that he will make Cesar the godfather  They agree to call the boy Cesar Marius Panisse  After the baby is born, he is the apple of Panisse's eye, and Madelon gains the gratitude of Panisse's aged relatives, as well as the continued devotion of Panisse  One year later, just after Panisse has reluctantly boarded the train to go to Paris on business, Marius unexpectedly shows up at his father's house, returned to France to obtain some equipment for his ship  During the night, Marius goes to see Madelon, knowing that she has married Panisse, and Madelon lies to him, saying that Panisse is asleep  Marius confesses how much he has missed her, but she tells him it's too late  When the baby cries, she goes to him and Marius realizes that the child is his  When she tearfully confesses that Panisse is actually in Paris, Marius asks her to come away with him, but she tells him to go away  Just then Cesar comes back  He has returned home because he ran into the town doctor on the train and learned that a neighbor's child has contracted scarlet fever  He tells Marius to go away because that the baby now belongs to Panisse  She wants to go away with him and the baby, but just as they are talking, Panisse comes home because he was worried about the baby  Soon Cesar arrives also and tells Marius to go, but he refuses to leave without Madelon and the baby  Though Panisse sadly says that Madelon can have her freedom, he adds that he cannot give the baby up  When Panisse goes to check on the baby, Madelon and Cesar make Marius realize that the baby belongs as much to Panisse as Marius or Madelon  When Panisse returns, Marius shakes his hand and goes away, after which Panisse and Madelon happily look at their baby's first tooth 
In the French port of Marseille, a lovely young woman named Madelon is in love with a young sailor, Marius  Madelon in turn is loved by Honore Panisse, a well-to-do middle-aged sailmaker   When Marius finds out he must go to sea for three years, he leaves without saying goodbye to Madelon; in a note he tells her that it would break his heart to tell her in person   She rushes to the dock, but sees his ship sailing away and faints   Marius's father Cesar, who already thinks of Madelon as one of the family, carries her to her home 
Later, Madelon finds out that she is pregnant, and to spare her the shame of a child born out of wedlock, Panisse asks Madelon to get an abortion  She agrees, and goes to find a rusty clotheshanger  She proceeds with her attempt to kill her fetus  She did not succeed, and was rushed to the hospital bleeding 
A year later Marius unexpectedly returns from sea to buy some equipment for his ship   Visiting Madelon that night, he sees the baby and realizes that he is the father  He asks her to steal away with him, but she refuses  Despite her love for Marius, she knows that Panisse, who adores the child, will be a better father than Marius, who will be away at sea for many years at a time   Marius leaves, shaking Panisse's hand before he goes, and Panisse and Madelon happily look at their baby's first tooth 

Cast
Wallace Beery as Cesar
Frank Morgan as Panisse
Maureen O'Sullivan as Madelon
John Beal as Marius
Jessie Ralph as Honorine
Cora Witherspoon as Claudine
Etienne Girardot as Bruneau
E  Alyn Warren as Captain Escartefigue
Jerry Colonna as Arab Rug Dealer (uncredited)
Henry Hull as Uncle Alzear (uncredited)
Doris Lloyd as Customer (uncredited)
Fred Malatesta as Bird Seller (uncredited)
Robert Spindola as Boy (uncredited)

Production
Although the credited basis of Port of Seven Seas was Marcel Pagnol's 1931 play Fanny, the screenplay incorporated some incidents from three French films written by Pagnol based on his plays: Marius (1931), directed by Alexander Korda, Fanny (1932), directed by Marc Allégret, and César (1936), which Pagnol directed  The play "Marius" was a great success and was played more than one thousand times in Paris 
William Wyler was slated to direct the film at the time that Preston Sturges was brought into the project, the working titles for which were "Fanny", "Madelon", "Life on the Waterfront" and "Man of the Waterfront"   Ernest Vajda had been reported to be one of the screenwriters, but was not credited   The project was considered by Universal Studios in late 1933 or early 1934, but was dropped sometime after Joseph Breen, who supervised the Production Code, rejected the submitted script  Paramount Pictures had some interest in it, before the script ended up at MGM by July 1936  Although the MGM script was still essentially the one that Universal had submitted to the Hays Office, this time the censors found it "acceptable", and it was approved on 15 March 1938   This did not prevent the Legion of Decency from protesting that the film "lower[ed] the standards" that the Production Code was designed to uphold Port of Seven Seas was in production from late December 1937 through 28 January 1938, with retakes completed on 23 February   Shortly before production started, Luise Rainer, who was to have played "Madelon" was replaced by Maureen O'Sullivan because of a bad cold 
The film was released on 1 July 1938, the long delay coming about because the studio considered the subject matter "dangerous" for the film industry while Congress was considering legislation which had implications for film censorship The movie was premiered on July 1, 1938 in New York City  Marcel Pagnol and Raimu (the great French actor who played Cesar in the French plays and movies) were invited but did not come, supposedly for fear of air travel  The movie was premiered in France in Marseille, later in 1938, at the movie theatre "Le Noailles" with Wallace Beery, Marcel Pagnol and Raimu in attendance 

Other versions
Pagnol's plays provided source material for the three French films noted above, a 1933 Italian film named Fanny, the 1934 German film Der Schwarze Walfisch ("The Black Whale"), the 1954 Broadway musical Fanny, and the 1961 non-musical film based in part on it   Even though many situations and incidents in the 1961 film originated in Port of the Seven Seas, neither it nor Preston Sturges was credited 

Notes
External links
Port of Seven Seas at IMDb 
Port of Seven Seas at the TCM Movie Database 
Port of Seven Seas at AllMovie
Passage 4:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 5:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 6:
Michael Ning
Michael Ning  (Chinese: 凌智豪; Jyutping: ling4 zi3 hou4 born 5 November 1979) known professionally as Chinese: 白只; pinyin: bái zhī; Jyutping: baak6 zi2
is a Hong Kong born Chinese actor best known for his role in the 2015 film Port of Call 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 8:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 9:
James Whale
James Whale (22 July 1889 – 29 May 1957) was an English film director, theatre director and actor, who spent the greater part of his career in Hollywood  He is best remembered for several horror films: Frankenstein (1931), The Old Dark House (1932), The Invisible Man (1933) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935), all considered classics  Whale also directed films in other genres, including the 1936 film version of the musical Show Boat 
Whale was born into a large family in Dudley, Worcestershire now Metropolitan Borough of Dudley  He discovered his artistic talent early on and studied art  With the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in the British Army and became an officer  He was captured by the Germans and during his time as a prisoner of war he realised he was interested in drama  Following his release at the end of the war he became an actor, set designer and director  His success directing the 1928 play Journey's End led to his move to the US, first to direct the play on Broadway and then to Hollywood, California, to direct films  He lived in Hollywood for the rest of his life, most of that time with his longtime romantic partner, producer David Lewis  Apart from Journey's End (1930), which was released by Tiffany Films, and Hell's Angels (1930), released by United Artists, he directed a dozen films for Universal Pictures between 1931 and 1937, developing a style characterised by the influence of German Expressionism and a highly mobile camera 
At the height of his career as a director, Whale directed The Road Back (1937), a sequel to All Quiet on the Western Front  Studio interference, possibly spurred by political pressure from Nazi Germany, led to the film's being altered from Whale's vision, and it was a critical failure  A run of box-office disappointments followed and, while he would make one final short film in 1950, by 1941 his film directing career was effectively over  He continued to direct for the stage and also rediscovered his love for painting and travel  His investments made him wealthy and he lived a comfortable retirement until suffering strokes in 1956 that robbed him of his vigor and left him in pain  He committed suicide on 29 May 1957 by drowning himself in his swimming pool 
Whale was openly gay throughout his career, something that was very rare in the 1920s and 1930s  As knowledge of his sexual orientation has become more widespread, some of his films, Bride of Frankenstein in particular, have been interpreted as having a gay subtext and it has been claimed that his refusal to remain in the closet led to the end of his career 

Early years
Whale was born in Dudley, Worcestershire, at the heart of the Black Country, the sixth of seven children of William, a blast furnaceman, and Sarah, a nurse  He attended Kates Hill Board School, followed by Bayliss Charity School and finally Dudley Blue Coat School  His attendance stopped in his teenage years, because the cost would have been prohibitive and his labor was needed to help support the family  Thought not physically strong enough to follow his brothers into the local heavy industries, Whale started work as a cobbler, reclaiming the nails he recovered from replaced soles and selling them for scrap for extra money  He discovered he had some artistic ability and earned additional money lettering signs and price tags for his neighbors  He used his additional income to pay for evening classes at the Dudley School of Arts and Crafts World War I broke out in early August 1914  Although Whale had little interest in the politics behind the war, he realized that conscription was inevitable, so he voluntarily enlisted just before it was introduced, into the British Army's Inns of Court Officer Training Corps in October 1915, and was stationed initially at Bristol  He was subsequently commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Worcestershire Regiment in July 1916  He was taken prisoner of war in battle on the Western Front in Flanders in August 1917, and was held at Holzminden Officers' Camp, where he remained until the war's end, being repatriated to England in December 1918  While imprisoned he became actively involved, as an actor, writer, producer and set-designer, in the amateur theatrical productions that took place in the camp, finding them "a source of great pleasure and amusement"  He also developed a talent for poker, and after the war he cashed in the chits and IOUs from his fellow prisoners that he had amassed in gambling to provide himself with finances for re-entry into civilian life 

Career
Theatre
After the armistice, he returned to Birmingham and tried to find work as a cartoonist  He sold two cartoons to the Bystander in 1919 but was unable to secure a permanent position  Later that year he embarked on a professional stage career  Under the tutelage of actor-manager Nigel Playfair, he worked as an actor, set designer and builder, "stage director" (akin to a stage manager) and director  In 1922, while with Playfair, he met Doris Zinkeisen  They were considered a couple for some two years, despite Whale's living as an openly gay man  They were reportedly engaged in 1924, but by 1925 the engagement was off In 1928 Whale was offered the opportunity to direct two private performances of R  C  Sherriff's then-unknown play Journey's End for the Incorporated Stage Society, a theatre society that mounted private Sunday performances of plays  Set over a four-day period in March 1918 in the trenches at Saint-Quentin, France, Journey's End gives a glimpse into the experiences of the officers of a British infantry company in World War I  The key conflict is between Capt  Stanhope, the company commander, and Lt  Raleigh, the brother of Stanhope's fiancée  Whale offered the part of Stanhope to the then barely known Laurence Olivier  Olivier initially declined the role, but after meeting the playwright agreed to take it on  Maurice Evans was cast as Raleigh  The play was well received and transferred to the Savoy Theatre in London's West End, opening on 21 January 1929  A young Colin Clive was now in the lead role, Olivier having accepted an offer to take the lead in a production of Beau Geste  The play was a tremendous success, with critics uniform and effusive in their praise and with audiences sometimes sitting in stunned silence following its conclusion only to burst into thunderous ovations  As Whale biographer James Curtis wrote, the play "managed to coalesce, at the right time and in the right manner, the impressions of a whole generation of men who were in the war and who had found it impossible, through words or deeds, to adequately express to their friends and families what the trenches had been like"
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sula Island
Sula Island is an island located in the Albay province of the Philippines 

See also
List of islands of the Philippines
Passage 2:
Henry Island (Nova Scotia)
Henry Island is an island located in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia, Canada, just east of Prince Edward Island and southwest of Port Hood Island 

Geography
Consisting of 150 acres (0 61 km2) of mostly forested tract, the 2½ mile long by 1-mile (1 6 km) wide island has up to 100-foot (30 m) cliffs along the west shore, and beaches of shallow shoals along the east shore   The water along the west shore reaches depths of up to 80 feet (24 m)   There are no year-round residents   Privately owned, the family inhabits the island in the summer 

History
Early nautical charts refer to the island as Iles aux Jestico or Juste-au-Corps, the previous county name of the current-day Inverness County, Nova Scotia   There is some debate over the origin of the current name, Henry   One theory has it that the island was named for Henry Hood, son of Admiral Samuel Hood, commander-in-chief of the Royal Navy of North America in the late 18th century   Others think it may have been named for Prince William Henry, the uncle of Queen Victoria 
The first person known to have settled the island was James Campbell during the 18th century   By this time an area of great maritime activity, a lighthouse existed on the summit as early as 1854   During the period of the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty which was in effect from 1854 to 1866, fishermen set up temporary camps each summer on Henry Island   Soon after the treaty expired the area was overcome by economic depression   Nearly 30 years later, the original lighthouse was replaced with the currently standing 53-foot (16 m) red and white lighthouse in 1902 under the supervision of foreman Jim MacDonnell of Margaree Harbor, Nova Scotia for a total cost of $3,489   The current lighthouse remains the property of the Canadian Coast Guard  An adjacent house had also been constructed in 1901   This new lighthouse had been a campaign promise of Parliament member Angus MacLennan, M D  The first three lighthouse keepers were relatives and descendants of MacLennan: John MacLennan from 1901, Daniel MacLennan, starting in 1907, and Charles MacLennan, the father of a local shopkeeper, Sadie Murphy   The last known keeper before the lighthouse was automated was Sterling Morrison, who became keeper in 1961 for a very brief period   By 1992, the adjacent house had not been lived in for 40 years and had been vandalized, and a nearby shed destroyed   The island was purchased by William F  Baker, who undertook the restoration of the home back to its original state 

Transportation
Henry Island is accessible for day tours around the periphery and walking tours to the lighthouse via boat through Port Hood Island Views Boat Tours 
Passage 3:
Ingmarsö
Ingmarsö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden 
Passage 4:
Fairbank Island (Michigan)
Fairbank Island is an island located in Chippewa County, Michigan, United States 
Passage 5:
Jeløya
Jeløya is an island located in the municipality of Moss in Østfold County, Norway 

History
Jeløya was actually a peninsula in the Oslofjord, but was divided from the mainland in 1855 by the Moss canal (Mossekanalen)  a 20-meter broad canal that was built through the low isthmus  The Canal Bridge (Kanalbrua) is the link between Jeløya and the mainland at Moss  This was at first a low, sliding bridge, and since 1957 a simple-leaf Bascule bridge, but dating from the early 1990s has been locked and unable to open  Part of the city of Moss lies on the south-eastern part of Jeløya 
At 19 km2, Jeløya is the largest island in the Oslofjord  Geologically, Jeløya is largely made up of a young lava rock-type from the Permian period  Other islands in the Oslofjord formed during that same time period include Revlingen, Eldøya, Missingene and the Søsterøyene  Ringerike sandstone is found in some parts of Jeløya, and fossil cephalaspids have been found  The largest Norwegian moraine from the Ice Age crosses Jeløya, goes to the east of Moss and Rygge and continues through Sweden to Finland Until the 1990s, two of Moss' largest industrial zones were on the southern part of Jeløya - Moss Glassverk  and Moss Verft  Moss Glassverk produced glass containers from 1898 until 1999  Moss Verft was a shipyard formed in 1870 which was active in shipbuilding until 1987 and was historically one of the biggest employers in the municipality  These areas are now turning into costly apartments and post-industrial businesses  Jeløya is today best known for its beaches, its scenery, a swarming harbor with boats, and Refsnes Gods,  a hotel with a renowned cuisine 
Jeløya is the site of a number of country manor houses on farms including Grønli gård and Kubberød gård  Torderød gård is now owned by Moss Municipality which hosts tours during the summer



ground_truth: The Comedians Of Comedy

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did the director of film Port Of Seven Seas die?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  After three weeks at the Savoy, Journey's End transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre, where it ran for the next two years 

With the success of Journey's End at home, Broadway producer Gilbert Miller acquired the rights to mount a New York production with an all-British cast headed by Colin Keith-Johnston as Stanhope and Derek Williams as Raleigh  Whale also directed this version, which premiered at Henry Miller's Theatre on 22 March 1929  The play ran for over a year and cemented its reputation as the greatest play about World War I 

Early work in Hollywood
The success of the various productions of Journey's End brought Whale to the attention of movie producers  Coming at a time when motion pictures were making the transition from silent to talking, producers were interested in hiring actors and directors with experience with dialogue  Whale traveled to Hollywood in 1929 and signed a contract with Paramount Pictures  He was assigned as "dialogue director" for a film called The Love Doctor (1929)  He completed work on the film in 15 days and his contract was allowed to expire  It was at around this time that he met David Lewis Whale was hired by independent film producer and aviation pioneer Howard Hughes, who planned to turn the previously silent Hughes production Hell's Angels (1930) into a talkie  Whale directed the dialogue sequences  When his work for Hughes was completed, he headed to Chicago to direct another production of Journey's End Having purchased the film rights to Journey's End, British producers Michael Balcon and Thomas Welsh agreed that Whale's experience directing the London and Broadway productions of the play made him the best choice to direct the film  The two partnered with a small American studio, Tiffany-Stahl, to shoot it in New York  Colin Clive reprised his role as Stanhope, and David Manners was cast as Raleigh  Filming got underway on 6 December 1929 and wrapped on 22 January 1930  Journey's End was released in Great Britain on 14 April and in the United States on 15 April  On both sides of the Atlantic the film was a tremendous critical and commercial success 

With the Laemmles at Universal
Universal Studios signed Whale to a five-year contract in 1931 and his first project was Waterloo Bridge  Based on the Broadway play by Robert E  Sherwood, the film stars Mae Clarke as Myra, a chorus girl in World War I London who becomes a prostitute  It too was a critical and popular success  At around this time, Whale and Lewis began living together In 1931, Universal chief Carl Laemmle, Jr  offered Whale his choice of any property the studio owned  He chose Frankenstein, mostly because none of Universal's other properties particularly interested him, and he wanted to make something other than a war picture  While Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus itself was in the public domain, Universal owned the filming rights to a stage adaptation by Peggy Webling  Whale cast Colin Clive as Henry Frankenstein and Mae Clarke as his fiancée Elizabeth  For the Monster, he turned to the little known Boris Karloff, who had wide-ranging experience in supporting roles  Shooting began on 24 August 1931 and wrapped on 3 October  Previews were held 29 October, with wide release on 21 November  Frankenstein was an instant hit with critics and the public  The film received glowing reviews and shattered box office records across the United States, earning Universal $12 million on first release Next from Whale were The Impatient Maiden and The Old Dark House (both 1932)  The Impatient Maiden made little impression but The Old Dark House, starring Karloff and Charles Laughton, is credited with reinventing the "dark house" subgenre of horror films  Thought lost for some years, a print was found by filmmaker Curtis Harrington in the Universal vaults in 1968  It was restored by George Eastman House, and released on Blu-ray disk in 2017 
Whale's next film was The Kiss Before the Mirror (1933), a critical success but a box-office failure  He returned to horror with The Invisible Man (1933)  Shot from a script approved by H  G  Wells, the film blended horror with humor and confounding visual effects  Much admired, The New York Times placed it in their list of the ten best films of the year, and the film broke box-office records in cities across America  So highly regarded was the film that France, which restricted the number of theatres in which undubbed American films could play, granted it a special waiver because of its "extraordinary artistic merit" Also in 1933 Whale directed the romantic comedy By Candlelight which gained good reviews and was a modest box office hit  In 1934 he directed One More River, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by John Galsworthy  The film tells the story of a woman desperate to escape her abusive marriage to a member of the British aristocracy  This was the first of Whale's films for which Production Code Administration approval was required and Universal had a difficult time securing that approval because of the elements of sexual sadism implicit in the husband's abusive behavior 

Bride of Frankenstein (1935) was Whale's next project  He had resisted making a sequel to Frankenstein as he feared being pigeonholed as a horror director  Bride hearkened back to an episode from Mary Shelley's original novel in which the Monster promises to leave Frankenstein and humanity alone if Frankenstein makes him a mate  He does, but the mate is repelled by the monster who then, setting Frankenstein and his wife free to live, chooses to destroy himself and his "bride"  The film was a critical and box office success, having earned some $2 million for Universal by 1943  Lauded as "the finest of all gothic horror movies", Bride is frequently hailed as Whale's masterpiece 
With the success of Bride, Laemmle was eager to put Whale to work on Dracula's Daughter (1936), the sequel to Universal's first big horror hit of the sound era  Whale, wary of doing two horror films in a row and concerned that directing Dracula's Daughter could interfere with his plans for the first all-sound version of Show Boat (previously filmed as a part-talkie by Harry A  Pollard), instead convinced Laemmle to buy the rights to a novel called The Hangover Murders  The novel is a comedy-mystery in the style of The Thin Man, about a group of friends who were so drunk the night one of them was murdered that none can remember anything  Retitled Remember Last Night?, the film was one of Whale's personal favorites, but met with sharply divided reviews and commercial uninterest 

With the completion of Remember Last Night? Whale immediately went to work on Show Boat (1936)  Whale gathered as many of those as he could who had been involved in one production or another of the musical, including Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, Charles Winninger, Sammy White, conductor Victor Baravalle, orchestrator Robert Russell Bennett, and, as Magnolia, Irene Dunne, who believed that Whale was the wrong director for the piece  The 1936 version of Show Boat, faithfully adapted from the original stage production, is believed to be the definitive film version of the musical by many critics, but became unavailable following the 1951 remake  In 2014, a restoration of the film became available on DVD in the U S  as part of Warner Home Video's Archive Collection line; and in 2020, a 4K restoration Blu-Ray was released by The Criterion Collection Show Boat was the last of Whale's films to be produced under the Laemmle family  The studio was now bankrupt, and the Laemmles lost control to J  Cheever Cowdin, head of the Standard Capital Corporation, and Charles R  Rogers, who was installed in Junior Laemmle's old job 

Career decline
Whale's career went into sharp decline following the release of his next film, The Road Back (1937)  The sequel to Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, which Universal had filmed in 1930, the novel and film follow the lives of several young German men who have returned from the trenches of World War I and their struggles to re-integrate into society  The Los Angeles consul for Nazi Germany, Georg Gyssling, learned that the film was in production  He protested to PCA enforcer Joseph Breen, arguing that the film gave an "untrue and distorted picture of the German people"  Gyssling eventually met Whale, but nothing came of it  Gyssling then sent letters to members of the cast, threatening that their participation in the film might lead to difficulties in obtaining German filming permits for them and for anyone associated in a film with them  While the low volume of business conducted by Universal in Germany made such threats largely hollow, the State Department, under pressure from the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League and the Screen Actors Guild, stepped in and the German government backed down  Whale's original cut of the film was given generally positive reviews, but some time between preview screenings and the film's general release, Rogers capitulated to the Germans, ordering that cuts be made and additional scenes be shot and inserted  Whale was furious, and the altered film was banned in Germany anyway  The Germans were successful in persuading China, Greece, Italy and Switzerland to ban the film as well Following the debacle of The Road Back, Charles Rogers tried to get out of his contract with Whale; Whale refused  Rogers then assigned him to a string of B movies to run out his contractual obligation  Whale only made one additional successful feature film, The Man in the Iron Mask (1939), before retiring from the film industry in 1941 

Post-film life
With his film career behind him, Whale found himself at a loose end  He was offered the occasional job, including the opportunity to direct Since You Went Away for David O  Selznick, but turned them down  Lewis, meanwhile, was busier than ever with his production duties and often worked late hours, leaving Whale lonely and bored  Lewis bought him a supply of paint and canvasses and Whale re-discovered his love of painting  Eventually he built a large studio for himself With the outbreak of World War II, Whale volunteered his services to make a training film for the United States Army  He shot the film, called Personnel Placement in the Army, in February 1942  Later that year, in association with actress Claire DuBrey, he created the Brentwood Service Players  The Players took over a 100–seat theatre  Sixty seats were provided free of charge to service personnel; the remaining were sold to the public, with the box office proceeds donated to wartime charities  The group expanded to the Playtime Theatre during the summer, where a series of shows ran through October Whale returned to Broadway in 1944 to direct the psychological thriller Hand in Glove  It was his first return to Broadway since his failed One, Two, Three! in 1930  Hand in Glove would fare no better than his earlier play, running the same number of performances, 40 Whale directed his final film in 1950, a short subject based on the William Saroyan one-act play Hello Out There  The film, financed by supermarket heir Huntington Hartford, was the story of a man in a Texas jail falsely accused of rape and the woman who cleans the jail  Hartford intended for the short to be part of an anthology film along the lines of Quartet  However, attempts to find appropriate short fiction companion pieces to adapt were unsuccessful and Hello Out There was never commercially released Whale's last professional engagement was directing Pagan in the Parlour, a farce about two New England spinster sisters who are visited by a Polynesian whom their father, when shipwrecked years earlier, had married  The production was mounted in Pasadena for two weeks in 1951  Plans were made to take it to New York, but Whale suggested taking the play to London first  Before opening the play in England, Whale decided to tour the art museums of Europe  In France he renewed his acquaintanceship with Curtis Harrington, whom he had met in 1947  While visiting Harrington in Paris, he went to some gay bars  At one he met a 25-year-old bartender named Pierre Foegel, whom Harrington believed was nothing but "a hustler out for what he could get"  The 62-year-old Whale was smitten with the younger man and hired him as his chauffeur A provincial tour of Pagan in the Parlour began in September 1952 and it appeared that the play would be a hit  However, Hermione Baddeley, starring in the play as the cannibal "Noo-ga", was drinking heavily and began engaging in bizarre antics and disrupting performances  Because she had a run of the play contract she could not be replaced and so producers were forced to close the show Whale returned to California in November 1952 and advised David Lewis that he planned to bring Foegel over early the following year  Appalled, Lewis moved out of their home  While this ended their 23-year romantic relationship, the two men remained friends  Lewis bought a small house and dug a swimming pool, prompting Whale to have his own pool dug, although he did not himself swim in it  He began throwing all-male swim parties and would watch the young men cavort in and around the pool  Foegel moved in with Whale in early 1953 and remained there for several months before returning to France  He returned in 1954 permanently, and Whale installed him as manager of a gas station that he owned Whale and Foegel settled into a quiet routine until the spring of 1956, when Whale suffered a small stroke  A few months later he suffered a larger stroke and was hospitalized  While in the hospital he was treated for depression with shock treatments Upon his release, Whale hired one of the male nurses from the hospital to be his personal live-in nurse  A jealous Foegel maneuvered the nurse out of the house and hired a female nurse as a non-live-in replacement  Whale suffered from mood swings and grew increasingly and frustratingly more dependent on others as his mental faculties were diminishing 

Death
Whale died by suicide by drowning himself in his Pacific Palisades swimming pool on 29 May 1957 at the age of 67  He left a suicide note, which Lewis withheld until shortly before his own death decades later  Because the note was suppressed, the death was initially ruled accidental  The note read in part:

To ALL I LOVE,
Do not grieve for me  My nerves are all shot and for the last year I have been in agony day and night—except when I sleep with sleeping pills—and any peace I have by day is when I am drugged by pills 

I have had a wonderful life but it is over and my nerves get worse and I am afraid they will have to take me away  So please forgive me, all those I love and may God forgive me too, but I cannot bear the agony and it [is] best for everyone this way  The future is just old age and illness and pain  Goodbye and thank you for all your love  I must have peace and this is the only way 
Whale's body was cremated per his request, and his ashes were interred in the Columbarium of Memory at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale  Because of his habit of periodically revising his date of birth, his niche lists the incorrect date of 1893  When his longtime partner David Lewis died in 1987, his executor and Whale biographer James Curtis had his ashes interred in a niche across from Whale's 

Sexual orientation
James Whale lived as an openly gay man throughout his career in the British theatre and in Hollywood, something that was virtually unheard of in that era  He and David Lewis lived together as a couple from around 1930 to 1952  While he did not go out of his way to publicize his homosexuality, he did not do anything to conceal it either  As filmmaker Curtis Harrington, a friend and confidant of Whale's, put it, "Not in the sense of screaming it from the rooftops or coming out  But yes, he was openly homosexual  Any sophisticated person who knew him knew he was gay " While there have been suggestions that Whale's career was terminated because of homophobia, and Whale was supposedly dubbed "The Queen of Hollywood", Harrington states that "nobody made a thing out of it as far as I could perceive" With knowledge of his sexuality becoming more common beginning in the 1970s, some film historians and gay studies scholars have detected homosexual themes in Whale's work, particularly in Bride of Frankenstein in which a number of the creative people associated with the cast, including Ernest Thesiger and Colin Clive, were alleged to be gay or bisexual  Scholars have identified a gay sensibility suffused through the film, especially a camp sensibility, particularly embodied in the character of Pretorius (Thesiger) and his relationship with Henry Frankenstein (Clive)  Minnie introduces Pretorius to Frankenstein with the line, "He's a very queer-looking old gentleman, sir    " at 16:56 in the film 
Gay film historian Vito Russo, in considering Pretorius, stops short of identifying the character as gay, instead referring to him as "sissified" ("sissy" itself being a Hollywood's gay stock character)  Pretorius serves as a "gay Mephistopheles", a figure of seduction and temptation, going so far as to pull Frankenstein away from his bride on their wedding night to engage in the unnatural act of non-procreative life  A novelisation of the film published in England made the implication clear, having Pretorius say to Frankenstein "'Be fruitful and multiply ' Let us obey the Biblical injunction: you of course, have the choice of natural means; but as for me, I am afraid that there is no course open to me but the scientific way " Russo goes so far as to suggest that Whale's homosexuality is expressed in both Frankenstein and Bride as "a vision both films had of the monster as an antisocial figure in the same way that gay people were 'things' that should not have happened" Whale's partner David Lewis stated flatly that Whale's sexual orientation was "not germane" to his filmmaking  "Jimmy was first and foremost an artist, and his films represent the work of an artist—not a gay artist, but an artist " Whale's biographer Curtis rejects the notion that Whale would have identified with the Monster from a homosexual perspective, stating that if the highly class-conscious Whale felt himself to be an antisocial figure, it would have been based not in his sexuality but in his origin in the lower classes 

Film style
Whale was heavily influenced by German Expressionism  He was a particular admirer of the films of Paul Leni, combining as they did elements of gothic horror and comedy  This influence was most evident in Bride of Frankenstein  Expressionist influence is also in evidence in Frankenstein, drawn in part from the work of Paul Wegener and his films The Golem (1915) and The Golem: How He Came into the World (1920) along with The Cabinet of Dr  Caligari (1920) from Robert Wiene, which Whale reportedly screened repeatedly while preparing to shoot Frankenstein  Frankenstein roughly alternates between distorted expressionistic shots and more conventional styles, with the character of Dr  Waldman serving as "a bridge between everyday and expressionist spaces"  Expressionist influence is also evident in the acting, costuming and the design of the Monster  Whale and makeup artist Jack Pierce may also have been influenced by the Bauhaus school of design  The expressionist influence lasted throughout Whale's career, with Whale's final film, Hello Out There, praised by Sight & Sound as "a virtuoso pattern of light and shade, a piece of fully blown expressionist filmmaking plonked down unceremoniously in the midst of neo-realism's heyday" Whale was known for his use of camera movement  He is credited with being the first director to use a 360-degree panning shot in a feature film, included in Frankenstein  Whale used a similar technique during the Ol' Man River sequence in Show Boat, in which the camera tracked around Paul Robeson as he sang the song  (The sequence also uses expressionist montages illustrating some of the lyrics ) Often singled out for praise in Frankenstein is the series of shots used to introduce the Monster: "Nothing can ever quite efface the thrill of watching the successive views Whale's mobile camera allows us of the lumbering figure"  These shots, starting with a medium shot and culminating in two close-ups of the Monster's face, were repeated by Whale to introduce Griffin in The Invisible Man and the abusive husband in One More River  Modified to a single cut rather than two, Whale uses the same technique in The Road Back to signal the instability of a returning World War I veteran 

Legacy
Influential film critic Andrew Sarris, in his 1968 ranking of directors, lists Whale as "lightly likable"  Noting that Whale's reputation has been subsumed by the "Karloff cult", Sarris cites Bride of Frankenstein as the "true gem" of the Frankenstein series and concludes that Whale's career "reflects the stylistic ambitions and dramatic disappointments of an expressionist in the studio-controlled Hollywood of the thirties" Whale's final months are the subject of the novel Father of Frankenstein (1995) by Christopher Bram  The novel focuses on the relationship between Whale and a fictional gardener named Clayton Boone  Father of Frankenstein served as the basis of the 1998 film Gods and Monsters with Ian McKellen as Whale and Brendan Fraser as Boone  McKellen was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Whale  Bram's novel has also been adapted as a play which premiered in London at the Southwark Playhouse in February 2015 Only two of Whale's films received Oscar nominations: The Man in the Iron Mask (for its musical score), and Bride of Frankenstein (for its sound recording) 
A memorial sculpture was erected for Whale in September 2001 on the grounds of a new multiplex cinema in his home town of Dudley  The sculpture, by Charles Hadcock, depicts a roll of film with the face of Frankenstein's monster engraved into the frames, and the names of his most famous films etched into a cast concrete base in the shape of film canisters  Other sculptures related to Whale's cinema career were planned, referencing his early work in a local sheet metal factory, but none had been installed as of 2019 Horror in Hollywood: The James Whale Story, a retrospective of Whale's artwork, opened at the Dudley Museum and Art Gallery in October 2012 and ran through to January 2013 

Filmography
Passage 10:
Raiders of the Seven Seas
Raiders of the Seven Seas is a 1953 American swashbuckler film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring John Payne and Donna Reed   The supporting cast features Gerald Mohr, Lon Chaney Jr  and Anthony Caruso 

Plot
The pirate Barbarossa raids the Sultan of Morocco's ships and captures a betrothed woman 

Cast
John Payne as Barbarossa
Donna Reed as Alida
Gerald Mohr as Capt  Jose Salcedo
Lon Chaney Jr  as  Peg Leg
Anthony Caruso as Renzo
Henry Brandon as Capt  Goiti
Skip Torgerson as Datu
Frank De Kova as Capt  Romero
William Tannen as Ramon
Christopher Dark as Pablo
Claire DuBrey as Señora Salcedo
Howard Freeman as Mayor Pompano

Production
The film was originally known as Storm over the Caribbean, Barbarossa and Swords Against the Mast  It was an original story co written by director Sidney Salkow, who subsequently signed a long-term contract with producer Edward Small 

See also
Flame of Araby (1951), with Barbarossa and his brother as villains
List of films featuring slavery
Context 3:  Grimsrød gård housed Edvard Munch for a number of years  Roed gård has been established as a combined Arts and Cultural Center  Alby gård is the site of one of Norway's most widely known art galleries,  Galleri F 15 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Twin Cairns Island
The Belcher Islands (Inuktitut: ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ, Sanikiluaq) are an archipelago in the southeast part of Hudson Bay near the centre of the Nastapoka arc  The Belcher Islands are spread out over almost 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi)  Administratively, they belong to the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  The hamlet of Sanikiluaq (where the majority of the inhabitants of the Belcher Islands live) is on the north coast of Flaherty Island and is the southernmost in Nunavut  Along with Flaherty Island, the other large islands are Kugong Island, Tukarak Island, and Innetalling Island  Other main islands in the 1,500–island archipelago are Moore Island, Wiegand Island, Split Island, Snape Island and Mavor Island, while island groups include the Sleeper Islands, King George Islands, and Bakers Dozen Islands 

History
The archaeological evidence present on the islands indicates that they were inhabited by the Dorset culture between 500 BCE and 1000 CE  Centuries later, from 1200 to 1500, the Thule people made their presence on the islands The first European to discover the islands was English sea explorer Henry Hudson, the namesake of Hudson Bay, who sighted the island in 1610  The islands are named after Royal Navy Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (1799-1877) 
In the early 19th century, caribou herds which lived on the islands disappeared  In an alternative effort to find warm clothing, the inhabitants of the islands sought the down of the Eider duck, a species of bird which nests on the island Before 1914, English-speaking cartographers knew very little about the Belcher Islands, which they showed on maps as specks, much smaller than their true extent  In that year a map showing them, drawn by George Weetaltuk, came into the hands of Robert Flaherty, and cartographers began to represent them more accurately In 1941, a religious movement led by Charley Ouyerack, Peter Sala, and his sister Mina caused the death by blows or exposure of nine persons, an occurrence that came to be known as the Belcher Island Murders 

Geology
General geology
The geologic units of the Belcher Group, which forms the Belcher Islands, were deposited during the Paleoproterozoic  Combined with other Paleoproterozoic units that occur along the edge of the Superior Craton, the Belcher Group forms part of the Circum-Superior Belt From youngest to oldest, the Belcher Group is composed of:
Loaf Formation (molasse)
Omarolluk Formation (flysch)
Flaherty Formation (flood basalt)
Kipalu Formation (iron formation)
Mukpollo Formation (sandstone)
Rowatt Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Laddie Formation (deep marine red bed)
Costello Formation (carbonate slope deposit)
Mavor Formation (stromatolite reef complex)
Tukarak Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Fairweather Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Eskimo Formation (flood basalt)
Kasegalik Formation (sabkha)The oldest part of the Belcher Group, the Kasegalik Formation, was deposited between 2 0185 and 2 0154 billion years ago  The Kasegalik Formation also contains the oldest unambiguous Cyanobacteria microfossils  Much of the  Belcher Group strata were deposited under intertidal to shallow-water conditions, although the Mavor Formation formed a platform margin stromatolite reef complex, and the overlying Costello and Laddie formations represent slope and deep basin deposits, respectively  The Kipalu Formation, deposited approximately 1 88 billion years ago, is notable for being a granular iron formation  The Flaherty Formation basalt that composes much of the Belcher Islands was deposited between 1 87 and 1 854 billion years ago, with the overlying Omarolluk and Loaf formations being deposited from 1 854 billion years ago until sometime after 1 83 billion years ago 

Soapstone
The occurrence of very high-quality soapstone in the Belcher Islands supports a locally significant carving industry  These soapstone occurrences formed when sedimentary rocks of the Belcher Group were intruded by Haig sills and dykes approximately 1 87 billion years ago  Most soapstone is quarried from a site on western Tukarak Island where dolomite of the Costello Formation was intruded by hot magma, with dolomite reacting with quartz and water under intense heat to form talc, calcite, and carbon dioxide:
3CaMg(CO3)2 + 4SiO2 + H2O  → [Heat] Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 + 3CaCO3 + 3CO2
Other minerals within the soapstone are largely calcite, dolomite, talc, and clinochlore, with minor amounts of ilmenite 
Although most soapstone has been sourced from two quarries, the relatively widespread occurrence of Haig intrusions within the Belcher Islands suggests that there may be many more possible sources of high-quality soapstone not yet discovered 

Flora
Several species of willow (Salix) form a large component of the native small shrubbery on the archipelago  These include rock willow (Salix vestita), bog willow (S  pedicellaris), and Labrador willow (S  argyrocarpa), as well as naturally occurring hybrids between S  arctica and S  glauca 
Trees cannot grow on the islands because of a lack of adequate soil 

Fauna
The main wildlife consists of belugas, walrus, caribou, common eiders and snowy owls all of which can be seen on the island year round  There is also a wide variety of fish that can be caught such as Arctic char, cod, capelin, lump fish, and sculpin



ground_truth: drowning

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Twin Cairns Island and Nova Zembla Island located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and the eider is the subject of a feature-length Canadian documentary film called People of a Feather  The director, cinematographer and biologist Joel Heath, spent seven years on the project, writing biological articles on the eider In 1998, the Belcher Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) herd numbered 800 
Passage 7:
Wadmalaw Island
Wadmalaw Island is an island located in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States  It is one of the Sea Islands, a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean 

Geography
Wadmalaw Island is located generally to the southwest of Johns Island and more than halfway encircled by it   To the north it is bordered by Church Creek; to the northeast and east by Bohicket Creek; to the south by the North Edisto River; and to the west by the Bohicket Creek   The island's only connection to the mainland is via a bridge over Church Creek   The island is about 10 miles long by 6 miles wide  It has a land area of 108 502 km² (41 893 sq mi)  The 2000 census reported a population of 2,611 persons 

History
Wadmalaw Island was landed upon by Captain Robert Sandford and the crew of the Berkeley Bay in mid-June 1666 after an excursion up the Bohicket Creek  It is believed that Sandford landed where Rockville, South Carolina now sits  On June 23, 1666, Captain and crew carried out the ritual of turf and twig, claiming the land for England and the Lords Proprietors In 1670, 148 colonists arrived and settled on the west bank of the Ashley (Kiawah) River   They survived the first four years of poor crop production through the generosity of natives who shared beans and corn   They later moved to what is now Charleston In 1890, planters organized the first sailing regatta at Rockville, less than a mile from the tea garden  The 120th Rockville Regatta was held in August, 2010 
In more recent times, The Lipton Tea Company operated an experimental tea farm on Wadmalaw Island from 1960 until 1987, when it was sold to Mack Fleming and Bill Hall  These gentlemen converted the experimental farm into a working tea Garden  The Charleston Tea Garden utilized a converted cotton picker and tobacco harvester to mechanically harvest the tea  The Charleston Tea Garden sold tea mail order known as American Classic Tea and also produced Sam's Choice Instant Tea, sold through Sam's Clubs  American Classic Tea has been the official tea of the White House since 1987  In 2003, Bigelow Tea Company purchased the Charleston Tea Garden and temporarily closed the garden in order to renovate it   The garden reopened in January 2006  Tours are now offered of this last remaining working Tea Farm in America  Wadmalaw now produces Firefly, a sweet tea flavored vodka 

See also
Charleston Tea Garden
Passage 8:
Round Island (Nunavut)
Round Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island  Nova Zembla Island is 7 4 km (4 6 mi) to the northwest Another, smaller Nunavut Round Island is located in Cross Bay, at the land end of Chesterfield Inlet 
Passage 9:
Nova Zembla Island
Nova Zembla Island ("New Land") is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island  Round Island is 7 4 km (4 6 mi) to the southeast The island was visited in 1875 by a Swedish expedition led by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and sponsored by the businessman Oscar Dickson 
Passage 10:
Runmarö
Runmarö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden  The island is known for its many species of orchids (at least 27 different kinds) and 9 marshy lakes 

Notable residents
Author and entomologist Fredrik Sjöberg lives on the island with his family  The island is frequently referenced in his 2014 novel The Fly Trap 



ground_truth: yes