prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Mary Of Woodstock's mother die?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Mary Martin (missionary)
Mother Mary of the Incarnation Martin, M M M  (24 April 1892 – 1975) was the Irish foundress of the Catholic religious institute of the Medical Missionaries of Mary 

Early life
She was born Marie Helena Martin in Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on 24 April 1892, the second of the twelve children her parents Thomas Martin and Mary Moore were to have  In 1904, while attending classes for her First Holy Communion, Martin contracted rheumatic fever, which was to affect her heart permanently  Tragedy hit the family on St  Patrick's Day 1907, as her father was killed in what was presumed to be an accidental shooting  Later her mother sent her to schools in Scotland, England and Germany, all of which she left as quickly as possible Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Martin joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, a division of the Red Cross, and helped with the nursing of wounded soldiers brought back from the front  Her own brother, Charles, was soon sent to fight in the campaign of Gallipoli  In October 1915, she was assigned to work in Malta  Here she helped there for the thousands of soldiers being brought back from that battle  Learning that her brother had been declared missing in action, she sought to gain information about his fate from the returning soldiers  Learning little of use added to her stress and she began to long to return home  The family finally learned that Charlie had been killed in the conflict, dying of wounds received at the battle  She returned to Ireland in April 1916  While she was at sea, the Easter Uprising took place in Dublin, which was to lead to the establishment of the Republic of Ireland Martin was called to serve again a month later at Hardelot, France, in a field hospital near the front lines of the Battle of the Somme  There she cared for soldiers suffering from gas poisoning  This assignment lasted until December of that year, followed by a brief stint in Leeds, England  All this time, she tried to discern her future  Shortly after the end of the War, she was called up on help in nursing victims of the Spanish flu, which had begun to devastate populations around the world In 1917 a new curate came to the parish which Martin attended, the Reverend Thomas Roynane, to whom she turned for guidance  Roynane had an interest in missionary work, bringing together two fellow members of the clergy who were go to on and found the Missionary Society of St  Columban  They soon conceived of the idea of a congregation of Religious Sisters to provide medical care in the missions of China to which they had planned to go  Roynane recruited two women to commit themselves to this work, the Lady Frances Moloney and Agnes Ryan, a local schoolteacher 

Training for the missions
Roynane had also inspired Martin with an interest in pursuing this calling   To this end she went to England in January 1919 for further medical training  She was scheduled to undertake training in midwifery the following year   Her mother's severe illness prevented her from taking that training, however, as she had to return home to care for her   By chance, Joseph Shanahan, C S Sp , an Irish member of the missionary Holy Ghost Fathers, had just been named Vicar Apostolic for southern Nigeria, then still a British colony  He received permission to recruit among the secular clergy to serve there on contracts of five-years duration   Roynane received permission from his own bishop to volunteer for this work In April 1920, Roynane arranged for Martin to meet the new bishop, and she volunteered her services as a lay missionary to work in his jurisdiction  She advised him that she was about to comment training as a midwife  Ryan, by now in her fourth year of medical training, advised her that she wished to join her in the African mission  She completed that training in February 1921 

Service in Africa
In April of that same year, Martin left Ireland for Nigeria, with Ryan, who had left her studies  They set sail for Africa from Liverpool on 25 May on the S S  Elmina, a ship of the African Steamship Company  They arrived in the port of Calabar on 14 June  They arrived prepared to provide medical care, only to learn that they were expected to run a school which had been staffed by French Religious Sisters until two years prior  To give the parents and children of the school a sense of continuity, the two women were addressed as "Sisters" by the priests and treated as if they were already members of an established religious institute By October, Ryan had contracted malaria and developed a heart condition, which required her return to Ireland  Forced to fill in as Acting Headmistress, Martin determined to confer directly with the bishop in his headquarters at Onitsha, a journey of 100 miles (160 kilometers), for which she brought along three of the oldest girls at the school  Meeting with the bishop, Martin was advised that caution was needed in providing medical care to the people of her mission, so as not to provoke objections by other missionaries in the region  Further, before leaving Ireland, the bishop had organized a support group of Catholic mothers to provide assistance to the missions, of which Martin's own mother had become the president  They agreed that a religious congregation was needed to meet the needs of the mission  Upon her return to Calabar, Martin made a 30-day retreat In April 1922 the bishop traveled there and held two weeks of consultations with Martin, Roynane and another missioner, during which the Rule and Constitutions of a new congregation were hammered out, with the understanding that Martin would be the foundress  Martin was not to see the bishop again for two years  During this time she learned that the bishop was working to establish the new congregation in Ireland, a direction she felt would focus the congregation on teaching rather than the medical care to which she felt called  An Irish Sister of Charity, Sister Magdalen Walker, was released from her congregation to help in this new work  She arrived in Calabar in October 1923  The following January Martin was directed by the bishop to return to Ireland to make a canonical novitiate  In March she joined Agnes Ryan, another volunteer at the mission, Elizabeth Ryan, and an American candidate, Veronica Hasson, as they started their time of postulancy, prior to admission to the novitiate year  After 18 months, however, upon completion of the novitiate year she left the community, as the training provided by the Dominican Sisters providing their formation had not been oriented toward medical care 

New paths
In this formal step of forming the new congregation, Martin had encountered the prohibition in the new Code of Canon Law of 1917 of the Catholic Church against members of religious orders practicing medicine  Facing this barrier, Martin still felt a call to consecrated life and considered following the example of the recently canonized Carmelite nun, Thérèse of Lisieux (coincidentally also bearing the family name of Martin)  In 1927 she applied to the community of that Order in Dublin, but her application was declined, solely on the decision of the prioress who overrode a unanimous vote by community, feeling that Martin was called to a different path in life  She then went through a new period of confusion until she was requested to consider again serving the missions  She then formed a small group of women to provide the domestic service for the preparatory school run by the Benedictine monks Glenstal Abbey Following a long period of illness in 1932, the following year Martin approached the new Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland, Archbishop Paschal Robinson, O F M  The nuncio was supportive of her goals and encouraged her continually over the next years  Finally, in February 1936, the Holy See lifted prohibition against Religious Sisters serving as doctors or midwives  Martin then sought a diocese which would accept a new congregation, without success  In October of that same year, Robinson's former secretary, Antonio Riberi, was named Apostolic Delegate in Africa, based in Kenya  He gave his support to having the congregation established in Calabar, which at that time was under a new Vicar Apostolic, James Moynagh, S P S , whose own sister was a member of the new community 

Foundation
While still negotiating to purchase a house in Ireland as a local base, complicated by the fact that they were not yet a formal congregation, the small community sailed for Nigeria at the end of 1936  Upon their arrival Martin suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at Port Harcourt  It was there that she professed religious vows on 4 April 1937  With that the Medical Missionaries of Mary became established 

Legacy
Martin's health was always a source of concern but she lived until 1975  Today the Medical Missionaries of Mary number some 400 women from 16 different nations, who serve in 14 different countries around the world 
Passage 2:
Henry Morgan (bishop)
Henry Morgan (died 23 December 1559) was a Welsh lawyer and churchman, Bishop of St Davids during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
He was born in Dewisland, Pembrokeshire, and became a student in the University of Oxford in 1515  He proceeded B C L  10 July 1522, and D C L  17 July 1525, and soon after became principal of St  Edward's Hall, which was then a hostel for civilians  He was admitted at Doctors' Commons 27 October 1528, and for several years acted as moderator of those who performed exercises for their degrees in civil law at Oxford 
Taking holy orders, he obtained rapid preferment  He became rector of Walwyn's Castle, Pembrokeshire, 12 February 1530; canon of Bristol, 4 June 1542; prebendary of the collegiate church St Carantoc's Church, Crantock in Cornwall, 1547; canon of Exeter, 1548; rector of Mawgan, Cornwall, 1549, and of St  Columb Major, Cornwall, 1550 
On the deprivation of Robert Ferrar he was appointed by Queen Mary bishop of St  David's in 1554  He held the see until he was deprived of it, on the accession of Elizabeth, about midsummer 1559  He then retired to Wolvercote, near Oxford, where some relatives, including the Owens of Godstow House, resided  He died at Wolvercote on 23 December 1559, and was buried in the church there  John Foxe in his Acts and Monuments of the Church and Thomas Beard in his Theatre of God's Judgments state that Morgan was 'stricken by God's hand' with a malady; Foxe gives some gruesome details; but Anthony à Wood could find no tradition to that effect among the inhabitants of Wolvercote 

Notes
Passage 3:
Nicolas Spierinc
Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s  Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy  He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth  He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours 

Notes
Sources
de Schryver, Antoine  The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008  ISBN 978-0-8923-6943-0
Kren, Thomas  Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J  Paul Getty Museum  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010  ISBN 978-1-6060-6014-8
Passage 4:
William Rede (by 1529–at least 1569)
William Rede (born by 1529 - at least 1569) was an English politician during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
Rede was probably the son of the clothier Thomas Rede  He was probably the William who was from Yate, Gloucestershire and married a daughter of the clothier, Walter Bailey  He had a son, Edward Rede  In 1554, he was described as 'of Bristol', suggesting a possible connection to William Rede I 

Career
Rede was a Member of Parliament for Devizes in October 1553  He was admitted to the Middle Temple 
Passage 5:
Mary of England
Mary of England may refer to:

Mary I of England (1516–1558), Queen of England from 1553 until her death
Mary II of England (1662–1694), Queen of England from 1689 until her death

See also
Henrietta Maria of France (1609–1669), queen consort of England, also known as Queen Mary
Mary of Modena (1685–1688), queen consort of England
Mary of Scotland (disambiguation)
Mary of Teck (1867–1953), queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Mary of Waltham (1344–1362), daughter of Edward III of England
Mary of Woodstock (1279–1332), daughter of Edward I of England
Mary of York (1467–1482), daughter of Edward IV of England
Mary Stuart (1605–1607), daughter of James VI and I, King of England
Mary Tudor (disambiguation)
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1631–1660), daughter of Charles I of England
Princess Mary (disambiguation)
Queen Mary (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
Avelin Mary
Avelin Mary is a marine biologist and a Roman Catholic nun belonging to the Congregation of the Mother of Sorrows, Servants of Mary  She is a Director of Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC), Tuticorin 

Education
Mary received her Ph D  in marine biology from Marathwada University, Aurangabad  She completed her post-doctoral work at Osborne Laboratories (New York Zoological Society) and Duke University Marine Laboratories (Beaufort, North Carolina)  She was a visiting scientist at Tulane University, Duke University, University of Delaware, University of Hawaii and Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan In 1988, she returned to India to establish her own independent research group  Her research area is the biology of barnacles  Her specific interest is in the replacement of toxic chemicals affecting the ocean environment with alternative compounds from natural sources that may have similar functional properties without the toxic effects on other marine organisms 

Career
Mary was the principal of St  Mary's College, a Catholic institution for higher education of women in Tuticorin In 1991, she founded Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC) as an independent non-profit organization for the purpose of marine research and conservation  She is currently the Director of the institute, which is affiliated with U S -based research and development company Poseidon Ocean Sciences, Inc During her study of corals, she discovered they produce chemicals that could prevent fouling in ships and save millions of dollars 

Awards
Mary was named one of the "2,000 outstanding scientists of the 20th century" by the International Biographical Research Centre at Cambridge  In 1999, the vanity press American Biographical Institute awarded her "Woman of the Year 1998",In 2002, she was recognized by India's National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) in New Delhi as one of 14 Scientists of the Year  She received the award in Calcutta In January 2003, she was one of 12 recipients of the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation's 2003 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Award for Excellence 
Passage 7:
Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony 
The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband  She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited  When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross 
Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation  She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs  She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu 

Life
Birth
Eleanor was born in Burgos, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu  Her Castilian name, Leonor, became Alienor or Alianor in England, and Eleanor in modern English  She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Eleanor of England, the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England 
Eleanor was the second of five children born to Ferdinand and Joan  Her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43; two sons born after Louis died young  For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers were paid to walk in the public procession to commemorate each year of her life  As the tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life, 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or 1241 
As her parents were apart from each other for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in Andalusia, from which he returned to the north of Spain only in February 1241, Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year  The courts of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for their literary atmosphere  Both kings also encouraged extensive education of the royal children, and it is therefore likely that Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood which is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen She was at her father's deathbed in Seville in 1252 

Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre
Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future Edward I of England was not the only marriage her family planned for her The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the Kingdom of Navarre due to sworn homage from Garcia VI of Navarre in 1134  In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir, Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X of Castile, stalled negotiations with England in hopes that she would marry Theobald II of Navarre  
The marriage afforded several advantages  First, the Pyrenees kingdom also afforded passage from Castile to Gascony  Secondly, Theobald II was not yet of age, thus the opportunity existed to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile  To avoid Castilian control, Margaret of Bourbon (mother and regent to Theobald II) in August 1253 allied with James I of Aragon instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised that Theobald would never marry Eleanor 

Marriage
In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected another ancestral claim, this time to the duchy of Gascony in the south of Aquitaine (the last possession of the Kings of England in France), which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of Eleanor of England  Henry III of England swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves  Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward (by now the titular duke), and Alfonso would transfer his Gascon claims to Edward  Henry was so anxious for the marriage to take place that he willingly abandoned elaborate preparations already made for Edward's knighting in England and agreed that Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next Feast of Assumption The young couple were married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254  Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed, as Edward's grandfather King John of England and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine  Following the marriage they spent nearly a year in Gascony, with Edward ruling as lord of Aquitaine  During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to her first child, a short-lived daughter  She journeyed to England alone in late summer of 1255  Edward followed her a few months later Henry III took pride in resolving the Gascon crisis so decisively, but his English subjects feared that the marriage would bring Eleanor's kinfolk and countrymen to live off Henry's ruinous generosity  A few of her relatives did come to England soon after her marriage  She was too young to stop them or prevent Henry III from supporting them, but she was blamed anyway and her marriage soon became unpopular 
The presence of more English, French and Norman soldiers of fortune and opportunists in the cities of Seville and Cordoba, recently conquered from the Moorish Almohads, would be increased, however, thanks to this alliance between royal houses, until the advent of the later Hundred Years War, when it would be symptomatic of extended hostilities between the French and the English for peninsular support 

Second Barons' War
There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War, between Henry III and his barons, divided the kingdom  During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from her mother's county of Ponthieu in France  It is untrue, however, that she was sent to France to escape danger during the war; she was in England throughout the struggle and held Windsor Castle and baronial prisoners for Edward  Rumours that she was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader, Simon de Montfort, to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the royalist army had been defeated at the Battle of Lewes  
Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was honourably confined at Westminster Palace  After Edward and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government and Eleanor rose to prominence at his side  Her position was greatly improved in July 1266 when, after she had borne three short-lived daughters, she gave birth to a son, John, to be followed by a second boy, Henry, in the spring of 1268, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter, Eleanor 

Crusade
By 1270, the kingdom was pacified and Edward and Eleanor left to join his uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade  Louis died at Carthage before they arrived, however, and after they spent the winter in Sicily, the couple went on to Acre in the Holy Land, where they arrived in May 1271  Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, known as "Joan of Acre" for her birthplace 
The crusade was militarily unsuccessful, but Baibars of the Bahri dynasty was worried enough by Edward's presence at Acre that an assassination attempt was made on the English heir in June 1272   He was wounded in the arm by a dagger that was thought to be poisoned  The wound soon became seriously inflamed, and a surgeon saved him by cutting away the diseased flesh, but only after Eleanor was led from his bed, "weeping and wailing"  Later storytellers embellished this incident, claiming Eleanor sucked poison from the wound, thereby saving Edward's life, but this fanciful tale has no foundation 
They left Acre in September 1272, and in Sicily that December, they learned of Henry III's death (on 16 November 1272)  Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child, Alphonso (named for Eleanor's half brother Alfonso X), was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274 

Queen consort of England
Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other  Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock  The couple were rarely apart; she accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 April 1284 at Caernarfon Castle, either in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction works, or in the partially constructed Eagle Tower 
Their household records witness incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship  Each year on Easter Monday, Edward let Eleanor's ladies trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; so important was this custom to him that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them had she been alive  Edward disliked ceremonies and in 1290 refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor thoughtfully (or resignedly) paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding 
That Edward remained single until he wedded Margaret of France in 1299 is often cited to prove he cherished Eleanor's memory  In fact, he considered a second marriage as early as 1293, but this does not mean he did not mourn Eleanor  Eloquent testimony is found in his letter to the abbot of Cluny in France (January 1291), seeking prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love"  In her memory, Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses (of which three survive, though none of them is intact) between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London  (See § Procession, burial and monuments below )
Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, however, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war  Despite personal grief, Edward faced his duty and married again  He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life, Margaret at his side on at least one occasion 

Popularity
Eleanor is warmly remembered by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time  Her reputation was primarily as a keen businesswoman  Walter of Guisborough preserves a contemporary poem:

The annalist of Dunstable Priory echoed him in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors" Her acquisition of lands was an unusual degree of economic activity for any medieval noblewoman, let alone a queen – and the level of her activity was exceptional by any standard: between 1274 and 1290 she acquired estates worth above £2500 yearly  In fact, it was Edward himself who initiated this process and his ministers helped her  He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government  One of his methods to help Eleanor acquire land was to give her the debts Christian landlords owed Jewish moneylenders  In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged for the debts  The debtors were often glad to rid themselves of the debts, and profited from the favour Eleanor showed them afterwards; she granted many of them, for life, lands worth as much as the estates they had surrendered to her, and some of them became her household knights 
There is, however, very clear evidence that Eleanor's property dealings made her widely unpopular  John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: "A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal  It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property - lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from Christians under the protection of the royal court " Given the chroniclers' passages quoted above, the accusation is indeed borne out by contemporary writers  Peckham also warned her of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants  Eleanor must have been aware of the truth of such reports since, on her deathbed, she asked Edward to name justices to examine her officials' actions and make reparations  The surviving proceedings from this inquest reveal a pattern of ruthless exactions, often (but not always) without Eleanor's knowledge  Her executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291  In her lifetime, Eleanor had righted such wrongs when she heard of them, and her deathbed request of Edward indicates that she knew, suspected, or feared, that her officials had perpetrated many more transgressions than were ever reported to her 
Two other letters from Peckham, moreover, show that some people thought she urged Edward to rule harshly and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if any one crossed her, which contravened contemporary expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed, or the condemned Thus, he warned a convent of nuns that "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, but whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor  Record evidence from the king's administrations shows that Hugh Despenser the Elder, who agreed to allow the queen to hold one of his manors for a term of years in order to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer that the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt 
Thus the evidence tends unavoidably to the conclusion that Eleanor was not greatly loved outside her own circle  It is only with a chronicle written at St Albans in 1307–08 that we find the first positive remarks, and it is hard to avoid the impression that the chronicler was writing to flatter her son, Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307  It is also likely that the impressive succession of "Eleanor Crosses" Edward constructed after her death (as discussed below) was intended to improve the late queen's image 

Limited political influence
It has traditionally been argued that Eleanor had no impact on the political history of Edward's reign, and that even in diplomatic matters her role was minor, though Edward did heed her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers  Otherwise, it has been said, she merely gave gifts, usually provided by Edward, to visiting princes or envoys  Edward always honoured his obligations to Alfonso X, but even when Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile; he sent only knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile 
However more recent research has indicated that Eleanor may have played some role in Edward's counsels, though she did not exercise power overtly except on occasions where she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony   Some of Edward's legislation, for example the Statute of Jewry and his approach to Welsh resettlement show some similarities to Castilian approaches  His military strategies, too, appear to have been influenced by the work of Vegetius, to which Eleanor directed his attention  Edward was, however, clearly prepared to resist her demands, or to stop her, if he felt she was going too far in any of her activities, and that he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm, as happened on one occasion when Robert Burnell, the Lord Chancellor, assured the Bishop of Winchester, from whom the queen was demanding a sum of money the bishop owed her, that he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop 

Cultural influence
If she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor was a highly intelligent and cultured woman and found other satisfying outlets for her energies   She was an active patroness of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her  Some of the works produced were apparently vernacular romances and saints' lives, but Eleanor's tastes ranged far more widely than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office  The number and variety of new works written for her show that her interests were broad and sophisticated  In the 1260s she commissioned the production of the Douce Apocalypse  She has also been credibly linked to the Trinity Apocalypse, although the question of whether she commissioned it, or simply owned an apocalypse which influenced its production, remains a matter of debate  On Crusade in 1272, she had De Re Militari by Vegetius translated for Edward  After she succeeded her mother as countess of Ponthieu in 1279, a romance was written for her about the life of a supposed 9th century count of Ponthieu  She commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord John de Vescy, who married a close friend and relation of hers  In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for her to explain what angels were and what they did  She almost certainly commissioned the Alphonso Psalter, now in the British Library, and is also suspected to be the commissioner of the Bird Psalter which also bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife  In January 1286 she thanked the abbot of Cerne for lending her a book—possibly a treatise on chess known to have been written at Cerne in the late thirteenth century—and her accounts reveal her in 1290 corresponding with an Oxford master about one of her books  There is also evidence suggesting that she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X 
Relevant evidence suggests that Eleanor was not fluent in English, but was accustomed to read, and so presumably to think and speak, in French, her mother's tongue, with which she would have been familiar from childhood despite spending her early years in Spain  In this she was luckier than many medieval European queens, who often arrived in their husband's realms to face the need to learn a new language; but the English court was still functionally bilingual, in large measure through the long succession of its queens, who were mostly from French-speaking lands  In 1275, on a visit to St Albans abbey in Hertfordshire, the people of the town begged her help in withstanding the abbot's exactions from them, but one of her courtiers had to act as translator before she could respond to the plea for assistance  All the literary works noted above are in French, as are the bulk of her surviving letters, and since Peckham wrote his letters and his angelic treatise for her in French, she was presumably well known to prefer that language 
In the domestic sphere she popularised the use of tapestries and carpets – the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London, but by the time of her death was plainly much in vogue amongst richer magnates, with certain of her hangings having to be reclaimed from Anthony Bek, the bishop of Durham   She also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and even forks (though it remains uncertain whether the latter were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters)  She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates  Extensive spending on gardens is evidenced at her properties and in most places she stayed, including the use of water features – a common Castilian garden design feature, which was owed to Islamic and Roman influences in Spain   The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during her ownership of the castle 

The queen was a devoted patron of the Dominican Order friars, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge  Not surprisingly, then, Eleanor's piety was of an intellectual stamp; apart from her religious foundations she was not given to direct good works, and she left it to her chaplains to distribute alms for her  Her level of charitable giving was, however, considerable 
She patronised many relatives, though given foreigners' unpopularity in England and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, she was cautious as queen to choose which cousins to support  Rather than marry her male cousins to English heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, she arranged marriages for her female cousins to English barons  Edward strongly supported her in these endeavours, which provided him and his family (and Eleanor herself, in her potential widowhood) with an expanded network of potential supporters  In a few cases, her marriage projects for her lady cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms  The marriage of her kinswoman Marguerite de Guines to the earl of Ulster, one of the more influential English noblemen in Ireland, not only gave Edward a new family connection in that island but also with Scotland, since Marguerite's cousin Marie de Coucy was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law Alexander III  The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her Châtellerault cousins with a member of the Lusignan family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, not only strengthening the king's ties with that family but also creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, on Gascony's northern flank 

Death
Eleanor was presumably a healthy woman for most of her life; that she survived at least sixteen pregnancies suggests that she was not frail   Shortly after the birth of her last child, however, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own begin to record frequent payments for medicines to the queen's use   The nature of the medicines is not specified, so it is impossible to know what ailments were troubling her until, later in 1287 while she was in Gascony with Edward, a letter to England from a member of the royal entourage states that the queen had a double quartan fever  This fever pattern suggests that she was suffering from a strain of malaria  The disease is not fatal of itself, but leaves its victims weak and vulnerable to opportunistic infections   Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury which may cause death from internal bleeding  There is also a possibility that she had inherited the Castilian royal family's theorised tendency to cardiac problems 
From the time of the return from Gascony there are signs that Eleanor was aware that her death was not far off   Arrangements were made for the marriage of two of her daughters, Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young Edward of Caernarfon to Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on  In summer 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties was commenced, but proceeded at a much slower pace than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in Clipstone, rather than in London  Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings that travel might endanger their health   Following the conclusion of the parliament Eleanor and Edward set out the short distance from Clipstone to Lincoln  By this stage Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles a day 
Her final stop was at the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 7 miles (11 km) from Lincoln  The journey was abandoned, and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church   After piously receiving the Church's last rites, she died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage  Edward was at her bedside to hear her final requests   For three days afterward, the machinery of government came to a halt and no writs were sealed 

Procession, burial and monuments
Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties and accompanied for most of the way by Edward, and a substantial cortege of mourners  Edward gave orders that memorial crosses be erected at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster  Based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, these artistically significant monuments enhanced the image of Edward's kingship as well as witnessing his grief  The "Eleanor crosses" stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone near Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing – only three survive, none in its entirety  The best preserved is that at Geddington  All three have lost the crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain  The top (cross) part of the Hardingstone monument is believed to reside in the Northampton Guildhall Museum  The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of the queen are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London 
The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the railway station of that name, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station  The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall, on the south side of Trafalgar Square, but was destroyed in 1647 and later replaced by a statue of Charles I 
In the thirteenth century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual  Eleanor however was afforded the more unusual "triple" burial – separate burial of viscera, heart and body  Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb  The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and has been replaced with a 19th-century copy  On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century; probably they were not originally intended to depict the couple The queen's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars in London, along with that of her son Alphonso  The accounts of her executors show that the monument constructed there to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, including wall paintings as well as an angelic statue in metal that apparently stood under a carved stone canopy  It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries 

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290  Her body was placed in a grave near the high altar that had originally contained the coffin of Edward the Confessor and, more recently, that of King Henry III until his remains were removed to his new tomb in 1290  Eleanor's body remained in this grave until the completion of her own tomb   She had probably ordered that tomb before her death  It consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields (originally painted) of the arms of England, Castile, and Ponthieu  The chest is surmounted by William Torel's superb gilt-bronze effigy, showing Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal 
When Edward remarried a decade after her death, he and his second wife Margaret of France, named their only daughter Eleanor in honour of her 

Legacy
Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife, and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives   The estates Eleanor assembled became the nucleus for dower assignments made to later queens of England into the 15th century, and her involvement in this process solidly established a queen-consort's freedom to engage in such transactions  Few later queens exerted themselves in economic activity to the extent Eleanor did, but their ability to do so rested on the precedents settled in her lifetime 

Historical reputation
Despite her ambiguous reputation in her own day, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor a positive, if slightly obscure standing over the next two centuries  As late as 1586, the antiquarian William Camden first published in England the tale that Eleanor saved Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound  Camden then went on to ascribe construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of an heroic wife who had selflessly risked her own life to save his  A year later in 1587, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland described Eleanor as "the jewel [Edward I] most esteemed     a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay "But a counter-narrative, driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation onwards, may already have begun to emerge  The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from as early as the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen Mary Tudor and her husband the Spanish Philip II of Spain  It depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have/Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses not only to murder of the Mayoress but also to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First  The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward  If so, it sank with little trace  The surviving revised version, as printed in 1593, depicts a haughty Eleanor as "a villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke"  The misdeeds attributed to her in The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor are repeated and expanded upon: Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears; and she now confesses to adultery with her own brother-in-law Edmund Crouchback and to conceiving all her children, bar Edward I's heir Edward II, in adultery – which revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame  This is a portrait of Eleanor that owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain, and English fears of a repeat attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemic of the period 

It would appear likely Peele's play, and the ballad associated with it, had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century  Performances of the play and reprints of The Lamentable Fall (it was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity) meant that by the time of the Civil War this entirely hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed  The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have been lost in the years 1643–1646: for example Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the Charing Cross torn down in 1643  Eleanor's reputation however began to change for the positive once again at this time, following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's A History of the Kings of England, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre  Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and derived ultimately from Camden, who was uncritically repeated wholesale by historians  In the 19th century the self-styled historian Agnes Strickland used Camden to paint the rosiest of all pictures of Eleanor  None of these writers, however, used contemporary chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but even when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland praised, many rejected the correction, often expressing indignant disbelief that anything negative was said about Eleanor   Only in recent decades have historians studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention  These decades produced a sizeable body of historical work that allows Eleanor's life to be scrutinised in the terms of her own day, not those of the 17th or 19th century 
The evolution of her reputation is a case study in the maxim that each age creates its own history  If Eleanor of Castile can no longer be seen as Peele's transgressive monstrosity, nor as Strickland's paradigm of queenly virtues, her career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of an exceptionally demanding life 

Issue
Stillborn girl (July 1255)
Katherine (c  1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey 
John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall  Buried in Westminster Abbey 
Henry (before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Eleanor (18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298)  She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar, by whom she had one son and two daughters 
Daughter (1271 Palestine)  Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Joan (April 1272 – 7 April 1307)  She married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer  She had four children by each marriage 
Alphonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester 
Margaret (15 March 1275 – after 1333)  In 1290 she married John II of Brabant, who died in 1318  They had one son 
Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey  There is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Mary (11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury 
Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth  There is no contemporary evidence for his name 
Elizabeth (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316)  She married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex  The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children 
Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327)  In 1308 he married Isabella of France  They had two sons and two daughters 

Eleanor as a mother
It has been suggested that Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children  As king and queen, however, it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place, and when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigors of constant travel with their parents  The children had a household staffed with attendants carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, with whom the parents corresponded regularly  The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old; then they began to accompany their parents, if at first only on important occasions  By their teens they were with the king and queen much of the time  In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, presumably to help with their education  She also sent gifts to the children regularly, and arranged for the entire establishment to be moved near to her when she was in Wales  In 1306 Edward sharply scolded Margerie de Haustede, Eleanor's former lady in waiting who was then in charge of his children by his second wife, because Margerie had not kept him well informed of their health  Edward also issued regular and detailed instructions for the care and guidance of these children 
Two incidents cited to imply Eleanor's lack of interest in her children are easily explained in the contexts of medieval royal childrearing in general, and of particular events surrounding Edward and Eleanor's family  When their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at Guildford in 1274, neither parent made the short journey from London to see him; but Henry was tended by Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence  The boy had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and since he was barely two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had many substantial memories of them at the time they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his last illness and death  In other words, the dowager queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been at that time, and it was in all respects better that she tended him then  Furthermore, Eleanor was pregnant at the time of his final illness and death; even given the limited thirteenth-century understanding of contagion, exposure to a sickroom might have been discouraged  Similarly, Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother, Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, to raise their daughter Joan of Acre in Ponthieu (1274–1278)  This implies no parental lack of interest in the girl; the practice of fostering noble children in other households of sufficient dignity was not unknown and Eleanor's mother was, of course, dowager queen of Castile  Her household was safe and dignified, but it does appear that Edward and Eleanor had cause to regret their generosity in letting Joan of Ponthieu foster young Joan  When the girl reached England in 1278, aged six, it turned out that she was badly spoiled  She was spirited and at times defiant in childhood, and in adulthood remained a handful for Edward, defying his plans for a prestigious second marriage for her by secretly marrying one of her late first husband's squires  When the marriage was revealed in 1297 because Joan was pregnant, Edward was enraged that his dignity had been insulted by her marriage to a commoner of no importance  Joan, at twenty-five, reportedly defended her conduct to her father by saying that nobody saw anything wrong if a great earl married a poor woman, so there could be nothing wrong with a countess marrying a promising young man  Whether or not her retort ultimately changed his mind, Edward restored to Joan all the lands he had confiscated when he learned of her marriage, and accepted her new husband as a son-in-law in good standing  Joan marked her restoration to favour by having masses celebrated for the soul of her mother Eleanor 

See also
Infante
Passage 8:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 9:
Mary of Woodstock
Mary of Woodstock (11 March 1278 – before 8 July 1332) was the seventh named daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile  She was a nun at Amesbury Priory, but lived very comfortably thanks to a generous allowance from her parents  Despite a papal travel prohibition in 1303, she travelled widely around the country 

Early life
Mary's grandmother, Eleanor of Provence, had decided to retire to Amesbury Priory in Wiltshire, a daughter house of Fontevrault   She lobbied for Mary and another granddaughter, Eleanor of Brittany, to become Benedictine nuns at the priory  Despite resistance from Eleanor of Castile, Mary was dedicated at Amesbury in 1285, at the age of seven, alongside thirteen daughters of nobles  She was not formally veiled as a nun until December 1291, when she had reached the age of twelve   Eleanor of Brittany had been veiled in March, while Eleanor of Provence did not arrive until June 1286 Mary's parents granted her £100 per year for life (approximately £104,000 in 2023); she also received double the usual allowance for clothing and a special entitlement to wine from the stores, and lived in comfort in private quarters  Her father visited her and Eleanor at the priory repeatedly: twice in 1286 and in 1289, and again in 1290 and 1291   Eleanor of Provence died in 1291, and it was expected that Mary would move to Fontevrault  Certainly the prioress of Fontevrault wrote frequently to Edward I asking that his daughter be allowed to live there  Probably to prevent his daughter falling into French hands in the event of war with England, Edward refused, and Mary remained at Amesbury, while her allowance was doubled to £200 per year   In 1292, she was also given the right to forty oaks per year from royal forests and twenty tuns of wine per year from Southampton 

Representative of the order
Despite being a resident at the priory, Mary began to travel the country   She visited her brother Edward in 1293, and regularly attended court, spending five weeks there in 1297, in the run-up to her sister Elizabeth's departure to Holland  By the end of the century, she held the post of vicegerent and visitatrix for the abbess, with the right to authorise the transfer of nuns between convents  In 1302, her £200 per year was replaced by the rights to several manors and the borough of Wilton, all held on condition that she remain in England  However, she ran up considerable dice gambling debts while visiting her father's court, and in 1305 was given £200 to pay them off  She was also given Grovebury Priory in Bedfordshire to manage, holding this until her death Mary was unsuccessful in obtaining high office in the order, whereas Eleanor of Brittany became abbess at Fontevrault in 1304  The papal bull Periculoso was read at Amesbury in 1303, requiring nuns to remain within their religious establishments, but Mary's travels do not appear to have been affected  She went on numerous pilgrimages, including one to Canterbury, and continued to visit court, with a retinue of up to twenty-four horses, sometimes with fellow nuns  Soon after 1313, her role as visitor was removed  In 1317, Mary's brother Edward, by now King Edward II, asked Eleanor to restore her to the post, but his request was refused  But Mary persevered and obtained a papal mandate requiring her reinstatement, which Eleanor appears to have obeyed 

Later life
Despite her apparent conflict with Eleanor, Mary continued to live comfortably  In 1316, she was able to borrow more than £2 from abbey funds (approximately £1,100 in 2023), and sent a clerk to London on personal errands, at the priory's expense It was effectively as a princess, not a nun, that Mary received the homage of the English Dominican friar Nicholas Trevet, a prolific and versatile university scholar and author, who in 1328–1334 dedicated to her his Cronicles, which she may even have commissioned him to write  Intended as an amusing history of the world, it later became an important source for several popular works of the period  In part it is an account of Mary's own Plantagenet clan, and she herself is given a flattering mention there:

 the fourth daughter was dame Mary of whom it ys before sayde that she wedded herself unto the hygh king heaven  And in so moche as hit ys trewly sayde of her and notably this worthy text of holy scripture: optimam partem elegit ipsi Maria,  que non auferetur ab ea  The whych ys as moche to say "As Maria hathe chosyn the best party to her, the whych shall not be done away from her"  
Trevet here quotes from Jesus' words in the Gospel of Luke (10:42), where Jesus good-humouredly defends Mary to her sister Martha  It is a somewhat daring use of the Gospel text, which was traditionally often applied the Virgin Mary Likewise because of Mary's status, several nobles who wished their daughters to take vows placed them into her custody Mary died before 8 July 1332, and was buried in Amesbury Priory  After her death, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, attempting to divorce Mary's niece Joan, claimed to have had an affair with Mary before he married Joan  If John's claim was valid, his marriage to Mary's niece would have been rendered null and void, but despite papal mandates for inquests to be made into the matter, the truth was never established 

Ancestors
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Vadim Vlasov
Vadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod 
He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov 
Passage 2:
Roman Smishko
Roman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper 
He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko 

Career
He played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes 
Passage 3:
Markus Weissenberger
Markus Weissenberger  (born 8 March 1975) is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder 
He is a younger brother of former Austria international player Thomas Weissenberger 

Club career
Weissenberger played for Eintracht Frankfurt, TSV 1860 Munich, Arminia Bielefeld, LASK 
In the Eintracht squad he was, in the attacking midfield, often only a backup for Alexander Meier and predominantly gets few short time appearances 
He returned to LASK in summer 2008 on a free transfer 

International career
Weissenberger made his debut for the Austria national team in an August 1999 friendly match against Sweden, coming on as a substitute for Mario Haas  He missed out on Euro 2008, after coming back late from a knee injury 
He earned 29 caps, scoring one goal, until August 2008 

International goal
Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first 

Career statistics
International
Honours
Eintracht Frankfurt

DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2005–06
Passage 4:
Altuğ Çelikbilek
Altuğ Çelikbilek (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈaɫtuː ˈtʃelicbilec]; born 7 September 1996) is a Turkish professional tennis player 
Çelikbilek has a career high ATP singles ranking of World No  154 achieved on 21 February 2022  He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No  224, achieved on 25 July 2022  Çelikbilek has won 2 ATP Challengers and 5 ITF singles titles and 11 ITF doubles titles  He is currently the No  1 Turkish player 

Professional career
He made his Grand Slam debut at the 2021 French Open as a qualifier 
Çelikbilek has represented Turkey at Davis Cup, where he has a win–loss record of 5–7 

ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 11 (8–3)
Doubles: 27 (12–15)
Passage 5:
Alan Chipp
Alan Chipp (born 9 January 1937) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL)  He is a younger brother of politician Don Chipp 

Notes
External links
Alan Chipp's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Alan Chipp at AustralianFootball com
Passage 6:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020
Passage 7:
Anton Shunto
Anton Shunto (Belarusian: Антон Шунто; Russian: Антон Шунто; born 31 May 1988) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Zhodino-Yuzhnoye He is a younger brother of Denis Shunto, who is a founder and former president of Krumkachy Minsk 

Career
Shunto started his career with FC Krumkachy Minsk 
Passage 8:
Guy Arvely Dolsin
Guy Arvely Dolsin (born January 15, 1957 in Toamasina) is a Malagasy politician   He is a member of the Senate of Madagascar for Boeny, and is a member of the Tiako I Madagasikara party 
Passage 9:
Zoran Švonja
Zoran Švonja (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Швоња; born 4 October 1996) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder for  Mladost Novi Sad  He is the younger brother of footballer Goran Švonja 

Club career
From 2016 to 2018, he played for OFK Bačka 
Passage 10:
Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev 

Honours
Zhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001
Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001



ground_truth: Harby

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is younger, Guy Arvely Dolsin or Altuğ Çelikbilek?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Drew Esocoff
Drew Esocoff (born c  1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football 

Early life
Esocoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University  While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his students was Todd Bowles 

Career
Esocoff has worked for ESPN and ABC, serving as director for Monday Night Football, SportsCenter, and the NBA Finals, as well as five Super Bowls  Since 2006, he has served as director for NBC Sunday Night Football 
As of 2015, Esocoff has won 11 Emmy Awards 
Passage 2:
G  Marthandan
G  Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema  His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus

Early life
G  Marthandan was born to M  S  Gopalan Nair and P  Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala  He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery 

Career
After completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995  His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998  He worked as an associate director for 18 years He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role  His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles  Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes 

Filmography
As director
As associate director
As actor
TV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episode

Awards
Ramu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)
JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)
Passage 3:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 4:
Mayor Muthanna
Mayor Muthanna is a 1969 Indian Kannada-language film directed by Siddalingaiah  The film stars Rajkumar and Bharathi  The film was Siddalingaiah's debut as a director and actor Dwarkish's first independent production venture who had earlier co- produced the 1966 movie Mamatheya Bandhana with 2 other people under Thunga Pictures  The sub-plot of the film regarding the salvaging of the sub-standard grain was inspired by the 1886 novel The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy  The movie was remade in Telugu in 1974 as Chairman Chalamayya starring Chalam 

Cast
Soundtrack
The music of the film was composed by the duo Rajan–Nagendra, with lyrics penned by Chi  Udaya Shankar 
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
The Market of Souls
The Market of Souls is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by Joe De Grasse and written by John Lynch and C  Gardner Sullivan  The film stars Dorothy Dalton, Holmes Herbert, Philo McCullough, Dorcas Mathews, Donald McDonald, and George Williams  The film was released on September 7, 1919, by Paramount Pictures 

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Helen Armes (Dalton), a nurse, comes to New York City from Albany to visit her married brother  She arrives on New Year's Eve and is immediately added to a cabaret party being made up to include her brother's wife and Lyle Bane (McCullough), a wealthy bachelor  At the cabaret she meets his brother Temple Bane (Herbert), a woman-hater who begins to believe in her  When she wearies of the performance, Lyle takes her home, lures her into his apartment, and attempts familiarities  She escapes but is judged guilty by her sister-in-law, so she leaves at once and goes to the nurse headquarters  Temple arrives and, after being told a lie about Helen's character and the incident, fights with his brother and receives a blow that blinds him  Helen is assigned to his case and she nurses him back to his sight  Being ignorant of her identity, Temple asks Helen for her hand in marriage  When he regains his sight, he then denounces her  She is about to leave when Lyle Bane, who has been reported killed in France while in the American Expeditionary Forces, appears in a supernatural form and tells the truth about the incident in the apartment  Temple and Helen reconcile, and Lyle disappears, with it concluded that he did not return in the flesh but only as a spirit 

Cast
Dorothy Dalton as Helen Armes
Holmes Herbert as Temple Bane
Philo McCullough as Lyle Bane
Dorcas Mathews as Evelyn Howell
Donald McDonald as Herbert Howell
George Williams as Dr  Rodney Nevins

Preservation
A print of the film is held in the Gosfilmofond collection in Moscow 
Passage 7:
S  Siddalingaiah
Siddalingaiah (15 December 1936 – 12 March 2015) was an Indian film director, scriptwriter and producer who worked mainly in the Kannada films  He was well known for his distinct film-making style, and the industry knew him as a master of social themes and rural subject matter  He was one of the most commercially successful directors in the Kannada industry  He began his film career in 1964 as a director with Mayor Muthanna (1969)  In a career that spanned 30 years, he directed over 20 films His most well-known films usually starred matinee idol Rajkumar  They have collaborated 7 times  His most popular works include Bangaarada Manushya, Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu, Nyayave Devaru, Biligiriya Banadalli, Doorada Betta and Bhoolokadalli Yamaraja  In 1993, he was awarded the Puttanna Kanagal Award for his contribution to the Kannada film industry as a director 

Family and early life
Siddalingaiah joined the film industry as both a floor and a spot boy for Navajyothi studios  He became an assistant for director Shanker Singh and later worked as junior actor and assistant as the protégé of B  Vittalacharya 
Siddalingaiah's son Murali was an actor in Tamil films  Murali died on the morning of 8 September 2010 in Chennai due to a massive heart attack  His grandson Atharvaa started his acting career in Baana Kaathadi in 2010 

Career
Siddalingaiah directed Mayor Muthanna in 1969 starring Rajkumar, Bharathi and Dwarakish in his film debut  He cast the same lead pair in Baalu Belagithu, Namma Samsara, Thayi Devaru and Bangaarada Manushya 
After Bangaarda Manushya, he worked with other actors including Vishnuvardhan, Ananth Nag, Lokesh and Srinivasa Murthy  He introduced his son Murali in the 1983 romantic drama Prema Parva  He also directed a Tamil film Puthir in 1986 with Murali as the lead actor  His last film, Prema Prema Prema, was released in 1999 after which he retired from directing 

Death
Siddalingaiah died on 14 March 2015 in Bangalore where he had been hospitalized for treatment of H1N1 influenza 

Filmography
Passage 8:
Joseph De Grasse
Joseph Louis De Grasse (May 4, 1873 – May 25, 1940) was a Canadian film director  Born in Bathurst, New Brunswick, he was the elder brother of actor Sam De Grasse 

Biography
Joseph De Grasse had studied and was a first-class graduate of accounting and he began his career as a journalist, but soon became enamored with the theater and took work as a stage actor  In 1903, he quit his full-time job as the City of Boston's bookkeeper to pursue acting  In 1910, he acted in his first motion picture and although he would appear as an actor in 13 films, and write 2 screenplays, his real interest was in directing 
While working in Hollywood for Universal Pictures, De Grasse met and married one of the few female directors working at the time, Ida May Park (1879–1954)  In 1915, he became a founding member of the Motion Picture Directors Association, a forerunner to today's Directors Guild of America 
During his career he directed a total of 86 films  In 1924, actor Lon Chaney said of the De Grasses:

Joe and Sam De Grasses are two of the most talented personalities in today's film industry  Joe, a very skilled actor, is also the consummate director, firm in his demands yet gentle in his way of dealing with many different temperaments to be found in the movie industry  Sam is the only actor I know who can horrify an audience without make-up and without grotesque posturing and playing to the camera  He is the only actor I know who pulls teeth on the set in between takes  A rare pair, they have given the industry not one but two dimensions 
Joseph De Grasse died in Eagle Rock, California; he collapsed on a street while walking, and was taken to hospital where he was pronounced dead  The cause of his death was a heart attack 

Filmography
Director
Actor
The Place Beyond the Winds (1916) - Anton Farwell
Triumph (1917) - Man at Theatre (uncredited)
After the War (1918)
So Big (1924) - Simeon Peake
The Cowboy Kid (1928) - John Grover
The Drunkard (1935) - Mr  Miller
The Dawn Rider (1935) - Dad Mason
The Adventures of Frank Merriwell (1936, Serial) - Dr  Cummings (uncredited) (final film role)

Preservation
The three surviving reels of De Grasse's film Triumph were restored by the Academy Film Archive in 2012 

See also
Other Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood
Passage 9:
The Market of Vain Desire
The Market of Vain Desire a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Reginald Barker  It stars Henry B  Warner and Clara Williams Prints of the film still exist and are preserved at the Library of Congress and with a private collector  The Market of Desire is now in the public domain 

Cast
Henry B  Warner as John Armstrong
Clara Williams as Helen Badgley
Charles Miller as Count Bernard d'Montaigne
Gertrude Claire as Mrs  Bladglley
Leona Hutton as Belle
Passage 10:
The Ship of Souls (film)
The Ship of Souls or Ship of Souls is a 1925 American silent 3-D Western drama film, directed by Charles Miller  It was based on the Western novel The Ship of Souls by Emerson Hough, which was published after his death  It was produced by Max O  Miller, who created the 3-D process used in the film 

Plot
Langley Barnes (Bert Lytell) goes to the North Country after being abandoned by his wife  There he falls in love with Christine Garth (Lillian Rich), and even though he is not legally divorced, marries Christine  Captain Churchill (Cyril Chadwick) is posted to the area to build a radio transmitter, and after returning to the United States, marries Langley's wife, who has now obtained a divorce  After Churchill alerts Barnes with a radio transmission, Langley remarries Christine in a legal ceremony 

Cast
Preservation
With no prints of The Ship of Souls located in any film archives, it is a lost film 



ground_truth: Altuğ Çelikbilek

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Mayor Muthanna or The Market Of Souls?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Early career
Burroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire 
His first dramatic role was that of the character "Branic" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur  He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave 

Film career
Burroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis  He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2) 

Personal life
His daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis  He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress  His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Helmichis
Helmichis (fl  572) was a Lombard noble who killed his king, Alboin, in 572 and unsuccessfully attempted to usurp his throne  Alboin's queen, Rosamund, supported or at least did not oppose Helmichis' plan to remove the king, and after the assassination Helmichis married her  The assassination was assisted by Peredeo, the king's chamber-guard, who in some sources becomes the material executer of the murder  Helmichis is first mentioned by the contemporary chronicler Marius of Avenches, but the most detailed account of his endeavours derives from Paul the Deacon's  late 8th-century Historia Langobardorum 
The background to the assassination begins when Alboin killed the king of the Gepids in 567 and captured the king's daughter Rosamund  Alboin then led his people into Italy, and by 572 had settled himself in Verona, which made him vulnerable to the ambitions of other prominent Lombards, such as Helmichis, who was Alboin's foster-brother and arms-bearer   After Alboin's death, Helmichis attempted to gain the throne  He married Rosamund to legitimize his position as new king, but immediately faced stiff opposition from his fellow Lombards who suspected Helmichis of conniving with the Byzantines; this hostility eventually focused around the duke of Ticinum Cleph, supporter of an aggressive policy towards the Empire 
Rather than going to war, Helmichis, Rosamund and their followers escaped to Ravenna, the capital of Byzantine Italy, where they were received with full honours by the authorities  Once in Ravenna, Rosamund was persuaded by the Byzantine prefect Longinus to kill Helmichis in order to be free to marry him  Rosamund proceeded to poison Helmichis, but the latter, having understood what his wife had done to him, forced her to drink the cup too, so both of them died  After their deaths, Longinus dispatched Helmichis' forces to Constantinople, while the remaining Lombards had already found a new king in Cleph 

Background
The oldest author to write about Helmichis is the contemporary chronicler Marius of Avenches  In his account he mentions that "Alboin was killed by his followers, that is Hilmaegis with the rest, his wife agreeing to it"  Marius continues by adding that, after killing the king, Helmichis married his widow and tried unsuccessfully to gain the throne  His attempt failed and he was forced to escape together with his wife, the royal treasure and the troops that had sided with him in the coup  This account has strong similarities with what is told in the Origo  The Origo would in its turn become a direct source for the Historia Langobardorum The background to the assassination begins when Alboin, king of the Lombards, a Germanic people living in Pannonia (in the region of modern Hungary), went to war against the neighbouring Gepids in 567  In a decisive battle, Alboin killed the Gepid king Cunimund and captured the king's daughter Rosamund – later marrying her to guarantee the loyalty of the surviving Gepids  The following year, the Lombards migrated to Italy, a territory then held by the Byzantine Empire  In 569 Alboin took Mediolanum (Milan), the capital of northern Italy, and by 570 he had assumed control of most of northern Italy  The Byzantine forces entrenched themselves in the strategic town of Ticinum (Pavia), which they took only after a long siege  Even before taking Ticinum, the Lombards crossed the Apennines and invaded Tuscia  After the fall of Ticinum, Alboin chose Verona as his first permanent headquarters  In this town Alboin was assassinated in 572 and it is in these circumstances that Helmichis' name is first heard of  Most of the available details are in the Historia Langobardorum 

Assassination
By settling himself in Verona and temporarily interrupting his chain of conquests, Alboin had weakened his popular standing as a charismatic warrior king  The first to take advantage of this was Rosamund, who could count on the support of the Gepid warriors in the town in her search for an opportunity to avenge the death of her father  To obtain this goal she persuaded Helmichis, spatharius (arms bearer) and foster brother of the king, and also head of a personal armed retinue in Verona, to take part in a plot to eliminate Alboin and replace him on the throne  Helmichis persuaded Rosamund to involve Peredeo, described by Paul simply as "a very strong man", who was seduced through a trick by the Queen and forced to consent to become the actual assassin This story is partly in conflict with what is told by the Origo, which has Peredeo acting as an instigator and not as the murderer  In a similar vein to the Origo is the account of Peredeo contained in the Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani, where it is added that Peredeo was Alboin's "chamber-guard", hinting that in the original version of the story Peredeo's role may just have been to let in the real assassin, who is Helmichis in Agnellus' account, as it had been in that of Marius  However, the primary intent of the Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani may have been to obtain a more straightforward and coherent narrative by reducing the number of actors in the story, beginning with Peredeo  The disappearance of Peredeo, however, means that the role of Helmichis changes: while Paul presents him as "the efficient conspirator and killer", with Agnellus he is a victim of a ruthless and domineering queen According to historian Paolo Delogu it may be that Agnellus' narrative better reflects Lombard oral tradition than Paul's  In his interpretation, Paul's narrative represents a late distortion of the Germanic myths and rituals contained in the oral tradition  In a telling consistent with Germanic tradition, it would be Helmichis who was seduced by the queen, and by sleeping with him Rosamund would pass Alboin's royal charisma magically to the king's prospective murderer  A symbol of this passage of powers is found in Paul's account of the assassin's entry: Alboin's inability to draw his sword represents here his loss of power After the king's death on June 28, 572, Helmichis married Rosamund and claimed the Lombard throne in Verona  The marriage was important for Helmichis: it legitimized his rule because, judging from Lombard history, royal prerogatives could be inherited by marrying the king's widow; and the marriage was a guarantee for Helmichis of the loyalty of the Gepids in the army, who sided with the queen since she was Cunimund's daughter 

Failure
Behind the coup were almost certainly the Byzantines, who had every interest in removing a dangerous enemy and replacing him with somebody, if not from a pro-Byzantine faction, at least less actively aggressive  Gian Piero Bognetti advances a few hypotheses about Helmichis' motivation for his coup: his reason could have involved a family link to the Lethings, the Lombard royal dynasty that had been dispossessed by Alboin's father Audoin; or he may have been related through Amalafrid to the Amali, the leading dynasty of the Goths  Helmichis easily obtained the support of the Lombards in Verona, and he probably hoped to sway all the warriors and Lombard dukes to his side by having Alboin's only child, Albsuinda, under his control  He may also have hoped for Byzantine help in buying the dukes' loyalty economically Helmichis' coup ultimately failed because it met strong opposition from the many Lombards who wanted to continue the war against the Byzantines and to confront the regicides  Faced with the prospect of going to war at overwhelming odds, Helmichis asked for help from the Byzantines  The praetorian prefect Longinus enabled him to avoid a land route possibly held by hostile forces, by shipping him instead down the Po to Byzantine-held Ravenna, together with his wife, his Lombard and Gepid troops, the royal treasure and Albsuinda  Bognetti believes that Longinus may have planned to make the Lombards weaker by depriving them of any legitimate heir  In addition, because of the ongoing war, it was hard to assemble all the warriors to elect a new king formally  This plan was brought to nothing by the troops stationed in Ticinum, who elected their duke Cleph king, having it in mind to continue Alboin's aggressive policy  In contrast, Wolfram argues that Cleph was elected in Ticinum while Helmichis was still making his bid for the crown in Verona 

Death
Once in Ravenna, Helmichis and Rosamund rapidly became estranged  According to Paul, Longinus persuaded Rosamund to get rid of her husband so that he could marry her  To accomplish this, she made him drink a cup full of poison; before dying, however, Helmichis understood what his wife had done and forced her to drink the cup too, so they both died  According to Wolfram, there may be some historical truth in the account of Longinus' proposal to Rosamund, as it was possible to achieve Lombard kingship by marrying the queen, but the story of the two lovers' end is not historical but legendary  The mutual murder as told by Agnellus is given a different interpretation by Joaquin Martinez Pizarro: he sees Helmichis' last action as a symbol of how the natural hierarchy of sexes is at last restored, after the queen's actions had unnaturally modified the proper equilibrium At this point, Longinus sent the royal treasure and Albsuinda to Constantinople, the Empire's capital, together with Helmichis' forces, which were to become Byzantine mercenaries  This was a common Byzantine strategy, already applied previously to the Ostrogoths, by which large national contingents were relocated to be used in other theatres  These are believed to be the same 60,000 Lombards that are attested by John of Ephesus as being active in Syria in 575 against the Persians  As for Albsuinda, the Byzantine diplomacy probably aimed to use her as a political tool to impose a pro-Byzantine king on the Lombards  According to Agnellus, once Longinus' actions came to the attention of emperor Justin II they were greatly praised, and the emperor gave lavish gifts to his official Cleph kept his throne for only 18 months before being assassinated by a slave  An important success for the Byzantines was that no king was proclaimed to succeed him, opening a decade of interregnum and making the Lombards who remained in Italy more vulnerable to attacks from Franks and Byzantines  It was only when faced with the danger of annihilation by the Franks in 584 that the Lombard dukes elected a new king in the person of Authari, son of Cleph, who began the definitive consolidation and centralization of the Lombard kingdom 

Early Middle Ages sources
Among the surviving Early Middle Ages sources, there are six that mention Helmichis by name  Of these, the only contemporary one is the Chronica of Marius of Avenches, written in the 580s  Marius was bishop of Aventicum, a town located in the western Alps in the Frankish Kingdom of Burgundy  Because of the small distance from Aventicum to the Italian peninsula, the chronicler had easy access to information regarding northern Italy  For this reason, historian Roger Collins considers the Chronica, though short, to be reliable on Italian matters  The remaining sources all come from Italy and were written in later centuries  Two of them were written in the 7th century, the Continuatio Havniensis Prosperi and the Origo Gentis Langobardorum, both anonymous  The Continuatio is a chronicle written around 625 that has reached us in a single manuscript  As its name suggests, it is a continuation of the 5th century chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine  Derived in considerable measure from the Chronica Majora of Isidore of Seville, it blames the Romans for their inability to defend Italy from foreign invaders, and praises the Lombards for defending the country from the Franks  This is the earliest surviving work to name Rosamund, the queen of the Lombards who plays a central role in Helmichis' attested biography  The other 7th century work, the Origo, is a brief prose history of the Lombards that is essentially an annotated king list, although it begins with a description of the founding myth of the Lombard nation  Giorgio Ausenda believes that the Origo was written around 643 as a prologue to the Edictum Rothari, and continued to be updated till 671  According to Walter Pohl, the author's motives are mostly political: the Origo serves to consolidate the Lombards' national identity by emphasising a shared history  Apart from the origin myth, the only more detailed account is the one concerning the death of Alboin, and thus Helmichis For the events surrounding 572, the most exhaustive source available is Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum, a history of the Lombard nation up to 744  The book was finished in the last two decades of the 8th century, after the Lombard Kingdom had been conquered by the Franks in 774  Because of the apparent presence in the work of many fragments preserved from Lombard oral tradition, Paul's work has been often interpreted as a tribute to a vanishing culture  Among these otherwise lost traditions stands the tale of Alboin's death  According to Herwig Wolfram, what Paul deals with is an example of how nationally vital events were personalized to make them easier to preserve in the collective memory  Even later than the Historia Langobardorum, but possibly using earlier lost sources, are the last two primary sources to speak about Helmichis: the anonymous Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani and the Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis written by Andreas Agnellus  The first is a brief Christianizing version of the Origo that was made in the first decade of the 9th century from a Carolingian point of view  The second was written in the 830s by a priest from Ravenna and is a history of the bishops who held the see of Ravenna through the ages  Agnellus' passage on Alboin and Rosamund is mostly derived from Paul and little else 

Notes
Passage 8:
John Adams (merchant)
John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c  1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council  He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton 

Biography
Adams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams  Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710  Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life  There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor  Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did  He also held several other public positions in the province  Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727 Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730  After this, he was less active in community activities and trade  Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed  He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724  In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died  With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government  (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position ) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president  This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life  He died some time after 1745 

Notes
Passage 9:
Ogawa Mataji
Viscount Ogawa Mataji (小川又次, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army  He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama 

Life and military career
Ogawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka  He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period 
After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874  He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874  Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876  From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month 
In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison  He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880  In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison  In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison  Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment  In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office  German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army  Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin") from General Kawakami Soroku 

First Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade  At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army  In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron)  He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division  In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class 

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata   The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang  At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo  In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905  He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906   In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November 
Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery  His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura 

Decorations
1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  
1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 
1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 
1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class
Passage 10:
Barthold A  Butenschøn Sr 
Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson 
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen  Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M  Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr  and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn  Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp He took commerce school and agricultural school  He was hired in the family company N  A  Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910  He eventually became chief executive officer  The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920  The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s  He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk  He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap  He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964 He was buried in Enebakk 



ground_truth: The Market Of Souls