prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, The Secret Invasion or The House Of The Seven Hawks?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Secret Invasion
The Secret Invasion is a 1964 American war film directed by Roger Corman  It stars Stewart Granger, Raf Vallone, Mickey Rooney, Edd Byrnes, Henry Silva, Mia Massini, and William Campbell  Appearing three years before The Dirty Dozen (1967), the film features a similar World War II mission where convicts are recruited by the Allies for an extremely hazardous operation behind enemy lines 

Plot
In 1943, British Intelligence in Cairo recruits Italian  criminal mastermind Roberto Rocca, demolitions expert and Irish Republican Army member Terence Scanlon, forger Simon Fell, cold-blooded assassin John Durrell, and thief and impersonator Jean Saval for a dangerous mission  The men are offered pardons in exchange for attempting to rescue an Italian general sympathetic to the Allies who is imprisoned in German-occupied Yugoslavia  The group is led by Major Richard Mace, who is trying to expiate his feelings of guilt for sending his own brother on a dangerous mission and waiting too long to extricate him  The fishing boat transporting Mace's team is stopped by a patrol boat, but they dispose of the Germans 
With the assistance of local partisans led by Marko, they split up and enter Dubrovnik  Durrell is partnered with Mila, a recent widow with a baby  They are attracted to each other, but Durrell becomes extremely distraught when he accidentally smothers her crying child to avoid detection by a German patrol  The team is captured and taken to the same fortress where the Italian general is being kept  They are tortured for information, but manage to escape and fulfill their mission, although Mace, Mila, Fell, Scanlon, and Saval are killed while fending off German troops 
At the last minute, Rocca and Durrell discover that the man they have freed is an impostor, and he is about to exhort "his" troops to stay loyal to the Axis  Durrell pretends to be a Nazi fanatic and shoots the fake general; he is killed by the outraged Italians  Rocca, the last man standing, directs the Italians' anger to the Germans 

Cast
Production
After turning out a treatment based on the locale of Dubrovnik, Roger Corman teamed with screenwriter R  Wright Campbell who had a project, Dubious Patriots about a wartime mission involving convicts  The script was taken over by producer David V  Picker at United Artists, who was able to leverage the screenplay into a well-financed studio production  With a budget of $600,000, more than twice more than he had for his earlier independently-funded features, Corman was able to start production in between his Edgar Allan Poe adaptations, The Masque of the Red Death and The Tomb of Ligeia (1964) The original cast was Mickey Rooney, Raf Vallone, Edd Byrnes and Bobby Darin  Brendan Behan was to be adviser for scenes set at Borstal Prison  It was Byrnes first role after his contract with Warner Bros ended In August 1963 it was announced that Darin had pulled out of the film on the orders of his doctor, and he was replaced by Henry Silva  Also that month Stewart Granger signed to star Principal photography under the working title of Dubious Patriots took place on location in Dubrovnik and other parts of Yugoslavia in the summer of 1963 for a typically short Corman shooting schedule of 36 days  With the assistance of the Yugoslavian government, a large number of military personnel and equipment were offered, but an earthquake threatened to delay the production when troops were siphoned off to help in the relief effort Corman's problems extended to not only wrangling military extras, but also to dealing with the emotions of a star like Stewart Granger "stooping" to make a "B film" and worrying that his role was not as prominent as the others in the ensemble cast  At one point, Corman actually rewrote his part "on the spot" so that Granger had more lines than Edd Byrnes, his co-star, who was a current popular television star The production was photographed in Panavision with Eastmancolor film (Gene Corman later reused the title The Dubious Patriots for another film he made with Tony Curtis and Charles Bronson )

Reception
In a contemporary review of The Secret Invasion, The New York Times film reviewer Howard Thompson saw some positives in what was basically a "programmer": 

    a rather surprising amount of brisk muscularity and panoramic color, if not always credibility  The casting of this United Artists release, which arrived at the Criterion and other houses, may make some customers blink and wait for the worst     But they, and the picture, do pretty well, considering 

In Brassey's Guide to War Films, film historian Alun Evans considered the production exemplified Corman's ability to "    create something out of nothing " He also noted that The Secret Invasion has some notoriety as  "    the  sawn-off antecedent of The Dirty Dozen "

See also
List of American films of 1964
Five Guns West, an earlier Roger Corman movie of essentially the same plot
Passage 2:
Ryoichi Hattori (politician)
Ryoichi Hattori (服部良一, Hattori Ryoichi, born February 24, 1950) is a Japanese politician of the Social Democratic Party  He was born in Yame city in Fukuoka prefecture  He entered Kyoto University in 1969 before leaving part-way through his degree and moving to Osaka to work, where he became active with the trade union movement 
In the House of Councillors 2007 election he ran for the House of Councillors in Osaka, but was defeated  He became the private secretary of Tokushin Yamauchi, an SDP member of the House of Councillors 
In the 2009 general election he was elected as the House of Representatives member representing the Kinki block 
Passage 3:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 4:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 5:
Roger Corman
Roger William Corman (born April 5, 1926) is an American film director, producer, and actor  Known under various monikers such as "The Pope of Pop Cinema", "The Spiritual Godfather of the New Hollywood", and "The King of Cult", he is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film  Many of Corman's films are based on works that have an already-established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe In 1964, Corman—admired by members of the French New Wave and Cahiers du Cinéma—became the youngest filmmaker to have a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as in the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art  He was the co-founder of New World Pictures, the founder of New Concorde and is a longtime member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences  In 2009, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award "for his rich engendering of films and filmmakers" Corman is also famous for distributing in the U S  many foreign directors, such as Federico Fellini (Italy), Ingmar Bergman (Sweden), François Truffaut (France) and Akira Kurosawa (Japan)  He mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, Peter Bogdanovich, Joe Dante, John Sayles, and James Cameron, and was highly influential in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s  He also helped to launch the careers of actors like Peter Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Dennis Hopper, Bruce Dern, Diane Ladd, and William Shatner  Corman has occasionally taken minor acting roles in the films of directors who started with him, including The Silence of the Lambs, The Godfather Part II, Apollo 13, The Manchurian Candidate, and Philadelphia A documentary about Corman's life and career entitled Corman's World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel, directed by Alex Stapleton, premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011  The film's TV rights were picked up by A&E IndieFilms after a well-received screening at Sundance 

Early life
Corman was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Anne (née High) and William Corman, an engineer  His younger brother, Gene, produced numerous films, sometimes in collaboration with Roger  Corman and his brother were raised Catholic Corman went to Beverly Hills High School and then to Stanford University to study industrial engineering  While at Stanford, Corman realized he did not want to be an engineer  He enlisted in the V-12 Navy College Training Program with six months of study to complete  After serving in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946, he returned to Stanford to finish his degree, receiving a Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering in 1947  While at Stanford University, Corman was initiated in the fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon 
In 1948, he worked briefly at U S  Electrical Motors on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles, but his career in engineering lasted only four days; he began work on Monday and quit on Thursday, telling his boss "I've made a terrible mistake " Gene Corman was already working in the film industry as an agent, and Roger decided to go into filmmaking instead 

Early film career
Corman found work at 20th Century Fox initially in the mail room  He worked his way up to a story reader  The one property that he liked the most and provided ideas for was filmed as The Gunfighter with Gregory Peck  When Corman received no credit at all, he left Fox and decided he would work in film by himself  Under the G I  Bill, Corman studied English literature at Oxford University and lived in Paris for a time 

He then returned to Los Angeles and tried to re-establish himself in the film industry  He took various jobs, including television stagehand at KLAC and a messenger at Fox  He worked as an assistant to agent Dick Hyland, a literary agent 

Highway Dragnet
Corman wrote a script in his spare time and sold it to William F  Broidy at Allied Artists for $2,000  "Dick thought it was funny and let me pay myself a commission," said Corman  Originally called House in the Sea, it was retitled Highway Dragnet (1953) and starred Richard Conte and Joan Bennett  Corman also worked as associate producer on the film for nothing, just for the experience 

Producer
Corman used his script fee and personal contacts to raise $12,000 to produce his first feature, a science-fiction film, Monster from the Ocean Floor (1954)  It was produced by Corman's own company, Palo Alto, and released by Robert L  Lippert 
The film did well enough to encourage Corman to produce another film, the racing-car thriller The Fast and the Furious (1955), directed by its star, John Ireland, and co-starring Dorothy Malone  Decades later, producer Neal H  Moritz and Universal Pictures licensed the title for the 2001 film, The Fast and the Furious, which eventually spawned a huge franchise  Moritz had difficulty choosing between proposed titles Racer X, Redline, Race Wars, and Street Wars, and was inspired by a documentary on American International Pictures that included Corman's film  Moritz was able to trade the use of some stock footage to Corman for use of the title Corman sold the movie to a new independent company, the American Releasing Company (ARC), run by James H  Nicholson and Samuel Z  Arkoff  Although Corman had a number of offers for the film from Republic and Columbia, he elected to go with ARC because they undertook to advance money to enable him to make two more movies 

Director
Corman's second film for ARC was one he decided to direct, Five Guns West (1955), a Western, made in color for around $60,000, with Malone and John Lund  The script was written by Robert Wright Campbell, who worked with Corman on several more occasions 
Corman announced he would make four more projects for ARC: High Steel, Cobra, Fortress Beneath the Sea, and an untitled film from Campbell  Instead, Corman did some uncredited directing on The Beast with a Million Eyes (1955), then made another Western, Apache Woman (1955), starring Lloyd Bridges, written by Lou Rusoff  Rusoff and Corman reunited on Day the World Ended (1955), a postapocalyptic science-fiction film, which was popular 
Corman was to make The Devil on Horseback by Charles B  Griffith about the Brownsville Raid, but it was too expensive 
The Woolner Brothers, Louisiana drive-in owners, financed Corman's Swamp Women (1956), a girls-on-the-lam saga 
He returned to ARC for two Westerns, The Oklahoma Woman (1956) and Gunslinger (1956) (with Ireland); Gunslinger was co-written by Griffith, who became a crucial collaborator with Corman over the next five years  He bought a script from Curtis Harrington, The Girl from Beneath the Sea  Harrington made it for Corman years later as Night Tide (1961) 
Beverly Garland, one of Corman's early regular stock players, recalled working with him:

Roger made us work hard and long, I remember that! He was always fascinating to me, a fascinating man – and a good businessman! He had such incredible energy, it was tremendous – he was a dynamo to be around  I always knew he was going to be a huge success because there was no stopping him  He just made up his mind that he was going to be a success and that was it 

American International Pictures and Allied Artists
ARC changed its name to American International Pictures  Corman was established as their leading filmmaker  They financed Corman's next film as director, the science-fiction story It Conquered the World (1956)  Co-written by Griffith, it was a follow-up to The Day the World Ended  It was a big hit 
He optioned a TV play, The Stake, and hoped to get Dana Andrews to star  It was never made  Instead, Walter Mirisch of Allied Artists hired Corman to make The Undead (1957), inspired by The Search for Bridey Murphy  Griffith wrote the script 
In June, Corman made a science-fiction film for Allied Artists,  Not of this Earth (1957), written by Griffith 
In August 1956, AIP financed a Corman heist movie shot in Hawaii, Naked Paradise (1957), co-written by Griffith  Corman shot it back-to-back with a movie made with his own money, She Gods of Shark Reef (1958)  Corman wound up selling the movie to AIP 
Corman and Griffith reunited in Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957) for Allied, which wound up being one of his most successful early films For his own production company, Corman made a rock-and-roll "quickle", Carnival Rock (1957), released by Howco  Rock All Night (1957) was a heist film written by Griffith expanded from a TV play, "The Little Guy", with musical acts inserted He was meant to make Rock'n'Roll Girl for AIP in December 1957 In April 1957, Corman announced he would try to make two films back-to-back from then on to save costs Corman made two "teen girl noirs", Teenage Doll (1957) for the Woolner Brothers and Sorority Girl (1957), starring Susan Cabot for AIP For AIP, he made The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1957), shot in August 1957  He was meant to follow this with Teenage Jungle by Tony Miller The success of Not of this Earth and Crab Monsters led to Allied offering Corman a four-picture deal for 1958 

Machine Gun Kelly and producing
Corman received his first serious critical praise for Machine-Gun Kelly (1958), an AIP biopic of the famous gangster, which gave Charles Bronson his first leading role and co-starred Cabot  Campbell wrote the script 
Also for AIP, he did Teenage Caveman (1958), with Robert Vaughn, originally titled Prehistoric World 
He helped produce two films for Allied Artists, both from scripts by Leo Gordon: Hot Car Girl (1958), directed by Bernard Kowalski and produced by his brother Gene (the first film they made together) from a script by Gordon; and The Cry Baby Killer (1958), which gave Jack Nicholson his first starring role 
He had his biggest budget yet for I Mobster (1958), a gangster story, co-produced by Edward L  Alperson and Corman's brother Gene for 20th Century Fox  In September 1958, he was reported as scouting locations in Australia to do a remake of H  Rider Haggard's She War of the Satellites (1958) was conceived and shot in record time to take advantage of the Sputnik launch; it was his first collaboration with art director Daniel Haller 
Corman also produced, but did not direct, Stakeout on Dope Street (1958), directed by Irvin Kershner, Night of the Blood Beast (1958), directed by Kowalski for AIP, using leftover costumes from Teenage Caveman, and Crime and Punishment U S A  (1959), directed by Dennis Sanders with George Hamilton in his first lead role 

The Filmgroup
In January 1959, Corman announced he would be moving into distribution In 1959, Corman founded The Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses  In February 1959, Filmgroup announced they would release 10 films  Their first movies were High School Big Shot (1959) and T-Bird Gang (1959) produced by Stanley Bickman 

For AIP, Corman and Griffith made a black comedy, A Bucket of Blood (1959)  Corman announced he would follow it with a similar comedy, The Bloodshot Private Eye  It does not seem to have been made  Instead, Griffith reused the same script structure and Corman employed many of the same cast in The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)  This film was reputedly shot in two days and one night For Filmgroup, Corman directed The Wasp Woman (1959), starring Cabot from a script by Gordon  His brother and he made two films back-to-back in South Dakota: Ski Troop Attack (1960), a war movie written by Griffith and directed by Corman, and Beast from Haunted Cave (1959), the first film directed by Monte Hellman 
Corman went to Puerto Rico and produced another two films back-to-back: Battle of Blood Island (1960), directed by Joel Rapp, and Last Woman on Earth (1960), directed by Corman from a script by Robert Towne  Filming on these two films went so quickly that Corman commissioned Griffith to write a third, which was shot at the same time: Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961) 
Corman was going to make Part Time Mother from a script by Griffith but it appears to have never been made 

House of Usher
AIP wanted Corman to make two horror films for them, in black and white, at under $100,000 each on a 10-day shooting schedule  Corman, however, was tired of making films on this sort of budget and was worried the market for them was in decline  He proposed making a film in colour for $200,000, shot over 15 days  Corman proposed an adaptation of "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe and AIP agreed  The film was announced in May 1959 Richard Matheson was hired to do the adaptation and Vincent Price was brought in to star; Haller did the art direction  The resulting film, House of Usher (1960), shot in early 1960, was a critical and commercial hit 
Following this, Corman bought two scripts, Sob Sisters Don't Cry and Cop Killer  In March 1960, Corman announced that Filmgroup would be part of an international production group, Compass Productions  He directed a peplum in Greece, Atlas (1961) in August 
He was going to direct a thriller from a script by Robert Towne, I Flew a Spy Plane Over Russia  It was not made; neither were two comedies he was to make with Dick Miller and Jon Haze, Murder at the Convention and Pan and the Satyrs House of Usher had been so successful that AIP wanted a follow-up, and Corman, Haller, Matheson and Price reunited on The Pit and the Pendulum (1961)  It was another sizeable hit, and the "Poe cycle" of films was underway 
Corman hired Charles Beaumont to write Masque of the Red Death and announced two films, Captain Nemo and the Floating City and House of Secrets 

The Intruder
Following The Pit and the Pendulum, Corman directed one of William Shatner's earliest appearances in a lead role with The Intruder (a k a  The Stranger, 1962)  Based on a novel by Charles Beaumont, the film was co-produced by Gene Corman and was shot in July and August 1961  It took a while for the film to be released and it lost money Corman was unhappy with his profit participation on the first two Poe films, so he made a third adaptation for different producers, The Premature Burial (1962), written by Charles Beaumont and starring Ray Milland  The film was co-financed by Pathe labs; AIP put pressure on Pathe and ended up buying out their interest 
For producer Edward Small, Corman made a historical horror piece about Richard III, Tower of London (1962), starring Vincent Price   It was meant to be the first in a three-picture deal with Small, but Corman did not enjoy working with the producer 
For Filmgroup, he also bought the rights to a Soviet science-fiction film, Nebo Zovyot (1959) and had some additional footage shot for it by his then-assistant, Francis Ford Coppola; the result was Battle Beyond the Sun (1962)  He also released The Magic Voyage of Sinbad (1962), dubbed from a Soviet film 
The fourth Poe was an anthology, Tales of Terror (1962), shot in late 1961  One of the installments, "The Black Cat", was a comedy, inspiring Corman to do a whole Poe story comedically next: The Raven (1963)  Later, Corman used the sets for that film for The Terror (1963), made for Filmgroup but released by AIP, and starring Boris Karloff (whose scenes were all shot in two days) and Jack Nicholson  Corman did not direct all of this film; additional scenes were shot by Monte Hellman, Coppola, and Jack Hill, among others 
The Young Racers (1963) was produced and directed by Corman in Europe for AIP, starring and written by Campbell  Working on the film was Francis Ford Coppola, whom Corman financed to make his directorial debut, Dementia 13 (1963) 
Back in the U S , Corman made X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes (1963), a contemporary science-fiction film for AIP starring Ray Milland  He followed it with The Haunted Palace (1963), ostensibly part of the Poe cycle—it featured Price and was made for AIP, written by Beaumont—but was actually based on a story by H  P  Lovecraft 
Corman directed a war film in Yugoslavia with his brother, The Secret Invasion (1964), with Stewart Granger and Mickey Rooney, from a script by Campbell  Following this, he announced he would make The Life of Robert E  Lee as part of a four-picture deal with Filmgroup worth $3 75 million  Other movies were Fun and Profit by Joel Rapp, The Wild Surfers by John Lamb, and Planet of Storms by Jack Hill  None of these films was made, nor was The Gold Bug, a Poe adaptation written by Griffith 

End of the Poe cycle and filming in Europe
Corman made two Poes in England starring Price, the much-delayed The Masque of the Red Death (1964), with Campbell rewriting Beaumont's scripts, and The Tomb of Ligeia (1965), from a script by Robert Towne  Corman made no further Poes; AIP started up a fresh Poe cycle in the late 1960s, but Corman was not part of it 
Corman got Towne to write a script called The Red Baron  He bought the rights to another Soviet science-fiction film, Planeta Bur (1962), and had some additional footage added to it by Curtis Harrington  The result was Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965)  Harrington used footage from Planeta Bur in another film financed by Corman, Queen of Blood (1966) 
He also bought the rights to a Yugoslavian film, Operation Titan (1963), and financed additional shooting by Jack Hill and Stephanie Rothman  The result was Blood Bath (1966)  He also had an investment in the beach party films Beach Ball (1965) and It's a Bikini World (1967) 

Working for major studios
Corman said, "For ten years as an independent I could get financing for $100-$200-$300,000 pictures  Everything had been interesting, artistically satisfying, economically satisfying  But I decided I was going nowhere and wanted to move directly into the business  So I accepted a contract with Columbia "In August 1965, Corman announced he had signed a contract with United Artists to make two films over three years  He also signed with Columbia to make a Western, The Long Ride Home, based on a script by Robert Towne He was announced for a number of other projects at Columbia: the biopic of Robert E  Lee, an adaptation of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, an adaptation of Kafka's The Penal Colony, and a script by novelist Richard Yates about the Battle of Iwo Jima  He intended to make The Deserters for UA, from a script by Wright, but that was not made either He later reflected, "Every idea I submitted was considered too strange, too weird; every idea they had seemed too ordinary to me  Ordinary pictures don't make money "

The Wild Angels
After a year of not directing, Corman took a leave of absence under his contract with Columbia to make a film for AIP, the first biker movie, The Wild Angels  It starred Peter Fonda and Nancy Sinatra, from a script by Griffith; Peter Bogdanovich worked as Corman's assistant  The film opened the 1966 Venice Film Festival and was hugely successful at the box office, making over $6 million on a $350,000 budget and kicking off the "biker movie" cycle He wanted to make a film about the Red Baron, but Columbia turned it down because of The Blue Max (1966)  He proposed a movie about the St Valentine's Day Massacre and also an adaptation of the novel Only Lovers Left Alive  Nick Ray was meant to be making Only Lovers in Britain 
Corman did begin directing Long Ride Home with Glenn Ford at Columbia  However, Corman left production a few weeks into the shoot in June 1966 and was replaced by Phil Karlson  The film was retitled A Time for Killing (1967) 
Corman received an offer to direct a studio film,The St  Valentine's Day Massacre (1967), for 20th Century Fox, starring Jason Robards and George Segal  He did not enjoy the restrictions of working for a major studio  He was given a $2 5 million budget and made it for $400,000 less  Corman, an independent director, was most comfortable in his own style:  shoestring budgets and shooting schedules measured in days, rather than weeks  Nonetheless, it is generally considered one of his best films as a director 
Corman was meant to follow this with Robert E  Lee for United Artists at a budget of $4 5 million  It was not made  Neither was a story Corman optioned, The Spy in the Vatican 

Return to independence
He continued to finance films for Filmgroup: Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965), dubbing a Soviet movie Planeta Bur into English with some additional footage shot by Curtis Harrington, Queen of Blood (1966), using some Soviet footage but a mostly new film, directed by Harrington, Blood Bath (1966), an adapted Yugoslavian film with additional footage shot by Stephanie Rothman and Jack Hill, and  Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1967), yet another dubbed version of Planeta Bur with some additional footage shot by Corman's then-assistant Peter Bogdanovich 
He had money in Navy vs  the Night Monsters (1967)  He financed two Westerns shot back to back in Utah, directed by Monte Hellman and written and co-produced by Jack Nicholson, The Shooting (1967) and Ride in the Whirlwind (1967), which became cult successes  He also financed two films directed by Dan Haller, Devil's Angels (1967), a follow-up to Wild Angels written by Griffith, and a car racing film shot in Europe, The Wild Racers (1968)  He announced a comedy about the population explosion, There Just Isn't Any Room, but it appears to have never been made Corman directed The Trip for AIP, written by Jack Nicholson and starring Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper and Bruce Dern  This began the psychedelic film craze of the late 1960s and was the American entry at Cannes that year  AIP made some changes to the film in post-production, which made Corman unhappy 
In September 1967, he announced plans to build a new film studio  However, this did not happen for a number of years 
Corman made a film for American TV, Target: Harry (1968), shot in Europe with his brother producing  He did some uncredited directing on AIP's De Sade (1969) when director Cy Endfield fell ill  He financed Bogdanovich's first feature, Targets (1968), which incorporated footage from The Terror  He also produced The Dunwich Horror (1970) for AIP, directed by Haller and co-written by Curtis Hanson, and financed Haller's Paddy 

Final films as director
For AIP, Corman returned to the director's chair for a gangster film, Bloody Mama (1970), starring Shelley Winters and a young Robert de Niro  It was a big hit at the box office  He also directed a black comedy, Gas-s-s-s (1970), written by George Armitage; it was cut without his permission by AIP and was a financial failure United Artists finally agreed to finance his Red Baron project, although they asked that it emphasize American characters  Accordingly, it was filmed as Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), shot in Ireland in July 1970  There were several plane crashes during filming and one person died Corman was going to make a film of Couples, a novel by John Updike for United Artists, and In from a script by Richard Schupe, but decided to take a break from directing 
"Directing is very hard and very painful," he said in 1971  "Producing is easy  I can do it without really thinking about it "

New World Pictures
In May 1970, Corman founded New World Pictures, which became a small independently owned production/distribution studio, immediately successful with Angels Die Hard (1970), a biker film, and The Student Nurses (1971), directed by Rothman   The Big Doll House (1971), directed by Jack Hill in the Philippines, was a big hit, making a star of Pam Grier  The company made a profit of $3 2 million in its first financial year, and Corman says all eleven out of his first eleven films were successful   Angels Die Hard led to a series of biker films, including Angels Hard as They Come (1971), produced by Jonathan Demme with Jack Fisk working as art director  Bury Me an Angel (1971) was the first biker movie directed by a woman, Barbara Peeters  Corman financed the directorial debuts of Curtis Hanson, Sweet Kill (1971), produced by Corman protege Tamara Asseyev   Student Nurses led to a "cycle" of nurse pictures, including Private Duty Nurses (the first film directed by George Armitage), Night Call Nurses (1972) (the first feature directed by Jonathan Kaplan), The Young Nurses and Candy Stripe Nurses (1975)  There was also The Student Teachers (1973) and Summer School Teachers (1974)   Big Doll House was followed by a series of women in prison pictures, such as Women in Cages (1972), The Hot Box (1972), Black Mama, White Mama (1973), The Arena (1974) (the first film directed by Steve Carver) and Caged Heat (1974) (the first film directed by Demme)   Of New World's second year, Corman says 11 of the 12 releases were successful   Corman produced one more film at AIP, Boxcar Bertha (1972), the second feature directed by Martin Scorsese, starring David Carradine  He also executive produced Unholy Rollers (1972) for AIP   A proposed political satire, The Wild Political Prank, was not made   He made I Escaped from Devil's Island (1973) with his brother and produced Cockfighter (1974) with Monte Hellman, which was a rare financial failure for New World   A big hit was Big Bad Mama (1974), a gangster film directed by Carver and starring Angie Dickinson  It led to a follow-up, Crazy Mama (1975), produced by his wife and directed by Demme   In 1975, Corman said New World was "the most successful independent film company in the country   if you count AIP as a major"  He said they were "the best of the cheap acts" 

Distributing foreign films
In the 1970s the major Hollywood studios were moving away from distributing foreign arthouse pictures, New World moved into the market and became the U S  distributor for Cries and Whispers (1972), directed by Ingmar Bergman  Corman bought it for $75,000 and it earned over $2 million at the U S  box office  and Corman's distribution side of New World brought many foreign films to mass audiences in the U S  for the first time - reportedly some played at drive-ins and grindhouses - including the works of François Truffaut (The Story of Adele H , Small Change), Peter Weir (The Cars That Ate Paris), Federico Fellini (Amarcord), Joseph Losey (The Romantic Englishwoman), Volker Schlöndorff (The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, The Tin Drum) and Akira Kurosawa (Dersu Uzala)  New World also released Fantastic Planet (1974) 
In a 10-year period, New World Pictures won more Academy Awards for Best Foreign Film than all other studios combined 

20th Century Fox
He had a four-picture deal with 20th Century Fox, making Capone (1975), Fighting Mad (1976) (directed by Demme), Moving Violation (1976) and Thunder and Lightning (1977) 

Peak of New World
Death Race 2000 (1975), written by Robert Thom and directed by Paul Bartel, was a big hit, earning $4 million  It helped inspire a series of car chase movies: Cannonball (1976), directed by Bartel; Eat My Dust! (1976), directed by Griffith starring Ron Howard, which led to a follow-up, Grand Theft Auto (1978), Howard's directorial debut  There was also The Great Texas Dynamite Chase (1976), Deathsport (1978) and Smokey Bites the Dust (1981) 
New World's trailers were cut by Joe Dante and Alan Arkush  Corman gave them the chance to direct together, with Hollywood Boulevard (1976), which used outtakes from other New World films  It was successful enough for Corman to give both men jobs directing features on their own: Dante with Piranha (1978) and Arkush with Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979) 
Piranha was written by John Sayles, who had been discovered by Corman's story editor, Frances Doel  Sayles later wrote The Lady in Red (1979) for Corman, which was directed by Lewis Teague 
Other popular films around this time included Tidal Wave (1975), a Japanese film to which Corman added some extra footage, and Jackson County Jail (1976)  He also financed I Never Promised You a Rose Garden  Less popular was Avalanche (1979), a disaster film directed by Corey Allen 
For Universal he made Fast Charlie    the Moonbeam Rider (1979), directed by Carver  He financed Bogdanovich's Saint Jack (1979) 
Corman was criticized when he insisted on the addition of footage featuring a rape for Humanoids from the Deep (1980)  Similarly, in Galaxy of Terror, as noted on Schlock and Awe   some, "Corman promised the investors that the film would feature a Taaffe O'Connell sex-scene and a gruesome death-scene as-well  To save time, Corman put the two together  The actress agreed to a nude scene, but NOT a rape scene  Corman isn't the kind of man who takes no for an answer, and after some contract renegotiation, O'Connell agreed to being raped to death by a giant worm-monster  Money… it does amazing things "The success of Star Wars inspired New World's most expensive film yet, Battle Beyond the Stars (1981)  This film required extensive special effects, prompting Corman to buy a movie studio in Main Street Venice for $1 5 million  Corman made a TV film for CBS, The Georgia Peaches (1980) 
Battle Beyond the Stars was so successful Corman had its footage and music score reused in other films such as Galaxy of Terror (1981) and Forbidden World (1982) 
He picked up a film called The Personals (1983) which enjoyed success 

Millennium Films
Corman sold New World Pictures in January 1983 to a consortium of three lawyers for $16 9 million Under the terms of the contract, he agreed to stay on as a consultant for two years and to provide New World with at least five films they could release  New World agreed to distribute all of Corman's films until March 1984  He set up a new production company, Millennium – the title of which was taken from the name of a 1981 retrospective of Corman's work at the National Film Theatre of London  He announced plans to make films budgeted between $2–5 million using cash from his sale of New World to finance personally  He announced an intention to make fewer commercial films, movies more like I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and Cries and Whispers 
Millennium's films included Space Raiders (1983), a science fiction epic using footage and music from Battle Beyond the Stars; Love Letters (1984), a serious drama from Amy Holden Jones; Screwballs (1984), a sex comedy in the vein of Porky's; Suburbia (1984), directed by Penelope Spheeris, which he acquired, Deathstalker; and Kain of Dark Planet (which became The Warrior and the Sorceress) 

New Horizons
Corman says people struggled with the name "Millennium" – "nobody could spell it, nobody knew what it meant" – so he changed it to New Horizons by early 1984 Corman and the new owners of New World ended up suing each other in March 1985  Corman claimed that New World failed to honor their guarantee to distribute his movies at a fee of 15%  He sought $400 million in damages and the return of the company  He said they refused to distribute School Spirit (1985) and Wheels of Fire  He also claimed that New World cheated him distributing Space Raiders, Screwballs and Slumber Party Massacre  New World sued Corman in return, claiming he was seeking to return to distribution, and was discrediting New World to potential investors  They said Corman bypassed New World for some of his films, such as Columbia's Hardbodies (1984)  Corman argued "My whole point in selling was to free myself of the burden of running the company and to get guaranteed distribution  If I can't get my guaranteed distribution, I'm forced to go back to running the company "

Concorde Pictures
The case with New World settled out of court  In March 1985 Corman announced he would establish a new distribution "cooperative", Concorde Pictures, where producers could get relatively cheap distribution from Concorde in exchange for contributing to the company's overhead  Their first releases were Corman productions School Spirit, Wheels of Fire and Barbarian Queen  Concorde later merged with a low budget production company, Cinema Group, and announced plans to make 15-20 films a year Early Concorde releases include Loose Screws (1985), a sequel to Screwballs;  Streetwalkin' (1985), a more serious drama directed by Joan Freeman; Cocaine Wars (1986), the first in a series of movies Corman would finance in South America; Hour of the Assassin (1987), shot in Peru and the first film directed by Luis Llosa; and Munchies (1987), a spoof of Gremlins directed by Tina Hirsch 
Corman also remade Not of this Earth (1988) and released Big Bad Mama II (1987), and Transylvania Twist (1989); all three were directed by Jim Wynorski  He produced another version of Masque of the Red Death (1989), directed by Larry Brand 
He produced Sweet Revenge (1987), Slumber Party Massacre II (1988), directed by Deborah Brock, Andy Colby's Incredible Adventure (1988), also directed by Brock, and The Terror Within (1989), directed by Thierry Notz 
Corman financed the early directorial efforts of Carl Franklin (Nowhere to Run (1989)), Vargas Llosa and Katt Shea (Stripped to Kill (1988), Stripped to Kill II (1989))  More experimental was Nightfall (1988) 
After Hour of the Assassin, he made a series of films in Peru, including Crime Zone (1989), also directed by Luis Llosa, and Full Fathom Five (1990), directed by Carl Franklin 
Concorde had a big hit with Bloodfist (1989), starring Don "the Dragon" Wilson which cost $1 million and earned over $6 million  Concorde signed Wilson to a long-term contract and he made a number of sequels for the company, including Bloodfist II and Fighting to Win 

Frankenstein Unbound
He returned to directing once more with Frankenstein Unbound (1990) 

Concorde and New Horizon in the 1990s
In 1990, Concorde sued MGM for $6 million Concorde's films included Overexposed (1990), The Unborn (1991), and In the Heat of Passion (1992)  They had a big hit with Carnosaur (1993), which led to several sequels  He financed Fire on the Amazon (1991, directed Luis Llosa) which had Sandra Bullock and Craig Sheffer in early roles 
Corman had to deal with the decline of the drive-in market and studio competition through the 1990s, but Concorde-New Horizons still made 15-24 pictures a year  This included a never-released version of The Fantastic Four 

Roger Corman Presents
In 1995 Corman was executive producer on Roger Corman Presents, a special series of 13 movies for Showtime with budgets of around $1 5 million each  "I think the Corman name means action, humor and some titillation," says Mike Elliott, the producer of the series  "It's going to deliver the goods – and it will have a little moral statement in there as well " Corman ended up doing a second season of 11 movies  The films were Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Hellfire, Virtual Seduction, Suspect Device, Unknown Origin, Terminal Virus, Where Evil Lies, Vampirella, Shadow of a Scream, Subliminal Seduction, House of the Damned (a k a  Spectre), The Haunted Sea, Alien Avengers (a k a  Aliens Among Us) and its sequel, Inhumanoid, Sawbones, Not Like Us, and Last Exit to Earth  He created his own comic book franchise, Black Scorpion, which led to a sequel and later a TV series  Corman also executive-produced remakes of The Wasp Woman, Humanoids from the Deep, A Bucket of Blood (a k a  The Death Artist), Piranha and Not of this Earth 

Ireland
Concorde set up operations in Ireland as Concorde Anois, building studios in Connemara, County Galway  He received some support from the Irish government, a decision which became controversial when the content of some Corman productions such as Criminal Affairs was criticized in the press Later Concorde-New Horizons films included Overdrive (1997)  "The genres still hold", said Corman in 1997, "action adventure, the suspense thriller, science fiction and horror  The difference is that they are bigger and better now  "Corman also produced the film Moving Target which was filmed in County Galway  It was his last film produced with Concorde-New Horizons 

Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics
Corman operated a short-lived comic book imprint in 1995–1996 called Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics  It produced comics based on his films, written and drawn in a similar no-hold-barred style  Titles included Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Caged Heat 3000, Death Race 2020, Welcome to The Little Shop of Horrors, and Rock & Roll High School — the latter featuring the Melvins (instead of the Ramones)  Notable creators published by Cosmic Comics included Trevor Goring, James Kochalka, Jason Lutes, Pat Mills, Shane Oakley, Jerry Prosser, and J  R  Williams  The longest-running title was Death Race 2020, which lasted eight issues — but was left unfinished when the company closed down 

Later career:  Syfy Channel
He continued to produce creature films, such as Raptor (2001, dir Jim Wynorski)  Dinocroc (2004), which aired on the Syfy cable television channel and was popular enough for two sequels, Supergator and Dinocroc vs  Supergator (2010), as well as a spin-off film, Dinoshark (2010)  Supergator (2007) was turned down by the Syfy channel, but Corman made it anyway 
Corman also continued to make action films: Escape from Afghanistan (2001) was a Russian film, Peshavar Waltz plus some additional footage; The Hunt for Eagle One (2006) and The Hunt for Eagle One: Crash Point (2006) were shot in the Philippines; Roger Corman's Operation Rogue (2014); Fist of the Dragon (2015) 
In 2006 Corman said he made 60% of his films overseas  "These foreign countries are offering subsidies that are so great that not only I but many independent producers are moving overseas", he said  He sold the remake rights of Death Race 2000 to Universal, who made Death Race (2008) with Jason Statham, with Corman credited as executive producer  It led to two direct-to-video prequels and one direct-to-video sequel 
In 2009, Corman produced and directed alongside director Joe Dante the web series "Splatter" for Netflix  The protagonist of the film is portrayed by Corey Feldman, and the story talks of the haunting tale of rock-and-roll legend Johnny Splatter  He also started contributing trailer commentaries to Dante's web series Trailers from Hell  In 2011, Corman cited James Cameron's Avatar (2009) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010) as examples of "great imagination and originality" By now, the SyFy channel was Corman's leading market  For them, he made Sharktopus (2010) and Piranhaconda (2012)  Corman produced the 2017 film Death Race 2050, a sequel to the 1975 film Death Race 2000  It was made with Universal, Corman's first film with a major studio in more than two decades 

Personal life
Corman married Julie Halloran in 1970  They have four children  On April 3, 2018, a lawsuit by Corman's sons, Roger Martin Corman and Brian Corman, was filed against Corman to prevent the trade of his film collection  It was settled in 2020  In 2016, Corman also sued a wealth management company about suspected losses of his personal fortune  To date, the result of that dispute has not been disclosed 

Recognition
In 1964, Corman was the youngest producer/director to be given a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as retrospectives at the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art 
Corman won the Lifetime Achievement Award at Stockholm International Film Festival in 1990 
Corman was the subject of the 1978 documentary Roger Corman:  Hollywood's Wild Angel, produced and directed by Christian Blackwood  Portions of the film reappeared in 2011's Corman's World 
In 1998, he won the first Producer's Award ever given by the Cannes Film Festival 
In 2006, Corman received the David O  Selznick Award from the Producers Guild of America  Also in 2006, his film Fall of the House of Usher was among the twenty-five movies selected for the National Film Registry, a compilation of significant films being preserved by the Library of Congress 
In 2009, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Corman with an Academy Honorary Award at the inaugural Governors Awards, on November 14, 2009 In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Corman for his BBC documentary series A History of Horror, of which the second half of the second episode focuses on Corman In 2010, Corman was inducted into the Beverly Hills High School Hall of Fame 
In 2012, Corman was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival 
In 2018, he received the "Extraordinary Contribution to Film" award at the Austin Film Festival 

Archive
Film elements and prints for many movies directed, produced, and/or distributed by Corman are held at the Academy Film Archive as part of the New Horizons Collection  The Academy Film Archive restored Corman's film The Masque of the Red Death in 2019 

"The Corman Film School"
A number of noted filmmakers (including directors, producers, writers, and cinematographers) have worked with Corman, usually early in their careers, including Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Ron Howard, Polly Platt, Peter Bogdanovich, Declan O'Brien, Armondo Linus Acosta, Paul Bartel, Jonathan Demme, Donald G  Jackson, Gale Anne Hurd, Carl Colpaert, Joe Dante, James Cameron, John Sayles, Monte Hellman, Carl Franklin, George Armitage, Jonathan Kaplan, George Hickenlooper, Curtis Hanson, Jack Hill, Robert Towne, Menahem Golan, James Horner, and Timur Bekmambetov  Many have said that Corman's influence taught them some of the ins and outs of filmmaking  In the extras for the DVD of The Terminator, director James Cameron asserts, "I trained at the Roger Corman Film School " The British director Nicolas Roeg served as the cinematographer on The Masque of the Red Death  Cameron, Coppola, Demme, Hanson, Howard and Scorsese have all gone on to win Academy Awards  Howard was reportedly told by Corman, "If you do a good job on this film, you'll never have to work for me again "
Actors who obtained their career breaks working for Corman include Jack Nicholson, Peter Fonda, Bruce Dern, Charles Bronson, Todd Field Michael McDonald, Dennis Hopper, Tommy Lee Jones, Talia Shire, Sandra Bullock, Robert De Niro, and David Carradine, who received one of his first starring film roles in the Corman-produced Boxcar Bertha (1972) and went on to star in Death Race 2000 (along with Sylvester Stallone) 
Many of Corman's protegés have paid their mentor homage by awarding him cameos in films, such as in The Godfather Part II, The Silence of the Lambs, Apollo 13, and as recently as Demme's 2008 film Rachel Getting Married 

Filmography
The IMDb credits Corman with 55 directed films and some 385 produced films from 1954 through 2008, many as uncredited producer or executive producer (consistent with his role as head of his own New World Pictures from 1970 through 1983)  Corman also has significant credits as writer and actor 
 Roger Corman's Cult Classics 
In 2010, Roger Corman teamed up New Horizons Pictures with Shout! Factory to release new DVD and Blu-ray editions of Corman productions under the name Roger Corman's Cult Classics  The releases have concentrated on 1970–1980s films he produced through New World rather than directed  These titles include Rock 'n' Roll High School, Death Race 2000, Galaxy of Terror, Forbidden World and Piranha, with additional titles continuing to be released 

Books
Corman, Roger; Jerome, Jim (1990)  How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime  Random House  ISBN 978-0-394-56974-1  OCLC 840687965 
His autobiography documents his experiences in the film industry
Passage 6:
The House of the Seven Hawks
The House of the Seven Hawks is a 1959 British mystery film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Robert Taylor, Nicole Maurey and Linda Christian  It was the final film by Robert Taylor under his twenty five-year contract with MGM  The film follows an American captain searching for sunken treasure who becomes entangled with criminals and is arrested by the Dutch police  It is based on the Victor Canning novel The House of the Seven Flies, published in 1952 

Plot
Story of an American skipper who becomes entangled with the Dutch police and international crooks over sunken treasure but survives and finds romance 

Cast
Robert Taylor as John Nordley
Nicole Maurey as Constanta Sluiter
Linda Christian as Elsa
Donald Wolfit as Inspector Van Der Stoor
David Kossoff as Wilhelm Dekker
Eric Pohlmann as Captain Rohner
Philo Hauser as Charlie Ponz
Gerard Heinz as Inspector Sluiter
Paul Hardtmuth as Beukleman
Lily Kann as Gerta
Richard Shaw as Police Sgt  Straatman
André van Gyseghem as Hotel Clerk
Leslie Weston as Tulper
Guy Deghy as Desk Lieutenant
Peter Welch as Gannett
Peter Lannagan as Peter

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, The New York Times called the film "an unpretentious but satisfying entertainment"; whereas more recently, the Radio Times called it a "bland B-movie "

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $415,000 in the U S  and Canada and $650,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $20,000 

See also
List of British films of 1959
Passage 7:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 8:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 9:
Richard Thorpe
Richard Thorpe (born Rollo Smolt Thorpe; February 24, 1896 – May 1, 1991) was an American film director best known for his long career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 

Biography
Born Rollo Smolt Thorpe in Hutchinson, Kansas, Richard Thorpe began his entertainment career performing in vaudeville and onstage  In 1921 he began in motion pictures as an actor and directed his first silent film in 1923  He went on to direct more than one hundred and eighty films  He worked frequently at the Poverty Row studio Chesterfield Pictures during the 1930s  The first full-length motion picture he directed for MGM was Last of the Pagans (1935) starring Ray Mala  
At MGM, he teamed up with producer Pandro S  Berman in the 1950s, with whom he made several films, including Ivanhoe (1952), The Prisoner of Zenda (1952), Knights of the Round Table (1953), All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) and The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955) 
After directing The Last Challenge in 1967, he retired from the film industry 
His two favorite films were Night Must Fall (1937) and Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) 

Wizard of Oz
Thorpe is also known as the original director of The Wizard of Oz  He was fired after two weeks of shooting because it was felt that his scenes did not have the right air of fantasy about them  Thorpe notoriously gave Judy Garland a blonde wig and cutesy "baby-doll" makeup that made her look like a girl in her late teens rather than an innocent Kansas farm girl of about 13  Both makeup and wig were discarded at the suggestion of George Cukor, who was brought in temporarily  Stills from Thorpe's work on the film survive today  Further, it is understood that bits of his filmed footage of Toto escaping from the Wicked Witch's castle are featured in the film, albeit uncredited 
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Thorpe has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd  In 2003 a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California was dedicated to him and his son Jerry He died in Palm Springs, California on May 1, 1991 

Selected filmography
As director
Passage 10:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Roman Smishko
Roman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper 
He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko 

Career
He played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes 
Passage 2:
Roy William Neill
Roy William Neill (4 September 1887 – 14 December 1946) was an Irish-born American film director best known for directing the last eleven of the fourteen Sherlock Holmes films starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce, made between 1943 and 1946 and released by Universal Studios 

Biography
With his father as the captain, Roy William Neill was born on a ship off the coast of Ireland   His birth name was Roland de Gostrie   Neill began directing silent films in 1917 and went on to helm 111 films, 55 of them silent  Although most of Neill's films were low-budget B-movies, he was known for directing films with meticulously lit scenes with carefully layered shadows that would become the style of film noir in the late 1940s   In fact, his last film, Black Angel (1946), is considered a film noir 
He was also credited in some works as R  William Neill, Roy W  Neill, and Roy Neill   Neill lived in the United States for most of his career and was a US citizen   He did go to London from 1935 until 1940 where better opportunities existed for American directors   During this period, British film producer Edward Black hired Neill to direct The Lady Vanishes   However, due to delays in production, Black hired Alfred Hitchcock to direct instead 
Neill died in London, England, from a heart attack 

Filmography
Passage 3:
Vadim Vlasov
Vadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod 
He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov 
Passage 4:
Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev 

Honours
Zhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001
Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001
Passage 5:
Do Musafir
Do Musafir is a 1978 Bollywood film directed by Devendra Goel  The film stars Shashi Kapoor and Rekha, along with Ashok Kumar, Pran & Prem Chopra  The music of the film was composed by Kalyanji-Anandji 

Cast
Ashok Kumar as Kailashnath
Shashi Kapoor as Raju / Vicky
Rekha as Bijli
Prem Chopra as Avinash Kumar
Pran as Shambhu Chaudhary
Jagdeep as Murli
Meena T  as Bela
Chandrashekhar as Girdhari
Manorama as Maya (Bela's Aunty)
Dulari as Bholi
Shivraj as Bansi
Chaman Puri as Bhavani Singh

Music
Kalyanji-Anandji have composed all songs from the film
Context 3: Passage 1:
Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse
Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse (1182–1226) was a daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile 
She married Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse 

Life
According to the Ex Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium, she was the second daughter and fourth of nine children of the troubadour king, Alfonso II of Aragon and his wife Sancha of Castile  She had for older brothers Pierre II the Catholic and Alphonse II, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, and for sisters Constance, first queen of Hungary, then empress by her marriage with Frederick II, and Sancie, countess of Toulouse 
According to the Crónica of San Juan de la Peña, her brother Peter II sealed the union of Eleanor, with Raymond VI of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence, in order to put an end to the dissensions with the counts of Toulouse 
Raymond VI was the eldest son of Raymond V and Constance of France, daughter of King Louis VI and Adelaide de Maurienne  Eleanor was Raymond VI's 6th wife, having divorced an unknown daughter and sole heiress of Emperor Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus just two years earlier  Raymond and Eleanor did not have children 
By this marriage she became countess of Toulouse which would suffer the pangs of the war and the Albigensian Crusade, in the following years  The crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III and headed by the French Crown against Toulouse and Catharism 
Passage 2:
Berengaria of Barcelona
Berengaria of Barcelona (1116 – 15 January 1149), called in Spanish Berenguela de Barcelona and also known as Berengaria of Provence, was Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia  She was the daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence On 10/17 November 1128 in Saldaña, Berengaria married Alfonso VII, King of Castile, León and Galicia Their children were:

Sancho III of Castile (1134–1158)
Ramon, living 1136, died in infancy
Ferdinand II of León (1137–1188)
Constance (c  1138–1160), married Louis VII of France
Sancha (c  1139–1179), married Sancho VI of Navarre
García (c  1142–1145/6)
Alfonso (c  1144–c  1149)According to a description, "She was a very beautiful and extremely graceful young girl who loved chastity and truth and all God-fearing people "She died in Palencia, and was buried at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 

In fiction
A parody version of queen Berengaria and king Alfonso is presented in the tragicomedy La venganza de Don Mendo by Pedro Muñoz Seca 
In its film version, Lina Canalejas played Berengaria 
Passage 3:
Sancha of León
Sancha of León (c  1018 – 8 November 1067) was a princess and queen of León  She was married to Ferdinand I, the Count of Castile who later became King of León after having killed Sancha's brother in battle  She and her husband commissioned the Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha 

Life
Sancha was a daughter of Alfonso V of León by his first wife, Elvira Menéndez  She became a secular abbess of the Monastery of San Pelayo In 1029, a political marriage was arranged between her and count García Sánchez of Castile  However, having traveled to León for the marriage, García was assassinated by a group of disgruntled vassals  In 1032, Sancha was married to García's nephew and successor, Ferdinand I of Castile, when the latter was 11 years old At the Battle of Tamarón in 1037 Ferdinand killed Sancha's brother Bermudo III of León, making Sancha the heir and allowing Ferdinand to have himself crowned King of León  Sancha's own position as queen of León is unclear and contradictory  She succeeded to the throne of León as the heir of her brother and in her "own right" but despite this, she is not clearly referred to as queen regnant, and after the death of her husband the throne passed to her son, despite the fact that she was still alive Following Ferdinand's death in 1065 and the division of her husband's kingdom, she is said to have played the futile role of peacemaker among her sons She was a devout Catholic, who, with her husband, commissioned the crucifix that bears their name as a gift for the Basilica of San Isidoro 

Children
Sancha had five children:

Urraca of Zamora
Sancho II of León and Castile
Elvira of Toro
Alfonso VI of León and Castile
García II of Galicia

Death and burial
She died in the city of León on 8 November 1067  She was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the Basilica of San Isidoro, along with her parents, brother, husband, and her children Elvira, Urraca and García 
The following Latin inscription was carved in the tomb in which were deposited the remains of Queen Sancha:
"H  R  SANCIA REGINA TOTIUS HISPANIAE, MAGNI REGIS FERDINANDI UXOR  FILIA REGIS ADEFONSI, QUI POPULAVIT LEGIONEM POS DESTRUCTIONEM ALMANZOR  OBIIT ERA MCVIIII  III N  M "
Which translates to:

"Here lies Sancha, Queen of All Spain, wife of the great king Ferdinand and daughter of king Alfonso, who populated León after the destruction of Almanzor  Died in the one thousand one hundred eighth era on the third nones of May [5 May 1071] "
Passage 4:
Isabella of Navarre, Viscountess of Rohan
Isabel d'Albret of Navarre (1512–aft  1560) was a princess of Navarre  She was the daughter of John III of Navarre (died 1516) and queen Catherine I of Navarre  The same year she was born, the greater part of Navarre was conquered by Aragon, and she was raised in France  
In 1528, there were unsuccessful suggestions for a marriage between her and the Hungarian king John Zápolya, an ally of the king of France  In 16 August 1532, Isabel married René I de Rohan, Viscount of Rohan (d  1552) Isabel became the godmother of her grand nephew Henry III of Navarre, whom she carried to his baptism in 1554  Isabel came to feel sympathy for Calvinism early on, but did not convert during the lifetime of her spouse, who remained a Catholic  In 1556, she met admiral de Coligny, and was present in Béarn in 1557 when queen Joan III of Navarre introduced the Reformation in Navarre  She converted to Protestantism in 1558, and her Castle of Blain became a center of Protestantism in the area



ground_truth: The House Of The Seven Hawks

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director is younger, Many Tanks Mr. Atkins or Do Musafir?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The song "Hum Hain Pyar Ki Dagar Ke Do Musafir" by Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar was a romantic and popular song, picturised on Shashi Kapoor and Rekha  Lyrics were written by Indeevar 

External links
Do Musafir at IMDb
Passage 6:
Many Tanks Mr  Atkins
Many Tanks Mr  Atkins is a 1938 British comedy war film directed by Roy William Neill and starring Claude Hulbert, Reginald Purdell and Barbara Greene It was made as a quota quickie by Warner Brothers at the company's Teddington Studios in London 
The film's sets were designed by the art director Peter Proud 

Plot summary
The troublesome Private Nutter is posted from regiment to regiment 

Cast
Claude Hulbert as Claude Fishlock
Reginald Purdell as Pete Nutter
Barbara Greene as Rosemary Edghill
Davy Burnaby as Lord Fishlock
Frederick Burtwell as Colonel Edghill
Jack Melford as Captain Torrent
Arthur Hambling as Sergeant Major Hornett
Edward Lexy as Sergeant Butterworth
Edmund Breon as Colonel
Ralph Truman as Zanner
Dorothy Seacombe as Mrs Hornett
Passage 7:
Ravina (actress)
Ravina is an Indian actress who acted in Dhallywood movies  She acted in the 1997 film Praner Cheye Priyo with Riaz  She also appeared in Sabdhan and Dolopoti, again opposite Riaz 

Selected filmography
Praner Cheye Priyo
Sabdhan
Dolopoti
Passage 8:
La Bestia humana
La Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola 

External links
La Bestia humana at IMDb
Passage 9:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020
Passage 10:
Devendra Goel
Devendra Goel (3 March 1919 – 26 February 1979) was an Indian film director and producer of Bollywood films and best known for his work in the 1950s and early 1960s 
He directed Aankhen on his debut  Devendra Goel also directed the Marathi film, Dost Asava Tar Asa with Ramesh Deo, Deven Varma and Padma Chavan  He directed the hit Ek Saal (1957) with Madhubala 

Filmography
Aankhen (1950)
Ada (1951)
Aas (1953)
Albeli (1955)
Vachan (1955): producer
Narsi Bhagat (1957)
Ek Saal (1957)
Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan (1959)
Razia Sultana (1961)
Pyaar Ka Saagar (1961)
Door Ki Awaz (1964)
Dus Lakh (1966)
Ek Phool Do Mali (1969)
Dharkan (1972)
Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (1975)
Aadmi Sadak Ka (1977)
Do Musafir (1978)
Dost Asava Tar Asa (Marathi Film)

External links
Devendra Goel at IMDb
Context 3:  It was at her Castle of Blain that the first Breton church was organized  In Blain, she received the Protestant reformer d'Andelot, who had a mission in Nantes and held the first Protestant sermon there with the reformers Fleurer and Loiseleur de Villiers  In 1560, she was granted personal religious freedom for herself and her household on her own domains by the king of France 

Issue
Isabel and Rene had:

Françoise de Rohan
Louis de Rohan, seigneur de Gié
Henri I, Viscount of Rohan, 19th Viscount of Rohan, married Françoise of Tournemine
Jean de Rohan, married Diane of Barbançon
René II, de Rohan, 20th Viscount of Rohan, married Catherine of Parthenay
Passage 5:
Beatrice of Navarre, Countess of La Marche
Beatrice of Navarre (1392–1412/1415) was a daughter of Charles III of Navarre and his wife, Eleanor of Castile 

Biography
She was a member of the House of Évreux  Her surviving siblings were Blanche I of Navarre, wife of John II of Aragon, and Isabella of Navarre, wife of John IV of Armagnac 
In 1406 in Pamplona, Beatrice married James II, Count of La Marche, son of John I, Count of La Marche, and Catherine of Vendôme  The couple had three children:

Isabelle (1408 – aft  1445), a nun at Besançon
Marie (1410 – aft  1445), a nun at Amiens
Eleanor of Bourbon-La Marche (1412 – aft  21 August 1464), married Bernard d'Armagnac, Count of Pardiac (d  1462)It is not certain when Beatrice died  She died between 1412 and 1415, possibly while giving birth to her daughter Eleanor in 1412 


== Ancestry ==
Passage 6:
René I, Viscount of Rohan
René I de Rohan, (1516–1552) 18th Viscount of Rohan, Viscount and Prince de Léon, and Marquis de Blain  married Isabella of Navarre daughter of jure uxoris King John III of Navarre and Catherine of Navarre, Queen of Navarre 

Life
René I was the son of Pierre II de Rohan and Anne de Rohan, who upon her death transmitted the titles of her brother, Jacques de Rohan, who died without heirs 
Queen Margaret of Navarre, sister of Francis I of France served as Guardian of René I de Rohan, and arranged for René I de Rohan to marry her sister-in-law Isabella  This introduced Protestantism into the House of Rohan  A family who would fight on Protestant side in the Huguenot rebellions 
René I de Rohan died in 1552 fighting on the German frontier during the Siege of Metz 

Children
René I de Rohan and Isabella of Navarre had:

Françoise de Rohan, married to Jacques de Savoie, duc de Nemours
Louis de Rohan, seigneur de Gié
Henri I, Viscount of Rohan, 19th Viscount of Rohan, married Françoise of Tournemine
Jean de Rohan, married Diane of Barbançon
René II, de Rohan, 20th Viscount of Rohan, married Catherine of Parthenay
Passage 7:
Joan of Navarre (regent)
Joan of Navarre (French: Jeanne, Spanish: Juana; 1382 – July 1413) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre in 1402–1413, and regent of Navarre in the absence of her father in 1409–1411 

Life
Joan was the eldest child of King Charles III of Navarre and his wife Eleanor, daughter of King Henry II of Castile  Her younger sisters were Blanche, Beatrice, and Isabella Joan was originally betrothed in 1401 to Martin I of Sicily, the heir to the throne of Aragón  He was widower of Maria of Sicily, who had not given him surviving children  Plans were however changed and Martin married Joan's sister Blanche  Joan herself married at Olite on 12 November 1402 to John, Viscount of Castellbò, the heir to the County of Foix in France  The couple were married for eleven years but failed to produce any children  A month after her wedding, Joan was recognized as heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre at Olite on 3 December 1402  There the Estates of Navarre swore an oath to Joan and John as their future sovereigns  This was after the early death of Joan's only brothers, Charles and Louis, in quick succession earlier in the year In 1404, Joan contracted smallpox and was treated by the Jewish doctor Abraham Comineto  During her regency she had her own personal salaried doctor, Salomon Gotheynno, also a Jew Joan governed Navarre in the name of her father while he was in Paris between 1409 and 1411  In 1412 she became Countess of Foix when her husband succeeded his father in the county  She died in the Principality of Béarn in July 1413, childless  Her younger sister Blanche became heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre, and succeeded their father Charles III on 8 September 1425 
Passage 8:
Sancha of Castile, Queen of Navarre
Sancha of Castile (c  1139–1179) was daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Castile and his first wife Berengaria of Barcelona  Sancha was the fifth child of seven born to her parents 
On 20 July 1153, Sancha married Sancho VI of Navarre  He is responsible for bringing his kingdom into the political orbit of Europe   As "la reyna de Navarra, filla del emperador" (the queen of Navarre, daughter of the Emperor) her August 1179 death was reported in the Annales Toledanos 

Issue
Sancho and Sancha's children were:

Sancho VII
Ferdinand
Ramiro, Bishop of Pamplona
Berengaria (died 1230 or 1232), married King Richard I of England
Constance
Blanche, married Count Theobald III of Champagne, then acted as regent of Champagne, and finally as regent of Navarre
TheresaSancha was buried in Pamplona 

Family tree
Passage 9:
Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre
Eleanor of Castile (after 1363 – 1415/1416) was Queen of Navarre by marriage to King Charles III of Navarre  She acted as regent of Navarre during the absence of her spouse in France in 1397–1398, 1403–1406 and 1409–1411 

Biography
Early life
She was the daughter of King Henry II of Castile and his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, who was descended from a cadet branch of the Castilian royal house  Eleanor was a member of the House of Trastámara 
Eleanor was involved with plans to marry King Ferdinand I of Portugal in 1371, however he refused the match as he had secretly married the noblewoman Leonor Telles de Menezes 
She was betrothed in Burgos in 1373 to Prince Charles, the heir of King Charles II of Navarre  The couple was married at Soria in May 1375  A testament dated at Burgos on 29 May 1374 shows that King Henry II bequeathed property to his daughter Eleanor as a part of her dowry 

The Years in Castile
The marriage of Charles and Eleanor was marked by a number of unusual marital disputes  In 1388, Eleanor asked at a meeting between her husband and her brother John I of Castile for permission to retire for some time to her homeland of Castile in order to recover from an illness caught in Navarre  She believed this course of action would be best for her health  The two young daughters in her care at the time went with her  During their absence from Navarre, Eleanor and her children resided in Valladolid  By 1390, Eleanor bore two more daughters to Charles, and two years later, her husband requested her to return to Navarre because both of them needed to be crowned King and Queen of Navarre upon the death of her father-in-law King Charles II  Eleanor's brother King John supported the request of Charles III



ground_truth: Do Musafir

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the place of death of Sancha Of Castile, Queen Of Navarre's mother?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Eleanor did not consent, claiming that she was ill-treated in Navarre and believed members of the Navarrese nobility wished to poison her  As a result, Eleanor remained in Castile while her husband was crowned in February 1390 in Pamplona  By the end of the 1390s, Eleanor had born her husband six daughters, all of whom survived infancy, but no sons  For this reason, Eleanor handed her oldest daughter Joanna over to Charles III to be groomed for her future role as ruler of the Kingdom of Navarre 
On 9 October 1390, Eleanor's brother John died and was succeeded by his minor son Henry as king of Castile  Charles then requested Eleanor's return to Navarre again, but she refused once more  Eleanor opposed her nephew Henry's accession and she formed the League of Lillo along with her illegitimate half-brother Fadrique and her cousin Pedro  King Henry opposed the League, besieged Eleanor in her castle at Roa around mid-1394, and obliged her to return to her husband in February 1395 

Queen of Navarre
Eleanor became very involved in the political life of Navarre upon her return  Her relationship with her husband improved, and they had the long-awaited sons Charles and Louis  Both died young, however  On 3 June 1403, her coronation as Queen of Navarre took place in Pamplona  Upon several occasions when Charles stayed in France, Eleanor took to the role of regent  She also helped to maintain good relations between Navarre and Castile  As a result of these good relations, members of the Castillian nobility, including the Duke of Benavente and members of the powerful families of Dávalos, Mendoza and Zuñiga, settled in Navarre 
Upon the couple's absences, their daughter Joanna acted as regent, as she was heiress to the kingdom  Joanna died in 1413 without issue and in the lifetime of both her parents, therefore the succession turned to their second daughter Blanche, who would eventually succeed as Queen of Navarre upon Charles' death 
There is confusion surrounding Eleanor's death  She is believed to have died at Olite on 27 February 1415 or at Pamplona 5 March 1416  Her husband died in 1425, and they were buried together at Pamplona in the Cathedral of Santa María la Real 

Issue
Eleanor and Charles had eight children, five of which lived to adulthood:

Joanna (1382–1413), married John I, Count of Foix, no issue 
Blanche (1385-1441), married John II of Aragon, became Queen of Navarre and had issue 
Maria (1388–1406), died unmarried and childless 
Margaret (1390–1403), died young
Beatrice (1392–1412), married to James II, Count of La Marche, and had issue 
Isabella (1395–1435), married in 1419 to John IV of Armagnac, had issue; they were great-great grandparents of King Henry IV of France 
Charles (1397–1402), Prince of Viana, died young
Louis (1402), Prince of Viana, died young
Passage 10:
Blanche of Navarre, Countess of Champagne
Blanche of Navarre (c  1177–1229) was Countess of Champagne by marriage to Theobald III, Count of Champagne, and regent of Champagne during the minority of her son Theobald I of Navarre between 1201 and 1222 

Life
Early life
She was the youngest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile, who died in 1179, about two years after Blanche's birth  Her eldest brother, Sancho VII, succeeded their father and was the last agnatic descendant of the first dynasty of kings of Navarre, the Pamplona dynasty, dying childless  Her elder sister Berengaria married Richard I of England 
Blanche married Theobald III, Count of Champagne, on 1 July 1199 at Chartres, when she was 22-years-old and he was 20-years-old 

Regent of Champagne
Theobald III died young on 24 May 1201, leaving her pregnant  When she gave birth to a son on 30 May 1201, he immediately became Theobald IV, Count of Champagne (Theobald I of Navarre)  Blanche ruled the county as regent until Theobald turned 21 years old in 1222  The regency was plagued by a number of difficulties  Blanche's brother-in-law, count Henry II had left behind a great deal of debt  Henry was the elder son but had transferred the land to his younger brother, Theobald III  
Furthermore, their son Theobald IV's right to the succession of Champagne was challenged by Henry's daughter Philippa and her husband, Erard I of Brienne, Count of Ramerupt and one of the more powerful Champagne nobles   The conflict with the Briennes broke into open warfare in 1215, in what became known as the Champagne War of Succession, and was not resolved until after Theobald came of age in 1222  After the death of her husband, however, Blanche had taken immediate action to secure the county of Champagne for her son  She found King Philip at Sens and paid him homage, which was the first homage rendered by a countess  She did this to maintain wardship and the right over her lands and in exchange she promised to not marry without the king's permission  Prince Louis then proclaimed in a letter to Jean of Brienne, that neither he nor King Philip would hear a challenge against Theobald IV's claim until he was twenty-one  In this letter, Prince Louis also confirmed that Henry II did indeed transfer the land to his brother  At that time Theobald and Blanche bought out their rights for a substantial monetary payment  Blanche had also arranged the dowry of Henry II's elder daughter Alice of Champagne, when she married the young Hugh I of Cyprus  In the 1230s, in order to settle with Alice, Theobald IV had to sell his overlordship over the counties of Blois, Sancerre, and Châteaudun to Louis IX of France 
With her regency completed, in 1222 Blanche withdrew to the Cistercian convent of Argensolles, whose foundation she had funded herself, for her retirement 

Later years
Since some barons suspected Theobald for having a hand in the death of Louis VIII (in November 1226), Blanche of Castile withdrew his invitation to the coronation of Louis IX and proffered it to Blanche instead Blanche died on 13 March 1229, seven years after the end of her regency, at the age of 52  In her will she left 5 marks of gold to the Cathedral of Reims, which was used to build a statue to contain the Holy Milk of the Virgin After Blanche's death, her brother in retirement remained as King of Navarre and her son Theobald continued as Count of Champagne   Their eldest sister, Berengaria of Navarre, Queen of England (widow of Richard the Lionheart), died without issue in 1230, leaving Sancho as the sole surviving child of Sancho VI  When he died in 1234, Blanca's son Theobald IV of Champagne was recognized as the next King of Navarre   Theobald had married twice during Blanche's lifetime and had one daughter by the time of her death, who was also named Blanche 

Children

Blanche had two children with Theobald III of Champagne:

Marie – Blanche is noted as having borne an older daughter named Marie to Theobald III before his death in May 1201  References to this Marie in documentation are scant, but as Blanche was married in July 1199, Marie would have been under two years old at the time of her father's death  One of the conditions of Blanche's treaty with Philip II confirming her son's inheritance was that Marie had to be sent away to be raised in the royal court at Paris 
Theobald I of Navarre 


== Notes ==



ground_truth: Palencia