prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the director of film Kanneshwara Rama born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Renaldo Rama
Renaldo Rama (born 27 January 1990) is an Albanian footballer who plays as a forward 

Club career
The central midfielder has previously played for A O  Kastellas and Olympiacos at youth level and German club TuS Koblenz at senior level, as well as Gramozi Ersekë in Albania 
He made his debut on the professional league level in the 2  Bundesliga for TuS Koblenz on 20 March 2009 when he came on as a substitute in the 83rd minute in a game against FC Hansa Rostock  On 3 February 2009, he signed a contract with TuS Koblenz, but after one year, he resigned and left the team  The next season, Rama signed a contract with KS Apolonia for two years  He managed to play in 29 games with 9 goals  In season 2013–2014, AEK Athens bought him, using his Greek passport (Renaldo Rama finished high school in Greece)  He left the club on 3 July 2014 Rama spent the 2014–15 season at Fostiras in the Greek Football League, he made seventeen appearances and scored twice for the Greek club  Rama then left to join Albanian Superliga club Kukësi on 4 August 2015, he signed a one-year contract with the club 

Honours
AEK AthensFootball League 2: 12014(6th Group)
Passage 2:
Ismail Rama
Ismail Rama (born 3 November 1935) is an Albanian shooter who competed at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games in the 50 metre rifle prone, he finished 22nd 
Passage 3:
M  S  Sathyu
Mysore Shrinivas Sathyu (born 6 July 1930) is a film director, stage designer and art director from India  He is best known for his directorial Garm Hava (1973), which was based on the partition of India  He was awarded Padma Shri in 1975 

Early and personal life
Born into a Kannada Brahmin family, Sathyu grew up in Mysore  He pursued his higher education at Mysore and later Bangalore  In 1952, he quit college while working on his Bachelor of Science degree 
Sathyu is married to Shama Zaidi, a north Indian Shia Muslim  They have two daughters 

Career
He freelanced as an animator in 1952–53  After being unemployed for nearly four years, he got his first salaried job as assistant director to filmmaker Chetan Anand 
He worked in theatre as a designer and director, including designing sets and lights for productions of Hindustani Theatre, Okhla Theatre of Habib Tanvir, Kannada Bharati and other groups of Delhi  In films, he has worked as an art director, camera-man, screenwriter, producer and director  His first film  His fas an independent Art director  or Haqeeqat, a film by Chetan Anand, which won him recognition and the 1965 Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction 
His filmography includes over 15 documentaries and 8 feature films in Hindi, Urdu and Kannada His best known work, Garm Hava (Scorching Winds, 1973), is one of the last cinema productions featuring 1950s Marxist cultural activists including Balraj Sahni and Kaifi Azmi  Garm Hava won several Indian national awards in 1974, including a National Integration Award  It was screened in the competitive section at Cannes and was also the Indian entry at the Oscars  It won the Filmfare award for best screenplay M  S  Sathyu currently is associated mainly with television and stage  In 2013, Sathyu featured in the popular Google Reunion ad, where he played the role of Yusuf, an elderly Pakistani man who is reunited with his childhood pre-partition friend from India, Baldev (Vishwa Mohan Badola)  The commercial went viral on social media Sathyu is one of the patrons of Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) 
He directed musical  play Gul E Bakavali written by Sudheer Attavar; represented 8th World Theatre Olympics in year 2018   He also directed plays like 'Dara Shikoh', Amrita,Bakri, Kuri,Akhri Shama and many more
In 2014, his debut film, Garm Hava was re-released after restoration 

Awards
1965 : Filmfare Best Art Direction Award: Haqeeqat (for black-and-white film category)
1974 : Cannes Film Festival: Golden Palm : Garm Hava: Nominated 
1974 : National Film Award: Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration: Garam Hawa
1975 :  Padma Shri
1981-82 : Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film for "Bara"
1981-82 : Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director for "Bara"
1982 : Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada for "Bara"
1982 : Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada for "Bara"
1984 : National Film Award: Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration: Sookha
1984 : Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie Hindi : Sookha
1994 : Sangeet Natak Akademi Award: Stagecraft
2014 :Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship : Theatre

Production
Theatre plays
Gul E Bakavali musical Play written by Sudheer Attavar
Dara Shikoh written by Danish Iqbal
Mudrarkshas
Aakhri Shama
Rashmon
Bakri ("Kuri" in Kannada)
Girija Ke sapne
Mote Ram Ke Sathyagrah
Emil's Enemies
Amrita :

Films
Feature Films

Ek Tha Chotu Ek Tha Motu
Garm Hawa (Hot Wind) 1973
Chithegu Chinthe 1978 - Screened at 7th IFFI 
Kanneshwara Rama (The Legendary Outlaw)
Kahan Kahan Se Guzar Gaya (1981)
Bara (Famine), based on a short story by U R  Anantha Murthy (1982)
Sookha Hindi version of the Kannada movie Bara (1983)
Ghalige (Kannada)
Kotta (1999)
Ijjodu ( Kannada) 2009Short films and Documentaries

Irshad
Black Mountain
Ghalib
Islam in India

Television
TV serials

Pratidhwani 1985
Choli Daaman 1987–88
Kayar (Coir) 1992
Antim Raja (The Last Raja of Coorg) 1986Tele-films

Aangan
Ek Hadsa Char Pehlu
ThangamTelevision and YouTube Advertisements

Reunion, an advertisement for Google Search
Passage 4:
Urata Rama
Urata Rama (born 20 December 1986) is a Kosovar sports shooter and physical educator, who belongs to the Jeton Ramaj Shooting Club in Vitina and has participated at the Olympic level since 2003  In 2012, she was one of six athletes nominated by the Olympic Committee of Kosovo, but she was rejected for the 2012 Summer Olympics by the International Olympic Committee, which only accepted judoka Majlinda Kelmendi though as a representative of Albania  Rama, whose cousin Lumturie Rama also shoots competitively, competed at the 2015 European Games in Baku in the ISSF 10 meter air rifle, and went on to compete in the women's 10 metre air rifle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics 
Passage 5:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 6:
Kanneshwara Rama
Kanneshwara Rama (Kannada: ಕನ್ನೇಶ್ವರ ರಾಮ; English: The Legendary Outlaw) is a 1977 Kannada-language political film directed by M  S  Sathyu  The film features an ensemble cast including Anant Nag, Shabana Azmi, Amol Palekar, B  V  Karanth and Shimoga Venkatesh  The film is based on the novel Kannayya Rama written by S  K  Nadig  The film is set in the 1920s during which a rebellious youth, Kanneshwara Rama, who opposes the unjust orders given by the village head and becomes outlawed from the village The film was produced by the Moola Brothers under the production company Sharadha Movie Productions  The film is based on the novel Kannayya Rama written by S  K  Nadig  The screenplay of the film was also written by S  K  Nadig  The cinematography of the film was done by Ishan Arya and Ashok Gunjal, while the editing was handled by S  Chakravarthy  The music for the film was composed by B  V  Karanth, while the lyrics were written by N  Kulkarni  This film features the debut of Shabana Azmi in Kannada cinema  The film is Sathyu's second feature film after the 1973 film Garm Hava Kanneshwara Rama premiered at the International Film Festival of India  The film was theatrically released on 30 March 1989 and was a critical and box office success, completing a 100-day run in theatres  It was screened in many national and international film festivals, including the Bengaluru International Film Festival in 2017  The film has drawn comparisons to Garm Hava 

Plot
Present day
The film starts with Kanneshwara Rama, a long-sought-after fugitive who has been caught by the police  He is being paraded through the streets of Shimoga before being taken to the state capital for his execution  On the way, Rama sees many people in the crowd who have figured in his life at one point or another and starts thinking about those events 
Flashback
Back in his old days, Rama is a hot-headed peasant who fumes at the slightest attempt of intimidation  He despised meekness and that is one of the reasons for his contempt towards his docile wife  Rama defied the village head, resulting in a midnight scuffle in which he ends up killing the person  He is caught and sent to jail 
In prison, Rama meets Mahatma Gandhi’s followers who are political prisoners  Under cover of a nationalistic disturbance, he escapes from the place and joins a group of bandits  The leader of the group is Junja, who zealously guards his gang's hoard of gold, watched over by Malli, his mistress  Junja gets fond of Rama, something that is resented by some members of the gang, except Chennira who becomes his ally 
Junja is mortally wounded in an encounter with the police and names Rama as his successor  Malli quietly decamps with the hoarded treasure in the dark of night  Rama becomes notorious as an outrageously bold dacoit  He helps the poor, providing a dowry for girls of marriageable age and breaking the hold of feudal landlords in the area  He becomes a hero in the eyes of the people, attaining a status akin to Robinhood 
He raids a landlord's safe and accidentally finds refuge in Malli's house  She is now a high-priced prostitute and they become lovers  However, Rama finds an opportunity to steal her jewels and does not hesitate 
Rama's daring exploits, his growing popularity, and his successes begin to worry the government  The tension with the police reaches its peak when he rescues a group of nationalists from the police, takes the policemen captive, and humiliates the British Captain  He is both amused and impressed by Gandhi's policy of non-violence, but what catches his attention is their building of a cause and the symbolic flag, an idea that started to germinate in his mind 
Some members of Rama's gang are disloyal to him  He out-maneuvers them in their break-away attempt to rob an armed treasury and forgives the culprits, against Chennira's advice  However, Rama begins to wonder whether any group can be loyal to an individual for long  He feels that the guiding principle should be an idea, symbolized by a flag and a base, both of which are necessary  He frees a village under the bondage to a religious order, adopts it, and places his flag on an old fort that guards it  Rama becomes a legend, carving out an independent principality of his own  Rama becomes a legend in his own lifetime  Ballad singers compose songs praising his courage and the police are afraid of him 
The British Government is alarmed  The District Collector sends a large force to capture Rama at any cost  The Police Superintendent first tries to cajole Malli into giving him away but she refuses to do their bidding  He then threatens the people in the village and takes some hostages  The police offensive against Rama is intensified  At an encounter, most of his gang is killed, including the trusted Chennira  Rama runs to his villagers for refuge but they are too scared to help him  Enraged, he sets the village on fire  Even Malli is not able to deter him  The Police Superintendent tries to make Malli help him again  At first, she refuses but when the relatives of the hostages plead with her, she agrees 
Present day
Rama is now alone and helpless  He abandons his weapons at the altar of a temple and visits Malli at night  A trap is set around her house and as soon as Malli sends a signal, the police surround the area  Malli defends her actions by saying that his vindictiveness drove her to it   He says he had only come to give her his treasures so that they could be given to the villagers as compensation  Malli now regrets her betrayal but it is too late 

Cast
Soundtrack
The music was composed by B  V  Karanth 
Passage 7:
Manuel García Calderón
Manuel García Calderón García Rama (born 28 September 1953) is a Spanish football manager, currently in charge of CD Móstoles B 

Managerial career
Born in Madrid, García Calderón made his managerial debuts with Real Madrid's youth system  In 1996, he was appointed CD Toledo manager in Segunda División, after previous stints at CD Numancia and CD San Fernando; while in charge he only suffered two defeats, and his side finished 9th 
In August 1997, after suffering team relegation with SD Huesca, García Calderón was named Getafe CF manager  He was relieved from his duties in April of the following year, after losing his last three games 
García Calderón subsequently managed Algeciras CF, AD Alcorcón and CD Móstoles, all in Segunda División B  On 28 June 2006 he was appointed at the helm of CD Illescas, being sacked on 7 November of the following year On 18 June 2008 García Calderón returned to his former club Getafe, being appointed manager of the reserves  He was relieved from his duties on 9 January 2009, after achieving five consecutive defeats In 2014 García Calderón was named manager of the newly formed CD Móstoles B 
Passage 8:
Valdet Rama
Valdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for German club Wuppertaler SV  He also holds German citizenship 

Early life
Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years  There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004 

Club career
Early career
Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2  Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth  He scored a goal on his debut 

Hannover 96
After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer  On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract 

Örebro
In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK  He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger  During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work   This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments  He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer  Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated 

Valladolid
After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season  He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2  With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored 
His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute  Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015 

1860 Munich
On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2  Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich  Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St  Pauli which was won 1–2 away  In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt  Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination  He finished his first season with Die Löwen by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times 
In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances  His season was also marred by injuries  Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent  He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries 

Yanbian Funde
Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017  He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun Yatai

Kukësi
On 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly €9,000, excluding bonuses He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final  He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media 

SV Meppen
On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year  Having made three substitute appearances in the 2021–22 season he agreed the termination of his contract in January 2022 

Wuppertaler SV
On 3 January 2022, Rama joined Wuppertaler SV in the fourth-tier Regionalliga West 

International career
As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches  On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi  On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw  He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times  In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals 
In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team  However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again 

Career statistics
Club
As of 3 January 2022

International
As of match played 13 June 2015As of match played 13 June 2015
Scores and results list Albania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rama goal 
Passage 9:
Rafet Rama
Rafet Rama (born 5 December 1971) is a Kosovan politician and lawmaker who ran for the 2016 presidential election, in which he was defeated by Hashim Thaçi   He is a member of the Democratic Party of Kosovo 
Passage 10:
Milaim Rama
Milaim Rama (born 29 February 1976) is a former professional footballer who spent most of his career playing for Thun  In addition to Thun, he also played for FC Augsburg, Schaffhausen  Born in SFR Yugoslavia, he represented the Switzerland national team at international level 

International career
Rama had the right to represent two countries at the international level, such as Albania or Switzerland, with the latter he made his debut on 20 August 2003 in a friendly match against France after coming on as a substitute at 46th minute in place of Stéphane Chapuisat, becoming the first Kosovan to debut with Switzerland  His last international match was on 21 June 2004 in UEFA Euro 2004 group stage again against France 

Personal life
Rama was born in Viti, SFR Yugoslavia to Kosovo Albanian parents from the village Zhiti near Viti  At the age of 17, he immigrated to Switzerland and in 2003 received the Swiss passport  Rama is the father of Kosovo international Alketa Rama 
Context 2: Passage 1:
White: Melody of Death
White: Melody of Death (Korean: 화이트: 저주의 멜로디; RR: Hwaiteu: Jeojooui Mellodi, lit  White: The Melody of the Curse) is a 2011 South Korean horror film by Kim Gok and Kim Sun 
The film was pre-sold in Malaysia and Singapore with the teaser trailer and poster released at the Hong Kong Film Mart  The movie was a commercial success grossing US$ 5,3 Million and ending up being the highest-grossing horror movie and among Top 30 highest-grossing movies in South Korea in 2011 

Plot
The girl group Pink Dolls, which consists of A-rang, Je-ni, Shin-ji, and Eun-ju, make their debut on stage but fail to achieve popularity  They and the record company moved to a renovated studio that was burnt down in a fire 15 years ago  Eun-ju's sponsor (someone who funds an idol or group on the condition they receive sexual favors) was credited for making the move, and renovations happen  Eun-ju is bullied by the other three members for her involvement with the sponsor and considers quitting  Her vocal trainer and best friend, Soon-ye encouraged her to remain in the group as she believes they will find success and gain attention with their new song  While cleaning up in the dance rehearsal room, Eun-ju finds a VHS tape titled "WHITE" and plays it in her dorm room  The footage is of an old, unreleased music video  When the group's manager finds her watching the tape, she demands to permitted its song to be remade as their next single 
When Pink Dolls receives overnight popularity with their debut of the song "White," which has become a viral hit, the manager seeks to re-record the song but with the main vocalist overtaking the song  The tension begins to rise as Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji become hostile and jealousy against each other as they fight over the spot  During this time, a ghost attacks the three members on different occasions; Je-ni by strangling her with microphone cords, A-rang by causing her to fall off a music-video set, and Shin-ji by crushing her with camera equipment  Fearing the song is cursed and that she will be the next victim, Eun-ju examines hidden images within the video with Soon-ye and an editor and from there believe that a trainee named Jang Ye-bin, who died before the studio caught fire, wrote the song  Eun-ju meets up with her sponsor and asks about the circumstances surrounding Ye-bin and replies that she died by suicide  After returning to the rehearsal room in a fit of depression, Eun-Ju finds a suicide note beside power sockets that may have started the fire and she smashes the sockets with a hammer until she fell asleep in the morning 
Confident that the curse is broken, Eun-ju wants to get more attention by reinventing "White" with a new image, including dressing and dying her hair in white, and using the stage name "White"; but she takes credit for the song to her solo performance, and alienates those around her  While Soon-ye was destroying the evidence, she re-watched the video and noticed new details they had never seen  While doing so, she and the editor learned that Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji, who had been hosts for a music television show, died from drinking bleach on air  Soon-ye calls Eun-ju, who is on her way to a venue to perform "White," and warns her that the curse is not over, but Eun-ju ignores her  Soon-ye soon learns that the writer of the song was not Ye-bin, but a back-up dancer who was bullied by Ye-bin by disfiguring her face with acid and caused the back-up dancer to commit suicide by drinking bleach  Her ghost killed Ye-bin, who caused the fire when attempting to burn the suicide note 
Soon-ye rushes to the venue to rescue Eun-ju but is unable to enter the stage with all the doors locked  During Eun-ju's performance, the stage goes blackout, and the electricity begins to malfunctions  Eun-ju's sponsor and manager try to get her off the stage, but they are both killed by stage equipment, and the ghost attempts to attack her  Afterward, the doors all open, and the panicking crowd starts to rush out of the building, Soon-ye enters and she and Eun-ju attempt to reunite, but Eun-ju trips in the crowd and gets trampled to death  The electricity eventually sets the venue on fire  After the incident, Soon-ye destroyed all of the remaining evidence of the song in the studio's karaoke room  However, the karaoke machine announces that the next song playing is "White," alluding to the possibility that the curse has not been broken 

Cast
Ham Eun-jeong as Eun-ju, a leader of the Pink Dolls, who is a former back-up dancer
Hwang Woo-seul-hye as Soon-ye, a vocal trainer, and Eun-ju's best friend
May Doni Kim as Shin-ji, a rapper/dancer who is excellent for dancing performance 
Choi Ah-ra as A-rang, a visual/singer who is addicted to plastic surgery
Jin Se-yeon as Je-ni, a lead singer who is insecure with hitting high notes
After School as Pure
Byun Jung-soo as Talent Agent
Kim Young-min as Lee Tae-Yong
Kim Ki-bang as Manager
Yoo Mo-ri as Jang Ye-bin
Kim Soo-hyun as White
Lee Jun-ho as Music Fever host

Soundtrack
The soundtrack contains 3 versions of the song "White," the original (the one featured on the VHS tape), another sung by Pink Dolls (Ham Eun-jeong, May Doni Kim, Choi Ah-ra and Jin Se-yeon), and a solo version with just Eun-jeong 

Reception
Box office
The film grossed US$1,265,702 its opening weekend landing at the fifth position of the box office chart  In total the film grossed US$5,299,831 by the end of its theatrical run  The film received a total of 791,133 admissions nationwide 

Accolades
Listicles
Release
White was released in Japan as a DVD on March 02, 2012 by NBC Universal  A re-issue ws released in the same country on July 21, 2017 
Passage 2:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 3:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 4:
Walter Ruttmann
Walter Ruttmann (28 December 1887 – 15 July 1941) was a German cinematographer and film director, an important German  abstract experimental film maker, along with Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling and Oskar Fischinger  He is best known for directing the semi-documentary 'city symphony' silent film, with orchestral score by Edmund Meisel, in 1927, Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis  His audio montage Wochenende (Weekend) (1930) is considered a major contribution in the development of audio plays 

Biography
Ruttmann was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a wealthy mercantilist  He graduated high school in 1905 and began architectural studies in Zürich in 1907  In 1909 Ruttmann began painting in Munich, where he befriended Paul Klee and Lyonel Feininger, and he would later paint in Marburg Ruttmann was conscripted into the army in 1913, first serving in Darmstadt, and shortly after the outbreak of World War I he was sent to the Eastern Front, where he served as an artillery lieutenant and a gas defense officer  After spending 1917 in a hospital for post traumatic stress disorder, he began making films  Ruttmann had the financial means to work independently of the major German studios of the time  He founded Ruttmann-Film S R O  in Munich and patented an animation table, in June 1920 
His first productions were the first fully animated German cartoons and abstract animated films  Lichtspiel: Opus I, produced between 1919 and 1921, premiered on 27 April 1921 at the Berlin Marmorhaus, and released for German theatrical distribution in 1922, is the "oldest fully abstract motion picture known to survive, using only animated geometric forms, arranged and shown without reference to any representational imagery" 
Opus I and Opus II, were experiments with new forms of film expression, and the influence of these early abstract films can be seen in some of the early work of Oskar Fischinger  Ruttmann and his colleagues of the avant garde movement enriched the language of film as a medium with new formal techniques In 1926 he worked with Julius Pinschewer on Der Aufsteig, an experimental film advertising the GeSoLei trade fair in Düsseldorf In 1926, Ruttmann licensed a Wax Slicing machine from Oskar Fischinger to create special effects for  The Adventures of Prince Achmed, an  animated fairy tale film, for Lotte Reiniger, making the moving backgrounds and magic scenes Ruttmann was a prominent exponent of both avant-garde art and music  His early abstractions played at the 1929 Baden-Baden Festival to international acclaim despite their being almost eight years old  Together with Erwin Piscator, he worked on the film Melody of the World (1929), though he is best remembered for Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis, 1927) 
Weekend (Wochenende), commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour, and presented on 13 June 1930, is a pioneering work of musique concrète, a montage of sound clips, recorded using film optical sound track from the Tri-Ergon process  Ruttmann recorded the streets sounds of Berlin with a camera, but without images, this was before magnetic tape  Hans Richter called it “a symphony of sound, speech-fragments, and silence woven into a poem ”A pacifist, he traveled to Moscow in 1928 and 1929  During the Nazi period he was replaced by Leni Riefenstahl as director of the documentary which eventually became Triumph of the Will (1935), supposedly because Ruttmann's editing style was considered too "Marxist" and Soviet influenced  He died in Berlin 15 July 1941 due to an embolism after leg amputation 

Culture and Media
Segments from Ruttmann's experimental films Lichtspiel: Opus II (1923) and Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925) are used in the credits of the German neo-noir television series Babylon Berlin  Soundtracks to sped-up versions of Lichtspiel: Opus I and Opus IV have been proposed in 2023 

Select filmography
Lichtspiel: Opus I (1920)
Der Sieger (1922)
Das Wunder (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus II (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus III (1924, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Das wiedergefundene Paradies (1925)
Der Aufstieg (1926)
Spiel der Wellen (1926)
Dort wo der Rhein    (1927)
Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (1927)
Melody of the World (Melodie der Welt) (1929)
Wochenende (1930) [an experimental film with sound only, no image]
Feind im Blut (1931)
In der Nacht (1931)
Steel (1933)
Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich
Altgermanische Bauernkultur (1934)
Metall des Himmels (1935)
Schiff in Not (1936)
Mannesmann (1937)
Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit (1938)
Waffenkammern Deutschlands (1940)
Deutsche Panzer (1940)
Krebs (1941)

Further reading
Cowan, Michael  Walter Ruttmann and the Cinema of Multiplicity: Avant-garde-Advertising-Modernity  Amsterdam, NL: Amsterdam University Press, 2014  ISBN 9789089645852
Dombrug, Adrianus van  Walter Ruttmann in het beginsel  Purmerend, NL: J  Muusses, 1956 
Goergen, Jeanpaul  Walter Ruttmann: Eine Dokumentation  Berlin: Freunde der deutschen Kinemathek, 1989   ISBN 9783927876002
Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham The Music and Sound of Experimental Film  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017
Context 3: Passage 1:
Philip Pendleton Barbour
Philip Pendleton Barbour (May 25, 1783 – February 25, 1841) was the tenth speaker of the United States House of Representatives and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States  He is the only individual to serve in both positions  He was also a slave owner Born in Gordonsville, Virginia, Barbour established a legal career in Gordonsville after studying at the College of William & Mary  Several members of Barbour's family, including his brother, James Barbour, went on to hold prominent political office  Barbour won election to the House of Representatives in 1814 as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party  He served a single term as Speaker from 1821 to 1823 and declined to seek re-election to Congress in 1824  Barbour returned to Congress in 1827 as an ally of Andrew Jackson 
Barbour served in Congress until 1830, when he accepted appointment as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia  President Jackson appointed Barbour to the Supreme Court in 1835 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation in 1835 of Gabriel Duvall  Barbour served on the Court until his death in 1841  On the Court, Barbour generally supported Jacksonian principles and states' rights 

Early and family life
Barbour was born near Gordonsville, Orange County, Virginia, as the son of a planter, Thomas Barbour, who was a legislator, neighbor and early political sponsor of James Madison  He was named for his ancestor Philip Pendleton, through whom he was related to Edmund Pendleton, a politician and judge  The family was one of the First Families of Virginia, descended from a Scottish merchant who married a Miss Taliaferro and made his home in nearby Culpeper County, Virginia Like his brother James Barbour, Philip attended common and private schools before beginning formal legal studies under jurist St  George Tucker in Williamsburg, Virginia, but financial circumstances forced Tucker to end this arrangement in 1799 
He soon moved to Kentucky to make his fortune, where after a year reading law, he was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in Bardstown  After another year, friends persuaded him to return to Virginia and resume his studies at the College of William & Mary, so in 1802, he began practicing law near his family home in Gordonsville In 1804, Barbour married a local planter's daughter, Frances Johnson, with whom he had one son named Sextus Barbour 

Political and early judicial career
Barbour practiced law for eight years before he started his public life as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1812 to 1814   When U S  Representative John Dawson died, Barbour won the special election to fill the seat, and served as a Jeffersonian Republican in the U S  House of Representatives from September 19, 1814 to March 4, 1825, reaching the office of Speaker from 1821 to 1823  Barbour entered politics as the nation witnessed a political shift in which former state's rights activists such as current President James Madison, Henry Clay, and his brother James, now a U S  Senator, began supporting nationalistic policies  Throughout this shift in power, Philip Barbour remained a strong advocate of Jeffersonian "Old Republican" principles of states' rights and maintaining a strict construction of the Constitution 

First term in Congress
Barbour's reputation for constitutional conservatism grew with his opposition to the Bonus Bill of 1817  The Bill permitted the federal funding of internal
improvement projects such as building roads like that being constructed to connect Buffalo, New York to New Orleans, Louisiana, through Washington  Barbour viewed federally funded internal projects as outside the sphere of Congress' powers and therefore unconstitutional and undermining state sovereignty  Barbour viewed states as sovereign, political communities, independent of an overarching political dynasty and free to secede from the Union if the federal government infringed on the rights of the states, an argument that he employed when countering restrictions to Missouri's admission to the Union as a slave state  
Barbour also defended Missouri's ban on free Black Americans entering the state  To those who argued that this ban was a violation of Article IV of the Constitution, he replied that banning free Black Americans was no different than banning destitute white men who would become a burden on the state  He argued that the term "citizen" did not apply to Black Americans, whether free or not His opposition to national restrictions on slave states served to foment his passion for states' rights but also develop his pro-slavery argument in politics  As a Congressman, Barbour was the first prominent politician to openly contest the constitutionality of protective tariffs 

Cohens v  Virginia
In Cohens v  Virginia (1821), Congressman Barbour represented the Commonwealth of Virginia to argue the issue of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to hear the case, in which two men from Baltimore were convicted for selling D C  lottery tickets in Virginia  Barbour unsuccessfully argued that the Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction, since the law banning the sale of foreign lottery tickets was not meant to affect Virginia, rendering this a purely local issue  He also maintained that the suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment, which prohibits suit against a state without its consent  However, Chief Justice Marshall held that the Court had jurisdiction based on the Supremacy Clause, Art  VI, cl  2  This case strengthened Barbour's reputation as an Old Republican leader in a political system in which Virginian influence was waning and power was shifting between parties with the election of Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States 

Jacksonian Democratic-Republican Party
Andrew Jackson's election in 1828 led to the bifurcation of the Old Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democratic Republicans and the opposing National Republicans  Jackson formed the Democratic party on the foundation of Old Republican principles, such as Jefferson's displeasure with Hamilton's National Bank  During his two terms, President Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, and advocated for individual liberty, states' rights, and slavery 

State judge and second term in Congress
Barbour declined to run for re-election in 1824 and turned down an offer from Thomas Jefferson to become the professor of law in the University of Virginia in 1825  Instead, he accepted election by Virginia legislature as a judge of the General Court of Virginia succeeding the late Hugh Holmes  Barbour served for two years as a state judge 
In 1827, Barbour returned to his seat in the House of Representatives as a Jacksonian  For the first two years of his second stint in the House, he was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee 
In 1829, Barbour became one of the first Jeffersonian Old Republicans to join the Jacksonian Democrats in opposition to the National Bank  He fought to expose the Second Bank of the United States as a private enterprise, endowed with federal funds while only masquerading as a government institution  Although his anti-Bank campaign did not take hold, Barbour's advocacy for state sovereignty, the removal of the National Bank, and the legalization of slavery in territories such as Missouri earned him favor with President Andrew Jackson 
Also in 1829, while continuing to serve as a U S  Representative, Barbour became a delegate for the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830, and the Convention elected him their second president, after the Convention's first president, James Monroe, had to withdraw due to failing health on December 8  As such, Barbour (with distinguished Virginians such as Monroe, James Madison, and John Marshall) helped restrict discussion of slavery's role in the Commonwealth, and limited the rancorous assembly's debates to issues of representation and suffrage (Virginia had been one of the last states to allow only landowners to vote, and slaveholders had disproportionate power)  The resulting constitution was adopted in 1830, despite the votes against it from the state's northern and western areas (much of which ultimately split off to become West Virginia during the American Civil War decades after Barbour's death) 

Federal district judge and the 1832 campaign season
Barbour also turned down offers of a chancellorship and the post of U S  Attorney General before finally resigning his congressional seat October 15, 1830 to accept President Jackson's appointment to become judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia  Jackson appointed Barbour by recess appointment on October 8, 1830, to a seat on that court vacated by George Hay  Barbour was formally nominated on December 14, 1830, and two days later he was confirmed by the Senate, and received his commission, serving thereafter until March 17, 1836 In 1832, Democrats unhappy with the selection of Martin Van Buren as their party's vice-presidential nominee held a convention in Virginia, at which they nominated Jackson for president and Barbour for vice president  Barbour eventually withdrew his candidacy and endorsed the Jackson-Van Buren ticket, but the alternative Democratic ticket still appeared on the ballot in several Southern states 
Barbour also refused nominations for judge of the court of appeals, for Governor, and for United States Senator 
Although it was unknown whether Barbour could gain favor with voters outside Virginia, Barbour's campaigning on the Democratic ticket illuminated the similarities in parties and gained favor for the Democratic party   Voters reasoned that, if a man like Barbour, loyal to his party even when his fellow Virginians chose different principles, could switch to the Democratic party, then the Democrats must hold the same values  By joining the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Barbour entrenched Old Republican principles into a new political dynasty, therefore continuing the legacy of Jefferson and further validating the strength of Democratic principles  This was similar to Lincoln's argument that secession should not occur due to the state of perpetual Union that had existed since the first draft of the Constitution before the term "Union" was first used to describe the North during the Civil War  Therefore, Barbour's resignation allowed the second party system to coalesce by unifying the Democratic Party on the ideologies of war in the American system through the national reform retrenchment and economy, and a restoration of republican constitutionalism 

United States Supreme Court
Appointment
In 1835, Chief Justice Marshall's death and Justice Gabriel Duvall's resignation created two vacancies on the Supreme Court  President Jackson, at the end of his second Presidential term, nominated Judge Barbour to fill Duvall's vacancy  Nationalists feared Jackson's appointment of Barbour because Barbour's anti-administration Congressional legacy and Democratic beliefs suggested that he would attempt to undermine the federal supremacy achieved during the Marshall Court  This fear made the finalization of the decision an arduous process with two attempts at delaying the Senate's decision  On March 15, 1836, the Senate approved the appointment of Barbour by a vote of 30-11 

Tenure
Barbour served on the Supreme Court for five years  He heard 155 cases, for which he authored one major opinion and two dissents  His passion for states' rights, strict constructionism, and limits on federal power helped shape the legacy of the Taney Court 
During Barbour's first term (1837), he heard three cases that mitigated Marshall's accomplishment of judicial nationalism, Briscoe v  Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Charles River Bridge v  Warren Bridge, and New York v  Miln  Justice Barbour authored the majority opinion in New York v  Miln  In 1824, the state of New York passed a law that required all ship masters to provide a report delineating personal information of passengers in order to prevent smuggling and immigration of the impoverished for whom the state could not provide  Ship master Miln refused to comply with the law and was therefore jailed and fined  The case went to the Court on the issue of whether the statute violated the Commerce Clause, U S  Const , Art  1, § 8  Barbour held that the New York statute did not violate the Commerce Clause, because it was an exercise of the power granted to the state to "regulate their internal police and to take care that no detriment comes to the commonwealth " People were "not the subject of commerce, and not being imported goods, cannot fall within a train of reasoning founded upon the construction of a power given to Congress to regulate commerce and the prohibition to the states from imposing a duty on imported goods "  Justice Barbour argued that the statue was valid as an act of police power to protect the health and welfare of the community  Because it is within the powers of the state to have jurisdiction over its people and things within its territorial boundaries, then "the authority of a state is complete, unqualified, and exclusive "Justice Barbour's holding in Miln was supported by Taney's opinion in Charles River Bridge that the people have rights and it is the duty of both the state and the nation to preserve those rights in order to ensure the happiness and welfare of every citizen  Miln helped Barbour develop a states' rights constitutional vision for the Supreme Court, by narrowing the scope of federal commerce power while expanding state policing power  For both Briscoe v  Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and Charles River Bridge v  Warren Bridge, Barbour voted with the majority, simultaneously gaining more power for states and weakening Marshall Court nationalism 
While Barbour did not spend enough time on the court to amass a large body of judicial opinions, he authored dissents in Kendall v  United States ex rel  Stokes (1838) and Holmes v  Jennison (1840)  These two dissents sought to diminish federal authority by supporting Jacksonian political aspirations and opposing restrictions to state sovereignty  Kendall dealt with judicial supervision of executive acts  In 1835, President Jackson appointed Amos Kendall the Postmaster General for the United States  A firm, Stockton and Stokes, had had a contract with the previous Postmaster General, and demanded payment of outstanding debts thereunder, which Kendall declined, in favor of the debt-ridden U S  Postal Service's other creditors 
The Court viewed Kendall as a proceeding against an Executive Branch official who acted within the scope of his powers  The Court dealt with the issues of whether it had jurisdiction to hear the case under Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and whether it had the power to issue a writ of mandamus under Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to an official of the Executive Branch  The majority held that the Supreme Court could issue a writ of mandamus to "compel the Postmaster General to perform any ministerial duty devolved on him by law " This issue and holding is similar to that in Marbury v  Madison (1803), which also involved writs of mandamus to an executive officer and held that the Supremacy Clause in Article VI and the notion of popular sovereignty granted the Court jurisdiction over state court cases and the power of judicial review to make legitimate and final rulings on constitutional questions 
Justices Taney and Catron concurred with Barbour's opinion that it was never within the scope of judicial power to control executive actions  Although Barbour believed that "Congress has the constitutional power to give to the federal judiciary …authority to issue the writ of mandamus," Barbour did not believe that the lower court had the "power to issue the writ in question"  Even though the Postmaster General was subject to direction and control of the President with respect of the duties imposed by law, when the law is 'ministerial,' Congress can limit and regulate the executive officials  Because Congress created the executive office, then Congress could monitor executive decisions, but the President is not controlled by the federal courts  While the majority opinion served to further define separation of powers by holding acts of the executive branch as subject to the rulings of the Supreme Court, Barbour's dissenting opinion sought to discourage judicial supervision of executive acts by applying President Jackson's departmental theory, the notion that the executive branch has the right to interpret the Constitution for itself  Barbour's opinion in Kendall demonstrated his loyalty to President Jackson's political agenda 
Barbour made his most powerful argument in favor of states' rights in Holmes v  Jennison (1840), which focused on the extradition of a fugitive from Vermont to Canada  In 1838, George Holmes, a resident of Quebec, was convicted of murdering Louis Paschal Achille Tache in Canada  Holmes escaped to the United States where he was detained under issue of warrant in Vermont  Silas H  Jennison, the governor of Vermont, issued the warrant stating that Holmes, being a citizen of the lower province of Canada, would be arrested and returned to suffer prosecution according to the Canadian justice system, even though the United States had no extradition treaty with Canada  Because the Vermont Supreme Court refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus, Holmes petitioned to the Supreme Court on grounds that he was unlawfully imprisoned and deprived of his personal liberties 
The case became a contentious debate further polarizing the Court between nationalists and states' rights Justices  Holmes focused on whether the Court had the authority to review the case based on Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and whether the governor's warrant violated the Extradition Clause of Article IV, section 2 of the Constitution, which gave the federal government power to surrender a fugitive to a foreign government  Chief Justice Taney believed that the case fell within the Court's jurisdiction and that the federal government had the exclusive power to engage in foreign relations and so believed that the governor had violated the Extradition Clause 
However, as the Court divided 4-4 over the issue of jurisdiction, the Court dismissed the petition   The Vermont Supreme Court subsequently ordered Holmes released in light of the fact that five of the eight Justices expressed the opinion that the governor had violated the Extradition Clause, an expression of the principle that the Constitution gives state officers no power to take independent actions concerned with foreign governments  Barbour was one of the four Justices who disagreed with the Chief Justice  Barbour believed that, because "there is no treaty on the subject of surrendering fugitives," between Vermont and Canada, then the returning of fugitives to Canada did not violate a power granted to the federal government by the Constitution, and therefore the "authority, exercised by the Governor of Vermont, is not repugnant to the power of making treaties in its dormant state, because, in the language of the Chief Justice before cited, it is not the mere existence of the power but its exercise which is incompatible with the exercise of the same power by the states " Barbour opined that, because the Constitution did not explicitly define the affairs of states with foreign countries, Governor Jennison was completely within his rights to order the extradition 
Barbour's opinion in Holmes accorded with his opinion in New York v  Miln that the state has the duty to maintain the welfare of its people  Holmes v  Jennison provides an example of Barbour's strict reading of the Constitution, which allowed him to read a more pronounced states' rights view into the text 

Death and legacy
Barbour died of a coronary thrombosis on February 25, 1841, while asleep in his bed, and partway through the arguments of John Quincy Adams, who sought freedom for African captives in the Amistad Case  Justice Story (although opposing slavery and personally more nationalist than Barbour) eulogized Barbour as earning the respect of his colleagues by his commitment to personal values, persistence in fighting for his beliefs, and legal acumen Barbour owned fifty-four slaves at the time of the 1840 census An Episcopalian throughout his life, Philip Pendleton Barbour was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D C  Barbour's long-time friend and fellow Virginian, Peter V  Daniel, succeeded him on the U S  Supreme Court, and continued Barbour's legacy of maintaining Jacksonian principles, states' rights, and strict constructionist reading of the Constitution Locations named after him include Barbour County, West Virginia, Philippi, West Virginia and its Philip Barbour High School 
Barbour's tenure on the Court demonstrated his loyalty to President Jackson's national vision while applying a narrowed reading of state's rights into the Constitution  Barbour's decisions in major Court cases created an enduring Jacksonian legacy on the Taney Court  Barbour's furtherance of Jacksonian principles of departmental theory in his Kendall dissent, his states' rights advocacy in his majority opinion in New York v  Miln, and textualist reading of the Constitution in order to distinguish state from Congressional power in his dissent in Holmes, all served in this regard 
Barbour's opinions began to unravel the work of Marshall's Court, and set a precedent for future cases as the country became more polarized  Barbour's arguments for the authority of the President to interpret the Constitution in Kendall, and those in defense of the states' police power in Cohens v  Virginia, allowed Chief Justice Taney to rule that slaves were not citizens in Dred Scott v  Sanford (1857)  Ironically, they were also used by President Abraham Lincoln to issue a suspension of habeas corpus in 1861 

See also
Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Passage 2:
Obata Toramori
Obata Toramori (小畠虎盛, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period  He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" 
He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters  
He was the father of Obata Masamori 

See also
Isao Obata
Passage 3:
Arthur Beauchamp
Arthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand  He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield 

Biography
Beauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861 He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington)  Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds  He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884  He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton  Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned   He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian  He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a "fixer" for  Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct  Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro  At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session 

See also
Yska, Redmer (2017)  A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903  Dunedin: Otago University Press  pp  91–99  ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4 
Passage 4:
James Barbour (singer)
James Barbour (born April 25, 1966) is an American singer and theatre actor who played the title role in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera from February 2015 until December 2017  Among his other credits are the Beast in Beauty and the Beast and Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities, for which he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award 
In 2008, Barbour pleaded guilty to two counts of endangering the welfare of a child, and he admitted to engaging in sexual activities with a 15-year-old on more than one occasion 

Early life and education
Barbour was born April 25, 1966, in Cherry Hill, New Jersey  He graduated from Hofstra University, where he majored in English and Theatre with a minor in Philosophy and Physics 

Career
Barbour made his Broadway debut in 1993, in the production of Cyrano: The Musical  He also played Billy Bigelow in Carousel in 1994 and the Beast in Beauty and the Beast in 1998  He was nominated for a Drama League Award in the Outstanding Actor In A Musical category for his role as Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre  He played Leon Czolgosz in Assassins  He also appeared in the Broadway production of Urinetown, and in the national tours of The Secret Garden and Camelot  He also co-founded Laughing Dog Entertainment with the theatre director Steve Binder He played Lancelot in the 2005 Hollywood Bowl production of Camelot  In late 2007, he performed the role of Sydney Carton in a pre-Broadway musical adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities at the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida  In 2008, Barbour reprised his role in the Broadway production of A Tale of Two Cities, which closed after 60 performances  In the New York Times, critic Ben Brantley wrote that he disliked both the production and Barbour's performance in it  Barbour was nominated for the Drama League, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards in the Best Actor in a Musical category for his role in A Tale of Two Cities In 2011, it was announced that he would play the supporting role of Jack Favel in the Broadway musical adaptation of Rebecca  The production was plagued with legal and financial problems, and the production has been indefinitely postponed after multiple delays  Barbour then played the title role in the Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera for nearly three years, from February 2015 until December 2017 He launched a holiday concert series at New York's Sardi's Restaurant in 2008  Each performance featured a guest performer, including Brandi Burkhardt, Natalie Toro, Deborah Gibson, Marla Schaffel, Marc Kudisch, and Kevin Earley  He repeated the holidays concerts in 2009 in both New York and Los Angeles  In 2010, he expanded these concerts to six cities  He followed this with a second Sardi's concert series, "Love Songs", featuring numerous Broadway classics  The annual holiday concert series has since moved to Birdland, a Manhattan jazz club In March 2017, Barbour's likeness was immortalized in a caricature portrait on the wall at Sardi's  The same year, he finished writing The Ghosts of the Majestic, a solo show about John Raitt, Robert Goulet, and Ezio Pinza, three notable actors that performed at the Majestic Theatre 

Personal life
Barbour is married to fellow performer Dana Stackpole, with whom he has two daughters He has been an Artist Committee Board member of The Actors Fund of America for since 2000 during which time he has performed many charitable fundraisers in support of the Fund and Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS  In 2014, he gave a fundraising performance for Scientology  He has given benefit concerts for his alma mater, Hofstra University 

Arrest
In April 2006, Barbour was arrested and charged with five counts of sexual abuse and sodomy, after a woman accused him of committing statutory rape against her in 2001, when she was 15 years old  In December 2006 he was indicted by a grand jury in New York for said crime In January 2008, Barbour pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of endangering the welfare of a minor in exchange for a lesser sentence in jail and three years' probation  Also, in accordance with his plea bargain, Barbour made a public allocution to these misdemeanors  He served his sentence at Rikers Island, which lasted for 36 days beginning on February 29, 2008 

Broadway appearances
Cyrano: The Musical (1993)
Carousel (1994)
Beauty and the Beast (1998–1999)
Jane Eyre (2000)
Urinetown (2001)
Assassins (2004 & 2012)
A Tale of Two Cities (2008)
The Phantom of the Opera (2015-2017)

Filmography
Beauty and the Beast: A Concert on Ice (1996) (TV)
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996) (TV)
Cyrano: The Musical (1997) (TV)
Just Shoot Me! (1997) (TV)
Houdini (1998)
Sex and the City (1999) (TV)
Twinkle Toes (1999)
The District (2000) (TV)
That's Life (2001) (TV)
Eight Crazy Nights (2002)
Ed (2003) (TV)
Alchemy (2005)

Discography
Bring Me Giants (2010)
A Gift of Christmas (2009)
A Tale of Two Cities, The Musical: International Studio Cast Recording (2008)
Broadway in Concert (with Hershey Felder) (2007)
Dracula: The Musical Concept Recording
Jane Eyre – Original Cast Recording
Assassins – Broadway Cast Recording
Love Songs
The Gift

Awards
2001 Drama League Award – Edward Rochester, Jane Eyre ~ The Musical (WIN)
2006/7 LA Weekly Garland Award – Back From Broadway (WIN)
2007 Sarasota Magazine Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (WIN – Tie)
2008-2009 BroadwayWorld Fan Choice Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Finalist /Runner-Up )
2009 Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Nomination)
2009 Drama Desk Award for Best Actor in a Musical – Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities (Nomination)
Passage 5:
Ross Barbour (footballer)
Ross Barbour (born 1 February 1993) is a Scottish semi-professional footballer who plays for Darvel in the West of Scotland League Premier Division 

Playing career
Kilmarnock
A member of Kilmarnock's under 19 squad, Barbour was promoted to the first team on 17 December 2011, where he was an unused substitute in their match against Dundee United  He went on to make his debut aged 19, on 7 April 2012 as a second-half substitute in a 6–0 defeat to champions Celtic  On 22 May 2014, Barbour signed a new two-year contract with the club 

Kirkintilloch Rob Roy
On 25 March 2016, Barbour signed for Junior club Kirkintilloch Rob Roy on a short-term contract after he was released by Kilmarnock 

Stranraer
Barbour signed for Stranraer in July 2016  After only one month at Stranraer, Barbour left the club, citing differences with Manager Brian Reid 

Troon
Barbour signed for Troon on 24 August 2016  after leaving Stranraer 

Linlithgow Rose
Upon the expiry of his contract at Troon, Barbour joined East of Scotland side Linlithgow Rose in July 2018, where he revelled in a previously unfamiliar midfield role  After the departure of Manager Mark Bradley, Barbour requested a move back to his native West Coast 

Troon return
On 24 October 2019  Barbour re-signed for Troon 

Career statistics
As of 30 August 2016
Passage 6:
Antwain Barbour
Antwain La'Mar Barbour (born June 27, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Hoops Club of the Lebanese Basketball League 
Kentucky High School Sweet 16 State Champion 2000 (Elizabethtown) 
MVP Kentucky High School State Tournament 2000 

Career
After playing for Kentucky Wildcats at NCAA, Barbour joined Kentucky Colonels of ABA league in 2004 
Next season he played in the Continental Basketball Association with Yakima Sun Kings and on 2006 he arrives to Spain for finishing the 2005–06 LEB season with UB La Palma



ground_truth: Mysore

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Melody Of The World or Ladies Love Danger?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   ISBN 9780190469900
Quaresima, Leonard, editor  Walter Ruttmann: Cinema, pittura, ars acustica  Calliano (Trento), Italy: Manfrini, 1994  ISBN 9788870245035
Passage 5:
Melody of Death
Melody of Death is a 1922 British silent crime film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Philip Anthony, Enid R  Reed and Dick Sutherd  It is an adaptation of the 1915 novel The Melody of Death by Edgar Wallace 

Cast
Philip Anthony as Gilbert Standerton
Enid R  Reed as Enid Cathcart
Dick Sutherd as George Wallis
H  Agar Lyons as Sir John Standerton
Frank Petley
Hetta Bartlett as Mrs Cathcart
Bob Vallis
Passage 6:
H  Bruce Humberstone
H  Bruce "Lucky" Humberstone (November 18, 1901 – October 11, 1984) was an American film director  He was previously a movie actor (as a child), a script clerk, and an assistant director, working with directors such as King Vidor, Edmund Goulding, and Allan Dwan 

Early years
Humberstone was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida 

Film
One of 28 founders of the Directors Guild of America, Humberstone worked on several silent movie films for 20th Century Fox  Humberstone did not specialize; he worked on comedies, dramas, and melodramas  Humberstone is best known today for the seminal film noir I Wake Up Screaming (1941) and his work on some of the Charlie Chan films  In the 1950s, Humberstone worked mostly on TV  He retired in 1966 

Recognition
Humberstone has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 

Death
Humberstone died of pneumonia in Woodland Hills, California, on October 11, 1984, aged 82, and was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California 

Partial filmography as director
Passage 7:
Ladies Love Danger
Ladies Love Danger is a 1935 American comedy film directed by H  Bruce Humberstone and written by Samson Raphaelson, Robert Ellis and Helen Logan  The film stars Mona Barrie, Gilbert Roland, Donald Cook, Adrienne Ames, Hardie Albright and Herbert Mundin  The film was released on May 3, 1935, by Fox Film Corporation 

Plot
Cast
Passage 8:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 9:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Melody of the World
Melody of the World (German: Melodie der Welt) is a 1929 German film directed by Walter Ruttmann  It is also known as World Melody  The film is structured like a symphony and consists of documentary footage from all over the world, contrasted and juxtaposed to show a number of human activities as they take form in different cultures  There are also staged scenes with actors 
The film was produced by Tonbild-Syndikat AG as an assignment from Hapag  It has an original score by Wolfgang Zeller  It was advertised as Germany's first feature-length sound film 

Cast
Ivan Koval-Samborskij as sailor
Renée Stobrawa as sailor's wife
Grace Chiang as Japanese woman
O  Idris as Malayan temple dancer
Wilhelm Cuno as general director of Hapag

Release
The world premiere took place on 27 July 1929 at the Deutsches Kammermusikfest in Baden-Baden  The film was released in regular German cinemas on 10 May 1930, distributed by Deutsches Lichtspiel-Syndikat AG 

See also
List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)



ground_truth: Melody Of The World

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of Sextus Barbour's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He only played four games, but it was sufficient for signing for Tenerife Rural 
On the team of the island of Tenerife, Barbour played during two seasons and a half becoming one of the most spectacular players of the LEB League  He has got the scoring record at this league, with 50 points against CB Lucentum Alicante After two seasons reaching the promotion playoffs to Liga ACB and a half of another one, he leaves Tenerife for signing for Erdemir SK of the Turkish Basketball League  In this first season in Turkey, he becomes runner-up of the Turkish Cup Basketball and finishes the 2008–09 season saving the spot in the TBL  When he arrived, the team was in the 15th position On 2009, he returns to Spain to play at Lagun Aro GBC, team of the Liga ACB, the top Spanish basketball league  One year later, Barbour comes back to Zonguldak for playing again at Erdemir SK 
For the 2011–12 season, Antwain Barbour signed with KK Cibona On July 3, 2013, Barbour signed with Mersin BB  After a stint in Poland he came back with Mersin BB on December 10, 2014 
Passage 7:
Cleomenes II
Cleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC  He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him  Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC  Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus 

Life and reign
Cleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r  380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids)  Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371  His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370  Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC  In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r  524–490) 

Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes  He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity"  Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322)  However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r  400–c 360), Archidamus III (r  360–338), and Agis III (r  338–331)  As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes  Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315 Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336  In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373  Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:
Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting "
As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority  Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely 
Passage 8:
Roy Barbour
Roy Hilton Barbour (born 2 June 1935) is a Rhodesian former field hockey player  He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics 
Passage 9:
Sextus Barbour
Dr  Sextus Barbour (July 26, 1813 – December 20, 1848) was a prominent American physician and planter  As the son of Philip P  Barbour (May 25, 1783 – February 25, 1841), U S  Congressman from Virginia and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Barbour was a scion of the Barbour political family 

Early life and education
Barbour was born on July 26, 1813, in Orange County, Virginia  He was the sixth child of Philip P  Barbour and his wife Frances Todd Johnson Barbour was a matriculant at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1834 

Writings
Sometime between 1839 and '43, Barbour wrote "Directions for Writing" which is widely cited in literature on writing and grammar:In notes in the third person, the address, and date, are to be placed, on the right side just below the last line  Both letters, and notes, are to be addressed, to the persons for whom they are intended, on the left side, of the lower part of the paper  The place of abode of the person to whom sent, to be first  This is the case when they are in the third person  The letter, or note should never be carried so, near the bottom, as not to have room for the usual conclusion, and signature or to crunch it  Postscripts should if possible be avoided, and, on no account should civilities be postponed to this part  All letters should be enveloped but such as are sent by the post  Nothing should be written when [?] the inside of the envelope; not must any address, be put on the enclosed letter  A half sheet to be used for the envelope 
A hiring agreement in 1846 between Barbour and his eldest brother Edmund Pendleton Barbour serves as a historically significant source for the safety of, hiring of, and caring for slaves  The agreement did not list a price for a slave's services but included the standard food and clothing clause along with an additional clause stating that "the boy Edwin not be allowed to cross the Libertyville millpond or the watercourse when it is high "

Death
Both Barbour and his brother Thomas Barbour, also a physician, died of cholera during the 1848-49 St  Louis cholera epidemic  The epidemic killed 4,500 people, one-tenth of the population of St  Louis  Barbour died on December 20, 1848, and his brother Thomas died the following year in June 1849 
Passage 10:
John Templeton (botanist)
John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the "Father of Irish Botany"  He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies 

Family
Templeton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner  The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class  Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude "drudgery and fear" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning  Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill  Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged  The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813 
The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history 

United Irishman
Like many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament  But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish "test" or pledge  In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago 
She hoped his sisters would "soon follow him " Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish "Cranmore" (crann mór, 'big tree') 
Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence  He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr  James MacDonnell  MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend  (While unable to "forget the amiable Russell", time, he conceded,  "softened a little my feelings": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands) 

Garden
The garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: "Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today " "Box from Mr  Taylor" Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden 

Botanist
John Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens  Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary  An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there  This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists  He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast) [1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton  The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued  Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48  Others were in The Queen's University Belfast  All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334 
Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society 

Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants  His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr  John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs  Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal  I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force  The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledge

Botanical Manuscripts
The MSS  left by Templeton consist of seven volumes  One of these is a small 8vo  half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp  of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities  In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F  M  More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr  Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast  It was lent by his son, Dr  R  Templeton, to my brother, Alex  G  More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards " The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species  They are now lent to the Belfast Museum  About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them 

Vol  1 —Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text 
Vol  Il —Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured 
Vol IIl —Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures  At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced 
Vol  IV Fungi, 112 folios 
Vol  V —Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text  *Vol  VI —Mosses and Hepatics  117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good  Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast  The earliest published reference to his MSS  is in the "* Flora of Ulster," by Dickie, published in 1864, where there is this indefinite allusion—‘* To the friends of the late Mr  Templeton I am indebted for permission to take notes of species recorded in his manuscript " The MS  was most likely the small volume now in the Royal Irish Academy Library  In the introduction to the "*‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland"’ (1888), there is a brief biographical sketch of Templeton, but no mention of any MS  However, in a ‘‘ Supplement" to the Flora (1894), there is this note— ‘* Templeton, John, four volumes of his ‘ Flora Hibernica’ at present deposited with the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, contain much original matter, which could not be worked out in time for the present paper " This fixes the approximate date of the MSS  being loaned to the Belfast Museum  They were not known to the authors of the ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica’"’ in 1866, while in the second edition (1898) the small volume of the MSS  in R 1 A  Library is described in the Index of Authors under its full title—Catalogue of the Native Plants of Ireland, by John Templeton, A L S 

Notable plant finds
Antrim:Northern beech fern Glenaan River, Cushendall 1809: intermediate wintergreen Sixmilewater 1794: heath pearlwort :Muck Island Islandmagee  1804: dwarf willow Slievenanee Mountain 1809: thin-leaf brookweed beside River Lagan in its tidal reaches – gone now 1797: Dovedale moss Cave Hill 1797: Arctic root Slemish Mountain pre 1825: Cornish moneywort  formerly cultivated at Cranmore, Malone Road, Belfast1 pre-1825 J  persisted to 1947: rock whitebeam  basalt cliffs of the Little Deerpark, Glenarm 15 July 1808: yellow meadow rue Portmore Lough 1800:  Moschatel Mountcollyer Deerpark 2 May 1820 , Bearberry  Fair Head pre 1825, Sea Bindweed Bushfoot dunes pre 1825,  Flixweed , 'Among the ruins of Carrickfergus I found Sisymbrium Sophia in plenty' 2 Sept  1812 – Journal of J  Templeton J4187, Needle Spike-rush Broadwater pre 1825, Dwarf Spurge Lambeg gravel pit 1804, Large-flowered Hemp-nettle, Glenarm  pre 1825
Down:
Field Gentian Slieve Donard 1796: Lesser Twayblade Newtonards Park pre 1825:  Rough poppy 15 July 1797: Six-stamened Waterwort Castlewellan Lake 1808: Great Sundew going to the mountains from Kilkeel 19 August 1808: Hairy Rock-cress Dundrum Castle 1797: Intermediate Wintergree Moneygreer Bog 1797 Cowslip Holywood Warren pre 1825 long gone since: Water-violet Crossgar 7th July 1810 Scots Lovage Bangor Bay 1809, Mountain Everlasting  Newtownards 1793, Frogbit boghole near Portaferry, Parsley fern, Slieve Binnian, Mourne Mountains  19 August 1808, Bog-rosemary Wolf Island Bog 1794,  Marsh Pea Lough Neagh
Fermanagh: Marsh Helleborine

Natural History of Ireland
John Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham  He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808  John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially "Zoophytes") and insects, notably garden pest species  He planned a 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'  This was not published, even in part, but A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq  of Cranmore with localities, descriptions, and illustrations Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472[2], 1836   Catalogue of Irish Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arachnoida, selected from the papers of the late John Templeton Esq  Mag  Nat  Hist  9: 9–14 [3] and 1837 Irish Vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late  John Templeton Esq Mag  Nat  Hist   1: (n  s ): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton)  Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'The Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation 

Dublin
Templeton was a regular visitor to the elegant Georgian city of Dublin (by 1816 the journey was completed in one day in a wellington coach with 4 passengers) and he was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society By his death in 1825 the Society had established a Botanic at Glasnevin "with the following sections:
1 The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, - Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit; and forest-tree plants 
2  Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu  3  Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus  4  Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany  5  Medicinal plants  6  Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle  7  Plants used in rural economy  8  Plants used in dyeing  9  Rock plants  10  Aquatic and marsh plants  - For which an artificial marsh has been formed  11  Cryptogamics  12  Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics" 
Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library 
"Second Room  Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes  1  Mammalia  2  Aves  3  Amphibia  4  Pisces  5  Insectae  6  Vermes  Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species" and the Leske collection 
The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; "amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, "Gramitia Austriaca" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host" Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the 
Kirwanian Society  founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden  Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons 

Death and legacy
Never of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, "leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death"  The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him 
In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution  With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum) 
Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much  Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as "the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced" Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods  Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and Topographical

Contacts
Thomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary 
George Shaw
James Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora Britannica
James Lee
Samuel Goodenough
Aylmer Bourke Lambert
James Sowerby
William Curtis
Joseph Banks
Robert Brown 
Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)
Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804) 
John Walker
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel
Jonathan Stokes
Walter Wade

Other
John Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets  His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses  He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon  His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811 

Gallery
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See also
Late Enlightenment
James Townsend Mackay



ground_truth: Gordonsville, Virginia