prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Closely Watched Trains or Det Sande Ansigt?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Operation Leopard
La légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed in French Guiana  The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978  It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain Pierre Sergent  He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980  Coutard shot the film in a documentary style 

Plot
The film is based on true events  In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters from Katanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt  They took 3,000 civilians as hostages  Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed  The rebels appeared to be unpredictable and are reported to have threatened to annihilate all civilians 
Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's head of state, urged Belgium, France and the United States to help  France sent the Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, which were flown from Corsica to Kolwezi  Following their arrival, they secured the perimeter, in co-operation with Belgian soldiers from Zaire, and then started to evacuate the civilians  Within two days more than 2,000 Europeans and about 3,000 African citizens were saved  The film strives to depict the events in a dramatised form, concentrating on the Europeans' plight 

Production
The late Jean Seberg had filmed scenes on location for the film, but her death caused her to be replaced by another French American actress, Mimsy Farmer, who reshot Seberg's scenes 

Cast
Bruno Cremer: Pierre Delbart
Jacques Perrin:Ambassador Berthier
Laurent Malet: Phillipe Denrémont
Pierre Vaneck: Colonel Grasser
Mimsy Farmer: Annie Devrindt
Giuliano Gemma: Adjudant Fédérico
Robert Etcheverry : Colonel Dubourg
Jean-Claude Bouillon : Maurois
Passage 2:
The Fabulous Senorita
The Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by R  G  Springsteen and starring Estelita Rodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva  The film came at the tail-end of a cycle of Latin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno 

Plot
Cast
Estelita Rodriguez as Estelita Rodriguez
Robert Clarke as Jerry Taylor
Nestor Paiva as José Rodriguez
Marvin Kaplan as Clifford Van Kunkle
Rita Moreno as Manuela Rodríguez
Leon Belasco as Señor Gonzales
Tito Renaldo as Pedro Sanchez
Tom Powers as Delaney
Emory Parnell as Dean Bradshaw
Olin Howland as Justice of the Peace
Vito Scotti as Esteban Gonzales
Martin Garralaga as Police Captain Garcia
Nita Del Rey as Felice
Joan Blake as Betty
Frances Dominguez as Amelia
Betty Farrington as Janitress
Norman Field as Dr  Campbell
Clark Howat as Davis
Frank Kreig as Cab Driver
Dorothy Neumann as Mrs  Black
Elizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the Peace
Charles Sullivan as Cab Driver
Arthur Walsh as Pete
Passage 3:
The Night of Nights
The Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and Roland Young The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times  Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and Pork Chop Hill 

Background
Milestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front 

Plot
Dan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadway theater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business   When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter by getting drunk   When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit   The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they have been suspended  At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni   Despondent, he in left the business and went into seclusion 
Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway   He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part of Toni   Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback 

Cast
Reception
Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had "been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly " In noting that the plot centered on "the theatre and some of the curious folk who inhabit it", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was "an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presented with honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr  O'Brien, Mr  Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention " The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being produced within the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, "seemed to be the most awful tripe "
Passage 4:
The Man Who Watched Trains Go By
The Man Who Watched Trains Go By (1952) is a crime drama film, based on the 1938 novel by Georges Simenon and directed by Harold French  It has an all-European cast, including Claude Rains in the lead role of Kees Popinga, who is infatuated with Michele Rozier (Märta Torén)  The film was released in the United States in 1953 under the title The Paris Express 

Plot
In the Dutch city of Groningen, Kees Popinga (Claude Rains) has worked for 18 years as chief clerk and bookkeeper for a 300-year-old trading company, now run by Julius de Koster Jr  (Herbert Lom)   Kees's life is comfortable but stodgy; he loves trains but has never traveled farther than Amsterdam 
One day a man named Merkemans (Felix Aylmer), who had managed a company that went bankrupt due to another man's embezzlement, pleads with de Koster for a job  De Koster refuses because his own firm has too impeccable a reputation to be connected with such a scandal, and Merkemans had had the responsibility to prevent the fraud  Then a French police inspector named Lucas (Marius Goring) arrives to talk to de Koster about Dutch money that is turning up illegally in Paris; Lucas suspects the de Koster company, but de Koster invites Kees to show him that the books are sound  That night, Kees happens to see de Koster kissing a woman (Märta Torén) goodbye at a station 
Later, Lucas questions Kees and de Koster about the woman, showing a picture  De Koster lies; Kees supports him, but now fears that he too has failed to prevent a crime  That night his fears are confirmed when he goes to the office and finds de Koster burning the books  De Koster says the firm will be bankrupt in the morning  Kees follows de Koster to a canal  De Koster shows him a suicide note  Kees is trying to stop him jumping in the water when De Koster's briefcase comes open, revealing 100,000 Dutch guilders in cash  The suicide note was a fake  Enraged, Kees attacks de Koster, who falls into the water and hits his head on a boat 
Also in the briefcase is a train ticket to Paris and the address of the woman, whose name is Michele Rozier  Kees takes the briefcase and boards the train, abandoning his family  On board he is surprised to meet Lucas, who makes it clear he suspects Kees  As they approach Paris, Kees jumps off the train  He goes to Michele, but she turns him away, not realizing he has the money  Lucas meets her and explains what has happened  He says de Koster is alive, but Kees does not know this, and Lucas fears he will now do something desperate 
As Lucas hopes, Michele wants the money enough to trace Kees, and the police follow her to him  But she helps him get away and stay with Louis (Ferdy Mayne), her lover, who lives over a garage near train tracks  She tells Kees that within a couple of days Louis will provide Kees with fake papers so he can leave the country 
Kees is suspicious enough to hide the money, in an abandoned car near the tracks, before Louis is able to search his effects  Bored with hiding out and tired of belittling remarks about his status, he decides to "live dangerously" and takes Michele out on the town  She seems to warm to him and he is seduced into trusting her  Drunk and infatuated, he phones Lucas to taunt him, promises Michele they will go away together, and then tells her where the money is  She goes there, but Lucas has already found it  He offers her immunity if she helps him find Kees 
Kees gets away from Lucas, steals a knife from a shop window, and goes to the garage   At knifepoint, Louis phones Michele and asks her to come   Kees confronts Michele and threatens to prove his worth by killing her—and then he does   With Lucas in pursuit, he runs onto the train tracks and directly toward an approaching train   At the last moment it reaches a switch and crosses onto another track   Kees rambles deliriously as Lucas arrests him 

Cast
Claude Rains as Kees Popinga
Marius Goring as Lucas
Märta Torén as Michele Rozier
Ferdy Mayne as Louis
Herbert Lom as Julius de Koster Jr
Lucie Mannheim as Maria Popinga
Anouk Aimée as Jeanne
Eric Pohlmann as Goin
Felix Aylmer as Mr Merkemans
Gibb McLaughlin as Julius de Koster Sr
Michael Nightingale as Popinga's Clerk

Critical reception
TV Guide wrote that the film "boasts good performances from Rains, Toren, and Lom, but is hampered by the static direction of Harold French"; whereas Culture Catch called it a "solid adaptation," which "embraces Simenon's favorite archetype, an innocent who mistakenly thinks he has committed some evil act, and then eventually actually does   Directed by Harold French, a British stalwart, this little thriller is worth every one of the 82 minutes you'll spend with it "
Passage 5:
Closely Watched Trains
Closely Watched Trains (Czech: Ostře sledované vlaky) is a 1966 Czechoslovak film directed by Jiří Menzel and is one of the best-known products of the Czechoslovak New Wave  It was released in the United Kingdom as Closely Observed Trains  It is a coming-of-age story about a young man working at a train station in German-occupied Czechoslovakia during World War II  The film is based on a 1965 novel by Bohumil Hrabal  It was produced by Barrandov Studios and filmed on location in Central Bohemia  Released outside Czechoslovakia during 1967, it won the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 40th Academy Awards in 1968 

Plot
The young Miloš Hrma, who speaks with misplaced pride of his family of misfits and malingerers, is engaged as a newly-trained train dispatcher at a small railway station near the end of the Second World War and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia  He admires himself in his new uniform and looks forward, like his prematurely retired train driver father, to avoiding real work  The sometimes pompous stationmaster is an enthusiastic pigeon-breeder who has a kind wife, but is envious of train dispatcher Hubička's success with women  The idyll of the railway station is periodically disturbed by the arrival of Councillor Zedníček, a Nazi collaborator who spouts propaganda at the staff, though he does not influence anyone with it 
Miloš is in a budding relationship with the pretty, young conductor Máša  The experienced Hubička presses for details and realizes that Miloš is still a virgin  At her initiative, Máša spends the night with Miloš, but in his youthful excitability he ejaculates prematurely and is unable to perform sexually  The next day, despairing, he attempts suicide, but is saved  A young doctor at the hospital explains to Miloš that ejaculatio praecox is normal at his age, recommending that Miloš "think of something else", such as football, and seek out an experienced woman to help him through his first sexual experience 
During the nightshift, Hubička flirts with the young telegraphist, Zdenička, and imprints her thighs and buttocks with the office's rubber stamps  Her mother sees the stamps and complains to Hubička's superiors 
The Germans and their collaborators are on edge, since their trains and railroad tracks are being attacked by partisans  A glamorous resistance agent, code-named Viktoria Freie, delivers a time bomb to Hubička for use in blowing up a large ammunition train  At Hubička's request, the "experienced" Viktoria also helps Miloš to resolve his sexual problem 
The next day, at the crucial moment when the ammunition train is approaching the station, Hubička is caught up in a farcical disciplinary hearing, overseen by Zedníček, over his rubber-stamping of Zdenička's backside  In Hubička's place, Miloš, liberated from his former passivity by his experience with Viktoria, takes the time bomb and drops it onto the train from a semaphore gantry, which extends transversely above the tracks  A machine-gunner on the train, spotting Miloš, sprays him with bullets, and his body falls onto the train 
Zedníček winds up the disciplinary hearing by dismissing the Czech people as "nothing but laughing hyenas" (a phrase actually employed by the senior Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich)  The stationmaster is despondent because the scandal with Hubička and Zdenička seems to have frustrated his ambition of being promoted to inspector  Then a huge series of explosions happens just around a bend in the track as the train is destroyed by the bomb  Hubička, unaware of what has happened to Miloš, laughs to express his joy at this blow to the Nazi occupiers  Máša, who has been waiting to speak with Miloš, picks up his uniform cap, which has wound up at her feet, blown by the huge winds from the blast 

Cast
Václav Neckář as Miloš Hrma
Josef Somr as train dispatcher Hubička
Vlastimil Brodský as councilor Zedníček
Vladimír Valenta as stationmaster Lanska
Jitka Bendová as conductor Máša
Jitka Zelenohorská as telegraphist Zdenička
Naďa Urbánková as Viktoria Freie
Libuše Havelková as Lanska's wife
Milada Ježková as Zdenička's mother
Jiří Menzel as Doctor Brabec

Production
The film is based on a 1965 novel of the same name by the noted Czech author Bohumil Hrabal, whose work Jiří Menzel had previously adapted to make The Death of Mr  Balthazar, his segment of the anthology film of Hrabal stories Pearls of the Deep (1965)  Barrandov Studios first offered this project to the more experienced directors Evald Schorm and Věra Chytilová (Closely Watched Trains was the first feature film directed by Menzel), but neither of them saw a way to adapt the book to film  Menzel and Hrabal worked together closely on the script, making a number of modifications to the novel Menzel's first choice for the lead role of Miloš was Vladimír Pucholt, but he was occupied filming Jiří Krejčík's Svatba jako řemen  Menzel considered playing the role himself, but he concluded that, at almost 28, he was too old  Fifteen non-professional actors were then tested before the wife of Ladislav Fikar (a poet and publisher) came up with the suggestion of the pop singer Václav Neckář  Menzel has related that he himself only took on the cameo role of the doctor at the last minute, after the actor originally cast failed to show up for shooting 
Filming began in late February and lasted until the end of April 1966  Locations were used in and around the station building in Loděnice The association between Menzel and Hrabal was to continue, with Larks on a String (made in 1969 but not released until 1990), Cutting It Short (1981), The Snowdrop Festival (1984), and I Served the King of England (2006) all being directed by Menzel and based on works by Hrabal 

Reception
The film premiered in Czechoslovakia on 18 November 1966  Release outside Czechoslovakia took place in the following year 

Critical response
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called Closely Watched Trains "as expert and moving in its way as was Ján Kadár's and Elmar Klos's The Shop on Main Street or Miloš Forman's Loves of a Blonde," two roughly contemporary films from Czechoslovakia  Crowther wrote:What it appears Mr  Menzel is aiming at all through his film is just a wonderfully sly, sardonic picture of the embarrassments of a youth coming of age in a peculiarly innocent yet worldly provincial environment      The charm of his film is in the quietness and slyness of his earthy comedy, the wonderful finesse of understatements, the wise and humorous understanding of primal sex  And it is in the brilliance with which he counterpoints the casual affairs of his country characters with the realness, the urgency and significance of those passing trains  Variety's reviewer wrote:The 28-year-old Jiri Menzel registers a remarkable directorial debut  His sense for witty situations is as impressive as his adroit handling of the players  A special word of praise must go to Bohumil Hrabal, the creator of the literary original; the many amusing gags and imaginative situations are primarily his  The cast is composed of wonderful types down the line 
In his study of the Czechoslovak New Wave, Peter Hames places the film in a broader context, connecting it to, among other things, the most famous anti-hero of Czech literature, Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk, a fictional World War I soldier whose artful evasion of duty and undermining of authority are sometimes held to epitomize characteristic Czech qualities:

In its attitudes, if not its form, Closely Observed Trains is the Czech film that comes closest to the humour and satire of The Good Soldier Švejk, not least because it is prepared to include the reality of the war as a necessary aspect of its comic vision  The attack on ideological dogmatism, bureaucracy and anachronistic moral values undoubtedly strikes wider targets than the period of Nazi Occupation  However, it would be wrong to reduce the film to a coded reflection on contemporary Czech society: the attitudes and ideas derive from the same conditions that originally inspired Hašek  Insofar as these conditions recur, under the Nazi Occupation or elsewhere, the response will be the same 

Awards and honors
The film won several international awards:

The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, awarded in 1968 for films released in 1967
The Grand Prize at the 1966 Mannheim-Heidelberg International Filmfestival
A nomination for the 1968 BAFTA Awards for Best Film and Best Soundtrack
A nomination for the 1968 DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
A nomination for the 1967 Golden Globe for Best Foreign-Language Foreign Film

See also
Czechoslovak New Wave
List of submissions to the 40th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Czechoslovakia submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 6:
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol (When the River Kabani Turned Red) is a 1975 Malayalam feature film directed by P  A  Backer, produced by Pavithran, and starring T  V  Chandran, Shalini, Raveendran and J  Siddiqui  This leftist political drama film came out during the Emergency period  It was the directorial debut of P  A  Backer, who won that year's awards for Best Director and Second Best Film at the Kerala State Film Awards  Pavithran, who later directed many critically acclaimed Malayalam films produced the film  T  V  Chandran, who also later went on to direct a bevy of award-winning films in Malayalam and Tamil, played the lead role  After certain post-production controversies, the film debuted in theatres on 16 July 1976 

Cast
Production and release
The principal production started in June 1975  The day when shoot of the film commenced in Bangalore, Emergency was declared in India The film was screened at several film festivals in 1975  It was not given the censor certificate for the theme it dealt with for more than a year  It released in theatres during the Emergency period itself, on 16 July 1976 The English title of the film is When the River Kabani Turned Red 

Awards
Kerala State Film AwardsSecond Best Film - P  A  Backer (director), Pavithran (producer)
Best Director - P  A  Backer
Passage 7:
Det Sande Ansigt
Det Sande Ansigt (English translation: The True Face) is a 1951 Danish film directed by Bodil Ipsen and Lau Lauritzen Jr , written by Johannes Allen, and based upon the novel by Gerhard Rasmussen  The film received the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film of the Year 

Plot
Troels Rolff, a young architect (played by Lau Lauritzen Jr ), is questioned as a suspect for the rape and murder of a 10-year-old girl  He pleads his innocence, and yet he is unable to explain what he was doing the day of the murder  Rolff's world breaks apart as those closest to him – his wife, his father, his pastor and his friends—react to his arrest with varying degrees of suspicion  Even when cleared of the charges, the question remains if he can ever return to his former life of joy and innocence 

Cast
Lau Lauritzen Jr  as Troels Rolff
Johannes Meyer as Pastor Mikael Rolff
Lisbeth Movin as Troels' Girlfriend Sonja
Ib Schønberg as Editor
Grethe Thordahl as Troels' Wife
Oluf Bang as Troels' Father
Jørn Jeppesen
Einar Juhl
Emil Hass Christensen
Jakob Nielsen
Elsa Albeck
Poul Müller
Louis Miehe-Renard
Carl Heger
Per Buckhøj
Passage 8:
Shower train
Shower trains or bathing trains were specialized trains or train cars used throughout Europe to provide bathing facilities to troops stationed along the battlefront during the First World War 

Switzerland
Shower trains (known as Armeebadezug) were used in Switzerland  Each train consisted of old rolling stock from private railway companies: a locomotive, a tank car and converted passenger cars, each with a shower room and two cloakrooms  The water was taken from the tank car and heated by the locomotive 
This train served the thousands of Swiss militia protecting Switzerland's borders 

Imperial Russia
Similar bathing trains were used in the Russian Empire in 1914 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
DET
DET or Det may refer to:

A common abbreviation of the U S  city of Detroit and its major professional sports teams 
Detroit Lions of the National Football League
Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association
Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball
Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League
Detroit (Amtrak station), station code
Duolingo English Test (DET), a standardized test of English language
Coleman A  Young International Airport, Detroit, US, IATA Code
Diethyltryptamine, a psychedelic drug
Detection error tradeoff
It (Christensen book) (Det in Danish), poetry book
The mathematical determinant
Department of Education (New South Wales), formerly the Department of Education and Training (DET)
14 Intelligence Company, UK military undercover unit
a determiner, in interlinear glossing
Passage 10:
My Little Eye
My Little Eye is a 2002 British horror film directed by Marc Evans about five adults who agree to spend six months together in an isolated mansion while being filmed at all times  The idea for the film came from reality television shows such as Big Brother  The title refers to the guessing game I spy 

Plot
Five contestants, Matt (Sean Cw Johnson), Emma (Laura Regan), Charlie (Jennifer Sky), Danny (Stephen O'Reilly) and Rex (Kris Lemche), agree to take part in a reality webcast, where they must spend six months in a house to win $1 million  If anyone leaves, then no one wins the money  Nearing the end of the six months, tension between the contestants rises after Emma finds strange messages she believes are from a man from her past and the food packages arrive containing a letter that claims Danny's grandfather has died, and a gun with five bullets 
One night, a man named Travis Patterson (Bradley Cooper) arrives, claiming he is lost in the woods and that his GPS has died  Despite claiming to be an internet programmer, he claims to not recognize any of the contestants or ever having heard of the show  Later that night, Travis has sex with Charlie, and then secretly talks directly into a camera, to communicate with whoever is watching them  The next morning, Travis leaves and Danny discovers his backpack outside covered in blood and shredded to pieces  The contestants assume he was attacked by an animal but Rex believes Travis works for the people running their show and that it is all a trick to make them leave the house and forfeit the prize money 
Emma discovers her underwear among Danny’s belongings and confronts him, unaware that Travis planted them there the previous night  Danny denies it and attempts to make peace by giving her a crudely carved wooden cat, which Emma and Charlie ridicule, while Danny overhears 
The next morning, the group finds Danny has committed suicide by hanging himself from the staircase balcony with a rope  The guests finally decide to leave, but after being unable to contact anyone via radio, decide to wait until the next morning  Rex uses the GPS unit from Travis' bag and his laptop to gain access to the internet to find out more about the show but is unable to find any evidence of their show online 
Rex is only able to find a heavily encrypted beta site, that requires a $50,000 fee to access, and displays a web page with their pictures and betting odds  The group decides they will leave the next morning, though Rex and Emma go up to the roof to set off a flare  While Charlie and Matt remain in the house, Matt asks a camera if he should kill her, before suffocating her with a plastic bag 
Later, while Emma is sleeping, Rex comes downstairs and is decapitated with an axe by Matt  Matt awakens Emma and brings her up to the attic, telling her he is being chased and the others are dead  He then makes advances on Emma, who refuses, and attempts to rape her, before she stabs him in the back and runs off 
Emma runs outside and finds a police officer, who handcuffs her inside the car and enters the house  An injured Matt then crawls out, begging the cop to let him kill Emma, since he spent six months in the house with her  Realizing they are working together, Emma escapes the car and tries to run but is shot in the back with a rifle by the cop 
Matt and the cop sit in the kitchen discussing the setup they created with Travis for their high paying clients who want to witness the murders  When the cop says there are always "five suckers" to play the game with, Matt corrects him to four, and is then shot in the head  The cop then leaves, talking to Travis over the radio, while Emma is seen locked in a small room, unable to escape  As she collapses screaming, the cameras filming all shut off, one by one 

Cast
Sean Cw Johnson as Matt
Kris Lemche as Rex
Stephen O'Reilly as Danny
Laura Regan as Emma
Jennifer Sky as Charlie
Nick Mennell as The Cop
Bradley Cooper as Travis Patterson

Home media
My Little Eye is available on DVD from MCA/Universal Home Video with most of the special features available on the Region 2 Special Edition including a filmmakers' commentary and deleted scenes  There is an audio mode "Conversations of the Company (Eavesdropping Audio Track)" which allows the viewer to listen to the radio conversations between the members of the company: Travis and "the cop"  However, during this mode, the viewer cannot hear all of the dialogue of the cast in the scene  A UK release contains a 'Special Mode' where viewers see the film from the perspective of an internet subscriber, and more extra features become unlocked as the film goes on  You can watch other things going on in 'the house' in real time to what's happening in the film 

Reception
The film received polarized but positive reviews and holds 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 5 2/10 

See also
List of films featuring surveillance
Context 2: Passage 1:
Changeland
Changeland is a 2019 comedy-drama film written and directed by Seth Green 
It was released on June 7, 2019, by Gravitas Ventures 

Plot
While a troubled man goes through a personal crisis, he meets up with his estranged friend in Thailand 

Cast
Seth Green as Brandon
Breckin Meyer as Dan
Brenda Song as Pen
Macaulay Culkin as Ian
Clare Grant as Dory
Randy Orton as Martin
Rose Williams as Emma
Kedar Williams-Stirling as Marc

Production
The film was announced on June 21, 2017  It marks the feature directorial debut of Seth Green, who also stars in the film alongside Breckin Meyer, Macaulay Culkin, Brenda Song, Clare Grant, Rose Williams, Kedar Williams-Stirling and Randy Orton  Filming in Thailand began that same week  Patrick Stump, who composed the film score, has an uncredited cameo appearance as an airline passenger in the film's opening scene 

Release
In March 2019, Gravitas Ventures acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for a June 7, 2019 release 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 10 reviews with an average rating of 6 10/10  On Metacritic, it has a score of 42 out of 100, based on four critics 
Passage 2:
Fred Roy Krug
Fred R  Krug is an American film and television producer-director born in Bern, Switzerland 
Passage 3:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 4:
Fritz Lang
Friedrich Christian Anton Lang (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈkʁɪsti̯an ˈantɔn laŋ]; December 5, 1890 – August 2, 1976), better known as Fritz Lang ([fʁɪt͡s laŋ]), was an Austrian film director, screenwriter, and producer who worked in Germany and later the United States  One of the best-known émigrés from Germany's school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the "Master of Darkness" by the British Film Institute  He has been cited as one of the most influential filmmakers of all time Lang's most celebrated films include the groundbreaking futuristic Metropolis (1927) and the influential M (1931), a film noir precursor  His 1929 film Woman in the Moon showcased the use of a multi-stage rocket, and also pioneered the concept of a rocket launch pad (a rocket standing upright against a tall building before launch having been slowly rolled into place) and the rocket-launch countdown clock  His other major films include Dr  Mabuse the Gambler (1922), Die Nibelungen (1924), and after moving to Hollywood in 1934, Fury (1936), You Only Live Once  (1937), Hangmen Also Die! (1943), The Woman in the Window (1944), Scarlet Street (1945) and The Big Heat (1953)  He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939 

Early life
Lang was born in Vienna, as the second son of Anton Lang (1860–1940), an architect and construction company manager, and his wife Pauline "Paula" Lang (née Schlesinger; 1864–1920)  His mother was born Jewish and converted to Catholicism  His father was described as a “lapsed Catholic ”  He was baptized on December 28, 1890, at the Schottenkirche in Vienna  He had an elder brother, Adolf (1884–1961) Lang's parents were of Moravian descent  At one point, he noted that he was “born [a] Catholic and very puritan"  Ultimately describing himself as an atheist, Lang believed that religion was important for teaching ethics After finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art  He left Vienna in 1910 in order to see the world, traveling throughout Europe and Africa, and later Asia and the Pacific area  In 1913, he studied painting in Paris 
At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for military service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania, where he was wounded four times and lost sight in his right eye, the first of many vision issues he would face in his lifetime  While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios and ideas for films  He was discharged from the army with the rank of lieutenant in 1918 and did some acting in the Viennese theater circuit for a short time before being hired as a writer at Decla Film, Erich Pommer's Berlin-based production company  In 1919, he married Jewish Lisa Rosenthal, who died under mysterious circumstances of a single gunshot wound deemed to have been fired by a sidearm weapon from World War I 

Career
Expressionist films: the Weimar years (1918–1933)
Lang's writing stint was brief, as he soon started to work as a director at the German film studio UFA, and later Nero-Film, just as the Expressionist movement was building  In this first phase of his career, Lang alternated between films such as Der Müde Tod ("The Weary Death") and popular thrillers such as Die Spinnen ("The Spiders"), combining popular genres with Expressionist techniques to create an unprecedented synthesis of popular entertainment with art cinema 

In 1920, Lang met his future wife, the writer Thea von Harbou  She and Lang co-wrote all of his movies from 1921 through 1933, including Dr  Mabuse, der Spieler ("Dr  Mabuse the Gambler," 1922 - which ran for over four hours, in two parts in the original version, and was the first in the Dr  Mabuse trilogy), the five-hour Die Nibelungen (1924), the dystopian film Metropolis (1927), and the science fiction film Woman in the Moon (1929)  Metropolis went far over budget and nearly destroyed UFA, which was bought by right-wing businessman and politician Alfred Hugenberg  It was a financial flop, as were his last silent films Spies (1928) and Woman in the Moon, produced by Lang's own company In 1931, independent producer Seymour Nebenzahl hired Lang to direct M for Nero-Film  His first "talking" picture, considered by many film scholars to be a masterpiece of the early sound era, M is a disturbing story of a child murderer (Peter Lorre in his first starring role) who is hunted down and brought to rough justice by Berlin's criminal underworld  M remains a powerful work; it was remade in 1951 by Joseph Losey, but this version had little impact on audiences, and has become harder to see than the original film 
During the climactic final scene in M, Lang allegedly threw Peter Lorre down a flight of stairs in order to give more authenticity to Lorre's battered look  Lang, who was known for being hard to work with, epitomized the stereotype of the tyrannical Germanic film director, a type embodied also by Erich von Stroheim and Otto Preminger; Lang wore a monocle, adding to the stereotype 
In the films of his German period, Lang produced a coherent oeuvre that established the characteristics later attributed to film noir, with its recurring themes of psychological conflict, paranoia, fate and moral ambiguity 
At the end of 1932, Lang started filming The Testament of Dr  Mabuse  Adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, and by March 30, the new regime banned it as an incitement to public disorder  Testament is sometimes deemed an anti-Nazi film, as Lang had put phrases used by the Nazis into the mouth of the title character  A screening of the film was cancelled by Joseph Goebbels, and it was later banned by the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda  In banning the film, Goebbels stated that the film "showed that an extremely dedicated group of people are perfectly capable of overthrowing any state with violence", and that the film posed a threat to public health and safety Lang was worried about the advent of the Nazi regime, partly because of his Jewish heritage, whereas his wife and co-screenwriter Thea von Harbou had started to sympathize with the Nazis in the early 1930s, and later joined the NSDAP in 1940  They soon divorced  Lang's fears would be realized following his departure from Austria, as under the Nuremberg Laws he would be identified as half-Jewish by ethnicity even though his mother was a converted Roman Catholic, and he was raised as such 

Emigration
According to Lang, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels called Lang to his offices to inform him – apologetically – that The Testament of Dr  Mabuse was being banned but, nevertheless, he was so impressed by Lang's abilities as a filmmaker (especially Metropolis), that he offered Lang the position of head of German film studio UFA  Lang said it was during that meeting he had decided to leave for Paris – but that the banks had closed by the time the meeting was over  Lang claimed that, after selling his wife's jewelry, he fled by train to Paris that evening, leaving most of his money and personal possessions behind  However, his passport of the time showed that he traveled to and from Germany a few times during 1933 Lang left Berlin for good on July 31, 1933, four months after his meeting with Goebbels and his initial departure  He moved to Paris, having divorced Thea von Harbou, who stayed behind, earlier in 1933 In Paris, Lang filmed a version of Ferenc Molnár's Liliom, starring Charles Boyer  That was Lang's only film in French (excluding the French version of Testament)  He then moved to the United States 

Hollywood career (1936–1957)
Lang made twenty-three features in his 20-year American career, working in a variety of genres at every major studio in Hollywood, and occasionally producing his films as an independent  He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939 Signing first with MGM Studios, Lang's crime drama Fury (1936) saw Spencer Tracy cast as a man who is wrongly accused of a crime and nearly killed when a lynch mob sets fire to the jail where he is awaiting trial  However, in Fury, he was not allowed to represent black victims in a lynching scenario or to criticize racism, which was his original intention  By the time Fury was released, Lang had been involved in the creation of the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, working with Otto Katz, a Czech who was a Comintern spy  He made four films with an explicitly anti-Nazi theme, Man Hunt (1941), Hangmen Also Die! (1943), Ministry of Fear (1944) and Cloak and Dagger (1946)  Man Hunt, wrote Dave Kehr in 2009, "may be the best" of the "many interventionist films produced by the Hollywood studios before Pearl Harbor" as it is "clean and concentrated, elegant and precise, pointed without being preachy "

His American films were often compared unfavorably to his earlier works by contemporary critics, although the restrained Expressionism of these films is now seen as integral to the emergence and evolution of American genre cinema, film noir in particular  Scarlet Street (1945), one of his films featuring Edward G  Robinson and Joan Bennett, is considered a central film in the genre 
One of Lang's most praised films noir is the police drama The Big Heat (1953), known for its uncompromising brutality, especially for a scene in which Lee Marvin throws scalding coffee on Gloria Grahame's face  As Lang's visual style simplified, in part due to the constraints of the Hollywood studio system, his worldview became increasingly pessimistic, culminating in the cold, geometric style of his last American films, While the City Sleeps (1956) and Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956) 

Last films (1959–1963)
Finding it difficult to find congenial production conditions and backers in Hollywood, particularly as his health declined with age, Lang contemplated retirement  The German producer Artur Brauner had expressed interest in remaking The Indian Tomb (from an original story by Thea von Harbou, that Lang had developed in the 1920s which had ultimately been directed by Joe May), so Lang returned to Germany to make his "Indian Epic" (consisting of The Tiger of Eschnapur and The Indian Tomb) 
Following the production, Brauner was preparing for a remake of The Testament of Dr  Mabuse when Lang approached him with the idea of adding a new original film to the series  The result was The Thousand Eyes of Dr  Mabuse (1960), whose success led to a series of new Mabuse films, which were produced by Brauner (including the remake of The Testament of Dr  Mabuse), though Lang did not direct any of the sequels  Lang was approaching blindness during the production, and it was his final project as director 
In 1963, he appeared as himself in Jean-Luc Godard's film Contempt 

Death and legacy
On February 8, 1960, Lang received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture industry, located at 1600 Vine Street 

Lang died from a stroke on August 2, 1976 and was interred in the Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles While his career had ended without fanfare, Lang's American and later German works were championed by the critics of the Cahiers du cinéma, such as François Truffaut and Jacques Rivette  Truffaut wrote that Lang, especially in his American career, was greatly underappreciated by "cinema historians and critics" who "deny him any genius when he 'signs' spy movies     war movies     or simple thrillers " Filmmakers that were influenced by his work include Jacques Rivette, William Friedkin, Steven Spielberg, Christopher Nolan, Luis Buñuel, Osamu Tezuka, Alfred Hitchcock, Jean-Luc Godard and Stanley Kubrick Lang is credited with launching or developing many different genres of film  Philip French of The Observer believed that Lang helped craft the "entertainment war flick" and that his interpretation of the story of Bonnie and Clyde "helped launch the Hollywood film noir"  Geoff Andrew of the British Film Institute believed he set the "blueprint for the serial killer movie" through M In December 2021 Lang was the subject for BBC Radio 4's In Our Time 

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive has preserved a number of Lang's films, including Human Desire and Man Hunt 

Filmography
Awards
Silver Hand in 1931, for his film M, by the German Motion Picture Arts Association
Commander Cross, Order of Merit in 1957 and 1966
Golden Ribbon of Motion Picture Arts in 1963 by the Federal Republic of Germany
Order of Arts and Letters from France in 1965
Plaque from El Festival Internacional del Cine de San Sebastian in 1970
Order of the Yugoslavia Flag with a Golden Wreath in 1971
Honorary Professor of Fine Arts by the University of Vienna, Austria, in 1973
Passage 5:
Jacques Décombe
Jacques Décombe is a French author, actor and director born in 1953 

Biography
After he studied at the Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, he was the director of the shows of Les Inconnus at the request of Didier Bourdon and won the Molière Award for best comedy show  (See fr:Molière du meilleur spectacle comique) in 1991  He also directed shows by Charlotte de Turckheim, Chevallier et Laspalès, Patrick Timsit, Les Chevaliers du fiel   
Passage 6:
Woman in the Moon
Woman in the Moon (German Frau im Mond) is a German science fiction silent film that premiered 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo cinema in Berlin to an audience of 2,000   It is often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films  It was directed by Fritz Lang, and written by his wife Thea von Harbou, based on her 1928 novel The Rocket to the Moon  It was released in the US as By Rocket to the Moon and in the UK as Girl in the Moon  The basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time by this film, including the use of a multi-stage rocket  The film was shot between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg near Berlin 

Plot
Helius (Willy Fritsch) is an entrepreneur with an interest in space travel  He seeks out his friend Professor Mannfeldt (Klaus Pohl), a visionary who wrote a treatise claiming that there was probably much gold on the Moon, only to be ridiculed by his peers  Helius recognizes the value of Mannfeldt's work  However, a gang of evil businessmen have also taken an interest in Mannfeldt's theories, and send a spy (Fritz Rasp) who identifies himself as "Walter Turner" 
Meanwhile, Helius's assistant Windegger (Gustav von Wangenheim) has announced his engagement to Helius's other assistant, Friede (Gerda Maurus)  Helius, who secretly loves Friede, avoids their engagement party 
On his way home from his meeting with Professor Mannfeldt, Helius is mugged by henchmen of the gang  They steal the research that Professor Mannfeldt had entrusted to Helius, and also burgle Helius's home, taking other valuable material
Context 3: Passage 1:
Dameh
Dameh (Persian: دمه) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 12 families 
Passage 2:
Rhosgoch
Rhosgoch (Welsh pronunciation; meaning: Red Moor) is a small village in the north of the island of Anglesey, Wales, about 3 5 miles (5 6 km) to the south-west of Amlwch  It is in the community of Rhosybol 
A short distance to the west of the village is the small lake Llyn Hafodol and a mile to the south is Anglesey's largest body of water the reservoir Llyn Alaw (Water Lily Lake) The village once had a station on the Anglesey Central Railway  Although the tracks still exist, no train has run on them since 1993  Also connected to the railway, was a short south-west facing spur that led to an oil terminal  This was linked to a floating dock in the sea off of Amlwch, where super-tankers could dock in all tides and feed oil via Rhosgoch and a pipeline to Stanlow oil refinery  This operation lasted for 16 years between 1974 and 1990



ground_truth: Det Sande Ansigt

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director born later, Woman In The Moon or Changeland?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Turner then presents Helius with an ultimatum: the gang know he is planning a voyage to the Moon; either he includes them in the project, or they will sabotage it and destroy his rocket, which is named Friede ("peace")  Reluctantly, Helius agrees to their terms 
The rocket team is assembled: Helius; Professor Mannfeldt and his pet mouse Josephine; Windegger; Friede; and Turner  After Friede blasts off, the team discovers that Gustav (Gustl Gstettenbaur), a young boy who has befriended Helius, has stowed away, along with his collection of science fiction pulp magazines 
During the journey, Windegger emerges as a coward, and Helius's feelings for Friede begin to become known to her, creating a romantic triangle 
They reach the far side of the Moon and find it has a breathable atmosphere, per the theories of Peter Andreas Hansen, who is mentioned near the beginning of the film  Mannfeldt discovers gold, proving his theory  When confronted by Turner, Mannfeldt falls to his death in a crevasse  Turner attempts to hijack the rocket, and in the struggle, he is shot and killed  Gunfire damages the oxygen tanks, and they come to the grim realization that there is not enough oxygen for all to make the return trip  One person must remain on the Moon 
Helius and Windegger draw straws to see who must stay and Windegger loses  Seeing Windegger's anguish, Helius decides to drug Windegger and Friede with a last drink together and take Windegger's place, letting Windegger return to Earth with Friede  Friede senses that something is in the wine  She pretends to drink and then retires to the compartment where her cot is located, closes and locks the door  Windegger drinks the wine, becoming sedated  Helius makes Gustav his confidant and the new pilot for the ship  Helius watches it depart, then starts out for the survival camp originally prepared for Windegger  He discovers that Friede has decided to stay with him on the Moon  They embrace, and Helius weeps into her shoulder while Friede strokes his hair and whispers words of comfort to him 

Influence
Lang, who also made Metropolis, had a personal interest in science fiction  When returning to Germany in the late 1950s, he sold his extensive collection of Astounding Science Fiction, Weird Tales, and Galaxy magazines  Several prescient technical/operational features are presented during the film's 1920s launch sequence, which subsequently came into common operational use during America's postwar space race:

The rocket ship Friede is fully built in a tall building and moved to the launch area
As launch approaches, intertitles count down the seconds from six to "now" ("now" was used for zero), and Woman in the Moon is often cited as the first occurrence of the "countdown to zero" before a rocket launch
The rocket ship blasts off submerged in a pool of water; water is commonly used today on launch pads to absorb and dissipate the extreme heat and to damp the noise generated by the rocket exhaust
In space, the rocket ejects its first stage and fires its second stage rocket, predicting the development of modern multistage orbital rockets
The crew recline on horizontal beds to cope with the G-forces experienced during lift-off and pre-orbital acceleration
Floor foot straps are used to restrain the crew during zero gravity (Velcro is used today) These items and the overall design of the rocket led to the film being banned in Germany from 1933–1945 during World War II by the Nazis, due to similarities to their secret V-2 project 
Rocket scientist Hermann Oberth worked as an advisor on this movie  He had originally intended to build a working rocket for use in the film, but time and technical constraints prevented this from happening  The film was popular among the rocket scientists in Wernher von Braun's circle at the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)  The first successfully launched V-2 rocket at the rocket-development facility in Peenemünde had the Frau im Mond logo painted on its base  Noted post-war science writer Willy Ley also served as a consultant on the film  Thomas Pynchon's 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow, which deals with the V-2 rockets, refers to the movie, along with several other classic German silent films 
Oberth also advised Hergé for Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon (1953/4), which has plot points strongly influenced by Woman in the Moon 

Cast
Klaus Pohl as Professor Georg Manfeldt
Willy Fritsch as Wolf Helius
Gustav von Wangenheim as Ingenieur Hans Windegger (as Gustav v  Wangenheim)
Gerda Maurus as Stud  astr  Friede Velten
Gustl Gstettenbaur as Gustav (as Gustl Stark-Gstettenbaur)
Fritz Rasp as Der Mann "who calls himself Walter Turner"
Tilla Durieux as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Hermann Vallentin as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Max Zilzer as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Mahmud Terja Bey  as  Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Borwin Walth as Fünf Gehirne und Scheckbücher
Karl Platen as Der Mann am Mikrophon
Margarete Kupfer as Frau Hippolt, Haushälterin bei Helius
Alexa von Porembsky as Eine Veilchenverkäuferin (as Alexa v  Porembska)
Gerhard Dammann as Der Werkmeister der Helius-Flugwerften (as Dammann)
Heinrich Gotho as Der Mieter vom II  Stock (as Gotho)
Alfred Loretto as Zwei eindeutige Existenzen (as Loretto)
Max Maximilian as Grotjan, Chauffeur bei Helius (as Maximilian)
Edgar Pauly as Zwei eindeutige Existenzen (as Pauly)
Die Maus Josephine as Maus

See also
1929 in science fiction
Passage 7:
Sepideh Farsi
Sepideh Farsi (Persian: سپیده فارسی; born 1965) is an Iranian director 

Early years
Farsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris to study mathematics   However, eventually she was drawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photography before making her first short films  A main theme of her works is identity  She still visits Tehran each year 

Awards/Recognition
Farsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best First Feature in 2009  She won the FIPRESCI Prize (2002), Cinéma du Réel and Traces de Vie prize (2001) for "Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker" and Best documentary prize in Festival dei Popoli (2007) for "HARAT" 

Recent News
One of her latest films is called Tehran Bedoune Mojavez (Tehran Without Permission)   The 83-minute documentary shows life in Iran's crowded capital city of Tehran, facing international sanctions over its nuclear ambitions and experiencing civil unrest   It was shot entirely with a Nokia camera phone because of the government restrictions over shooting a film   The film shows various aspects of city life including following women at the hairdressers talking of the latest fads, young men speaking of drugs, prostitution and other societal problems, and the Iranian rapper “Hichkas”   The  dialogue is in Persian with English and Arabic subtitles  In December 2009, Tehran Without Permission was shown at the Dubai International Film Festival 

Filmography
Red Rose (2014)
Cloudy Greece (2013)
Zire Âb / The house under the water (2010)
Tehran bedoune mojavez / Tehran without permission (2009)
If it were Icarus (2008)
Harat (2007)
Negah / The Gaze (2006)
Khab-e khak / Dreams of Dust (2003)
Safar-e Maryam / The journey of Maryam (2002)
Mardan-e Atash / Men of Fire (2001)
Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker (2000)
Donya khaneye man ast / The world is my home (1999)
Khabe Âb / Water dreams (1997)
Bâd-e shomal / Northwind (1993)
Passage 8:
Claude Weisz
Claude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris 

Filmography
Feature films
Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateurs
Jury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973

La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma français
Competition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, Montréal

On l'appelait    le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries "Laurel Wreath"
Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, Cairo

Paula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVD

Short and mid-length
La Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)
L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)
Un village au Québec
Montréal
Deux aspects du Canada (1969)
La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)
Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)
L'huître boudeuse
Ancienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)
Passementiers et Rubaniers
Le quinzième mois
C'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)
Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)
Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films "militants"

Television
Series of seven dramas in German
Numerous documentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)
Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)
Contemplatives    et femmes (TF1 - 1976)
Suzel Sabatier (FR3)
Un autre Or Noir (FR3)
Vivre en Géorgie
Portrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)
Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)

Television documentaries
La porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)
Une histoire balbynienne (2002)
Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)
Hana et Khaman (unfinished)
En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)
Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtre
Les quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autre
Histoire du peuple kurde (in development)
Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)
Réalisation de films institutionnels et industriels
Passage 9:
Seth Green
Seth Benjamin Green (né Gesshel-Green; born February 8, 1974) is an American actor  His film debut came with a role in the comedy-drama film The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), and he went on to have supporting roles in comedy films throughout the 1980s, including Radio Days (1987) and Big Business (1988)  
During the 1990s and 2000s, Green began starring in comedy films such as Idle Hands (1999), Rat Race (2001), Without a Paddle (2004) and Be Cool (2005)  During this time he became known for his portrayal of Scott Evil, Dr  Evil's son, in the Austin Powers film series (1997–2002)  Green has also taken serious roles in films, including The Attic Expeditions (2001) and Party Monster (2003)  He has provided the voice for Howard the Duck in a number of Marvel Cinematic Universe films and series, including Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  2 (2017)  In 2019, he wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy-drama film Changeland 
Green's first lead role on television was on the ABC sitcom Good & Evil in 1991, for which he won a Young Artist Award  Green later gained attention for his supporting roles as Oz, a teenage guitarist and the boyfriend of Willow Rosenberg, on the fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2000), and as the voice of Chris Griffin on the Fox adult animated sitcom Family Guy (1999–present)  He also voiced Leonardo in the Nickelodeon animated series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014–2017) and Joker in the Mass Effect video game series (2007–2012)  Green created, directs, writes, and produces the adult animated comedy series Robot Chicken and its spinoffs (2005–present), which have earned him three Primetime Emmy Awards and five Annie Awards 

Early life
Seth Benjamin Gesshel-Green was born in Overbrook Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Barbara (Gesshel) and Herbert Green  He has one sister, Kaela  Green later legally changed his name to Seth Benjamin Green  He was raised Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony  His ancestors were from Russia, Poland, and Scotland  Green started acting at the age of 7  His early comic influences included Monty Python, Blackadder, Saturday Night Live, Richard Pryor, Bill Cosby, Porky's, and Caddyshack 

Career
Early work
Green's first movie roles were in the 1984 films Billions for Boris and The Hotel New Hampshire; the second film cast him alongside Jodie Foster and Rob Lowe  He appeared in the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love, playing Patrick Dempsey's character's little brother, Chuckie Miller  He starred in Woody Allen's Radio Days (1987) as Joe (a 1930s–1940s boy based on Allen) and appeared in Big Business (1988) and, in the same year, My Stepmother Is an Alien, which also starred Buffy the Vampire Slayer co-star Alyson Hannigan 
In 1984, Green portrayed Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer in the Jell-O Gelatin Pops commercials featuring The Little Rascals  In 1991, Green rose to fame in a Rally's "Cha Ching" commercial, which earned him an appearance at a New Orleans Saints game  Green was given a key to New Orleans in honor of his role in the popular commercial Green appeared in the horror TV series It (as Richie Tozier, age 12) and Ticks, all three Austin Powers movies (as Dr  Evil's son, Scott), and Enemy of the State and The Italian Job (as a computer specialist in both)  He was also in the films Can't Hardly Wait, Rat Race, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Without a Paddle (alongside Matthew Lillard), Idle Hands, Party Monster, Airborne, and Old Dogs  Green also had a role in the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer 
In 1994, he starred alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt in the short-lived series The Byrds of Paradise  He worked with Hewitt again in 1998's Can't Hardly Wait  Green is not related to Bruce Seth Green, who directed some episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer  On occasion, some sources confuse the two and have credited Seth as the director  As an actor in the series, he was close to co-star Alyson Hannigan because they were lovers in the show  He played Daniel "Oz" Osbourne, a calm, mild-mannered member of the band Dingoes Ate My Baby who gets turned into a werewolf  He is very popular among fans of the series  Green has starred on Fox's Greg the Bunny and guest-starred on The X-Files, That '70s Show, Will & Grace, MADtv, Reno 911!, Entourage, Grey's Anatomy, The Wonder Years, Heroes, The Facts of Life, The Drew Carey Show, and My Name Is Earl 

Family Guy
Green provides the voice of Chris for the animated television sitcom  Family Guy  Green primarily voices Chris Griffin, the teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and, in many respects, a younger version of his father, and Neil Goldman, a neighbor of the Griffins  Green did an impression of the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  Green has stated that his main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's 

Howard the Duck
Green provides the voice of Howard the Duck for the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Vol  2 (2017) and the Disney+ animated series What If   ?, as well as the Disney XD animated series Guardians of the Galaxy (2015–19) and Ultimate Spider-Man (2016) Developing the character with James Gunn, Green did an impression of Danny DeVito, "being sort of a gruff and cynical sarcastic character [who] doesn't know what the Earth species of duck even is and doesn't think of himself that way and is offended by that generalization "

Later work
Green is a co-creator, co-producer, writer, director, and most frequent voice of the Emmy-winning stop-motion sketch parody comedy TV series Robot Chicken, for which he does many voices and has appeared in animated form  Green is friends with the band Fall Out Boy, making a cameo in their music video, "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race"  He also appeared in "Weird Al" Yankovic's "White & Nerdy" music video  He made two appearances on The Soup in 2007 and 2008, using his first appearance to lampoon Internet celebrity Chris Crocker  He voiced the character Jeff "Joker" Moreau, pilot of the Normandy-SR starship series in the video games Mass Effect, Mass Effect 2, and Mass Effect 3  He is a producer of The 1 Second Film and appears in the "making of" documentary that accompanies its feature-length credits  Green is also the co-creator (with Hugh Sterbakov) of the comic Freshmen, published by Top Cow Productions 
Green, along with Robot Chicken co-producer Breckin Meyer, appeared in the NBC show Heroes during the 2008–09 season  In January 2009, Green worked with David Faustino (Bud Bundy from Married    with Children) for an episode of Faustino's show Star-ving – Faustino is often mistaken for Green  Later in the same year, he worked with one of his idols, Robin Williams in comedy film Old Dogs, which also starred John Travolta  On July 13, World Wrestling Entertainment's official website announced Green as the special guest host for the July 13 episode of WWE Raw, and on that night, Green competed in the main event, a six-man tag team match, which his team won by disqualification  He was also in attendance for WWE's biggest event of the year, WrestleMania XXVI on March 28, 2010  Green guest-starred in the third season of the acclaimed sitcom Husbands  Green became the new voice of Leonardo in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles beginning in its third season (following Jason Biggs' departure from the role) In 2019, he wrote and released his first movie named Changeland, starring Brenda Song and Macaulay Culkin  The movie was released on June 7, 2019 In 2021, Green reprised the role of Todo 360 in Star Wars: The Bad Batch In 2022, Green voiced Thunderbolt in season three of Stargirl where the character was previously voiced by Jim Gaffigan 

Personal life
After getting engaged on New Year's Eve in 2009, Green married actress Clare Grant on May 1, 2010, in Northern California  They worked together on Robot Chicken, Warren the Ape, Changeland, Holidays, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H , and her Saber and "Geek and Gamer Girls Song" viral videos In 2000, Green stated, "God is, to me, pretty much an idea  God is, to me, pretty much a myth created over time to deny the idea that we're all responsible for our own actions " In 2013, he said that he had "a deep belief in the divinity of the Universe, and I had no ability to really comprehend the scope or magnitude of all the things that I don't understand" 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Video games
Theme park attractions
Awards and nominations
See also
List of recurring That '70s Show characters
Passage 10:
Yolonda Ross
Yolonda Ross is an American actress, writer and director 

Life and career
Ross was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska  She began her acting career in New York, appearing in the episodes of television series New York Undercover and Third Watch  Before landing the leading role in the independent drama film, Stranger Inside (2001)  The movie produced by HBO, first premiered on television, but Ross was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance  She later had supporting roles in a number of independent productions and guest-starred on Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and in 2011 had a recurring role of HBO's Treme Ross co-starred alongside LisaGay Hamilton in the critically acclaimed 2013 independent drama film, Go for Sisters  She received Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination for her performance in film  She later was cast opposite Viola Davis in Lila & Eve  In 2015, Ross played Robyn Crawford, the friend, assistant, and reported girlfriend of Whitney Houston, in the Lifetime movie, Whitney directed by Angela Bassett In 2017, Ross had a recurring role opposite Viola Davis in the ABC legal thriller How to Get Away with Murder  The following year she was cast in a series regular role in the Showtime drama series, The Chi 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations
Context 3: The first tornado of the record-breaking 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak, an F1/T2 tornado, touched down close to Rhosgoch at around 10:19 local time on 23 November 1981 
Passage 3:
Khosrow, Andika
Khosrow (Persian: خسرو) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 13 families 
Passage 4:
Qaleh-ye Sahar
Qaleh-ye Sahar (Persian: قلعه سحر, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Saḩar and Qal‘eh Sahar; also known as Qal‘eh-ye Saḩar Alhā’ī) is a village in Elhayi Rural District, in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 801, in 129 families 
Passage 5:
Qaleh-ye Askar
Qaleh-ye Askar or Qaleh Askar (Persian: قلعه عسكر), also rendered as Qaleh-ye Asgar and Qaleh Asgar may refer to:

Qaleh-ye Askar, Bam
Qaleh Askar, Bardsir
Qaleh Asgar Rural District
Passage 6:
Gohar, Iran
Gohar (Persian: گهر) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 11 families 
Passage 7:
Qaleh-ye Zaras
Qaleh-ye Zaras (Persian: قلعه زراس, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Zarās, Qal‘eh Zarās, and Qal‘eh Zarrās; also known as Ghal’eh Zaras) is a village in Qaleh-ye Khvajeh Rural District, in the Central District of Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 291, in 49 families 
Passage 8:
Qaleh-ye Pain
Qaleh-ye Pain (Persian: قلعه پائين) may refer to:

Qaleh-ye Pain, Bavanat
Qaleh-ye Pain, Marvdasht
Qaleh-ye Pain Baram
Qaleh-ye Pain Deh Shah
Passage 9:
Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar
Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar or Qaleh-ye Bakhteyar (Persian: قلعه بختيار) may refer to:

Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar, Hamadan
Passage 10:
Qaleh-ye Nashin Shahi
Qaleh-ye Nashin Shahi (Persian: قلعه نشين شاهي, also Romanized as Qalʿeh Nashīn Shāhī; also known as Qaleh-ye Shinshahi) is a village in Shurab Rural District, Veysian District, Dowreh County, Lorestan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 14 families 



ground_truth: Changeland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both villages, Rhosgoch and Qaleh-Ye Sahar, located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  She acted in the 1997 film Praner Cheye Priyo with Riaz  She also appeared in Sabdhan and Dolopoti, again opposite Riaz 

Selected filmography
Praner Cheye Priyo
Sabdhan
Dolopoti
Passage 7:
Querelle
Querelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest  It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37 

Plot
The plot centers on the handsome Belgian sailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer  When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle's brother  Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly  Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario 
Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono  During the execution of the deal, he murders his accomplice Vic by slitting his throat   After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane   He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playing a game of chance with all of her prospective lovers  If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair  If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that "That way, I can say my wife only sleeps with arseholes " Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono  When Nono gloats about Querelle's "loss" to Robert, who won his dice game, the brothers end up in a violent fight   Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario 
Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexually assaulting him   Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee  Querelle falls in love with Gil, who closely resembles his brother   Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police  Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil 
Querelle's superior, Lieutenant Seblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him  Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him   Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to a drunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to Le Vengeur 

Cast
Brad Davis as Querelle
Franco Nero as Lieutenant Seblon
Jeanne Moreau as Lysiane
Laurent Malet as Roger Bataille
Hanno Pöschl as Robert / Gil
Günther Kaufmann as Nono
Burkhard Driest as Mario
Roger Fritz as Marcellin
Dieter Schidor as Vic Rivette
Natja Brunckhorst as Paulette
Werner Asam as Worker
Axel Bauer as Worker
Neil Bell as Theo
Robert van Ackeren as Drunken legionnaire
Wolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaire
Frank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaire

Production
According to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by Werner Schroeter, with a scenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor  However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including John Schlesinger and Sam Peckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder  Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then "took the linear narrative and jumbled it up"  White quotes Schidor as saying "Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story  The story became totally unimportant for him  He also said publicly that the story was a sort of third-rate police story that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it" Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots, but Fassbinder instead shot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio  Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, "Everything is bathed in an artificial light and the architectural elements are all symbolic "

Soundtrack
Jeanne Moreau – "Each Man Kills the Things He Loves" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem "The Ballad of Reading Gaol")
"Young and Joyful Bandit" (Music by Peer Raben, lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for "Worst Original Song" 

Release
Querelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its release in Paris, the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57% calculated based on 14 critics comments  By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6 10/10  Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted that Querelle was "a mess   a detour that leads to a dead end "
Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's "perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibility to come from a major filmmaker " Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it "visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose " Genet, in discussion with Schidor, said that he had not seen the film, commenting "You can't smoke at the movies "
Passage 8:
Claude Chabrol
Claude Henri Jean Chabrol (French: [klod ʃabʁɔl]; 24 June 1930 – 12 September 2010) was a French film director and a member of the French New Wave (nouvelle vague) group of filmmakers who first came to prominence at the end of the 1950s  Like his colleagues and contemporaries Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Éric Rohmer and Jacques Rivette, Chabrol was a critic for the influential film magazine Cahiers du cinéma before beginning his career as a film maker 
Chabrol's career began with Le Beau Serge (1958), inspired by Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1943)  Thrillers became something of a trademark for Chabrol, with an approach characterized by a distanced objectivity  This is especially apparent in Les Biches (1968), La Femme infidèle (1969), and Le Boucher (1970) – all featuring Stéphane Audran, who was his wife at the time 
Sometimes characterized as a "mainstream" New Wave director, Chabrol remained prolific and popular throughout his half-century career  In 1978, he cast Isabelle Huppert as the lead in Violette Nozière  On the strength of that effort, the pair went on to others including the successful Madame Bovary (1991) and La Cérémonie (1995)  Film critic John Russell Taylor has stated that "there are few directors whose films are more difficult to explain or evoke on paper, if only because so much of the overall effect turns on Chabrol's sheer hedonistic relish for the medium   Some of his films become almost private jokes, made to amuse himself " James Monaco has called Chabrol "the craftsman par excellence of the New Wave, and his variations upon a theme give us an understanding of the explicitness and precision of the language of the film that we don't get from the more varied experiments in genre of Truffaut or Godard "

Life and career
Early life
Claude Henri Jean Chabrol was born on 24 June 1930 to Yves Chabrol and Madeleine Delarbre in Paris and grew up in Sardent, France, a village in the region of Creuse 400 km (240 miles) south of Paris  Chabrol said that he always thought of himself as a country person, and never as a Parisian  Both Chabrol's father and grandfather had been pharmacists, and Chabrol was expected to follow in the family business  But as a child, Chabrol was "seized by the demon of cinema" and ran a film club in a barn in Sardent between the ages of 12 and 14  It was at this time that he developed his passion for the thriller genre, detective stories and other forms of popular fiction 

Early years in Paris
After World War II, Chabrol moved to Paris to study pharmacology and literature at the Sorbonne, where he received a licence en lettres  Some biographies also state that he briefly studied law and political science at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques  While living in Paris Chabrol became involved with the postwar cine club culture and frequented Henri Langlois's Cinémathèque Française and the Ciné-Club du Quartier Latin, where he first met Éric Rohmer, Jacques Rivette, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut and other future Cahiers du Cinéma journalists and French New Wave filmmakers  After graduating, Chabrol served his mandatory military service in the French Medical Corps, serving in Germany and reaching the rank of sergeant  Chabrol has said that while in the army he worked as a film projectionist  After he was discharged from the army, he joined his friends as a staff writer for Cahiers du Cinéma, who were challenging then-contemporary French films and championing the concept of Auteur theory  As a film critic, Chabrol advocated realism both morally and aesthetically, mise-en-scene, and deep focus cinematography, which he wrote "brings the spectator in closer with the image" and encourages "both a more active mental attitude on the part of the spectator and a more positive contribution on his part to the action in progress " He also wrote for Arts magazine during this period  Among Chabrol's most famous articles were "Little Themes", a study of genre films, and "The Evolution of Detective Films" In 1955 Chabrol was briefly employed as a publicity man at the French offices of 20th Century Fox, but was told that he was "the worst press officer they'd ever seen" and was replaced by Jean-Luc Godard, who they said was even worse  In 1956 he helped finance Jacques Rivette's short film Le coup du berger, and later helped finance Rohmer's short Véronique et son cancre in 1958  Unlike all of his future New Wave contemporaries, Chabrol never made short film nor did he work as an assistant on other directors' work before making his feature film debut  In 1957 Chabrol and Eric Rohmer co-wrote Hitchcock (Paris: Éditions Universitaires, 1957), a study of the films made by director Alfred Hitchcock through the film The Wrong Man  Chabrol had said that Rohmer deserves the majority of the credit for the book, while he mainly worked on the sections pertaining to Hitchcock's early American films, Rebecca, Notorious, and Stage Fright  Chabrol had interviewed Hitchcock with François Truffaut in 1954 on the set of To Catch a Thief, where the two famously walked into a water tank after being starstruck by Hitchcock  Years later, when Chabrol and Truffaut had both become successful directors themselves, Hitchcock told Truffaut that he always thought of them when he saw "ice cubes in a glass of whiskey "

1957–67: Early film career
The most prolific of the major New Wave directors, Chabrol averaged almost one film a year from 1958 until his death  His early films (roughly 1958–1963) are usually categorized as part of the New Wave and generally have the experimental qualities associated with the movement; while his later early films are usually categorized as being intentionally commercial and far less experimental  In the mid-sixties it was difficult for Chabrol to obtain financing for films so he made a series of commercial "potboilers" and spy spoofs, which none of the other New Wave filmmakers did Chabrol had married Agnès Goute in 1952 and in 1957 his wife inherited a large sum of money from relatives  In December of that year Chabrol used the money to make his feature directorial debut with Le Beau Serge  Chabrol spent three months shooting in his hometown of Sardent using a small crew and little known actors  The film's budget was $85,000  The film starred Jean-Claude Brialy as François and Gérard Blain as Serge, two childhood friends reunited when the recent medical school graduate François returns to Sardent and discovers that Serge has become an alcoholic after the stillbirth of his physically retarded first child  Despite suffering from tuberculosis, François drags Serge through a snowstorm to witness the birth of his second child, thus giving Serge a reason to live while killing himself in the process  Le Beau Serge is considered the inaugural film of the French New Wave Film movement that would peak between 1959 and 1962  Chabrol was the first of his friends to complete a feature film (although Jacques Rivette had already begun filming his first feature Paris nous appartient), and it immediately received critical praise and was a box office success  It won the Grand Prix at the Locarno Film Festival and the Prix Jean Vigo  Critics noticed similarities to Hitchcock's films, such as the motifs of doubling and re-occurrences and the "Catholic guilt transference" that Chabrol had also written about extensively in his and Rohmer's book the year earlier  Chabrol stated that he made the film as a "farewell to Catholicism", and many critics have called his first film vastly different from any of his subsequent films Chabrol quickly followed this success up with Les Cousins in 1958  The film is a companion piece and a reversal to Le Beau Serge in many ways, such as having the responsible student Brialy now play the decadent and insensitive Paul while the reckless Blain now plays the hard-working law student Charles  In this film, the country cousin Charles arrives in the big city of Paris to live with his corrupt cousin Paul while attending school  This was the first of many Chabrol films to include characters named Paul and Charles, and later films would often include a female named Hélène  More so than his first film, Les Cousins features many characteristics that would be seen as "Chabrolian", including the Hitchcock influence, a depiction of the French bourgeoisie, characters with ambiguous motives and a murder  It was also Chabrol's first film co-written with his longtime collaborator Paul Gégauff, of whom Chabrol once said "when I want cruelty, I go off and look for Gégauff  Paul is very good at gingering things up   He can make a character look absolutely ridiculous and hateful in two seconds flat " Les Cousins was another box office success in France and won the Golden Bear at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival Chabrol formed his own production company AJYM Productions (acronym based on the initials of his wife's and children's names) at the time of making Le Beau Serge   After the success of Le Beau Serge and Les Cousins, Chabrol began funding many of the films of his friends  AJYM helped fund Eric Rohmer's feature debut The Sign of Leo, partially funded Rivette's Paris nous appartient, and Philippe de Broca's films Les Jeux de l'amour and Le farceur  He also donated excess film stock from Les Cousins to Rivette to complete Paris nous appartient  Chabrol was also a technical advisor on Jean-Luc Godard's feature debut Breathless and acted in small parts in many of his friends' and his own early films  For his support to the early careers of so many of his friends, Chabrol has been referred to as "the godfather of the French New Wave", although many film histories tend to overlook this contribution and dismiss Chabrol altogether After two box office hits in a row, Chabrol was given a big budget to make his first color film, À double tour (Léda) in the spring of 1959  The film stars Jean-Paul Belmondo as Laszlo and Antonella Lualdi as Léda, two outsiders of a bourgeois family who experience different results when attempting to enter that family  Chabrol adapted the script with Paul Gégauff from a novel by Stanley Ellin, and the film is known for its oedipal sex triangle and murder scenario  The film was shot on location in Aix-en-Provence with cinematographer Henri Decaë and includes choppy, hand-held camera footage that is atypical of a Chabrol film despite being present in many of the New Wave films made at the same time  The film was both a box office and critical disappointment, and critic Roy Armes criticized "Chabrol's lack of feeling for his characters and love of overacting "In 1960 Chabrol made what is considered by many critics as his best early film, Les Bonnes Femmes  The film stars Bernadette Lafont, Clotilde Joano, Stéphane Audran and Lucile Saint-Simon as four Parisian appliance store employees who all dream of an escape from their mediocre lives, and the different outcomes for each girl  Most critics praised the film, such as Robin Wood and James Monaco  However some left-wing critics disliked Chabrol's depiction of working-class people and accused him of making fun of their lifestyles  The film was another box office disappointment for Chabrol  It was followed with two films that were also financially unsuccessful and which Chabrol has admitted to making purely for "commercial reasons"  Les Godelureaux was made in 1960 and hated by Chabrol  The Third Lover (L'Œil du Malin), released in 1961, received better reviews than Chabrol's previous films, with critics pointing out that the films that Chabrol wrote without Paul Gégauff were much more compassionate and realistic than the ones with Gégauff  It was shot on location in Munich  Although she had appeared in supporting roles in several Chabrol films before, The Third Lover was the first Chabrol film in which Stéphane Audran appeared as the female lead  They later married in 1964 and worked together until the late 1970s In 1962 Chabrol made Ophelia, a loose adaptation of Hamlet that was another box office disappointment  Later that year he had a minor hit film with Landru, written by Françoise Sagan and starring Charles Denner, Michèle Morgan, Danielle Darrieux and Hildegard Knef  The film depicts the famous French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru, a story that had previously inspired Charlie Chaplin's film Monsieur Verdoux From 1964 to 1967 Chabrol made six films and one short that were critically and commercially disastrous, and this period is considered a low point of his career  Four of these films were in the then-popular genre of spy spoof films, including Le Tigre aime la chair fraiche and Le Tigre se parfume à la dynamite  Chabrol had said that "I like to get to the absolute limit of principles   In drivel like the Tiger series I really wanted to get the full extent of the drivel  They were drivel, so OK, let's get into it up to our necks " During this period a Variety headline read "Vital To Keep Making Pictures, and What Sort Not Relevant; Chabrol No 'Doctrinaire' Type " In 1965 Chabrol also contributed to the New Wave portmanteau film Six in Paris with the segment "La Muette"  Chabrol co-starred with Stéphane Audran as a middle aged couple dealing with their rebellious teenage daughter  In 1964 Chabrol also directed a stage production of MacBeth for the Théâtre Récamier 

1968–78: "Golden Era"
In 1968 Chabrol began working with film producer André Génovès and started to make more critically acclaimed films that would later be considered his "Golden Era"  Most of these films revolved around themes of bourgeois characters and a murder is almost always part of the plot  Unlike his earlier films, most of these films centered around middle aged people  Chabrol often worked with the same people during this period including actors Audran and Michel Bouquet, cinematographer Jean Rabier, editor Jacques Gaillard, sound technician Guy Chichignoud, composer Pierre Jansen, set designer Guy Littaye, as well as producer Génovés and co-writer Paul Gégauff In 1968 Chabrol made Les Biches, one of his most acclaimed works  The film stars Stéphane Audran as the dominant and bisexual Frédérique, who finds a young protege in the bisexual Why (Jacqueline Sassard), until they both become the lover of a young architect named Paul (Jean-Louis Trintignant)  Why ends up killing Frédérique, but it is unclear whether she murdered her cheating lover or the person that her lover was cheating with  The film received critical praise and was a box office hit  Chabrol followed this with a similar film The Unfaithful Wife (La Femme infidèle), in which a husband named Charles murders the lover of his cheating wife  It was later remade in 2002 by director Adrian Lyne  Chabrol finished the decade with This Man Must Die (Que la bête meure) in 1969  Based on an original story by Cecil Day-Lewis, in the film Charles (Michel Duchaussoy) plots to kill Paul (Jean Yanne) after Paul killed Charles' son in a hit and run car accident  However the film's ending is left intentionally ambiguous, and Chabrol has stated that "you'll never see a Charles kill a Paul  Never " The film was especially praised for its landscape cinematography In 1970 Chabrol made The Butcher (Le boucher) starring Jean Yanne and Stéphane Audran  Yanne plays Popaul, a former war hero known for his violent behavior, much like that depicted in the prehistoric cave drawings that the characters look at in their Périgord community  The French newspaper Le Figaro called it "the best French film since the liberation " After another examination of bourgeois life in The Breach (La Rupture) in 1970, Chabrol made Just Before Nightfall (Juste avant la nuit) in 1971  The film stars Michel Bouquet as an ad executive named Charles who kills his mistress but cannot handle the guilt, so he confesses his crime to her husband (François Périer) and his wife (Stéphane Audran), expecting their condemnation  To his surprise they are only compassionate and forgiving to his crime and Charles cannot find relief from the guilt of what he has done  Later in 1971 Chabrol made Ten Days' Wonder (La Décade prodigieuse), based on a novel by Ellery Queen  The film was shot in English and starred Michel Piccoli, Anthony Perkins and Orson Welles  It received poor critical reviews  He followed this with the equally disliked Dr  Popaul, starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Mia Farrow  Critics compared the film unfavorably with Chabrol's earlier film that centered on a "Landru-like" theme  Critic Jacques Siclier said that "the novelty of Docteur Popaul comes from the offhandedness with which the criminal history is treated "Chabrol took a slight change of pace with his 1973 film Wedding in Blood (Les Noces rouges) by making his first film with political themes  The film stars Audran and Michel Piccoli as lovers who plot to murder Audran's husband, who is the corrupt gaullist mayor of their town  To their surprise the President of France orders that no investigation be made of the mayor's death, leading the murdering couple to suspect political interest in their crime  In the spring of 1973 the French government banned the film for one month, allegedly so that it would not influence members of the jury of a controversial criminal trial  Chabrol followed this political theme with Nada, in which a group of young anarchists kidnap an American ambassador  It was Chabrol's first film to not center on the bourgeois since Le Beau Serge  Chabrol returned to more familiar ground in 1975 with A piece of pleasure (Une partie de plaisir)  In this film screenwriter Paul Gégauff plays a writer with a troubled marriage that ends in tragedy  (In 1983, Gégauff was stabbed to death in real life by his second wife ) Gégauff's wife is played by his real-life first wife Danièle Gégauff (already divorced when this film was made) and his daughter is played by real life daughter Clemence Gégauff  The film received poor critical reviews, with Richard Roud calling it "rather interestingly loathsome "Chabrol ended his Golden Period with one of his most admired and his most controversial films Violette Nozière in 1978  The film starred a young Isabelle Huppert as a real life Parisian girl from a respectable petit-bourgeois family in the 1930s  At night Violette sneaks out to pick up men and eventually contracts syphilis, which she convinces her parents must be hereditary before she kills them  The film was controversial in France but praised in other countries 

1979–2009: Later work
In the 1980's and 1990's Chabrol engaged himself with many different projects for both TV and the silver screen  His films Poulet au vinaigre (1985) and Masques (1987) were entered into the 38th Cannes Film Festival and 37th Berlin International Film Festival respectively  Madame Bovary (1991) was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design  It was also entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival  La Cérémonie (1995) is perhaps his most acclaimed film from this period, as it was nominated for numerous César Awards and was entered into the 52nd Venice International Film Festival among other  His 1999 film The Color of Lies was entered into the 49th Berlin International Film Festival In 1995 Chabrol was awarded the Prix René Clair from the Académie française for his body of work 
Chabrol continued directing films and TV series well into the 2000's 

Personal life
Chabrol's first marriage to Agnès Goute (1956–1962) produced a son, Matthieu Chabrol, a composer who scored most of his father's films from the early 1980s  He divorced Agnès to marry the actress Stéphane Audran, with whom he had a son, actor Thomas Chabrol  They remained married from 1964 to 1978  His third wife was Aurore Paquiss, who has been a script supervisor since the 1950s  He had four children  Chabrol was a known gourmet chef and shot 10 Days Wonder in Alsace only because he wanted to visit its restaurants  Although he acknowledges the influence of Alfred Hitchcock in his work, Chabrol has stated that "others have influenced me more  My three greatest influences were Murnau, the great silent film director   Ernst Lubitsch and Fritz Lang "Chabrol died on 12 September 2010 of leukemia  He is buried in Pere Lachaise Cemetery in north-eastern Paris 

Filmography
As director
As actor
TV work
Histoires insolites (1974), 5 episodes
Nouvelles de Henry James (1974), 2 episodes – based on stories by Henry James
Il était un musicien (1978), 3 episodes
Madame le juge (1978), 1 episode
"Jeunesse et Spiritualité" Cyprien Katsaris (1979) Official site
Fantômas (1980), 2 episodes – Remake of Fantômas
Le système du docteur Goudron et du professeur Plume (1981) – based on The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether by Edgar Allan Poe
Les affinités électives (1982) – based on Elective Affinities by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
M  le maudit (1982, short)
La danse de mort (1982) – based on The Dance of Death by August Strindberg
Les dossiers secrets de l'inspecteur Lavardin (1988), 2 episodes
Les redoutables (2001), 1 episode
Chez Maupassant (2007), 2 episodes – based on stories by Guy de Maupassant
Au siècle de Maupassant: Contes et nouvelles du XIXème siècle (2010), 2 episodes
Passage 9:
Le Masque de la Méduse
Le masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by Jean Rollin  The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classic Clash of the Titans  It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010 

Cast
Simone Rollin as la Méduse
Sabine Lenoël as Euryale
Marlène Delcambre as Sthéno
Juliette Moreau as Juliette
Delphine Montoban as Cornelius
Jean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardien
Bernard Charnacé as le collectionneur
Agnès Pierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-Guignol
Gabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassiste
Jean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la tête
Thomas Smith as Thomas

Production
It was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past  However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe Le masque de la Méduse  Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, Le Viol du Vampire   The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place  It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000  Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film 

Release
The film was not released theatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse  As part of "An Evening with Jean Rollin", it was shown as a double feature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges 

Home media
No official DVD was released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 1 
Passage 10:
Thulasi (1987 film)
Thulasi is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ameerjan  The film stars Murali and Seetha  It was released on 27 November 1987 

Plot
Thirunavukarasu is considered as a God by his villagers  Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheist and he doesn't believe in his father's power  Sammadham and Ponni, a low caste girl, fall in love with each other  Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully  Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva 
Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference  Sammadham then challenges him to marry her  Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water  In the meantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi  The rest of the story is what happens to Siva and Thulasi 

Cast
Murali as Sivalingam "Siva"
Seetha as Thulasi
Chandrasekhar as Sammadham
Major Sundarrajan as Thirunavukarasu
Senthil
Charle as Khan
Thara as Ponni
Mohanapriya as Sarasu
Vathiyar Raman
A  K  Veerasamy as Kaliyappan

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu 

Reception
The Indian Express gave a negative review calling it "thwarted love" 



ground_truth: no