prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country Dorothea Of Denmark, Duchess Of Mecklenburg's father is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575), was a Danish princess and a Duchess consort of Mecklenburg  She was the daughter of king Frederick I of Denmark and Sophie of Pomerania  She was married to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch in 1573 
Dorothea was raised with her maternal grand parents in Pomerania as a child, but spent her adult life at the Danish royal court and with her mother in Kiel  She took part in the entourage of her niece Anne of Denmark at the latter's wedding in Saxony in 1548, but otherwise she lived a discreet life  She died two years after her marriage, and her sister Elizabeth of Denmark had a monument erected over her grave 

Ancestry
Passage 2:
Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Marie of Mecklenburg, born sometime between 1363 and 1367, but probably by 1365, dead after 13 May 1402, was a duchess of Pomerania  She was the daughter of Duke Henry III of Mecklenburg (death 1383) and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark (death 1370), elder sister of Queen Margrete I of Denmark 

History
She married 1380, before March 23, with Duke Wartislaw VII of Pomerania(fallen 1394 or 1395) and together they had one son and a daughter:

Bogusław (born about 1382, dead 1459), better known as the Kalmar Union King Eric of Pomerania; and,
Catherine (born about 1390, dead 1426), married to Count palatine John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (born about 1383, dead 1443) Maria was also possibly the heir to her aunt, the Nordic Union Queen Margaret I of Denmark 

See also
House of Knýtlinga
Passage 3:
Frederick I of Denmark
Frederick I (Danish and Norwegian: Frederik; German: Friedrich; Swedish: Fredrik; 7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was King of Denmark and Norway  He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation  As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such   Therefore, he was styled  King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway  Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick, which has continued up to the reign of the current monarch, Margrethe II 

Background
Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426–81) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430–95)   Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King John of Denmark  In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer Dithmarschen  A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the Kalmar Union for which his brother briefly was king  In addition, numerous German mercenaries took part  The expedition failed miserably, however, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, where one-third of all knights of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives 

Reign
When his brother, King John died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew Christian II  In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524  It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish  After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at Gottorp, a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in Agder, Jutland and Scania who demanded the restoration of Christian II  The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when Søren Norby, the governor (statholder) of Gotland, invaded Blekinge in an attempt to restore Christian II to power  He raised 8000 men who besieged Kärnan (Helsingborgs slott), a castle in Helsingborg   Frederick's general, Johann Rantzau, moved his army to Scania and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525 
Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teaching throughout Denmark   In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (værner) of Roman Catholicism in Denmark   In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Roman Catholic dioceses in the country  Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach  For example, he ordered that Lutherans and Roman Catholics share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the Bible in the  Danish language  In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer Hans Tausen was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal chaplain to give him immunity Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of Franciscan houses and monasteries in 28 Danish cities  He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Roman Catholic nobles During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Protestants and Roman Catholics  In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country  Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral  Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde) 

Family and children
On 10 April 1502, Frederick married Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia  The couple had two children:

Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559)
Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), married 1 July 1526 to Albert, Duke of Prussia Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old  Four years later on 9 October 1518 at Kiel, Frederick married Sophie of Pomerania (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania  Sophie and Frederick had six children:

John II of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (28 June 1521 – 2 October 1580)
Elizabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586), married:
on 26 August 1543 to Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
on 14 February 1556 to Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
Adolf of Denmark, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586)
Anna of Denmark (1527 – 4 June 1535)
Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575), married on 27 October 1573 to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch 
Frederick of Denmark (13 April 1532 – 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim and Bishop of Schleswig 
Passage 4:
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749) was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern 
Born in Güstrow, she was the sixth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survived to adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 14 May 1683, Christine married Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern (1652–1710) as his second wife  Between 1684 and 1705 she had 23 children in 19 pregnancies (including 4 sets of twins)  From them, only 11 survive to adulthood:
Gustav Adolph, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684) 
A daughter (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684), twin of Gustav Adolph 
Gustav Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 10 March 1685 - Gedern, 14 June 1689) 
Fredericka Charlotte (Gedern, 3 April 1686 - Laubach, 10 January 1739), married on 8 December 1709 to Frederick Ernest, Count of Solms-Laubach 
Emilie Auguste (Gedern, 11 May 1687 - Rossla, 30 June 1730), married on 1 October 1709 to Jost Christian, Count of Stolberg-Rossla (her first-cousin) 
Christiana Louise (Gedern, 6 April 1688 - Gedern, 11 August 1691) 
Albertine Antonie (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 16 August 1691) 
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 6 August 1691), twin of Albertine Antonie 
Gustave Magdalene (Gedern, 6 April 1690 - Gedern, 22 March 1691) 
Christian Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (Gedern, 2 April 1691 - Wernigerode, 25 October 1771) 
Christine Eleonore (Gedern, 12 September 1692 - Büdingen, 30 January 1745), married on 8 August 1708 to Ernest Casimir I, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Büdingen 
Frederick Charles, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 11 October 1693 - Gedern, 28 September 1767) 
Ernestine Wilhelmine (Gedern, 29 January 1695 - Wächtersbach, 7 May 1759), married on 7 December 1725 to Ferdinand Maximilian, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach 
Fredericka Louise (Gedern, 20 January 1696 - Gedern, 24 April 1697) 
Louis Adolph (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Gedern, 6 January 1698) 
Henry August, Count of Stolberg-Schwarza (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Schwarza, 14 September 1748), twin of Louis Adolph 
Sophie Christiane (Gedern, 17 August 1698 - Gedern, 14 June 1771), unmarried 
Ferdinande Henriette (Gedern, 2 October 1699 - Schönberg, Odenwald, 31 January 1750), married on 15 December 1719 to George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg  Through her, Christine was the great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 
Rudolph Lebrecht (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 6 April 1702) 
Louis Christian (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 22 November 1701), twin of Rudolph Lebrecht 
Auguste Marie (Gedern, 28 November 1702 - Herford, 3 July 1768), a nun in Herford, created Princess in 1742 
Caroline Adolphine (Gedern, 27 April 1704 - Gedern, 10 February 1707) 
Philippina Louise (Gedern, 20 October 1705 - Philippseich, 1 November 1744), married on 2 April 1725 to William Maurice II, Count of Isenburg-Philippseich 
Passage 5:
Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (3 September 1668 – 25 August 1738), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg (during 1692-1731) and Saxe-Merseburg (during 1731-1738) 
Born in Güstrow, she was the tenth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 29 March 1692, Elisabeth married Prince Henry of Saxe-Merseburg, fourth surviving son of Duke Christian I  Two years later (1694), Henry received the town of Spremberg as his appanage, and took his residence there 
The marriage produced three children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Maurice, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Spremberg (Spremberg, 29 October 1694 - Spremberg, 11 April 1695) 
Christiana Fredericka (Spremberg, 17 May 1697 - Spremberg, 21 August 1722) [1]
Gustava Magdalena (Spremberg, 2 October 1699 - Spremberg, 3 October 1699) Elisabeth became Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg in 1731 after her husband inherited the main domains of the family as their last surviving male member  She died in Doberlug in 1738, aged 69, having survived her husband for one month  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 
Passage 6:
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1 January 1570 – 15 August 1649) was a daughter of Duke William "the younger" of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his wife, Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg She married Count Palatine Charles I of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld   They had four children:

George William (1591–1669), Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
Sophia (1593–1676), married Kraft VII of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (1582–1641)
Frederick (1594–1626), canon at Strasbourg
Christian I (1598–1654), Count Palatine and Duke of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler
Passage 7:
Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (24 August 1758 – 29 November 1794) was born a Princess and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and by marriage Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway 

Life
Born in Schwerin, she was the only daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, second son of Christian Louis II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld  Her only sibling was Frederick, who was about two years older 

Life in Denmark
On 21 October 1774 in Copenhagen, she married Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway, the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and his second wife Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who was the regent in Denmark between 1772 and 1784  She was sixteen years old when she was married 
Sophia Frederica, known as Sofie Frederikke af Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Denmark, was described as jolly, charming and intelligent   She had a hard time in the beginning adapting to her new, stiffer environment, but became quite popular    During the first ten years of her marriage (1774-1784), she gave birth to three daughters, the eldest two were stillborn and the third lived only five months; it was only in 1786 when she had the first of her living children, the future King Christian VIII 
It is said she was disappointed when she met her husband for the first time, but they came to be fond of each other, although they both supposedly took lovers; her husband had a mistress, her companion Caja Hviid, while the father of Sophia Frederica's children was rumored to be her husband's adjutant, Frederik von Blücher  It was said that the harmony of their marriage was based on mutual understanding    The harmonious friendship between the spouses created a fear that Sophia Frederica's influence over her husband would lead to her interfering in politics She died in Sorgenfri Palace 

Issue
Sophia Frederica and Prince Frederick had the following children: 

Stillborn daughter (19 September 1781) 
Stillborn daughter (17 February 1783) 
Princess Juliana Marie (2 May 1784 - 28 October 1784), died in infancy 
Prince Christian Frederick (18 September 1786 - 20 January 1848), future King Christian Frederick of Norway and Christian VIII of Denmark 
Princess Juliane Sophie (18 February 1788 - 9 May 1850), married in 1812 to Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld; they had no issue 
Princess Louise Charlotte (30 October 1789 - 28 March 1864), married in 1810 to Prince William of Hesse-Cassel; they had issue 
Hereditary Prince Ferdinand (22 November 1792 - 29 June 1863), married in 1829 to Princess Caroline of Denmark; they had no issue 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia
Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), was a Duchess of Prussia by marriage to Duke Albert, Duke of Prussia  She was the daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and Anna of Brandenburg 

Life
After her father's accession to the throne in 1523 a marriage was suggested to the English claimant to the throne, Duke Richard of Suffolk, who was supported by King Francis of France, but without success 
In 1525, she received a proposal from the newly made Duke of Prussia  The marriage was arranged by her father's German chancellor Wolfgang von Utenhof  The wedding was conducted 12 February 1526 and Dorothea arrived with a large entourage in Königsberg in June 
Dorothea had a very good relationship with Albert and this contributed to a good and active contact between Denmark and Prussia which continued during her brother's reign and until her death  
Dorothea and her spouse corresponded with her brother, the king of Denmark, and acted as his political advisors  Dorothea and Albert were present at the coronation of Christian III of Denmark in Copenhagen in 1537; they also acted as foster-parents of her nephew Duke Hans of Denmark in 1536–1542 
The Königsberg Cathedral has a monument of her 

Issue
Anna Sophia (11 June 1527 – 6 February 1591), married John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
Katharina (b  and d  24 February 1528) 
Frederick Albert (5 December 1529 – 1 January 1530) 
Lucia Dorothea (8 April 1531 – 1 February 1532) 
Lucia (3 February 1537 – May 1539) 
Albert (b  and d  March 1539) 
Passage 9:
Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Elisabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586) was Danish princess and a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and later of Mecklenburg-Güstrow through marriage  She was the elder daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second spouse Sophie of Pomerania 

Biography
Elizabeth was raised at the royal Danish court of her half brother and described as an extraordinary beauty  In 1542 she was engaged, and on 26 August 1543 Elizabeth was married to Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4 July 1509 – 28 January 1550)  This marriage was childless  She returned to Denmark in 1551 and stayed there until her second marriage in 1556 
Secondly, she married on 14 February 1556 Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and had the only daughter Sophie, who married King Frederick II of Denmark in 1572  Her relationship to Ulrich is described as a happy one 
Elizabeth made frequent visits to the Danish royal court, and also to her former sister in law queen dowager Dorothea  After her daughter became Queen of Denmark in 1572, her visits to Denmark became longer  She is described as kind, sensible, religious and practical  She was also active in Mecklenburg-Güstrow: she reconstructed the churches in Güstrow and Doberan and protected hospitals and convents  She died on return from one of her visits to Denmark 

Legacy
Elizabeth's granddaughter Anne of Denmark married King James I of England  Thus every British monarch since has been her direct descendant, the present King Charles III being king of 15 independent nations 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Hedwig Eleonore; 12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Born in Güstrow, she was the eighth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 1 December 1686, Hedwig married Prince August of Saxe-Merseburg, second surviving son of Duke Christian I  Five years later (1691), August received the town of Zörbig as his appanage, and took his residence there 
They had eight children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Christiane Magdalene (Zörbig, 11 March 1687 - Merseburg, 21 March 1689) 
Stillborn daughter (Alt-Stargard, Mecklenburg, 30 December 1689) 
Caroline Auguste (Zörbig, 10 March 1691 - Zörbig, 23 September 1743) 
Hedwig Eleonore (Zörbig, 26 February 1693 - Zörbig, 31 August 1693) 
Gustav Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 28 October 1694 - Zörbig, 24 May 1695) 
August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 26 February 1696 - Zörbig, 26 March 1696) 
Stillborn twin sons (1707) Hedwig died in Zörbig aged 69  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 

See also
BWV Anh  16
Context 2: Passage 1:
O Valencia!
"O Valencia!" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife 
The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy  It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers  The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang  At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's "sworn enemy") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer 

Track listing
The 7" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with "Culling of the Fold" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing "After the Bombs" as the B-side 

Music videos
For the "O Valencia!" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage  Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment "Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now" and accused the band of stealing the idea  The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of "O Valencia!", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2  The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of "the Boss", plan an escape to an unknown location  At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the "Valencia" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape  Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads "Office"  The letters have all burnt out except for the "O", creating the title of the song  The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers  Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis)  They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan  Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him  The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca  They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch  After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection  2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe  The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town  Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick 
The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums)  The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for "Sixteen Military Wives"  The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket 
Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage 
Passage 2:
Kristian Leontiou
Kristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer  Formerly a solo artist, he is the lead singer of indie rock band One eskimO 

Early life
Kristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent  He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in and around London whilst concentrating on music when he had any free time   In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor  At the time, Leontiou was dubbed "the new Dido" by some media outlets  His debut single "Story of My Life" was released in June 2004 and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart  His second single "Shining" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies 
Leontiou toured the album in November 2004 taking him to the US to work with L A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group   Unhappy with the direction his career was going, on a flight back from the US in 2004 he decided to take his music in a new direction   Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song "Hope & Glory" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’   It was this release that saw him unleash the One eskimO moniker   It was through working with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of "Astronauts" from the One eskimO project  Being more than impressed by what he heard, Rollo opened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album 
It was at this time that he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, a drummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album  They recorded the album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recorded live then headed back to Rollo's studio to add the cinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album 
Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's "Hometime" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA  The funds from the advert were then used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO  He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions) along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchford and Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, the first animation produced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008 
In 2008 Leontiou started a new management venture with ATC Music  By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures in London   Now with all animation complete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009 
Leontiou released a cover version of Tracy Chapman's "Fast Car", which was originally released as a single in 2005  Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, due to there being no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time  On 24 April 2011, the song entered the singles chart at number 88 due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April 2011 

Discography
Albums
Singles
Notes
A  - Originally released as a single in April 2005, Leontiou's version of "Fast Car" did not chart until 2011 in the UK 

Also featured on
Now That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate Love Collection (Shining)
Summerland OST (The Crying)
Passage 3:
Bernie Bonvoisin
Bernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁnaʁ bɔ̃vwazɛ̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁni bɔ̃vwazɛ̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director  He is best known for having been the singer of Trust 
He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song "Ride On" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott 

External links
Bernie Bonvoisin at IMDb
Passage 4:
Let's Go (will i am song)
"Let's Go" is a song by will i am that features Chris Brown, which was part of the former's fourth studio album #willpower before being removed in November 2013  The reason for the song's removal was due to the unlicensed sampling of "Rebound" by Arty and Mat Zo  It was replaced with "Feelin' Myself" on the re-release 

Sampling controversy
The song heavily samples "Rebound" by Arty and Mat Zo  Arty made the claim via Twitter in April 2013 that Interscope Records had not asked for permission from Anjunabeats before will i am sampled "Rebound"  Chris Brown stated in a tweet that he didn't know of the track's original source and claimed that he performed it due to a feature request  A statement was released by Anjunabeats that even though credit was given to Arty in the sleeve notes, doing so is not an appropriate way to obtain permission of clearing a sample, which was done following on from Arty's Twitter claim  Anjunabeats issued this statement in response to when will i am was quoted as telling the Associated Press in self-defence:

"You can't steal if you credited somebody  He and I communicated      It's not my fault he didn't tell me about the other guy  So who is to blame? I didn't know "
In a later interview for KIIS-FM, will i am went on to admit that he accidentally stole "Rebound" with the sample and was confused whether or not he had the right to use it for "Let's Go"  The situation was elaborated on by will i am: "Arty is a dope producer so I wrote this song to 'Rebound' this last year  I got in touch with Arty and showed it to him, did a different version to it 'cause I asked him [to] make it newer 'cause I don't just wanna take your song and rap over it  But he said that after a year's time, "we preferred writing over and using the [original] rebound  Something happened and the clearance    hopefully we resolved the issue"  The song was removed on the re-release of #willpower on November 26, 2013 and replaced as the fifth track on the album with "Feelin' Myself" after will i am contacted the owners of "Rebound" for negotiation  However, the audio was not deleted from will i am's Vevo account on YouTube In May 2013, Above & Beyond played "Rebound" at the Electric Daisy Carnival to make fun of will i am, and Mat Zo went on to do this too in June 

Charts
Passage 5:
Astrid North
Astrid North (Astrid Karina North Radmann; 24 August 1973, West Berlin – 25 June 2019, Berlin) was a German soul singer and songwriter  She was the singer of the German band Cultured Pearls, with whom she released five Albums  As guest singer of the band Soulounge she published three albums 

Career
North had her first experiences as a singer with her student band Colorful Dimension in Berlin  In March 1992 she met B  La (Bela Braukmann) and Tex Super (Peter Hinderthür) who then studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg and who were looking for a singer for their band Cultured Pearls  The trio entered the German charts with four singles and four albums 

In 1994 North sang for the dance-pop band Big Light on their hit single Trouble Is  In 1996 she was a guest on the side project Little Red Riding Hood by Fury in the Slaughterhouse brothers Kai and Thorsten Wingenfelder which resulted in the release of the single Life's Too Short from the eponymous album The song Sleepy Eyes, texted and sung by North, appears in the soundtrack of the movie Tor zum Himmel (2003) by director Veit Helmer  In 2003 she appeared at the festival Das Fest in Karlsruhe and sang alongside her own songs a cover version of the Aerosmith hit Walk This Way together with the German singer Sasha  North also toured with the American singer Gabriel Gordon After the end of her band Cultured Pearls in 2003 North moved 2004 to New York City to write new songs, work with a number of different musicians and to experiment with her music In 2005 she joined the charity project Home, which produced an album for the benefit of the orphans from the Beluga School for Life in Thailand which have been affected by the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 and the subsequent tsunami  Beside the orphans themselves also the following artists have been involved, guitarist Henning Rümenapp (Guano Apes), Kai Wingenfelder (Fury in the Slaughterhouse), Maya Saban and others  With Bobby Hebb Astrid North recorded a new version of his classic hit Sunny  It was the first time Hebb sung this song as duett and it appeared on his last album That's All I Wanna Know 
North sang in 2006 My Ride, Spring Is Near and No One Can Tell on the album The Ride by Basic Jazz Lounge, a project by jazz trumpeter Joo Kraus  In addition, she worked as a workshop lecturer of the Popkurs at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg 
In spring 2010 North performed as the opening act of the Fakebling-Tour of Miss Platnum  The magazine Der Spiegel described her as one of the "leading ladies of the local soul scene"  On 20 July 2012 her solo debut album North was released 
On 16 September 2016 Astrid North released her second solo album, Precious Ruby, dedicated to her grandmother Precious Ruby North  North used crowdfunding to finance the album  The first single published from this album was the song Miss Lucy  In 2016 she also started her concert series North-Lichter in Berlin's Bar jeder Vernunft to which she invited singers such as Katharina Franck, Elke Brauweiler, Lizzy Scharnofske, Mia Diekow, Lisa Bassenge or Iris Romen 

Life
Astrid North was born in West Berlin, West Germany to Sondria North and Wolf-Dieter Radmann  She commuted between her birth city and her family in Houston, Texas until she was nine years old  In the USA she lived mainly with her grandparents and her time there significantly shaped her musical development Besides her music career Astrid North worked also as lecturer in Hamburg at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater and as yoga teacher  North was the mother of two children, her daughter was born in 2001 and her son in 2006  Her sister Ondria North works as make-up artist and hair stylist in the German film industry 
She died in June 2019 at the age of 45 years from pancreatic cancer 

Discography
with Cultured PearlsAlbums

1996: Sing Dela Sing (German chart position 92, 3 weeks)
1997: Space Age Honeymoon (German chart position 54, 6 weeks)
1999: Liquefied Days (German chart position 19, 9 weeks)
2002: Life on a Tuesday (German chart position 74, 1 week)Singles

1996: Tic Toc (1996) (German chart position 65, 10 weeks)
1997: Sugar Sugar Honey (German chart position 72, 9 weeks)
1998: Silverball (German chart position 99, 2 weeks)
1999: Kissing the Sheets (German chart position 87, 9 weeks)with Soulounge

2003: The Essence of the Live Event – Volume One
2004: Home
2006: Say It AllSolo

2005: Sunny (Single, Bobby Hebb feat  Astrid North)
2012: North (Album, 20  Juli 2012)
2013: North Live (Album, live recordings from different venues in Germany)
2016: Sunny (Compilation, Bobby Hebb feat  Astrid North)
2016: Precious Ruby (Album, 16  September 2016)as guest singer

1994: Trouble Is – Big Light (Single)
1996: Life's Too Short – Little Red Riding Hood (Single)
2006: Basic Jazz Lounge: The Ride – Joo Kraus (Album)
Passage 6:
Feelin' Myself (Nipsey Hussle song)
"Feelin' Myself" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Nipsey Hussle, released July 9, 2010, as the lead single from his canceled debut studio album under Epic Records, South Central State of Mind  The song, produced by 1500 of Nothin', features American singer-songwriter Lloyd, with whom he previously collaborated on "Gotta Take It" earlier in 2009  The song then peaked at number 93 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  The song was later included on Hussle's compilation album The Leaks, Vol  1 

Background
Following inking a publishing deal with BMI in April 2010, Nipsey Hussle revealed the first official single from his debut studio album, South Central State of Mind featuring singer Lloyd soon  On June 10, 2010, the audio for "Feelin' Myself" was released  The songs production handled by Los Angeles-based production team 1500 or Nothin'  On July 9, 2010, the song was released for digital download by Epic Records  This version featured a new verse sung by Lloyd 

Music and lyrics
In the song Nipsey Hussle features his usual hefty street-oriented verses  They detail self-love, flaunting his cash, his looks, and his skills with the ladies  The song is topped off with a guest hook and verse by singer Lloyd and a smooth bridge by an uncredited female vocalist  He explained how the Lloyd collaboration came about saying, "When I got signed they asked me who I would like to work with, I said Lloyd and so we got on the phone in 2009 and we spoke  We did a record for my Bullets Ain't Got No Names Vol: 3 mixtape and from then on me and Lloyd have been cool  When I heard this record I was like, "This is big, I need a star that;s got the vocals, swag, and the fans to complement the record, so I thought Lloyd fitted it perfectly and he's my home boy, so it all came out cool "

Music video
On July 19, 2010, Nipsey Hussle filmed the music video in Los Angeles, California with Lloyd  On July 26, 2010, Rap-Up released a behind the scenes video of the music video  The Marc Klasfeld-directed music video was finally premiered on August 30, 2010  The video received over 800,000 views in less than two weeks on YouTube, and was put into rotation on BET 

Chart positions
Passage 7:
Caspar Babypants
Caspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of the United States of America 

History
Ballew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for Early Parent Support titled "PEPS Sing A Long!" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle  Her art inspired Ballew to consider making music that "sounded like her art looked" as he has said  Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the public domain to interpret and make his own  The first album, Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009 
Ballew began to perform solo as Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009  Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedy improvisor, heard the album and offered to play as his live percussionist   Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe as a keyboard player  "Frederick Babyshirt" and "Ronald Babyshoes" were the Caspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012  Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants has exclusively performed solo  The reasons for the change were to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very young children and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated  
Ballew has made two albums of Beatles covers as Caspar Babypants  Baby Beatles! came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015 
Ballew runs the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces, records, and masters the albums himself  Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon 
Caspar Babypants has released a total of 17 albums  The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1, 2020  His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album  All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle 
"FUN FAVORITES!" and "HAPPY HITS!" are two vinyl-only collections of hit songs that Caspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years 

Discography
AlbumsPEPS (2002)
Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, Fysah Thomas
More Please! (Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe
This Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Krist Novoselic, Charlie Hope
Sing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England, Rachel Loshak
Hot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)
I Found You! (Released 12/18/12) Special guests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John Richards
Baby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)
Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)
Night Night! (Released 03/17/15)
Beatles Baby! (Released 09/18/2015)
Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)
Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)
Jump For Joy! (Released 08/18/17)
Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)
Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)
Best Beatles! (Released 03/29/19)
Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)
Bug Out! (released 05/1/20)
Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)
Easy Breezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released 2010) – Compilation of various artists
Songs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on Alouette
Shake It Up, Shake It Off (released 2012) – Compilation of various artists
Keep Hoping Machine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artists
Apple Apple – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on Monkey Love
Simpatico – Rennee and Friends (released 2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not Afraid
Sundrops – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog Kid
Passage 8:
Panda (Astro song)
Astro is the first album of long duration (after the EP Le disc of Astrou) of Chilean indie band Astro, released in 2011  The first single from the album was "Ciervos" and followed "Colombo", "Panda" and "Manglares" 
This album was chosen by National Public Radio among the 50 discs of 2012 

Track listing
All tracks written by Andrés Nusser, except where noted 

Ciervos (Deer)
Coco (Coconut)
Colombo
Druida de las nubes (Druid of the clouds)
Panda
Miu-Miu
Manglares (Mangroves)
Mira, está nevando en las pirámides (Look, it's snowing in the pyramids)
Volteretas (Tumbles)
Pepa
Nueces de Bangladesh (Nuts of Bangladesh)
Miu-Miu reaparece (Miu-Miu reappears)

Personnel
Astro

Andrés Nusser – vocals, guitar
Octavio Caviares – drums
Lego Moustache – keyboards, percussion
Zeta Moustache – keyboards, bassProduction

Andrés Nusser – producer, recording and mixing
Chalo González – mixing and mastering
Cristóbal Carvajal – recording
Ignacio Soto – recording
Passage 9:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 10:
Nipsey Hussle
Ermias Joseph Asghedom (August 15, 1985 – March 31, 2019; born Airmiess Joseph Asghedom), known professionally as Nipsey Hussle (often stylized as Nipsey Hu$$le), was an American rapper, entrepreneur, and activist



ground_truth: Norway

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the performer of song Feelin' Myself (Nipsey Hussle Song) born?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Emerging from the West Coast hip hop scene in the mid-2000s, Hussle independently released his debut mixtape, Slauson Boy Volume 1, to moderate local success, which led to him being signed to Cinematic Music Group and Epic Records 
Hussle became known for his numerous mixtapes, including his Bullets Ain't Got No Name series, The Marathon, The Marathon Continues, and Crenshaw, the last of which American rapper Jay-Z bought 100 copies for $100 each  After much delay, his debut studio album Victory Lap was released in 2018 to critical acclaim and commercial success, and was nominated for the Best Rap Album at the 61st Grammy Awards in 2019  At the 62nd Grammy Awards in 2020, two posthumous Grammy Awards for the songs "Racks in the Middle" and "Higher" were awarded to Hussle in the Best Rap Performance and Best Rap/Sung Performance categories respectively Outside of music, Hussle inaugurated the Marathon Clothing store, which he founded along with partners Carless, the head of the agency, Karen Civil, and his brother Samiel Asghedom in 2017, and started a co-working environment which he named "Vector 90"  On March 31, 2019, Hussle was fatally shot outside his store in South Central Los Angeles  Eric Holder, a 29-year-old man who confronted Hussle earlier that day, was arrested and charged with murder two days later  Holder was found guilty of first-degree murder on July 6, 2022  On February 22, 2023, Holder was sentenced to 60 years to life in prison 

Early life
Airmiess Joseph Asghedom was born on August 15, 1985, and raised in the Crenshaw District of South Central Los Angeles by his mother Angelique Smith (née Boutte), an African-American woman, and Dawit Asghedom, an Eritrean war refugee who came to the United States after fleeing a then ongoing Eritrean War of Independence  He was raised with his brother Samiel a/k/a Blacc Sam and his sister Samantha  Asghedom attended Alexander Hamilton High School in the nearby Castle Heights neighborhood, and dropped out before graduating At age 14, Asghedom left home and joined the local Rollin 60's Neighborhood Crips, a sub-group of the larger Crips gang primarily based in his home neighborhood of Crenshaw  In 2002, at the age of 17, Hussle would join Buttervision, a creative multimedia Digital Guerrilla movement led by Dexter Browne where he would be part of the BV Boys Sampler, Beats & Babes Vol  1 DVD, and Shades of Butter Vol  1 DVD  He would also get his name "Nipsey Hussle" there and complete the recording for his debut mixtape  Slauson Boy Volume 1 His stage name, a play on the name of comedian and game show panelist Nipsey Russell, originated as a nickname given to Asghedom by a childhood acquaintance who respected his work ethic  In 2004, when Asghedom was 19, his father took him and his brother Samiel on a three-month trip to Eritrea  Asghedom credited the trip with inspiring him to become a community activist with an "entrepreneurial spirit" 

Music career
2008–2010: Bullets Ain't Got No Name series
In December 2005, Hussle independently released his first mixtape, Slauson Boy Volume 1, to moderate local success  His debut project helped to build a small regional fanbase on the west coast, and eventually led to Hussle being signed to Cinematic Music Group and Epic Records  In 2008, Hussle released the first two installments in his Bullets Ain't Got No Name series of mixtapes, which helped to bring Hussle's music to a larger audience 
Nipsey's profile continued to grow into 2009 when he collaborated with Drake on the song "Killer", and also appeared, along with Snoop Dogg and Problem, on the song "Upside Down", from Snoop Dogg's 2009 album Malice n Wonderland  He released the third installment in Bullets Ain't Got No Name, as well as his commercial debut single, "Hussle in the House"  Despite the song, which samples Kris Kross' 1992 single Jump, being well received by critics, it failed to make any impact on the charts After Epic experienced financial issues in 2010, Nipsey opted not to renew his contract and left the label  Not long after going independent, Hussle appeared on the song "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", and was featured by XXL Magazine as one of its "Annual Freshman Top Ten", a selection of ten up-and-coming hip-hop artists to watch  XXL labeled him "Most Determined" of his class, and LA Weekly called him the "next big L A  MC" Hussle was expected to release his debut album, South Central State of Mind, in October 2010  Prior to release, the album was supported by the single "Feelin' Myself" featuring Lloyd  While the production was set to be handled from J R  Rotem, Scott Storch, Mr  Lee, Play-N-Skillz, Terrace Martin, and 1500 or Nothin', the album was set to be featured with the guest appearances from Trey Songz, Jay Rock, and Sean Kingston  Concurrently, he announced that he planned on releasing a mixtape with fellow rapper Jay Rock, titled Red and Blue Make Green  Following the release of a music video for "Feelin' Myself", the album was set for a December 21, 2010 release; however, both of these projects were eventually postponed indefinitely 

2010–2013: Leaving Epic Records and The Marathon series
After leaving Epic, Nipsey founded his own record label, All Money In Records On December 21, 2010, he released his first All Money In Records mixtape, titled The Marathon, which featured guest appearances from Kokane and MGMT  On November 1, 2011, Hussle released a sequel titled The Marathon Continues, which featured L A  rappers YG and Dom Kennedy  On April 17, 2012, Hussle released a collaborative album with fellow rapper Blanco, Raw  The album featured guest appearances from YG, Mistah FAB, Yukmouth, B-Legit, Kokane and Freeway In May 2012, Nipsey released a single titled Proud of That, marking his first collaboration with Florida rapper Rick Ross  Nipsey was subsequently featured on Ross' Maybach Music Group's song "Fountain of Youth", which appears on the label's second album Self Made Vol  2  The music video was released on October 1, 2012  Rumours began to circulate that Nipsey would sign with MMG, and in December 2012, Hussle himself hinted at signing, however, he also said that he was still looking for the right label Hussle said that he would be releasing his third and final installment of The Marathon mixtape series with TM3: Victory Lap in 2013, after it was pushed back from its initial December 2012 release date  He also announced that he was planning on releasing a joint mixtape with fellow West Coast rapper and frequent collaborator YG  Hussle performed at the 2013 Paid Dues festival on March 30, 2013, in California  After deciding against signing to a major label, due to a lack of creative freedom, he choose to make Victory Lap his debut album 

2013–2019: Crenshaw and Victory Lap
Beginning in 2013, he released various songs from his upcoming mixtape Crenshaw, including the 9th Wonder produced track "Face the World", and a Futuristics and 1500 or Nothin'–produced track "Blessings"  On August 6, 2013, Hussle announced that Victory Lap would be released as an album, rather than a mixtape  Prior to the release of Victory Lap, Hussle announced on September 16, 2013, that he would be releasing a new mixtape, Crenshaw (hosted by DJ Drama), on October 8, 2013 On September 24, 2013, he revealed the track list for Crenshaw, which contained guest appearances from Rick Ross, Dom Kennedy, Slim Thug, James Fauntleroy II, Z-Ro, Skeme, and Sade, among others  The production on the mixtape was handled by the Futuristics, 1500 or Nothin', 9th Wonder, Mike Free, Ralo and Jiggy Hendrix, among others  He also released the Crenshaw documentary that day in promotion of the mixtape  On October 3, 2013, he released another trailer for the mixtape, and attracted attention when he revealed 1,000 hard copies of the mixtape would be sold for $100 each  Jay-Z personally bought 100 copies  He reportedly sold out all 1,000 copies in less than 24 hours, effectively making $100,000 Upon the release of Crenshaw, Hussle said that Victory Lap would be released in 2014  On November 20, 2013, Hussle confirmed that Victory Lap would feature production from Ralo, 1500 or Nothin', the Futuristiks and DJ Mustard  He later confirmed more producers, including Don Cannon and DJ Khalil on the album  After the year went by with no new releases, Hussle released a new mixtape, Mailbox Money on New Year's Eve 2014, again releasing 1000 hard copies for $100 each Hussle made a number of guest appearances throughout 2015 and 2016, working with Jadakiss, Trae Tha Truth, and YG  In 2016, he released another mixtape, titled Famous Lies and Unpopular Truth  He commented on the 2016 US presidential election by releasing the single "FDT" ("Fuck Donald Trump") with YG; the song was written about Hussle's positive experiences with Mexican immigrants in the United States, whom Trump had criticized After numerous delays, Hussle's debut studio album, Victory Lap, was released on February 16, 2018, debuting at number 4 on the Billboard 200, selling 53,000 album equivalent units in its first week  The album was met with universal acclaim from critics, and numerous songs entered the Billboard Hot 100, including "Double Up", "Last Time That I Checc'd" and "Dedication", marking Hussle's debut on the chart as a lead artist Victory Lap was nominated for a Best Rap Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards in 2019, but lost to Cardi B's Invasion of Privacy  Over 1 year after its release, the album reached a new peak of number 2 on the Billboard 200 in April 2019 after Hussle's murder on March 31  His single "Racks in the Middle" featuring Roddy Ricch and Hit-Boy debuted at number 44 on the Hot 100, following his death  The song later peaked at number 26 

Business ventures
Hussle's nickname came from his entrepreneurial spirit  He shined shoes for $2 50 to pay for school clothes at age 11 with a goal of a hundred shoes a day  Hussle sold his mixtapes out of a car trunk at a neighborhood strip mall at the intersection of Slauson Avenue and Crenshaw Boulevard  After leaving Epic Records, he founded his own record label  Hussle experimented with unorthodox sales strategies by selling expensive copies of certain mixtapes even while the songs were distributed for free Hussle's Marathon branding inspired Steve Carless in 2013 when he founded Marathon Agency with business partners Karen Civil and Jorge Peniche  They designed the talent-based brand to attract a diverse set of clients in all stages of their careers  In October 2016, Carless, the head of the agency, told Billboard that Hussle had invested "like over six figures" in the Marathon Agency and described him as "kind of like our silent partner" Hussle opened the Marathon Clothing store on June 17, 2017, which he founded along with partners Carless, Civil, and his brother Samiel Asghedom  Opening the store at this intersection in the Crenshaw commercial district was important to him because he wanted to invest and provide opportunities in his neighborhood of Hyde Park  The store is billed as a "smart store", which bridges the gap between culture and technology by giving customers access to exclusive music and other content created by rappers through an app created by software engineer Iddris Sandu  The year before his death, Hussle bought the small shopping center where his store was located, after partnering with the real estate investor David Gross 

All Money In
Hussle created the record label All Money In after leaving Epic Records  He released his first major project, The Marathon, through the new label on December 21, 2010  He released subsequent projects under his label, including The Marathon Continues (2011), Crenshaw (2013), and Mailbox Money (2014)  He also signed other artists, including J Stone, Pacman Da Gunman, BH, Cobby Supreme, Cuzzy Capone and Killa Twan 
Releases

Acting
In 2007, Hussle played a small role in Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's semi-autobiographical film I Tried, which was directed by Rich Newey  In 2010, he starred in the film Caged Animal, alongside Ving Rhames, Gillie Da Kid and Robert Patrick  In 2015, Hussle was featured in a cameo "The Sexy Getting Ready Song" in the pilot episode of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, rapping two bars 

Community activism
Hussle wanted to focus on "giving solutions and inspiration" to young black men like him  He denounced gun violence through his music, influence, and community work  He spoke openly about his experiences with gang culture  Affiliated with the Rollin' 60s, he often performed and worked with rival Bloods-affiliated rappers to set an example He funded improvements to neighborhood schools and spent time with students, also participating on panels about growing up in the area and the influence of gang culture  Hussle started a co-working environment which he named Vector 90  From his own experience, he believed that the Crenshaw area was being underserved and that young people would benefit from communal workspaces  He wanted youths to be able to take classes in science, technology, and mathematics at the center Hussle was also intimately involved in the planning and advisory stages of the Destination Crenshaw project that will showcase the history and culture of blacks in his neighborhood  City Council member Marqueece Harris-Dawson said Hussle was in the earliest conversations on the project and was an integral part of the project's branding  In March 2019, Hussle had contacted officials from the LAPD to arrange a meeting with him and Roc Nation about what they could do to help prevent gang violence in South Los Angeles  The meeting had been scheduled to take place on April 1 
Hussle was murdered on March 31  According to Los Angeles Police Commissioner Steve Soboroff, department officials will meet with Hussle's representatives at a future date on these issues to continue the activist's work in his honor 

Personal life
Hussle and actress Lauren London began dating in 2013  They had a son together in 2016  London has a child from a previous relationship with fellow rapper Lil Wayne, while Hussle had a daughter from a previous relationship  He remained very involved in South Los Angeles with his businesses, charitable activities, and the homes of family and friends  The locations for a magazine shoot were in the neighborhood 

Death
On March 31, 2019, Hussle was shot at least 10 times in the parking lot of his store, Marathon Clothing, in South Central Los Angeles at 3:18 p m  The perpetrator also kicked Hussle in the head  Two others were wounded in the shooting All three victims were transported to a hospital, where Hussle was pronounced dead at 3:55 p m  He was 33 years old  Police identified then-29-year-old Eric Ronald Holder Jr  as the suspect  Investigators believed Holder was known to the rapper and that the shooting was possibly motivated by a personal matter  On April 2, 2019, Holder was arrested by the Los Angeles Police Department and was being held in solitary confinement On May 9, a grand jury indicted Holder on one count of murder, two counts each of attempted murder and assault with a firearm, and one count of possession of a firearm by a felon  After a couple of postponements, the trial got underway in mid-June, 2022  Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney John McKinney served as the case's prosecutor, while Aaron Jansen served as head of the defense  Holder's attorneys argued that he did not intend to kill Hussle but had acted in the heat of the moment  McKinney argued, "He thought about it and he did it  That's all premeditated means  It doesn't mean he planned it for weeks"  Testimony at the trial established that, immediately before Holder shot Hussle, the two men argued over a rumor that Holder had cooperated with law enforcement in an unrelated matter  On July 6, 2022, Holder was found guilty of first-degree murder and two counts of attempted voluntary manslaughter relating to injuries he caused to bystanders  On February 22, 2023, Superior Court Judge H  Clay Jack announced Holder's sentence of 60 years Hussle's brother, Samiel Asghedom, was appointed the permanent administrator of Hussle's estate 

Memorials
Upon hearing the news of his death, numerous celebrities offered their condolences on social media  Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti also offered his condolences to Hussle's family Hussle's memorial service was held on April 11 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, with tickets provided free of charge Former president Barack Obama praised the rapper for his work in the community, writing in a tribute, "While most folks look at the Crenshaw neighborhood where he grew up and see only gangs, bullets, and despair, Nipsey saw potential" Former president of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad paid homage to the late rapper on his official Twitter profile  The conservative politician quoted Hussle's lyrics in a tweet reading "How can one take someone's life so easily? 'Baby Don't Cry Gotta Keep Your Head Up Even when The Road is Hard Never Give Up'" The 25 5-mile (41 0 km) funeral procession to Forest Lawn Memorial Park wound through the streets of South Central L A  including Watts, where he spent some of his formative years  The Nation of Islam provided security along the route that was "both respectful to the community and in a way that the community respects" according to Melina Abdullah  Mourners gathered at the Watts Towers along the route  The crowds lining the streets demonstrated the impact he had on this community Gang leaders saw how Hussle resonated with young gang members and used the opportunity to curtail violence in their own ranks  A cross-section of gangs marched together at a memorial for Hussle and later held summits between L A  and Compton  Largely confined to black gangs, they agreed to stay away from each other's territory and stop shooting at people  The peacemaking, which was a cease fire and not a truce, included hundreds of gangs similar to the truces of 1992 

Remembrance and tributes
A petition was started to rename the intersection of Slauson Avenue and Crenshaw Boulevard near Hussle's store Marathon Clothing to "Nipsey Hussle Square"  On the day of his funeral, the council announced it was set to be renamed Ermias "Nipsey Hussle" Asghedom Square to honor him and his contributions to the neighborhood  There has also been a push from the community to name the nearby Hyde Park station after him, according to Metro  A ceremony dedicating the at-grade light rail station on the K Line to him and the Crenshaw community was held August 6, 2022 There was a strong artistic response to Nipsey Hussle's death  Within a few months, over 50 murals dedicated to the rapper were painted in the City of Los Angeles  One mural is in an alley near the strip mall where he was killed  Hussle's store has remained closed since his death Hussle was  honored with a star in the recording category of the Hollywood Walk of Fame in front of Amoeba Music on August 15, 2022, the 37th anniversary of his birth  Councilmember Marqueece Harris-Dawson proclaimed the day Nipsey Hussle Day and handed the framed proclamation to Hussle's grandmother, Margaret Smith, who stood with Hussle's sister, Samantha, and his father, Dawit Asghedom Inspired by the books that Hussle mentioned in interviews, songs and motivational messages, local chapters of the Marathon Book Club have formed  The list includes self-help bestsellers, cult classics and little-known books by black authors  Michelle Obama included "Hussle and Motivate" on her 2020 workout playlist On April 2, 2019, NBA player Russell Westbrook notched the second 20-20-20 game in NBA history in honor of Hussle On March 6, 2020, metal band Body Count released their seventh studio album titled Carnivore  The album features a song titled "When I'm Gone", which was written for Nipsey Hussle by the band's singer and rapper Ice-T  The song features a spoken introductory part in which Ice-T says of Hussle, "the outcry of love and support after his death was incredible, but it inspired me to write this song " The song also features guest vocalist Amy Lee from the band Evanescence who is also credited by Ice-T as having co-written the song Rapper Snoop Dogg released the tribute song "Nipsey Blue" which is dedicated to Nipsey Hussle in 2020 Rapper Big Sean announced the song "Deep Reverence" in honor of Nipsey Hussle  The track was released in August 2020 and features Nipsey Hussle  The music video was released in March 2021 Puma released the Marathon Clothing collection in September 2019 with 100% of net proceeds to the Neighborhood 'Nip' Foundation  The AMB store opened in September 2019 on Crenshaw Boulevard  This is another clothing company founded by Hussle with Cobby Supreme who was one of his best friends and an artist Hussle's longtime friend and collaborator YG dedicated his performance at the 2019 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival to the memory of Nipsey Hussle  At the 2020 Grammy Awards, DJ Khaled, Kirk Franklin, John Legend, Meek Mill, Roddy Ricch, and YG all gave tribute to Hussle in honor of his legacy The season 2 premiere of The CW series All American included a candlelight vigil at Hyde Park with a eulogy by the character Flip Williams (played by Lahmard Tate)  Tattoo artist Keenan Chapman painted a mural just for the episode  The series included "Grinding All My Life" in its pilot, and series star Daniel Ezra was a fan  Characters from the series wore clothes from the Marathon store  Hussle had planned to appear in the season 1 finale but had "scheduling conflicts"  A documentary on Nipsey Hussle is in development at Netflix, and is set to be co-produced and directed by Ava DuVernay Rapper Kendrick Lamar paid tribute to Nipsey Hussle on the single "The Heart Part 5"  The music video shows Hussle deepfaked on to Lamar's face as he rapped about his legacy following his death 

Discography
Victory Lap (2018)

Filmography
See also
List of hip hop musicians
List of murdered hip hop musicians
Context 3: Passage 1:
Jolly Blackburn
Jolly Randall Blackburn is an American publisher and cartoonist who is best known as the creator of the comic strip and identically titled magazine  Knights of the Dinner Table 

Early life
As a child, Jolly Blackburn enjoyed playing Monopoly, Life, Sorry  and many other board games  At age 15, he was introduced to the Avalon Hill wargame Luftwaffe, and soon owned several other wargames  While perusing wargames at the local games shop, Blackburn was introduced to Dungeons & Dragons, and he eventually created his own campaign world called Alderac  
Following high school, Blackburn entered Ball State University where he majored in anthropology, history, and classical cultures : 120

Shadis
After graduation, Blackburn enlisted in the Army, and married his wife Barbara  Blackburn had always wanted to be a writer, and while he was posted in Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he and Barbara launched a gaming magazine titled Shadis  He also created Alderac Entertainment Group, named after his D&D campaign world   (Shadis was the name of one of the moons that circled Alderac ): 262 Shadis was a black-and-white digest that featured gaming articles usually written by Blackburn, as well as several fictional works by Blackburn, collectively referred to as the "Alderac Anthology", since they were set in Blackburn's Alderac world : 262 In the second issue, faced with a blank last page, Blackburn drew a roughly drawn comic strip titled Knights of the Dinner Table that featured a group of gamers seated at a table playing a fictional role-playing game called Hackmaster  As Blackburn told Allen Varney,  "I had been a great fan of J D  Webster's Finieous Fingers from the early Dragon Magazine, and I wanted something similar  Unfortunately, I couldn't find anyone willing to do a strip  Finally I sat down and drew out a very crude cartoon showing a gamemaster and a player sitting around a table arguing over a rules call " Blackburn based the comic strip's players on his gamer friends, and the gamemaster B A  Felton on himself  Blackburn continued to draw the cartoon for Issues 3 to 5, but in Issue 6, believing that his readers wanted better artwork and a more involved storyline, Blackburn replaced his own comic strip with more professional cartoon strips  However, his readers' outcry convinced him to immediately return to Knights of the Dinner Table in the very next issue : 262 Blackburn had to put both Shadis and Knights of the Dinner Table on hold for 18 months in 1991–1992  He was still working as a sergeant in the army, and during Operation: Desert Storm, Blackburn was involved with activating reservists for remedial training prior to deployment, a job that required him to work working seven days a week for up to 16 hours a day  Following the end of the conflict, Blackburn returned to writing : 262

Knights of the Dinner Table
In 1994, Alderac published a Knights of the Dinner Table comic book, and followed up with two more issues  But by the following year, Blackburn felt that his plans for the future had diverged from his partners John Zinser and David Seay — they wanted to expand Alderac and look for success in the collectible card game industry while Blackburn wanted to keep the company fun and small and focus on Knights of the Dinner Table : 263  Blackburn sold his share of Alderac to his partners — keeping the rights to Knights of the Dinner Table — and also sold Shadis after Issue 21   
Blackburn believed that he could produce a monthly Knights of the Dinner Table magazine, and started up KODT Enteractive Facktory with that in mind : 309 While he was working on getting that new company together, Blackburn received a call from the editor of TSR's Dragon magazine, asking if the Knights of the Dinner Table strip was now available; although Blackburn originally planned to continue the strip in Shadis, he accepted the offer and Knights of the Dinner Table appeared Issue 226 of Dragon (February 1996)  Blackburn's comic suddenly reached ten times the audience that it in Shadis, and Blackburn was surprised at the overwhelmingly positive response  He later recounted "I think that's when the light bulb went on over my head   I was shocked by the interest and the apparent appetite for more " Knights of the Dinner Table would continue in Dragon until Issue 269 (March 2000), when it was replaced by an expanded Nodwick strip : 309 After he and Barbara finally published Knights of the Dinner Table #4, Blackburn questioned whether they could make it work on their own  In November 1996 when David Kenzer and some of his Kenzer & Company staff of met Blackburn at a local con, Kenzer asked Blackburn to join his company : 309  Blackburn decided that Kenzer had the sort of business sense and integrity that he was looking for in a partner, and he agreed to become a shareholder  Kenzer reprinted Issue 4 of Knights of the Dinner Table that the Blackburns had produced on their own  Starting with Issue 5 (February 1997), Knights of the Dinner Table was the work of the "KoTD Development Team" which consisted of Jolly Blackburn, David Kenzer, Brian Jelke and Steve Johansson : 310 Knights of the Dinner Table increased in popularity, and Blackburn was invited to be the guest of honor at several conventions, including U Con (November 1998),: 110  Key Con (April 2003) and Gencon (August 2004) In 2022, Knights of the Dinner Table published its 301st issue, becoming the longest comic book series by a single creator (passing the 300 issues of Cerebus the Aardvark created by David Sim) In 2023, Blackburn announced that Knights of the Dinner Table would be moving to an expanded format, but only once every two months, citing the short turnaround times for a monthly magazine and increased production costs 

Hackmaster
As early as 1995, Blackburn toyed with the idea of creating a one-off joke role-playing game called Hackmaster, based on the fictional role-playing game being played in Knights of the Dinner Table  However, Jim Kenzer urged him to wait, believing that it could become a serious product  In 2000, using Wizards of the Coast's Open Game License, Blackburn and Kenzer created Hackmaster, based on the rules for D&D Several years later, Blackburn made the decision to break away from the D&D game system and create an independent role-playing system for Hackmaster  This enabled him to include many items and ideas from the Knights of the Dinner Table comics 

Reception
Writing for Black Gate, John O'Neill noted that the artwork is not what draws readers to Knights of the Dinner Table, commenting, "Jolly has never claimed to be an artist, and in truth the art isn't where this strip shines anyway  Jolly's true gifts are as a writer, and the writing in KoDT is top notch "

Awards
Blackburn has received a number of awards for Knights of the Dinner Table, including:

Origins Awards for "Best Professional Game Magazine" of 1998 and 1999 
Origins Award for "Gamer's Choice: Best Periodical of 2003" 
Origins Award for "Best Game Accessory of 2009" 
Passage 2:
Menno Meyjes
Menno Meyjes (born 1954, Eindhoven) is a Dutch-born American screenwriter, film director, and film producer Meyjes moved to the United States in 1972 and studied at San Francisco Art Institute  He was nominated for several awards for his screenplay to the 1985 film The Color Purple, adapted from the novel by Alice Walker  In 1989, he gained recognition for cowriting Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade with George Lucas and winning a Goya Award for El Sueño del mono loco 
In 2002, Meyjes wrote and directed the film Max He attended the San Francisco Art Institute, where he studied with George Kuchar, James Broughton, and Larry Jordan 

Filmography
Uncredited written works:

Empire of the Sun (1987)
El Sueño del mono loco (1989)
Passage 3:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 4:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 5:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 6:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 7:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019



ground_truth: Crenshaw

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the director of film The Dinner (2013 Film) born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 9:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 10:
The Dinner (2013 film)
The Dinner (Dutch: Het Diner) is a 2013 Dutch drama film written and directed by Menno Meyjes  It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival  The film is based on Herman Koch's novel Het diner 

Plot
Cast
Thekla Reuten as Claire
Kim van Kooten as Babette
Daan Schuurmans as Serge
Jacob Derwig as Paul
Sabine Soetanto
Reinout Bussemaker as Rector
Gusta Geleynse as Dakloze
Wil van der Meer as Tonio
Jonas Smulders as Michel

See also
The Dinner (2014)
The Dinner (2017)



ground_truth: Eindhoven