prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the mother-in-law of Louise Of Mecklenburg-Güstrow?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Hedwig Eleonore; 12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Born in Güstrow, she was the eighth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 1 December 1686, Hedwig married Prince August of Saxe-Merseburg, second surviving son of Duke Christian I  Five years later (1691), August received the town of Zörbig as his appanage, and took his residence there 
They had eight children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Christiane Magdalene (Zörbig, 11 March 1687 - Merseburg, 21 March 1689) 
Stillborn daughter (Alt-Stargard, Mecklenburg, 30 December 1689) 
Caroline Auguste (Zörbig, 10 March 1691 - Zörbig, 23 September 1743) 
Hedwig Eleonore (Zörbig, 26 February 1693 - Zörbig, 31 August 1693) 
Gustav Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 28 October 1694 - Zörbig, 24 May 1695) 
August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 26 February 1696 - Zörbig, 26 March 1696) 
Stillborn twin sons (1707) Hedwig died in Zörbig aged 69  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 

See also
BWV Anh  16
Passage 2:
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg [-Güstrow] (26 February 1633 – 6 October 1695) was the last ruler of Mecklenburg-Güstrow from 1636 until his death and last Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg from 1636 to 1648 

Life
Gustav Adolph was born at the ducal residence in Güstrow, the son of Duke John Albert II and his third wife Eleonore Marie (1600–1657), daughter of Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg 
As Gustav Adolph was a minor when his father died in 1636, his uncle Duke Adolph Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at first became regent at Güstrow  This was fiercely opposed by Gustav Adolph's mother  In 1654 he came of age and married Magdalene Sibylle, a daughter of Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp  Their marriage produced eleven children:

Johann, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (2 December 1655 – 6 February 1660) 
Eleonore (1 June 1657 – 24 February 1672) 
Marie (June 19, 1659 – 6 January 1701), married on 23 September 1684 to Duke Adolph Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
Magdalene (5 July 1660 – 19 February 1702) 
Sophie (21 June 1662 – 1 June 1738), married on 6 December 1700 to Duke Christian Ulrich I of Württemberg-Oels 
Christine (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749), married on 4 May 1683 to Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern 
Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (18 November 1664 – 15 March 1688), married on 10 August 1687 to Marie Amalie of Brandenburg, a daughter of Elector Frederick William 
Hedwig (12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), married on 1 December 1686 to Duke August of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Louise (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721), married on 5 December 1696 to King Frederick IV of Denmark 
Elisabeth (3 September 1668 – 25 August 1738), married on 29 March 1692 to Duke Henry of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg 
Augusta (27 December 1674 – 19 May 1756) The death of the only surviving son, the Hereditary Prince Charles, in 1688 at the age of 23, caused a succession crisis in Mecklenburg-Güstrow  Gustav Adolph's daughter Marie married her cousin Adolphus Frederick II of Mecklenburg, who after the death of his father-in-law claimed the Güstrow heritage, but could not prevail against the ruling duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  A younger daughter, Louise in 1695 married the Danish crown prince Frederick IV and in 1699 became queen consort of Denmark 
Gustav Adolph died in Güstrow at the age of 62  The subsequent inheritance conflict within the House of Mecklenburg was settled by the establishment of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1701 
Passage 3:
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg[-Güstrow] (5 May 1590 in Waren – 23 April 1636 in Güstrow) was a Duke of Mecklenburg   From 1608 to 1611, he was the nominal ruler of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; the actual ruler being the regent, his great-uncle Charles I   From 1611 to 1621 John Albert and his brother Adolf Frederick I jointly ruled the whole Duchy of Mecklenburg   From 1621, John Albert ruled Mecklenburg-Güstrow alone 

Life
John Albert was the son of Duke John VII and Sophia of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 
He reigned from 16 April 1608, under the regency of his great-uncle Duke Charles I, jointly with his brother Adolf Frederick I in the Mecklenburg-Schwerin part of the country   After Charles's death, the Emperor declared Adolf Frederick an adult and he ruled alone until John Albert came of age and they began to rule jointly 
In 1617 he converted to Protestantism  In the division of Mecklenburg of 1621, John Albert received Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
In 1623, both brothers joined a defensive alliance of the Lower Saxon Estates   They tried to seem neutral during the Thirty Years' War, but they secretly supported the Danish troops of king Christian IV   After the Imperial side won the Battle of Lutter, Tilly treated them as enemies   On 19 January 1628, Emperor Ferdinand II issue a decree at Brandýs Castle declaring that the brothers had forfeited their fief and that Mecklenburg would be invested to Wallenstein   In May 1628, the brothers left the Duchy, at the request of Wallenstein   In May 1631, Wallenstein was overthrown by Swedish troops, and the brothers returned 
John Albert II died in 1636 and was buried in the Minster in Güstrow 

Marriage and issue
John Albert II was married three times 
(I) On 9 October 1608 he married Margaret Elizabeth (11 July, 1584 – 16 November, 1616), daughter of Duke Christopher of Mecklenburg   The couple had the following children:

Hanss Georg (1610–1660)
John Christopher (1611–1612)
Elisabeth Sophie (20 August 1613 – 12 July 1676,)married Duke Augustus II of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelChristine Margaret (31 March 1615 – 16 August 1666)married firstly on 11 February 1640 Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg, son of Francis II
married secondly, on 6 July 1650 Duke Christian Louis I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (divorced 1663)Charles Henry (1616–1618)(II) On 26 March 1618, he married Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel (24 May 1596 – 16 December 1625), daughter of Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel   This marriage remained childless 
(III) He married his third wife, Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg (7 August 1600 – 17 July 1657), daughter of Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg, on 7 May 1626   The couple had the following children:

Anna Sophie (29 September, 1628 – 10 February 1666)married Duke Louis IV of LegnicaJohn Christian (1629–1631)
Eleanor (1630–1631)
Gustav Adolph (1633–1695)
Louise (20 May 1635 – 6 January 1648)

Ancestry
External links

Literature about John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-VorpommernPublications by or about John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg at VD 17
Genealogy of the House of Mecklenburg
Passage 4:
Frederick IV of Denmark
Frederick IV (Danish: Frederik; 11 October 1671 – 12 October 1730) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death  Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel 

Early life
Frederick was born on 11 October 1671 at Copenhagen Castle as the eldest son of King Christian V and his spouse Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel  The newborn prince was baptised the same evening with the name Frederick by the royal confessor Hans Leth  His grandfather King Frederick III had died a year and a half before he was born, and as the eldest son of the ruling King he was thus Crown Prince from birth  At the age of 18, he was given a seat on the Council of State as the heir apparent to the throne 
As Crown Prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe  He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father for permission to build a summer palace on Solbjerg, as the hill in Valby was then known, the future site of Frederiksberg Palace  The one-storey building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger, was completed in 1703 
Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany  In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Güstrow  But his visit there was cut short by a message telling of his brother Prince Christian's serious illness (he had, in fact, already died in Ulm)  Frederick later returned to Güstrow, where he was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses  On 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark  
At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway  They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace 

Reign
Domestic rule
Frederick's most important domestic reform was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab, a kind of serfdom which had applied to the peasants of Zealand since the Late Middle Ages  His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction in 1733 of adscription (stavnsbånd), a law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, by which the peasantry were subjected to both the local nobility and the army After the Great Northern War, trade and culture flowered  The first Danish theatre, Lille Grønnegade Theatre, was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) began his career  He established the College of Missions which funded the missionary Hans Egede (1686–1758) in taking forward the colonisation of Greenland  Politically this period was marked by the King's connection to the Reventlows, the Holsteiner relatives of his second queen, and by his growing suspicion of the old nobility During Frederick's rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters: the plague of 1711, and the great fire of October 1728, which destroyed most of the medieval capital   The King had been persuaded by astronomer Ole Rømer (1644–1710) to introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway in 1700, but the astronomer's observations and calculations were among the treasures lost to the fire Frederik IV, having twice visited Italy, had two pleasure palaces built in the Italian baroque style: Frederiksberg Palace was extended during his reign, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst, giving the palace a true Italian baroque appearance and Fredensborg Palace, both considered monuments to the conclusion of the Great Northern War 

Venetian journey
Frederick IV holds a memorable place in the social history of the city of Venice due to a visit he made during the winter of 1708–09  The King stayed in the city with an entourage of at least 70 people, formally incognito as Count of Oldenburg, not to be unknown, but in order to avoid the cumbersome and costly etiquette of a royal visit  During his nine-week stay, the King was a frequent guest at operas and comedies and a generous buyer of Venetian glass  During the visit to the state armoury, he received the republic's gift: two large ore guns and an ore mortar  A regatta on the Grand Canal was held in his honour and is immortalised in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs  The winter that year was particularly cold, so cold that the lagoon of Venice froze over, and the Venetians were able to walk from the city to the mainland  It was joked that the king of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him  He also paid a visit to the dowager grand-princess Violante at the grand-ducal court of the Medicis 

Foreign affairs
On his return from he led political negotiations with the Elector Augustus of Saxony and Frederick I of Prussia about the impending plans of war against Sweden  For much of Frederick IV's reign Denmark-Norway was engaged in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) against Sweden  In spite of the conclusion of the Peace of Travendal in 1700, there was soon a Swedish invasion and threats from Europe's western naval powers  In 1709 Denmark again entered the war, encouraged by the Swedish defeat at Poltava  Frederick IV commanded the Danish troops at the Battle of Gadebusch in 1712  Although Denmark-Norway emerged on the victorious side, she failed to regain her lost possessions in southern Sweden  The most important result was the destruction of the pro-Swedish Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, which re-established Denmark's domination in Schleswig-Holstein  Between 1703 and 1711, Frederick sent military units to Hungary and supported Austria in the Rákóczi's War of Independence  The Danish regiments fought against the Kuruc army and French auxiliaries (Battle of Zsibó) 
Much of the King's life was spent in strife with kinsmen  Two of his first cousins, Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the three men were the grandsons of Frederick III of Denmark), had waged war upon his father jointly  Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognise the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick (who was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia 

Personal life
Frederick was deemed a man of responsibility and industry — often regarded as the most intelligent of Denmark-Norway's absolute monarchs  He seems to have mastered the art of remaining independent of his ministers  Lacking all interest in academic knowledge, he was nevertheless a patron of culture, especially art and architecture  His main weaknesses were probably pleasure-seeking and womanising, which sometimes distracted him  He was the penultimate Danish king to make a morganatic marriage (the last was Frederick VII with Louise Rasmussen aka "Countess Danner") 

 Without divorcing Queen Louise, in 1703 he married Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (d 1704)  After the death of Elisabeth, he entered into a romance with her lady-in-waiting Charlotte Helene von Schindel, though he later lost interest in her  In 1711, Frederick fell in love with 19-year-old Countess Anne Sophie Reventlow, daughter of the then Grand-Chancellor Conrad von Reventlow  He carried her off from her home, Clausholm Castle near Randers, after her mother refused to let her daughter be a royal mistress  Frederick had seen Anne Sophie at a masquerade ball at Koldinghus, where the royal family resided during the plague that devastated Copenhagen  A secret marriage was held at Skanderborg on 26 June 1712  At that time he accorded her the title "Duchess of Schleswig" (derived from one of his own subsidiary titles)  Three weeks after Queen Louise's death in Copenhagen on 4 April 1721, he legalised his relationship with Anna Sophie by a new marriage, this time declaring her queen consort (the only wife of a hereditary Danish king to bear that title who was not a princess by birth)  It was undoubtedly a relief to regularise a relationship they both saw as sinful  Of the nine children born to him of these three wives, only two of them survived to adulthood: the future Christian VI and Princess Charlotte-Amalia, both from the first marriage  All the other children died in infancy The Reventlows took advantage of their kinship to the King  Anna's sister, the salonist Countess Christine Sophie Holstein of Holsteinborg, was nicknamed Madame Chancellor because of her influence  Within a year of making Anna Queen, Frederick also recognized as dynastic the issue of the morganatic marriages of two of her kinsmen, Duke Philip Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg (1673–1729) and Duke Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norburg (1674–1706), to non-royal nobles  The other Schleswig-Holstein dukes of the House of Oldenburg perceived their interests to be injured, and Frederick found himself embroiled in complicated lawsuits and petitions to the Holy Roman Emperor  Also offended by the Countess's elevation were Frederick's younger unmarried siblings, Princess Sophia Hedwig (1677–1735) and Prince Charles (1680–1729), who withdrew from Copenhagen to their own rival court at the handsomely re-modelled Vemmetofte Cloister (later a haven for dowerless damsels of the nobility) 

Later life
During the King's last years he had dropsy (oedema), and was also affected by the consequences of an accident in an explosion in a cannon foundry in Copenhagen  He also had private sorrows that inclined him toward Pietism, a form of faith that would rise to prevalence during the reign of his son  During his last years, Frederick IV asked for the loyalty of his son in order to protect Queen Anna Sophie  Despite the growing weakness, he set in 1730 on a muster travel; he reached Gottorp but had to return, and died in Odense, on the day after his 59th birthday  He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral, the site of the mausoleum of Danish royalty 

Issue
With his first queen, Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow:

Prince Christian (28 June 1697 - 1 October 1698)
King Christian VI of Denmark (10 December 1699 - 6 August 1746)
Prince Frederik Charles (23 October 1701 - 7 January 1702)
Prince George (6 January 1703 – 12 March 1704)
Princess Charlotte Amalie (6 October 1706 – 28 October 1782)With his second wife Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg:

Frederik Gyldenløve (1704–1705)With his third wife and second queen, Countess Anne Sophie von Reventlow:

Princess Christiana Amalia (23 October 1723 - 7 January 1724)
Prince Frederik Christian (1 June 1726 - 15 May 1727)
Prince Charles (16 February 1728 - 10 December 1729)

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg
Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg or Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (5 March 1527 – 14 March 1603) was Duke of Mecklenburg (-Güstrow) from 1555-56 to 1603 

Early life
Ulrich was the third son of Duke Albrecht VII and Anna of Brandenburg   Ulrich was educated at the Bavarian court  Later, he studied theology and law in Ingolstadt   After the death of his father, he took up residence in Bützow and succeeded his cousin Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin in 1550   Later, he married Magnus's widow, Elizabeth, a daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark  His wife was actually a first cousin of his maternal grandmother Elizabeth of Denmark, daughter of John, King of Denmark  They were first cousins, twice removed  After the death of Elizabeth he married Anna, daughter of Philip I, Duke of Pomerania 
After the death of his uncle, Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg, Ulrich participated in the national government, especially during Mecklenburg's participation in the Schmalkaldic War   It erupted from an inheritance dispute, which was settled by the "Ruppiner dictum" of the Elector of Brandenburg 

Reign
On 17 February 1555, Ulrich succeeded his brother John Albert I in partitioned Mecklenburg-Güstrow  In 1556, he received, while maintaining common state government with his brother, the eastern part of Mecklenburg with the capital in Güstrow, while John Albert received the western part with the residence Schwerin   After the death of his brother in 1576, Ulrich was made guardian of his offspring, among them his nephew and successor in Güstrow John Albert II   Ulrich built the castle at Güstrow as his principal residence   
Ulrich embodied an educated, modern prince, and was a devout Lutheran   He developed into one of the leading princes of  the Mecklenburg dynasty   He left behind, at his death, a fortune of about 200,000 guilders   Ulrich participated in the exchange with Tycho Brahe and David Chytraeus in the scientific discourse of his time and corresponded with humanists like Heinrich Rantzau  In 1594, as Chief of Lower Saxony imperial circle, he organized military and financial assistance against the Turkish threat  
In the dispute between Frederick II of Denmark and his brother-in-law Duke John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Ulrich served as a mediator, having excellent relations to both  As Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin he was succeeded by his grandson the last Bishop of Schleswig, Prince Ulrich of Denmark (30 December 1578 – 27 March 1624 in Rühn), who married with Lady Catherine Hahn-Hinrichshagen 
Ulrich's granddaughter Anne of Denmark married James VI of Scotland  In 1598 James VI was anxious to secure the throne of England  He sent his ambassadors to his wife's family and allies, to discuss his right to Elizabeth's throne and that the Princes of Europe should supported him against Spanish claims, with military help if required  Ulrich wrote to James on 20 August with a letter of cautious support, counselling that Elizabeth should name him her successor, and was lukewarm on a definite pledge of arms 

Family
Ulrich's only child from his marriage to Elizabeth of Denmark, Sophie, married King Frederick II of Denmark  Through her, Ulrich was a grandfather to Christian IV of Denmark and a great-grandfather of Charles I of England 
Passage 6:
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749) was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern 
Born in Güstrow, she was the sixth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survived to adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 14 May 1683, Christine married Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern (1652–1710) as his second wife  Between 1684 and 1705 she had 23 children in 19 pregnancies (including 4 sets of twins)  From them, only 11 survive to adulthood:
Gustav Adolph, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684) 
A daughter (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684), twin of Gustav Adolph 
Gustav Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 10 March 1685 - Gedern, 14 June 1689) 
Fredericka Charlotte (Gedern, 3 April 1686 - Laubach, 10 January 1739), married on 8 December 1709 to Frederick Ernest, Count of Solms-Laubach 
Emilie Auguste (Gedern, 11 May 1687 - Rossla, 30 June 1730), married on 1 October 1709 to Jost Christian, Count of Stolberg-Rossla (her first-cousin) 
Christiana Louise (Gedern, 6 April 1688 - Gedern, 11 August 1691) 
Albertine Antonie (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 16 August 1691) 
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 6 August 1691), twin of Albertine Antonie 
Gustave Magdalene (Gedern, 6 April 1690 - Gedern, 22 March 1691) 
Christian Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (Gedern, 2 April 1691 - Wernigerode, 25 October 1771) 
Christine Eleonore (Gedern, 12 September 1692 - Büdingen, 30 January 1745), married on 8 August 1708 to Ernest Casimir I, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Büdingen 
Frederick Charles, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 11 October 1693 - Gedern, 28 September 1767) 
Ernestine Wilhelmine (Gedern, 29 January 1695 - Wächtersbach, 7 May 1759), married on 7 December 1725 to Ferdinand Maximilian, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach 
Fredericka Louise (Gedern, 20 January 1696 - Gedern, 24 April 1697) 
Louis Adolph (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Gedern, 6 January 1698) 
Henry August, Count of Stolberg-Schwarza (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Schwarza, 14 September 1748), twin of Louis Adolph 
Sophie Christiane (Gedern, 17 August 1698 - Gedern, 14 June 1771), unmarried 
Ferdinande Henriette (Gedern, 2 October 1699 - Schönberg, Odenwald, 31 January 1750), married on 15 December 1719 to George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg  Through her, Christine was the great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 
Rudolph Lebrecht (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 6 April 1702) 
Louis Christian (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 22 November 1701), twin of Rudolph Lebrecht 
Auguste Marie (Gedern, 28 November 1702 - Herford, 3 July 1768), a nun in Herford, created Princess in 1742 
Caroline Adolphine (Gedern, 27 April 1704 - Gedern, 10 February 1707) 
Philippina Louise (Gedern, 20 October 1705 - Philippseich, 1 November 1744), married on 2 April 1725 to William Maurice II, Count of Isenburg-Philippseich 
Passage 7:
Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (18 November 1664 in Güstrow – 15 March 1688 in Güstrow) was the hereditary prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow   He was a son of Gustavus Adolph and his wife Magdalene Sibylle née Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, a daughter of Frederick III 

Life
Charles married on 10 August 1687 in Potsdam to Marie Amalie of Brandenburg, the daughter of the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg   The marriage remained childless   He died unexpectedly of smallpox   He was the last surviving son of his father, and his wife lost her child when she learned of his fate, so that the Mecklenburg-Güstrow line died out when his father died in 1695 
His brother-in-law, Duke Adolf Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz claimed Mecklenburg-Güstrow   However Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin disagreed and the legal situation was unclear, leading to a long succession dispute   The dispute was settled in the Partition of Hamburg, in which the relationship between Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz was redefined and Mecklenburg-Güstrow was given to Mecklenburg-Schwerin 

External links

Literature about Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-VorpommernPublications by or about Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow at VD 17
Stammtafel des Hauses Mecklenburg
Passage 8:
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721) was Queen of Denmark and Norway as the first spouse of King Frederick IV of Denmark   In 1708–09, she was regent during her husband's trip to Italy 

Early life
Louise was born in Güstrow in the family of Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Duchess Magdalena Sibylla of Holstein-Gottorp as a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark  Louise grew up into a tiny court characterized by pietistic feelings and rigid religiosity, led by her father, who wrote religious songs in pietistic spirit 
In 1695, Louise was selected by Crown Prince Frederick as his bride   When it was deemed time for Frederick to marry and provide and heir to the throne, he was sent to a journey to Germany to choose a bride from some of the Protestant Princely houses   When he reached Güstrow, he chose Louise because of her beauty, and his choice was wholeheartedly accepted as suitable from both the Danish royal house as well as from her family   He reportedly also expected her to accept any potential adultery from his side without protests 

Crown Princess
On 5 December 1695, Louise married Crown Prince Frederik in Güstrow followed by their formal entry in to Copenhagen   Initially, the marriage was described as happy; Louise reciprocated Frederick's attraction, and the French ambassador noted: "The crown princess loves her spouse intensely, and he lives with her in complete bliss"   Their children who reached maturity were King Christian VI of Denmark and Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark 

Queen
At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway  They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the Chapel of Frederiksborg Palace  In parallel, Frederick's infatuation with Louise had passed, and he involved himself in a number of public affairs, notably with Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (1699-1704), Charlotte Helene von Schindel (1704-11) and Anna Sophie Reventlow (1712–21)  Frederick even entered two morganatic marriages; in 1703, he committed bigamy with his mistress Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg, and in 1712 with Anna Sophie Reventlow    The day after Queen Louise's funeral, Frederick IV married Anna Sophie Reventlow again, and less than two months later he had her crowned 
Unlike Frederick IV, she never gained popularity with the population   Louise figured in her role as queen at official ceremonies, but was otherwise ignored at court, and her isolated and quiet life has made her less known in history      The official mistresses and wives by bigamy of the king were given their own titles, residences and courts, and their houses were frequented by the king and thereby by the nobility, while Queen Louise was ignored and deprived of her role as the female center in court life which her rank would otherwise have entitled her    Her social isolation became particularly severe after the king's second bigamy with Anna Sophie Reventlow in 1712, and during her last nine years her life was described as a shadow, while she only appeared at the king's side in official ceremonies where the presence of the queen was demanded by etiquette 
Louise suffered because of her husband's infidelity   It is mentioned that she caused embarrassing scenes at court during Frederick's affairs and that she had a bad temperament   Her jealousy attracted great attention, and it was said that Frederick could not enter her rooms without Louise beginning to "cry, raise and walk about like a furie", which caused him to leave in anger, after which she "walked about for three or four hours, turning her hands and crying copiously "Queen Louise was strongly influenced by Pietism, and she sought solace in religion    Her main interest was reading religious books    Her collection of 400 books, which was donated to the royal library after her death, was mainly composed of ascetic religious literature in German    After her death, her interest in religion was praised by the clergy, who compared her with the legendary Queen Esther and referred to her as a saint   Louise was close to her son Christian, who was deeply influenced by her religious devotion and swore to avenge the sorrow his father's second bigamy with Anna Sophie Reventlow caused his mother on Reventlow, a promise he did keep after the death of his father Very little is known about Louise, her interests and personality, because of her reclusive lifestyle, other than her jealousy over her husband's adultery and her religious devotions   She did own a couple of estates as part of her dower as queen, notably Hørsholm, but does not appear to have taken any interest in them 
She died in Copenhagen and was buried in the Roskilde Cathedral 

Children
Bibliography
N  D  Riegels: Udkast til fjerde Friderichs hist  after Hoier 1–11  1795–99 
A  Hojer: König Fr  IV glorwürdigstes Leben 1–11, 1829 
Jens Moller i Det skand  lit  selsk s skr  XXIII, 1832 3–196 
Ellen Jørgensen and J  Skovgaard: Danske dronninger, 1909–10 189–94 
Fr  Weilbach i Hist  t  10  r  III, 1935 256–66 
Ingrid llsoe i Fund og forskn  XXII, 1975–76 107–20 

Ancestry
Passage 9:
Henry I of Werle
Henry I (died 8 October 1291) was a Prince of Mecklenburg-Werle and Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Biography
He was the son of Prince Nicholas I of Mecklenburg-Werle and his wife Princess Jutta of Anhalt the daughter of Prince Henry I of Anhalt and his wife Princess Irmgard of Thuringia  Henry and his brother John ruled Mecklenburg-Werle jointly following the death of their father on 10 May 1277 Henry and his brother ruled jointly until 1283 when Henry founded the principality of Mecklenburg-Güstrow while John took up residence in the principality of Mecklenburg-Parchim which he ruled jointly with Prince Pribislaw II  Henry's reign in Güstrow came to an end on 8 October 1291 after he was murdered near Saal by his two sons Henry and Nicholas both of whom succeeded him 

Marriages and children
Henry was married twice; firstly in 1262 to Rikissa Birgersdotter (died 1288), with the following children:

Henry II of Werle (died 1308) married Beatrix of Pomerania (died 1315–16), daughter of Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania
Nicholas of Werle-Güstrow (died 1298)
Rixa of Werle (died 1317) married Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-GöttingenHe was married secondly in 1291 to Matilde of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1302) the daughter of John of Brunswick, Duke of Lüneburg 
Passage 10:
Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark
Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark and Norway (6 October 1706 – 28 October 1782) was a Danish princess, daughter of King Frederick IV of Denmark and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Life
Charlotte Amalie never married  In 1725, she was placed on the list of 99 princesses regarded as suitable for marriage with Louis XV of France (which would require that she convert to Catholicism), but she was removed from the list because Denmark-Norway was an arch enemy toward Sweden, the traditional ally of France, and that such a marriage could potentially disturb the French-Swedish alliance     In the early 1730s, her brother the king tried to arrange a marriage between her and Frederick, Prince of Wales, but the negotiations did not succeed and she remained unmarried 
As was the custom for unmarried princesses, she lived with her mother until her mother's death, and then with her stepmother  In contrast to her brother and sister-in-law, she had a good relationship with her stepmother, Anna Sophie Reventlow   Charlotte Amalie tried to prevent the worst hostility toward her stepmother at court  She was separated from Anna Sophie when her brother succeeded to the throne in 1730  After this, she lived at the royal court in winters, and at Charlottenlund Palace in summer with her own court 
Charlotte Amalie was described by her contemporaries as a lovable character with the ability to keep the peace with most: she had a good relationship with her father and stepmother, and still managed to have a good relationship also with her brother, who hated his own father and stepmother  She had no influence upon the affairs of state, and lived a peaceful life at court her entire life 
On 8 April 1771, she was ordered to leave court  She spent the rest of her life with her nephew's widow, the queen dowager Juliana Maria  This meant that she continued to spend much of her time at court, when the queen dowager attended it: Juliana Maria became de facto regent in 1772   
As she preferred black wigs, she had ordered her staff to wear them, and her court became known as "The court of the black wigs"  After 1778, she no longer showed herself to the public, as she had become senile Charlotte Amalie is known as the benefactress of the writer Charlotte Baden, who was the niece of one of her chief ladies-in-waiting, Anna Susanne von der Osten  Baden was raised at her court, and Charlotte Amalie provided her with an education and an allowance  In her will from 1773, Charlotte Amalie created a foundation, Prinsesse C A s stiftelse, to finance the upbringing of poor girls of all classes 

Legacy
Charlottenlund Palace, where she spent her summers, was built and named after her in 1731–1733 

Ancestry
Context 2: Passage 1:
Emigrant Pass (Nevada)
Emigrant Pass is a mountain pass in Eureka County, Nevada, United States  It originally carried the California Trail over the Emigrant Hills of northern Eureka County, reaching a peak elevation of 6,125 feet (1,867 m)  Interstate 80 now follows the California Trail's route over the pass 
Passage 2:
The California Trail
The California Trail is a 1933 American pre-Code
Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer starring Buck Jones, Helen Mack and Luis Alberni 

Cast
Buck Jones as Santa Fe Stewart (as Charles 'Buck' Jones)
Helen Mack as Dolores Ramirez
Luis Alberni as Commandant Emilio Quierra
George Humbert as Mayor Alberto Piedra (as George Humbart)
Charles Stevens as Juan
Carlos Villarías as Governor Carlos Moreno (as Carlos Villar)
Chris-Pin Martin as Pancho (as Chrispin Martin)
Carmen Laroux as Juan's wife (as Carmen La Roux)
William Steele as Pedro (as Robert Steele)
Al Ernest Garcia as Sergeant Florez (as Allan Garcia)
Émile Chautard as Don Marco Ramirez (as Emile Chautard)

External links
The California Trail at IMDb
The California Trail at AllMovie
The California Trail at the TCM Movie Database
The California Trail at the American Film Institute Catalog
Passage 3:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 4:
Bajo otro sol
Bajo otro sol (Spanish for Under Another Sun), is a 1988 Argentine film 

Plot summary
Manuel Ojeda, a rural lawyer who previously worked as a teacher during the dictatorship, returns to his hometown in Córdoba, Argentina  Motivated by a desire for justice, he embarks on a mission to avenge a disappeared comrade  The missing person, a member of the Peronist Youth, was targeted by Alberto Barrantes, a former employee of the factory where he was employed  Determined to uncover the truth, Manuel sets out to locate the missing individual 

Cast
Carlos Centeno
Laura Cikra
Ulises Dumont
Jorge González
Miguel Angel Sola
Passage 5:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Passage 6:
Riding the Wave
Riding the Wave may refer to:

Riding the Wave (album), 2004 album by The Blanks
"Riding the Wave (song)", a 2018 single by Sheppard

See also
Riding the Wave: The Whale Rider Story, documentary film by Jonathan Brough about the feature film Whale Rider
"Riding the Waves (For Virginia Woolf)", a song by Steve Harley on the 1978 album Hobo with a Grin
Passage 7:
Riding the Edge
Riding the Edge is a 1989 film directed by James Fargo and starring Raphael Sbarge and Catherine Mary Stewart 

Synopsis
When his scientist father is kidnapped by Middle-Eastern terrorists, Matt Harman (Raphael Sbarge), a championship motocross contestant, is designated by his dad's captors as the ideal courier  Western governments agree that the boy can serve as a go-between, and he is all prepared to deliver a special computer chip to the terrorists  He is accompanied in his travels by lovely female secret agent Maggie Cole (Catherine Mary Stewart) and a local Middle Eastern boy who has the rare distinction of also being royalty  Together, they work to save Matt's father and defeat the terrorists 

Cast
Raphael Sbarge as Matt Harman
Catherine Mary Stewart as Maggie Cole
James Fargo as Tarek
Passage 8:
Del sol
Del Sol or del Sol may refer to:

Del Sol, Texas, a census-designated place in Texas
Del Sol-Loma Linda, Texas, a former census-designated place in Texas
Del Sol High School, a high school in Las Vegas, Nevada
Del Sol High School (California), a high school in Oxnard, California
Del Sol Press, a publishing company
Del Sol metro station, a station in Santiago, Chile
Luis del Sol, former Spanish footballer
Honda CR-X del Sol, a two-seat, targa top convertible manufactured by Honda in the 1990s
Del Sol Quartet, a San Francisco-based string quartet
Passage 9:
Riding the California Trail
Riding the California Trail is a 1947 American Western film directed by William Nigh and written by Clarence Upson Young  The film stars Gilbert Roland as the Cisco Kid, Martin Garralaga, Frank Yaconelli, Teala Loring, Inez Cooper and Ted Hecht  The film was released on January 11, 1947, by Monogram Pictures 

Plot
Cast
Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid / Don Luis Salazar
Martin Garralaga as Don José Ramirez
Frank Yaconelli as Baby
Teala Loring as Raquel
Inez Cooper as Delores Ramirez
Ted Hecht as Don Raoul Pedro Reyes
Marcelle Grandville as Dueña Rosita
Passage 10:
Riding the Wind
Riding the Wind is a 1942 American Western film directed by Edward Killy and starring Tim Holt 

Plot
A cowboy fights against a schemer who is manipulating water rights 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rumbold of Mechelen
Saint Rumbold (or Rumold, Romuold, Latin: Rumoldus, Dutch: Rombout, French: Rombaut) was an Irish or Scottish Christian missionary, although his true nationality is not known for certain 
He was martyred near Mechelen by two men, whom he had denounced for their evil ways Saint Rumbold's feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, and Western Rite Orthodox Churches, on 24 June;
and it is celebrated in Ireland on 3 July 
He is the patron saint of Mechelen, where St  Rumbold's Cathedral possesses an elaborate golden shrine on its high altar, containing relics attributed to the saint  It is rumoured that his remains are buried inside the cathedral  Twenty-five paintings in the choir illustrate his life 

Life and legend
Rumbold is assumed to have been consecrated a regionary bishop at Rome  Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird (c  1590–1635) argued that Rumbold had been born in Ireland  He is also said to have been a Bishop of Dublin, the son of a Scottish king, and the brother of Saint Himelin  He is assumed to have worked under St  Willibrord in the Netherlands and Brabant, and also to have been a close companion of the hermit St  Gummarus, and of the preacher monk Fredegand van Deurne, who, according to one tradition, maintained contact with St  Foillan (who was murdered in the Sonian Forest around 665) St  Rumbold's biography, written around 1100 AD by Theodoricus, prior of Sint-Truiden Abbey, caused 775 to be the traditional year of the saint's death  The surrounding areas of Mechelen however, had been Christianized much earlier 
In 2004 a state-of-the-art examination of the relics assumed to be St  Rumbold's showed a death date between 580 and 655 
This would make Saint Rumbold a Hiberno-Scottish rather than an Anglo-Saxon missionary, and not a contemporary of either St  Willibrord, St  Himelin, or St  Gummarus 

St  Rumwold of Buckingham
There has been some historical confusion between Rumbold of Mechelen and the infant Saint Rumwold of Buckingham, who died in 662 AD at the age of 3 days  The latter has become referred to as Romwold, Rumwald, Runwald, Rumbald, or Rumbold  A compilation of three saints' lives as translated by Rosalind Love mentioned that on 15th-century records in Salisbury, an unknown author 'corrected' the attribution as "martyr" (possibly the Rumbold murdered in Mechelen) by annotating "confessor" (fitting in the miraculous infant Rumwold who was not a martyr)  Also, the original dedication of churches to a St  Rumbold in Northern England appears uncertain 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Eleni Gabre-Madhin
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva) 

Eleni Gebremedhn
Eleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964  She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa  She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French  She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours  She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University  Eleni was selected as "Ethiopian Person of the Year" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times 

Career
She was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests  Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly   Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce   In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets  Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX    She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that "(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises"      and that the "ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level "In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War  Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition   On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as "deliberately misrepresented"  Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play   The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor  The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her 

Awards
In 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year  Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011 In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact  Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi  That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016 Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia  However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia 
Passage 3:
Keōpūolani
Kalanikauikaʻalaneo Kai Keōpūolani-Ahu-i-Kekai-Makuahine-a-Kama-Kalani-Kau-i-Kealaneo (1778–1823) was a queen consort of Hawaiʻi and the highest ranking wife of King Kamehameha I 

Early life
Keōpuolani was born around 1778 at an area known as Pahoehoe of Pāpōhaku, near present-day Wailuku, on the island of Maui  She was known as Kalanikauikaʻalaneo in her early childhood : 11  Her name means "Gathering of the Clouds of Heaven" 
Her father was Kīwalaʻō, King of Hawaiʻi island  He was the son of King Kalaniʻōpuʻu of Hawaiʻi island who met Captain James Cook at Kealakekua Bay 
Her mother was Queen Kekuʻiapoiwa Liliha, half-sister of Kamehameha I  Their father was Keōuakupuapāikalani 
Kiwalaʻō and Kekuʻiapoiwa Liliha were half-siblings through their shared mother, High Chiefess Kalola-Pupuka-Honokawahilani of Maui 
As a child, Keōpuolani lived for a while in Hāna (the eastern tip of Maui), then moved back to the Wailuku area 

Battle of Kepaniwai
In 1790, while Keōpuolani was 11, Kamehameha attacked the island of Maui at the Battle of Kepaniwai while her great-uncle King Kahekili II was away on the island Oʻahu  When Maui forces under Kalanikupule lost to Kamehameha, Kalola along with her two daughters, many Maui chiefesses and Keōpuolani tried to flee to Oʻahu  They stopped in Molokaʻi as sickness overcame the elderly Kalola, and were caught by Kamehameha's forces  Kalola offered her granddaughter as a future bride and the recognition of Kamehameha as the ruler of Maui in exchange for peace  Other Maui chiefesses also joined Kamehameha's court : 260 She was given the name Wahinepio (captive women) around this time, but this name is usually associated with another chiefess : 11  She was commonly known as Keōpuolani 

Ancestry and rank
Keōpūolani was among the highest aliʻi of all the islands of Hawaiʻi in her days, a ranking called naha  This meant she was the product of a royal half-sister and brother marriage 
Her extended genealogy displays an extreme case of pedigree collapse; in the five preceding generations, the 64 possible positions for her ancestors are filled by only 30 individuals, largely due to multiple half-sibling marriages (by comparison, Charles II of Spain, an extreme case of European royal pedigree collapse, has 32 individuals in those positions, in his case largely due to multiple uncle-niece marriages) 
This lineage gave her unquestionable social and political influence, which made her a coveted marriage partner for a chief to ensure heirs to inherit the combined ranks and birthrights of both parents  She married Kamehameha in 1795 and their marriage linked the House of Kamehameha to the ruling house of Maui and the old ruling house of Hawaii  Although Kamehameha had his own claims to these island, Keōpūolani further cemented his legitimacy over his usurpation of his cousin, Keōpūolani's father 
She possessed the kapu moe (prostrating taboo) which required commoners to fall to their face on the ground at her presence   When chanters mentioned her name, listeners removed their kapa (bark cloth) garments above the waist in deference  Even the touching of her shadow by commoners was punishable by death  She was kindhearted and never enforced those punishments  Even Kamehameha had to remove his malo (loincloth) in her presence  She was amiable and affectionate, while her husband was not  Keōpūolani was strict in the observance of the kapu, but mild in her treatment of those who had broken it, so they often fled to her protection 

Children
She mothered at least three of Kamehameha's children: Prince Liholiho in 1797 (later King Kamehameha II), Prince Kauikeaouli in 1814 (later King Kamehameha III), and Princess Nāhienaena in 1815 Perhaps up to eleven or twelve children were born but all except the three mentioned died young Because of the large age difference, Kamehameha called his children born to Keōpūolani his grandchildren  The children of nieces and nephews were collectively grandchildren among the older generations of true grandparents and their siblings  Only his children by Keōpūolani were considered so sacred that the Great Warrior would lie on his back and allow them to sit on his chest as a sign of their superior status  The sons were taken away to be raised by others, but she would break the Hawaiian tradition of hānai and keep her daughter Nāhienaena by her side 

King Kamehameha's death
Upon the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, Keōpūolani's eldest son, Liholiho, ascended the throne as Kamehameha II  For the most part, Keōpūolani stayed out of politics, but generally supported Kamehameha I's favorite wife Kaʻahumanu, who served as Kuhina Nui (Regent) during the short reign of Liholiho  After the death of Kamehameha I, Keōpūolani married High Chief Hoapili, a close friend of Kamehameha who was the son of Kameʻeiamoku, one of the royal twins  Hoapili was given the honor of secretly carrying the remains of Kamehameha by canoe to a secret site on the coast of Kona  This burial mystery has inspired the  epitaph: "Only the stars of the heavens know the resting place of Kamehameha "

ʻAi Noa and Christianity
Keōpūolani played an instrumental role in the ʻAi Noa, the overthrow of the Hawaiian kapu system  She collaborated with Queen Kaʻahumanu and Kahuna-nui Hewahewa, sharing a meal of forbidden foods  At the time, men were forbidden to eat with women according to the kapu  Since they were not punished by the gods, the kapu was broken The breaking of the kapu came at an instrumental time for the missionaries who came in 1820  She was among the first of the aliʻi to convert to Christianity  She adopted western clothing and learned to read and write 
In March, 1823, Hoapili, now royal governor of Maui, asked to be supplied with books for Keōpūolani to pursue her studies  For a domestic chaplain they used Pu-aʻa-i-ki, also known as "Blind Bartimeus", who was known as "a spiritual light" 
At this time, Keōpūolani made the public declaration that the custom of taking multiple spouses by royalty would be ending, to be consistent with Christian practice  Hoapili became her only husband : 41 : 38

Illness
Keōpūolani became ill, and worsened the last week of August, 1823  Many chiefs began to assemble to pay their respects to the Queen  Vessels were dispatched for them to different parts of the Islands, and one was sent by the king to Honolulu for Dr  Blatchley  In the evening of September 8, sensing that she was dying, a messenger summoned the mission families to her house 
She extended her hand to them with a smile, and said "Maikai! — "Good", — and added, "Great is my love to God"  In the morning she was a little better, and conversed with her husband Hoapili 
To the prime minister, Kalanimoku, on his arrival, she is quoted by the missionaries:

Jehovah is a good God  I love him and I love Jesus Christ  I have given myself to him to be his  When I die, let none of the evil customs of this country be practiced  Let not my body be disturbed  Let it be put in a coffin  Let the teachers attend, and speak to the people at my interment  Let me be buried, and let my burial be after the manner of Christ's people  I think very much of my grandfather, Kalaniopuʻu, and my father Kiwalaʻo, and my husband Kamehameha, and all my deceased relatives  They lived not to see these good times, and to hear of Jesus Christ  They died depending on false gods  I exceedingly mourn and lament on account of them, for they saw not these good times "

Baptism and death
Keōpūolani wanted to receive Christian baptism  The missionaries in Lahaina, Charles Stewart and William Richards, agreed it would be appropriate  However, they wanted a spokesman fluent in the Hawaiian language so the implications of the public ceremony would be clearly understood 

English missionary William Ellis arrived at this time, and the dying woman was acknowledged as a member of the church  The king and all the assembled leaders listened to Ellis's statement of the grounds on which baptism was administered to the queen; and when they saw that water was sprinkled on her in the name of God, they said, "Surely she is no longer ours



ground_truth: Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released more recently, Bajo Otro Sol or Riding The California Trail?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  She has given herself to Jesus Christ  We believe she is his, and will go to dwell with him " 
She wanted her daughter Nāhiʻenaʻena to be raised as a Christian  Keōpūolani took her Christian name from Charles Stewart's wife Harriet Stewart, and her daughter would take the same name  An hour afterwards, in the early evening of September 16, 1823, she died 
The next day, the ships in port fired their guns in salute, and a large public funeral was held on September 18, 1823 
She was buried at a new tomb at Hale Kamani in Lahaina  In 1837, King Kamehameha III transferred her body to the sacred island of Mokuʻula in Lahaina, Maui  Later her remains were perhaps reburied at the Christian cemetery at Waiola Church, along with her daughter and many others in the royal family  Keōpūolani Park at 700 Halia Nakoa Street in Wailuku 20°53′37″N 156°29′4″W
and Keōpūolani Dormitory on the Kapalama Campus of Kamehameha Schools were named after her 

Family
Family tree
Ancestry
Passage 4:
Khalid al-Habib
Khalid Habib (Arabic: خالد حبيب)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: شوقي مرزوق عبد العليم دباس), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan  His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times) 
Habib was the operations commander for the region  He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere  This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors  According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership  The FBI described Habib as "one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel   Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008  Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile  On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack 
Passage 5:
Kamehameha I
Kamehameha I (Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəmehəˈmɛhə]; Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea; c  1758? –  May 8 or 14, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, was the conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii  The state of Hawaii gave a statue of him to the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D C  as one of two statues it is entitled to install there 

Birth and childhood
Paternity and family history
Kamehameha (known as Paiea at birth), was born to Kekuʻiapoiwa II, the niece of Alapainui, the usurping ruler of Hawaii Island who had killed the two legitimate heirs of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku during civil war  By most accounts he was born in Ainakea, Kohala, Hawaii  His father was Keōua Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui; however, Native Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau says that Maui monarch Kahekili II had hānai adopted (traditional, informal adoption) Kamehameha at birth, as was the custom of the time  Kamakau believes this is why Kahekili II is often referred to as Kamehameha's father  The author also says that Kameʻeiamoku told Kamehameha I that he was the son of Kahekili II, saying, "I have something to tell you: Ka-hekili was your father, you were not Keoua's son  Here are the tokens that you are the son of Ka-hekili "King Kalakaua wrote that these rumors are scandals and should be dismissed as the offspring of hatred and jealousies of later years   Regardless of the rumors, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II; Keōua acknowledged him as his son and he is recognized as such by all the sovereigns and most genealogists Accounts of Kamehameha I's birth vary, but sources place his birth between 1736 and 1761, with historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall believing it to be between 1748 and 1761  An early source is thought to imply a 1758 dating because that date matched a visit from Halley's Comet, and would make him close to the age that Francisco de Paula Marín estimated he was  This dating, however, does not accord with the details of many well-known accounts of his life, such as his fighting as a warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, or his being of age to father his first children by that time  The 1758 dating also places his birth after the death of his father Kamakau published an account in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1867 placing the date of Kamehameha's birth around 1736  He wrote, "It was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born"  However, his general dating has been challenged as twenty years too early, related to disputes over Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating compared to accounts of foreign visitors  Regardless, Abraham Fornander wrote in his book, An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations: "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old  His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter"  A Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736  In 1888 the Kamakau account was challenged by Samuel C  Damon in the missionary publication; The Friend, deferring to a 1753 dating that was the first mentioned by James Jackson Jarves  But the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due to support from Abraham Fornander 

Concealment and childhood
At the time of Kamehameha's birth, Keōua and his half-brother Kalaniʻōpuʻu were serving Alapaʻinui, ruler of the island of Hawaii  Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court after defeating both their fathers in the civil war that followed the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku  Keōua died while Kamehameha was young, so Kamehameha was raised in the court of his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu  The traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui, indicates that Kamehameha was born in the month of ikuwā (winter) or around November  Alapai had given the child, Kamehameha, to his wife, Keaka, and her sister, Hākau, to care for after the ruler discovered the infant had survived On February 10, 1911, the Kamakau version was challenged by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the Kuoko  After Kamakau's history was published again, to a larger English reading public in 1911 Hawaii, the Kaha version of these events was published by Kamaka Stillman, who had objected to the Nupepa article 

Unification of the islands
Hawaii Island
Kamehameha was raised in the royal court of his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu  He achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death  While the kingship was inherited by Kīwalaʻō, Kalaniʻōpuʻu's son,  Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position as guardian of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkāʻilimoku  He was also given control of the district of Waipiʻo Valley  The two cousins' relationship was strained after Kamehameha made a dedication to the gods instead of allowing Kīwalaʻō to do that  Kamehameha accepted the allegiance of a group of chiefs from the Kona district 
The other story took place after the prophecy was passed along by the high priests and high chiefs  When Kamehameha was able to lift the Naha Stone, he was considered the fulfiller of the prophecy  Other ruling chiefs, Keawe Mauhili, the Mahoe (twins) Keoua, and other chiefs rejected the prophecy of Ka Poukahi  The high chiefs of Kauai supported Kiwala`o even after learning about the prophecy 
The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law/grand uncle), Keaweaheulu Kaluaʻāpana (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), and Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha)  They defended Kamehameha as the unifier Ka Na`i aupuni  High Chiefs Keawe Mauhili and Keeaumoku were by genealogy the next in line for ali`i nui  Both chose the younger nephews Kīwalaʻō and Kamehameha over themselves   Kīwalaʻō was soon defeated in the first key conflict, the Battle of Mokuʻōhai  Kamehameha and his chiefs took over Konohiki responsibilities and sacred obligations of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hāmākua on Hawaiʻi island The prophecy included far more than Hawaiʻi island  It went across and beyond the Pacific Islands to the semi-continent of Aotearoa (New Zealand)  He was supported by his most political wife Kaʻahumanu and father, High Chief Keeaumoku  Senior counselor to Kamehameha, she became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures  Kamehameha and his council of chiefs planned to unite the rest of the Hawaiian Islands  Allies came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha  Another major factor in Kamehameha's continued success was the support of Kauai chief Ka`iana and Captain Brown, who used to be with Kaeo okalani  He guaranteed Kamehameha unlimited gunpowder from China and gave him the formula for gunpowder: sulfur, saltpeter, and charcoal, all of which are abundant in the islands   Two westerners who lived on Hawaiʻi island, Isaac Davis and John Young, married native Hawaiian women and assisted Kamehameha 

Olowalu Massacre
In 1789, Simon Metcalfe captained the fur trading vessel the Eleanora while his son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, captained the ship Fair American along the Northwest Coast  They were to rendezvous in what was then known as the Sandwich Islands  Fair American was held up when it was captured by the Spanish and then quickly released in San Blas  The Eleanora arrived in 1790, where it was greeted by chief Kameʻeiamoku  The chief did something that the captain took offense to, and Metcalfe struck the chief with a rope's end  Sometime later, while docked in Honuaula, Maui, a small boat tied to the ship was stolen by native townspeople with a crewman inside  When Metcalfe discovered where the boat was taken, he sailed directly to the village of Olowalu  There he confirmed the boat had been broken apart and the man killed  He had already fired muskets into the previous village where he was anchored, killing some residents   Metcalfe now took aim at Olowalu  He had all cannons moved to one side of the ship and began his trading call out to the locals  Hundreds of people came out to the beach to trade and canoes were launched  When they were within firing range, the ship fired on the Hawaiians, killing over 100  Six weeks later, Fair American was stuck near the Kona coast of Hawaii where chief Kameʻeiamoku was living, near Kaʻūpūlehu  He had decided to attack the next foreign ship to avenge the strike by the elder Metcalfe  He canoed out to the ship with his men, where he killed Metcalfe's son and all but one (Isaac Davis) of the five crewmen  Kamehameha took Davis into protection and took possession of the ship  Eleanora was at that time anchored at Kealakekua Bay, where the ship's boatswain had gone ashore and been captured by Kamehameha's forces because Kamehameha believed Metcalfe was planning more revenge  Eleanora waited several days before sailing off, apparently without knowledge of what had happened to Fair American or Metcalfe's son  Davis and Eleanora's boatswain, John Young, tried to escape, but were treated as chiefs, given wives and settled in Hawaii 

Invasion of Maui
In 1790 Kamehameha's army invaded Maui with the assistance of John Young and Isaac Davis  Using cannons from the Fair American, they defeated Maui's army at the bloody Battle of Kepaniwai while the aliʻi Kahekili II was on Oahu 

Death of Keōua Kuahuula
In 1790 Kamehameha advanced against the district of Puna deposing Keawemaʻuhili  At his home in Kaʻū, where he was exiled, Keōua Kūʻahuʻula took advantage of Kamehameha's absence in Maui and began an uprising  When Kamehameha returned, Keōua escaped to the Kīlauea volcano, which erupted  Many warriors died from the poisonous gas emitted from the volcano When the Puʻukoholā Heiau was completed in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him  Keōua may have been dispirited by his recent losses  He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to render himself an inappropriate sacrificial victim  As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him  By some accounts, he dodged it but was then cut down by musket fire  Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed  With Keōua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of Hawaiʻi island 

Maui and Oʻahu
In 1795, Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 960 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers  He quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Molokaʻi at the Battle of Kawela  He moved on to the island of Oʻahu, landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī  Kamehameha did not know that one of his commanders, a high-ranking aliʻi named Kaʻiana, had defected to Kalanikūpule  Kaʻiana assisted in cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, were to serve as gunports for Kalanikūpule's cannon   In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces pushed Kalanikūpule's men back until they were cornered on the Pali Lookout  While Kamehameha moved on the Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon  He assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikūpule's gunners and took control  With the loss of their guns, Kalanikūpule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still-organized troops  A fierce battle at Nuʻuanu ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall  Using traditional Hawaiian spears, as well as muskets and cannon, they killed most of Kalanikūpule's forces  Over 400 men were forced over the Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet  Kaʻiana was killed during the action; Kalanikūpule was later captured and sacrificed to Kūkāʻilimoku In April 1810, Kamehameha I negotiated the peaceful unification of the islands with Kauaʻi  His court genealogist and high priest Kalaikuʻahulu was instrumental in the monarch's decision not to kill Kaumualiʻi, the ruler of that island, when he was the single member of the aliʻi council to agree with Kamehameha's own reluctance to do so  The other aliʻi continued with the plan to poison Kaumualiʻi when Isaac Davis warned him, making the ruler cut his trip short and return to Kauaʻi, leaving Davis to be poisoned by the aliʻi instead 

Aliʻi nui of the Hawaiian Islands
As ruler, Kamehameha took steps to ensure the islands remained a united realm after his death  He unified the legal system  He used the products collected in taxes to promote trade with Europe and the United States 
The origins of the Law of the Splintered Paddle are derived from before the unification of the Island of Hawaiʻi  In 1782 during a raid, Kamehameha caught his foot in a rock  Two local fishermen, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on the head with a large paddle, which broke the paddle  Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape  Twelve years later, the same fishermen were brought before Kamehameha for punishment  The king instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fishermen gifts of land and set them free  He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman, and child lie by the roadside in safety "Young and Davis became advisors to Kamehameha and provided him with advanced weapons that helped in combat  Kamehameha was also a religious king and the holder of the war god Kūkāʻilimoku  The explorer George Vancouver noted that Kamehameha worshiped his gods and wooden images in a heiau, but originally wanted to bring England's religion, Christianity, to Hawaiʻi



ground_truth: Bajo Otro Sol

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country Keōpūolani's husband is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Missionaries were not sent from Great Britain because Kamehameha told Vancouver that the gods he worshiped were his gods with mana, and that through these gods, Kamehameha had become supreme ruler over all of the islands  Witnessing Kamehameha's devotion, Vancouver decided against sending missionaries from England 

Later life
After about 1812, Kamehameha spent his time at Kamakahonu, a compound he built in Kailua-Kona  As was the custom of the time, he had several wives and many children, though he outlived about half of them 

Final resting place
When Kamehameha died on May 8 or 14, 1819, his body was hidden by his trusted friends, Hoapili and Hoʻolulu, in the ancient custom called hūnākele (literally, "to hide in secret")  The mana, or power of a person, was considered to be sacred  As per the ancient custom, his body was buried in a hidden location because of his mana  His final resting place remains unknown  At one point in his reign, Kamehameha III asked that Hoapili show him where his father's bones were buried, but on the way there Hoapili knew that they were being followed, so he turned around 

Family
Kamehameha had many wives  The exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed  Hiram Bingham I lists 21 wives, but earlier research from Mary Kawena Pukui counted 26  In Kamehameha's Children Today authors Charles Ahlo, Rubellite Kawena Johnson and Jerry Walker list 30 wives: 18 who had children, and 12 who did not  They state the total number of children to be 35: 17 sons and 18 daughters  While he had many wives and children, only his children through his highest-ranking wife, Keōpūolani, succeeded him to the throne  In Ho`omana: Understanding the Sacred and Spiritual, Chun stated that Keōpūolani supported Kaʻahumanu's ending of the Kapu system as the best way to ensure that Kamehameha's children and grandchildren would rule the kingdom 

In popular culture
Kamehameha I is the namesake of Goku's signature technique and energy attack in the Japanese media franchise Dragon Ball  Series creator Akira Toriyama has said that he named the attack after Kamehameha thanks to his wife's advice 
Kamehameha I is the leader of the civilization of Polynesia in 2010's Civilization V and speaks in his native Hawaiian 

Citations
Passage 6:
Baglan Mailybayev
Baglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Бағлан Асаубайұлы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan  His nationality is Kazakh  He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S Z  – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998) 

Biography
In 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi 
In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation 
Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan 
Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Republican newspaper "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda"" 
Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Zan" 
Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree 

Personal life
Marital status: He is married and has two children 

Awards
Baglan Mailybayev was awarded "Kurmet", "Parasat" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan  In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 

Publications
He is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions  He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries 

Research interests
Comparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law 
Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently 

Note
The predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev 
Passage 7:
Nayelly Hernández
Nayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player  She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships  Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour  Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player  She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010 

Career
Nayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement 
Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games  In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event  She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016 
Passage 8:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016
Passage 9:
Fulco
Fulco may refer to:

Fulco of Ireland (fl  8th/9th century), Irish soldier and saint
Fulco of Basacers (fl  1120), Norman nobleman
Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (died 1128)
Fulco (bishop of Estonia) (fl  1165)
Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895), Italian cardinal
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (1884–1946), Italian aviator and politician
Fulco di Verdura (1898–1978), Italian jeweller
Fabio Fulco (born 1970), Italian actor
Giovanni Fulco (died c  1680), Italian baroque painter
William Fulco (born 1936), American Jesuit priest
Bettina Fulco (born 1968), Argentine tennis player

See also
Fulk, a given name
Falco (disambiguation)
Passage 10:
Roberto Savio
Roberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance  He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome  He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma 

Early activities
While at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries  After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro  After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism 

Early journalistic career
Roberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company  He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy 

Inter Press Service (IPS)
Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of the world, particularly Latin America  Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries for a European audience 
That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany 
From the outset, it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South 
Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North 
The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making 
IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors 
IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC 
With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services 
Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out IPS won FAO’s A H  Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its "significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children" 
On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries  In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War  The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order” 
Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U N  Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue 
After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media 

Other News
In 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate” 
Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulation media, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation” 
Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish 

Communication initiatives
An internationally renowned expert in communications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world 
Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and the Women’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi 
He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U N  project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries  The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U N  Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 
Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA) 
Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Study
of Communication Problems (MacBride Commission) 
Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) 

Achievements and awards
In 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission” 
He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”  The award was established by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo 
He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013 In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the "Salvador Allende" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship 
He was appointed by President of the Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021  He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021 

Advisory activities
Roberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003  He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000 

Affiliations
From 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay 
After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he was elected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus 
Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas of Argentina suffering from social breakdown 
He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and was elected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003 
Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General 
Until 2009, Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includes thinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield  He is now a member of the Board He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economical and political column 

Films and publications
In 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has also produced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals 
Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with the cultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100 IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency  It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World War and post-Cold War worlds  It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the international community 
In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director 1980-1995, who saved 25 million children

Current activities
Roberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerous conferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
Member of the Executive Committee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues 
Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel, established by the Global Sustainability Forum 

External links
Roberto Savio's stories published by IPS News
Other News service
Roberto Savio's stories on Other News
Other News Facebook page
Roberto Savio's Facebook page
PREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and Articles

The ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own Way
What if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From the Right?
Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debate
Banks, Inequality and Citizens
It is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankind
Europe has lost its compass
Ever Wondered Why the World is a Mess?
Sliding Back to the Victorian Age
Global Inequality and the Destruction of Democracy
A Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling the European Dream
WE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATION



ground_truth: Kingdom of Hawaii