prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the maternal grandfather of Marie Louise, Duchess Of Parma?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pauline Auzou
Pauline Auzou (24 March 1775 – 15 May 1835) was a French painter and art instructor, who exhibited at the Paris Salon and was commissioned to make paintings of Napoleon and his wife Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 

Personal life
Jeanne-Marie-Catherine Desmarquets (sometime written Desmarquest) was born in Paris on 24 March 1775  She assumed the surname La Chapelle when she was adopted by a cousin  In December 1793 she married the stationer Charles-Marie Auzou  Starting in 1794, they had at least two sons, two daughters and a child who did not survive infancy Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou bought one house of theirs in Fontenay-aux-Roses in 1820 
She died in Paris on 15 May 1835 

Career
In the early late 18th century women were generally prevented from attaining an education in art academies in France, particularly if they did not have money and connections  Auzou attended Jean-Baptiste Regnault's atelier in 1802 along with Sophie Guillemard, Eugénie Delaporte, Caroline Derigny and Henriette Lorimier  She was influenced by another woman artist, Marguerite Gérard, and by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 

Early in her studies and career, Auzou made paintings of legendary Greek figures  Very unusual for the time, when it was considered nearly underheard of for women to draw or paint nude people, Auzou made studies of nude women and men  Deemed inappropriate, women artists found greater success in creating paintings of women in homey settings, making music or reading She was a successful artist, first a Neoclassist, who made historic, genre and portrait paintings, including depictions of Napoleon  She received 2,000 to 4,000 francs in stipend payments, for the creation of essentially government mandated paintings of contemporary events, including paintings made of and for Napoleon  Troubadour art, was very much a style made by male artists, but there were several artists like Eugénie Servières, Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot, and Sophie Lemire who added a feminine touch to makes of Caroline, Duchesse de Berry and Empress Josephine and others The Paris Salon opened up the exhibition to women's works in 1791  Her works were exhibited at the Paris Salon  In 1793, A Bacchante and A study of a head  She made a painting of legendary Daphnis and Phyllis, which was exhibited at the 1795 salon  In 1804, The First Sense of Coquetry was exhibited there  She was awarded a first class medal at the salon in 1806 for her painting of Pickard Elder, which in 1807 was represented in the painting Mr  Pickard and his family  In 1808, she was awarded the medaille de première classe for her work  That year she exhibited Mr  Picard and his family at the salon She made a painting of Napoleon and his bride shown at the 1810 salon entitled Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne, depicts the newly married Napoleon who looks on fondly, and secondarily, as Marie-Louise is met by her ladys-in-waiting  Other paintings made of the couple by Auzou included a painting of Marie-Louise with her family, Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family  Shown in 1806, Departure for the Duel depicts the family drama as a man looks at his sleeping wife and child before departing for a duel  Like other women artists of this time, Auzou depicted events as they impacted families  In this case, the wife was "condemned to seduction and the child to poverty," according to art critic Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard  She exhibited at the Paris Salon until 1817 and generally until 1820 Auzou opened an art school for young women, like other women artists, Lizinka de Mirbel and Marie Guilhelmine Benoist, and men  The studio and school were maintained for 20 years  Her book Têtes d'études (English: Head studies) was published in Paris by Didot Her painting Portrait of a musician is in the collection of the Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States  Two of her works of Empress Marie-Louise are in the collections of The National Museum of Versailles, Palace of Versailles, including Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family  Her works were collected by the Society of Friends to the Arts, Duchess de Berri and the French government  Several of these works were engraved, as well as period genre paintings such as the work engraved by John Norman, Diana of France and Montmorency 

Legacy
Like Constance Mayer, Marguerite Gérard,  Antoinette Haudebourt-Lescot and Marie-Denise Villers, Auzou was one of the successful women artists following the French Revolution:

Despite overt exclusion of women artists from the institutions governing their profession, women artists nevertheless made progress, as a group and as individuals, in the years following the French Revolution 

Works
A Bacchante, exhibited at 1793 Paris Salon
A study of a head, exhibited at 1793 Paris Salon
Agnes de Meranie, 1808
Arrival of Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne (with new husband Napoleon), 1810
Daphnis and Phyllis, exhibited at the 1795 salon
Departure for the Duel, exhibited in 1806
Diana of France and Montgomery, 1814
Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family, Versailles Gallery, 1812
Louis-Benoît Picard and his family, 1807
Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne, exhibited at the 1810 salon
Picard the Elder, 1806, won a medal of honor in 1806 and first prize at the 1808 Paris Salon
Portrait of a girl, bust length, est  1790s, Snite Museum of Art, University of Notre Dame
Portrait of a musician, oil on canvas, 1809
Portraits of Volney, 1795
Regnault, 1800
The First Sense of Coquetry, exhibited at the 1804 salon
The Return of Charles X
Passage 2:
Maria d'Este
Maria d'Este (8 December 1644 – 20 August 1684) was a Modenese princess and Duchess of Parma as the wife of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma  She was a daughter of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena and Maria Caterina Farnese 

Family
Maria was the eighth child and fourth daughter of Francesco I d'Este, the reigning Duke of Modena since 1629   Her mother was a daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma 

Biography
Maria was born in Modena to Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena and his consort Maria Caterina Farnese  A member of the House of Este, she was a princess of Modena by birth 
In order to cement relations between the House of Farnese, Maria's older sister Isabella d'Este had been married to Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Margherita de' Medici in 1664  Isabella died in 1666 as a result of childbirth  In order to preserve the union between the two ducal houses, the unmarried Maria became Ranuccio's next consort 
A wedding was signed by proxies in October 1667 and formally in Modena on 1 January 1668 she was duly married to the widowed Ranuccio Farnese  The marriage produced seven children; she also had two stillborn children  Out of the seven, three survived infancy, however none of them went on to have further children 
Maria died in Parma at the age of 39  Her husband survived her by ten years  Her two youngest sons, Francesco and Antonio, each became the Duke of Parma  Antonio was the last member of the House of Farnese, the duchy of Parma going to the Spanish House of Bourbon in 1731 
Maria was buried at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma on 21 August 1684  She has no surviving descendants 

Issue
Isabella Francesca Maria Lucia Farnese (14 December 1668 – 9 July 1718)  She was a Benedictine nun in Santa Maria di Campagna Monastery of Piacenza;
Vittoria Maria Francesca Farnese (24 December 1669 – 15 September 1671);
A son (24 June 1671 – 28 June 1671);
Vittoria Farnese (19 November 1672), twin of Caterina;
Caterina Farnese (19 November 1672), twin of Vittoria;
A son (26 December 1674);
Eleonora Farnese (1 September 1675 – 3 November 1675);
Francesco Maria Farnese (19 May 1678 – 26 February 1727) succeeded as Duke of Parma; married Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, had issue;
Antonio Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma (29 November 1679 – 20 January 1731) married Enrichetta d'Este, no issue 

Ancestry
References and notes


== See also ==
Passage 3:
Vernon Richards
Vernon Richards (born Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001) was an Anglo-Italian anarchist, editor, author, engineer, photographer, and companion of Marie-Louise Berneri Richards' founding of the paper Spain and the World in 1936 lead to the revival of the British anarchist publisher Freedom Press and the subsequent publishing of the newspaper War Commentary, followed in 1945 by the relaunch of Freedom newspaper 
Richards and Berneri were joined in Freedom Press by a group of regular contributors including John Hewetson, Tony Gibson, Philip Sansom, George Woodcock and Colin Ward  Freedom remained under Richards' editorship until 1968 and he retained a strong influence over Freedom Press until his retirement  He also authored and translated a number of books including Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953) and Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965) 

Biography
Richards was born in 1915 in Soho, London to the Italian militant anarchist railway worker Emidio Recchioni and his wife Costanza (née Benericetti) where they ran a popular delicatessen, King Bomba  Emidio had fled Italy following a prison escape with Errico Malatesta  Friends speculated that Richards inherited his single-mindedness from his father, though Richards later described his father as a "bourgeois terrorist" Richards was educated at Emanuel School in Wandsworth and studied civil engineering at King's College London  He then worked as a railway engineer In 1931 in Paris Richards met Marie Louise Berneri, daughter of Camillo and Giovanna Berneri, and began a long-distance relationship  Richards and Camillo together edited the bilingual Italian and English anti-Mussolini paper Italia Libera/Free Italy, resulting In Richards' deportation from France in 1935 From December 1936 Richards began work on a new anarchist newspaper in London, Spain and the World, reporting on the Spanish Civil War  In 1937 Marie moved to London to join him, marrying him in October 1937 so she could gain British citizenship  At this time he also anglicised his name from Vero Recchioni to Vernon Richards After the first issue of Spain and the World the paper was taken on by Freedom Press with Richards' as editor, going on to play a leading role in the revival of British anarchism and Freedom Press Following the fascist victory in the Spanish Civil War Spain and the World was briefly relaunched as Revolt! In November 1939 with the onset of war the paper was renamed again as War Commentary On 26 April 1945 as an editor of War Commentary Richards was sentenced to nine months in prison along with two contributors, John Hewetson and Philip Sansom, for conspiring to cause disaffection among members of the armed forces under Defence Regulation 39a  The same charges against Berneri were dropped as legally a wife could not be prosecuted for conspiring with her husband – about which she was reportedly furious  Coming at the end of the war, the four day trial at the Old Bailey saw significant press coverage and public controversy : 186  The arrests led to the formation of the prominent Freedom Defence Committee  The trial also saw an end to Richard's career as an engineer, with Richards' and Berneri deciding to try and earn a living as professional photographers After Richards' release from prison their friend George Orwell, who was extremely averse to being photographed, allowed Richards and Berneri to photograph him to help them start out  The photos feature a relaxed Orwell at home and in the street and remain in widespread use  The complete set was published in the 1998 book George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists): Essays and Photographs At this time a split had formed within Freedom Press between anarcho-syndicalists with ties to the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and anarcho-communists associated with Richards and Berneri who aligned more with Errico Malatesta's critique of revolutionary trade unionism  The split saw the painter and War Commentary contributor Cliff Holden hold Richards at gunpoint to extract money for a new paper  Richards' views on the Spanish Civil War, including critiques of the CNT from Freedom and Spain and the World were later republished in the book Lessons of the Spanish Revolution In December 1948 Berneri gave birth, but the child died shortly afterwards  She then died of a viral infection in April 1949 In the 1950s Richards sold the family store, King Bomba, and in 1968 with his partner Peta Hewetson he moved to Suffolk where he grew and sold vegetables from a smallholding  He also worked as a travel agent, including trips to Francoist Spain and the Soviet Union Richards formally retired from Freedom Press in 1995  A workaholic, he continued to write books into his eighties, though following Peta Hewetson's death in 1997 he became more reclusive  He died on 10 December 2001 in Hadleigh, Suffolk In a Guardian obituary Colin Ward, who had worked with Richards for decades, described him as a "ruthless exploiter of others" and a "manipulator" with a noted tendency to lose friends  Richard's papers are held by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam 

Publications
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953)
Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965)
The Impossibilities of Social Democracy (1978)
Why Work? Arguments for the Leisure Society (1983)
Violence and Anarchism: A Polemic (1983)
Protest without Illusions (1981)
A Weekend Photographer's Notebook (1996)
A Part-Time Photographers Portrait Gallery (1999)
Beauty Is More Than 'In the Eye of the Beholder': Photographs of Women and Children (1999)
George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists)  Essays and Photographs (1998)
Passage 4:
Enrichetta d'Este
Princess Enrichetta d'Este (Enrichetta Maria; 27 May 1702 – 30 January 1777) was a Duchess of Parma by marriage to her cousin Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma  She was the Regent of Parma in 1731 during her alleged pregnancy in the interregnum after her husband's death 

Biography
Early life
Princess Enrichetta was the third daughter of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena and Duchess Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg  She was named after her maternal grandmother, Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate 
Her older brother Prince Francesco was the heir to the duchy of Modena  In 1720 Francesco married Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, the daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the Régent of France during the childhood of King Louis XV  While at the Modenese court, Charlotte Aglaé got on well with Enrichetta and her older sisters Benedetta (1697–1777) and Amalia (1699–1778) 
In 1725, Enrichetta was among the princesses seriously considered for marriage to king Louis XV of France, when the list of the original 99 princesses had been reduced to seventeen   However, the French Prime minister, the Duke of Bourbon, regarded her to be of too inferior rank for the position of queen, and the unstable situation in her family a cause of rejection of her candidacy, and in the end she was removed from the list 

Duchess of Parma
Enrichetta was engaged to Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma, whose mother Princess Maria d'Este was Enrichetta's aunt   They were married with magnificent ceremonies in Modena on 5 February 1728, with her brother Francesco acting as proxy for Antonio 
She travelled to Parma where she made a magnificent entry to the city on 6 July 1728, greeted at the Porta San Michele by crowds of cheerers and onlookers  Celebrations in the local area lasted as late as 1730   Antonio frequently visited the Modenese court and was close to Erichetta's brother 
The marriage had been arranged by Antonio's secretary of state, Count Anvidi, and Bori  coerced an unwilling Antonio to marry Enrichetta, his friend Francesco's sister  The marriage, despite all Antonio's attempts at conception, was childless 

The regency issue
Antonio died on 20 January 1731   The previous day, he had announced that Enrichetta was pregnant; after his death, a Regency council for the potential heir was formed, consisting of Enrichetta, a bishop, the first Secretary of State and two gentlemen of the Court  
It was decided that, should the child be female, the duchy of Parma would revert to the Infante Don Carlos (then aged 12), eldest of the three sons of Elisabeth Farnese, wife of Philip V of Spain, niece of Antonio by his older half-brother Odoardo, who had been heir-apparent to the duchy but predeceased their father  Enrichetta was thus invested as Regent of Parma, supported by Imperial troops Her pregnancy was questioned by the Queen of Spain though her mother, Enrichetta's sister-in-law Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, who wished to defend the right of Don Carlos, as well as the Pope, who wished to retract the Duchy to the Papal State   However, she was supported by the Emperor, who opposed Spanish influence in Parma   Of the request of Spain, Enrichetta was examined in May 1731 by doctors confirming her pregnancy   The news was reported around Parma and then around the European courts  Her regency could thus continue, with support by the Emperor  
On 22 July however, the Second Treaty of Vienna officially recognised the right of the young Infante Don Charles as the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, pursuant to the Treaty of London (1718)  When Spain demanded that the delivery of Enrichetta should be a public affair, the Emperor retracted his support to Enrichetta and discontinued the original plan to arranged a simulated birth Queen Elisabeth in Spain convinced her mother to have Enrichetta examined again on 13 September 1731; it was then reported that there was in fact no child, and the House of Farnese was extinct  Charles of Spain was thus recognised as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, deposing the regency of Enrichetta d'Este  
Since Charles was still a minor, his maternal grandmother Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, Odoardo's widow, was named regent 
Shunned by her father's court in Modena, the dowager duchess moved into the Ducal Palace of Colorno, where she was under virtual house arrest with an escort of Swiss Guards  In December 1731, she was forced to return to the Ducal Palace in Parma in order to return the crown jewels of Parma to Dorothea, who was formally made head of the regency council on 29 December 1731  
She stayed in Parma, splitting her time between Piacenza, Borgo San Donnino and Cortemaggiore 

Second marriage
On 23 March 1740 in Piacenza, Enrichetta married Prince Leopold of Hesse-Darmstadt (1708-1764), younger son of Landgrave Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt and his wife, Princess Marie Ernestine of Croÿ Havré (1673–1714)  Enrichetta and Leopold had no children 
Leopold died in 1764 leaving Enrichetta a widow for the second time  Enrichetta herself died on 30 January 1777 aged seventy four  She was buried at the Convent of the Capuchins, in Fidenza (now church of San Francesco) 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Margaret of Parma
Margaret of Parma (Italian: Margherita di Parma; 5 July 1522 – 18 January 1586) was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582  She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst  She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her two marriages 

Biography
Margaret's mother, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst, a servant of Count Charles de Lalaing, Seigneur de Montigny, was a Fleming  Margaret was brought up in Mechelen, under the supervision of two powerful Spanish and Austrian Habsburg Imperial family relatives, her great-aunt, the Archduchess Margaret of Austria, and her aunt Mary of Austria, who were successive governors of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555, respectively Her early life followed a strict routine set forth by her father, Charles V, who used his daughter as part of his plans to secure his empire In 1527, the year she turned five, she became engaged to the nephew of Pope Clement VII, Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, to assist her father's ambition in gaining influence in Italy  The marriage negotiations had been initiated in 1526, and in 1529, the agreement was officially signed by her father and the Pope  In 1529, Margaret was acknowledged by her father and allowed to assume the name Margaret of Austria, and in 1533, the 11-year-old girl was brought to live in Italy and educated in the courts of Florence, Rome, and Parma  There, she was taught skills that helped her grow as an independent woman  As Margaret did not spend much time with her husband, she used this time to become exposed to the surrounding Italian culture  Though she was multi-lingual, she preferred the Italian language for the rest of her life 
On 13 June 1536 in Florence, she married Alessandro, who was assassinated on 6 January 1537  On 4 November 1538 in Rome, the 15-year-old widow married Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, the 14-year-old grandson of Pope Paul III  At first she refused to marry him  Although the union proved an unhappy one, it gave her years of experience in Rome, and produced twin sons, one of whom died in infancy  She would continue her studies of the arts and politics while being married to Ottavio  The couple lived separately for much of their lives, and Margaret maintained her own court and chapel  She was in a somewhat difficult position, as the Pope and the Emperor argued about authority over Parma  In 1555, the Farnese family were acknowledged as rulers of Parma by Spain in exchange for the custody of her son 
In 1555, she left Italy for the Netherlands, where she left her son in the care of her half-brother Philip II  Philip appointed her Governor of the Netherlands when he left in 1559 for Spain  As governor, Margaret faced the rising storm of discontent against the Inquisition and Spanish despotism, and Philip had left her but nominal authority  He was determined to pursue his own arbitrary course, and the result was the revolt of the Netherlands   Margaret was forced to adjust herself to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, Philip's choice for her chief councilor, who would grow to be greatly disliked in the Netherlands  After Granvelle's exile from the Netherlands in 1564, Margaret was forced to rely on the grandees in her Council  In 1565, an opposition party was formed from the Dutch nobility  Margaret received its complaints and, having no army to put down the dissenters, promised to stop religious repression  In 1566, Iconoclastic riots took place all over the Netherlands but she managed to quell them, with the help of her stadtholders Philip of Noircarmes (who subjugated the cities of Tournai and Valenciennes) in Hainaut and William of Orange in Holland   The next year, Philip sent her military help led by the Duke of Alba  Margaret warned Philip that actions by Alba would lead to catastrophe, but instead of trying to stop Alba, she resigned when she learned that Alba's power of attorney, granted by Philip, superseded her own In 1567, Margaret retired to L'Aquila in Italy  She was appointed Governor of Abruzzo and Viceroy of Naples,where she had inherited a domain from her late husband  She acted as the adviser to her son and to her royal bastard half-brother, John of Austria  In 1578, her son Alexander Farnese was appointed to the office of governor-general of the Netherlands; Philip appointed her his co-regent, intending that they would balance each other  However, they were unable to work together, and Margaret retired to Namur in 1582  She was given permission by Philip to return to Italy in 1583  She died in Ortona in 1586 and was buried in the church of S  Sisto in Piacenza 
Charlie R  Steen describes her as "a woman dedicated to compromise and conciliation in public affairs "She personally asked to Pope Paul III to authorize the veneration of the Seven Archangels while Antonio del Duca did the same under the protection of the Colonna family 

Issue
Margaret and her second husband Ottavio had:

Charles Farnese (Italian: Carlo Farnese, Spanish: Carlos Farnese, German: Karl Farnese; 27 August 1545 – September 1545), heir to the Duchy of Parma 
Alexander Farnese (27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592), 3rd Duke of Parma; married Infanta Maria of Portugal and had issue 

Coat of arms
Margaret of Austria, as Duchess of Florence and Parma, chose for her device a pearl shining from its shell, with the motto, Decus allatura coronae ("About to bring glory to the crown") 

Ancestry
See also
Geuzen

Notes
Passage 6:
Henry Krause
Henry J  "Red" Krause, Jr  (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins   He played college football at St  Louis University 
Passage 7:
Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death  She was Napoleon's second wife and as such Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on 1 April 1810 until his abdication on 6 April 1814 
As the eldest child of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period marked by ongoing and unceasing conflict between Austria and revolutionary France  A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire  The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire  Marie Louise agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France  With Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II 
Napoleon's fortunes changed dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia  The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba  The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau gave the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Marie Louise, who ruled the duchies until her death 
Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821  Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814  She and Neipperg had three children  After Neipperg's death in 1829, she married Count Charles-René de Bombelles, her chamberlain, in 1834  Marie Louise died in Parma in 1847 

Early life
Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (who was given the Latin baptismal name of Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Francisca Theresa Josepha Lucia) was born at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 12 December 1791 to Archduke Francis of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily  She was named after her grandmother, Marie Louise, Holy Roman Empress  Her father became Holy Roman Emperor a year later as Francis II  Marie Louise was a great-granddaughter of Empress Maria Theresa through both her parents, as they were double first cousins  She was also a maternal granddaughter of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, Marie Antoinette's favorite sister 
Marie Louise's formative years were during a period of conflict between France and her family  She was brought up to detest France and French ideas  Her upbringing was supervised by her French imperial governess Victoire de Folliot de Crenneville  Marie Louise was influenced by her grandmother Maria Carolina, who despised the French Revolution which ultimately caused the death of her sister, Marie Antoinette  Maria Carolina's Kingdom of Naples had also come into direct conflict with French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte  The War of the Third Coalition brought Austria to the brink of ruin, which increased Marie Louise's resentment towards Napoleon  The Imperial family was forced to flee Vienna in 1805  Marie Louise took refuge in Hungary and later Galicia before returning to Vienna in 1806  Her father relinquished the title of Holy Roman Emperor but remained Emperor of Austria 
To make her more marriageable, her parents had her tutored in many languages  In addition to her native German, she became fluent in English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish In 1807, when Marie Louise was 15, her mother died after suffering a miscarriage  Less than a year later, Emperor Francis married his first cousin Maria Ludovika Beatrix of Austria-Este, who was four years older than Marie Louise  Nonetheless, Maria Ludovika Beatrix took on a maternal role towards her stepdaughter  She was also bitter towards the French, who had deprived her father of the Duchy of Modena Another war broke out between France and Austria in 1809, which resulted in defeat for the Austrians again  The Imperial family had to flee Vienna again before the city surrendered on 12 May  Their journey was hampered by bad weather, and they arrived in Buda "wet through, and nearly worn out with fatigue" 

Marriage proposal
After escaping an assassination attempt in Vienna, while negotiating the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 12 October 1809, Emperor Napoleon decided that he needed an heir to cement his relatively young Empire  He also sought the validation and legitimization of his Empire by marrying a member of one of the leading royal families of Europe  He began proceedings to divorce Joséphine de Beauharnais, who did not bear him a son, and began searching for a new empress  His wish to marry Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia, the youngest sister of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, caused alarm in Austria, who were afraid of being sandwiched between two great powers allied with each other  At the persuasion of Prince Metternich, a marriage between Napoleon and Marie Louise was suggested by Emperor Francis to the Count of Narbonne but no official overture was made by the Austrians  Though officials in Paris and Austria were beginning to accept the possibility of the union, Marie Louise was kept uninformed of developments Frustrated by the Russians delaying the marriage negotiations, Napoleon rescinded his proposal in late January 1810 and began negotiations to marry Marie Louise with the Austrian ambassador, the Prince of Schwarzenberg  Schwarzenberg signed the marriage contract on 7 February  Marie Louise was informed of the marriage by Metternich  When asked for consent, she replied: "I wish only what my duty commands me to wish "

Wedding
Marie Louise was married by proxy to Napoleon on 11 March 1810 at the Augustinian Church, Vienna  Napoleon was represented by Archduke Charles, the bride's uncle  According to the French ambassador, the marriage "was celebrated with a magnificence that it would be hard to surpass, by the side of which even the brilliant festivities that have preceded it are not to be mentioned"  She became Empress of the French and Queen of Italy 
Marie Louise departed Vienna on 13 March, probably expecting never to return  Upon arriving in France she was placed in the custody of Napoleon's sister, who had her put through a symbolic old ritual  Tradition dictated that a royal bride coming to France must keep nothing of her homeland, especially her clothes  Accordingly, Marie Louise was stripped of her dress, corset, stockings, and chemise, leaving her completely naked  Napoleon's sister then made the nude teenager take a bath  She was then redressed in French bridal clothes  Marie Antoinette had been put through a similar ritual when she arrived in France in 1770  She met Napoleon for the first time on 27 March in Compiègne, remarking to him: "You are much better-looking than your portrait "

The civil wedding was held at the Saint Joseph's Church on 1 April 1810  The next day, Napoleon and Marie Louise made the journey to Paris in the coronation coach  The Imperial Guard cavalry led the procession, followed by the herald-at-arms and then the carriages  The Marshals of France rode on each side, near the doors of the carriages  The procession arrived at the Tuileries Palace, and the Imperial couple made their way to the Salon Carré chapel (in the Louvre) for the religious wedding ceremony  The ceremony was conducted by Cardinal Joseph Fesch, Grand Almoner of France and Napoleon's uncle  A Bridal March was composed for the occasion by Ferdinando Paer, and a cantata by Johann Nepomuk Hummel 
Elaborate celebrations continued to be held in May and June 1810  These included a ball, a masque, a sea-battle on the Seine, and a display of fireworks created by Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri, for 4,000 people By this marriage, Napoleon became the great-nephew-in-law of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette 

Marriage to Napoleon
Life as Empress
Marie Louise was an obedient wife and settled in quickly in the French court  She developed a close friendship with her Première dame d'honneur, the Duchess of Montebello, while most of the daily affairs were handled by her Dame d'atour Jeanne Charlotte du Luçay  Napoleon initially remarked that he had "married a womb" to an aide, but their relationship soon grew  He "spared no pains" to please her and claimed at one point to prefer Marie Louise to his first wife Joséphine; while he had loved Joséphine, and though he claimed Joséphine remained his greatest friend even after their amicable divorce, he had not respected her, whereas with Marie Louise, there was "Never a lie, never a debt" — presumably a reference to Joséphine's rumoured extramarital affairs and reputation as a spendthrift  Marie Louise wrote to her father: "I assure you, dear papa, that people have done great injustice to the Emperor  The better one knows him, the better one appreciates and loves him " However, the marriage was not without tension; Napoleon sometimes remarked to aides that Marie Louise was too shy and timid, compared to the outgoing and passionate Josephine, with whom he remained in close contact, upsetting Marie Louise 
The excitement surrounding the wedding ushered in a period of peace and friendship between France and Austria, who had been largely at war for the last two decades  The people of Vienna, who hated Napoleon only months before, were suddenly in full praise of the French Emperor  Flattering letters were sent between Napoleon and Emperor Francis, Empress Maria Ludovika Beatrix and Archduke Charles during the wedding festivities During public occasions, Marie Louise spoke little due to reserve and timidity, which some observers mistook for haughtiness  She was regarded as a virtuous woman and never interfered in politics  Privately, she was polite and gentle Napoleon arranged for Marie Louise to participate in some carefully selected charity assignments, most notably the Société de Charité Maternelle, for which he made her Honorary President 

Birth of first child
Marie Louise became pregnant by July 1810 and gave birth to a son on 20 March 1811  The boy, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, was given the title King of Rome, in accordance with the practice where the heir apparent to the Holy Roman Empire was called the King of the Romans  Napoleon was delighted that his wife survived the ordeal and said: "I had rather never have any more children than see her suffer so much again "Marie Louise was devoted to her son; she had him brought to her every morning and visited him in his apartment in the course of the day 

Resumption of war
In May 1812, a month before the French invasion of Russia, Marie Louise accompanied Napoleon to Dresden, where she met her father and stepmother  Emperor Francis told Napoleon he could count on Austria for the "triumph of the common cause", a reference to the impending war  A minor rivalry began to develop between Marie Louise and the Empress of Austria, who was jealous at being upstaged in appearance by her stepdaughter  It was also in Dresden where she met Count Adam Albert von Neipperg for the first time  Napoleon left Dresden on 29 May to take charge of his army Marie Louise then travelled to Prague, where she spent a few weeks with the Austrian Imperial family, before returning to Saint Cloud on 18 July  She kept in touch with Napoleon throughout the war  The invasion of Russia ended disastrously for France  More than half of the Grande Armée was destroyed by the Russian Winter and guerrilla attacks  After the failed Malet coup of October 1812, Napoleon hastened his return to France and reunited with his wife on the night of 18 December 

Collapse of the Empire
The weakened French position triggered the Sixth Coalition  Prussia allied with Russia and declared war on France (the United Kingdom was already at war with France), but Austria stayed out due to relations between the Imperial families  On 30 March, Marie Louise was appointed Regent as Napoleon set off for battle in Germany  The regency was only de jure, as all decisions were still taken by Napoleon and implemented by his most senior officials, including Lebrun, Joseph Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary  Marie Louise tried unsuccessfully to get her father to ally with France  Austria too joined the opposition to France  She maintained a correspondence with Napoleon, informing him of increasing demands for peace in Paris and the provinces  Napoleon was decisively defeated in Leipzig on 19 October and returned to Saint Cloud on 9 November On 23 January 1814, Marie Louise was appointed Regent for the second time  On 25 January, at 03:00 in the morning, Napoleon embraced Marie Louise and his son for the last time  He left to lead a hastily formed army to stave off the Allied invasion from the north As the Allies neared Paris, Marie Louise was reluctant to leave  She felt that as the daughter of the sovereign of Austria, one of the allied members, she would be treated with respect by Allied forces, with the possibility of her son succeeding the throne should Napoleon be deposed  She was also afraid that her departure would strengthen the royalist supporters of the Bourbons  Marie Louise was finally persuaded to leave by Henri Clarke, who received the order from Napoleon: "I would prefer to know that they [the Empress and the King of Rome] are both at the bottom of the Seine rather than in the hands of the foreigners " On 29 March, the court left Paris  The Allies entered the city the following day 
Marie Louise and the court moved to Blois, which was safe from the Allies  She did not expect her father to dethrone Napoleon and deprive her son of the crown of France  On 3 April, the Senate, at the instigation of Talleyrand, announced the deposition of the Emperor  Marie Louise was unaware of this until 7 April, and was astonished to discover the turn of events  She wanted to return to Paris, but was dissuaded from doing so by physician Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and the Duchess of Montebello 

Exile of Napoleon
Napoleon abdicated the throne on 11 April 1814 in Fontainebleau  The Treaty of Fontainebleau exiled him to Elba, allowed Marie Louise to retain her imperial rank and style and made her ruler of the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, with her son as heir  This arrangement was later revised at the Congress of Vienna Marie Louise was strongly dissuaded from rejoining her husband by her advisors, who fed her accounts that Napoleon was distraught with grief over the death of Joséphine  On 16 April, her father arrived at Blois to meet her  At the advice of Emperor Francis, Marie Louise departed Rambouillet with her son for Vienna on 23 April  At Vienna, she stayed at Schönbrunn, where she received frequent visits from her sisters, but rarely from her father and stepmother  She met her grandmother, Maria Carolina, who disapproved of her deserting her husband  Distressed at being seen as a heartless wife and indifferent mother, she wrote on 9 August 1814: "I am in a very unhappy and critical position; I must be very prudent in my conduct  There are moments when that thought so distracts me that I think that the best thing I could do would be to die "

Congress of Vienna and relationship with Neipperg
In the summer of 1814, Emperor Francis sent Count Adam Albert von Neipperg to accompany Marie Louise to the spa town of Aix-les-Bains to prevent her from joining Napoleon on Elba  Neipperg was a confidant of Metternich and an enemy of Napoleon  Marie Louise fell in love with Neipperg  They became lovers  He became her chamberlain, and her advocate at the Congress of Vienna  News of the relationship was not received well by the French and the Austrian public When Napoleon escaped in March 1815 and reinstated his rule, the Allies once again declared war  Marie Louise was asked by her stepmother to join in the processions to pray for the success of the Austrian armies but rejected the insulting invitation  She passed a message to Napoleon's private secretary, Claude François de Méneval, who was about to return to France: "I hope he will understand the misery of my position     I shall never assent to a divorce, but I flatter myself that he will not oppose an amicable separation, and that he will not bear any ill feeling towards me     This separation has become imperative; it will in no way affect the feelings of esteem and gratitude that I preserve " Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to Saint Helena from October 1815  Napoleon made no further attempt to contact her personally 
The Congress of Vienna recognised Marie Louise as ruler of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, but prevented her from bringing her son to Italy  It also made her Duchess of Parma for her life only, as the Allies did not want a descendant of Napoleon to have a hereditary claim over Parma  After her death, the duchy was to revert to the Bourbons 

Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise departed for Parma on 7 March 1816, accompanied by Neipperg  She entered the duchy on 18 April  She wrote to her father: "People welcomed me with such enthusiasm that I had tears in my eyes " She largely left the running of day-to-day affairs to Neipperg, who received instructions from Metternich  In December 1816, Marie Louise removed the incumbent Grand Chamberlain (prime minister) and installed Neipperg She and Neipperg had four children:
Albertine, Countess of Montenuovo (1817–1867), married Luigi Sanvitale, Count of Fontanellato
William Albert, Count of Montenuovo, later created Prince of Montenuovo (1819–1895), married Countess Juliana Batthyány von Németújvár
Mathilde, Countess of Montenuovo (1822–c 1823)Napoleon died on 5 May 1821  On 8 August, Marie Louise married Neipperg morganatically  Neipperg died of heart problems on 22 February 1829, devastating Marie Louise  She was banned by Austria from mourning in public  To replace Neipperg, Austria appointed Josef von Werklein as Grand Chamberlain 
Marie Louise's son by Napoleon, then known as "Franz", was given the title Duke of Reichstadt in 1818  Franz lived at the Austrian court, where he was shown great affection by his grandfather, but was constantly undermined by Austrian ministers and nationalists, who did their best to sideline him to become an irrelevance  There were fears that he might be smuggled over to France to regain the throne, as he could be easily disguised as a girl  
Franz grew resentful at his Austrian relatives and his mother for their lack of support, and began identifying as Napoleon II and surrounding himself with French courtiers  The relationship with his mother broke down when he became aware that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage; this occurred to such an extent that he once remarked "If Josephine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna  My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved; Josephine was " However, before anything could become of Napoleon II, he died at the age of 21 in Vienna in 1832, after suffering from tuberculosis 
1831 saw the outbreak of the Carbonari-led uprisings in Italy  In Parma, protesters gathered in the streets to denounce Grand Chamberlain Werklein  Marie Louise did not know what to do and wanted to leave the city, but was prevented from doing so by the protesters, who saw her as someone who would listen to their demands  She managed to leave Parma between 14 and 15 February, and the rebels formed a provisional government, led by Count Filippo Luigi Linati  At Piacenza, she wrote to her father, asking him to replace Werklein  Francis sent in Austrian troops, which crushed the rebellion  To avoid further turmoil, Marie Louise granted amnesty to the dissidents on 29 September To replace Werklein, in 1833, Metternich sent Charles-René de Bombelles, a French émigré nobleman who had served in the Austrian army against Napoleon  Bombelles was an excellent Grand Chamberlain, who thoroughly reformed the finances of the duchy  A middle-aged widower, he also developed a close personal relationship with Marie Louise  Six months after his arrival, on 17 February 1834, she married him, again morganatically 

Death
Marie Louise fell ill on 9 December 1847  Her condition worsened for the next few days  On 17 December, she passed out after vomiting and never woke up again  She died in the evening  The cause of death was determined to be pleurisy Her body was transferred back to Vienna and buried at the Imperial Crypt 

Arms
Her arms as Duchess of Parma are used as the logo of the perfume company Acqua di Parma  This is in homage to the role she played in helping to develop the perfume and glass industry of Parma 

Gallery
Ancestry
See also
Napoleon Diamond Necklace

Notes
Passage 8:
Gerolama Orsini
Gerolama Orsini (1504–1569) sometimes Girolama Orsini was the Duchess of Parma as the wife of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma  She served as Regent (Governor) of the Ducky of Castro in the name of her son Orazio, Duke of Castro between 1550 and 1553 

Biography
Born in Pitigliano, she was the daughter of Lodovico Orsini and Giulia Conti  In 1513, an engagement contract between Orsini and Pier Luigi Farnese was drawn up, and in 1519 the wedding was celebrated at Valentano  Her husband was the illegitimate son of Pope Paul III and Silvia Ruffino  The couple had five children, three of whom would have further progeny  
When Cardinal Alessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III in 1534, he made his son Pier Luigi captain-general of the Church, in 1537, Duke of Castro, and finally in 1545, Duke of Parma and Piacenza  Gerolama remained in Rome and maintained the family presence at the court of the Pope  She was described as a sensible person capable of making important decisions when necessary, close to the Pope and the interests of her sons  She lived a retired life, but was always actively engaged in maintaining the political interest of her sons  
She was widowed in 1547 and remained in Rome  When Pope Paul III died in 1549, Gerolama unsuccessfully attempted to work for the candidacy of a Pope beneficial to the Farnese family  In 1550, Gerolama was appointed the regent-governor of the Duchy of Castro in the absence of her son  Castro was occupied by Papal troops the same year  Gerolama maintained her regency by not resisting, and yet continuing to exert her authority while working for the end of the Papal occupation, and finally managed to achieve the end of the Papal occupation in 1552  Her regency ended when she was informed of the death of her son Orazio in 1553, and she departed for Parma, where she settled for the rest of her life She died at the Palazzo Farnese Piacenza in 1590  She was buried at the Farnese crypt at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata, Parma 

Issue
Vittoria Farnese (10 August 1519 – 13 December 1602) married Guidobaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino and had issue 
Alessandro Farnese (5 October 1520 – 2 March 1589) never married 
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (9 October 1524 – 18 September 1586) married Margaret of Parma and had issue 
Ranuccio Farnese (11 August 1530 – 1565) died unmarried 
Orazio Farnese, Duke of Castro (1532 – 18 July 1558) married Diane de France no issue 
Passage 9:
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the first Empress of Austria and last Holy Roman Empress as the spouse of Francis II  She was born a Princess of Naples as the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Queen Maria Carolina 

Life
Early life
Born on 6 June 1772 at the Royal Palace of Naples, Maria Theresa Carolina Giuseppina was the eldest child of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Queen Maria Carolina  She was her mother’s favorite child from birth, and was henceforth named after her maternal grandmother Empress Maria Theresa  Princess Maria Theresa was taught French, mathematics, geography, theology, music, dancing, and drawing In the February of 1790, Archduke Francis’s wife, Duchess Elisabeth, died in childbirth, and it was announced that he would marry one of the princesses of Naples  Maria Theresa and her sister Luisa were both considered for the match  In the end, though, Luisa was chosen to marry Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Maria Theresa was to marry Francis  The marriage was in accordance with the traditional Habsburg marriage policy 

Marriage
On 15 September 1790, at the age of 18, Princess Maria Theresa married her double first cousin Archduke Francis  Francis would, in 1792, become Holy Roman Emperor  Eventually, in 1804, he would become the first Emperor of Austria  The marriage was described as a happy one based on mutual understanding, despite differences in personality  Francis was described as a melancholic character  He was shy and reserved, and was serious with a preference for a spartan lifestyle and duty  Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was described as a gracious blue-eyed blonde with a vivacious personality, a hot temper and a sensual nature  Despite these differences in personality, they were reported to have a good understanding of each other and had a very good relationship Maria Theresa reportedly adapted well to her new home in Vienna and did not suffer from homesickness  She participated with enthusiasm in court life, and it was noted that she enjoyed dancing and partaking in carnival balls—even while pregnant  She particularly enjoyed the Waltz, which had been recently introduced as an innovation and became fashionable during her years in Vienna    

Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp described the view of Maria Theresa and the relationship between the couple in her famous diary during her visit to Vienna in 1798–99: The Empress is reputed to be so jealous that she does not allow him to take part in social life or meet other women  Vicious tongues accuse her of being so passionate that she exhausts her consort and never leaves him alone even for a moment  Although the people of Vienna cannot deny that she is gifted, charitable and carries herself beautifully, she is disliked for her intolerance and for forcing the Emperor to live isolated from everyone  She is also accused of interesting herself in unimportant matters and socializing exclusively with her lady-companions  With them she spends her evenings singing, acting out comedies and being applauded 
On 12 December 1791, the firstborn child of Princess Maria Theresa and Archduke Francis was born: Marie Louise  She was educated specifically in French, English, Spanish, Italian and Latin, with the expectation of her native language German  Marie Louise would soon marry Emperor Napoleon, due to the ongoing wars with France that were effecting her parents and grandparents 

Holy Roman Empress
In 1792, Maria Theresa’s husband Francis ascended the throne as King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and she became queen consort  In the same year, she would become Holy Roman Empress  The-then Empress Maria Theresa was interested in politics and came to play a certain role in state affairs due to her influence over her spouse, to whom she acted as an adviser  She was a conservative force and belonged to the critics of King Napoleon, and was reported to have encouraged Francis in an anti-French position during the Napoleonic Wars  She has also been pointed out for being partially responsible for the dismissal of Johann Baptist Freiherr von Schloissnigg and Graf Franz Colloredo In February of 1799, her seeming indifference to the revolution against her parents in Naples attracted some disfavour in Vienna  Although she was her mother’s favorite child, she was biased when it came to their exile during the War 
An important patron of Viennese music, she commissioned many compositions for official and private use  Joseph Haydn wrote his Te Deum for chorus and orchestra at her request  Her favourite composers included Paul Wranitzky and Joseph Leopold Eybler, a composer of sacred music 

Death
In the winter of 1806, Empress Maria Theresa (pregnant with her 12th child) contracted tuberculous pleurisy, which the imperial physician, Andreas Joseph von Stifft, treated with bloodletting  However, it did not trigger an improvement in health, but a premature birth  When Empress Maria Theresa died after following complications after her last childbirth (the daughter died a few days before the mother) on 13 April 1807 at the age of 34, the Emperor was inconsolable and had to be removed by force from the corpse of his wife  She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna  The shattered Emperor stayed away from the funeral, instead traveling to Buda with his two eldest children  The urn containing her heart was placed in the Heart Crypt and the urn with her entrails in the Ducal Crypt  Empress Maria Theresa is one of the 41 people who received a "separate burial" with the body divided between all three traditional Viennese burial sites of the Habsburgs (Imperial Crypt, Heart Crypt, Duke Crypt) 

Issue
Ancestry
Context 2: Passage 1:
Dr  Socrates
Dr  Socrates is a 1935 American crime film directed by William Dieterle and starring Paul Muni as a doctor forced to treat a wounded gangster, played by Barton MacLane 

Plot
The death of his fiancée in a car crash so unnerves top surgeon Dr  Lee Cardwell that he moves to a rural community and becomes a general practitioner, but he attracts few patients   The local doctor calls him Dr  Socrates because he always has his head in a book of classics  
Bank robber Red Bastian comes to him after he is shot in the arm during his latest caper  Lee treats Red, but is unwillingly to accept payment  Red, however, makes him take a $100 bill for his trouble 
Later on, while on his way to another bank job, Red picks up hitchhiker Josephine Gray   While Red's gang is busy robbing the bank, Josephine tries to run away, but gets shot  She is treated by Dr  Socrates   At first, the police think that she is a gang "moll", but she is cleared and recuperates at the doctor's home 
Red and his gang kidnap her and take her to their hideout, which the doctor had visited earlier on a medical call  He tells the police where to find the gang, but asks that they give him a chance to get Josephine safely away  He convinces the gang members that they need to be inoculated against an outbreak of typhoid fever, but what he really gives them is a knockout drug   He takes care of Red himself   Lee is a hero, and even the local doctor says nice things about him 

Cast
Paul Muni as Lee
Ann Dvorak as Josephine
Barton MacLane as Red Bastian
Robert Barrat as Dr  Ginder
John Eldredge as Dr  Burton
Hobart Cavanaugh as Stevens
Helen Lowell as Ma Ganson
Mayo Methot as Muggsy
Henry O'Neill as Greer
Grace Stafford as Caroline Suggs
Samuel Hinds as Dr  McClintick
June Travis as Dublin
Raymond Brown as Ben Suggs
Olin Howland as Bob Catlett
Joseph Downing as Cinq Laval
Grady Sutton as General Store Clerk
Adrian Morris as Beanie - a Gangster

Critical reception
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a poor review, dismissing it as "a third-rate gangster film"  Despite comparing Paul Muni's performance to personality performers like Greta Garbo and Joan Crawford, Greene concludes that his effort in Dr Socrates "is not one of Muni's successful films"  Whereas the film should have been exciting, all that the film could conjure up was funniness 
Passage 2:
Empties
Empties (Czech: Vratné lahve) is a 2007 film directed by Jan Svěrák and written by his father Zdeněk Svěrák, who also stars in the film  It was released first in the Czech Republic in March 2007  The film is a comedy from the same team which made Kolya 

Plot
Josef Tkaloun is an elderly teacher at a high school in Prague who cannot control his anger when his pupils misbehave in his poetry class  He quits his job and despite his wife urging him to retire, becomes a cycle courier  After an inevitable accident, he still refuses to stay at home and takes a job in the local Žižkov supermarket  He works behind a counter, recycling glass beer bottles  There he begins to flirt with the customers and matchmake both for an old friend and for the man he works with  His own flirtations (and sexually charged dreams) almost get him into trouble with his wife, so he resolves to reignite the passion in his marriage by celebrating his wedding anniversary with a hot air balloon ride  The scary balloon ride, ending in crash, revitalizes the relationship 

Cast
Zdeněk Svěrák as Josef Tkaloun
Tatiana Vilhelmová as Helenka, his daughter
Daniela Kolářová as Eliška Tkalounová
Jiří Macháček as Landa, his friend
Pavel Landovský as Řezáč

Awards
Zdeněk Svěrák received a Special Jury Mention for the screenplay at the 2007 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
The film received the Audience Award at 2007 Ljubljana International Film Festival
The film received the Gold Dolphin award for Best Film at the Festroia International Film Festival in 2008 
The film received the Gold Prize for Best Film at Damascus International Film Festival in 2008 

Home media
The DVD was released in October 2007  It includes extra scenes, a photo gallery, the storyboard and comics 
Passage 3:
King of the Underworld (1939 film)
King of the Underworld is a 1939 American crime drama film starring Humphrey Bogart as a gangster and Kay Francis as a doctor forced to treat him  It was directed by Lewis Seiler  It is a remake of the 1935 film Dr  Socrates, which was based on a short story by W  R  Burnett 

Plot
Married doctors Niles and Carole Nelson save the life of a gangster shot in a gunfight  Joe Gurney, the patient's boss, gives Niles $500 as a reward, and suggests he take his "million dollar hands" uptown, where he can treat the rich  Niles takes his suggestion, but soon neglects his practice for his addiction: betting on the horses 
The doctor also starts treating Joe's gang without telling his wife  One night, he is called away to do just that  Suspicious, Carole follows him  When the police raid the gang's hideout, a shootout ensues and Niles is killed while Joe and his gang escape 
Though the district attorney has no case, he charges Carole with being guilty of being married to Niles just to put on a good show for the public  The corrupt trial ends in a hung jury, but her medical license remains at stake   She is given three months to prove her innocence or the license will be revoked  She relocates with her Aunt Josephine to a town, Wayne Center, where two of Joe's men have been jailed, hoping to get in touch with the gangster 
While on his way to free his men, Joe has a flat tire  He and his amateur gang initially suspects nearby wanderer Bill Stevens of having shot at him, but then a nail is extracted from the tire  When Bill mentions that he has written a book about the mistakes that brought about Napoleon's downfall, Joe becomes very interested, as he is a great admirer of the French dictator  He offers Bill a ride  Bill makes the mistake of accepting, and soon finds himself shot in the shoulder when Joe and his gang rescue their comrades from the sheriff  Bill is caught 
When local Doctor Sanders refuses to treat the alleged criminal, Carole extracts the bullet  However, Bill is unable to provide her any useful information about Joe  When Bill's claims are confirmed, he is released  He goes to thank Carole  Aunt Josephine persuades him to stay with them for a week to recuperate 
Joe has Bill kidnapped in the middle of the night so that he can ghostwrite Joe's autobiography  Joe likes Bill's suggestion for the title, Joe Gurney: the Napoleon of Crime, but Bill overhears his plan to kill him after the book is finished 
Carole is brought, blindfolded, to remove a bullet from Joe's arm, received during the rescue  Before being released, she is told that Bill will be killed if she alerts the authorities 
When Joe's wound gets worse, he sends for her again  He also complains about his eyes  Carole takes a sample to analyze at home  When she is warned that the sheriff and government men are coming to arrest her (a $100 bill Joe gave her was traced to a robbery), she devises a plan  She returns to Joe's hideout and tells him he has a serious infection, one that will make him go blind in six hours unless it is treated immediately with eye drops  She also insists the infection is so contagious she needs to treat all of the gang  Suspicious, Joe makes her administer the medicine to Bill first  Meanwhile, her aunt gives the police Joe's location, but begs them to wait until midnight to give the medication time to temporarily blind the recipients  The plan works  The blind gangsters return fire, but soon give themselves up  Joe tries to track Carole and Bill through the house, but is eventually gunned down by the police 
Bill becomes a successful writer, and he and Carole have a son 

Cast
Humphrey Bogart as Joe Gurney
Kay Francis as Dr  Carole Nelson
James Stephenson as Bill Stevens
John Eldredge as Dr  Niles Nelson
Jessie Busley as Aunt Josephine
Arthur Aylesworth as Dr  Sanders
Raymond Brown as Sheriff
Harland Tucker as Mr  Ames
Ralph Remley as Mr  Robert
Charley Foy as Slick
Murray Alper as Eddie
Joe Devlin as Porky
Elliott Sullivan as Mugsy
Alan Davis as Pete
John Harmon as Slats
John Ridgely as Jerry
Richard Bond as Interne
Pierre Watkin as District Attorney
Charles Trowbridge as Dr  Ryan
Edwin Stanley as Dr  Jacobs (credited as Ed Stanley)
Sidney Bracey as Bert, the Farmer (uncredited)
Al Lloyd as Drug Store Clerk (uncredited)
Mickey Kuhn as "Sonny" Stevens (uncredited)
Passage 4:
Vacations in the Other World
Vacations in the Other World or Vacaciones en el otro mundo is a 1942 Argentine film directed by Mario Soffici  The film, a seriocomedy, explores the gap between the high-pressure world of business and the ambience of domestic living 

Cast
Elisa Galvé
José Olarra
Oscar Valicelli
Enrique García Satur
Enrique Chaico
Lea Conti
Julio Renato
Semillita
Elvira Quiroga

External links
Vacations in the Other World at IMDb
Passage 5:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 6:
Vacations in Majorca
Vacations in Majorca (Italian: Brevi amori a Palma di Majorca) is a 1959 Italian comedy film directed by Giorgio Bianchi 

Plot
Anselmo Pandolfini lives in Palma de Mallorca  He meets a famous American diva Mary Moore who initially dislikes him, but persuades her to let him act as her bodyguard
Context 3: Passage 1:
Hal Roach
Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach Sr  (January 14, 1892 – November 2, 1992) was an American film and television producer, director, screenwriter, and centenarian, who was the founder of the namesake Hal Roach Studios 
Roach was active in the industry from the 1910s to the 1990s known for producing a number of successes including the Laurel and Hardy franchise, the films of entertainer Charley Chase, and the Our Gang short film comedy series 

Early life and career
Roach was born in Elmira, New York, to Charles Henry Roach, whose father was born in Wicklow, County Wicklow, Ireland, and Mabel Gertrude Bally, her father John Bally being from Switzerland  A presentation by the American humorist Mark Twain impressed Roach as a young grade school student After an adventurous youth that took him to Alaska, Roach arrived in Hollywood, California, in 1912 and began working as an extra in silent films  Upon coming into an inheritance, he began producing short film comedies in 1915 with his friend Harold Lloyd, who portrayed a character known as Lonesome Luke In September 1916, Roach married actress Marguerite Nichols, who worked as an actress in the 1930s and 1940s, and died in March 1941  They had two children, Hal Roach Jr  (June 15, 1918 – March 29, 1972), who followed his father as a producer and director, and Margaret Roach (March 15, 1921 – November 22, 1964), Roach married a second time, on September 1, 1942, to Lucille Prin (January 20, 1913 – April 4, 1981), a Los Angeles secretary  They were married at the on-base home of Colonel Franklin C  Wolfe and his wife at Wright-Patterson Airfield in Dayton, Ohio, where Roach was stationed at the time while serving as a major in the United States Army Air Corps  Roach and Lucille had four children, Elizabeth Carson Roach (December 26, 1945 – September 5, 1946), Maria May Roach (born April 14, 1947), Jeanne Alice Roach (born October 7, 1949), and Kathleen Bridget Roach (born January 29, 1951) 

Success
Unable to expand his studios in Downtown Los Angeles because of zoning, Roach purchased what became the Hal Roach Studios from Harry Culver in Culver City, California  During the 1920s and 1930s, he employed Lloyd (his top money-maker until his departure in 1923), Will Rogers, Max Davidson, the Our Gang children, Charley Chase, Harry Langdon, Thelma Todd, ZaSu Pitts, Patsy Kelly and, most famously, Laurel and Hardy  During the 1920s, Roach's biggest rival was producer Mack Sennett  In 1925, Roach hired away Sennett's supervising director, F  Richard Jones Roach released his films through Pathé Exchange until 1927, when he struck a distribution deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  He converted his silent-movie studio to sound in late 1928 and began releasing talking shorts in early 1929  In the days before dubbing, foreign language versions of the Roach comedies were created by reshooting each film in the Spanish, French, and occasionally Italian and German languages  Laurel & Hardy, Charley Chase, and the Our Gang kids (some of whom had barely begun school) were required to recite the foreign dialogue phonetically, often working from blackboards hidden off-camera In 1931, with the release of the Laurel & Hardy film Pardon Us, Roach began producing occasional full-length features alongside the short subjects  Two-reel comedies were less profitable than features, and Roach phased most of them out by 1936  When the Our Gang feature film General Spanky did not do as well as expected, Roach intended to disband Our Gang entirely  MGM still wanted the Our Gang short subjects, so Roach agreed to supply them in single-reel (10-minute) form 
In 1937, Roach conceived a joint business venture partnering with Vittorio Mussolini, son of fascist Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, to form a production company called "R A M " (Roach and Mussolini)  Roach claimed the scheme involved Italian bankers providing US$6 million that would enable Roach's studio to produce a series of 12 films  Eight would be for Italian screening only while the remaining four would receive world distribution  The first film for Italy was to be a feature film of the opera Rigoletto This proposed business alliance with Mussolini alarmed MGM, which intervened and forced Roach to buy his way out of the venture  This embarrassment, coupled with the underperformance of much of Roach's latest feature-film output (except Laurel & Hardy titles and the 1937 hit Topper), led to the end of Roach's distribution contract with MGM  In May 1938, Roach sold MGM the production rights and actors contracts to the Our Gang shorts  Roach signed a distribution deal with United Artists at this time From 1937 to 1940, Roach concentrated on producing glossy features, abandoning low comedy almost completely  Most of his new films were either sophisticated farces (like Topper and The Housekeeper's Daughter, 1939) or rugged action fare (like Captain Fury, 1939, and One Million B C , 1940)  Roach's one venture into heavy drama was the acclaimed Of Mice and Men (1939), in which actors Burgess Meredith and Lon Chaney Jr  played the leading roles  The Laurel and Hardy comedies, once the Roach studio's biggest drawing cards, were now the studio's least important product and were phased out altogether in 1940 
In 1940, Roach experimented with medium-length featurettes, running 40 to 50 minutes each  He contended that these "streamliners", as he called them, would be useful in double-feature situations where the main attraction was a longer-length epic  Exhibitors agreed with him and used Roach's mini-features to balance top-heavy double bills  He had intended to introduce the new format with a series of four Laurel and Hardy featurettes, but was overruled by United Artists, which insisted on two Laurel & Hardy feature films instead  United Artists continued to release Roach's streamliners through 1943  By this time, Roach no longer had a resident company of comedy stars and cast his films with familiar featured players (William Tracy and Joe Sawyer, Johnny Downs, Jean Porter, Frank Faylen, William Bendix, George E  Stone, Bobby Watson, etc ) 
Recognizing the value of his film library, in 1943 Roach began licensing revivals of his older productions for theatrical distribution through Film Classics, Inc  and home-movie distribution 

World War II and television
Hal Roach Sr , commissioned in the U S  Army Signal Reserve Corps in 1927, was called back to active military duty in the Signal Corps in June 1942, at age 50  The studio output he oversaw in uniform was converted from entertainment featurettes to military training films  The studios were leased to the U S  Army Air Forces, and the First Motion Picture Unit made 400 training, morale and propaganda films at "Fort Roach " Members of the unit included Ronald Reagan and Alan Ladd  After the war the government returned the studio to Roach, with millions of dollars of improvements In 1946, Hal Roach resumed motion picture production, with former Harold Lloyd co-star Bebe Daniels as an associate producer  Roach was the first Hollywood producer to adopt an all-color production schedule, making four streamliners in Cinecolor, although the increased production costs did not result in increased revenue  In 1948, with his studio deeply in debt, Roach re-established his studio for television production, with Hal Roach Jr , producing series such as The Stu Erwin Show, Steve Donovan, Western Marshal, Racket Squad, The Public Defender, The Gale Storm Show, Rocky Jones, Space Ranger and My Little Margie, and independent producers leasing the facilities for such programs as Amos 'n' Andy, The Life of Riley and The Abbott and Costello Show  By 1951, the studio was producing 1,500 hours of television programs a year, nearly three times Hollywood's annual output of feature movies Roach's old theatrical films were also early arrivals on television  His Laurel and Hardy comedies were successful in television syndication, as were the Our Gang comedies he produced from 1929 to 1938 

Later years
In 1955, Roach sold his interests in the production company to his son, Hal Roach Jr , and retired from active production  The younger Roach lacked much of his father's business acumen and was forced to sell the studio in 1958 to The Scranton Corporation, a division of the automobile-parts conglomerate F  L  Jacobs Co  The Roach studio finally shut down in 1961 For two more decades, Roach Sr  occasionally worked as a consultant on projects related to his past work  In 1983 the "Hal Roach Studios" name was reactivated as a video concern, pioneering the new field of colorizing movies  Roach lent his film library to the cause but was otherwise not involved in the new video productions  Extremely vigorous into an advanced age, Roach contemplated a comedy comeback at 96 In 1984, 92-year-old Roach was presented with an honorary Academy Award  Former Our Gang members Jackie Cooper and George "Spanky" McFarland made the presentation to a flattered Roach, with McFarland thanking the producer for hiring him 53 years prior  An additional Our Gang member, Ernie Morrison, was in the crowd and started the standing ovation for Roach  Years earlier Cooper had been the youngest Academy Award nominee ever for his performance in Skippy when he had been under contract with Roach  Although Paramount had paid Roach $25,000 for Cooper's services in that film, Roach paid Cooper only his standard salary of $50 per week On January 21, 1992, Roach was a guest on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, one week after his 100th birthday, where he recounted experiences with such stars as Stan Laurel and Jean Harlow; he even did a brief, energetic demonstration of the "humble hula" dance   In February 1992, Roach traveled to Berlin to receive the honorary award of the Berlinale Kamera for Lifetime Achievement at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival On March 30, 1992, Roach appeared at the 64th Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by Billy Crystal  When Roach rose from the audience to a standing ovation, he decided to give a speech without a microphone, causing Crystal to quip "I think that's appropriate because Mr  Roach started in silent films "

Death and legacy
Hal Roach died in his home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, from pneumonia, on November 2, 1992, at the age of 100  He had married twice, and had six children, eight grandchildren, and a number of great-grandchildren  Roach outlived three of his children by more than 20 years: Hal Jr  (died in 1972), Margaret (died in 1964), and Elizabeth (died in 1946)  He also outlived many of the children who starred in his films  Roach is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York, where he grew up In the 2018 Laurel and Hardy biopic Stan & Ollie, Roach was portrayed by Danny Huston



ground_truth: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released first, Vacations In Majorca or Dr. Socrates?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Cast
Alberto Sordi: Anselmo Pandolfini
Gino Cervi: André Breton
Belinda Lee: Mary Moore
Dorian Gray: Hélène
Antonio Cifariello: Ernesto
Rossana Martini: Angela
Mercedes Alonso: Clementina
Vicente Parra: Gianni
Giulio Paradisi: Miguel

Production
The cast featured British actor Belinda Lee, then based in Europe 
Passage 7:
Bommalattam (2008 film)
Final Cut of Director is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film that was written and directed by Bharathiraja  The film stars Nana Patekar and Arjun Sarja, with Rukmini Vijayakumar, Kajal Aggarwal, Niyamat Khan, Vatsal Sheth, and Mushtaq Khan in supporting roles  Himesh Reshammiya composed the music and cinematography was done by B  Kannan  The film was released on 21 October 2016 
The film, which was originally titled Cinema, was retitled Final Cut of Director and had a limited release in 2016  Final Cut of Director marks Tamil director Bharathiraja's return to Hindi cinema after a gap  The film was intended to be the Hindi debut of Arjun Sarja but its release was delayed 
Final Cut of Director was first released in Tamil as Bommalattam (transl  Puppet show) in 2008  The Tamil version was mostly dubbed from the Hindi version but some scenes were re-filmed with Arjun, Ranjitha, Manivannan, who replaced Mushtaq Khan, and  Vivek  Despite being filmed in Hindi, Final Cut of Director failed financially in Hindi markets but the Tamil version was a success  Rukhmini Vijayakumar's portrayal of a transgender woman was praised 

Plot
Film director Rana is filming a scene with the female lead of his upcoming film  Rana is unhappy with the actor's behaviour and he decides to find another female lead  He finally finds Trishna suitable but never discloses her identity to the media, and the film's wallpapers do not show the names of the male and female leads  The film is eventually completed and Rana must attend a press meeting about his film's release but he does not attend the meeting and is shown to have had an illegal relationship with Trishna  At this instant, the film's producer calls Rana and the media discovers his location and who he is with  Press reporters gather at the hotel where Rana is staying; he escapes from them and get into a car  The press chase him, and Rana kills Trishna by creating an accident-like situation 
SP Vivek Varma, a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) officer, takes charge of this murder case along with two previous murder cases in which Rana is also a suspect  Rana is arrested and taken into CBI custody and Vivek starts his interrogation  Meanwhile, a poet named Anitha, who is a superfan of Rana, is revealed to be Vivek's lover and worked as an assistant to Rana during his filmmaking  During the interrogation, Rana reveals how he met Trishna and their relationship 
Trishna was a dancer who performed in temples and at small-time shows across Andhra Pradesh  Rana hires Trishna as his muse, and they become lovers  When a hairdresser is left homeless, Rana offers her a place in his room; another unit member sees this and informs Rana's wife  The next morning, as Rana is having sex with Trishna, his wife arrives, beats up the hairdresser, and accuses Rana of being a womanizer  Rana continues filming, appearing to be unperturbed by the incident but cries while instructing his actors  His assistant notices this; she and Rana are also shown to be lovers, and she comforts Rana  At the village in which they are filming, the village chief is notorious and constantly lusts over Trishna  Rana states he will kill the chief if he causes more inconvenience  The next day, the chief is murdered  Vivek recalls this and states Rana committed this murder but Rana neither agrees with or denies this statement 
Rana faints shortly after the interrogation and is taken to hospital  Vivek follows him there and recollects the incident of the second murder  After finishing their schedule at the village, the unit travels to Malaysia to continue the filming  There, Rana has to meet the financier's son, who is also the film's second male lead  The financier's son flirts with Trishna and constantly tries to approach her, with which she is uncomfortable  Shortly afterwards, the financier' son is also found murdered and Rana again neither agrees or denies this murder  Anitha, upon witnessing what Vivek is doing, confronts him and accuses him of trying to pin down Rana  Anitha offers Vivek her body in exchange for him leaving Rana alone  Vivek tells Anitha about the complications of the investigation  A badly burnt body in a car that fell from a cliff belongs to a man and all of the evidence at the crime scene is fake and used as props for filmmaking 
With the mystery unsolved, Rana is released due to the absence of strong evidence to convict him  He goes to live in a secluded bungalow with his assistant  Vivek follows Rana there and uncovers the mystery  Trishna is revealed to be a man whose real name is Babu and comes from a very poor background  Babu's mother raised him as a girl so his demeanor has become feminine since he is small  Rana sees an opportunity to introduce Babu as a female hero and provide financial aid to his struggling family  Babu  killed the village chief, who discovered Babu's true sex and demanded Babu have sex with him in return for concealing the truth  Babu also killed the financier's son, who falsely told Babu he has photographed Babu while he was bathing  Rana asks Vivek to give Babu the lightest-available sentence but Vivek decides to release him  Rana thanks Vivek, who says Rana is a greater human being than he is a director 

Cast
Tamil version
Production
Final Cut of Director was launched in Malaysia in 2006 with the title Cinema for the Hindi version and Bommalattam for the Tamil version  Bharathiraja decided to make the film in Hindi after casting Nana Patekar to play Rana  Vikram was initially considered to play Arjun's role  Arjun Sarja was cast as Vivek, a CBI officer although he was not fluent in Hindi  Rukmini Vijayakumar was cast in an important role  The film was to be made in Hindi and dubbed into Tamil  Cinema was based on a true incident that took place in Hampi  The film was mostly made in Mumbai and Goa  Scenes involving Nana Patekar and Arjun Sarja were shot in Chennai  Nana and Bharathiraja fought during filming; according to Bharathiraja; "We fought with each other a couple of times  However the fights helped us to sharpen our thoughts and to shape the movie in a nice way "  Nagravi of Insight Media bought the film's rights  Bharathiraja and cinematographer Kannan said Final Cut of Director is one of the best films they had made Final Cut of Director was originally the film lead debut of Kajal Aggarwal, who appeared in a Hindi film called Kyun! Ho Gaya Na   , but Final Cut of Director was delayed and Lakshmi Kalyanam became her first release 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Himesh Reshammiya 
Hindi versionLyrics by Sameer 

"Zindagi" – Sunidhi Chauhan
"Dhola Dholiya" – Afsar, Sneha Panth
"Chakle Chakle" – Akriti Kakkar
"Aaha Aaha" – Himesh Reshammiya, Manjeera Ganguly
"Leja Leja" – Gayatri Iyer Ganjawala
Tamil versionLyrics by Snehan, Thenmozhi Das and Viveka 
"Aaha Aaha" – Karthik, Pop Shalini
"Check Check" – Suchithra
"Nenjil Dola" – Anuradha Sriram
"Va Va Thalaiva" – Gayathri
"Koyambedu" – Mathangi

Release
The Hindi and Tamil versions of Final Cut of Director were scheduled for release in 2008 but the Hindi version's release was postponed  The Tamil version was scheduled to release in June 2008 but was delayed until December  The Tamil version was a box office success  The Hindi version of Final Cut of Director was released in October 2016 and went unnoticed due to lack of promotion 

Critical reception
Nowrunning wrote: "Like aged and mellowed spirits, director Bharati Raja has matured and levitated towards one of his first loves—a whodunit"  Behindwoods wrote: "Bommalattam is a perfectly crafted and executed investigative thriller  The surprise factor being Bharathiraja’s tautly woven screenplay—it negates the chance of tedium, even for a fraction of a second " The critic added; "Irregular lip-sync of actors also reveal that the movie is in fact dubbed into Tamil after having been shot in Hindi directly"  Sify wrote; "hats off to Bharathiraja for creating a taut thriller which is a masterpiece of moods, anxieties and dread  Quite simply, unmissable " Rediff wrote: "Bharathiraja's screenplay lacks punch  He seems to have been confused about whether to give importance to the characters themselves, or the thriller portion " The Hindu wrote: "The pluses of Bommalattam place Bharatiraaja on a pedestal  The minuses play spoilsport " The critic said; "It’s obvious that many of the scenes have been filmed in Hindi alone—flawed lip sync makes a mockery of some of the serious scenes" 

Accolades
2008
Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes – Vanitha Krishnamoorthy, Harinath – Nominated
Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards – Best Debut Actress – Rukmini Vijayakumar – Won
Passage 8:
Single Video Theory
Single Video Theory is a music documentary directed by Mark Pellington that follows the making of Yield, the fifth album by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam  It was released first on VHS on August 4, 1998, and then on DVD on November 24, 1998 

Overview
The film was shot in 16mm film over three days in November 1997 in downtown Seattle  It features interviews with the band members and behind-the-scenes footage of the band's rehearsal sessions for its shows opening for The Rolling Stones  The term "single video theory" is a play on the "single-bullet theory," involving the assassination of John F  Kennedy 
The documentary illustrates how the band began to widen the songwriting responsibilities of its members, with bassist Jeff Ament credited with writing "Pilate" and "Low Light", and guitarist Mike McCready taking part in writing "Given to Fly" with vocalist Eddie Vedder  It was the first insight into the band's inner workings of its recording sessions, which had previously been shielded from the public  AllMusic gave it three out of a possible five stars  Allmusic staff writer Perry Seibert said, "The intimate musical performances will interest any fan of the band " Single Video Theory has been certified platinum by the RIAA 

Track listing
"All Those Yesterdays"
"Faithfull"
"Brain of J "
"Given to Fly"
"No Way"
"MFC"
"Wishlist"
"In Hiding"
"Low Light"
"Do the Evolution"

Personnel
Chart positions
Passage 9:
DR
DR, Dr, dr, or variation, may refer to:

Doctor (title), a person who has obtained a doctoral degree or a courtesy title for a medical or dental practitioner

Businesses
DR Handmade Strings, a manufacturer of guitar strings
DR (broadcaster), a Danish government-owned radio and television public broadcasting company
D/R or Design Research, a retail lifestyle store chain (1953–1978)
DR Motor Company, an Italian automobile company
Depositary receipt, negotiable financial instrument issued by a bank to represent a foreign company's publicly traded securities
Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany), former German railway company
Digital Research, a defunct software company
Duane Reade, a New York pharmacy chain
Ruili Airlines (IATA code DR), a Chinese airline

Places
Dominican Republic, a country on the eastern portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola
Dadar railway station, Mumbai, India (Central railway station code)

Science and technology
Dead reckoning, the process of estimating a global position
Demand response, a method of managing consumer consumption of electricity
Disaster recovery, secondary site to switchover or failover to if the primary site does not survive
Designated Router, a concept used in routing protocol OSPF
Design rationale, an explicit documentation of the reasons behind decisions made when designing a system or artifact
Digital radiography, a form of x-ray imaging, where digital X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film
Dram, a unit of mass and volume
Dynamic range, the ratio between the largest and smallest possible values of a changeable quantity, such as ind sound and light
Dose–response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure
Dreieckrechner, a German flight computer manufactured as of the 1930s (model DR2) and the 1940s (model DR3)

Other uses
Dalereckoning, a fictional numbering of years in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons game
Data Room, a space used for housing data, usually of a secure or privileged nature
Death row, a prison or section of a prison that houses prisoners awaiting execution
Democratic Republic, designating a country that is both a democracy and a republic
Derealization, an alteration in the perception of the external world such that it seems unreal
Diário da República, the official gazette of the government of Portugal
Disaster recovery, policies, tools and procedures for recovering IT or technology systems supporting critical business functions
Douay–Rheims Bible, a translation of the Christian Bible
Danganronpa, a video game series and anime commonly known by this name by fans 
Dress rehearsal (disambiguation),  a full-scale rehearsal where the actors and/or musicians perform every detail of the performance prior to its first public performance
Diminishing returns
Deltarune, a game by Toby Fox

See also

Digital recorder (disambiguation)
Doctor (disambiguation)
All pages with titles beginning with dr

All pages with titles beginning with DR
All pages with titles containing DR
RD (disambiguation)
Passage 10:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Context 3: 
Passage 2:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 3:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 4:
Wesley Barresi
Wesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer  He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak  In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022 

Career
Wesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal  Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament  However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled 
Passage 5:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 6:
Lagu Kenangan
Lagu Kenangan ('Song of Memories') is a 1953 Indonesian film directed by L  Inata and produced by Djamaluddin Malik for the Persari Film Corporation  Starring Titien Sumarni and A



ground_truth: Dr. Socrates

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose producer was born first, All-American Co-Ed or Lagu Kenangan?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  N  Alcaff, it follows the domestic troubles of a composer and his wife 

Plot
The composer Supardi lives with his wife, Surjati, and their two children Janti and Janto  The couple often fight, owing to Supardi's late hours, as he does his best work at night when the children are sleeping  Things escalate to the point that Surjati takes Janti and leaves  This separation nearly ends in divorce, but eventually with the support of their parents, Surjati and Supardi are able to reconcile 

Production
Lagu Kenangan was produced for Persari Film Corporation by Djamaluddin Malik  The film was one in a long line of commercially oriented ventures which had been produced by the company starting with Sedap Malam in 1950  This black-and-white film was written and directed by L  Inata, who joined Persari shortly after completing Pahit-Pahit Manis for their competitor Banteng Film The film starred Titien Sumarni and AN Alcaff  They were supported by Mien Sondakh, M  Budhrasa, Sjamsu, Ramlan, and Djauhari Effendi 

Release
Lagu Kenangan passed the censorship bureau in 1953, and was rated for viewers aged 13 and up  Screenings are reported as early as 14 August, at the Rivoli Theatre in Jakarta  The film had reached Malang, East Java, by 7 November 1953  For its run there at the Atrium Theater, it was advertised as a "charming, sad, funny and replete with melodious songs" ("menawan hati, sedih, lutju, dan diringi dengan njanjian2 jang merdu")  Lagu Kenangan was screened as late as August 1955 
Passage 7:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 8:
All-American Co-ed
All-American Co-ed is a 1941 American musical film produced and directed by Leroy Prinz as a Hal Roach Streamliner for release by United Artists  It stars Frances Langford, Johnny Downs, Marjorie Woodworth, Noah Beery Jr , Esther Dale, Harry Langdon, and The Tanner Sisters 

Plot
Quinceton College Zeta fraternity stages a revue with members in drag  The resulting publicity catches the attention of newspaperman Hap Holden (Harry Langdon) and Virginia Collinge (Frances Langford)  They convince Virginia's aunt Matilda Collinge (Esther Dale), president of failing Mar Brynn (a woman's horticultural  college), to refute the school's staid image by sponsoring a contest awarding a dozen free scholarships aimed at "unusual girls", winners of pageants for fruits, vegetables and flowers, as women most likely to succeed and to be showcased in a musical presentation during the Fall Festival 
To publicize the contest, President Collinge pokes fun at Zeta members as being least likely to succeed and bans them from their campus  For revenge the Zeta chapter president Bob Sheppard (Johnny Downs) is coerced to infiltrate Mar Brynn by entering the contest as "Bobbie DeWolfe, Queen of the Flowers"  After falling in love with Virginia, Bob comes clean and assists in staging the show, but includes in the finale a Busby Berkeley-style spelling out of "Zeta" as revenge for the ban 

Cast
Frances Langford as Virginia
Johnny Downs as Bob Sheppard
Marjorie Woodworth as Bunny
Noah Beery Jr  as Slinky
Esther Dale as Matilda
Harry Langdon as Hap Holden
Alan Hale Jr  as Tiny
Kent Rogers as Henry
Allan Lane as 2nd Senior
Joe Brown Jr  as 3rd Senior
Irving Mitchell as Doctor
Lillian Randolph as Washwoman (Deborah)
Carlyle Blackwell Jr  as 4th Senior
Mickey Tanner • Betty Tanner • Martha Tanner as Vocal Trio

Uncredited
Frank O'Connor, as Policeman
Jesse Graves, as Redcap
Dudley Dickerson, as Dancing Train Porter
Elyse Knox, as Co-ed
Marie Windsor, as Carrot Queen

Soundtrack
Johnny Downs with chorus - "I'm a Chap with a Chip on My Shoulder" (by Walter G  Samuels and Charles Newman)
Frances Langford - "I'm a Chap with a Chip on My Shoulder"
Marjorie Woodworth, Tanner Sisters with Harry Langdon and chorus - "Up at the Crack of Dawn" (by Walter G  Samuels and Charles Newman)
Frances Langford with chorus - "Out of the Silence" (by Lloyd B  Norlin)
Frances Langford, Tanner Sisters and Johnny Downs - "The Farmer's Daughter" (by Walter G  Samuels and Charles Newman)"Out of the Silence", music and lyrics by Lloyd B  Norlin, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1941  It lost to Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein's "The Last Time I Saw Paris", from Lady Be Good (1941) 

External links
All-American Co-Ed at IMDb
All-American Coed at AllMovie
All-American Co-Ed is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
Passage 9:
Djamaluddin Malik
Djamaluddin Malik (13 February 1917 – 8 June 1970) was a prominent Indonesian film producer, politician, entrepreneur  He founded the Jakarta Indonesian company Persari Film 

Personal life
Malik was born in Padang, West Sumatra  His father was a Pagaruyung descendant, in the Minangkabau hinterland   He died in Munich, Germany in 1970   During his lifetime in Senen his friends called him "the king of artists" 

Career
Malik started his career in the Dutch shipping business, then worked in a Dutch trading company, where he gained experience in business and finance, so that he could eventually found his own company In 1942 he entered the world of art and culture  He started a theatrical group, Panca Warna  To help Indonesian independence, he showed around Indonesia to inspire spirit and patriotism  In 1951 Djamaluddin established and became President of PT Persari (Perseroan Artis Indonesia)  In this effort, he was inspired by United Artists in Hollywood, United States  Persari has a complete film studio in Jatinegara   During the same time Malik was President of the electrical installation company Prapatak and of the weaving company PT Cimalaka in Sumedang, West Java 
Djamaluddin Malik was the Nahdlatul Ulama politician and the member of People's Representative Council  He was also as the chairman of National Film Council 

Family
Malik married Elly Yunara  They had four children: Zainal Malik, Camelia Malik, Yudha Asmara Malik, and Lailasari Malik  Camelia follows his career, as an actress and pop-dangdut singer  His wife, continued the family interests by founding PT  Remaja Ellynda Film  It successfully produced Malin Kundang and Jembatan Merah 

Awards
The government appointed Djamaluddin and Usmar Ismail as Cinema of Indonesian figures 

Filmography
Rodrigo de Villa (1952)
Leilani (1953)
Lagu Kenangan (1953)
Tabu (1953)
Supir Istimewa (1954)
Tarmina (1955)
Ratu Asia
Tauhid (1964)

Notes
External links
(in Indonesian) https://web archive org/web/20090610211435/http://perfilman pnri go id/djamaluddin/
Passage 10:
Greg A  Hill (artist)
Greg A  Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator  He is 
Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario 

Early life
Hill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario 

Art career
His work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad  His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography 

Curatorial career
Hill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada 

Awards and honours
In 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts 



ground_truth: All-American Co-Ed