prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, Dhuen Ki Lakeer or Bomma Borusa?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dhuen Ki Lakeer
Dhuen Ki Lakeer is a 1974 Bollywood drama film directed by Kishore Sahu  The film stars Ramesh Arora and Parveen Babi 

Cast
Ramesh Arora
Parveen Babi
Urmila Bhatt
Preeti Ganguli

Songs
"Daur Wo Aa Gaya, Dil Ke Armaa Bike, Hosle Bik Gaye" - Mohammed Rafi
"Teree Jhil See Geharee Aankho Me" - Vani Jairam, Nitin Mukesh
"Ek Shama Jale Kahan, Parvano Ki Bhid Yaha" - Ajit Singh, Krishna]]
"Gauri Ke Maang Mein Sindoor, Kahi Dur Baje Shanai" - Ghanshyamji, Shamji
"Ik Abla Ik Maa Bik Gayi Daur Wo Aa Gaya ( Part II )" - Mohammed Rafi

External links
Dhuen Ki Lakeer at IMDb
Passage 2:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 3:
Bomma Borusa
Bomma Borusa (transl  Heads or Tails?) is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by K  Balachander 
It is a remake of the Tamil film Poova Thalaiya, directed by K  Balachander himself  The film stars Rama Krishna, Chandra Mohan, S  Varalakshmi, Chalam, Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Allu Ramalingaiah, Mukkamala, Raja Babu and Ramaprabha 
It was produced by Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar and distributed by AVM Productions  The film music was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 

Plot
It is an old classical family drama  Sundaram (Ramakrishna) is a rich businessman and he has an younger brother Sekhar (Chandra Mohan), a college going guy who loves his brother so much  Sundaram's mother-in-law Parvatham (S  Varalakshmi) who cares for his assets, shows her dominating character on Sekhar and Sundaram  She bets with Sekhar that she would separate him from his brother and puts some conditions that he should not tell his brother about the bet to prove his strength  Parvatham's second son-in-law (Chalam) identifies that his mother-in-law has moved to Sundaram's house  Soon the second son-in-law comes to the house and places a bet with Parvatham that she only should reveal that he is the son-in-law of her  Since then, both of them start proving their capacity to win the bet  The film revolves around who wins the bet and how it brings about a change in Parvathamma's beliefs 

Cast
Soundtrack
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (male)
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (female)
"Bomma Borusa Pandem Veyyi Needo Naado Paicheyi"
"Vallu Jhillan Tunnadi"
"Sarile Pove Vagaladi"Soundtrack for this Telugu film was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 
Passage 4:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Richard Young (cinematographer)
Richard Young (October 17, 1939 – December 15, 2010) was a cinematographer and film director who was born in Penfield, New York, United States 

Life and work
As a cinematographer, he filmed several dozen films for Eastman Kodak  He codirected the 1996 film I'm Still Here: The Truth About Schizophrenia with Robert Bilheimer  He was the director of the 1998 film Echoes from the Ancients  He codirected and coproduced the 1999 film A Warrior in Two Worlds: The Life of Ely Parker with Ann Spurling  He performed the cinematography for the 2003 documentary film A Closer Walk Young died on December 15, 2010  The film Not My Life, for which he had served as cinematographer and co-director, was subsequently dedicated to him  Bilheimer, who was the screenwriter, producer, and director of Not My Life, said that Young believed in the film far more than he himself did  There was a tribute to Young shown before its screening at the 360 | 365 George Eastman House Film Festival  A film reviewer at Post Magazine called Young "a legendary documentary cinematographer "
Passage 7:
K  Balachander
Kailasam Balachander (9 July 1930 – 23 December 2014) was an Indian filmmaker and playwright who worked mainly in the Tamil cinema  He was well known for his distinct film-making style, and the Indian film industry knew him as a master of unconventional themes and hard-hitting contemporary subject matter  Balachander's films are well known for their portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters  Popularly referred to as Iyakkunar Sigaram (lit  "Director Paramount"), his films are usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He started his film career in 1964 as a screenwriter and graduated to a director with Neerkumizhi (1965) 
In a career that spanned 50 years, he had contributed to nearly 100 feature films either as a screenwriter or director, thus becoming one of the most prolific filmmakers in the country  Known among his colleagues as a tough task master, he was credited with having nurtured numerous actors, notably Nagesh, Sujatha, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Chiranjeevi, Jaya Prada, Sridevi, Jayasudha, Saritha, Renuka, Nassar, Prakash Raj, Ramesh Aravind and Vivek 
In his film career, Balachander had won nine National Film Awards and 13 Filmfare Awards  He was honored with the Padma Shri (1987), India's fourth highest civilian award, and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema 
He also made films under his production house, Kavithalaya Productions  Apart from Tamil, he made films in other languages such as Telugu, Kannada and Hindi  Towards the tail end of his career, he directed a few TV serials and made a few film appearances as well 

Early life and background
K  Balachander was born in Tamil Brahmin family in 1930  at Nannilam in the Tanjore district (now Tiruvarur district), India  Balachander stated that, "From my eighth year I've been seeing cinema" and recalls that his earliest interest towards cinema grew after watching films of M  K  Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, then the Superstar of Tamil cinema  At the age of twelve he was drawn to theatre and drama, which eventually helped him develop an interest in acting, writing and directing amateur plays  His obsession towards theatre continued even while doing his graduation (in Zoology) at the Annamalai University, as he regularly took part in stage plays  After completing his graduation in 1949, he started his career as a school teacher in Muthupet, Tiruvarur district  In 1950, he moved to Madras (now Chennai) and joined the Accountant General's office as an apprentice clerk, and during this time he joined "United Amateur Artistes", an amateur drama company  Soon he formed his own troupe and it was during this time he came to prominence as an amateur playwright with Major Chandrakanth, written in English  As the scope of English was highly limited in Madras, he re-wrote the play in Tamil, which ultimately became a "sensation" among the people  Balachander's acting troupe consisted of people from the Tamil film industry such as Major Sundarrajan, Nagesh, Srikanth and Sowcar Janaki  Sunderrajan appeared in over 900 films, Nagesh in over 1,000, Sreekanth in more than 200 films, and Sowkar Janaki appeared in more than 350 films  Other plays written by Balachander include Server Sundaram (Waiter Sundaram), Neerkumizhi (Water Bubble), Mezhuguvarthi (Candle), Naanal (Tall Grass) and Navagraham (Nine Planets)  All these produced and directed by him, were received well by the critics 

Career
Entry into films: 1960s
Balachander while working in the Accountant General's office, was offered to write the dialogues for the film Dheiva Thaai (1964 ) by its lead actor M  G  Ramachandran  Balachander was initially reluctant, as he was more theatre-oriented, but on the insistence of his friends he decided to work on the film  By this time he was promoted as a superintendent in his office  Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar acquired the rights of his play Server Sundaram, and decided to make a film based on it  The film dealt with the story of a waiting staff at a restaurant had Nagesh playing the lead  The film was directed by the renowned duo directors, Krishnan–Panju  It won a lot of accolades including the Certificate of Merit for the third Best Feature Film in Tamil and Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film  During this time another play written and directed by him - Major Chandrakanth was adapted into a film in Hindi as Oonche Log  The film won a National Film Award  Balachander then made his directional debut through Neerkumizhi (1965) which in turn was based on his own play  The film's cast consisted of actors who were a part of Balachander's regular troupe  His following efforts included Naanal, Major Chandrakanth and Ethir Neechal, all based on his own plays  Major Chandrakanth was already filmed in Hindi as Oonche Log the previous year  The Tamil version Major Chandrakanth (1966 film) had Jayalalithaa playing the lead heroine role  In 1967 he made Bama Vijayam, a full-length comedy family drama film  Featuring an ensemble cast, the film was highly successful and remade in Telugu by Balachander himself  The success of both the versions prompted a Hindi remake titled Teen Bahuraniyan, produced by Gemini pictures  In 1969, Balachander made Iru Kodugal, a family drama starring Gemini Ganesan, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil 

1970s
During the 1970s, Balachander turned indie, making realist movies revolving around family and social issues  In 1971 he made four films In 1973, he made Arangetram, which dealt with poverty and prostitution  The film centred on the eldest daughter of a conservative Brahmin household who becomes a prostitute to settle her siblings and support her family  It was ahead of its time in Tamil cinema mainly because of the controversial theme  The film also had Kamal Haasan playing his first major role as an adult actor  The actor would go on to act in 35 films under Balachander  He made his directorial debut in Hindi films with the film Aaina starring Mumtaz and Rajesh Khanna in 1977, which was remake of Arangetram The same year, he made Sollathaan Ninaikkiren, based on a novel by Manian  The following year he made Naan Avanillai  He made the film on the insistence of Gemini Ganesan, who also produced and enacted the lead role  It is based on the Marathi play To Mee Navhech, revolved around a man who deceives and marries five women performing nine roles  The film met with commercial failure  However, Gemini Ganesan was adjudged the Best Tamil Actor at the following year's Filmfare Awards ceremony  Following that, Balachander's made Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974), his second female-centric film after Arangetram that dealt with the story of a working woman who hails from a middle-class family  Inspired by the 1960 Bengali film Meghe Dhaka Tara, it explored the emotions of a young woman who happens to be the sole earner for her family  He decided to cast an actress who worked as a child actress till then, as his film heroine with the film Mondru Moodichu and gave break to Sridevi  The film Aboorva Raagangal was an original story about an inter-generational romance involving two families  It marked the acting debut of Rajinikanth, who would go on to establish himself as a leading actor  It won critical acclaim in spite of its controversial theme; it won three National Film Awards including the award for the "Best Feature Film in Tamil" During this period he made films mostly with Kamal Haasan as the lead actor  In 1976, he made three films: Manmadha Leelai, Anthuleni Katha and Moondru Mudichu  Manmadha Leelai explores the life of a womaniser, played by Kamal Haasan, who gets himself involved in affairs with women  Often considered ahead of its time, it achieved cult status and is considered a "trendsetter" in Tamil cinema  Anthuleni Katha, a Telugu remake of Aval Oru Thodar Kathai had Jaya Prada in her first starring role  received equal acclaim in Andhra Pradesh as in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu  Avargal (1977) follows the life of a divorcée as she traverses relationships in reverse, from divorce, to marriage, to falling in love  Varumayin Niram Sigappu (1980) was a drama that charts the travails and conflict of being unemployed in a bombastic and harsh city  47 Natkal (1981) traces the adversities of a newlywed Indian woman living with an scurrilous, expatriate husband in a Parisian suburb  The film was a launchpad for its lead actor Chiranjeevi 

Bollywood success and Tamil film career 1981-99
Balachander re-entered the Hindi film industry after Aaina through Ek Duuje Ke Liye in 1981  He gave Rati Agnihotri her debut Hindi film with Ek Duje Ke Liye  The project was a remake of his own Telugu film Maro Charitra had Kamal Haasan repeating his role as a lead actor  The film marked the Bollywood debut of various artists including Kamal Haasan, Madhavi and S  P  Balasubrahmanyam  Like the original, Ek Duuje Ke Liye emerged as a major box-office success and earned critical acclaim  Balachander received the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay, apart from two other nominations – for Best Director and Best Story  The song "Tere Meere Beach Mein" became so popular, eventually winning a Filmfare Award for Anand Bakshi and a National Film Award for Balasubrahmanyam He made Sindhu Bhairavi (1985), which is about the intellectual collision and subsequent romance between a lofty Carnatic musician and his ardent critic  He has worked with a variety of music directors like V Kumar, M S Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraja, Maragathamani, V  S  Narasimhan and A R Rahman  The actors who were regular in his films in the period 1963 to 1990 were Gemini Ganeshan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh, Jayanthi, Sujatha, Rajnikanth and Kamal Haasan 

Later years
In 1998, he planned a film titled Thillana Thillana featuring Prashanth, Karthik, Meena and Simran , but the venture failed to develop  His later films include Parthale Paravasam (2001) and Poi (2006) 

Television career
The period starting from the late 1980s till the late 1990s saw Balachander venturing into Television and making a number of Television series including Kai Alavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, Ramany vs Ramany(a k a  Ramani vs Ramani), Oru Koodai Paasam, Kadhal Pagadai, Premi, Jannal, Kasalavu Nesam, and Anni  Like his earlier films, most of his serials focussed on women, and portrayed them as strong personalities  Kasalvu Nesam was one of his comedy hits, starring Venu Aravind  In 2003, he made Sahana, that touted to be the sequel of his 1985 film Sindhu Bairavi  On venturing into Television, he noted "This medium helps to reach out to the public  That's why I am into making serials"  In 2009, Balachander returned to theatre after a 40-year hiatus through the play Pournami, which had Renuka playing the lead role 

Personal life
In 1956, Balachander married Rajam while he was working at the Accountant General's Office  The couple had two sons named Kailasam and Prasanna and a daughter Pushpa Kandaswamy, who is the chairwoman of their production house Kavithalaya Productions  Kailasam was an entrepreneur while Prasanna, a Chartered Accountant, is the managing director and CEO of a leading investment bank in India  Balachander's elder son, Bala Kailasam, died on 15 August 2014 after contracting pneumonia, at the age of 54  He was the head of the television production company Minbinbangal, and delivered memorable series in Tamil includes, Balachandarin Chinnathirai, Kaialavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, and Marma Desam 

Death
Following a neurosurgery in November 2014, Balachander was admitted to Kauvery Hospital in Chennai on 15 December  Reports suggested that he was suffering from fever and from a urinary tract infection, but was recovering well  However, on 23 December 2014 he died due to complications from the urinary infection and other age-related ailments   He was cremated with full state honours the next day 

Style, critique and public perception
Balachander is revered as one of the best directors India has ever produced  His ideas were original and his subjects were complex ideas expressed via art  He is also known for introducing new faces to the film industry  He has introduced over 100 actors in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages  Balachander had long associations with some senior artists in the South Indian film industry like Gemini Ganesan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh and Muthuraman  Even though he was not the one to discover them, he played a prominent role in shaping their careers 
Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth, two leading film actors in Tamil cinema, are often referred to as products of Balachander who has paired with each of them or worked with them as a trio in several films during the 1970s  Rajinikanth was chosen by Balachander to play a key supporting character in Apoorva Raagangal (1975) after noting that "there was something special about him"  Sridevi, Srividhya, Jayapradha, Jayasudha, Jayachithra, Sujatha, Saritha were notable heroines that were introduced by Balachander  Nassar, Delhi Ganesh, Charlie, Madan Bob were some of the notable supporting actors introduced by him  After working in a few Kannada films, Prakash Raj was relaunched as an actor in Tamil cinema through his debut Duet (1995) and had also performed in some of Balachander's soap opera productions in the 1990s  Through Manathil Uruthi Vendum, Balachander launched Vivek as an actor, who initially worked with him as his assistant writer, and later went on to become a leading comedy actor  He also launched A R  Rahman in the film Roja which was his production 
When the old era was dominated by commercial action films, Balachander directed socially themed films with women as protagonists usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He portrayed women as headstrong, intelligent and independent people  Balachander revealed that many of his messages from his films, he has drawn inspiration from poet Subramaniya Bharathi whom he had admired since his childhood  Screenwriter Gopu (of Gopu-Babu) said that he used to begin his script from the ending and then construct the plot 

Filmography
Awards and nomination
Documentary
A documentary is getting ready about him  Ravisubramaniyan is selected by Kavidalaya for making documentary, to be released on 9 July 2020, the 90th birthday of the veteran Indian filmmaker 

Notes
Bibliography
External links
K  Balachander at IMDb
Passage 8:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Passage 9:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 10:
Kishore Sahu
Kishore Sahu (22 November 1915 – 22 August 1980) was an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer  He appeared in 22 films between 1937 and 1980, and he directed 20 films between 1942 and 1974 
His directorial venture Kuwara Baap was one of the winners for the BFJA - Best Indian Films Award for best film for 1943  His film Raja has been called "a milestone of art and skill in motion pictures"  His film Veer Kunal was a huge box office success  He directed Dilip Kumar with Kamini Kaushal in Nadiya Ke Paar, which became the sixth highest grossing Indian film of 1948  His 1954 film Mayurpankh was entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Grand Prize of the Festival 
Sawan Aya Re did well commercially, with Baburao Patel of Filmindia remarking in the 9 May 1949 edition that Sahu's estimate had risen due to the "original treatment" he gave to an "otherwise ordinary" story  He was also known for the Meena Kumari starrer, Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) 
He had four children, Vimal Sahu, Naina Sahu, Mamta Sahu, and Rohit Sahu  His wife Preeti was a Kumaoni Brahmin Before marrying Preeti, he was briefly married to his Punar Milan (1940) co-star Snehprabha Pradhan before the relationship ended in 1943 after a court battle 

Early life
Sahu was born in present-day Rajnandgaon district in India  His father was the Prime Minister under the Raja of Rajnandgaon  He joined the University of Nagpur and took part in the "freedom struggle",  completing his graduation in 1937  An interest in writing short stories brought him in contact with cinema, where he initially started as an actor 

Filmography
Director
Kunwara Baap (1942)
Raja (1943)
Shararat (1944)
Veer Kunal (1945)
Sindoor (1947)
Sajan (1947)
Nadiya Ke Par (1948)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Hamlet (1954)
Kismet Ka Khel (1956)
Bare Sarkar (1957)
Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960)
Grahasti (1963)
Ghar Basake Dekho (1963)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Dhuen Ki Lakeer (1974)

Writer
Producer
Bahurani (1940)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Hamara Ghar (1950)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Jolly Blackburn
Jolly Randall Blackburn is an American publisher and cartoonist who is best known as the creator of the comic strip and identically titled magazine  Knights of the Dinner Table 

Early life
As a child, Jolly Blackburn enjoyed playing Monopoly, Life, Sorry  and many other board games  At age 15, he was introduced to the Avalon Hill wargame Luftwaffe, and soon owned several other wargames  While perusing wargames at the local games shop, Blackburn was introduced to Dungeons & Dragons, and he eventually created his own campaign world called Alderac  
Following high school, Blackburn entered Ball State University where he majored in anthropology, history, and classical cultures : 120

Shadis
After graduation, Blackburn enlisted in the Army, and married his wife Barbara  Blackburn had always wanted to be a writer, and while he was posted in Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he and Barbara launched a gaming magazine titled Shadis  He also created Alderac Entertainment Group, named after his D&D campaign world   (Shadis was the name of one of the moons that circled Alderac ): 262 Shadis was a black-and-white digest that featured gaming articles usually written by Blackburn, as well as several fictional works by Blackburn, collectively referred to as the "Alderac Anthology", since they were set in Blackburn's Alderac world : 262 In the second issue, faced with a blank last page, Blackburn drew a roughly drawn comic strip titled Knights of the Dinner Table that featured a group of gamers seated at a table playing a fictional role-playing game called Hackmaster  As Blackburn told Allen Varney,  "I had been a great fan of J D  Webster's Finieous Fingers from the early Dragon Magazine, and I wanted something similar  Unfortunately, I couldn't find anyone willing to do a strip  Finally I sat down and drew out a very crude cartoon showing a gamemaster and a player sitting around a table arguing over a rules call " Blackburn based the comic strip's players on his gamer friends, and the gamemaster B A  Felton on himself  Blackburn continued to draw the cartoon for Issues 3 to 5, but in Issue 6, believing that his readers wanted better artwork and a more involved storyline, Blackburn replaced his own comic strip with more professional cartoon strips  However, his readers' outcry convinced him to immediately return to Knights of the Dinner Table in the very next issue : 262 Blackburn had to put both Shadis and Knights of the Dinner Table on hold for 18 months in 1991–1992  He was still working as a sergeant in the army, and during Operation: Desert Storm, Blackburn was involved with activating reservists for remedial training prior to deployment, a job that required him to work working seven days a week for up to 16 hours a day  Following the end of the conflict, Blackburn returned to writing : 262

Knights of the Dinner Table
In 1994, Alderac published a Knights of the Dinner Table comic book, and followed up with two more issues  But by the following year, Blackburn felt that his plans for the future had diverged from his partners John Zinser and David Seay — they wanted to expand Alderac and look for success in the collectible card game industry while Blackburn wanted to keep the company fun and small and focus on Knights of the Dinner Table : 263  Blackburn sold his share of Alderac to his partners — keeping the rights to Knights of the Dinner Table — and also sold Shadis after Issue 21   
Blackburn believed that he could produce a monthly Knights of the Dinner Table magazine, and started up KODT Enteractive Facktory with that in mind : 309 While he was working on getting that new company together, Blackburn received a call from the editor of TSR's Dragon magazine, asking if the Knights of the Dinner Table strip was now available; although Blackburn originally planned to continue the strip in Shadis, he accepted the offer and Knights of the Dinner Table appeared Issue 226 of Dragon (February 1996)  Blackburn's comic suddenly reached ten times the audience that it in Shadis, and Blackburn was surprised at the overwhelmingly positive response  He later recounted "I think that's when the light bulb went on over my head   I was shocked by the interest and the apparent appetite for more " Knights of the Dinner Table would continue in Dragon until Issue 269 (March 2000), when it was replaced by an expanded Nodwick strip : 309 After he and Barbara finally published Knights of the Dinner Table #4, Blackburn questioned whether they could make it work on their own  In November 1996 when David Kenzer and some of his Kenzer & Company staff of met Blackburn at a local con, Kenzer asked Blackburn to join his company : 309  Blackburn decided that Kenzer had the sort of business sense and integrity that he was looking for in a partner, and he agreed to become a shareholder  Kenzer reprinted Issue 4 of Knights of the Dinner Table that the Blackburns had produced on their own  Starting with Issue 5 (February 1997), Knights of the Dinner Table was the work of the "KoTD Development Team" which consisted of Jolly Blackburn, David Kenzer, Brian Jelke and Steve Johansson : 310 Knights of the Dinner Table increased in popularity, and Blackburn was invited to be the guest of honor at several conventions, including U Con (November 1998),: 110  Key Con (April 2003) and Gencon (August 2004) In 2022, Knights of the Dinner Table published its 301st issue, becoming the longest comic book series by a single creator (passing the 300 issues of Cerebus the Aardvark created by David Sim) In 2023, Blackburn announced that Knights of the Dinner Table would be moving to an expanded format, but only once every two months, citing the short turnaround times for a monthly magazine and increased production costs 

Hackmaster
As early as 1995, Blackburn toyed with the idea of creating a one-off joke role-playing game called Hackmaster, based on the fictional role-playing game being played in Knights of the Dinner Table  However, Jim Kenzer urged him to wait, believing that it could become a serious product  In 2000, using Wizards of the Coast's Open Game License, Blackburn and Kenzer created Hackmaster, based on the rules for D&D Several years later, Blackburn made the decision to break away from the D&D game system and create an independent role-playing system for Hackmaster  This enabled him to include many items and ideas from the Knights of the Dinner Table comics 

Reception
Writing for Black Gate, John O'Neill noted that the artwork is not what draws readers to Knights of the Dinner Table, commenting, "Jolly has never claimed to be an artist, and in truth the art isn't where this strip shines anyway  Jolly's true gifts are as a writer, and the writing in KoDT is top notch "

Awards
Blackburn has received a number of awards for Knights of the Dinner Table, including:

Origins Awards for "Best Professional Game Magazine" of 1998 and 1999 
Origins Award for "Gamer's Choice: Best Periodical of 2003" 
Origins Award for "Best Game Accessory of 2009" 
Passage 2:
Menno Meyjes
Menno Meyjes (born 1954, Eindhoven) is a Dutch-born American screenwriter, film director, and film producer Meyjes moved to the United States in 1972 and studied at San Francisco Art Institute  He was nominated for several awards for his screenplay to the 1985 film The Color Purple, adapted from the novel by Alice Walker  In 1989, he gained recognition for cowriting Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade with George Lucas and winning a Goya Award for El Sueño del mono loco 
In 2002, Meyjes wrote and directed the film Max He attended the San Francisco Art Institute, where he studied with George Kuchar, James Broughton, and Larry Jordan 

Filmography
Uncredited written works:

Empire of the Sun (1987)
El Sueño del mono loco (1989)
Passage 3:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 4:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 5:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 6:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 7:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019



ground_truth: Dhuen Ki Lakeer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Indradhanura Chhai or The Death Of Black King?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Black King (comics)
Black King, in comics, may refer to:

Marvel Comics characters, members of Hellfire Club, in various branches at various times  The title also gives its owner complete ownership of the club 
Sebastian Shaw (comics), as originally introduced in X-Men comics
Blackheart, part of Selene's reformed group
Sunspot (comics), replaced Sebastian Shaw when he became Lord Imperial
DC Comics characters, who are members of Checkmate:
Amanda Waller, former organizer of Suicide Squad
Maxwell Lord, former organizer of the Justice League

See also
Black King (disambiguation)
White King (comics)
Black Queen (comics)
Passage 2:
The Black King (film)
The Black King is a comedy-drama 1932 race film chronicling the rise and fall of a fictionalized charismatic leader of a back-to-Africa movement, modeled on the life of Marcus Garvey  The film was directed by Bud Pollard 

Themes
The Black King chronicles the rise and fall of a fictionalized charismatic leader of a back-to-Africa movement, satirizing the life of Marcus Garvey  The film explores numerous critiques of Garvey's movement, including the lack of knowledge about Africa, the presumptuousness in making plans for future development and government in Africa without consultation of people already there, and conflicts between lighter skinned and darker skinned African Americans  While Garvey was a primarily a political leader with religious opinions, his counterpart in the film was primarily a preacher and religious leader  The film was intended to resonate with the audience's pre-existing disillusionment with Garvey 

History
The Black King was written as a stage play by Donald Heywood and plans were publicly announced to produce it on Broadway directed by Russian choreographer Léonide Massine  This never took place  Instead, Heywood's story was adapted by Morris M  Levinson and it was produced as a film by Southland Pictures under white director Bud Pollard in 1932  The film was re-released in the 1940s under the title, Harlem Big Shot 

Cast
A B  DeComathiere as Charcoal Johnson
Vivianne Baber as Mary Lou Lawton
Knolly Mitchell as Sug
Dan Micahels as Brother Longtree
Mike Jackson as Brother Lawton
James Dunmore as Nappy
Harry Gray as Deacon Jones
Mary Jane Watkins as Mrs  Bottoms
Freeman Fairley as Mob Leader
Ishmay Andrews as Mrs  Ashfoot
Trixie Smith as Delta
Lorenzo Tucker as Carmichael

Reception
Daniel J  Leab, a 1975 commentator, rates it well as entertainment, saying it has "a more carefully plotted storyline than most other black genre films of its time"  Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1988 that despite the film's small budget, the film has "considerable scope and energy     largely due to a dynamic, brutally comic burlesque of     [lead actor] A  B  Comathiere" 

Citations
Passage 3:
Indradhanura Chhai
Indradhanura Chhai is a 1993 Indian Oriya film directed by Susant Misra  This film reflects  the traditional structures of social and family life of a small town in India are growing strongly affected by the progressive urbanization of the country   Three generations of women see their perception of human nature to evolve, as their personal relationships   In their loneliness, they face problems of tradition, culture, religion and manage gender relations   Gradual urbanization and its consequences affect the traditional, social and family structures in a growing small town in India   The story explores the multidimensional conflicts of three women of different generations, their changing perceptions about human nature and personal relationships   Their lonely moments are highlighted in the context of the inexorable flow of time amidst issues of tradition, culture, religion and man-woman relationships 

Synopsis
The film looks at the lives of three women living in Bhubaneshwar  Vijaya's husband died a few days after their wedding and she is trying to cope with her feelings for a kind, local teacher  Her friend, Sonia, is caught between modernity and traditional notions of female virtue while Aunt Nila has difficulty in facing up to getting old 

Cast
Robin Das as Pratap
Vijayani Mishra as  Vijaya
Sonia Mohapatra  as Sonia
Surya Mohanty as Sales Representative
Deba Das as Deb
Muktabala Rautray as Widow
Anjana Chowdhury

Crew
Susant Misra - Director
Susant Misra - Story & Screenplay
Jugala Debata -   Producer
Chakradhar Sahu - Editor
Devdas Chhotray - Dialogue
Jugala Debata - Director of Photography
Vikash Das - Music
Asim Basu - Art Director
Himanshu Shekhar Khatur - Sound

Music
Vikash Das has arranged music for this film

Review
Susant Mishra's Indradhanura Chhai (Shadows of the Rainbow ) shows how urbanization and the consequent rise of modern consumerism have affected the traditional social and family structures in Bhubaneswar  Against the backdrop of this changing cityscape, Indradhanura Chhai explores the multidimensional conflicts of its characters, their changing perceptions about human nature and personal relationships  With hypnotic visual rhythms, Susant Mishra shows the lives of three women living in the modernizing town of Bhubaneswar, its skyline dominated by magnificent temple architecture 

Awards & participation
Sochi International Film Festival, Russia( 1995) -Grand Prix for the Best Feature Film
National Film Awards, India(1994) -Special Jury award
Cannes Film Festival, (1995) - Official Selection in Un Certain Regard
Orissa State Film Awards, (1994) - Best Direction, Best Dialogues & Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress and Special Jury Award
Cairo International Film Festival
Rotterdam International Film Festival
Moscow International Film Festival
International Film Festival for Nouveau Cinema, Montreal
Festival at Institute Lumiere, Paris
Screened as the Closing Film of the Indomania "100 Years of Indian Cinema" Celebration in Paris
1st Bhubaneswar Film Festival
Passage 4:
The Death of the West (disambiguation)
The Death of the West is a 2001 book by paleoconservative commentator Patrick J  Buchanan 
The Death of the West may also refer to:

Death of the West (album), a 2002 Babylon Whores album
The Death of the West (album), a 1994 Sol Invictus album
Passage 5:
Kayra
Kayra or Kaira (Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰖𐰺𐰀) is the creator god in Turkic mythology  He is the god who planted the tree of life called Ulukayın  Kayra is described as both father and mother, and resides in the 17th layer of heaven He is the supreme god of the pantheon and the son of sky deity named Tengri  This son, Kara Han (the black king or ruler of the land – Kara may mean land, earth, black or in a sense strong, powerful), left his father's home in the heaven and went to live in the underworld  On occasion, identified as Kara-Khan (black king), he was the primordial god and his father was the ancordial god called Tengri 

Etymology
The name of this deity is found in several forms, as is that of his opponent  "Kayra-Khan" may be translated as "merciful king", while the form "Kara Han" signifies "black king"  For this reason, authority on Turkic Mythology Deniz Karakurt, considers Kara-Han and Kayra-Han to be two different deities  Furthermore, the Turkish word kara can mean both black and land, with the result that Kara Han can mean not only 'Black (Dark) Ruler' but also 'Ruler of the Land' 

God of Creation
In ancient Turkic  belief known as Altai myth of creation, Tangri (God) Kara Han is neither male nor female nor even human in form, but a pure-white goose that flies constantly over an endless expanse of water (time), the benign creator of all that is, including the other, lesser gods  Among all Altai people the dualistic division is most clear (Ulgen and Erlik), and the highest god, Tengre Kaira Khan, is a good power  But before Ak Ana appears to urge it to create, Kara-han becomes anxious, creation occurring in a context of loneliness, turmoil and fear: the water becomes turbulent, but it reassures itself that it "need not fear" (the implication of such self-reassurance being that it is indeed afraid)  Supreme being in the universe it created, Kara-han is the ruler of the three realms of air, water and land, seated on the seventeenth level of the universe, from which it determines the fate of its creation  After creating the universe it planted the nine-boughed tree of life, from the branches of which came the ancestors of humans  Thus emerged the nine races (nine clans) 
It has three sons: Ulgan, Mergen and Kyzaghan 
A Tuvinian / Soyoth legend, told as follows: The giant turtle which supported the earth moved, which caused the cosmic ocean to begin flooding the earth  An old man who had guessed something like this would happen, built a raft  Boarded it with his family, and he was saved  When the waters receded, the raft was left on a high wooded mountain, where, it is said, it remains today  After the flood Kaira-Khan created everything around the world  Among other things, he taught people how to make Araq (some kind of liquor) 

See also
Bai-Ulgan
Turul
Passage 6:
Black King
Black King may refer to:

The black king (chess)
A black king (playing card), either the King of Spades or the King of Clubs
Black King (comics), a number of comics characters
Black King, a character in Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror
Black King (Ultra monster), a kaiju from Return of Ultraman
Lampropeltis getula, the Black King Snake
The Black King (film), a 1932 race film starring A B  DeComathiere
Dub, King of Scotland, King of Alba, occasionally referred to as The Black King

See also
Black Is King, a 2020 film and visual album by Beyoncé
Passage 7:
The Death of Black King
The Death of Black King (Czech: Smrt černého krále) is a 1971 Czechoslovak film  The film starred Vlastimil Brodský, Jaroslav Marvan, Josef Vinklář, Josef Kemr, Stanislav Fišer, etc 
Passage 8:
The Death of Nelson
The Death of Nelson may refer to any of the following paintings depicting the death of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson:

The Death of Nelson (West painting), an 1806 work by Benjamin West
The Death of Nelson, 21 October 1805, an 1807 work by Arthur William Devis
The Death of Nelson (Maclise painting), an 1859–64 work by Daniel Maclise
Passage 9:
The Death of Tragedy
The Death of Tragedy may refer to:

The Death of Tragedy (Abney Park album) (2005)
The Death of Tragedy (Tragedy Khadafi album) (2007)
The Death of Tragedy, a 1961 work of literary criticism by George Steiner



ground_truth: The Death Of Black King

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the director of film The Dinner (2013 Film) born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 9:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 10:
The Dinner (2013 film)
The Dinner (Dutch: Het Diner) is a 2013 Dutch drama film written and directed by Menno Meyjes  It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival  The film is based on Herman Koch's novel Het diner 

Plot
Cast
Thekla Reuten as Claire
Kim van Kooten as Babette
Daan Schuurmans as Serge
Jacob Derwig as Paul
Sabine Soetanto
Reinout Bussemaker as Rector
Gusta Geleynse as Dakloze
Wil van der Meer as Tonio
Jonas Smulders as Michel

See also
The Dinner (2014)
The Dinner (2017)



ground_truth: Eindhoven