prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Tiger In The Smoke or Contragolpe?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Traces of Smoke
Traces of Smoke or  Rooksporen  is a 1992 Dutch drama film directed by Frans van de Staak 

Cast
Marlies Heuer	    	De vrouw
Peter Blok	    	De vragensteller
Joop Admiraal
Rein Bloem
Sacha Bulthuis
Carine Crutzen
Hildegard Draayer
René Eljon
Andrea den Haring
Hans Hausdörfer
Thom Hoffman
Ineke Holzhaus
Ingrid Kuipers
Willem Kwakkelstein
Johan Leysen
Colla Marsman
Tessa du Mee
Wim Meuwissen
Titus Muizelaar
Frieda Pittoors
Lineke Rijxman
Hanneke Stark
Catherine ten Bruggencate
Huub van der Lubbe
Manouk van der Meulen
Anke Van't Hof
Hilt de Vos
Nico de Vries

External links
Rooksporen at IMDb
Passage 2:
Contragolpe
Contragolpe is a 1979 Argentine drama film directed by Alejandro Doria 

Cast
Marcelo Alfaro	    	Gigolo 1
Enrique Alonso
Alberto Argibay
Raúl Aubel
Aldo Barbero
Sergio Bellotti
Héctor Bidonde
Luisina Brando
Rodolfo Brindisi
Cecilia Cenci
Marta Cerain
Martín Coria	    	Detenido
Lito Cruz	    	Juan de Dios Tolosa / Carmelo Di Prisco
Felice D'Amore
Héctor da Rosa
Ricardo Fassan
Ana María Giunta
Adela Gleijer
Jorge Marrale
Daniel Miglioranza
Gloria Necon
Julio Pelieri
Ignacio Quirós
Gigi Rua
Tina Serrano
Juan Manuel Tenuta
Osvaldo Terranova
Beatriz Thibaudin

External links
Contragolpe at IMDb
Passage 3:
Zeng Chao
Zeng Chao (Chinese: 曾超; pinyin: Zēng Chāo; Mandarin pronunciation: [tsə́ŋ ʈʂʰáʊ]; born 23 January 1993) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League 

Club career
Zeng Chao started his football career when he joined Shandong Luneng's youth academy with Liu Binbin in 2005  He played for China League Two side Shandong Youth in 2011 and 2012  Failing to promote to the first team, Zeng transferred to Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F in 2014  He was loaned to China League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave for half season in July 2014  He played 14 matches and scored 2 goals in the 2014 season as Guangdong Sunray Cave avoided to relegate to the third tier  
Zeng was promoted to Guangzhou R&F's first team squad in July 2015  He made his Super League debut on 23 April 2016 against Jiangsu Suning, coming on for Tang Miao in the 80th minute  He scored his Super League goal two minutes after the substitution, which ensured Guangzhou R&F tied with Jiangsu Suning 1–1  He scored three goals in 22 league appearances in the 2016 season and extended his contract with the club for five years on 7 November 2016 Zeng transferred to his hometown club Meizhou Meixian Techand who newly promoted to China League One on 1 January 2018  On 10 March 2018, he made his debut for the club in the season's opener against Yanbian Funde  On 7 November 2018, he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw against Shaanxi Chang'an Athletic in the first leg of 2018 China League One Relegation play-offs 

Career statistics
As of 31 December 2020 
Passage 4:
Alexis Ramos
Alexis Ramos (born 13 April 1989) is an Argentine footballer 

Club career
Born in San Carlos de Bolívar, Ramos began playing football in the youth system of local side Aldosivi  He played with the club's senior side for one and one-half seasons before embarking on an extended spell in the Argentine regional leagues with Concepción Fútbol Club, Ferro Carril Oeste de General Pico, Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay, Estudiantes de Río Cuarto, Independiente de Chivilcoy, General Paz Juniors and Huracán de Goya After a spell playing for A D  Isidro Metapán in El Salvador, Ramos played for El Tanque Sisley in the 2017 Uruguayan Primera División  After El Tanque Sisley withdrew from the 2018 league, he joined Venezuelan Primera División side Metropolitanos F C Alexis Ramos made his debut in Cambodia League in 2019 For Angkor Tiger 
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Alejandro Doria
Alejandro Doria (November 1, 1936 – June 17, 2009) was a noted Argentine cinema and television director 

Life and work
Born in Buenos Aires in 1936, he first worked for Argentine television in 1965 as a writer for a local variety show, Show rambler 
He first directed professionally for Adorable Professor Aldao, a 1968 romantic comedy series  
Doria's contract to direct the 1969 season of a top-rated sitcom, Nuestra galleguita (Our Galician Girl), secured his career in Argentine /television, and he directed numerous series during the early 1970s and was a guest producer several times for Alta Comedia, a comedy showcase Doria first directed for the cinema in 1974  The political satire by José Dominiani, Proceso a la infamia (Infamy on Trial), ran afoul of the newly appointed National Film Rater, Miguel Paulino Tato, however  Unable to work professionally for four years, Doria obtained his film's release in 1978, though the new, heavily edited version was panned by its audiences and director, alike  In demand following his long absence, Doria directed two thrillers in 1979: a film adaptation of Marco Denevi's Contragolpe (Retribution), and of Aída Bortnik's La isla  Collaborating with Bortnik on La isla's screenplay, the psychological thriller earned Doria a special mention at the Montreal World Film Festival  He wrote and directed one of the few well-known horror titles in Argentine film, Los miedos (Fears), in 1980, and in 1982, directed a film adaptation of Silvina Bullrich's best-selling Los Pasajeros del jardín (Wanderers in the Garden) - Bullrich's nostalgic, autobiographical look at her happy and all-too-brief second marriage The return of democracy in Argentina in 1983 was accompanied by a revival in local film and theatre production  Doria and Uruguayan screenwriter Jacobo Langsner wrote a script based on a concept created by another Uruguayan artist, veteran leading lady China Zorrilla  Their drama, Darse cuenta (Realization), was a critical and commercial success in 1984 Doria and Langsner were then reunited for the making of Esperando la carroza (Waiting for the Hearse)  The 1985 black comedy looked at a typical Argentine family and their struggles with each other and their mischievous, nonagenarian matriarch  The film became a cult classic, though another director's sequel written by Langsner and released in 2009 was unsuccessful Doria and Langsner then turned to recent history in Argentina with Sofia  The 1987 tragedy dealt with a chance encounter and a May–December love affair amid the oppressive Dirty War against dissidents  The harrowing portrayal, however, received little notice  Doria returned to the family comedy genre in 1990 with Cien veces no debo (I Don't Owe 100 Times Over) - a comedy of errors revolving around bad news for a neurotic, middle-class family  Doria then returned to television, directing a number of soap operas and a segment in an episodic homage to the victims of the 1994 AMIA bombing (the worst terrorist attack in Argentine history) 
His reputation as a leading filmmaker in Argentine cinema was restored with the 2006 release of Las manos (The Hands) a bio-pic on the life of Father Mario Pantaleo, an Argentine priest who incurred the Vatican's wrath following reports he possessed healing hands  The drama earned numerous prizes in Argentina and in prestigious international film festivals, notably the Huelva Latin American Film Festival and Cartagena Film Festival  Doria more recently directed Doce horas (12 Hours) and Tuya (Yours), titles scheduled for release in 2010  Pneumonia cost the filmmaker his life on June 17, 2009, however, at age 72 

Filmography
Proceso a la infamia - 1974
Contragolpe - 1979
The Island (La Isla) - 1979
Fears (Los Miedos) - 1980
Los Pasajeros del jardín - 1982
State of Reality (Darse cuenta) - 1984
Waiting for the Hearse (Esperando la carroza) - 1985
Sofía - 1987
I Don't Owe 100 Times (Cien veces no debo) - 1990
18-J - 2004
The Hands (Las manos) - 2006
Passage 7:
Tiger in the Smoke
Tiger in the Smoke is a 1956 British crime film directed by Roy Ward Baker (billed as Roy Baker) and starring Donald Sinden, Muriel Pavlow, Tony Wright, Bernard Miles and Christopher Rhodes  It is based on the 1952 novel The Tiger in the Smoke by Margery Allingham, although the film omits the principal character of Albert Campion  The film is set in a noirish smog-shrouded London and briefly in Brittany, France, and combines the genres of mystery, thriller, crime and drama  The cinematography was by Geoffrey Unsworth Except for the omission of Campion, the film follows the plot of the book very closely  It was shot at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art director Jack Maxsted 

Plot
Having been sent a picture of her husband, a war hero reported missing in action in France, Meg Elgin, now engaged to her fiancé Geoffrey Leavitt, is led to believe he is still alive and arranges a meeting at a London railway station  When she arrives there with the police accompanying her, she catches sight of a man in the distance wearing an old coat of her husband's  When he is pursued and captured, he turns out to be Duds Morrison, a former soldier and out-of-work actor recently let out of prison  He refuses to tell them anything, and having nothing they can charge him with, the police release him 
His interest aroused by the pictures sent to Meg, Leavitt follows Morrison and tries to question him about his sudden appearance masquerading as Meg’s dead husband  Morrison again refuses to talk, and tries to flee from Leavitt into an alley, but he is set upon by a group of street musicians who beat him to death, and also take Leavitt as a prisoner 
The musicians are ex-commandos and former comrades of Morrison, with whom they had served on a raid in Brittany in the war  The commander of the raid had been Meg's husband, Major Elgin  The men had been led to believe that Elgin knew about secreted treasure in a house in Brittany which he owned before the war, and they are desperate to get their hands on it  They want to find their former sergeant, named Jack Havoc, who has recently escaped from prison, committed several murders, and who they believe knows where the treasure is  They had attacked Morrison because they suspected he was an accomplice of Havoc, and then captured Leavitt believing he was Havoc 
Still wearing their old uniforms, they have spent the past few years carving out a living as street musicians, begging from passers by  Realising that releasing Leavitt might open them to being charged for the murder of Morrison, they bind him up and keep him as a prisoner  He is rescued later by a beat constable, sent by the CID to investigate the squat while the musicians are out  
Leavitt returns to Meg and together they head to Brittany to find the treasure, having learned of its location from a message left by Major Elgin  Havoc, having united with his former comrades and also learned of the treasure's location, also travels to France, where he angrily discovers that when Major Elgin had spoken of his ‘priceless’ treasure, he had been referring to its artistic beauty rather than its monetary worth: it is a small statue of the Madonna  He is apprehended in a confrontation on the nearby cliffs with Leavitt and the French police 

Cast
Production
Roy Ward Baker was offered the job of directing by producer Leslie Parkin, who worked with him on Morning Departure  Marjorie Allingham was one of Baker's favourite authors  As screenwriter Änthony Pelissier was also writing a television special,  Baker helped write the script  He later said Allingham "was a very bizarre writer  Her books appear to be very realistic and straightforward detective stories, thrillers and suspense  But she's not like Dorothy Sayers, she's right off on her own and there's a sort of bizarreness which is very difficult to catch  I didn't get it  I think I got some of it occasionally where a number of the character were just plain daft "Baker felt the film "was a failure " He felt "One of the problems with the picture is that the central character doesn't appear until at least a third of the way through  It should be a man with an overwhelming personality, not macho but real strength, real evil and he is a determined villain "Baker felt this role should have been played by someone like Jack Hawkins or Stanley Baker but John Davis insisted they use Tony Wright  He elaborated

Sometimes people get picked up for a part, a star part, in a good movie, and they’re just not right for it, and they can’t do it, and it ruins them for the rest of their lives  It blows it completely for them  Tony Wright did do, in fact, a lot of work after that, but he never really caught on as a major personality   It’s too bad, and it wrecked the film, and it wrecked this poor man’s career 

Reception
Variety called it "An intriguing, nearly plausible  Screenplay has been made    With a sterling cast, and not over complicated plot, the result is good 
general entertainment      Tony Wright is making his mark in the cold killer type of roles and this  one fits him like a glove "Baker said "it was an unsuccessful picture but it really was quite an important picture in my own development" as "it did me a lot of good in the studio     even during the making it did attract quite a lot of attention and publicity so it was more important than you would think given it was not a successful film  But there were a lot of things in it which were well done and well brought off "
Passage 8:
Li Jianhua (footballer)
Li Jianhua (Chinese: 李健华; pinyin: Lǐ Jiànhuá; Jyutping: Lei5 Gin6waa4) is a retired Chinese footballer who last played as a defender for Guangdong South China Tiger in the China League One 

Club career
He started his career in the 2002 season, quickly establishing himself with 21 appearances and scoring 1 goal in his debut season  Becoming a regular with the Shenzhen Shangqingyin team his highest achievement came in the 2004 Chinese Super League season when Shenzhen won the title, he continued to remain with the team for several further seasons despite them unable to build on their achievements, even flirting with relegation in the 2007 China Super League season  In the beginning of the 2009 season, he transferred to Guangzhou Pharmaceutical F C , which was later named Guangzhou Evergrande 
Along with his teammates Jiang Ning and Wu Pingfeng, Li transferred to Guangzhou Evergrande's opponent Guangzhou R&F in January 2013  He left Guangzhou R&F at the end of 2015 and played for amateur team Shenzhen Baoxin in 2016  On 9 November 2016, Li was signed by his hometown club Meixian Hakka in the China League Two 

International career
Li Jianhua would make his debut against Mexico on 16 April 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 1-0 friendly loss  He would make another substitute appearance for China against El Salvador for another friendly on 23 April 2008, which ended in a 2-2 draw 

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 3 November 2018 

Honours
Club
Shenzhen Jianlibao

Chinese Super League:  2004Guangzhou Evergrande

Chinese Super League: 2011, 2012
China League One:  2010
Chinese FA Cup: 2012
Chinese FA Super Cup: 2012
Passage 9:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 10:
Roy Ward Baker
Roy Ward Baker (born Roy Horace Baker; 19 December 1916 – 5 October 2010) was an English film director  His best known film is A Night to Remember (1958) which won a Golden Globe for Best English-Language Foreign Film in 1959  His later career included many horror films and television shows 

Early life and career
Born in London where his father was a Billingsgate fish merchant, Baker was educated at a Lycée in Rouen, France, and at the City of London School 

Career
From 1934 to 1939, Baker worked for Gainsborough Pictures, a British film production company based in the Islington district of London  His first jobs were menial, making tea for crew members, for example, but by 1938 he had risen to the level of assistant director on Alfred Hitchcock's The Lady Vanishes (1938) 
He served in the Army during the Second World War, transferring to the Army Kinematograph Unit in 1943 to make better use of his skills as a production manager and director on documentaries  One of his superiors at the time was novelist Eric Ambler, who insisted on Baker being given his first big break directing The October Man, from an Ambler screenplay, in 1947  Ambler also adapted Walter Lord's A Night to Remember for Baker's 1958 screen version  His next two films, The Weaker Sex (1948) and Paper Orchid (1949) were popular but overshadowed by the success of Morning Departure (1950), also featuring John Mills 
Morning Departure drew international attention to Baker's talent and prompted Darryl Zanuck, production head of 20th Century Fox, to invite him to Hollywood, though his first film for the company - I'll Never Forget You - was made in the UK  During the early 1950s, Baker worked for three years at Fox where he directed Marilyn Monroe in Don't Bother to Knock (1952) and Robert Ryan in the 3D film noir Inferno (1953)  He returned to the UK in 1953 and continued to work on films He worked for television during the 1960s and early 1970s  He directed episodes of The Avengers, The Saint, The Persuaders!,  The Champions, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) - all of them adventure series created with an eye on the American market  His experience of working with low budgets in television made him well suited to his next career move into cheaply produced but lavish-looking British horror films  He directed, among others, Quatermass and the Pit (1967) The Vampire Lovers (1970) and Scars of Dracula (1970) for Hammer, and Asylum (1972) and The Vault of Horror (1973) for Amicus  He also directed Bette Davis in the black comedy The Anniversary (1968), and co-directed (with renowned Hong Kong director Chang Cheh) the Hammer-Shaw Brothers Studio collaboration The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires 
In the latter part of the 1970s he returned to television, and throughout the 1980s continued to work on shows such as Minder  He retired in 1992 
In 2000, Baker published his memoirs, Director's Cut: A Memoir of 60 Years in Film, and in 2002 sold his production files and letters at auction 
He contributed interviews to several DVD extras, such as the extras included with The Saint and Randall & Hopkirk - Deceased  and took part in the 2007 BBC 2 documentary series British Film Forever, and in Mark Gatiss's October 2010 BBC 4 series, A History of Horror, in which he gave his final recorded interview 

Personal life
Ward was married to Muriel Bradford from 1940 to 1944  In 1948, he married Joan Dixon, with whom he had a son  They divorced in 1984 

Death
Baker died on 5 October 2010, aged 93 

Partial filmography
Context 2: Passage 1:
Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley
Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley (2 May 1304 – 5 May 1337) was the wife of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley  She was the eldest daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, the de facto ruler of England from 1327 to 1330, and his wife Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville 

Family
Margaret Mortimer was the eldest of the twelve children of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville  Her paternal grandparents were Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer and Margaret de Fiennes  Her maternal grandparents were Piers de Geneville, of Trim Castle and Ludlow, and Jeanne of Lusignan 

Marriage and death
Her father Roger proposed the marriage of his eldest daughter Margaret to Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley's son and heir Thomas  From Roger's point of view, the marriage was meant to secure an earlier alliance with an important lord of the Welsh Marshes  Margaret was duly married to Thomas de Berkeley in May 1319  He succeeded his father as 3rd Baron Berkeley in 1326  They had the following issue:

Maurice de Berkeley (born 1320, date of death unknown), who succeeded his father as Baron de Berkeley 
Thomas de Berkeley, (born c  1325, date of death unknown)
Roger de Berkeley (born 1326, date of death unknown)
Alphonsus de Berkeley (born 1327, date of death unknown)
Joan de Berkeley (born 1330 – 1369), married Sir Reginald Cobham 
John de Berkeley (born 1326)Their eldest son Maurice married Elizabeth le Despenser, despite the fact that it had been his grandfather Roger Mortimer that was namely responsible for the execution of Elizabeth's father Hugh le Despenser in 1326 

Later life
After her father's fall from power in 1322, Margaret was arrested  In 1324, she was sent to Sholdham Priory  Her marriage to Berkeley was confirmed, and her offspring declared legitimate by Pope John XXII in 1329 Margaret died on 5 May 1337  She was buried at St  Augustine's Abbey, Bristol, Gloucestershire  After her death, her husband married again to Catherine born Clivedon 

Ancestry
Passage 2:
William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton
William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton PC, PC (I) (d  24 March 1741), was a British politician and judge, of the Bruton branch of the Berkeley family  He was Master of the Rolls in Ireland between 1696 and 1731 and also held political office as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1710 to 1714 and as First Lord of Trade from 1714 to 1715 

Background
Berkeley was the third son of John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, by Christiana, daughter of Sir Andrew Riccard  Charles, a naval captain who held the title for two years, and John, an admiral who held the title for 16 years, were his elder brothers  William lived a much longer life  He was born on an unknown date between John's 1663 birth and 23 March 1672 which would have made William a septuagenarian by the time of his death in 1741 

Political and judicial career
In 1696 Berkeley was appointed Master of the Rolls in Ireland and sworn of the Irish Privy Council  The following year he succeeded his elder brother in the barony  In 1710 he was admitted to the English Privy Council and appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster  He was made First Lord of Trade in 1714, a post he held until 1715  He remained Master of the Rolls in Ireland during this period and continued in this post until 1731 

Family
Lord Berkeley of Stratton married Frances, daughter of Sir John Temple and Jane Yarner; her sister Jane having married his elder brother  Lord Berkeley and his wife had several children, including the Honourable Frances, who married William Byron, 4th Baron Byron, and was the mother of William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, and of Admiral John Byron  Lady Berkeley of Stratton died in July 1707  Lord Berkeley of Stratton remained a widower until his death at Bruton, Somerset, in March 1741  He was succeeded by his eldest son, John 

Notes and references
Notes

References
Passage 3:
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford
Margaret Beaufort (c  1437 – 1474) was a daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and Lady Eleanor Beauchamp 
Her maternal grandparents were Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and his first wife Elizabeth Beauchamp, 4th Baroness Lisle  Elizabeth was daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley and Margaret de Berkeley, 3rd Baroness Lisle, becoming the main heiress of her mother 

Marriages
Margaret's father led forces loyal to the House of Lancaster in the First Battle of St Albans (22 May 1455) against his main rival Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York  Henry Stafford followed his father-in-law into battle  Margaret's father was killed; her husband, Stafford, was wounded  Margaret could no longer count on the support of her father  She became a widow when her husband died of plague three years later 

Ancestry
Sources
Weir, Alison  Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy  London: Vintage Books, 2008  ISBN 0-09-953973-X 
Passage 4:
Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley
Thomas Berkeley, de jure 5th Baron Berkeley, (1472 – 22 January 1532) was an English soldier and aristocrat 
He was born to Sir Maurice Berkeley, de jure 3rd Baron Berkeley, and Isabel Meade, in England  He was the younger brother to Maurice Berkeley, de jure 4th Baron Berkeley, and had a younger brother, James, and a younger sister, Anne 
On 9 September 1513, he fought in the Battle of Flodden and was knighted by the Earl of Surrey, Thomas Howard  He later became Constable of Berkeley Castle on 15 May 1514, and Sheriff of Gloucestershire, November 1522 – November 1523  By writ, he was succeeded to the title of de jure 5th Baron Berkeley on 12 September 1523 after his brother Maurice's death, and his eldest son Thomas followed as the de jure 6th Baron Berkeley, again by writ 

Marriage and children
He firstly married in 1504/1505, to Alienor Constable (c  1485 – 1540), daughter of Marmaduke Constable, eldest son of Sir Robert Constable (4 April 1423 – 23 May 1488)  of Flamborough, Yorkshire, and Agnes Wentworth (died 20 April 1496), daughter of Roger Wentworth of North Elmsall, Yorkshire and Margery le Despencer, by his second wife, Joyce Stafford, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford (c  1400 – 7 June 1450) of Grafton, Worcestershire and Eleanor Aylesbury (born c  1406), the daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury (died 9 September 1418) and his second wife, Katherine Pabenham (c 1372 – 17 June 1436)  Alienor was the widow of John Ingleby of Ripley, Yorkshire  Thomas and Alienor had two sons and two daughters 

Thomas Berkeley, de jure 6th Baron Berkeley (1505 – 19 September 1534), married, firstly, Mary Hastings and had no issue  His second marriage was to Anne Savage (c  1506 – died before 1546) in April 1533, which produced a son and a daughter  His son, Henry Berkeley, became the de facto 7th Baron Berkeley in 1553 
Maurice Berkeley (c  1507 – 1523)
Muriel Berkeley (1518 – 1541), was married to Robert Throckmorton of Coughton Court, Warwickshire (1513 – 1581), in 1527, and had one son and four daughters 
Joan Berkeley (d  31 March 1563) who firstly married Nicholas Poyntz on 24 Jun 1527  Secondly, she married Thomas Dyer sometime after 1556  Dyer's ill-treatment of Joan was a source of scandal, and is thought to have caused her death in 1564 His second wife was Cecily Arnold, daughter and co-heiress to Sir Arnold of Gloucestershire, widow of Richard Rowdon, Sheriff of Gloucestershire 
Passage 5:
James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (c  1394 – 22 October 1463), also known as "James the Just", was an English peer 
Berkeley was the son of Sir James de Berkeley and his wife Elizabeth (née Bluet)  He was made heir to his uncle Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley  He was married four times  His third wife was Lady Isabel, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk; and his fourth wife was the Lady Joan Talbot, daughter of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury  Lord Berkeley was involved in a bitter feud with his cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the fifth Baron Berkeley and wife of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick  He was unable initially to claim Berkeley Castle, as it was taken in possession by the Earl and Countess of Warwick  In 1421, when the Warwicks finally gave up Berkeley Castle, James was summoned to Parliament by writ as Lord Berkeley  The feud did not end there as his third wife Isabel was captured by the Countess of Warwick's son-in-law the Earl of Shrewsbury, and held imprisoned until her death in 1452 
Lord Berkeley was succeeded by his son from his third marriage, William, who was created Marquess of Berkeley in 1489 

Marriages and issue
He firstly married the daughter of John St  John on 9 April 1410, by contract, and had no issue 
His second marriage was to the daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford of Hook Dorset in 1415  No issue came from this marriage 
In about 1424, he was wed to Lady Isabel de Mowbray (b  1396 - d  29 November 1452), in which James was her second husband and Henry Ferrers was her first  They had the following issue:

Elizabeth de Berkeley (b  1425 - d  1482)
Sir William de Berkeley, Earl of Nottingham (c  1427 - 1492); William became the 2nd Baron Berkeley sometime after his father's death in 1463 
James de Berkeley, Esquire (b  1429)
Alice de Berkeley (b  1432)
Sir Maurice de Berkeley VI, Lord Berkeley (c  1435 - 1 September 1506), who was married to Isabel Meade, daughter of merchant Phillip Meade and his wife Isabel, in 1465 and had issue 
Thomas de Berkeley, Esquire (b  1435 - d  1484), who married Margaret Guy, and had issue 
Isabel de Berkeley (b  1438 - d  1482)His fourth marriage to Joan Talbot was before 25 July 1457 

Notes
Passage 6:
Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt
Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt (c  1717 – 15 October 1770), was a British courtier, member of parliament, and royal governor of the colony of Virginia from 1768 until his death in 1770 

Origins
Norborne Berkeley was born about 1717, the only son of John Symes Berkeley of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire by his second wife Elizabeth Norborne, a daughter and co-heiress of Walter Norborne of Calne, Wiltshire and the widow of Edward Devereux, 8th Viscount Hereford  The Berkeleys of Stoke Gifford were descended from Maurice de Berkeley (d 1347), who died at the Siege of Calais, who had acquired the manor of Stoke Gifford in 1337, the second son of Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, 7th feudal baron of Berkeley (1271–1326), Maurice the Magnanimous, of Berkeley Castle  His descendant Sir Thomas Berkeley (d 1361) of Uley, Gloucestershire married Katherine Botetourt (d 1388), a daughter and co-heiress of John Botetourt, 2nd Baron Botetourt  His son and heir was Sir Maurice Berkeley (1358-1400), of Uley and Stoke Gifford, MP for Gloucestershire in 1391 

Life
In 1726, Berkeley was admitted to Westminster School
Context 3: Passage 1:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 2:
Victor Duleep Singh
Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 July 1866 – 7 June 1918) was the eldest son of Maharani Bamba Müller and Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of Lahore, and of the Sikh Empire, and the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 

Biography
Victor Duleep Singh was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Lady Anne Blanche Alice Coventry whom he would later marry  In 1887 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, with a special Cadetship and left it the following December to be commissioned as Lieutenant into the 1st (Royal) Dragoons  

In 1889 Singh was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in British North America  In December, he was rumoured to be engaged to marry Jeanne Turnure, daughter of Lawrence Turnure, a New York City banker, after staying at the Turnure house in Newport, Rhode Island, the previous summer; the rumour was however denied by the banker  In February the following year, Singh took a three-month leave of absence from the army to meet his father in Paris, when rumours of unpaid creditors in Halifax became current for the first time  He continued to serve in the Royal Dragoons until he resigned his commission in 1898 On the death of his father, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, on 23 October 1893, Victor succeeded him as Head of the Royal House of the Punjab On 4 January 1898, Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh married Lady Anne Coventry, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Coventry, who was eight years younger than himself  The marriage created a sensation: it was the first time an Indian prince had married an English noblewoman, and the marriage was made possible primarily due to the intervention of the Prince of Wales (subsequently King Edward VII)  The wedding took place at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, London, where Queen Victoria was also represented  Although Queen Victoria gave the couple her blessing, she allegedly told Lady Anne to never have children with the Prince  The marriage remained childless Singh was declared bankrupt on 4 September 1902, with debts totaling £117,900 (approximately £12 8 million in today's value), despite his £8,250 annual allowance and his wife's income of £2,500  The bankruptcy was attributed to bad investments and to gambling, something that plagued him for the rest of his life He died, without legitimate issue, aged 51, on 7 June 1918, and was buried at the Anglican Cemetery above Monte Carlo  Beside him is the grave of his wife who died aged 82, on 2 July 1956 

Honours
National dynastic honours
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

National honours
United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Frederick Duleep Singh
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh, MVO, TD, FSA (23 January 1868 – 15 August 1926), also known as Prince Freddy, was a younger son of Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 

Early life
Prince Frederick was born in London as the third son (the second surviving after the oldest son died on the first day after his birth) of Sir Duleep Singh and Bamba Müller, the former Maharaja and Maharani Duleep of Lahore  
He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge where he read History (B A  1890; M A  1894)  At Cambridge, he was a member of the Pitt Club He was deeply interested in archaeology, contributing articles to various periodicals and became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries  He wrote Portraits in Norfolk Houses (1929, two volumes) alongside Rev  Edmund Farrer, and with Farrer and his friend Charles Partridge compiled and published Portraits in Suffolk Houses  He was East Anglia representative of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and reported on about 50 historic building cases for it 

Career
He lived at Old Buckenham Hall and for 20 years, at Blo' Norton Hall near Thetford  He was a staunch monarchist, possibly due to his father's good relationship with Queen Victoria, even hanging a portrait of republican Oliver Cromwell upside-down in his lavatory at Blo' Norton  His collection of Jacobite and Stuart relics (and the Cromwell painting) were presented to Inverness Museum  He gave to the town of Thetford the timber-framed Ancient House (now a museum) together with his collection of portraits 

Military
Prince Frederick served with Yeomanry regiments from 1893 to 1919 

Appointed Second Lieutenant: – Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry – 12 August 1893 
Promoted Lieutenant: 21 July 1894 
Promoted Captain: 19 August 1898 In July 1901, Prince Frederick transferred to the Norfolk Yeomanry from the Suffolk Yeomanry and was promoted to the rank of major  He resigned his commission in 1909 but rejoined the Norfolk Yeomanry in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I and was on active service in France for two years and with the General Staff 

Honours
Punjabi
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

British
United Kingdom: Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 1901
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Territorial Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the 1914 Star Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Victory Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 5:
Ranjit Singh
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839), popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century  He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye  He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10  After his father died, he fought several wars to expel the Afghans in his teenage years and was proclaimed as the "Maharaja of Punjab" at age 21  His empire grew in the Punjab region under his leadership through 1839 Prior to his rise, the Punjab region had numerous warring misls (confederacies), twelve of which were under Sikh rulers and one Muslim  Ranjit Singh successfully absorbed and united the Sikh misls and took over other local kingdoms to create the Sikh Empire  He repeatedly defeated invasions by outside armies, particularly those arriving from Afghanistan, and established friendly relations with the British Ranjit Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity  His Khalsa army and government included Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, including the rebuilding of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar as well as other major gurudwaras, including Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Bihar and Hazur Sahib Nanded, Maharashtra under his sponsorship  Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh 

Early years
Ranjit Singh was born in a Jat Sikh family on 13 November 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in Gujranwala, Punjab region (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)  His mother Raj Kaur was the daughter of Jat Sikh Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind  Upon his birth, he was named Buddh Singh after his ancestor who was first in line to take Amrit Sanchaar  The child's name was changed to Ranjit (literally, "victor in battle") Singh ("lion") by his father to commemorate his army's victory over the Chattha chieftain Pir Muhammad 

Ranjit Singh contracted smallpox as an infant, which resulted in the loss of sight in his left eye and a pockmarked face  He was short in stature, never schooled, and did not learn to read or write anything beyond the Gurmukhi alphabet  However, he was trained at home in horse riding, musketry and other martial arts At age 12, his father died  He then inherited his father's Sukerchakia Misl estates and was raised by his mother Raj Kaur, who, along with Lakhpat Rai, also managed the estates  The first attempt on his life was made when he was 13, by Hashmat Khan, but Ranjit Singh prevailed and killed the assailant instead  At age 18, his mother died and Lakhpat Rai was assassinated, and thereon he was helped by his mother-in-law from his first marriage 

Personal life
Wives
In 1789, Ranjit Singh married his first wife Mehtab Kaur, the muklawa happened in 1796  She was the only daughter of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya and his wife Sada Kaur, and the granddaughter of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, the founder of the Kanhaiya Misl  This marriage was pre-arranged in an attempt to reconcile warring Sikh misls, wherein Mehtab Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in 1786  However, the marriage failed, with Mehtab Kaur never forgiving the fact that her father had been killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father and she mainly lived with her mother after marriage  The separation became complete when Ranjit Singh married Datar Kaur of the Nakai Misl in 1797 and she turned into Ranjit's most beloved wife  Mehtab Kaur had three sons, Ishar Singh who was born in 1804 and twins Sher Singh and Tara Singh born in 1807  According to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, she was the only one to bear the title of Maharani  She died in 1813, after suffering from a failing health 
His second marriage was to, Datar Kaur (Born Raj Kaur) the youngest child and only daughter of Ran Singh Nakai, the third ruler of the Nakai Misl and his wife Karmo Kaur  They were betrothed in childhood by Datar Kaur's eldest brother, Sardar Bhagwan Singh, who briefly became the chief of the Nakai Misl, and Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh  They were married in 1797; this marriage was a happy one  Ranjit Singh always treated Raj Kaur with love and respect  Since Raj Kaur was also the name of Ranjit Singh's mother, she was renamed Datar Kaur  In 1801, she gave birth to their son and heir apparent, Kharak Singh  Datar Kaur bore Ranjit Singh two other sons, Rattan Singh and Fateh Singh  Like his first marriage, the second marriage also brought him strategic military alliance  She was exceptionally intelligent and assisted him in affairs of the State  During the expedition to Multan in 1818, she was given command alongside her son, Kharak Singh  Throughout her life she remained Ranjit Singh's favorite  and for no other did he have greater respect for than Datar Kaur, who he affectionately called Mai Nakain   Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort  During a hunting trip with Ranjit Singh, she fell ill and died on 20 June 1838 
Ratan Kaur and Daya Kaur were wives of Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujrat (a misl north of Lahore, not to be confused the state of Gujarat)  After Sahib Singh's death, Ranjit Singh took them under his protection in 1811 by marrying them via the rite of chādar andāzī, in which a cloth sheet was unfurled over each of their heads  The same with Roop Kaur, Gulab Kaur, Saman Kaur, and Lakshmi Kaur,  looked after Duleep Singh when his mother Jind Kaur was exiled  Ratan Kaur had a son Multana Singh in 1819, and Daya Kaur had two sons Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh in 1821 Jind Kaur, the final spouse of Ranjit Singh  Her father, Manna Singh Aulakh, extolled her virtues to Ranjit Singh, who was concerned about the frail health of his only heir Kharak Singh  The Maharaja married her in 1835 by 'sending his arrow and sword to her village'  On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to Duleep Singh, who became the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire His other wives included, Mehtab Devi of Kangara also called Guddan or Katochan and Raj Banso, daughters of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra 
He was also married to Rani Har Devi of Atalgarh, Rani Aso Sircar and Rani Jag Deo According to the diaries, that Duleep Singh kept towards the end of his life, that these women presented the Maharaja with four daughters  Dr  Priya Atwal notes that the daughters could be adopted  Ranjit Singh was also married to Jind Bani or Jind Kulan, daughter of Muhammad Pathan from Mankera and Gul Bano, daughter of Malik Akhtar from Amritsar 
Ranjit Singh married many times, in various ceremonies, and had twenty wives  Sir Lepel Griffin, however, provides a list of just sixteen wives and their pension list  Most of his marriages were performed through chādar andāz  Some scholars note that the information on Ranjit Singh's marriages is unclear, and there is evidence that he had many concubines  Dr  Priya Atwal presents an official list of Ranjit Singh's thirty wives  The women married through chādar andāzī were noted as concubines and were known as the lesser title of Rani (queen)  While Mehtab Kaur and Datar Kaur officially bore the title of Maharani (high queen), Datar Kaur officially became the Maharani after the death of Mehtab Kaur in 1813  Throughout her life was referred to as Sarkar Rani  After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's youngest widow Jind Kaur  According to Khushwant Singh in an 1889 interview with the French journal Le Voltaire, his son Dalip (Duleep) Singh remarked, "I am the son of one of my father's forty-six wives " Dr  Priya Atwal notes that Ranjit Singh and his heirs entered a total of 46 marriages  But Ranjit Singh was known not be a "rash sensualist" and commanded unusual respect in the eyes of others  Faqir Sayyid Vaḥiduddin states: "If there was one thing in which Ranjit Singh failed to excel or even equal the average monarch of oriental history, it was the size of his harem " George Keene noted, "In hundreds and in thousands the orderly crowds stream on  Not a bough is broken of a wayside tree, not a rude remark to a woman" 

Punishment by the Akal Takht
In 1802, Ranjit Singh married Moran Sarkar, a Muslim nautch girl  This action, and other non-Sikh activities of the Maharaja, upset orthodox Sikhs, including the Nihangs, whose leader Akali Phula Singh was the Jathedar of the Akal Takht  When Ranjit Singh visited Amritsar, he was called outside the Akal Takht, where he was made to apologise for his mistakes  Akali Phula Singh took Ranjit Singh to a tamarind tree in front of the Akal Takht and prepared to punish him by flogging  Then Akali Phula Singh asked the nearby Sikh pilgrims whether they approved of Ranjit Singh's apology  The pilgrims responded with Sat Sri Akal and Ranjit Singh was released and forgiven  An alternative holds that Ranjit went to visit Moran on his arrival in Amritsar before paying his respects at Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara, which upset orthodox Sikhs and hence was punished by Akali Phula Singh  Iqbal Qaiser and Manveen Sandhu make alternative accounts on the relationship between Moran and the Maharaja; the former stating they never married, while the latter state that they married  Court chronicler, Sohan Lal Suri makes no mention Moran's marriage to the Maharaja or coins being struck in her name  Bibi Moran spent the rest of life in Pathankot  Duleep Singh makes a list of his father's queens which also does not mention Bibi Moran 

Issue
Kharak Singh (22 February 1801 – 5 November 1840) was the eldest and the favorite of Ranjit Singh from his second and favorite wife, Datar Kaur  He succeeded his father as the Maharaja 
Ishar Singh son of his first wife, Mehtab Kaur  This prince died in infancy in 1805 
Rattan Singh (1805–1845) was born to Maharani Datar Kaur  He was granted the Jagatpur Bajaj estate as his jagir 
Sher Singh (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was elder of the twins of Mehtab Kaur  He briefly became the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 
Tara Singh (4 December 1807 – 1859) younger of the twins born of Mehtab Kaur 
Multana Singh (1819–1846) son of Ratan Kaur 
Kashmira Singh (1821–1844) son of Daya Kaur 
Pashaura Singh (1821–1845) younger son of Daya Kaur 
Duleep Singh (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  Ranji Singh's youngest son, the only child of Jind Kaur According to the pedigree table and Duleep Singh's diaries that he kept towards the end of his life mention another son Fateh Singh was born to Mai Nakain, who died in infancy  According to Henry Edward only Datar Kaur and Jind Kaur's sons are Ranjit Singh's biological sons It is said that Ishar Singh was not the biological son of Mehtab Kaur and Ranjit Singh, but only procured by Mehtab Kaur and presented to Ranjit Singh who accepted him as his son  Tara Singh and Sher Singh had similar rumors, it is said that Sher Singh was the son of a chintz weaver, Nahala and Tara Singh was the son of Manki, a servant in the household of Sada Kaur  Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported,
"Though reported to be the Maharaja's son, Sher Singh's father has never thoroughly acknowledged him, though his mother always insisted on his being so  A brother of Sher, Tara Singh by the same mother, has been even worse treated than himself, not being permitted to appear at court, and no office given him, either of profit or honour " Five Years in India, Volume 1
Henry Edward Fane, London, 1842Multana Singh, Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh were sons of the two widows of Sahib Singh, Daya Kaur and Ratan Kaur, that Ranjit Singh took under his protection and married  These sons, are said to be, not biologically born to the queens and only procured and later presented to and accepted by Ranjit Singh as his sons 

Establishment of the Sikh Empire
Historical context
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and declined in its ability to tax or govern most of the Indian subcontinent  In the northwestern region, particularly the Punjab, the creation of the Khalsa community of Sikh warriors by Guru Gobind Singh accelerated the decay and fragmentation of the Mughal power in the region  Raiding Afghans attacked the Indus river valleys but met resistance from both organised armies of the Khalsa Sikhs as well as irregular Khalsa militias based in villages  The Sikhs had appointed their own zamindars, replacing the previous Muslim revenue collectors, which provided resources to feed and strengthen the warriors aligned with Sikh interests  Meanwhile, colonial traders and the East India Company had begun operations in India on its eastern and western coasts By the second half of the 18th century, the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and parts of north India) were a collection of fourteen small warring regions  Of the fourteen, twelve were Sikh-controlled misls (confederacies), one named Kasur (near Lahore) was Muslim controlled, and one in the southeast was led by an Englishman named George Thomas  This region constituted the fertile and productive valleys of the five rivers – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej  The Sikh misls were all under the control of the Khalsa fraternity of Sikh warriors, but they were not united and constantly warred with each other over revenue collection, disagreements, and local priorities; however, in the event of external invasion such as from the Muslim armies of Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan, they would usually unite Towards the end of 18th century, the five most powerful misls were those of Sukkarchakkia, Kanhayas, Nakkais, Ahluwalias and Bhangi Sikhs



ground_truth: Contragolpe

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Maurice De Berkeley, 4Th Baron Berkeley's maternal grandfather?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He succeeded his father to Stoke Park  in Stoke Gifford in 1736 and remodelled both the house (now known as the Dower House) and the gardens in the 1740s and 1750s with the help of the designer Thomas Wright of Durham 
He was appointed Colonel of the newly raised South Gloucestershire Militia and commanded it from 1758 to 1766 His political career began in 1741 when he was elected to the House of Commons as a knight of the shire for Gloucestershire, a seat he held until 1763  Considered a staunch Tory, Berkeley's fortunes were boosted considerably on the accession of George III in 1760, when he was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber and in 1762 (until 1766) Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire  In 1764, almost 400 years after the title went into abeyance through lack of direct heirs, he successfully claimed the title of Baron Botetourt as the lineal descendant of Maurice de Berkeley (d  1361) and his wife Catherine de Botetourt  He thus took a seat in the House of Lords as the 4th Baron de Botetourt, and in 1767 was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber to George III and in 1768 Governor of Virginia 
He died in Williamsburg on 15 October 1770, after an illness lasting several weeks  Botetourt never married and left no legitimate heirs  Stoke Park passed to his sister Elizabeth, who continued his improvements 

Statues
A statue of Botetourt was placed in the Capitol in Williamsburg in 1773  The Capital of Colonial Virginia was located in Williamsburg from 1699 until 1780, but at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson was moved to Richmond for security reasons during the American Revolution  In 1801 the statue of Botetourt was acquired by the College of William and Mary and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building  Barring a brief period during the Civil War when it was moved to the Public Asylum for safety, it stood in the College Yard until 1958 when it was removed for protection from the elements, and then in 1966 was installed in the new Earl Gregg Swem Library, in the new Botetourt Gallery  In 1993, as the College celebrated its tercentenary, a new bronze statue of Botetourt by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray was installed in the College Yard in front of the Wren Building, in the place occupied for generations by the original 

Legacy
Botetourt County, Virginia, was named in Botetourt's honour  Historians also believe that Berkeley County, West Virginia, and the town of Berkeley Springs, both now in West Virginia, were also named in his honour, or possibly that of another popular colonial governor, Sir William Berkeley Lord Botetourt High School in the unincorporated town of Daleville in Botetourt County, Virginia, is also named for him, as is the Botetourt Dorm Complex at The College of William and Mary  Two statues also adorn the campus of The College of William and Mary  Gloucester County, Virginia has an elementary school named for the governor   Both Richmond, Virginia and Norfolk, Virginia have streets named in his honour 
Passage 7:
Maurice de Berkeley
Sir Maurice de Berkeley "the Resolute" (1218 – 4 April 1281), 5th (feudal) Baron de Berkeley, was an English soldier and rebel, residing at Berkeley Castle in the English county of Gloucestershire 

Life
Maurice was born in 1218 to Thomas de Berkeley and wife Joan de Somery  He married Isabel FitzRoy, daughter of Richard FitzRoy, Baron of Chilham (an illegitimate son of King John of England) and wife Rose de Douvres, sometime before 12 July 1247 
Berkeley fought in the French Wars and was invested as a knight before 1242  He inherited the title of Baron de Berkeley in 1243 and, on 14 December 1243, he had livery of his father's lands  He fought in the war in North Wales and in 1264 he joined the Barons against King Henry III  Berkeley died on 4 April 1281 and was buried in St Augustine's Abbey in Bristol 
His son was Thomas de Berkeley 
Passage 8:
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley, KB (26 November 1534 – 26 November 1613) was an English peer and politician  He was Lord Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of Gloucestershire  He was the grandfather of George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley 

Family
Henry Berkeley, sometimes called 'Henry the Harmlesse or Posthumous Henry', was born on 26 November 1534, nine weeks and four days after his father's death  He was the son of Thomas Berkeley, 6th Baron Berkeley (c  1505 – 19 September 1534), and his second wife, Anne Savage (died October 1564), the daughter of Sir John Savage of Frodsham, Cheshire  The 16th Baron had earlier been married to Mary Hastings, the daughter of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, by Anne Stafford (d  March 1533), daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, but had no issue by her 

Career
Berkeley was made a Knight of the Bath on 28 September 1553 at the coronation of Mary I  In the following year, Berkeley Castle and other estates were restored to him when the line of male heirs of Henry VII was extinguished  As Simon Adams points out, "in 1487 William, Marquis Berkeley, had granted Berkeley Castle and its related manors to Henry VII and his heirs male  The crown's right having expired with Edward VI, they were restored to Henry, the 7th Lord Berkeley in December 1554 " On 13 May 1555, he had livery of his lands, although still underage Berkeley is said to have rebuilt Caludon Castle about 1580, which had fallen into disrepair after the banishment from England in 1398 of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by Richard II He was Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire from 1603 until his death Berkeley died 26 November 1613, leaving a will dated 20 December 1612  He was succeeded by his grandson, George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley  However, according to Andrew Warmington, the 8th Baron's inheritance was much diminished, as his grandfather had '"recently ended the 192-year legal feud over the estates with the Lisle family and their heirs, including the crown", and "due to this and Henry's extraordinary profligacy, the once vast estate had been reduced to twenty-five manors covering about 11,000 acres, mainly in Gloucestershire, with a rental value of some £1200 per year"  Contemporaneous mention of this legal feud is made in Leicester's Commonwealth where the anonymous author, alluding to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, writes:

What shall I speak of others, whereof there would be no end? As of his dealing with Mr  Richard Lee for his manor of Hook Norton (if I fail not in the name); with Mr  Lodovick Greville, by seeking to bereave him of all his living at once if the drift had taken place; with George Whitney, in the behalf of Sir Henry Lee, for enforcing him to forgo the Controllership of Woodstock which he holdeth by patent from King Henry VII? With my Lord Berkeley, whom he enforced to yield up his lands to his brother Warwick which his ancestors had held quietly for almost two hundred years together?
As D C  Peck explains:

Litigation over the Berkeley lands had been going on for two centuries; at this time it was pursued by the Dudleys against Henry (d  1613), seventh Lord Berkeley, Lord Harry Howard's brother-in-law, from whom they were able to recover several manors  In August 1574, Leicester persuaded the Queen to leave her itinerary and be his guest at Berkeley Castle in its lord's absence, as if it were his own 

Marriages and issue
Berkeley first married, in September 1554, at Kenninghall, Norfolk, Katherine Howard, third daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and Frances de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, and Elizabeth Trussell:

Sir Thomas Berkeley(1575-1611) predeceased his father leaving a son, George 
Mary (b  1557) married John Zouche of Codnor, Derbyshire
Frances (1561-1595)married George Shirley of Staunton Harold, Leicestershire and was the mother of Sir Henry Shirley and the antiquary Thomas Shirley Berkeley's first wife, Katherine, died of dropsy at Caludon on 7 April 1596, and was buried on 20 May near the Drapers Chapel at St Michael's, Coventry  Katherine was fond of field sports, and said to be 'so good an archer at butts with the longbow, as her side, by her, was never the weaker'  She was also fond of falconry, and 'kept commonly a cast or two of merlins, mewed in her own chamber, to the detriment of her gowns and kirtles' Berkeley married for a second time, on 9 March 1598 at St Giles, Cripplegate, Jane Stanhope (c  1547–1618), widow of Sir Roger Townshend (d  1590), and daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope (d  1552) of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, by his wife, Anne Rawson, daughter of Nicholas Rawson of Aveley, Essex  Berkeley's second wife, Jane, had two sons by her previous marriage, Sir John Townshend (1567/68–1603) and Sir Robert Townshend (b  1580)  She died at her house in the Barbican on 3 January 1618, leaving a will dated 20 July 1617 which was proved by her grandson, Sir Roger Townshend, 1st Baronet, on 10 March 1618 

Notes
Passage 9:
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley (c  1330 – 8 June 1368), The Valiant, feudal baron of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, was an English peer  His epithet, and that of each previous and subsequent head of his family, was coined by John Smyth of Nibley (died 1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys" 
He was born in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, the eldest son and heir of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley by his wife Lady Margaret Mortimer 
In August 1338 Berkeley married Elizabeth le Despenser, daughter of Hugh Despenser the younger by his wife Eleanor de Clare  By Elizabeth he had seven children as follows:

Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (1352/3-1417), eldest son and heir, who married Margaret de Lisle, Baroness Lisle
Sir James de Berkeley (born c  1355 – 13 June 1405) married Elizabeth Bluet; one of their sons was James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
John de Berkeley (c  1357 – 1381)
Maurice de Berkeley (born c  1358) married Jone Hereford
Catherine de Berkeley (born c  1360)
Agnes de Berkeley (born c  1363)
Elizabeth de Berkeley (born c  1365)

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of Somerset
Lady Eleanor Beauchamp, Baroness de Ros and Duchess of Somerset (September 1408 – 6 March 1467) was the second daughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and Elizabeth de Berkeley, daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley 

First marriage
On 17 December 1423, Lady Eleanor was married to Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros  They were parents of the following surviving issue:

Margaret de Ros (b  1425 – d  10 December 1488), married firstly (as his second wife) William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux (d  1462), secondly Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough 
Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros (b  9 September 1427 – d  17 May 1464)
Richard Ros (b  8 March 1429 – after 1492)

Second marriage
Eleanor married Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset sometime between 1431 and 1433 in an unlicensed marriage, although this was pardoned on 7 March 1438  He was the son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Lady Margaret Holland  They had the following surviving issue:

Eleanor Beaufort, Countess of Ormonde (b  between 1431 and 1433 - d  August 16, 1501), married firstly James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde and secondly Sir Robert Spencer 
Joan Beaufort (b  1433 – d  11 August 1518), married firstly Robert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth  and secondly Sir Richard Fry 
Anne Beaufort (b  1435 – d  17 September 1496), who married, Sir William Paston (b  1436 – died before 7 September 1496), a younger son of William Paston (1378–1444), Justice of the Common Pleas 
Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (b  26 January 1436 – d  15 May 1464)
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford (b  1437 – d  1474), married firstly Humphrey, Earl of Stafford and secondly Sir Richard Darell 
Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (b  1439 – d  4 May 1471)
John Beaufort, Earl of Dorset (b  1441 – 4 May 1471)
Thomas Beaufort (b  1442 – d  1517)
Elizabeth Beaufort (b  1443 - died before 1475), married Sir Henry FitzLewis 
Mary Beaufort (b  between 1431 and 1455)

Third marriage
She married thirdly to Walter Rokesley  There was no known issue from this marriage 

Death
She died on 6 March 1467 at the age of 58 at Baynard's Castle, London, England 

Ancestry
Context 3:  Ranjit Singh belonged to the first, and through marriage had a reliable alliance with Kanhayas and Nakkais  Among the smaller misls, some such as the Phulkias misl had switched loyalties in the late 18th century and supported the Afghan army invasion against their Khalsa brethren  The Kasur region, ruled by Muslim, always supported the Afghan invasion forces and joined them in plundering Sikh misls during the war 

Military campaigns
Rise to fame, early conquests
Ranjit Singh's fame grew in 1797, at age 17, when the Afghan Muslim ruler Shah Zaman, of the Ahmad Shah Abdali dynasty, attempted to annex Panjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers  The battle was fought in the territory that fell in Ranjit Singh controlled misl, whose regional knowledge and warrior expertise helped resist the invading army  This victory gained him recognition  In 1798, the Afghan ruler sent in another army, which Ranjit Singh did not resist  He let them enter Lahore, then encircled them with his army, blocked off all food and supplies, burnt all crops and food sources that could have supported the Afghan army  Much of the Afghan army retreated back to Afghanistan In 1799, Raja Ranjit Singh's army of 25,000 Khalsa, supported by another 25,000 Khalsa led by his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur of Kanhaiya misl, in a joint operation attacked the region controlled by Bhangi Sikhs centered around Lahore  The rulers escaped, marking Lahore as the first major conquest of Ranjit Singh  The Sufi Muslim and Hindu population of Lahore welcomed the rule of Ranjit Singh  In 1800, the ruler of Jammu region ceded control of his region to Ranjit Singh In 1801, Ranjit Singh proclaimed himself as the "Maharaja of Punjab", and agreed to a formal investiture ceremony, which was carried out by Baba Sahib Singh Bedi – a descendant of Guru Nanak  On the day of his coronation, prayers were performed across mosques, temples and gurudwaras in his territories for his long life  Ranjit Singh called his rule as "Sarkar Khalsa", and his court as "Darbar Khalsa"  He ordered new coins to be issued in the name of Guru Nanak named the "NanakShahi" ("of the Emperor Nanak") 

Expansion
In 1802, Ranjit Singh, aged 22, took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl, paid homage at the Harmandir Sahib temple, which had previously been attacked and desecrated by the invading Afghan army, and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold 

On 1 January 1806, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with the British officials of the East India Company, in which he agreed that his Sikh forces would not attempt to expand south of the Sutlej river, and the Company agreed that it would not attempt to militarily cross the Sutlej river into the Sikh territory In 1807, Ranjit Singh's forces attacked the Muslim ruled Kasur and, after a month of fierce fighting in the Battle of Kasur defeated the Afghan chief Qutb-ud-Din, thus expanding his empire northwest towards Afghanistan  He took Multan in 1818, and the whole Bari Doab came under his rule with that conquest  In 1819, he successfully defeated the Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers and annexed Srinagar and Kashmir, stretching his rule into the north and the Jhelum valley, beyond the foothills of the Himalayas The most significant encounters between the Sikhs in the command of the Maharaja and the Afghans were in 1813, 1823, 1834 and in 1837  In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general Dewan Mokham Chand led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of Shah Mahmud led by Fateh Khan Barakzai  The Afghans lost their stronghold at Attock in that battle 
In 1813–14, Ranjit Singh's first attempt to expand into Kashmir was foiled by Afghan forces led by Azim Khan, due to a heavy downpour, the spread of cholera, and poor food supply to his troops In 1818, Darbar's forces led by Kharak Singh and Misr Dewan Chand occupied Multan, killing Muzaffar Khan and defeating his forces, leading to the end of Afghan influence in the Punjab In July 1818, an army from the Punjab defeated Jabbar Khan, a younger brother of governor of Kashmir Azim Khan, and acquired Kashmir, along with a yearly revenue of Rs seventy lacs  Dewan Moti Ram was appointed governor of Kashmir 

In 1823, Yusufzai Pashtuns fought the army of Ranjit Sing north of the Kabul River In 1834, Mohammed Azim Khan once again marched towards Peshawar with an army of 25,000 Khattak and Yasufzai tribesmen in the name of jihad, to fight against infidels  The Maharaja defeated the forces  Yar Mohammad was pardoned and was reinvested as governor of Peshawar with an annual revenue of Rs one lac ten thousand to Lahore Darbar In 1837, the Battle of Jamrud, became the last confrontation between the Sikhs led by him and the Afghans, which displayed the extent of the western boundaries of the Sikh Empire On 25 November 1838, the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh, the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the Dal Khalsa to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India  In 1838, he agreed to a treaty with the British viceroy Lord Auckland to restore Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne in Kabul  In pursuance of this agreement, the British army of the Indus entered Afghanistan from the south, while Ranjit Singh's troops went through the Khyber Pass and took part in the victory parade in Kabul 

Geography of the Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire, also known as the Sikh Raj and Sarkar-a-Khalsa, was in the Punjab region, the name of which means "the land of the five rivers"  The five rivers are the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum, all of which are tributaries of the river Indus The geographical reach of the Sikh Empire under Singh included all lands north of Sutlej river, and south of the high valleys of the northwestern Himalayas  The major towns at time included Srinagar, Attock, Peshawar, Bannu, Rawalpindi, Jammu, Gujrat, Sialkot, Kangra, Amritsar, Lahore and Multan Muslims formed around 70%, Hindus formed around 24%, and Sikhs formed around 6–7% of the total population living in Singh's empire: 2694

Governance
Ranjit Singh allowed men from different religions and races to serve in his army and his government in various positions of authority  His army included a few Europeans, such as the Frenchman Jean-François Allard, though Singh maintained a policy of refraining from recruiting Britons into his service, aware of British designs on the Indian subcontinent  Despite his recruitment policies, he did maintain a diplomatic channel with the British; in 1828, he sent gifts to George IV and in 1831, he sent a mission to Simla to confer with the British Governor General, William Bentinck; while in 1838, he cooperated with them in removing the hostile Islamic Emir in Afghanistan 

Religious policies
As consistent with many Punjabis of that time, Ranjit Singh was a secular king and followed the Sikh path  His policies were based on respect for all communities, Hindu, Sikh and Muslim  A devoted Sikh, Ranjit Singh restored and built historic Sikh Gurdwaras – most famously, the Harmandir Sahib, and used to celebrate his victories by offering thanks at the Harmandir  He also joined the Hindus in their temples out of respect for their sentiments  The veneration of cows was promoted and cow slaughter was punishable by death under his rule  He ordered his soldiers to neither loot nor molest civilians He built several gurdwaras, Hindu temples and even mosques, and one in particular was Mai Moran Masjid, built on the behest of his beloved Muslim wife, Moran Sarkar  The Sikhs led by Singh never razed places of worship to the ground belonging to the enemy  However, he did convert Muslim mosques into other uses  For example, Ranjit Singh's army desecrated Lahore's Badshahi Mosque and converted it into an ammunition store, and horse stables  Lahore's Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) was converted into "Moti Mandir" (Pearl Temple) by the Sikh army, and Sonehri Mosque were converted into a Sikh Gurdwara, but upon the request of Sufi Fakir (Satar Shah Bukhari), Ranjit Singh restored the latter back to a mosque  Lahore's Begum Shahi Mosque was also used as a gunpowder factory, earning it the nickname Barudkhana Wali Masjid, or "Gunpowder Mosque "Singh's sovereignty was accepted by Afghan and Punjabi Muslims, who fought under his banner against the Afghan forces of Nadir Shah and later of Azim Khan  His court was ecumenical in composition: his prime minister, Dhian Singh, was a Hindu (Dogra); his foreign minister, Fakir Azizuddin, was a Muslim; and his finance minister, Dina Nath, was also a Hindu (Brahmin)  Artillery commanders such as Mian Ghausa were also Muslims  There were no forced conversions in his time  His wives Bibi Mohran, Gilbahar Begum retained their faith and so did his Hindu wives  He also employed and surrounded himself with astrologers and soothsayers in his court Ranjit Singh had also abolished the gurmata and provided significant patronage to the Udasi and Nirmala sect, leading to their prominence and control of Sikh religious affairs 

Administration
Khalsa Army
The army under Ranjit Singh was not limited to the Sikh community  The soldiers and troop officers included Sikhs, but also included Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  Hindu Brahmins and people of all creeds and castes served his army, while the composition in his government also reflected a religious diversity  His army included Polish, Russian, Spanish, Prussian and French officers  In 1835, as his relationship with the British warmed up, he hired a British officer named Foulkes However, the Khalsa army of Ranjit Singh reflected regional population, and as he grew his army, he dramatically increased the Rajputs and the Sikhs who became the predominant members of his army  In the Doaba region his army was composed of the Jat Sikhs, in Jammu and northern Indian hills it was Hindu Rajputs, while relatively more Muslims served his army in the Jhelum river area closer to Afghanistan than other major Panjab rivers 

Reforms
Ranjit Singh changed and improved the training and organisation of his army  He reorganised responsibility and set performance standards in logistical efficiency in troop deployment, manoeuvre, and marksmanship  He reformed the staffing to emphasise steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla warfare, improved the equipment and methods of war  The military system of Ranjit Singh combined the best of both old and new ideas  He strengthened the infantry and the artillery  He paid the members of the standing army from treasury, instead of the Mughal method of paying an army with local feudal levies While Ranjit Singh introduced reforms in terms of training and equipment of his military, he failed to reform the old Jagirs (Ijra) system of Mughal middlemen  The Jagirs system of state revenue collection involved certain individuals with political connections or inheritance promising a tribute (nazarana) to the ruler and thereby gaining administrative control over certain villages, with the right to force collect customs, excise and land tax at inconsistent and subjective rates from the peasants and merchants; they would keep a part of collected revenue and deliver the promised tribute value to the state  These Jagirs maintained independent armed militia to extort taxes from the peasants and merchants, and the militia prone to violence  This system of inconsistent taxation with arbitrary extortion by militia, continued the Mughal tradition of ill treatment of peasants and merchants throughout the Sikh Empire, and is evidenced by the complaints filed to Ranjit Singh by East India Company officials attempting to trade within different parts of the Sikh Empire According to historical records, states Sunit Singh, Ranjit Singh's reforms focused on military that would allow new conquests, but not towards taxation system to end abuse, nor about introducing uniform laws in his state or improving internal trade and empowering the peasants and merchants  This failure to reform the Jagirs-based taxation system and economy, in part led to a succession power struggle and a series of threats, internal divisions among Sikhs, major assassinations and coups in the Sikh Empire in the years immediately after the death of Ranjit Singh; an easy annexation of the remains of the Sikh Empire into British India followed, with the colonial officials offering the Jagirs better terms and the right to keep the system intact 

Infrastructure investments
Ranjit Singh ensured that Panjab manufactured and was self-sufficient in all weapons, equipment and munitions his army needed  His government invested in infrastructure in the 1800s and thereafter, established raw materials mines, cannon foundries, gunpowder and arm factories  Some of these operations were owned by the state, others operated by private Sikh operatives However, Ranjit Singh did not make major investments in other infrastructure such as irrigation canals to improve the productivity of land and roads  The prosperity in his Empire, in contrast to the Mughal-Sikh wars era, largely came from the improvement in the security situation, reduction in violence, reopened trade routes and greater freedom to conduct commerce 

Muslim accounts
The mid 19th-century Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced the Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's Empire and governance  According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals  The initial momentum for the Empire building in these accounts is stated to be Ranjit Singh led Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury" According to Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ranjit Singh's rule led to further persecution of Muslims in Kashmir, expanding the previously selective persecution of Shia Muslims and Hindus by Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers between 1752 and 1819 before Kashmir became part of his Sikh Empire  Bikramjit Hasrat describes Ranjit Singh as a "benevolent despot" 
The Muslim accounts of Ranjit Singh's rule were questioned by Sikh historians of the same era  For example, Ratan Singh Bhangu in 1841 wrote that these accounts were not accurate, and according to Anne Murphy, he remarked, "when would a Musalman praise the Sikhs?" In contrast, the colonial era British military officer Hugh Pearse in 1898 criticised Ranjit Singh's rule, as one founded on "violence, treachery and blood"  Sohan Seetal disagrees with this account and states that Ranjit Singh had encouraged his army to respond with a "tit for tat" against the enemy, violence for violence, blood for blood, plunder for plunder 

Decline
Singh made his empire and the Sikhs a strong political force, for which he is deeply admired and revered in Sikhism  After his death, empire failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire began to decline  The British and Sikh Empire fought two Anglo-Sikh wars with the second ending the reign of Sikh Empire  Sikhism itself did not decline Clive Dewey has argued that the decline of the empire after Singh's death owes much to the jagir-based economic and taxation system which he inherited from the Mughals and retained  After his death, a fight to control the tax spoils emerged, leading to a power struggle among the nobles and his family from different wives  This struggle ended with a rapid series of palace coups and assassinations of his descendants, and eventually the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British 

Death and legacy
Death
In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver  According to the chronicles of Ranjit Singh's court historians and the Europeans who visited him, Ranjit Singh took to alcohol and opium, habits that intensified in the later decades of his life  However, he neither smoked nor ate beef, and required all officials in his court, regardless of their religion, to adhere to these restrictions as part of their employment contract   He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839  Four of his Hindu wives- Mehtab Devi (Guddan Sahiba), daughter of Raja Sansar Chand, Rani Har Devi, the daughter of Chaudhri Ram, a Saleria rajput, Rani Raj Devi, daughter of Padma Rajput and Rani Rajno Kanwar, daughter of Sand Bhari along with seven Hindu concubines with royal titles committed sati by voluntarily placing themselves onto his funeral pyre as an act of devotion Singh is remembered for uniting Sikhs and founding the prosperous Sikh Empire  He is also remembered for his conquests and building a well-trained, self-sufficient Khalsa army to protect the empire  He amassed considerable wealth, including gaining the possession of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan, which he left to Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha in 1839 

Gurdwaras
Perhaps Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the Harmandir Sahib, the most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, which is now known popularly as the "Golden Temple"  Much of the present decoration at the Harmandir Sahib, in the form of gilding and marblework, was introduced under the patronage of Singh, who also sponsored protective walls and water supply system to strengthen security and operations related to the temple  He also directed construction of two of the most sacred Sikh temples, being the birthplace and place of assassination of Guru Gobind Singh – Takht Sri Patna Sahib and Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, respectively – whom he much admired  The nine-storey tower of Gurdwara Baba Atal was constructed during his reign 

Memorials and museums
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan, marks the place where Singh was cremated, and four of his queens and seven concubines committed sati 
On 20 August 2003, a 22-foot-tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the Parliament of India 
A museum at Ram Bagh Palace in Amritsar contains objects related to Singh, including arms and armour, paintings, coins, manuscripts, and jewellery  Singh had spent much time at the palace in which it is situated, where a garden was laid out in 1818 
On 27 June 2019, a nine-feet bronze statue of Singh was unveiled at the Haveli Maharani Jindan, Lahore Fort at his 180th death anniversary  It has been vandalised several times since, specifically by members of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 

Crafts
In 1783, Ranjit Singh established a crafts colony of Thatheras near Amritsar and encouraged skilled metal crafters from Kashmir to settle in Jandiala Guru  In the year 2014, this traditional craft of making brass and copper products got enlisted on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO  The Government of Punjab is now working under Project Virasat to revive this craft 

Awards
In 2020, Ranjit Singh was named as "Greatest Leader of All Time" in a poll conducted by 'BBC World Histories Magazine' 

In popular culture
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a documentary film directed by Prem Prakash covers his rise to power and his reign  It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division 
In 2010, a TV series titled Maharaja Ranjit Singh aired on DD National based on his life which was produced by Raj Babbar's Babbar Films Private Limited  He was portrayed by Ejlal Ali Khan
Maharaja: The Story of Ranjit Singh (2010) is an Indian Punjabi-language animated film directed by Amarjit Virdi 
A teenage Ranjit was portrayed by Damanpreet Singh in the 2017 TV series titled Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh  It aired on Life OK produced by Contiloe Entertainment 

See also
Baradari of Ranjit Singh
History of Punjab
Charat Singh
Hari Singh Nalwa
List of generals of Ranjit Singh
Koh-i-Noor
Battle of Balakot

Notes
Passage 6:
Duleep Singh
Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, GCSI (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), or Sir Dalip Singh, and later in life nicknamed the "Black Prince of Perthshire", was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's youngest son, the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur He was placed in power in September 1843, at the age of five, with his mother ruling on his behalf, and after their defeat in the Anglo-Sikh War, under a British Resident  He was subsequently deposed by the British Crown, and thereafter exiled to Britain at age 15 where he was befriended by Queen Victoria, who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja: "Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful"  The Queen was godmother to several of his children  He died at 55, living most of his final years in the United Kingdom His mother had effectively ruled when he was very young and he managed to meet her again on 16 January 1861, in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom  During the last two years of her life, his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule  In June 1861, he was one of the first 25 Knights in the Order of the Star of India 

Early years
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, Duleep Singh lived quietly with his mother, Jind Kaur Aulakh, at Jammu ruled by Gulab Singh, under the protection of the Vizier, Raja Dhian Singh  He and his mother were recalled to Lahore in 1843 after the assassinations of Maharaja Sher Singh and Dhian Singh, and on 16 September, at the age of five, Duleep Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, with Maharani Jind Kaur as Regent 
On 13 December 1845 the British East India Company declared war on the Sikhs and, after winning the First Anglo-Sikh War, retained the Maharaja as nominal ruler, but replaced the Maharani by a Council of Regency and later imprisoned and exiled her  Over thirteen years passed before Duleep Singh was permitted to see his mother again 
After the close of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849, he was deposed at the age of ten and was put into the care of Dr John Login and sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh on 21 December 1849, with tight restrictions on who he was allowed to meet  No Indians, except trusted servants, could meet him in private  As a matter of British policy, he was to be culturally anglicised in every possible aspect  His health was reportedly poor and he was often sent to the hill station of Landour near Mussoorie in the Lower Himalaya for convalescence, at the time about 4 days' journey  He would remain for weeks at a time in Landour at a grand hilltop building called The Castle, which had been lavishly furnished to accommodate him 

Conversion to Christianity
In 1853, under the tutelage of his long-time retainer Bhajan Lal (himself a Christian convert), he converted to Christianity at Fatehgarh with the approval of the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie  His conversion remains controversial, and it occurred before he turned 15  He later had serious doubts and regrets regarding this decision and reconverted to Sikhism in 1886 He was also heavily and continuously exposed to Christian texts under the tutelage of the devout Sir John Spencer Login  His two closest childhood friends were both English Anglican missionaries  In May 1854 he was sent into exile in Britain 

Life in exile
London
Duleep Singh arrived in England in late 1854 and was introduced to the British court  Queen Victoria showered affection upon the turbaned Maharaja, as did the Prince Consort  Duleep Singh was initially lodged at Claridge's Hotel in London before the East India Company took over a house in Wimbledon and then eventually another house in Roehampton which became his home for three years  He was also invited by the Queen to stay with the Royal Family at Osborne, where she sketched him playing with her children and Prince Albert photographed him, while the court artist, Winterhalter, made his portrait He eventually got bored with Roehampton and expressed a wish to go back to India but it was suggested by the East India Company Board he take a tour of the European continent which he did with Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login  He was a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, from 1855 until his death 

Castle Menzies
On his return from Continental Europe in 1855 he was given an annual pension of £25,000 a year (approximately £2,500,000 in today's value) provided he "remain obedient to the British Government," and was officially under ward of Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login, who leased Castle Menzies in Perthshire, Scotland, for him  He spent the rest of his teens there, but at 19 he demanded to be in charge of his household  Eventually, he was given this and an increase in his annual pension 
In 1859 Lt Col James Oliphant was installed as Equerry to the Maharaja at the recommendation of Sir John Login  Oliphant was to be a possible replacement should anything happen to the Maharaja's most trusted friend Sir John Login (who did indeed die four years later in 1863) In the 1860s, Singh moved from Castle Menzies to Grandtully Castle 

Mulgrave Castle
From 1858 to 1862 Duleep Singh rented Mulgrave Castle, near Whitby 

Sir Samuel White Baker
While Sir Samuel White Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh  In 1858–1859, the two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest  On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube  The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market



ground_truth: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Duleep Singh's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, destined for the Ottoman Pasha of Vidin  Baker was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants  The two ran away in a carriage together and eventually, as Florence Baker, she became Baker's lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed 

Reunion with his mother
When he was 18, Singh wrote to his mother in Kathmandu, suggesting that she should join him in Great Britain, but his letter was intercepted by the British authorities in India and did not reach her  He then sent a courier, Pundit Nehemiah Goreh, who was also intercepted and forbidden to contact the Maharani  Duleep Singh then decided to go himself  Under cover of a letter from Login he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, who reported that the Maharani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her ' The British government decided she was no longer a threat and she was allowed to join her son on 16 January 1861 at Spence's Hotel in Calcutta and return with him to England 

Auchlyne and Aberfeldy
In 1858 the lease of Castle Menzies expired and Duleep Singh rented the house at Auchlyne from the Earl of Breadalbane  He was known for a lavish lifestyle, shooting parties, and a love of dressing in Highland costume and soon had the nickname "the Black Prince of Perthshire"  (At the same time, he was known to have gradually developed a sense of regret for his circumstances in exile, including some inner turmoil about his conversion to Christianity and his forced departure from the Punjab)  His mother stayed in Perthshire with him for a short time, before he rented the Grandtully Estate, near Aberfeldy  Following the death of his mother and Sir John Login in 1863, he returned to England 

Elveden Estate
Maharaja Duleep Singh (as he became in June 1861) bought (or the India Office purchased for him) a 17,000 acres (69 km2) country estate at Elveden on the border between Norfolk and Suffolk, close to Thetford, in 1863  He enjoyed living in Elveden Hall and the surrounding area and restored the church, cottages, and school  He transformed the run-down estate into an efficient game preserve and it was here that he gained his reputation as the fourth best shot in England The house was remodelled into a quasi-oriental palace where he lived the life of a British aristocrat  Maharaja Duleep Singh was accused of running up large expenses and the estate was sold after his death to pay his debts  Today, Elveden is owned by The 4th Earl of Iveagh, the head of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family of brewing fame; it remains an operating farm and private hunting estate 

Re-initiated into Sikhism
In 1864, Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller in Cairo and established his family home at Elveden Hall in Suffolk  He eventually became disaffected and embittered with the British, and he reverted to Sikhism 
While in exile, he sought to learn more about Sikhism and was eager to return to India  Though previous efforts were thwarted by his handlers, he re-established contact with his cousin Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who on 28 September 1884 left Amritsar for England along with his sons Narinder Singh and Gurdit Singh and a Sikh granthi (priest), Pratap Singh Giani  He also brought a list of properties held by Sir Duleep Singh in India  All this renewed his connection with Sikhism The British Government decided in 1886 against his return to India or his re-embracing Sikhism  Despite protests from the India Office, he set sail for 'home' on 30 March 1886  However, he was intercepted and arrested in Aden, then part of Aden Settlement, where the writ of the Viceroy of India began  He could not be stopped from an informal re-conversion ceremony in Aden, far less grand and symbolic than it would have been in India, done by emissaries sent by Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who was earlier planning the Pahaul ceremony at Bombay  Sir Duleep was forced to return to Europe 

Death
Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris in 1893 at the age of 55, having seen India after the age of fifteen during only two brief, tightly controlled visits in 1860 (to bring his mother to England) and in 1863 (to cremate his mother's body) 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's wish for his body to be returned to India was not honoured, in fear of unrest, given the symbolic value the funeral of the son of the Lion of the Punjab might have caused and the growing resentment of British rule  His body was brought back to be buried according to Christian rites, under the supervision of the India Office, in Elveden Church beside the grave of his wife Maharani Bamba, and his son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh  The graves are located on the west side of the Church 

A life-size bronze statue of the Maharaja, showing him on a horse, was unveiled by the then Prince of Wales in 1999 at Butten Island in Thetford, a town which benefited from his and his sons' generosity In an auction at Bonhams, London, on 19 April 2007, the 74 cm high white marble portrait bust of Maharaja Duleep Singh by Victorian sculptor John Gibson, R A , in Rome in 1859 fetched £1 7 million (£1 5 million plus premium and tax) A film titled Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice, was made in 2007, directed by P S  Narula 

Heraldry
The Maharaja and his family used a coat of arms which was drawn up by Prince Albert, despite not being registered at the College of Arms  It contained a coronet, lions, and a shield with a cross, along with the motto "Prodesse quam conspicii" ("to do good rather than be conspicuous") 

Family
Sir Duleep Singh married twice, first to Bamba Müller in 1864, and then to Ada Douglas Wetherill (1869-1930) in 1889  He had eight children in total 
He had seven children from his marriage to Bamba  Their first child and male heir died aged one day in 1865  The others were:

Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 Jan 1866-7 Jun 1918)
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh (23 Jan 1868-15 Aug 1926)
Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh (29 Sep 1869-10 Mar 1957)
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh (27 Oct 1871-8 Nov 1942)
Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (8 Aug 1876-22 Aug 1948)
Prince Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh (1879-1 May 1893)He also had two children from his marriage to Wetherill:

Princess Pauline Alexandra Duleep Singh (26 Dec 1887-10 Apr 1941)
Princess Ada Irene Beryl Duleep Singh (25 Oct 1889-14 Sep 1926)All the eight children died without legitimate issue, ending the direct line of the Sikh Royalty There is a memorial at Eton College in England to Princes Victor and Frederick, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh's two sons who studied at Eton in the 1870s 

Maharani Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba Müller was an Arabic-speaking, part-Ethiopian, part-German woman, whose father was a German banker and whose mother was an Abyssinian Coptic Christian slave  She and Sir Duleep met in Cairo in 1863 on his return from scattering his mother's ashes in India; they were married in Alexandria, Egypt, on 7 June 1864  The Maharani died in London on 18 September 1887 

Ada Douglas Wetherill
Ada Douglas Wetherill (born 15 January 1869 in Kennington, Surrey, the daughter of a civil engineer) had been Duleep's mistress before he decided to return to India with his family, and upon being stopped in Aden by the British authorities he abandoned his family and moved to Paris, where she joined him  They married in Paris on 28 April 1889  She stayed with him through his years in Paris and also travelled with him to St  Petersburg, Russia, where he failed to persuade the Czar of the benefits of invading India through the north and reinstalling him as ruler  She died in Sussex on 6 August 1930 
Queen Victoria and Maharaja Duleep Singh reconciled their differences before he died  Out of loyalty to Maharani Bamba, the Queen refused to receive Ada, whom she suspected had been involved with the Maharaja before Maharani Bamba's death in 1887 

Miscellany
In 1854, Madame Blavatsky, the founder of the  Theosophical Society, met her Master Morya in England, who was in her words, "in the company of a dethroned native prince"  This "native prince" according to general consent was Sir Duleep Singh 
He was a member of the Freemasons and was admitted into the lodge in 1861 On 21 October 1893, the day before Sir Duleep Singh's death, Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the eldest son of Sir Duleep Singh, had visions of his father looking at him through a picture frame 
Duleep Singh remembered his servant James Cawood who died in 1865 with a gravestone in Killin cemetery, Killin, Scotland A 2017 film, The Black Prince, by the Indian-born film director Kavi Raz told the story of Duleep and his relationship with Queen Victoria 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's character is featured in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed: Syndicate game  He is featured as a young Duleep Singh, which based on his real-life struggle as an exiled ruler in Victorian London 

Further reading
Sikh History in 10 Volumes, by Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer  Published by Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2009–2012 
Sir John Login And Duleep Singh, by Lady Lena Login  W  H  Allen & Co , London  1890 
Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence, by Dhuleep Singh, Ganda Singh  Published by Punjabi University, 1977 
Sikh Portraits by European Artists,, by Aijazuddin, F S  Sotheby Parke Bernet, London and Oxford U  Press, Karachi and New Delhi, 1979 
The Duleep Singh's: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah, by Peter Bance (Bhupinder Singh Bance)  Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-3488-3
The Maharajah's Box: An Imperial Story of Conspiracy, Love and a Guru's Prophecy, by Campbell, Christy  HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-653078-8 The Maharaja's Box
Queen Victoria's Maharajah, Duleep Singh, 1838–93, by Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand  1980  ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7
Duleep Singh: The Maharaja of Punjab and the Raj, by Rishi Ranjan Chakrabarty  Published by D S  Samara, 1988  ISBN 0-9514957-0-4 
Maharaja Duleep Singh: The Last Sovereign Ruler of the Punjab, by Prithipal Singh Kapur  Published by Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Dharam Parchar Committee, 1995 
Maharaja Duleep Singh, Fighter for Freedom, by Baldev Singh Baddan  Published by National Book Shop, 1998  ISBN 81-7116-210-X 
 Maharaja Daleep Singh, by Balihar Singh Randhawa  Sikh Literary & Cultural Stall, 1998  ISBN 1-900860-01-5 
The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative, by Surjit Singh Jeet  Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 1999 
The Annexation of the Punjaub, and the Maharajah Duleep Singh, by Thomas Evans Bell  Adamant Media Corporation, 2001  ISBN 0-543-92432-7 
Maharaja Dalip Singh Cheated Out, by Avtar Singh Gill  Jaswant Printers  2007
The Exile, by Navtej Sarna  Penguin, 2008  ISBN 978-0-670-08208-7 
Sovereign, Squire & Rebel: Maharajah Duleep Singh and the heirs of a Lost Kingdom, by Peter Bance, Coronet House Publishing, London, 2009
The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Capt  Amarinder Singh, ISBN 978-8174367792
Passage 7:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 8:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 9:
Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba, Lady Singh (Bamba Müller; 6 July 1848 – 18 September 1887)  Brought up by Christian missionaries, she married Maharaja Duleep Singh and became Maharani Bamba, wife of the last Maharaja of Lahore  Her transformation from illegitimate girl, born to a German father and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother, living in a Cairo mission to a Maharani living a life of luxury with the "Black Prince of Perthshire" has been compared to the "Cinderella" story 

Biography
Bamba Müller was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker with the company Todd Müller and Co , by his mistress of Abyssinian descent called Sofia  The name Bamba was Arabic for pink  Her father already had a wife and he therefore placed his illegitimate daughter in the care of missionaries in Cairo  Her father had requested and paid for her education, and remained in contact with the missionaries  Müller became an enthusiastic and charismatic member of the Christian community and was the only female in a select group of communicants at the American Presbyterian Mission school in Cairo 

The prince
Duleep Singh was the last ruler of the Sikh Empire, being dethroned by the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Sikh War  In 1863, Singh was being supervised in Britain where he was a friend of Queen Victoria and kept a large social circle  He was known as the "Black Prince of Perthshire" around his home in Scotland  Singh was given money by the East India Company administration on condition that he complied with the demands of the British government  Duleep had been taken to Britain when a child and raised as a Christian  This was after he had been persuaded to agree to the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company  The treaty also included handing the Koh-i-Nor diamond as well, which became part of the Crown Jewels  Singh was separated from his mother, Maharani Jindan Kaur  His mother remained in India, although eventually she was allowed to rejoin her son in England  Duleep collected her after special permission was given  Duleep was allowed by the East India Company to visit India for the second time to bury his mother after she died in Britain, although the body remained at Kensal Green Cemetery for nearly a year whilst this was negotiated upon  His mother's ashes were not allowed to be buried in Lahore (the main city of the Punjab), but had to be placed in a memorial in Bombay instead 

The proposal
On his return from Bombay Duleep passed through Cairo and visited the missionaries there on 10 February 1864  He visited again a few days later and was taken around the girls' school, where he first met Bamba Müller, who was an instructor  She was the only girl there who had committed herself to a Christian life  On each visit Duleep made presents to the mission of several hundreds of pounds 
Duleep Singh wrote to the teachers at the missionary school at the end of the month in the hope that they would recommend a wife for him as he was to live in Britain and he wanted a Christian wife of Eastern origin  Queen Victoria had told Duleep that he should marry an Indian princess who had been educated in England, but he desired a girl with less sophistication  The final proposal had to be done via an intermediary as Duleep did not speak Arabic, Müller's only language   The missionaries discussed this proposal with Müller  She was unsure whether to accept the proposal offered via the missionaries  Her first ambition was to rise to teach children in a missionary school  Her father was consulted but he left the choice to his daughter  Müller eventually made her decision after praying for guidance  She decided that the marriage was God's call for her to widen her ambitions  Singh made a substantial contribution of one thousand pounds to the school and married Müller on 7 June 1864 in the British Consulate in Alexandria, Egypt  The ceremony was described as brief, with few witnesses  Both of them wore European dress though Duleep wore a turban  Bamba wore simple jewellery including pearls  She had a short sleeved, moire, antique dress, orange blossoms in her hair, and a veil  The Prince made his vows in English, whilst Bamba spoke in Arabic 

Family and death
The couple had three sons and three daughters whom they brought up at Elveden Hall in Suffolk, England  Her six children were: Victor Albert Jay (1866–1918), Frederick Victor (1868–1926), Bamba Sophia Jindan  (1869–1957), Catherina Hilda (1871–1942), Sophia Alexandra (1876–1948), and Albert Edward Alexander (1879–1893) 
Victor and Frederick both joined the British Army whilst Frederick became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London  One of her daughters, Bamba Sophia Jindan, returned to Lahore as the wife of a Dr Sutherland  She was known as Princess Bamba Sutherland 
In 1886 her husband resolved to return to India  On his way there he was arrested in Aden and forced to return to Europe  Bamba died on 18 September 1887 and was buried  at Elveden  The cause of death was reported as "comprehensive renal failure brought on by an acute case of diabetes, made worse by her drinking (of alcohol)" Bamba's husband went on to marry again in 1889 to Ada Douglas Wetherill and had two more children 
Her son Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh died aged thirteen in Hastings on 1 May 1893 and was buried next to his mother  When Bamba's husband died, his body was brought back to England and buried with his wife and son at Elveden 



ground_truth: 27 June 1839