prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, The Secret Invasion or The House Of The Seven Hawks?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Secret Invasion
The Secret Invasion is a 1964 American war film directed by Roger Corman  It stars Stewart Granger, Raf Vallone, Mickey Rooney, Edd Byrnes, Henry Silva, Mia Massini, and William Campbell  Appearing three years before The Dirty Dozen (1967), the film features a similar World War II mission where convicts are recruited by the Allies for an extremely hazardous operation behind enemy lines 

Plot
In 1943, British Intelligence in Cairo recruits Italian  criminal mastermind Roberto Rocca, demolitions expert and Irish Republican Army member Terence Scanlon, forger Simon Fell, cold-blooded assassin John Durrell, and thief and impersonator Jean Saval for a dangerous mission  The men are offered pardons in exchange for attempting to rescue an Italian general sympathetic to the Allies who is imprisoned in German-occupied Yugoslavia  The group is led by Major Richard Mace, who is trying to expiate his feelings of guilt for sending his own brother on a dangerous mission and waiting too long to extricate him  The fishing boat transporting Mace's team is stopped by a patrol boat, but they dispose of the Germans 
With the assistance of local partisans led by Marko, they split up and enter Dubrovnik  Durrell is partnered with Mila, a recent widow with a baby  They are attracted to each other, but Durrell becomes extremely distraught when he accidentally smothers her crying child to avoid detection by a German patrol  The team is captured and taken to the same fortress where the Italian general is being kept  They are tortured for information, but manage to escape and fulfill their mission, although Mace, Mila, Fell, Scanlon, and Saval are killed while fending off German troops 
At the last minute, Rocca and Durrell discover that the man they have freed is an impostor, and he is about to exhort "his" troops to stay loyal to the Axis  Durrell pretends to be a Nazi fanatic and shoots the fake general; he is killed by the outraged Italians  Rocca, the last man standing, directs the Italians' anger to the Germans 

Cast
Production
After turning out a treatment based on the locale of Dubrovnik, Roger Corman teamed with screenwriter R  Wright Campbell who had a project, Dubious Patriots about a wartime mission involving convicts  The script was taken over by producer David V  Picker at United Artists, who was able to leverage the screenplay into a well-financed studio production  With a budget of $600,000, more than twice more than he had for his earlier independently-funded features, Corman was able to start production in between his Edgar Allan Poe adaptations, The Masque of the Red Death and The Tomb of Ligeia (1964) The original cast was Mickey Rooney, Raf Vallone, Edd Byrnes and Bobby Darin  Brendan Behan was to be adviser for scenes set at Borstal Prison  It was Byrnes first role after his contract with Warner Bros ended In August 1963 it was announced that Darin had pulled out of the film on the orders of his doctor, and he was replaced by Henry Silva  Also that month Stewart Granger signed to star Principal photography under the working title of Dubious Patriots took place on location in Dubrovnik and other parts of Yugoslavia in the summer of 1963 for a typically short Corman shooting schedule of 36 days  With the assistance of the Yugoslavian government, a large number of military personnel and equipment were offered, but an earthquake threatened to delay the production when troops were siphoned off to help in the relief effort Corman's problems extended to not only wrangling military extras, but also to dealing with the emotions of a star like Stewart Granger "stooping" to make a "B film" and worrying that his role was not as prominent as the others in the ensemble cast  At one point, Corman actually rewrote his part "on the spot" so that Granger had more lines than Edd Byrnes, his co-star, who was a current popular television star The production was photographed in Panavision with Eastmancolor film (Gene Corman later reused the title The Dubious Patriots for another film he made with Tony Curtis and Charles Bronson )

Reception
In a contemporary review of The Secret Invasion, The New York Times film reviewer Howard Thompson saw some positives in what was basically a "programmer": 

    a rather surprising amount of brisk muscularity and panoramic color, if not always credibility  The casting of this United Artists release, which arrived at the Criterion and other houses, may make some customers blink and wait for the worst     But they, and the picture, do pretty well, considering 

In Brassey's Guide to War Films, film historian Alun Evans considered the production exemplified Corman's ability to "    create something out of nothing " He also noted that The Secret Invasion has some notoriety as  "    the  sawn-off antecedent of The Dirty Dozen "

See also
List of American films of 1964
Five Guns West, an earlier Roger Corman movie of essentially the same plot
Passage 2:
Ryoichi Hattori (politician)
Ryoichi Hattori (服部良一, Hattori Ryoichi, born February 24, 1950) is a Japanese politician of the Social Democratic Party  He was born in Yame city in Fukuoka prefecture  He entered Kyoto University in 1969 before leaving part-way through his degree and moving to Osaka to work, where he became active with the trade union movement 
In the House of Councillors 2007 election he ran for the House of Councillors in Osaka, but was defeated  He became the private secretary of Tokushin Yamauchi, an SDP member of the House of Councillors 
In the 2009 general election he was elected as the House of Representatives member representing the Kinki block 
Passage 3:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 4:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 5:
Roger Corman
Roger William Corman (born April 5, 1926) is an American film director, producer, and actor  Known under various monikers such as "The Pope of Pop Cinema", "The Spiritual Godfather of the New Hollywood", and "The King of Cult", he is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film  Many of Corman's films are based on works that have an already-established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe In 1964, Corman—admired by members of the French New Wave and Cahiers du Cinéma—became the youngest filmmaker to have a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as in the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art  He was the co-founder of New World Pictures, the founder of New Concorde and is a longtime member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences  In 2009, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award "for his rich engendering of films and filmmakers" Corman is also famous for distributing in the U S  many foreign directors, such as Federico Fellini (Italy), Ingmar Bergman (Sweden), François Truffaut (France) and Akira Kurosawa (Japan)  He mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, Peter Bogdanovich, Joe Dante, John Sayles, and James Cameron, and was highly influential in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s  He also helped to launch the careers of actors like Peter Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Dennis Hopper, Bruce Dern, Diane Ladd, and William Shatner  Corman has occasionally taken minor acting roles in the films of directors who started with him, including The Silence of the Lambs, The Godfather Part II, Apollo 13, The Manchurian Candidate, and Philadelphia A documentary about Corman's life and career entitled Corman's World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel, directed by Alex Stapleton, premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011  The film's TV rights were picked up by A&E IndieFilms after a well-received screening at Sundance 

Early life
Corman was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Anne (née High) and William Corman, an engineer  His younger brother, Gene, produced numerous films, sometimes in collaboration with Roger  Corman and his brother were raised Catholic Corman went to Beverly Hills High School and then to Stanford University to study industrial engineering  While at Stanford, Corman realized he did not want to be an engineer  He enlisted in the V-12 Navy College Training Program with six months of study to complete  After serving in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946, he returned to Stanford to finish his degree, receiving a Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering in 1947  While at Stanford University, Corman was initiated in the fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon 
In 1948, he worked briefly at U S  Electrical Motors on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles, but his career in engineering lasted only four days; he began work on Monday and quit on Thursday, telling his boss "I've made a terrible mistake " Gene Corman was already working in the film industry as an agent, and Roger decided to go into filmmaking instead 

Early film career
Corman found work at 20th Century Fox initially in the mail room  He worked his way up to a story reader  The one property that he liked the most and provided ideas for was filmed as The Gunfighter with Gregory Peck  When Corman received no credit at all, he left Fox and decided he would work in film by himself  Under the G I  Bill, Corman studied English literature at Oxford University and lived in Paris for a time 

He then returned to Los Angeles and tried to re-establish himself in the film industry  He took various jobs, including television stagehand at KLAC and a messenger at Fox  He worked as an assistant to agent Dick Hyland, a literary agent 

Highway Dragnet
Corman wrote a script in his spare time and sold it to William F  Broidy at Allied Artists for $2,000  "Dick thought it was funny and let me pay myself a commission," said Corman  Originally called House in the Sea, it was retitled Highway Dragnet (1953) and starred Richard Conte and Joan Bennett  Corman also worked as associate producer on the film for nothing, just for the experience 

Producer
Corman used his script fee and personal contacts to raise $12,000 to produce his first feature, a science-fiction film, Monster from the Ocean Floor (1954)  It was produced by Corman's own company, Palo Alto, and released by Robert L  Lippert 
The film did well enough to encourage Corman to produce another film, the racing-car thriller The Fast and the Furious (1955), directed by its star, John Ireland, and co-starring Dorothy Malone  Decades later, producer Neal H  Moritz and Universal Pictures licensed the title for the 2001 film, The Fast and the Furious, which eventually spawned a huge franchise  Moritz had difficulty choosing between proposed titles Racer X, Redline, Race Wars, and Street Wars, and was inspired by a documentary on American International Pictures that included Corman's film  Moritz was able to trade the use of some stock footage to Corman for use of the title Corman sold the movie to a new independent company, the American Releasing Company (ARC), run by James H  Nicholson and Samuel Z  Arkoff  Although Corman had a number of offers for the film from Republic and Columbia, he elected to go with ARC because they undertook to advance money to enable him to make two more movies 

Director
Corman's second film for ARC was one he decided to direct, Five Guns West (1955), a Western, made in color for around $60,000, with Malone and John Lund  The script was written by Robert Wright Campbell, who worked with Corman on several more occasions 
Corman announced he would make four more projects for ARC: High Steel, Cobra, Fortress Beneath the Sea, and an untitled film from Campbell  Instead, Corman did some uncredited directing on The Beast with a Million Eyes (1955), then made another Western, Apache Woman (1955), starring Lloyd Bridges, written by Lou Rusoff  Rusoff and Corman reunited on Day the World Ended (1955), a postapocalyptic science-fiction film, which was popular 
Corman was to make The Devil on Horseback by Charles B  Griffith about the Brownsville Raid, but it was too expensive 
The Woolner Brothers, Louisiana drive-in owners, financed Corman's Swamp Women (1956), a girls-on-the-lam saga 
He returned to ARC for two Westerns, The Oklahoma Woman (1956) and Gunslinger (1956) (with Ireland); Gunslinger was co-written by Griffith, who became a crucial collaborator with Corman over the next five years  He bought a script from Curtis Harrington, The Girl from Beneath the Sea  Harrington made it for Corman years later as Night Tide (1961) 
Beverly Garland, one of Corman's early regular stock players, recalled working with him:

Roger made us work hard and long, I remember that! He was always fascinating to me, a fascinating man – and a good businessman! He had such incredible energy, it was tremendous – he was a dynamo to be around  I always knew he was going to be a huge success because there was no stopping him  He just made up his mind that he was going to be a success and that was it 

American International Pictures and Allied Artists
ARC changed its name to American International Pictures  Corman was established as their leading filmmaker  They financed Corman's next film as director, the science-fiction story It Conquered the World (1956)  Co-written by Griffith, it was a follow-up to The Day the World Ended  It was a big hit 
He optioned a TV play, The Stake, and hoped to get Dana Andrews to star  It was never made  Instead, Walter Mirisch of Allied Artists hired Corman to make The Undead (1957), inspired by The Search for Bridey Murphy  Griffith wrote the script 
In June, Corman made a science-fiction film for Allied Artists,  Not of this Earth (1957), written by Griffith 
In August 1956, AIP financed a Corman heist movie shot in Hawaii, Naked Paradise (1957), co-written by Griffith  Corman shot it back-to-back with a movie made with his own money, She Gods of Shark Reef (1958)  Corman wound up selling the movie to AIP 
Corman and Griffith reunited in Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957) for Allied, which wound up being one of his most successful early films For his own production company, Corman made a rock-and-roll "quickle", Carnival Rock (1957), released by Howco  Rock All Night (1957) was a heist film written by Griffith expanded from a TV play, "The Little Guy", with musical acts inserted He was meant to make Rock'n'Roll Girl for AIP in December 1957 In April 1957, Corman announced he would try to make two films back-to-back from then on to save costs Corman made two "teen girl noirs", Teenage Doll (1957) for the Woolner Brothers and Sorority Girl (1957), starring Susan Cabot for AIP For AIP, he made The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1957), shot in August 1957  He was meant to follow this with Teenage Jungle by Tony Miller The success of Not of this Earth and Crab Monsters led to Allied offering Corman a four-picture deal for 1958 

Machine Gun Kelly and producing
Corman received his first serious critical praise for Machine-Gun Kelly (1958), an AIP biopic of the famous gangster, which gave Charles Bronson his first leading role and co-starred Cabot  Campbell wrote the script 
Also for AIP, he did Teenage Caveman (1958), with Robert Vaughn, originally titled Prehistoric World 
He helped produce two films for Allied Artists, both from scripts by Leo Gordon: Hot Car Girl (1958), directed by Bernard Kowalski and produced by his brother Gene (the first film they made together) from a script by Gordon; and The Cry Baby Killer (1958), which gave Jack Nicholson his first starring role 
He had his biggest budget yet for I Mobster (1958), a gangster story, co-produced by Edward L  Alperson and Corman's brother Gene for 20th Century Fox  In September 1958, he was reported as scouting locations in Australia to do a remake of H  Rider Haggard's She War of the Satellites (1958) was conceived and shot in record time to take advantage of the Sputnik launch; it was his first collaboration with art director Daniel Haller 
Corman also produced, but did not direct, Stakeout on Dope Street (1958), directed by Irvin Kershner, Night of the Blood Beast (1958), directed by Kowalski for AIP, using leftover costumes from Teenage Caveman, and Crime and Punishment U S A  (1959), directed by Dennis Sanders with George Hamilton in his first lead role 

The Filmgroup
In January 1959, Corman announced he would be moving into distribution In 1959, Corman founded The Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses  In February 1959, Filmgroup announced they would release 10 films  Their first movies were High School Big Shot (1959) and T-Bird Gang (1959) produced by Stanley Bickman 

For AIP, Corman and Griffith made a black comedy, A Bucket of Blood (1959)  Corman announced he would follow it with a similar comedy, The Bloodshot Private Eye  It does not seem to have been made  Instead, Griffith reused the same script structure and Corman employed many of the same cast in The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)  This film was reputedly shot in two days and one night For Filmgroup, Corman directed The Wasp Woman (1959), starring Cabot from a script by Gordon  His brother and he made two films back-to-back in South Dakota: Ski Troop Attack (1960), a war movie written by Griffith and directed by Corman, and Beast from Haunted Cave (1959), the first film directed by Monte Hellman 
Corman went to Puerto Rico and produced another two films back-to-back: Battle of Blood Island (1960), directed by Joel Rapp, and Last Woman on Earth (1960), directed by Corman from a script by Robert Towne  Filming on these two films went so quickly that Corman commissioned Griffith to write a third, which was shot at the same time: Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961) 
Corman was going to make Part Time Mother from a script by Griffith but it appears to have never been made 

House of Usher
AIP wanted Corman to make two horror films for them, in black and white, at under $100,000 each on a 10-day shooting schedule  Corman, however, was tired of making films on this sort of budget and was worried the market for them was in decline  He proposed making a film in colour for $200,000, shot over 15 days  Corman proposed an adaptation of "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe and AIP agreed  The film was announced in May 1959 Richard Matheson was hired to do the adaptation and Vincent Price was brought in to star; Haller did the art direction  The resulting film, House of Usher (1960), shot in early 1960, was a critical and commercial hit 
Following this, Corman bought two scripts, Sob Sisters Don't Cry and Cop Killer  In March 1960, Corman announced that Filmgroup would be part of an international production group, Compass Productions  He directed a peplum in Greece, Atlas (1961) in August 
He was going to direct a thriller from a script by Robert Towne, I Flew a Spy Plane Over Russia  It was not made; neither were two comedies he was to make with Dick Miller and Jon Haze, Murder at the Convention and Pan and the Satyrs House of Usher had been so successful that AIP wanted a follow-up, and Corman, Haller, Matheson and Price reunited on The Pit and the Pendulum (1961)  It was another sizeable hit, and the "Poe cycle" of films was underway 
Corman hired Charles Beaumont to write Masque of the Red Death and announced two films, Captain Nemo and the Floating City and House of Secrets 

The Intruder
Following The Pit and the Pendulum, Corman directed one of William Shatner's earliest appearances in a lead role with The Intruder (a k a  The Stranger, 1962)  Based on a novel by Charles Beaumont, the film was co-produced by Gene Corman and was shot in July and August 1961  It took a while for the film to be released and it lost money Corman was unhappy with his profit participation on the first two Poe films, so he made a third adaptation for different producers, The Premature Burial (1962), written by Charles Beaumont and starring Ray Milland  The film was co-financed by Pathe labs; AIP put pressure on Pathe and ended up buying out their interest 
For producer Edward Small, Corman made a historical horror piece about Richard III, Tower of London (1962), starring Vincent Price   It was meant to be the first in a three-picture deal with Small, but Corman did not enjoy working with the producer 
For Filmgroup, he also bought the rights to a Soviet science-fiction film, Nebo Zovyot (1959) and had some additional footage shot for it by his then-assistant, Francis Ford Coppola; the result was Battle Beyond the Sun (1962)  He also released The Magic Voyage of Sinbad (1962), dubbed from a Soviet film 
The fourth Poe was an anthology, Tales of Terror (1962), shot in late 1961  One of the installments, "The Black Cat", was a comedy, inspiring Corman to do a whole Poe story comedically next: The Raven (1963)  Later, Corman used the sets for that film for The Terror (1963), made for Filmgroup but released by AIP, and starring Boris Karloff (whose scenes were all shot in two days) and Jack Nicholson  Corman did not direct all of this film; additional scenes were shot by Monte Hellman, Coppola, and Jack Hill, among others 
The Young Racers (1963) was produced and directed by Corman in Europe for AIP, starring and written by Campbell  Working on the film was Francis Ford Coppola, whom Corman financed to make his directorial debut, Dementia 13 (1963) 
Back in the U S , Corman made X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes (1963), a contemporary science-fiction film for AIP starring Ray Milland  He followed it with The Haunted Palace (1963), ostensibly part of the Poe cycle—it featured Price and was made for AIP, written by Beaumont—but was actually based on a story by H  P  Lovecraft 
Corman directed a war film in Yugoslavia with his brother, The Secret Invasion (1964), with Stewart Granger and Mickey Rooney, from a script by Campbell  Following this, he announced he would make The Life of Robert E  Lee as part of a four-picture deal with Filmgroup worth $3 75 million  Other movies were Fun and Profit by Joel Rapp, The Wild Surfers by John Lamb, and Planet of Storms by Jack Hill  None of these films was made, nor was The Gold Bug, a Poe adaptation written by Griffith 

End of the Poe cycle and filming in Europe
Corman made two Poes in England starring Price, the much-delayed The Masque of the Red Death (1964), with Campbell rewriting Beaumont's scripts, and The Tomb of Ligeia (1965), from a script by Robert Towne  Corman made no further Poes; AIP started up a fresh Poe cycle in the late 1960s, but Corman was not part of it 
Corman got Towne to write a script called The Red Baron  He bought the rights to another Soviet science-fiction film, Planeta Bur (1962), and had some additional footage added to it by Curtis Harrington  The result was Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965)  Harrington used footage from Planeta Bur in another film financed by Corman, Queen of Blood (1966) 
He also bought the rights to a Yugoslavian film, Operation Titan (1963), and financed additional shooting by Jack Hill and Stephanie Rothman  The result was Blood Bath (1966)  He also had an investment in the beach party films Beach Ball (1965) and It's a Bikini World (1967) 

Working for major studios
Corman said, "For ten years as an independent I could get financing for $100-$200-$300,000 pictures  Everything had been interesting, artistically satisfying, economically satisfying  But I decided I was going nowhere and wanted to move directly into the business  So I accepted a contract with Columbia "In August 1965, Corman announced he had signed a contract with United Artists to make two films over three years  He also signed with Columbia to make a Western, The Long Ride Home, based on a script by Robert Towne He was announced for a number of other projects at Columbia: the biopic of Robert E  Lee, an adaptation of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, an adaptation of Kafka's The Penal Colony, and a script by novelist Richard Yates about the Battle of Iwo Jima  He intended to make The Deserters for UA, from a script by Wright, but that was not made either He later reflected, "Every idea I submitted was considered too strange, too weird; every idea they had seemed too ordinary to me  Ordinary pictures don't make money "

The Wild Angels
After a year of not directing, Corman took a leave of absence under his contract with Columbia to make a film for AIP, the first biker movie, The Wild Angels  It starred Peter Fonda and Nancy Sinatra, from a script by Griffith; Peter Bogdanovich worked as Corman's assistant  The film opened the 1966 Venice Film Festival and was hugely successful at the box office, making over $6 million on a $350,000 budget and kicking off the "biker movie" cycle He wanted to make a film about the Red Baron, but Columbia turned it down because of The Blue Max (1966)  He proposed a movie about the St Valentine's Day Massacre and also an adaptation of the novel Only Lovers Left Alive  Nick Ray was meant to be making Only Lovers in Britain 
Corman did begin directing Long Ride Home with Glenn Ford at Columbia  However, Corman left production a few weeks into the shoot in June 1966 and was replaced by Phil Karlson  The film was retitled A Time for Killing (1967) 
Corman received an offer to direct a studio film,The St  Valentine's Day Massacre (1967), for 20th Century Fox, starring Jason Robards and George Segal  He did not enjoy the restrictions of working for a major studio  He was given a $2 5 million budget and made it for $400,000 less  Corman, an independent director, was most comfortable in his own style:  shoestring budgets and shooting schedules measured in days, rather than weeks  Nonetheless, it is generally considered one of his best films as a director 
Corman was meant to follow this with Robert E  Lee for United Artists at a budget of $4 5 million  It was not made  Neither was a story Corman optioned, The Spy in the Vatican 

Return to independence
He continued to finance films for Filmgroup: Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965), dubbing a Soviet movie Planeta Bur into English with some additional footage shot by Curtis Harrington, Queen of Blood (1966), using some Soviet footage but a mostly new film, directed by Harrington, Blood Bath (1966), an adapted Yugoslavian film with additional footage shot by Stephanie Rothman and Jack Hill, and  Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1967), yet another dubbed version of Planeta Bur with some additional footage shot by Corman's then-assistant Peter Bogdanovich 
He had money in Navy vs  the Night Monsters (1967)  He financed two Westerns shot back to back in Utah, directed by Monte Hellman and written and co-produced by Jack Nicholson, The Shooting (1967) and Ride in the Whirlwind (1967), which became cult successes  He also financed two films directed by Dan Haller, Devil's Angels (1967), a follow-up to Wild Angels written by Griffith, and a car racing film shot in Europe, The Wild Racers (1968)  He announced a comedy about the population explosion, There Just Isn't Any Room, but it appears to have never been made Corman directed The Trip for AIP, written by Jack Nicholson and starring Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper and Bruce Dern  This began the psychedelic film craze of the late 1960s and was the American entry at Cannes that year  AIP made some changes to the film in post-production, which made Corman unhappy 
In September 1967, he announced plans to build a new film studio  However, this did not happen for a number of years 
Corman made a film for American TV, Target: Harry (1968), shot in Europe with his brother producing  He did some uncredited directing on AIP's De Sade (1969) when director Cy Endfield fell ill  He financed Bogdanovich's first feature, Targets (1968), which incorporated footage from The Terror  He also produced The Dunwich Horror (1970) for AIP, directed by Haller and co-written by Curtis Hanson, and financed Haller's Paddy 

Final films as director
For AIP, Corman returned to the director's chair for a gangster film, Bloody Mama (1970), starring Shelley Winters and a young Robert de Niro  It was a big hit at the box office  He also directed a black comedy, Gas-s-s-s (1970), written by George Armitage; it was cut without his permission by AIP and was a financial failure United Artists finally agreed to finance his Red Baron project, although they asked that it emphasize American characters  Accordingly, it was filmed as Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), shot in Ireland in July 1970  There were several plane crashes during filming and one person died Corman was going to make a film of Couples, a novel by John Updike for United Artists, and In from a script by Richard Schupe, but decided to take a break from directing 
"Directing is very hard and very painful," he said in 1971  "Producing is easy  I can do it without really thinking about it "

New World Pictures
In May 1970, Corman founded New World Pictures, which became a small independently owned production/distribution studio, immediately successful with Angels Die Hard (1970), a biker film, and The Student Nurses (1971), directed by Rothman   The Big Doll House (1971), directed by Jack Hill in the Philippines, was a big hit, making a star of Pam Grier  The company made a profit of $3 2 million in its first financial year, and Corman says all eleven out of his first eleven films were successful   Angels Die Hard led to a series of biker films, including Angels Hard as They Come (1971), produced by Jonathan Demme with Jack Fisk working as art director  Bury Me an Angel (1971) was the first biker movie directed by a woman, Barbara Peeters  Corman financed the directorial debuts of Curtis Hanson, Sweet Kill (1971), produced by Corman protege Tamara Asseyev   Student Nurses led to a "cycle" of nurse pictures, including Private Duty Nurses (the first film directed by George Armitage), Night Call Nurses (1972) (the first feature directed by Jonathan Kaplan), The Young Nurses and Candy Stripe Nurses (1975)  There was also The Student Teachers (1973) and Summer School Teachers (1974)   Big Doll House was followed by a series of women in prison pictures, such as Women in Cages (1972), The Hot Box (1972), Black Mama, White Mama (1973), The Arena (1974) (the first film directed by Steve Carver) and Caged Heat (1974) (the first film directed by Demme)   Of New World's second year, Corman says 11 of the 12 releases were successful   Corman produced one more film at AIP, Boxcar Bertha (1972), the second feature directed by Martin Scorsese, starring David Carradine  He also executive produced Unholy Rollers (1972) for AIP   A proposed political satire, The Wild Political Prank, was not made   He made I Escaped from Devil's Island (1973) with his brother and produced Cockfighter (1974) with Monte Hellman, which was a rare financial failure for New World   A big hit was Big Bad Mama (1974), a gangster film directed by Carver and starring Angie Dickinson  It led to a follow-up, Crazy Mama (1975), produced by his wife and directed by Demme   In 1975, Corman said New World was "the most successful independent film company in the country   if you count AIP as a major"  He said they were "the best of the cheap acts" 

Distributing foreign films
In the 1970s the major Hollywood studios were moving away from distributing foreign arthouse pictures, New World moved into the market and became the U S  distributor for Cries and Whispers (1972), directed by Ingmar Bergman  Corman bought it for $75,000 and it earned over $2 million at the U S  box office  and Corman's distribution side of New World brought many foreign films to mass audiences in the U S  for the first time - reportedly some played at drive-ins and grindhouses - including the works of François Truffaut (The Story of Adele H , Small Change), Peter Weir (The Cars That Ate Paris), Federico Fellini (Amarcord), Joseph Losey (The Romantic Englishwoman), Volker Schlöndorff (The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, The Tin Drum) and Akira Kurosawa (Dersu Uzala)  New World also released Fantastic Planet (1974) 
In a 10-year period, New World Pictures won more Academy Awards for Best Foreign Film than all other studios combined 

20th Century Fox
He had a four-picture deal with 20th Century Fox, making Capone (1975), Fighting Mad (1976) (directed by Demme), Moving Violation (1976) and Thunder and Lightning (1977) 

Peak of New World
Death Race 2000 (1975), written by Robert Thom and directed by Paul Bartel, was a big hit, earning $4 million  It helped inspire a series of car chase movies: Cannonball (1976), directed by Bartel; Eat My Dust! (1976), directed by Griffith starring Ron Howard, which led to a follow-up, Grand Theft Auto (1978), Howard's directorial debut  There was also The Great Texas Dynamite Chase (1976), Deathsport (1978) and Smokey Bites the Dust (1981) 
New World's trailers were cut by Joe Dante and Alan Arkush  Corman gave them the chance to direct together, with Hollywood Boulevard (1976), which used outtakes from other New World films  It was successful enough for Corman to give both men jobs directing features on their own: Dante with Piranha (1978) and Arkush with Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979) 
Piranha was written by John Sayles, who had been discovered by Corman's story editor, Frances Doel  Sayles later wrote The Lady in Red (1979) for Corman, which was directed by Lewis Teague 
Other popular films around this time included Tidal Wave (1975), a Japanese film to which Corman added some extra footage, and Jackson County Jail (1976)  He also financed I Never Promised You a Rose Garden  Less popular was Avalanche (1979), a disaster film directed by Corey Allen 
For Universal he made Fast Charlie    the Moonbeam Rider (1979), directed by Carver  He financed Bogdanovich's Saint Jack (1979) 
Corman was criticized when he insisted on the addition of footage featuring a rape for Humanoids from the Deep (1980)  Similarly, in Galaxy of Terror, as noted on Schlock and Awe   some, "Corman promised the investors that the film would feature a Taaffe O'Connell sex-scene and a gruesome death-scene as-well  To save time, Corman put the two together  The actress agreed to a nude scene, but NOT a rape scene  Corman isn't the kind of man who takes no for an answer, and after some contract renegotiation, O'Connell agreed to being raped to death by a giant worm-monster  Money… it does amazing things "The success of Star Wars inspired New World's most expensive film yet, Battle Beyond the Stars (1981)  This film required extensive special effects, prompting Corman to buy a movie studio in Main Street Venice for $1 5 million  Corman made a TV film for CBS, The Georgia Peaches (1980) 
Battle Beyond the Stars was so successful Corman had its footage and music score reused in other films such as Galaxy of Terror (1981) and Forbidden World (1982) 
He picked up a film called The Personals (1983) which enjoyed success 

Millennium Films
Corman sold New World Pictures in January 1983 to a consortium of three lawyers for $16 9 million Under the terms of the contract, he agreed to stay on as a consultant for two years and to provide New World with at least five films they could release  New World agreed to distribute all of Corman's films until March 1984  He set up a new production company, Millennium – the title of which was taken from the name of a 1981 retrospective of Corman's work at the National Film Theatre of London  He announced plans to make films budgeted between $2–5 million using cash from his sale of New World to finance personally  He announced an intention to make fewer commercial films, movies more like I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and Cries and Whispers 
Millennium's films included Space Raiders (1983), a science fiction epic using footage and music from Battle Beyond the Stars; Love Letters (1984), a serious drama from Amy Holden Jones; Screwballs (1984), a sex comedy in the vein of Porky's; Suburbia (1984), directed by Penelope Spheeris, which he acquired, Deathstalker; and Kain of Dark Planet (which became The Warrior and the Sorceress) 

New Horizons
Corman says people struggled with the name "Millennium" – "nobody could spell it, nobody knew what it meant" – so he changed it to New Horizons by early 1984 Corman and the new owners of New World ended up suing each other in March 1985  Corman claimed that New World failed to honor their guarantee to distribute his movies at a fee of 15%  He sought $400 million in damages and the return of the company  He said they refused to distribute School Spirit (1985) and Wheels of Fire  He also claimed that New World cheated him distributing Space Raiders, Screwballs and Slumber Party Massacre  New World sued Corman in return, claiming he was seeking to return to distribution, and was discrediting New World to potential investors  They said Corman bypassed New World for some of his films, such as Columbia's Hardbodies (1984)  Corman argued "My whole point in selling was to free myself of the burden of running the company and to get guaranteed distribution  If I can't get my guaranteed distribution, I'm forced to go back to running the company "

Concorde Pictures
The case with New World settled out of court  In March 1985 Corman announced he would establish a new distribution "cooperative", Concorde Pictures, where producers could get relatively cheap distribution from Concorde in exchange for contributing to the company's overhead  Their first releases were Corman productions School Spirit, Wheels of Fire and Barbarian Queen  Concorde later merged with a low budget production company, Cinema Group, and announced plans to make 15-20 films a year Early Concorde releases include Loose Screws (1985), a sequel to Screwballs;  Streetwalkin' (1985), a more serious drama directed by Joan Freeman; Cocaine Wars (1986), the first in a series of movies Corman would finance in South America; Hour of the Assassin (1987), shot in Peru and the first film directed by Luis Llosa; and Munchies (1987), a spoof of Gremlins directed by Tina Hirsch 
Corman also remade Not of this Earth (1988) and released Big Bad Mama II (1987), and Transylvania Twist (1989); all three were directed by Jim Wynorski  He produced another version of Masque of the Red Death (1989), directed by Larry Brand 
He produced Sweet Revenge (1987), Slumber Party Massacre II (1988), directed by Deborah Brock, Andy Colby's Incredible Adventure (1988), also directed by Brock, and The Terror Within (1989), directed by Thierry Notz 
Corman financed the early directorial efforts of Carl Franklin (Nowhere to Run (1989)), Vargas Llosa and Katt Shea (Stripped to Kill (1988), Stripped to Kill II (1989))  More experimental was Nightfall (1988) 
After Hour of the Assassin, he made a series of films in Peru, including Crime Zone (1989), also directed by Luis Llosa, and Full Fathom Five (1990), directed by Carl Franklin 
Concorde had a big hit with Bloodfist (1989), starring Don "the Dragon" Wilson which cost $1 million and earned over $6 million  Concorde signed Wilson to a long-term contract and he made a number of sequels for the company, including Bloodfist II and Fighting to Win 

Frankenstein Unbound
He returned to directing once more with Frankenstein Unbound (1990) 

Concorde and New Horizon in the 1990s
In 1990, Concorde sued MGM for $6 million Concorde's films included Overexposed (1990), The Unborn (1991), and In the Heat of Passion (1992)  They had a big hit with Carnosaur (1993), which led to several sequels  He financed Fire on the Amazon (1991, directed Luis Llosa) which had Sandra Bullock and Craig Sheffer in early roles 
Corman had to deal with the decline of the drive-in market and studio competition through the 1990s, but Concorde-New Horizons still made 15-24 pictures a year  This included a never-released version of The Fantastic Four 

Roger Corman Presents
In 1995 Corman was executive producer on Roger Corman Presents, a special series of 13 movies for Showtime with budgets of around $1 5 million each  "I think the Corman name means action, humor and some titillation," says Mike Elliott, the producer of the series  "It's going to deliver the goods – and it will have a little moral statement in there as well " Corman ended up doing a second season of 11 movies  The films were Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Hellfire, Virtual Seduction, Suspect Device, Unknown Origin, Terminal Virus, Where Evil Lies, Vampirella, Shadow of a Scream, Subliminal Seduction, House of the Damned (a k a  Spectre), The Haunted Sea, Alien Avengers (a k a  Aliens Among Us) and its sequel, Inhumanoid, Sawbones, Not Like Us, and Last Exit to Earth  He created his own comic book franchise, Black Scorpion, which led to a sequel and later a TV series  Corman also executive-produced remakes of The Wasp Woman, Humanoids from the Deep, A Bucket of Blood (a k a  The Death Artist), Piranha and Not of this Earth 

Ireland
Concorde set up operations in Ireland as Concorde Anois, building studios in Connemara, County Galway  He received some support from the Irish government, a decision which became controversial when the content of some Corman productions such as Criminal Affairs was criticized in the press Later Concorde-New Horizons films included Overdrive (1997)  "The genres still hold", said Corman in 1997, "action adventure, the suspense thriller, science fiction and horror  The difference is that they are bigger and better now  "Corman also produced the film Moving Target which was filmed in County Galway  It was his last film produced with Concorde-New Horizons 

Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics
Corman operated a short-lived comic book imprint in 1995–1996 called Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics  It produced comics based on his films, written and drawn in a similar no-hold-barred style  Titles included Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Caged Heat 3000, Death Race 2020, Welcome to The Little Shop of Horrors, and Rock & Roll High School — the latter featuring the Melvins (instead of the Ramones)  Notable creators published by Cosmic Comics included Trevor Goring, James Kochalka, Jason Lutes, Pat Mills, Shane Oakley, Jerry Prosser, and J  R  Williams  The longest-running title was Death Race 2020, which lasted eight issues — but was left unfinished when the company closed down 

Later career:  Syfy Channel
He continued to produce creature films, such as Raptor (2001, dir Jim Wynorski)  Dinocroc (2004), which aired on the Syfy cable television channel and was popular enough for two sequels, Supergator and Dinocroc vs  Supergator (2010), as well as a spin-off film, Dinoshark (2010)  Supergator (2007) was turned down by the Syfy channel, but Corman made it anyway 
Corman also continued to make action films: Escape from Afghanistan (2001) was a Russian film, Peshavar Waltz plus some additional footage; The Hunt for Eagle One (2006) and The Hunt for Eagle One: Crash Point (2006) were shot in the Philippines; Roger Corman's Operation Rogue (2014); Fist of the Dragon (2015) 
In 2006 Corman said he made 60% of his films overseas  "These foreign countries are offering subsidies that are so great that not only I but many independent producers are moving overseas", he said  He sold the remake rights of Death Race 2000 to Universal, who made Death Race (2008) with Jason Statham, with Corman credited as executive producer  It led to two direct-to-video prequels and one direct-to-video sequel 
In 2009, Corman produced and directed alongside director Joe Dante the web series "Splatter" for Netflix  The protagonist of the film is portrayed by Corey Feldman, and the story talks of the haunting tale of rock-and-roll legend Johnny Splatter  He also started contributing trailer commentaries to Dante's web series Trailers from Hell  In 2011, Corman cited James Cameron's Avatar (2009) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010) as examples of "great imagination and originality" By now, the SyFy channel was Corman's leading market  For them, he made Sharktopus (2010) and Piranhaconda (2012)  Corman produced the 2017 film Death Race 2050, a sequel to the 1975 film Death Race 2000  It was made with Universal, Corman's first film with a major studio in more than two decades 

Personal life
Corman married Julie Halloran in 1970  They have four children  On April 3, 2018, a lawsuit by Corman's sons, Roger Martin Corman and Brian Corman, was filed against Corman to prevent the trade of his film collection  It was settled in 2020  In 2016, Corman also sued a wealth management company about suspected losses of his personal fortune  To date, the result of that dispute has not been disclosed 

Recognition
In 1964, Corman was the youngest producer/director to be given a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as retrospectives at the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art 
Corman won the Lifetime Achievement Award at Stockholm International Film Festival in 1990 
Corman was the subject of the 1978 documentary Roger Corman:  Hollywood's Wild Angel, produced and directed by Christian Blackwood  Portions of the film reappeared in 2011's Corman's World 
In 1998, he won the first Producer's Award ever given by the Cannes Film Festival 
In 2006, Corman received the David O  Selznick Award from the Producers Guild of America  Also in 2006, his film Fall of the House of Usher was among the twenty-five movies selected for the National Film Registry, a compilation of significant films being preserved by the Library of Congress 
In 2009, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Corman with an Academy Honorary Award at the inaugural Governors Awards, on November 14, 2009 In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Corman for his BBC documentary series A History of Horror, of which the second half of the second episode focuses on Corman In 2010, Corman was inducted into the Beverly Hills High School Hall of Fame 
In 2012, Corman was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival 
In 2018, he received the "Extraordinary Contribution to Film" award at the Austin Film Festival 

Archive
Film elements and prints for many movies directed, produced, and/or distributed by Corman are held at the Academy Film Archive as part of the New Horizons Collection  The Academy Film Archive restored Corman's film The Masque of the Red Death in 2019 

"The Corman Film School"
A number of noted filmmakers (including directors, producers, writers, and cinematographers) have worked with Corman, usually early in their careers, including Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Ron Howard, Polly Platt, Peter Bogdanovich, Declan O'Brien, Armondo Linus Acosta, Paul Bartel, Jonathan Demme, Donald G  Jackson, Gale Anne Hurd, Carl Colpaert, Joe Dante, James Cameron, John Sayles, Monte Hellman, Carl Franklin, George Armitage, Jonathan Kaplan, George Hickenlooper, Curtis Hanson, Jack Hill, Robert Towne, Menahem Golan, James Horner, and Timur Bekmambetov  Many have said that Corman's influence taught them some of the ins and outs of filmmaking  In the extras for the DVD of The Terminator, director James Cameron asserts, "I trained at the Roger Corman Film School " The British director Nicolas Roeg served as the cinematographer on The Masque of the Red Death  Cameron, Coppola, Demme, Hanson, Howard and Scorsese have all gone on to win Academy Awards  Howard was reportedly told by Corman, "If you do a good job on this film, you'll never have to work for me again "
Actors who obtained their career breaks working for Corman include Jack Nicholson, Peter Fonda, Bruce Dern, Charles Bronson, Todd Field Michael McDonald, Dennis Hopper, Tommy Lee Jones, Talia Shire, Sandra Bullock, Robert De Niro, and David Carradine, who received one of his first starring film roles in the Corman-produced Boxcar Bertha (1972) and went on to star in Death Race 2000 (along with Sylvester Stallone) 
Many of Corman's protegés have paid their mentor homage by awarding him cameos in films, such as in The Godfather Part II, The Silence of the Lambs, Apollo 13, and as recently as Demme's 2008 film Rachel Getting Married 

Filmography
The IMDb credits Corman with 55 directed films and some 385 produced films from 1954 through 2008, many as uncredited producer or executive producer (consistent with his role as head of his own New World Pictures from 1970 through 1983)  Corman also has significant credits as writer and actor 
 Roger Corman's Cult Classics 
In 2010, Roger Corman teamed up New Horizons Pictures with Shout! Factory to release new DVD and Blu-ray editions of Corman productions under the name Roger Corman's Cult Classics  The releases have concentrated on 1970–1980s films he produced through New World rather than directed  These titles include Rock 'n' Roll High School, Death Race 2000, Galaxy of Terror, Forbidden World and Piranha, with additional titles continuing to be released 

Books
Corman, Roger; Jerome, Jim (1990)  How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime  Random House  ISBN 978-0-394-56974-1  OCLC 840687965 
His autobiography documents his experiences in the film industry
Passage 6:
The House of the Seven Hawks
The House of the Seven Hawks is a 1959 British mystery film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Robert Taylor, Nicole Maurey and Linda Christian  It was the final film by Robert Taylor under his twenty five-year contract with MGM  The film follows an American captain searching for sunken treasure who becomes entangled with criminals and is arrested by the Dutch police  It is based on the Victor Canning novel The House of the Seven Flies, published in 1952 

Plot
Story of an American skipper who becomes entangled with the Dutch police and international crooks over sunken treasure but survives and finds romance 

Cast
Robert Taylor as John Nordley
Nicole Maurey as Constanta Sluiter
Linda Christian as Elsa
Donald Wolfit as Inspector Van Der Stoor
David Kossoff as Wilhelm Dekker
Eric Pohlmann as Captain Rohner
Philo Hauser as Charlie Ponz
Gerard Heinz as Inspector Sluiter
Paul Hardtmuth as Beukleman
Lily Kann as Gerta
Richard Shaw as Police Sgt  Straatman
André van Gyseghem as Hotel Clerk
Leslie Weston as Tulper
Guy Deghy as Desk Lieutenant
Peter Welch as Gannett
Peter Lannagan as Peter

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, The New York Times called the film "an unpretentious but satisfying entertainment"; whereas more recently, the Radio Times called it a "bland B-movie "

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $415,000 in the U S  and Canada and $650,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $20,000 

See also
List of British films of 1959
Passage 7:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 8:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 9:
Richard Thorpe
Richard Thorpe (born Rollo Smolt Thorpe; February 24, 1896 – May 1, 1991) was an American film director best known for his long career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 

Biography
Born Rollo Smolt Thorpe in Hutchinson, Kansas, Richard Thorpe began his entertainment career performing in vaudeville and onstage  In 1921 he began in motion pictures as an actor and directed his first silent film in 1923  He went on to direct more than one hundred and eighty films  He worked frequently at the Poverty Row studio Chesterfield Pictures during the 1930s  The first full-length motion picture he directed for MGM was Last of the Pagans (1935) starring Ray Mala  
At MGM, he teamed up with producer Pandro S  Berman in the 1950s, with whom he made several films, including Ivanhoe (1952), The Prisoner of Zenda (1952), Knights of the Round Table (1953), All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) and The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955) 
After directing The Last Challenge in 1967, he retired from the film industry 
His two favorite films were Night Must Fall (1937) and Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) 

Wizard of Oz
Thorpe is also known as the original director of The Wizard of Oz  He was fired after two weeks of shooting because it was felt that his scenes did not have the right air of fantasy about them  Thorpe notoriously gave Judy Garland a blonde wig and cutesy "baby-doll" makeup that made her look like a girl in her late teens rather than an innocent Kansas farm girl of about 13  Both makeup and wig were discarded at the suggestion of George Cukor, who was brought in temporarily  Stills from Thorpe's work on the film survive today  Further, it is understood that bits of his filmed footage of Toto escaping from the Wicked Witch's castle are featured in the film, albeit uncredited 
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Thorpe has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd  In 2003 a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California was dedicated to him and his son Jerry He died in Palm Springs, California on May 1, 1991 

Selected filmography
As director
Passage 10:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Emigrant Pass (Nevada)
Emigrant Pass is a mountain pass in Eureka County, Nevada, United States  It originally carried the California Trail over the Emigrant Hills of northern Eureka County, reaching a peak elevation of 6,125 feet (1,867 m)  Interstate 80 now follows the California Trail's route over the pass 
Passage 2:
The California Trail
The California Trail is a 1933 American pre-Code
Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer starring Buck Jones, Helen Mack and Luis Alberni 

Cast
Buck Jones as Santa Fe Stewart (as Charles 'Buck' Jones)
Helen Mack as Dolores Ramirez
Luis Alberni as Commandant Emilio Quierra
George Humbert as Mayor Alberto Piedra (as George Humbart)
Charles Stevens as Juan
Carlos Villarías as Governor Carlos Moreno (as Carlos Villar)
Chris-Pin Martin as Pancho (as Chrispin Martin)
Carmen Laroux as Juan's wife (as Carmen La Roux)
William Steele as Pedro (as Robert Steele)
Al Ernest Garcia as Sergeant Florez (as Allan Garcia)
Émile Chautard as Don Marco Ramirez (as Emile Chautard)

External links
The California Trail at IMDb
The California Trail at AllMovie
The California Trail at the TCM Movie Database
The California Trail at the American Film Institute Catalog
Passage 3:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 4:
Bajo otro sol
Bajo otro sol (Spanish for Under Another Sun), is a 1988 Argentine film 

Plot summary
Manuel Ojeda, a rural lawyer who previously worked as a teacher during the dictatorship, returns to his hometown in Córdoba, Argentina
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rumbold of Mechelen
Saint Rumbold (or Rumold, Romuold, Latin: Rumoldus, Dutch: Rombout, French: Rombaut) was an Irish or Scottish Christian missionary, although his true nationality is not known for certain 
He was martyred near Mechelen by two men, whom he had denounced for their evil ways Saint Rumbold's feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, and Western Rite Orthodox Churches, on 24 June;
and it is celebrated in Ireland on 3 July 
He is the patron saint of Mechelen, where St  Rumbold's Cathedral possesses an elaborate golden shrine on its high altar, containing relics attributed to the saint  It is rumoured that his remains are buried inside the cathedral  Twenty-five paintings in the choir illustrate his life 

Life and legend
Rumbold is assumed to have been consecrated a regionary bishop at Rome  Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird (c  1590–1635) argued that Rumbold had been born in Ireland  He is also said to have been a Bishop of Dublin, the son of a Scottish king, and the brother of Saint Himelin  He is assumed to have worked under St  Willibrord in the Netherlands and Brabant, and also to have been a close companion of the hermit St  Gummarus, and of the preacher monk Fredegand van Deurne, who, according to one tradition, maintained contact with St  Foillan (who was murdered in the Sonian Forest around 665) St  Rumbold's biography, written around 1100 AD by Theodoricus, prior of Sint-Truiden Abbey, caused 775 to be the traditional year of the saint's death  The surrounding areas of Mechelen however, had been Christianized much earlier 
In 2004 a state-of-the-art examination of the relics assumed to be St  Rumbold's showed a death date between 580 and 655 
This would make Saint Rumbold a Hiberno-Scottish rather than an Anglo-Saxon missionary, and not a contemporary of either St  Willibrord, St  Himelin, or St  Gummarus 

St  Rumwold of Buckingham
There has been some historical confusion between Rumbold of Mechelen and the infant Saint Rumwold of Buckingham, who died in 662 AD at the age of 3 days  The latter has become referred to as Romwold, Rumwald, Runwald, Rumbald, or Rumbold  A compilation of three saints' lives as translated by Rosalind Love mentioned that on 15th-century records in Salisbury, an unknown author 'corrected' the attribution as "martyr" (possibly the Rumbold murdered in Mechelen) by annotating "confessor" (fitting in the miraculous infant Rumwold who was not a martyr)  Also, the original dedication of churches to a St  Rumbold in Northern England appears uncertain 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Nayelly Hernández
Nayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player  She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships  Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour  Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player  She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010 

Career
Nayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement 
Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games  In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event  She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016 
Passage 3:
Nizar al-Mustafa
Abu Mansur Nizar ibn al-Mustansir (Arabic: أبو منصور نزار بن المستنصر, romanized: Abū Manṣūr Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir; 1045–1095) was a Fatimid prince, and the oldest son of the eighth Fatimid caliph and eighteenth Isma'ili imam, al-Mustansir  When his father died in December 1094, the powerful vizier, al-Afdal Shahanshah, raised Nizar's younger brother al-Musta'li to the throne in Cairo, bypassing the claims of Nizar and other older sons of al-Mustansir  Nizar escaped Cairo, rebelled and seized Alexandria, where he reigned as caliph with the regnal name al-Mustafa li-Din Allah (Arabic: المصطفى لدين الله, romanized: al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh)  In late 1095 he was defeated and taken prisoner to Cairo, where he was executed by immurement 
During the 12th century, some of Nizar's actual or claimed descendants tried, without success, to seize the throne from the Fatimid caliphs  Many Isma'ilis, especially in Persia, rejected al-Musta'li's imamate and considered Nizar as the rightful imam  As a result, they split off from the Fatimid regime and founded the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, with their own line of imams who claimed descent from Nizar  This line continues to this day in the person of the Aga Khan 

Life
Nizar was born on 26 September 1045 (5 Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal 437 A H ) to the ruling Fatimid imam–caliph, al-Mustansir (r  1036–1094)  At that time, al-Mustansir was around 15 years old and had already been on the throne for ten years  Nizar was most likely the eldest son of the caliph, although another son named Abu Abdallah is sometimes listed as the senior of al-Mustansir's sons In the late 1060s, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a profound crisis, with the advance of the Seljuk Turks from the east threatening its hold over Syria, and protracted clashes between the Fatimid army's Turkish and black African troops in Egypt leading to the breakdown of the central government and widespread famine and anarchy  In about 1068, as internal turmoil threatened the dynasty with collapse, al-Mustansir dispersed his sons throughout his territories as a safeguard, keeping only an unnamed underage son close to him  The account by the Mamluk-era historian al-Maqrizi says that Abu Abdallah and Abu Ali were to go to Acre to join the army of the commander Badr al-Jamali; Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad (father of the Caliph al-Hafiz) to Ascalon; while another, unnamed but underage son, remained in Cairo  Nizar is not mentioned by al-Maqrizi, but he was very likely included in this measure, and the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya, a proclamation issued in 1122 by Caliph al-Amir (r  1101–1130), claims that he was sent to the port of Damietta  This dispersal of the Fatimid princes lasted at least until Badr al-Jamali assumed power in 1073 as vizier and quasi-dictator and restored order in Egypt 

Disputed succession
As the oldest son, Nizar was apparently considered to be his father's most likely successor, as was the custom; indeed, historians often state that Nizar had been his father's designated successor  However, no formal designation of Nizar as heir seems to have taken place by the time of al-Mustansir's death in December 1094 Al-Maqrizi writes that this was due to the machinations of Badr's son al-Afdal Shahanshah, who had succeeded his father to the vizierate in June 1094  According to al-Maqrizi, a deep-seated enmity existed between al-Afdal and Nizar  An anecdote tells how al-Afdal had once tried to enter the palace on horseback—a privilege reserved for the caliph—whereupon Nizar yelled at him to dismount and called him a "dirty Armenian"  Since then, the two had been bitter enemies, with al-Afdal obstructing Nizar's activities and demoting his servants, while at the same time winning the army's commanders over to his cause  Only one of them, the Berber Muhammad ibn Masal al-Lukki, is said to have remained loyal to Nizar, because he had promised to appoint him vizier instead of al-Afdal According to al-Maqrizi, al-Afdal pressured al-Mustansir to prevent Nizar's public nomination as heir, and when the caliph died, al-Afdal raised a much younger half-brother of Nizar, al-Musta'li, to the throne and the imamate  Al-Musta'li, who had shortly before married al-Afdal's sister, was completely dependent on al-Afdal for his accession  This made him a compliant figurehead who was unlikely to threaten al-Afdal's recent, and therefore as yet fragile, hold on power In order to defend al-Musta'li's succession and counter the claims of Nizar's partisans, al-Mu'stali's son and successor, al-Amir, issued the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya  This document puts a different spin on the dispersal of the princes: supposedly, they were sent away in order of importance, with those closest to Cairo (and thus the caliph himself) being the highest in rank  Modern historians point out that this was a deliberately misconstrued argument, as the princes were sent away for their protection  According to the historian Paul E  Walker, sending Abu Abdallah to the strong army of Badr al-Jamali was, if anything, an indication of his high importance and of his father's desire to keep him safe  At the same time, the unidentified underage son left in Cairo was clearly not al-Musta'li, who had not even been born yet  Walker identifies the unnamed prince with Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad, whose birth had been publicly announced in 1060  That prince had likely died in the meantime, as the future al-Musta'li, born in 1074, was given the same name The al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya and other accounts further assert the legitimacy of al-Musta'li's accession by reporting stories that on the wedding banquet of al-Musta'li, or on his deathbed, al-Mustansir had chosen him as his heir, and that one of al-Mustansir's sisters is said to have been called to him privately and received al-Musta'li's nomination as a bequest  Modern historians, such as Farhad Daftary, believe these stories to be most likely attempts to justify and retroactively legitimize what was in effect a coup d'état by al-Afdal However, al-Maqrizi also includes a different narrative that casts doubt on whether al-Afdal's move was really a carefully prepared coup  When al-Afdal summoned three of al-Mustansir's sons—Nizar, Abdallah, and Isma'il, apparently the most prominent among the caliph's progeny—to the palace to do homage to al-Musta'li, who had been seated on the throne, they each refused  Not only did they reject al-Musta'li, but each of them claimed that al-Mustansir had chosen him as his successor  Nizar claimed that he had a written document to this effect  This refusal apparently took al-Afdal completely by surprise  The brothers were allowed to leave the palace; but while Abdallah and Isma'il made for a nearby mosque, Nizar immediately fled Cairo  To add to the confusion, having learned of al-Mustansir's passing, Baraqat, the chief missionary (da'i) of Cairo (the head of the Isma'ili religious establishment) proclaimed Abdallah as caliph with the regnal name al-Muwaffaq  However, al-Afdal soon regained control  Baraqat was arrested (and later executed), Abdallah and Isma'il were placed under surveillance and eventually publicly acknowledged al-Musta'li  A grand assembly of officials was held, which acclaimed al-Musta'li as imam and caliph 

Rebellion and death
In the meantime, Nizar fled to Alexandria with a few followers  The local governor, a Turk named Nasr al-Dawla Aftakin, opposed al-Afdal, so Nizar was quickly able to gain his support  He also won over the local judge (qadi), the inhabitants and the surrounding Arab tribes to his cause  He then rose in revolt and proclaimed himself imam and caliph with the title of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah ('the Chosen One for God's Religion')  A gold dinar of Nizar, bearing this title, was discovered in 1994, attesting to his assumption of the caliphal title and the minting of coinage with it  According to Walker, the speed with which Nizar gained support, and some other stories narrated in al-Maqrizi, suggest the existence of a relatively large faction that expected or wanted him to succeed al-Mustansir Nizar's revolt was initially successful: al-Afdal's attack on Alexandria in February 1095 was easily repulsed, and Nizar's forces raided up to the outskirts of Cairo  Over the next months, however, al-Afdal managed to win back the allegiance of the Arab tribes with bribes and gifts  Weakened, Nizar's forces were pushed back to Alexandria, which was placed under siege  In November, Nizar's military commander Ibn Masal abandoned the city, taking most of the remaining treasure with him  This forced Aftakin and Nizar to surrender against a guarantee of their safety (aman)  Both were taken back to Cairo, where Nizar was immured and Aftakin was executed  The details or exact date of Nizar's death are unknown In a surviving letter sent to the Isma'ili Yemeni queen Arwa al-Sulayhi announcing his accession, al-Musta'li gives the "official" version of events as follows: Like the other sons of al-Mustansir, Nizar had at first accepted his imamate and paid him homage, before being moved by greed and envy to revolt  The events up to the capitulation of Alexandria are reported in some detail, but nothing is mentioned of Nizar's fate or that of Aftakin 

Nizari schism
Problems with succession arrangements had emerged before, but al-Musta'li's accession was the first time that rival members of the Fatimid dynasty had actually fought over the throne  Given the pivotal role of the imam in the Isma'ili faith, this was of momentous importance: the issue of succession was not merely a matter of political intrigue, but also intensely religious  In the words of the modern pioneer of Isma'ili studies, Samuel Miklos Stern, "on it depended the continuity of institutional religion as well as the personal salvation of the believer"  To the Isma'ili faithful, writes Stern, it was "not so much the person of the claimant that weighed with his followers; they were not moved by any superior merits of Nizar as a ruler [   ] it was the divine right personified in the legitimate heir that counted" As a result, the events of 1094–1095 caused a bitter and permanent schism in the Isma'ili movement that continues to the present  While al-Musta'li was recognized by the Fatimid elites and the official Isma'ili religious establishment (the da'wa), as well as the Isma'ili communities dependent on it in Syria and Yemen, most of the Isma'ili communities in the wider Middle East, and especially Persia and Iraq, rejected it  Whether out of genuine conviction, or as a convenient excuse to rid himself of Cairo's control, the chief Isma'ili da'i in Persia, Hassan-i Sabbah, swiftly recognized Nizar's rights to the imamate—possibly already during Nizar's rule in Alexandria—severed relations with Cairo, and set up his own independent hierarchy (the da'wa jadida, lit  'new calling')



ground_truth: The House Of The Seven Hawks

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released more recently, Bajo Otro Sol or Riding The California Trail?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Motivated by a desire for justice, he embarks on a mission to avenge a disappeared comrade  The missing person, a member of the Peronist Youth, was targeted by Alberto Barrantes, a former employee of the factory where he was employed  Determined to uncover the truth, Manuel sets out to locate the missing individual 

Cast
Carlos Centeno
Laura Cikra
Ulises Dumont
Jorge González
Miguel Angel Sola
Passage 5:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Passage 6:
Riding the Wave
Riding the Wave may refer to:

Riding the Wave (album), 2004 album by The Blanks
"Riding the Wave (song)", a 2018 single by Sheppard

See also
Riding the Wave: The Whale Rider Story, documentary film by Jonathan Brough about the feature film Whale Rider
"Riding the Waves (For Virginia Woolf)", a song by Steve Harley on the 1978 album Hobo with a Grin
Passage 7:
Riding the Edge
Riding the Edge is a 1989 film directed by James Fargo and starring Raphael Sbarge and Catherine Mary Stewart 

Synopsis
When his scientist father is kidnapped by Middle-Eastern terrorists, Matt Harman (Raphael Sbarge), a championship motocross contestant, is designated by his dad's captors as the ideal courier  Western governments agree that the boy can serve as a go-between, and he is all prepared to deliver a special computer chip to the terrorists  He is accompanied in his travels by lovely female secret agent Maggie Cole (Catherine Mary Stewart) and a local Middle Eastern boy who has the rare distinction of also being royalty  Together, they work to save Matt's father and defeat the terrorists 

Cast
Raphael Sbarge as Matt Harman
Catherine Mary Stewart as Maggie Cole
James Fargo as Tarek
Passage 8:
Del sol
Del Sol or del Sol may refer to:

Del Sol, Texas, a census-designated place in Texas
Del Sol-Loma Linda, Texas, a former census-designated place in Texas
Del Sol High School, a high school in Las Vegas, Nevada
Del Sol High School (California), a high school in Oxnard, California
Del Sol Press, a publishing company
Del Sol metro station, a station in Santiago, Chile
Luis del Sol, former Spanish footballer
Honda CR-X del Sol, a two-seat, targa top convertible manufactured by Honda in the 1990s
Del Sol Quartet, a San Francisco-based string quartet
Passage 9:
Riding the California Trail
Riding the California Trail is a 1947 American Western film directed by William Nigh and written by Clarence Upson Young  The film stars Gilbert Roland as the Cisco Kid, Martin Garralaga, Frank Yaconelli, Teala Loring, Inez Cooper and Ted Hecht  The film was released on January 11, 1947, by Monogram Pictures 

Plot
Cast
Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid / Don Luis Salazar
Martin Garralaga as Don José Ramirez
Frank Yaconelli as Baby
Teala Loring as Raquel
Inez Cooper as Delores Ramirez
Ted Hecht as Don Raoul Pedro Reyes
Marcelle Grandville as Dueña Rosita
Passage 10:
Riding the Wind
Riding the Wind is a 1942 American Western film directed by Edward Killy and starring Tim Holt 

Plot
A cowboy fights against a schemer who is manipulating water rights 
Context 3:  This marked the permanent and enduring split of the Isma'ili movement into rival "Musta'li" and "Nizari" branches Over the following decades, the Nizaris were among the most bitter enemies of the Musta'li rulers of Egypt  Hassan-i Sabbah founded the Order of Assassins, which was responsible for the assassination of al-Afdal in 1121, and of al-Musta'li's son and successor al-Amir (who was also al-Afdal's nephew and son-in-law) in October 1130  This led to a succession of coups and crises that heralded the decline of the Fatimid state, and its eventual collapse  In 1130–1131 the Fatimid regime was temporarily abolished by al-Afdal's son Kutayfat, before Nizar's nephew Abd al-Majid, in the absence of a direct heir of al-Amir, assumed the imamate and the caliphate as the caliph al-Hafiz in January 1132  Al-Hafiz' succession led to another schism in Isma'ilism, between those Musta'lis who accepted al-Hafiz' succession (the "Hafizis") and those who did not, upholding instead the imamate of al-Amir's infant son al-Tayyib (the "Tayyibis")  Whereas Nizari Isma'ilism survived in Persia and Syria, and Tayyibi Isma'ilism in Yemen and India, the Hafizi sect, closely associated with the Fatimid state, did not long survive the latter's final abolition by Saladin in 1171 

Descendants and succession
Contemporary sources attest that Nizar had a number of sons  At least one of them, al-Husayn, fled with other members of the dynasty (including three of Nizar's brothers, Muhammad, Isma'il, and Tahir) from Egypt to the western Maghreb in 1095, where they formed a sort of opposition in exile to the new regime in Cairo  There are indications that another of Nizar's sons, named al-Mukhtar Muhammad, left for Yemen, as coins in his name were minted there  In 1132, following the highly irregular accession of al-Hafiz, al-Husayn tried to return to Egypt  He managed to raise an army, but al-Hafiz successfully suborned his commanders and had him killed  In 1149, al-Hafiz had to confront a similar threat by a purported son of Nizar  The pretender managed to recruit a large following among the Berbers, but he was also killed when the Fatimid caliph bribed his commanders  The last revolt by a Nizari claimant was by al-Husayn's son Muhammad in 1162, but he was lured with false promises and executed by the vizier Ruzzik ibn Tala'i None of his sons had been formally designated as successor by Nizar, however, so they lacked the legitimacy to become imams after him  This raised an acute problem for the Nizari faithful, as a line of divinely ordained imams could not possibly be broken  At first, some Nizaris held that Nizar was not dead, but would return as the Islamic messiah, the Mahdi (or at least in his company)  In the absence of an imam, coinage from Alamut Castle, the centre of Hassan-i Sabah's nascent Nizari Isma'ili state in central Persia, was minted with Nizar's regnal name of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah until 1162  No imam was named publicly at Alamut until then, and Hassan-i Sabbah and his two immediate successors ruled instead as da'is, or as hujjas ('seals', 'proofs'), representatives acting on behalf of the absent imam  However, the Nizaris soon came to believe that a grandson (or son) of Nizar had been smuggled out of Egypt and brought to Alamut, and was the rightful imam, living in concealment (satr) According to Nizari tradition, the fourth ruler of Alamut, Hassan II (r  1162–1166), is considered to have been no longer a simple da'i, but secretly a descendant of Nizar and the rightful imam, although this claim was not made explicit until the reign of his son, Nur al-Din Muhammad II  Modern Nizari tradition holds that three imams—Ali al-Hadi, Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi, and Hassan (I) al-Qahir—ruled after Nizar while in concealment, but various primary sources give different genealogies  According to the German scholar of Shi'ism, Heinz Halm, the identities of the three concealed imams are most likely fictional, and the veracity of Hasan II's claims to Fatimid descent remain a major historiographical issue  Nevertheless, Hassan II's successors have sustained their claim of descent from Nizar down to current imam of Nizari Isma'ilism, the Aga Khan 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Baglan Mailybayev
Baglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Бағлан Асаубайұлы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan  His nationality is Kazakh  He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S Z  – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998) 

Biography
In 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi 
In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation 
Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan 
Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Republican newspaper "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda"" 
Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Zan" 
Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree 

Personal life
Marital status: He is married and has two children 

Awards
Baglan Mailybayev was awarded "Kurmet", "Parasat" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan  In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 

Publications
He is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions  He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries 

Research interests
Comparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law 
Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently 

Note
The predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev 
Passage 5:
Khalid al-Habib
Khalid Habib (Arabic: خالد حبيب)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: شوقي مرزوق عبد العليم دباس), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan  His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times) 
Habib was the operations commander for the region  He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere  This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors  According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership  The FBI described Habib as "one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel   Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008  Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile  On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack 
Passage 6:
Eleni Gabre-Madhin
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva) 

Eleni Gebremedhn
Eleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964  She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa  She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French  She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours  She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University  Eleni was selected as "Ethiopian Person of the Year" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times 

Career
She was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests  Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly   Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce   In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets  Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX    She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that "(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises"      and that the "ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level "In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War  Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition   On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as "deliberately misrepresented"  Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play   The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor  The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her 

Awards
In 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year  Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011 In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact  Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi  That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016 Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia  However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia 
Passage 7:
Fulco
Fulco may refer to:

Fulco of Ireland (fl  8th/9th century), Irish soldier and saint
Fulco of Basacers (fl  1120), Norman nobleman
Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (died 1128)
Fulco (bishop of Estonia) (fl  1165)
Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895), Italian cardinal
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (1884–1946), Italian aviator and politician
Fulco di Verdura (1898–1978), Italian jeweller
Fabio Fulco (born 1970), Italian actor
Giovanni Fulco (died c  1680), Italian baroque painter
William Fulco (born 1936), American Jesuit priest
Bettina Fulco (born 1968), Argentine tennis player

See also
Fulk, a given name
Falco (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Roberto Savio
Roberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance  He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome  He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma 

Early activities
While at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries  After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro  After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism 

Early journalistic career
Roberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company  He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy 

Inter Press Service (IPS)
Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of the world, particularly Latin America  Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries for a European audience 
That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany 
From the outset, it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South 
Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North 
The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making



ground_truth: Bajo Otro Sol

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country Nizar Al-Mustafa's father is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors 
IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC 
With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services 
Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out IPS won FAO’s A H  Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its "significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children" 
On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries  In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War  The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order” 
Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U N  Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue 
After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media 

Other News
In 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate” 
Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulation media, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation” 
Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish 

Communication initiatives
An internationally renowned expert in communications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world 
Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and the Women’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi 
He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U N  project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries  The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U N  Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 
Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA) 
Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Study
of Communication Problems (MacBride Commission) 
Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) 

Achievements and awards
In 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission” 
He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”  The award was established by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo 
He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013 In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the "Salvador Allende" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship 
He was appointed by President of the Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021  He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021 

Advisory activities
Roberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003  He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000 

Affiliations
From 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay 
After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he was elected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus 
Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas of Argentina suffering from social breakdown 
He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and was elected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003 
Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General 
Until 2009, Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includes thinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield  He is now a member of the Board He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economical and political column 

Films and publications
In 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has also produced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals 
Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with the cultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100 IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency  It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World War and post-Cold War worlds  It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the international community 
In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director 1980-1995, who saved 25 million children

Current activities
Roberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerous conferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
Member of the Executive Committee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues 
Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel, established by the Global Sustainability Forum 

External links
Roberto Savio's stories published by IPS News
Other News service
Roberto Savio's stories on Other News
Other News Facebook page
Roberto Savio's Facebook page
PREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and Articles

The ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own Way
What if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From the Right?
Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debate
Banks, Inequality and Citizens
It is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankind
Europe has lost its compass
Ever Wondered Why the World is a Mess?
Sliding Back to the Victorian Age
Global Inequality and the Destruction of Democracy
A Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling the European Dream
WE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATION
Passage 9:
Al-Mustansir Billah
Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh (Arabic: أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله‎; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094) was the eighth Fatimid Caliph from 1036 until 1094  He was one of the longest reigning Muslim rulers  His reign was the twilight of the Fatimid state  The start of his reign saw the continuation of competent administrators running the Fatamid state (Anushtakin, al-Jarjara'i, and later al-Yazuri), overseeing the state's prosperity in the first two decades of al-Mustansir's reign  However, the break out of court infighting between the Turkish and Berber/Sudanese court factions following al-Yazuri's assassination, coinciding with natural disasters in Egypt and the gradual loss of administrative control over Fatamid possessions outside of Egypt, almost resulted in the total collapse of the Fatamid state in the 1060s, before the appointment of the Armenian general Badr al-Jamali, who assumed power as vizier in 1073, and became the de facto dictator of the country under the nominal rule of al-Mustansir The caliph al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh was the last Imam before a disastrous split divided the Isma'ili movement in two, due to the struggle in the succession between al-Mustansir's older son, Nizar, and the younger al-Mustaʽli, who was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, al-Afdal Shahanshah  The followers of Nizar, who predominated in Iran and Syria, became the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, while those of al-Musta'li became the Musta'li branch 

Biography
Al-Mustansir was born in Cairo on 16th Jumada II, 420 AH/2 July 1029, to Ali az-Zahir and Rasad, a black slave from Nubia  At the age of only eight months he was declared the heir of his father  His name was Abu Tamim Ma‘ad, surnamed al-Mustansir bil-Lah ("The Asker Of Victory From God")  He ascended to the Fatimid Caliphate's throne on 15th Shaban, 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of 7  During the early years of his Caliphate, state affairs were administered by his mother  His rule lasted for 60 years, the longest of all the caliphs, either in Egypt or elsewhere in Islamic states  However, Fatimid power was confined to Egypt due to conquests of the Seljuks in the Levant, Normans in Sicily and Malta, and by Arab tribes destabilizing Fatamid control over Tunisia and Tripoli  Al-Mustansir was considered incapable and as such his court was dominated by military strongmen and his mother's favourite officials, while the treasury was exhausted by factional infighting He had constructed a special mihrab at one of the pillars in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun  Atop the mihrab, his name is engraved along with the Shahada commonly recited by the public in the Fatimid era ending with the phrase 'Ali-un-Wali-ul-lah', meaning "Ali is the friend of God" 

al-Mustansir's court
Prominent Dais/Vizirs of his era are as follows:

Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai, vizier (d  1045)
Badr al-Jamali, vizier (d  1094)
Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, chief missionary (dā‘i al-dū‘at) from 1059 to 1078Moulai Abadullah and Syedi Nuruddin were two Indians who visited al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt  They joined the Ismaili faith under Fatimid Dai Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, and went to India to propagate the faith 

The Ismaili da'wa
During the reign of the Imam al-Mustanṣir, the Ismaili da'wa (“invitation”) was led, in the eastern regions, by Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, who was based in Iṣfahān   
Ibn al-Athīr (a Sunni historian) describes Abd al-Malik (Ibn Attash) as being interested in works of literature, and being a professional calligrapher  He continues by describing him as a clever, intelligent and quick thinker, and an ethical man   
One of Ibn Attash's most notable students, Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ became an important figure and was selected as the ḥujja or “proof” of al-Mustanṣir  This position/rank was right below the Imam in the Ismaili religious hierarchy 

Architecture
Prominent buildings constructed during the reign of al-Mustansir are as follows:

Bab al-Futuh
Bab al-Nasr
Bab Zuweila
Juyushi Mosque

Famine
Between 1065 CE (457 AH) and 1072 CE (464 AH), famine degraded conditions in Egypt from bad to worse  Meanwhile, in 1062 CE (454 AH) and again in 1067 CE (459 AH), the struggle between the Turkish and Sudanese soldiery deteriorated into open warfare, ending in a victory for the Turks 
During this same period, Berber nomadic tribes from lower Egypt deliberately aggravated the distress by ravaging the countryside, destroying the embankments and canals of the Nile  The ten thousand animals that al-Mustansir's stables once held reportedly deteriorated to the point where only three thin horses were left; it is said that eventually al-Mustansir alone possessed a horse, and that when he rode out, the courtiers followed on foot, having no beast to carry them; it is also said that his escort once fainted from hunger as it accompanied him through the streets  As long as the calamity lasted, the condition of the country continued to decline  The protracted famine was followed inevitably by plague; whole districts were absolutely denuded of population and house after house lay empty 

Turkish mercenaries
Concurrently, the Turkish mercenaries had drained the treasury; many of the works of art and valuables of all sorts in the palace were sold to satisfy their demands---often they themselves were the purchasers, at merely nominal prices, and resold the articles thus gained at a profit  Emeralds valued at 300,000 dinars were bought by one Turkish general for 500 dinars, and in one fortnight of the year 460/1068 articles to the value of 30,000,000 dinars were sold off to provide pay for the Turks  The precious library, which had been rendered available to the public and was one of the attractions for many who visited Cairo, was scattered; the books were torn up, thrown away, or used to light fires  At length, the Turks began fighting amongst themselves  Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, the general of the Turks, had invested the city, which was defended by the rival faction of the Turkish guard; after burning part of Fustat and defeating the defenders, he entered as conqueror  When he reached the palace, he found al-Mustansir lodged in rooms which had been stripped bare, waited on by only three slaves, and subsisting on two loaves which were sent him daily by the daughters of Ibn Babshand, the grammarian 
The victorious Turks dominated Cairo, held the successive viziers in subjection, treated al-Mustansir with contempt, and used their power to deplete the treasury by enhancing their pay to nearly twenty times its former figure  Nasir al-Dawla became so overbearing and tyrannical in his conduct that he provoked even his own followers, and so at length he was assassinated in 466/1074  Unfortunately, this left the city in a worse condition than ever, for it was now at the mercy of the various Turkish factions, who behaved no better than brigands  Conditions in Egypt continued to deteriorate, and unabated violence raged in the streets and countryside alike 

Descendants
Using the genealogical information of the members of the Fatimid dynasty imprisoned by Saladin, and contemporary documents, the historian Paul E  Walker estimates that al-Mustansir had "at the minimum seventeen sons whose names we can recover"  Indeed, he suggests that it was precisely the great number of offspring he sired during his long reign that created the succession crisis after his death 

Gallery
See also
Family tree of Muhammad linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams
List of Ismaili imams
List of rulers of Egypt
Juyushi Mosque
Fatimids
Isma'ilism
Nizari
Aga Khan

Notes
Passage 10:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016



ground_truth: Fatimid caliphate