prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, The Secret Invasion or The House Of The Seven Hawks?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Secret Invasion
The Secret Invasion is a 1964 American war film directed by Roger Corman  It stars Stewart Granger, Raf Vallone, Mickey Rooney, Edd Byrnes, Henry Silva, Mia Massini, and William Campbell  Appearing three years before The Dirty Dozen (1967), the film features a similar World War II mission where convicts are recruited by the Allies for an extremely hazardous operation behind enemy lines 

Plot
In 1943, British Intelligence in Cairo recruits Italian  criminal mastermind Roberto Rocca, demolitions expert and Irish Republican Army member Terence Scanlon, forger Simon Fell, cold-blooded assassin John Durrell, and thief and impersonator Jean Saval for a dangerous mission  The men are offered pardons in exchange for attempting to rescue an Italian general sympathetic to the Allies who is imprisoned in German-occupied Yugoslavia  The group is led by Major Richard Mace, who is trying to expiate his feelings of guilt for sending his own brother on a dangerous mission and waiting too long to extricate him  The fishing boat transporting Mace's team is stopped by a patrol boat, but they dispose of the Germans 
With the assistance of local partisans led by Marko, they split up and enter Dubrovnik  Durrell is partnered with Mila, a recent widow with a baby  They are attracted to each other, but Durrell becomes extremely distraught when he accidentally smothers her crying child to avoid detection by a German patrol  The team is captured and taken to the same fortress where the Italian general is being kept  They are tortured for information, but manage to escape and fulfill their mission, although Mace, Mila, Fell, Scanlon, and Saval are killed while fending off German troops 
At the last minute, Rocca and Durrell discover that the man they have freed is an impostor, and he is about to exhort "his" troops to stay loyal to the Axis  Durrell pretends to be a Nazi fanatic and shoots the fake general; he is killed by the outraged Italians  Rocca, the last man standing, directs the Italians' anger to the Germans 

Cast
Production
After turning out a treatment based on the locale of Dubrovnik, Roger Corman teamed with screenwriter R  Wright Campbell who had a project, Dubious Patriots about a wartime mission involving convicts  The script was taken over by producer David V  Picker at United Artists, who was able to leverage the screenplay into a well-financed studio production  With a budget of $600,000, more than twice more than he had for his earlier independently-funded features, Corman was able to start production in between his Edgar Allan Poe adaptations, The Masque of the Red Death and The Tomb of Ligeia (1964) The original cast was Mickey Rooney, Raf Vallone, Edd Byrnes and Bobby Darin  Brendan Behan was to be adviser for scenes set at Borstal Prison  It was Byrnes first role after his contract with Warner Bros ended In August 1963 it was announced that Darin had pulled out of the film on the orders of his doctor, and he was replaced by Henry Silva  Also that month Stewart Granger signed to star Principal photography under the working title of Dubious Patriots took place on location in Dubrovnik and other parts of Yugoslavia in the summer of 1963 for a typically short Corman shooting schedule of 36 days  With the assistance of the Yugoslavian government, a large number of military personnel and equipment were offered, but an earthquake threatened to delay the production when troops were siphoned off to help in the relief effort Corman's problems extended to not only wrangling military extras, but also to dealing with the emotions of a star like Stewart Granger "stooping" to make a "B film" and worrying that his role was not as prominent as the others in the ensemble cast  At one point, Corman actually rewrote his part "on the spot" so that Granger had more lines than Edd Byrnes, his co-star, who was a current popular television star The production was photographed in Panavision with Eastmancolor film (Gene Corman later reused the title The Dubious Patriots for another film he made with Tony Curtis and Charles Bronson )

Reception
In a contemporary review of The Secret Invasion, The New York Times film reviewer Howard Thompson saw some positives in what was basically a "programmer": 

    a rather surprising amount of brisk muscularity and panoramic color, if not always credibility  The casting of this United Artists release, which arrived at the Criterion and other houses, may make some customers blink and wait for the worst     But they, and the picture, do pretty well, considering 

In Brassey's Guide to War Films, film historian Alun Evans considered the production exemplified Corman's ability to "    create something out of nothing " He also noted that The Secret Invasion has some notoriety as  "    the  sawn-off antecedent of The Dirty Dozen "

See also
List of American films of 1964
Five Guns West, an earlier Roger Corman movie of essentially the same plot
Passage 2:
Ryoichi Hattori (politician)
Ryoichi Hattori (服部良一, Hattori Ryoichi, born February 24, 1950) is a Japanese politician of the Social Democratic Party  He was born in Yame city in Fukuoka prefecture  He entered Kyoto University in 1969 before leaving part-way through his degree and moving to Osaka to work, where he became active with the trade union movement 
In the House of Councillors 2007 election he ran for the House of Councillors in Osaka, but was defeated  He became the private secretary of Tokushin Yamauchi, an SDP member of the House of Councillors 
In the 2009 general election he was elected as the House of Representatives member representing the Kinki block 
Passage 3:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 4:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 5:
Roger Corman
Roger William Corman (born April 5, 1926) is an American film director, producer, and actor  Known under various monikers such as "The Pope of Pop Cinema", "The Spiritual Godfather of the New Hollywood", and "The King of Cult", he is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film  Many of Corman's films are based on works that have an already-established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe In 1964, Corman—admired by members of the French New Wave and Cahiers du Cinéma—became the youngest filmmaker to have a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as in the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art  He was the co-founder of New World Pictures, the founder of New Concorde and is a longtime member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences  In 2009, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award "for his rich engendering of films and filmmakers" Corman is also famous for distributing in the U S  many foreign directors, such as Federico Fellini (Italy), Ingmar Bergman (Sweden), François Truffaut (France) and Akira Kurosawa (Japan)  He mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, Peter Bogdanovich, Joe Dante, John Sayles, and James Cameron, and was highly influential in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s  He also helped to launch the careers of actors like Peter Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Dennis Hopper, Bruce Dern, Diane Ladd, and William Shatner  Corman has occasionally taken minor acting roles in the films of directors who started with him, including The Silence of the Lambs, The Godfather Part II, Apollo 13, The Manchurian Candidate, and Philadelphia A documentary about Corman's life and career entitled Corman's World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel, directed by Alex Stapleton, premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011  The film's TV rights were picked up by A&E IndieFilms after a well-received screening at Sundance 

Early life
Corman was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Anne (née High) and William Corman, an engineer  His younger brother, Gene, produced numerous films, sometimes in collaboration with Roger  Corman and his brother were raised Catholic Corman went to Beverly Hills High School and then to Stanford University to study industrial engineering  While at Stanford, Corman realized he did not want to be an engineer  He enlisted in the V-12 Navy College Training Program with six months of study to complete  After serving in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946, he returned to Stanford to finish his degree, receiving a Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering in 1947  While at Stanford University, Corman was initiated in the fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon 
In 1948, he worked briefly at U S  Electrical Motors on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles, but his career in engineering lasted only four days; he began work on Monday and quit on Thursday, telling his boss "I've made a terrible mistake " Gene Corman was already working in the film industry as an agent, and Roger decided to go into filmmaking instead 

Early film career
Corman found work at 20th Century Fox initially in the mail room  He worked his way up to a story reader  The one property that he liked the most and provided ideas for was filmed as The Gunfighter with Gregory Peck  When Corman received no credit at all, he left Fox and decided he would work in film by himself  Under the G I  Bill, Corman studied English literature at Oxford University and lived in Paris for a time 

He then returned to Los Angeles and tried to re-establish himself in the film industry  He took various jobs, including television stagehand at KLAC and a messenger at Fox  He worked as an assistant to agent Dick Hyland, a literary agent 

Highway Dragnet
Corman wrote a script in his spare time and sold it to William F  Broidy at Allied Artists for $2,000  "Dick thought it was funny and let me pay myself a commission," said Corman  Originally called House in the Sea, it was retitled Highway Dragnet (1953) and starred Richard Conte and Joan Bennett  Corman also worked as associate producer on the film for nothing, just for the experience 

Producer
Corman used his script fee and personal contacts to raise $12,000 to produce his first feature, a science-fiction film, Monster from the Ocean Floor (1954)  It was produced by Corman's own company, Palo Alto, and released by Robert L  Lippert 
The film did well enough to encourage Corman to produce another film, the racing-car thriller The Fast and the Furious (1955), directed by its star, John Ireland, and co-starring Dorothy Malone  Decades later, producer Neal H  Moritz and Universal Pictures licensed the title for the 2001 film, The Fast and the Furious, which eventually spawned a huge franchise  Moritz had difficulty choosing between proposed titles Racer X, Redline, Race Wars, and Street Wars, and was inspired by a documentary on American International Pictures that included Corman's film  Moritz was able to trade the use of some stock footage to Corman for use of the title Corman sold the movie to a new independent company, the American Releasing Company (ARC), run by James H  Nicholson and Samuel Z  Arkoff  Although Corman had a number of offers for the film from Republic and Columbia, he elected to go with ARC because they undertook to advance money to enable him to make two more movies 

Director
Corman's second film for ARC was one he decided to direct, Five Guns West (1955), a Western, made in color for around $60,000, with Malone and John Lund  The script was written by Robert Wright Campbell, who worked with Corman on several more occasions 
Corman announced he would make four more projects for ARC: High Steel, Cobra, Fortress Beneath the Sea, and an untitled film from Campbell  Instead, Corman did some uncredited directing on The Beast with a Million Eyes (1955), then made another Western, Apache Woman (1955), starring Lloyd Bridges, written by Lou Rusoff  Rusoff and Corman reunited on Day the World Ended (1955), a postapocalyptic science-fiction film, which was popular 
Corman was to make The Devil on Horseback by Charles B  Griffith about the Brownsville Raid, but it was too expensive 
The Woolner Brothers, Louisiana drive-in owners, financed Corman's Swamp Women (1956), a girls-on-the-lam saga 
He returned to ARC for two Westerns, The Oklahoma Woman (1956) and Gunslinger (1956) (with Ireland); Gunslinger was co-written by Griffith, who became a crucial collaborator with Corman over the next five years  He bought a script from Curtis Harrington, The Girl from Beneath the Sea  Harrington made it for Corman years later as Night Tide (1961) 
Beverly Garland, one of Corman's early regular stock players, recalled working with him:

Roger made us work hard and long, I remember that! He was always fascinating to me, a fascinating man – and a good businessman! He had such incredible energy, it was tremendous – he was a dynamo to be around  I always knew he was going to be a huge success because there was no stopping him  He just made up his mind that he was going to be a success and that was it 

American International Pictures and Allied Artists
ARC changed its name to American International Pictures  Corman was established as their leading filmmaker  They financed Corman's next film as director, the science-fiction story It Conquered the World (1956)  Co-written by Griffith, it was a follow-up to The Day the World Ended  It was a big hit 
He optioned a TV play, The Stake, and hoped to get Dana Andrews to star  It was never made  Instead, Walter Mirisch of Allied Artists hired Corman to make The Undead (1957), inspired by The Search for Bridey Murphy  Griffith wrote the script 
In June, Corman made a science-fiction film for Allied Artists,  Not of this Earth (1957), written by Griffith 
In August 1956, AIP financed a Corman heist movie shot in Hawaii, Naked Paradise (1957), co-written by Griffith  Corman shot it back-to-back with a movie made with his own money, She Gods of Shark Reef (1958)  Corman wound up selling the movie to AIP 
Corman and Griffith reunited in Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957) for Allied, which wound up being one of his most successful early films For his own production company, Corman made a rock-and-roll "quickle", Carnival Rock (1957), released by Howco  Rock All Night (1957) was a heist film written by Griffith expanded from a TV play, "The Little Guy", with musical acts inserted He was meant to make Rock'n'Roll Girl for AIP in December 1957 In April 1957, Corman announced he would try to make two films back-to-back from then on to save costs Corman made two "teen girl noirs", Teenage Doll (1957) for the Woolner Brothers and Sorority Girl (1957), starring Susan Cabot for AIP For AIP, he made The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1957), shot in August 1957  He was meant to follow this with Teenage Jungle by Tony Miller The success of Not of this Earth and Crab Monsters led to Allied offering Corman a four-picture deal for 1958 

Machine Gun Kelly and producing
Corman received his first serious critical praise for Machine-Gun Kelly (1958), an AIP biopic of the famous gangster, which gave Charles Bronson his first leading role and co-starred Cabot  Campbell wrote the script 
Also for AIP, he did Teenage Caveman (1958), with Robert Vaughn, originally titled Prehistoric World 
He helped produce two films for Allied Artists, both from scripts by Leo Gordon: Hot Car Girl (1958), directed by Bernard Kowalski and produced by his brother Gene (the first film they made together) from a script by Gordon; and The Cry Baby Killer (1958), which gave Jack Nicholson his first starring role 
He had his biggest budget yet for I Mobster (1958), a gangster story, co-produced by Edward L  Alperson and Corman's brother Gene for 20th Century Fox  In September 1958, he was reported as scouting locations in Australia to do a remake of H  Rider Haggard's She War of the Satellites (1958) was conceived and shot in record time to take advantage of the Sputnik launch; it was his first collaboration with art director Daniel Haller 
Corman also produced, but did not direct, Stakeout on Dope Street (1958), directed by Irvin Kershner, Night of the Blood Beast (1958), directed by Kowalski for AIP, using leftover costumes from Teenage Caveman, and Crime and Punishment U S A  (1959), directed by Dennis Sanders with George Hamilton in his first lead role 

The Filmgroup
In January 1959, Corman announced he would be moving into distribution In 1959, Corman founded The Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses  In February 1959, Filmgroup announced they would release 10 films  Their first movies were High School Big Shot (1959) and T-Bird Gang (1959) produced by Stanley Bickman 

For AIP, Corman and Griffith made a black comedy, A Bucket of Blood (1959)  Corman announced he would follow it with a similar comedy, The Bloodshot Private Eye  It does not seem to have been made  Instead, Griffith reused the same script structure and Corman employed many of the same cast in The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)  This film was reputedly shot in two days and one night For Filmgroup, Corman directed The Wasp Woman (1959), starring Cabot from a script by Gordon  His brother and he made two films back-to-back in South Dakota: Ski Troop Attack (1960), a war movie written by Griffith and directed by Corman, and Beast from Haunted Cave (1959), the first film directed by Monte Hellman 
Corman went to Puerto Rico and produced another two films back-to-back: Battle of Blood Island (1960), directed by Joel Rapp, and Last Woman on Earth (1960), directed by Corman from a script by Robert Towne  Filming on these two films went so quickly that Corman commissioned Griffith to write a third, which was shot at the same time: Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961) 
Corman was going to make Part Time Mother from a script by Griffith but it appears to have never been made 

House of Usher
AIP wanted Corman to make two horror films for them, in black and white, at under $100,000 each on a 10-day shooting schedule  Corman, however, was tired of making films on this sort of budget and was worried the market for them was in decline  He proposed making a film in colour for $200,000, shot over 15 days  Corman proposed an adaptation of "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe and AIP agreed  The film was announced in May 1959 Richard Matheson was hired to do the adaptation and Vincent Price was brought in to star; Haller did the art direction  The resulting film, House of Usher (1960), shot in early 1960, was a critical and commercial hit 
Following this, Corman bought two scripts, Sob Sisters Don't Cry and Cop Killer  In March 1960, Corman announced that Filmgroup would be part of an international production group, Compass Productions  He directed a peplum in Greece, Atlas (1961) in August 
He was going to direct a thriller from a script by Robert Towne, I Flew a Spy Plane Over Russia  It was not made; neither were two comedies he was to make with Dick Miller and Jon Haze, Murder at the Convention and Pan and the Satyrs House of Usher had been so successful that AIP wanted a follow-up, and Corman, Haller, Matheson and Price reunited on The Pit and the Pendulum (1961)  It was another sizeable hit, and the "Poe cycle" of films was underway 
Corman hired Charles Beaumont to write Masque of the Red Death and announced two films, Captain Nemo and the Floating City and House of Secrets 

The Intruder
Following The Pit and the Pendulum, Corman directed one of William Shatner's earliest appearances in a lead role with The Intruder (a k a  The Stranger, 1962)  Based on a novel by Charles Beaumont, the film was co-produced by Gene Corman and was shot in July and August 1961  It took a while for the film to be released and it lost money Corman was unhappy with his profit participation on the first two Poe films, so he made a third adaptation for different producers, The Premature Burial (1962), written by Charles Beaumont and starring Ray Milland  The film was co-financed by Pathe labs; AIP put pressure on Pathe and ended up buying out their interest 
For producer Edward Small, Corman made a historical horror piece about Richard III, Tower of London (1962), starring Vincent Price   It was meant to be the first in a three-picture deal with Small, but Corman did not enjoy working with the producer 
For Filmgroup, he also bought the rights to a Soviet science-fiction film, Nebo Zovyot (1959) and had some additional footage shot for it by his then-assistant, Francis Ford Coppola; the result was Battle Beyond the Sun (1962)  He also released The Magic Voyage of Sinbad (1962), dubbed from a Soviet film 
The fourth Poe was an anthology, Tales of Terror (1962), shot in late 1961  One of the installments, "The Black Cat", was a comedy, inspiring Corman to do a whole Poe story comedically next: The Raven (1963)  Later, Corman used the sets for that film for The Terror (1963), made for Filmgroup but released by AIP, and starring Boris Karloff (whose scenes were all shot in two days) and Jack Nicholson  Corman did not direct all of this film; additional scenes were shot by Monte Hellman, Coppola, and Jack Hill, among others 
The Young Racers (1963) was produced and directed by Corman in Europe for AIP, starring and written by Campbell  Working on the film was Francis Ford Coppola, whom Corman financed to make his directorial debut, Dementia 13 (1963) 
Back in the U S , Corman made X: The Man with the X-ray Eyes (1963), a contemporary science-fiction film for AIP starring Ray Milland  He followed it with The Haunted Palace (1963), ostensibly part of the Poe cycle—it featured Price and was made for AIP, written by Beaumont—but was actually based on a story by H  P  Lovecraft 
Corman directed a war film in Yugoslavia with his brother, The Secret Invasion (1964), with Stewart Granger and Mickey Rooney, from a script by Campbell  Following this, he announced he would make The Life of Robert E  Lee as part of a four-picture deal with Filmgroup worth $3 75 million  Other movies were Fun and Profit by Joel Rapp, The Wild Surfers by John Lamb, and Planet of Storms by Jack Hill  None of these films was made, nor was The Gold Bug, a Poe adaptation written by Griffith 

End of the Poe cycle and filming in Europe
Corman made two Poes in England starring Price, the much-delayed The Masque of the Red Death (1964), with Campbell rewriting Beaumont's scripts, and The Tomb of Ligeia (1965), from a script by Robert Towne  Corman made no further Poes; AIP started up a fresh Poe cycle in the late 1960s, but Corman was not part of it 
Corman got Towne to write a script called The Red Baron  He bought the rights to another Soviet science-fiction film, Planeta Bur (1962), and had some additional footage added to it by Curtis Harrington  The result was Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965)  Harrington used footage from Planeta Bur in another film financed by Corman, Queen of Blood (1966) 
He also bought the rights to a Yugoslavian film, Operation Titan (1963), and financed additional shooting by Jack Hill and Stephanie Rothman  The result was Blood Bath (1966)  He also had an investment in the beach party films Beach Ball (1965) and It's a Bikini World (1967) 

Working for major studios
Corman said, "For ten years as an independent I could get financing for $100-$200-$300,000 pictures  Everything had been interesting, artistically satisfying, economically satisfying  But I decided I was going nowhere and wanted to move directly into the business  So I accepted a contract with Columbia "In August 1965, Corman announced he had signed a contract with United Artists to make two films over three years  He also signed with Columbia to make a Western, The Long Ride Home, based on a script by Robert Towne He was announced for a number of other projects at Columbia: the biopic of Robert E  Lee, an adaptation of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, an adaptation of Kafka's The Penal Colony, and a script by novelist Richard Yates about the Battle of Iwo Jima  He intended to make The Deserters for UA, from a script by Wright, but that was not made either He later reflected, "Every idea I submitted was considered too strange, too weird; every idea they had seemed too ordinary to me  Ordinary pictures don't make money "

The Wild Angels
After a year of not directing, Corman took a leave of absence under his contract with Columbia to make a film for AIP, the first biker movie, The Wild Angels  It starred Peter Fonda and Nancy Sinatra, from a script by Griffith; Peter Bogdanovich worked as Corman's assistant  The film opened the 1966 Venice Film Festival and was hugely successful at the box office, making over $6 million on a $350,000 budget and kicking off the "biker movie" cycle He wanted to make a film about the Red Baron, but Columbia turned it down because of The Blue Max (1966)  He proposed a movie about the St Valentine's Day Massacre and also an adaptation of the novel Only Lovers Left Alive  Nick Ray was meant to be making Only Lovers in Britain 
Corman did begin directing Long Ride Home with Glenn Ford at Columbia  However, Corman left production a few weeks into the shoot in June 1966 and was replaced by Phil Karlson  The film was retitled A Time for Killing (1967) 
Corman received an offer to direct a studio film,The St  Valentine's Day Massacre (1967), for 20th Century Fox, starring Jason Robards and George Segal  He did not enjoy the restrictions of working for a major studio  He was given a $2 5 million budget and made it for $400,000 less  Corman, an independent director, was most comfortable in his own style:  shoestring budgets and shooting schedules measured in days, rather than weeks  Nonetheless, it is generally considered one of his best films as a director 
Corman was meant to follow this with Robert E  Lee for United Artists at a budget of $4 5 million  It was not made  Neither was a story Corman optioned, The Spy in the Vatican 

Return to independence
He continued to finance films for Filmgroup: Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (1965), dubbing a Soviet movie Planeta Bur into English with some additional footage shot by Curtis Harrington, Queen of Blood (1966), using some Soviet footage but a mostly new film, directed by Harrington, Blood Bath (1966), an adapted Yugoslavian film with additional footage shot by Stephanie Rothman and Jack Hill, and  Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1967), yet another dubbed version of Planeta Bur with some additional footage shot by Corman's then-assistant Peter Bogdanovich 
He had money in Navy vs  the Night Monsters (1967)  He financed two Westerns shot back to back in Utah, directed by Monte Hellman and written and co-produced by Jack Nicholson, The Shooting (1967) and Ride in the Whirlwind (1967), which became cult successes  He also financed two films directed by Dan Haller, Devil's Angels (1967), a follow-up to Wild Angels written by Griffith, and a car racing film shot in Europe, The Wild Racers (1968)  He announced a comedy about the population explosion, There Just Isn't Any Room, but it appears to have never been made Corman directed The Trip for AIP, written by Jack Nicholson and starring Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper and Bruce Dern  This began the psychedelic film craze of the late 1960s and was the American entry at Cannes that year  AIP made some changes to the film in post-production, which made Corman unhappy 
In September 1967, he announced plans to build a new film studio  However, this did not happen for a number of years 
Corman made a film for American TV, Target: Harry (1968), shot in Europe with his brother producing  He did some uncredited directing on AIP's De Sade (1969) when director Cy Endfield fell ill  He financed Bogdanovich's first feature, Targets (1968), which incorporated footage from The Terror  He also produced The Dunwich Horror (1970) for AIP, directed by Haller and co-written by Curtis Hanson, and financed Haller's Paddy 

Final films as director
For AIP, Corman returned to the director's chair for a gangster film, Bloody Mama (1970), starring Shelley Winters and a young Robert de Niro  It was a big hit at the box office  He also directed a black comedy, Gas-s-s-s (1970), written by George Armitage; it was cut without his permission by AIP and was a financial failure United Artists finally agreed to finance his Red Baron project, although they asked that it emphasize American characters  Accordingly, it was filmed as Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), shot in Ireland in July 1970  There were several plane crashes during filming and one person died Corman was going to make a film of Couples, a novel by John Updike for United Artists, and In from a script by Richard Schupe, but decided to take a break from directing 
"Directing is very hard and very painful," he said in 1971  "Producing is easy  I can do it without really thinking about it "

New World Pictures
In May 1970, Corman founded New World Pictures, which became a small independently owned production/distribution studio, immediately successful with Angels Die Hard (1970), a biker film, and The Student Nurses (1971), directed by Rothman   The Big Doll House (1971), directed by Jack Hill in the Philippines, was a big hit, making a star of Pam Grier  The company made a profit of $3 2 million in its first financial year, and Corman says all eleven out of his first eleven films were successful   Angels Die Hard led to a series of biker films, including Angels Hard as They Come (1971), produced by Jonathan Demme with Jack Fisk working as art director  Bury Me an Angel (1971) was the first biker movie directed by a woman, Barbara Peeters  Corman financed the directorial debuts of Curtis Hanson, Sweet Kill (1971), produced by Corman protege Tamara Asseyev   Student Nurses led to a "cycle" of nurse pictures, including Private Duty Nurses (the first film directed by George Armitage), Night Call Nurses (1972) (the first feature directed by Jonathan Kaplan), The Young Nurses and Candy Stripe Nurses (1975)  There was also The Student Teachers (1973) and Summer School Teachers (1974)   Big Doll House was followed by a series of women in prison pictures, such as Women in Cages (1972), The Hot Box (1972), Black Mama, White Mama (1973), The Arena (1974) (the first film directed by Steve Carver) and Caged Heat (1974) (the first film directed by Demme)   Of New World's second year, Corman says 11 of the 12 releases were successful   Corman produced one more film at AIP, Boxcar Bertha (1972), the second feature directed by Martin Scorsese, starring David Carradine  He also executive produced Unholy Rollers (1972) for AIP   A proposed political satire, The Wild Political Prank, was not made   He made I Escaped from Devil's Island (1973) with his brother and produced Cockfighter (1974) with Monte Hellman, which was a rare financial failure for New World   A big hit was Big Bad Mama (1974), a gangster film directed by Carver and starring Angie Dickinson  It led to a follow-up, Crazy Mama (1975), produced by his wife and directed by Demme   In 1975, Corman said New World was "the most successful independent film company in the country   if you count AIP as a major"  He said they were "the best of the cheap acts" 

Distributing foreign films
In the 1970s the major Hollywood studios were moving away from distributing foreign arthouse pictures, New World moved into the market and became the U S  distributor for Cries and Whispers (1972), directed by Ingmar Bergman  Corman bought it for $75,000 and it earned over $2 million at the U S  box office  and Corman's distribution side of New World brought many foreign films to mass audiences in the U S  for the first time - reportedly some played at drive-ins and grindhouses - including the works of François Truffaut (The Story of Adele H , Small Change), Peter Weir (The Cars That Ate Paris), Federico Fellini (Amarcord), Joseph Losey (The Romantic Englishwoman), Volker Schlöndorff (The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, The Tin Drum) and Akira Kurosawa (Dersu Uzala)  New World also released Fantastic Planet (1974) 
In a 10-year period, New World Pictures won more Academy Awards for Best Foreign Film than all other studios combined 

20th Century Fox
He had a four-picture deal with 20th Century Fox, making Capone (1975), Fighting Mad (1976) (directed by Demme), Moving Violation (1976) and Thunder and Lightning (1977) 

Peak of New World
Death Race 2000 (1975), written by Robert Thom and directed by Paul Bartel, was a big hit, earning $4 million  It helped inspire a series of car chase movies: Cannonball (1976), directed by Bartel; Eat My Dust! (1976), directed by Griffith starring Ron Howard, which led to a follow-up, Grand Theft Auto (1978), Howard's directorial debut  There was also The Great Texas Dynamite Chase (1976), Deathsport (1978) and Smokey Bites the Dust (1981) 
New World's trailers were cut by Joe Dante and Alan Arkush  Corman gave them the chance to direct together, with Hollywood Boulevard (1976), which used outtakes from other New World films  It was successful enough for Corman to give both men jobs directing features on their own: Dante with Piranha (1978) and Arkush with Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979) 
Piranha was written by John Sayles, who had been discovered by Corman's story editor, Frances Doel  Sayles later wrote The Lady in Red (1979) for Corman, which was directed by Lewis Teague 
Other popular films around this time included Tidal Wave (1975), a Japanese film to which Corman added some extra footage, and Jackson County Jail (1976)  He also financed I Never Promised You a Rose Garden  Less popular was Avalanche (1979), a disaster film directed by Corey Allen 
For Universal he made Fast Charlie    the Moonbeam Rider (1979), directed by Carver  He financed Bogdanovich's Saint Jack (1979) 
Corman was criticized when he insisted on the addition of footage featuring a rape for Humanoids from the Deep (1980)  Similarly, in Galaxy of Terror, as noted on Schlock and Awe   some, "Corman promised the investors that the film would feature a Taaffe O'Connell sex-scene and a gruesome death-scene as-well  To save time, Corman put the two together  The actress agreed to a nude scene, but NOT a rape scene  Corman isn't the kind of man who takes no for an answer, and after some contract renegotiation, O'Connell agreed to being raped to death by a giant worm-monster  Money… it does amazing things "The success of Star Wars inspired New World's most expensive film yet, Battle Beyond the Stars (1981)  This film required extensive special effects, prompting Corman to buy a movie studio in Main Street Venice for $1 5 million  Corman made a TV film for CBS, The Georgia Peaches (1980) 
Battle Beyond the Stars was so successful Corman had its footage and music score reused in other films such as Galaxy of Terror (1981) and Forbidden World (1982) 
He picked up a film called The Personals (1983) which enjoyed success 

Millennium Films
Corman sold New World Pictures in January 1983 to a consortium of three lawyers for $16 9 million Under the terms of the contract, he agreed to stay on as a consultant for two years and to provide New World with at least five films they could release  New World agreed to distribute all of Corman's films until March 1984  He set up a new production company, Millennium – the title of which was taken from the name of a 1981 retrospective of Corman's work at the National Film Theatre of London  He announced plans to make films budgeted between $2–5 million using cash from his sale of New World to finance personally  He announced an intention to make fewer commercial films, movies more like I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and Cries and Whispers 
Millennium's films included Space Raiders (1983), a science fiction epic using footage and music from Battle Beyond the Stars; Love Letters (1984), a serious drama from Amy Holden Jones; Screwballs (1984), a sex comedy in the vein of Porky's; Suburbia (1984), directed by Penelope Spheeris, which he acquired, Deathstalker; and Kain of Dark Planet (which became The Warrior and the Sorceress) 

New Horizons
Corman says people struggled with the name "Millennium" – "nobody could spell it, nobody knew what it meant" – so he changed it to New Horizons by early 1984 Corman and the new owners of New World ended up suing each other in March 1985  Corman claimed that New World failed to honor their guarantee to distribute his movies at a fee of 15%  He sought $400 million in damages and the return of the company  He said they refused to distribute School Spirit (1985) and Wheels of Fire  He also claimed that New World cheated him distributing Space Raiders, Screwballs and Slumber Party Massacre  New World sued Corman in return, claiming he was seeking to return to distribution, and was discrediting New World to potential investors  They said Corman bypassed New World for some of his films, such as Columbia's Hardbodies (1984)  Corman argued "My whole point in selling was to free myself of the burden of running the company and to get guaranteed distribution  If I can't get my guaranteed distribution, I'm forced to go back to running the company "

Concorde Pictures
The case with New World settled out of court  In March 1985 Corman announced he would establish a new distribution "cooperative", Concorde Pictures, where producers could get relatively cheap distribution from Concorde in exchange for contributing to the company's overhead  Their first releases were Corman productions School Spirit, Wheels of Fire and Barbarian Queen  Concorde later merged with a low budget production company, Cinema Group, and announced plans to make 15-20 films a year Early Concorde releases include Loose Screws (1985), a sequel to Screwballs;  Streetwalkin' (1985), a more serious drama directed by Joan Freeman; Cocaine Wars (1986), the first in a series of movies Corman would finance in South America; Hour of the Assassin (1987), shot in Peru and the first film directed by Luis Llosa; and Munchies (1987), a spoof of Gremlins directed by Tina Hirsch 
Corman also remade Not of this Earth (1988) and released Big Bad Mama II (1987), and Transylvania Twist (1989); all three were directed by Jim Wynorski  He produced another version of Masque of the Red Death (1989), directed by Larry Brand 
He produced Sweet Revenge (1987), Slumber Party Massacre II (1988), directed by Deborah Brock, Andy Colby's Incredible Adventure (1988), also directed by Brock, and The Terror Within (1989), directed by Thierry Notz 
Corman financed the early directorial efforts of Carl Franklin (Nowhere to Run (1989)), Vargas Llosa and Katt Shea (Stripped to Kill (1988), Stripped to Kill II (1989))  More experimental was Nightfall (1988) 
After Hour of the Assassin, he made a series of films in Peru, including Crime Zone (1989), also directed by Luis Llosa, and Full Fathom Five (1990), directed by Carl Franklin 
Concorde had a big hit with Bloodfist (1989), starring Don "the Dragon" Wilson which cost $1 million and earned over $6 million  Concorde signed Wilson to a long-term contract and he made a number of sequels for the company, including Bloodfist II and Fighting to Win 

Frankenstein Unbound
He returned to directing once more with Frankenstein Unbound (1990) 

Concorde and New Horizon in the 1990s
In 1990, Concorde sued MGM for $6 million Concorde's films included Overexposed (1990), The Unborn (1991), and In the Heat of Passion (1992)  They had a big hit with Carnosaur (1993), which led to several sequels  He financed Fire on the Amazon (1991, directed Luis Llosa) which had Sandra Bullock and Craig Sheffer in early roles 
Corman had to deal with the decline of the drive-in market and studio competition through the 1990s, but Concorde-New Horizons still made 15-24 pictures a year  This included a never-released version of The Fantastic Four 

Roger Corman Presents
In 1995 Corman was executive producer on Roger Corman Presents, a special series of 13 movies for Showtime with budgets of around $1 5 million each  "I think the Corman name means action, humor and some titillation," says Mike Elliott, the producer of the series  "It's going to deliver the goods – and it will have a little moral statement in there as well " Corman ended up doing a second season of 11 movies  The films were Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Hellfire, Virtual Seduction, Suspect Device, Unknown Origin, Terminal Virus, Where Evil Lies, Vampirella, Shadow of a Scream, Subliminal Seduction, House of the Damned (a k a  Spectre), The Haunted Sea, Alien Avengers (a k a  Aliens Among Us) and its sequel, Inhumanoid, Sawbones, Not Like Us, and Last Exit to Earth  He created his own comic book franchise, Black Scorpion, which led to a sequel and later a TV series  Corman also executive-produced remakes of The Wasp Woman, Humanoids from the Deep, A Bucket of Blood (a k a  The Death Artist), Piranha and Not of this Earth 

Ireland
Concorde set up operations in Ireland as Concorde Anois, building studios in Connemara, County Galway  He received some support from the Irish government, a decision which became controversial when the content of some Corman productions such as Criminal Affairs was criticized in the press Later Concorde-New Horizons films included Overdrive (1997)  "The genres still hold", said Corman in 1997, "action adventure, the suspense thriller, science fiction and horror  The difference is that they are bigger and better now  "Corman also produced the film Moving Target which was filmed in County Galway  It was his last film produced with Concorde-New Horizons 

Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics
Corman operated a short-lived comic book imprint in 1995–1996 called Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics  It produced comics based on his films, written and drawn in a similar no-hold-barred style  Titles included Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats, Caged Heat 3000, Death Race 2020, Welcome to The Little Shop of Horrors, and Rock & Roll High School — the latter featuring the Melvins (instead of the Ramones)  Notable creators published by Cosmic Comics included Trevor Goring, James Kochalka, Jason Lutes, Pat Mills, Shane Oakley, Jerry Prosser, and J  R  Williams  The longest-running title was Death Race 2020, which lasted eight issues — but was left unfinished when the company closed down 

Later career:  Syfy Channel
He continued to produce creature films, such as Raptor (2001, dir Jim Wynorski)  Dinocroc (2004), which aired on the Syfy cable television channel and was popular enough for two sequels, Supergator and Dinocroc vs  Supergator (2010), as well as a spin-off film, Dinoshark (2010)  Supergator (2007) was turned down by the Syfy channel, but Corman made it anyway 
Corman also continued to make action films: Escape from Afghanistan (2001) was a Russian film, Peshavar Waltz plus some additional footage; The Hunt for Eagle One (2006) and The Hunt for Eagle One: Crash Point (2006) were shot in the Philippines; Roger Corman's Operation Rogue (2014); Fist of the Dragon (2015) 
In 2006 Corman said he made 60% of his films overseas  "These foreign countries are offering subsidies that are so great that not only I but many independent producers are moving overseas", he said  He sold the remake rights of Death Race 2000 to Universal, who made Death Race (2008) with Jason Statham, with Corman credited as executive producer  It led to two direct-to-video prequels and one direct-to-video sequel 
In 2009, Corman produced and directed alongside director Joe Dante the web series "Splatter" for Netflix  The protagonist of the film is portrayed by Corey Feldman, and the story talks of the haunting tale of rock-and-roll legend Johnny Splatter  He also started contributing trailer commentaries to Dante's web series Trailers from Hell  In 2011, Corman cited James Cameron's Avatar (2009) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010) as examples of "great imagination and originality" By now, the SyFy channel was Corman's leading market  For them, he made Sharktopus (2010) and Piranhaconda (2012)  Corman produced the 2017 film Death Race 2050, a sequel to the 1975 film Death Race 2000  It was made with Universal, Corman's first film with a major studio in more than two decades 

Personal life
Corman married Julie Halloran in 1970  They have four children  On April 3, 2018, a lawsuit by Corman's sons, Roger Martin Corman and Brian Corman, was filed against Corman to prevent the trade of his film collection  It was settled in 2020  In 2016, Corman also sued a wealth management company about suspected losses of his personal fortune  To date, the result of that dispute has not been disclosed 

Recognition
In 1964, Corman was the youngest producer/director to be given a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as retrospectives at the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art 
Corman won the Lifetime Achievement Award at Stockholm International Film Festival in 1990 
Corman was the subject of the 1978 documentary Roger Corman:  Hollywood's Wild Angel, produced and directed by Christian Blackwood  Portions of the film reappeared in 2011's Corman's World 
In 1998, he won the first Producer's Award ever given by the Cannes Film Festival 
In 2006, Corman received the David O  Selznick Award from the Producers Guild of America  Also in 2006, his film Fall of the House of Usher was among the twenty-five movies selected for the National Film Registry, a compilation of significant films being preserved by the Library of Congress 
In 2009, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Corman with an Academy Honorary Award at the inaugural Governors Awards, on November 14, 2009 In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Corman for his BBC documentary series A History of Horror, of which the second half of the second episode focuses on Corman In 2010, Corman was inducted into the Beverly Hills High School Hall of Fame 
In 2012, Corman was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival 
In 2018, he received the "Extraordinary Contribution to Film" award at the Austin Film Festival 

Archive
Film elements and prints for many movies directed, produced, and/or distributed by Corman are held at the Academy Film Archive as part of the New Horizons Collection  The Academy Film Archive restored Corman's film The Masque of the Red Death in 2019 

"The Corman Film School"
A number of noted filmmakers (including directors, producers, writers, and cinematographers) have worked with Corman, usually early in their careers, including Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Ron Howard, Polly Platt, Peter Bogdanovich, Declan O'Brien, Armondo Linus Acosta, Paul Bartel, Jonathan Demme, Donald G  Jackson, Gale Anne Hurd, Carl Colpaert, Joe Dante, James Cameron, John Sayles, Monte Hellman, Carl Franklin, George Armitage, Jonathan Kaplan, George Hickenlooper, Curtis Hanson, Jack Hill, Robert Towne, Menahem Golan, James Horner, and Timur Bekmambetov  Many have said that Corman's influence taught them some of the ins and outs of filmmaking  In the extras for the DVD of The Terminator, director James Cameron asserts, "I trained at the Roger Corman Film School " The British director Nicolas Roeg served as the cinematographer on The Masque of the Red Death  Cameron, Coppola, Demme, Hanson, Howard and Scorsese have all gone on to win Academy Awards  Howard was reportedly told by Corman, "If you do a good job on this film, you'll never have to work for me again "
Actors who obtained their career breaks working for Corman include Jack Nicholson, Peter Fonda, Bruce Dern, Charles Bronson, Todd Field Michael McDonald, Dennis Hopper, Tommy Lee Jones, Talia Shire, Sandra Bullock, Robert De Niro, and David Carradine, who received one of his first starring film roles in the Corman-produced Boxcar Bertha (1972) and went on to star in Death Race 2000 (along with Sylvester Stallone) 
Many of Corman's protegés have paid their mentor homage by awarding him cameos in films, such as in The Godfather Part II, The Silence of the Lambs, Apollo 13, and as recently as Demme's 2008 film Rachel Getting Married 

Filmography
The IMDb credits Corman with 55 directed films and some 385 produced films from 1954 through 2008, many as uncredited producer or executive producer (consistent with his role as head of his own New World Pictures from 1970 through 1983)  Corman also has significant credits as writer and actor 
 Roger Corman's Cult Classics 
In 2010, Roger Corman teamed up New Horizons Pictures with Shout! Factory to release new DVD and Blu-ray editions of Corman productions under the name Roger Corman's Cult Classics  The releases have concentrated on 1970–1980s films he produced through New World rather than directed  These titles include Rock 'n' Roll High School, Death Race 2000, Galaxy of Terror, Forbidden World and Piranha, with additional titles continuing to be released 

Books
Corman, Roger; Jerome, Jim (1990)  How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime  Random House  ISBN 978-0-394-56974-1  OCLC 840687965 
His autobiography documents his experiences in the film industry
Passage 6:
The House of the Seven Hawks
The House of the Seven Hawks is a 1959 British mystery film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Robert Taylor, Nicole Maurey and Linda Christian  It was the final film by Robert Taylor under his twenty five-year contract with MGM  The film follows an American captain searching for sunken treasure who becomes entangled with criminals and is arrested by the Dutch police  It is based on the Victor Canning novel The House of the Seven Flies, published in 1952 

Plot
Story of an American skipper who becomes entangled with the Dutch police and international crooks over sunken treasure but survives and finds romance 

Cast
Robert Taylor as John Nordley
Nicole Maurey as Constanta Sluiter
Linda Christian as Elsa
Donald Wolfit as Inspector Van Der Stoor
David Kossoff as Wilhelm Dekker
Eric Pohlmann as Captain Rohner
Philo Hauser as Charlie Ponz
Gerard Heinz as Inspector Sluiter
Paul Hardtmuth as Beukleman
Lily Kann as Gerta
Richard Shaw as Police Sgt  Straatman
André van Gyseghem as Hotel Clerk
Leslie Weston as Tulper
Guy Deghy as Desk Lieutenant
Peter Welch as Gannett
Peter Lannagan as Peter

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, The New York Times called the film "an unpretentious but satisfying entertainment"; whereas more recently, the Radio Times called it a "bland B-movie "

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $415,000 in the U S  and Canada and $650,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $20,000 

See also
List of British films of 1959
Passage 7:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 8:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 9:
Richard Thorpe
Richard Thorpe (born Rollo Smolt Thorpe; February 24, 1896 – May 1, 1991) was an American film director best known for his long career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 

Biography
Born Rollo Smolt Thorpe in Hutchinson, Kansas, Richard Thorpe began his entertainment career performing in vaudeville and onstage  In 1921 he began in motion pictures as an actor and directed his first silent film in 1923  He went on to direct more than one hundred and eighty films  He worked frequently at the Poverty Row studio Chesterfield Pictures during the 1930s  The first full-length motion picture he directed for MGM was Last of the Pagans (1935) starring Ray Mala  
At MGM, he teamed up with producer Pandro S  Berman in the 1950s, with whom he made several films, including Ivanhoe (1952), The Prisoner of Zenda (1952), Knights of the Round Table (1953), All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) and The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955) 
After directing The Last Challenge in 1967, he retired from the film industry 
His two favorite films were Night Must Fall (1937) and Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) 

Wizard of Oz
Thorpe is also known as the original director of The Wizard of Oz  He was fired after two weeks of shooting because it was felt that his scenes did not have the right air of fantasy about them  Thorpe notoriously gave Judy Garland a blonde wig and cutesy "baby-doll" makeup that made her look like a girl in her late teens rather than an innocent Kansas farm girl of about 13  Both makeup and wig were discarded at the suggestion of George Cukor, who was brought in temporarily  Stills from Thorpe's work on the film survive today  Further, it is understood that bits of his filmed footage of Toto escaping from the Wicked Witch's castle are featured in the film, albeit uncredited 
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Thorpe has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd  In 2003 a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California was dedicated to him and his son Jerry He died in Palm Springs, California on May 1, 1991 

Selected filmography
As director
Passage 10:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Gustav Skram
Johan Christian Gustav Skram (13 July 1802 – 7 April 1865) was a Danish railroad director  He was the father of danish writer Erik Skram, the second husband of Norwegian writer Amalie Skram 

Career
Skram was the first managing director of the Railway Company of Zealand, from 1844 to 1856, which ran the first railway in Denmark 

Personal life
Skram was born Johan Christian Gustav Schram in Copenhagen, the son of Gerhard Christopher Schram and Anne Johanne Christiane Jørgensen  
He was married twice, first to silk trader's daughter Johanne Margaretha Klein from 1826 to her death in 1835  In 1837 he married Justice Counsellor's daughter Ida Johanne Hoë (1814–1886)  With his second wife he had the son, writer and journalist Asbjørn Oluf Erik Skram (1847–1923), who, from 1884 to 1900, was married to noted Norwegian writer Amalie Skram 
Passage 2:
Johann Christian von Engel
Johann Christian von Engel (1770–1814) was an Austrian historian of Ukrainian, Romanian, Hungarian, Croatian, and German history 

Biography
He was born in Leutschau (today Levoča, Slovakia), then belonging to Kingdom of Hungary under Habsburg monarchy, and received his education at the University of Göttingen, where Heyne and Schlözer were among his teachers  He wrote several historical works which in their day were treasure houses of knowledge and scholarship  He was the first to put the history of Hungary, Ukraine, and the Danubian principalities on a sound scholarly basis  In 1812 he was ennobled 

Works
His greatest works are Die Geschichte der Ukraine und der ukrainische Kosaken, wie auch der Königreiche Halitsch-Wladimir ("History of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Cossacks, along with the Kingdom of Halych-Volodymyr", Halle 1796) Geschichte des ungarischen Reiches und seine Nebenländer (“History of imperial Hungary and neighboring lands,” 5 vols , 1797–1804); Geschichte der Moldau und Walachey (Halle, 1804) and Geschichte des Königreichs Ungarn (“History of the kingdom of Hungary,” 5 vols , 1814) 

Notes
Passage 3:
Johann Christian Simon Handt
Johann Christian Simon Handt (born Johann Christian Simon Hundt; 1794 – 7 July 1863) was a German-born Australian minister and missionary of Lutheran faith  Known for being Queensland's first missionary or one of the first, Handt is also said to have brought in the first pineapples in Queensland 

Early life
Handt was born Johann Christian Simon Hundt in 1794  One source lists his birthplace as Aken-on-the-Elbe, Saxony, Germany, others list Prussia  His mother died in 1813 and his father in 1816  He changed his surname to "Handt" after being constantly laughed at for his surname sounding like "Hund" (German for "dog")  Handt went on to become a tailor before enrolling as a missionary; in 1822, Handt moved to Switzerland to attend the Basle Missionary Institute in Basel  He graduated in January 1827 

Career and personal life
In around 1830, the London Missionary Society dispatched Handt to work with natives in Australia, alongside a few other Germans  Handt reached Sydney on 25 June 1831  That year, he travelled with his wife to Wellington, New South Wales, to start missionary work for the New South Wales Church Mission Society  Their work came to an end when one of them came down with an illness and the couple were forced to return to Sydney  He is credited as the first German missionary in New South Wales, and one of the first missionaries in Queensland Handt is credited with having brought in the first pineapples in Queensland  Handt married Mary Crook (died 1844), the eldest daughter of educator and missionary William Pascoe Cook, in July 1832  They had three children — Sarah, Wilhelm, and Ambrosius  Handt was a Lutheran 

Final years and death
One source states that Handt died at a prison hospital in Geelong, Victoria, on 7 July 1863, aged 70  Another source writes that he died at his residence in Bond Street, Chillwell  It is unclear as to where Handt is buried 

Notes
Passage 4:
Charles Tisch
Carl Johann Christian "Charles" Tisch was an American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, and historical person for whom Tisch Mills, Wisconsin, was named 

Biography
Tisch was born on May 26, 1829, in Eutin, Germany  In 1851, he settled in what is now Mishicot (town), Wisconsin, in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin  He would build a sawmill and gristmills in what would become Tisch Mills, Wisconsin, which was named after him  On January 10, 1895, Tisch died of blood poisoning in Wausau, Wisconsin 

Political career
Tisch was a member of the Assembly in 1877 and 1878  Other positions he held include County Judge of Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, from 1870 to 1874  He was a Democrat 
Passage 5:
Li Jun (table tennis)
Li Jun (born 30 June 1967) is a female Chinese former international table tennis player  She later represented Japan under the name Junko Haneyoshi She won bronze medal's at the 1989 World Table Tennis Championships and the 1991 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Ding Yaping 

See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
Passage 6:
Johann Christian Hüttner
Johann Christian Hüttner (25 May 1766 – 24 May 1847) was a German translator who settled in the United Kingdom 

Life
Hüttner was born at Guben in Lusatia, Germany  He graduated from the University of Leipzig in 1791, and went to England, as tutor to George Thomas Staunton, son of Sir George Staunton, 1st Baronet  He went with his pupil to China in Lord Macartney's embassy, and was sometimes employed to write official letters in Latin 

In 1807 Hüttner was appointed as translator to the Foreign Office, after Charles Burney, pleased with details on Chinese music, lobbied George Canning  As such he translated from Spanish into German the appeal by Pedro Cevallos to the nations of Europe on Napoleon's invasion of Spain  He kept up relations with Germany, and acted as literary agent to the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar Hüttner's death, after a street accident, took place on 24 May 1847, at Fludyer Street, Westminster



ground_truth: The House Of The Seven Hawks

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Ding Yaping and Johann Christian Gustav Lucae of the same nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Works
Hüttner sent accounts of experiences in China to friends in Germany  A copy of them was sold to a Leipzig bookseller, and friends brought out an authentic text, which appeared at Berlin in 1797, entitled Nachricht von der brittischen Gesandtschaftsreise durch China und einen Theil der Tartarei  The work anticipated the official account  French translations were published in 1799 and 1804 Other works were:

De Mythis Platonis, Leipzig, 1788;
Hindu Gesetzbuch oder Menu's Verordnungen, an edited translation of Sir William Jones's English translation of the Laws of Manu from the Sanskrit, Weimar, 1797;
Englische Miscellen herausgegeben (Bd  5-25), Tübingen, 1800 and onwards;
An edition, with German notes, of James Townley's farce High Life Below Stairs, Tübingen, 1802 He also contributed to German encyclopedias and periodicals 

Family
Hüttner was twice married, but left no issue 

Notes

Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed  (1891)  "Hüttner, Johann Christian"  Dictionary of National Biography  Vol  28  London: Smith, Elder & Co 
Passage 7:
Johann Christian Gustav Lucae
Johann Christian Gustav Lucae (14 March 1814, Frankfurt am Main – 3 February 1885, Frankfurt am Main) was a German anatomist known for his studies in the field of craniology 

Biography
From 1833 he studied medicine at the universities of Marburg and Würzburg, receiving his doctorate at Marburg in 1839  After graduation he settled as a general practitioner in his hometown of Frankfurt  Beginning in 1845 he worked as a lecturer of pathology at the Senckenberg Institute of Anatomy  From 1851 he taught classes in anatomy and subsequently became director of the institute, a position he maintained up until his death  In 1863 he obtained the title of professor, and in 1869 began teaching anatomy classes at the Städel Art Institute 

In collaboration with sculptor Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz, he developed improved methods for drawing anatomical objects Lucae was one of the 56 fouding members of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German Foundation) 

Selected writings
Schädelzeichnungen, 1840 – – Anatomical drawings of skulls 
Zur Morphologie des Säugethier-Schädels, 1872 – The morphology of mammal skulls 
Affen- und Menschenschädel im Bau und Wachsthum verglichen, 1873 – Monkey and human skulls in construction and growth compared 
Zur Morphologie der Rassen-Schädel, einleitende Bemerkungen und Beiträge; ein Sendschreiben an Carl Ernst v  Baer, 1876 – The morphology of racial skulls;  Introductory remarks and contributions; a missive to Karl Ernst von Baer 
Die Robbe und die Otter (Phoca vitulina und Lutra vulgaris) : in ihrem Knochen-und Muskel-skelet, 1876 – The seal and the otter (Lutra vulgaris and Phoca vitulina): involving bone and musculoskeleton 
Die statik und mechanik der quadrupeden an dem skelet und den muskeln eines lemur und eines choloepus, 1883 – The statics and mechanics of quadrupeds     the skeleton and muscles of lemurs and Choloepus 
Passage 8:
Johann Christian Jacobi (oboist)
Johann Christian Jacobi (1719 – 1784) was a German oboist and composer of the Baroque period 

Life
Jacobi was born in Tilsit, Prussian Lithuania (now Sovetsk, Russia)  He had his first lessons on the oboe from his father, a skilled player of the violin and oboe  After the premature death of his father, he spent a period of self-tuition before moving to Berlin where he immediately sought lessons with the royal Kammermusicus and famous oboe virtuoso Peter Glösch  In 1746, he was accepted into the Hofkapelle of Frederick the Great and, at this time, began studying composition with his colleague, the flautist Friedrich Wilhelm Riedt By 1754, Jacobi was employed as the principal oboist in the Hofkapelle of Frederick the Great's cousin, Charles Frederick Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt in Berlin  On the recommendation of Johann Joachim Quantz, in 1768 King Frederick appointed Jacobi as the director of the Hautboistenschule in Potsdam, responsible for training the nearly 2,000 oboists in the Prussian army Jacobi was a member of the "Freitagsakademien" (Friday academies), a musical society which met each Friday at the house of Johann Gottlieb Janitsch  For Jacobi, Janitsch was said to have composed all manner of trios, quartets and concertos in "all the usual and unusual keys"  Such pieces allowed Jacobi to improve his skills as an oboist, and earned him a great reputation amongst Berlin's musical societies  Two works  by Janitsch bear a dedication to Jacobi, and several other works in extremely uncharacteristic keys for the oboe by Janitsch can be presumed to have been composed for him  They are a testament to his great skill on the instrument  Bruce Haynes lists him among the great oboists of the baroque period Unfortunately, no compositions by Jacobi have survived 
Passage 9:
Johann Gottlieb Kugelann
Johann Gottlieb Kugelann (2 January 1753 – 8 September 1815) was a German entomologist  A pharmacist by profession, Kugelann worked on Coleoptera He published (with Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger and Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig) in 1798 Verzeichniss der Käfer Preussens 
Passage 10:
Ding Yaping
Ding Yaping (born in 1967), not to be confused with Deng Yaping, is a female Chinese and German former international table tennis player She won bronze medal's at the 1989 World Table Tennis Championships and the 1991 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Li Jun She later represented Germany 

See also
List of table tennis players
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sula Island
Sula Island is an island located in the Albay province of the Philippines 

See also
List of islands of the Philippines
Passage 2:
Henry Island (Nova Scotia)
Henry Island is an island located in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia, Canada, just east of Prince Edward Island and southwest of Port Hood Island 

Geography
Consisting of 150 acres (0 61 km2) of mostly forested tract, the 2½ mile long by 1-mile (1 6 km) wide island has up to 100-foot (30 m) cliffs along the west shore, and beaches of shallow shoals along the east shore   The water along the west shore reaches depths of up to 80 feet (24 m)   There are no year-round residents   Privately owned, the family inhabits the island in the summer 

History
Early nautical charts refer to the island as Iles aux Jestico or Juste-au-Corps, the previous county name of the current-day Inverness County, Nova Scotia   There is some debate over the origin of the current name, Henry   One theory has it that the island was named for Henry Hood, son of Admiral Samuel Hood, commander-in-chief of the Royal Navy of North America in the late 18th century   Others think it may have been named for Prince William Henry, the uncle of Queen Victoria 
The first person known to have settled the island was James Campbell during the 18th century   By this time an area of great maritime activity, a lighthouse existed on the summit as early as 1854   During the period of the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty which was in effect from 1854 to 1866, fishermen set up temporary camps each summer on Henry Island   Soon after the treaty expired the area was overcome by economic depression   Nearly 30 years later, the original lighthouse was replaced with the currently standing 53-foot (16 m) red and white lighthouse in 1902 under the supervision of foreman Jim MacDonnell of Margaree Harbor, Nova Scotia for a total cost of $3,489   The current lighthouse remains the property of the Canadian Coast Guard  An adjacent house had also been constructed in 1901   This new lighthouse had been a campaign promise of Parliament member Angus MacLennan, M D  The first three lighthouse keepers were relatives and descendants of MacLennan: John MacLennan from 1901, Daniel MacLennan, starting in 1907, and Charles MacLennan, the father of a local shopkeeper, Sadie Murphy   The last known keeper before the lighthouse was automated was Sterling Morrison, who became keeper in 1961 for a very brief period   By 1992, the adjacent house had not been lived in for 40 years and had been vandalized, and a nearby shed destroyed   The island was purchased by William F  Baker, who undertook the restoration of the home back to its original state 

Transportation
Henry Island is accessible for day tours around the periphery and walking tours to the lighthouse via boat through Port Hood Island Views Boat Tours 
Passage 3:
Ingmarsö
Ingmarsö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden 
Passage 4:
Fairbank Island (Michigan)
Fairbank Island is an island located in Chippewa County, Michigan, United States 
Passage 5:
Jeløya
Jeløya is an island located in the municipality of Moss in Østfold County, Norway 

History
Jeløya was actually a peninsula in the Oslofjord, but was divided from the mainland in 1855 by the Moss canal (Mossekanalen)  a 20-meter broad canal that was built through the low isthmus  The Canal Bridge (Kanalbrua) is the link between Jeløya and the mainland at Moss  This was at first a low, sliding bridge, and since 1957 a simple-leaf Bascule bridge, but dating from the early 1990s has been locked and unable to open  Part of the city of Moss lies on the south-eastern part of Jeløya 
At 19 km2, Jeløya is the largest island in the Oslofjord  Geologically, Jeløya is largely made up of a young lava rock-type from the Permian period  Other islands in the Oslofjord formed during that same time period include Revlingen, Eldøya, Missingene and the Søsterøyene  Ringerike sandstone is found in some parts of Jeløya, and fossil cephalaspids have been found  The largest Norwegian moraine from the Ice Age crosses Jeløya, goes to the east of Moss and Rygge and continues through Sweden to Finland Until the 1990s, two of Moss' largest industrial zones were on the southern part of Jeløya - Moss Glassverk  and Moss Verft  Moss Glassverk produced glass containers from 1898 until 1999  Moss Verft was a shipyard formed in 1870 which was active in shipbuilding until 1987 and was historically one of the biggest employers in the municipality  These areas are now turning into costly apartments and post-industrial businesses  Jeløya is today best known for its beaches, its scenery, a swarming harbor with boats, and Refsnes Gods,  a hotel with a renowned cuisine 
Jeløya is the site of a number of country manor houses on farms including Grønli gård and Kubberød gård  Torderød gård is now owned by Moss Municipality which hosts tours during the summer  Grimsrød gård housed Edvard Munch for a number of years  Roed gård has been established as a combined Arts and Cultural Center  Alby gård is the site of one of Norway's most widely known art galleries,  Galleri F 15 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Twin Cairns Island
The Belcher Islands (Inuktitut: ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ, Sanikiluaq) are an archipelago in the southeast part of Hudson Bay near the centre of the Nastapoka arc  The Belcher Islands are spread out over almost 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi)  Administratively, they belong to the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  The hamlet of Sanikiluaq (where the majority of the inhabitants of the Belcher Islands live) is on the north coast of Flaherty Island and is the southernmost in Nunavut  Along with Flaherty Island, the other large islands are Kugong Island, Tukarak Island, and Innetalling Island  Other main islands in the 1,500–island archipelago are Moore Island, Wiegand Island, Split Island, Snape Island and Mavor Island, while island groups include the Sleeper Islands, King George Islands, and Bakers Dozen Islands 

History
The archaeological evidence present on the islands indicates that they were inhabited by the Dorset culture between 500 BCE and 1000 CE  Centuries later, from 1200 to 1500, the Thule people made their presence on the islands The first European to discover the islands was English sea explorer Henry Hudson, the namesake of Hudson Bay, who sighted the island in 1610  The islands are named after Royal Navy Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (1799-1877) 
In the early 19th century, caribou herds which lived on the islands disappeared  In an alternative effort to find warm clothing, the inhabitants of the islands sought the down of the Eider duck, a species of bird which nests on the island Before 1914, English-speaking cartographers knew very little about the Belcher Islands, which they showed on maps as specks, much smaller than their true extent  In that year a map showing them, drawn by George Weetaltuk, came into the hands of Robert Flaherty, and cartographers began to represent them more accurately In 1941, a religious movement led by Charley Ouyerack, Peter Sala, and his sister Mina caused the death by blows or exposure of nine persons, an occurrence that came to be known as the Belcher Island Murders 

Geology
General geology
The geologic units of the Belcher Group, which forms the Belcher Islands, were deposited during the Paleoproterozoic  Combined with other Paleoproterozoic units that occur along the edge of the Superior Craton, the Belcher Group forms part of the Circum-Superior Belt From youngest to oldest, the Belcher Group is composed of:
Loaf Formation (molasse)
Omarolluk Formation (flysch)
Flaherty Formation (flood basalt)
Kipalu Formation (iron formation)
Mukpollo Formation (sandstone)
Rowatt Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Laddie Formation (deep marine red bed)
Costello Formation (carbonate slope deposit)
Mavor Formation (stromatolite reef complex)
Tukarak Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Fairweather Formation (shallow water carbonate)
Eskimo Formation (flood basalt)
Kasegalik Formation (sabkha)The oldest part of the Belcher Group, the Kasegalik Formation, was deposited between 2 0185 and 2 0154 billion years ago



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Twin Cairns Island and Nova Zembla Island located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The Kasegalik Formation also contains the oldest unambiguous Cyanobacteria microfossils  Much of the  Belcher Group strata were deposited under intertidal to shallow-water conditions, although the Mavor Formation formed a platform margin stromatolite reef complex, and the overlying Costello and Laddie formations represent slope and deep basin deposits, respectively  The Kipalu Formation, deposited approximately 1 88 billion years ago, is notable for being a granular iron formation  The Flaherty Formation basalt that composes much of the Belcher Islands was deposited between 1 87 and 1 854 billion years ago, with the overlying Omarolluk and Loaf formations being deposited from 1 854 billion years ago until sometime after 1 83 billion years ago 

Soapstone
The occurrence of very high-quality soapstone in the Belcher Islands supports a locally significant carving industry  These soapstone occurrences formed when sedimentary rocks of the Belcher Group were intruded by Haig sills and dykes approximately 1 87 billion years ago  Most soapstone is quarried from a site on western Tukarak Island where dolomite of the Costello Formation was intruded by hot magma, with dolomite reacting with quartz and water under intense heat to form talc, calcite, and carbon dioxide:
3CaMg(CO3)2 + 4SiO2 + H2O  → [Heat] Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 + 3CaCO3 + 3CO2
Other minerals within the soapstone are largely calcite, dolomite, talc, and clinochlore, with minor amounts of ilmenite 
Although most soapstone has been sourced from two quarries, the relatively widespread occurrence of Haig intrusions within the Belcher Islands suggests that there may be many more possible sources of high-quality soapstone not yet discovered 

Flora
Several species of willow (Salix) form a large component of the native small shrubbery on the archipelago  These include rock willow (Salix vestita), bog willow (S  pedicellaris), and Labrador willow (S  argyrocarpa), as well as naturally occurring hybrids between S  arctica and S  glauca 
Trees cannot grow on the islands because of a lack of adequate soil 

Fauna
The main wildlife consists of belugas, walrus, caribou, common eiders and snowy owls all of which can be seen on the island year round  There is also a wide variety of fish that can be caught such as Arctic char, cod, capelin, lump fish, and sculpin  The historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and the eider is the subject of a feature-length Canadian documentary film called People of a Feather  The director, cinematographer and biologist Joel Heath, spent seven years on the project, writing biological articles on the eider In 1998, the Belcher Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) herd numbered 800 
Passage 7:
Wadmalaw Island
Wadmalaw Island is an island located in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States  It is one of the Sea Islands, a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean 

Geography
Wadmalaw Island is located generally to the southwest of Johns Island and more than halfway encircled by it   To the north it is bordered by Church Creek; to the northeast and east by Bohicket Creek; to the south by the North Edisto River; and to the west by the Bohicket Creek   The island's only connection to the mainland is via a bridge over Church Creek   The island is about 10 miles long by 6 miles wide  It has a land area of 108 502 km² (41 893 sq mi)  The 2000 census reported a population of 2,611 persons 

History
Wadmalaw Island was landed upon by Captain Robert Sandford and the crew of the Berkeley Bay in mid-June 1666 after an excursion up the Bohicket Creek  It is believed that Sandford landed where Rockville, South Carolina now sits  On June 23, 1666, Captain and crew carried out the ritual of turf and twig, claiming the land for England and the Lords Proprietors In 1670, 148 colonists arrived and settled on the west bank of the Ashley (Kiawah) River   They survived the first four years of poor crop production through the generosity of natives who shared beans and corn   They later moved to what is now Charleston In 1890, planters organized the first sailing regatta at Rockville, less than a mile from the tea garden  The 120th Rockville Regatta was held in August, 2010 
In more recent times, The Lipton Tea Company operated an experimental tea farm on Wadmalaw Island from 1960 until 1987, when it was sold to Mack Fleming and Bill Hall  These gentlemen converted the experimental farm into a working tea Garden  The Charleston Tea Garden utilized a converted cotton picker and tobacco harvester to mechanically harvest the tea  The Charleston Tea Garden sold tea mail order known as American Classic Tea and also produced Sam's Choice Instant Tea, sold through Sam's Clubs  American Classic Tea has been the official tea of the White House since 1987  In 2003, Bigelow Tea Company purchased the Charleston Tea Garden and temporarily closed the garden in order to renovate it   The garden reopened in January 2006  Tours are now offered of this last remaining working Tea Farm in America  Wadmalaw now produces Firefly, a sweet tea flavored vodka 

See also
Charleston Tea Garden
Passage 8:
Round Island (Nunavut)
Round Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island  Nova Zembla Island is 7 4 km (4 6 mi) to the northwest Another, smaller Nunavut Round Island is located in Cross Bay, at the land end of Chesterfield Inlet 
Passage 9:
Nova Zembla Island
Nova Zembla Island ("New Land") is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada  It is located across the mouth of Coutts Inlet in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island  Round Island is 7 4 km (4 6 mi) to the southeast The island was visited in 1875 by a Swedish expedition led by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and sponsored by the businessman Oscar Dickson 
Passage 10:
Runmarö
Runmarö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden  The island is known for its many species of orchids (at least 27 different kinds) and 9 marshy lakes 

Notable residents
Author and entomologist Fredrik Sjöberg lives on the island with his family  The island is frequently referenced in his 2014 novel The Fly Trap 



ground_truth: yes