prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who died first, Albertus Seba or Ali Dinar?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bobby Dixon
Bobby Dixon or Ali Muhammed (born April 10, 1983), is an American-born naturalized Turkish professional basketball former player who played at the point guard position  He also represented the senior Turkish national basketball team, as he holds Turkish citizenship since 2015, under the name of Ali Muhammed 

College career
After graduating from Chicago's Sullivan High School, Dixon played college basketball at Troy University  In his two-year career with the Trojans, he played in 59 games, averaging 16 3 points, 4 6 rebounds, and 5 3 assists per game  He was also named to the 2005–06 All-Sun Belt Conference First Team 

Professional career
Dixon started his professional career in France with  Saint-Étienne Basket  In May 2007, he signed a contract with the French League team Gravelines until the end of the season  In the summer of 2007, he signed a contract with Polpak Świecie of the Polish Basketball League  He led the 2007–08 season Polish League in assists, averaging 5 1 per game  In the summer of 2008, he signed a contract with the Italian League team Pallacanestro Treviso  In February 2009, he moved to the France again, signed by Le Mans Sarthe Basket  In the summer of 2009, he signed a contract with the French League team ASVEL Basket  In 2010, he moved to the Italy, signed by Pallacanestro Treviso again  In the summer of 2010, he signed a contract with the Italian League team New Basket Brindisi  In the summer of 2011, he signed a contract with the French League team Dijon Basket 

Karşıyaka (2012–2015)
In July 2012, Dixon signed a contract with Karşıyaka of the Turkish League  On February 9, 2014, he was named the MVP with 19 points, 5 rebounds, and 6 assists in the Turkish Cup final game against Anadolu Efes S K  He also helped to lead them to a Turkish President's Cup victory against Fenerbahçe in 2014  He was named to the All-EuroCup Second Team in the 2014–15 EuroCup season  On June 19, 2015, he won the Turkish League championship with Karşıyaka, after beating Anadolu Efes by a series score of 4–1 in the Turkish League Finals  Dixon was named the Turkish League Finals MVP 

Fenerbahçe (2015–2021)
On July 21, 2015, Dixon signed a two-year contract with Fenerbahçe  On 28 March 2016, he had a 23 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists performance against Beşiktaş, which marked his first triple double in the team  That triple double, was the third in Fenerbahce history, after Mark Dickel had a 16 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists performance against Galatasaray, in the 2002–03 season; and Emir Preldžić had 10 points, 15 rebounds, and 10 assists against Olin Edirne, in the 2010–11 season In 2017–18 EuroLeague, Fenerbahçe made it to the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four, its fourth consecutive Final Four appearance  Eventually, they lost to Real Madrid with 80–85 in the final game  Over 20 EuroLeague games, he averaged 7 points, 1 1 rebounds and 1 2 assists per game, in decreased playing time over last season 
In April 2019, he signed a new two-year contract with Fenerbahçe, staying at the club until the end of 2020–21 season  Dixon parted ways with the team on September 14, 2021 On October 14, 2021, he has announced his retirement from professional basketball and started to work as a Youth Coach for Fenerbahçe Beko 

Turkish national team
After receiving Turkish citizenship, Dixon became a member of the senior men's Turkish national basketball team  With the Turkish national team, he played at the EuroBasket 2015, and the Manila 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament 

Career statistics
EuroLeague
Domestic leagues
Personal
In June 2015, Dixon received a Turkish passport and citizenship, which legally changed his name in Turkey to Ali Muhammed 
Passage 2:
Ali Farzat
Ali Farzat or Ali Ferzat (Arabic: علي فرزات; born 22 June 1951) is a Syrian political cartoonist  He has published more than 15,000 caricatures in Syrian, Arab and international newspapers  He serves as the head of the Arab Cartoonists Association  In 2011, he received Sakharov Prize for peace  Farzat was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2012 

Life and career
Farzat was born and raised in the city of Hama, in central Syria on 22 June 1951  At the age of 12, he started publishing drawings professionally on the front pages of al-Ayyam newspaper, shortly before it was banned by the ruling Baath Party  His first cartoon was about the Évian Accords negotiations between Algerians and French officials  In 1969, he began drawing caricatures for the state-run daily, al-Thawra  He enrolled at the Faculty of Fine Arts at Damascus University in 1970, and left before dropping out in 1973  In the mid-1970s, he moved to another government controlled daily, Tishreen, where his cartoons appeared every day  His caricatures were critical of government corruption but were not directed at particular individuals  International recognition followed in 1980 when he won the first prize at the Intergraphic International Festival in Berlin, Germany, and his drawings began to appear in the French newspaper Le Monde  His exhibition in 1989 at the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris, France led to a death threat from Saddam Hussein, and a ban from Iraq, Jordan and Libya  The drawing that brought about the most controversy was called The General and the Decorations which showed a general handing out military decorations instead of food to a hungry Arab citizen Farzat met Syrian president Bashar al-Assad prior to his presidency in 1996  According to Farzat, "He [Bashar] actually laughed at some of the cartoons—specifically at those targeting security personnel—he had a bunch of them with him and he turned to them and said: 'Hey, he is making fun of you  What do you think?" Afterward the two developed a friendship  In December 2000, Farzat started publishing al-Domari (Arabic: الدومري, lit  'The Lamplighter'), which was the first independent periodical in Syria since the Baath Party came to power in 1963  The newspaper was based on political satire and styled in a similar way to the French weekly Le Canard enchaîné  The first issue of the paper came out in February 2001 and the entire 50,000 copies were sold in less than four hours  In 2002, he won the prestigious Dutch Prince Claus Award for "achievement in culture and development"  By 2003, however, frequent government censorship and lack of funds forced Farzat to close down al-Domari  He has been called "one of the most famous cultural figures in the Arab world"  In December 2012, Farzat was awarded Gebran Tueni prize in Lebanon 

Syrian Civil War
During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Farzat had been more direct in his anti-government cartoons, specifically targeting government figures, particularly al-Assad  Following the fall of Tripoli in late August to anti-government rebels seeking to topple Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, Farzat published a cartoon depicting a sweaty Bashar al-Assad clutching a briefcase running to catch a ride with Gaddafi who is anxiously driving a getaway car  Other cartoons Farzat published previously include one where al-Assad is whitewashing the shadow of large Syrian security force officer while the actual officer remains untouched with the caption reading "Lifting the emergency law" and another showing al-Assad dressed in a military uniform flexing his arm in front of a mirror  The mirror's reflection shows Assad being a dominant muscular figure contrasting with his actual slim stature On 25 August 2011, Farzat was reportedly pulled from his vehicle in Umayyad Square in central Damascus by masked gunmen believed to be part of the security forces and a pro-government militia  The men assaulted him, focusing mainly on his hands, and dumped him on the side of the airport road where passersby found him and took him to a hospital  According to one of his relatives, the security forces notably targeted his hands with both being broken and then told Farzat it was "just a warning"  His brother As'aad, however, claims Farzat was kidnapped from his home around 5 am by five gunmen and then taken to the airport road after being beaten "savagely"  The gunmen then warned him "not to satirize Syria's leaders"  The Local Coordination Committee (LCC), an activist group representing the rebellion in Syria, stated that his briefcase and the drawings in them were confiscated by the assailants In response to news of Farzat's ordeal, Syrian opposition members expressed outrage and several online activists changed their Facebook profile picture with that of a hospitalized Farzat in solidarity with the cartoonist  The incident provoked an outpouring of solidarity by cartoonists in the Arab world and internationally  Egyptian Al Sharouk's Waleed Taher had drawn a map of the Arab world with a face emerging out of Syria screaming "They beat up Ali Farzat, World!" Egypt's Al Masry Al Youm published a cartoon depicting a man with two amputated hands, taken aback by how another person guessed that he was a cartoonist  In the Lebanese daily Al Akhbar Nidal al-Khairy published a cartoon depicting Farzat's broken hand being stabbed by three security men smaller than the hand in size with the caption reading "The hands of the people are above their hands " Well-known Carlos Latuff of Brazil drew a rifle with a pen as its barrel pursuing a frantic al-Assad The United States condemned the attack calling it "targeted, brutal"  According to the BBC's Arab affair's analyst, Farzat's beating is a sign that the Syrian authorities "tolerance for dissent is touching zero " One month earlier, Ibrahim al-Qashoush, the alleged composer of a popular anti-government song, was found dead with his vocal cords removed Following the attack Farzat stated that he would not meet with al-Assad any longer, although he was not sure if al-Assad directly ordered the assault against him  Farzat said he would continue to criticize al-Assad, stating "I was born to be a cartoonist, to oppose, to have differences with governments that do these bad things  This is what I do "

Style
Farzat's drawings are centred around themes involving criticism of bureaucracy, corruption and hypocrisy within the government and the wealthy elite  His drawings, typically without captions, are noted for their scathing criticism and for depicting types rather than individuals  Through his cutting caricatures he gained the respect of many Arabs while drawing the ire of their governments  However, since the uprising in Syria began Farzat has been more direct in his caricatures, depicting actual figures including the President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad 

Collections
A Pen of Damascus Steel: The Political Cartoons of an Arab Master (2005) Published by Cune Press www cunepress com
Passage 3:
Alireza Jamshidi
Dr Alireza Jamshidi (or Ali-Reza Jamshidi) is an official spokesman for Iran's judiciary, headed by Mahmoud Shahroudi  In that capacity, he holds regular news conferences  As he has little other public presence, his name is associated mainly with stories he has promulgated:

Imprisonment of members of the Baháʼí Faith because of their religionProsecution of doctors carrying out HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs, apparently because of links with the United StatesExecutions of juvenile offenders such as that of Mohammad Hassanzadeh for a crime committed at the age of fourteen years Denial of punishments such as stoning, which he claimed were falsely attributed to Iran by Western media
Capital punishment for “insulting religious sanctities and laws, and homosexuality ”
Passage 4:
Abu Luqman
Ali Moussa Al-Shawakh, (1973 –17 April 2018) known by his kunya Abu Luqman, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari or Ali al-Hamoud, was a Syrian man and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant governor of Raqqa, Syria as of July 2015  He used to be governor of Aleppo province 

History
Abu Luqman was born in as-Sahl village in Raqqa province  He studied law at the University of Aleppo  He is from the Ajeel clan of Raqqa  It is claimed he used to have a Sufi orientation because he followed Mahmud al-Aghasi (known as Abu Qaqa) who was the leader of Ghuraba al-Sham 
He was freed from Sednaya Prison, Damascus in the summer of 2011 by President Bashar al-Assad, at the outset of the uprising against the Syrian government 

ISIL activity
According to Ibrahim Muslem, a human-rights activist quoted by The Wall Street Journal, "Abu Luqman decides who gets the oil"  At Mr  Luqman's discretion, smugglers pay for fuel and load it into tanker trucks  Refined products from the Akrish refinery are driven more than 200 miles to Syrian villages near the Turkish border, according to Mr  Muslem 
Mohammed al-Saleh, a spokesman for the advocacy group Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently, quoted in The Wall Street Journal, said Abu Luqman replaced several foreign generals with locals after the loss of the town of Tell Abyad 
He was also responsible for the execution of Abu Saad al-Hadram, Jabhat al-Nusra's commander for Raqqa province 

2014
In early 2014, he was ISIL's chief interrogator in Raqqa province  As of April 2014, he was the IS emir of Raqqa province  In this role, he was the primary official responsible for appointing other ISIL leaders, distributing fighters among the various IS fighting fronts, and publicizing ISIL military operations  In mid-2014, he ordered the beheading of two hostages held by ISIL 
As of late 2014, he was a member of ISIL's eight-member governing council  His responsibilities for ISIL included frequently traveling across Syria to transfer ISIL prisoners  Also in late 2014, he changed his name when he was reported dead in the press as a security measure 

2015
In early 2015, he  was a member of an ISIL governance council chaired by IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi  As of early 2015, he was the senior figure in charge of ISIL detention of Western hostages In June 2015, he was the governor of Aleppo and the security emir for Syria responsible for foreign fighters  Previously as governor of Raqqa, he was responsible for executions  In July 2015, he was reappointed governor of Raqqa and was the de facto chief in Raqqa, overseeing security affairs  As of mid-2015, he was ISIL's overall security amir at a Raqqa detention facility holding more than 1,000 ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight 

US and UN sanctions
On 29 September 2015 he was added to the United States Department of Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control Specially Designated Nationals List The US Department of Treasury further describes his role, saying "Al-Shawakh is being designated for acting for or on behalf of ISIL, an entity designated pursuant to E O  13224  As of mid-2015, Syrian national al-Shawakh served as ISIL’s governor for Raqqa, Syria, after having served as ISIL’s senior security official for Syria and as governor in Aleppo, roles in which he directed combat assignments for foreign fighters    Al-Shawakh was in charge of ISIL’s detention of foreign hostages, and oversaw the appointment of other ISIL leaders   Al-Shawakh supervised security matters, including executions, interrogations, and transfers of ISIL prisoners, at an Raqqa detention facility used to hold foreign hostages and ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight   In mid-2014, al-Shawakh ordered the beheadings of two ISIL hostages   Al-Shawakh also served on a governance council chaired by ISIL leader and U S  and UN-designated SDGT Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (AKA Dr  Ibrahim al-Badri)" He is also sanctioned by the United Nations who said, "Ali Musa al-Shawakh was listed on 29 February 2016 pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 4 of resolution 2161 (2014) as being associated with Al-Qaida for “participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf of, or in support of” the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), listed as Al-Qaida in Iraq (QDe 115)" 

Death
Abu Luqman was reportedly killed by an Iraqi airstrike on 17 April 2018 
Passage 5:
Ali Loke
Ali Loke (née Hemingway) (born 26 May 1993 in Stevenage) is a Welsh professional squash player  She has competed in the main draw of multiple professional PSA tournaments  As of April 2019, she was ranked number 77 in the world and was the 2nd-highest internationally ranked player in Wales 
Passage 6:
Sultan Buyung
Sultan Buyung or Ali Ri'ayat Syah II (died 28 June 1589) was the ninth sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra  He had a short and contested reign from 1585/85 to 1589, ending with his violent demise 

Indrapura origins
Sultan Buyung did not belong to the sultan's family of Aceh but originated from Indrapura on the west coast of Sumatra  His background is known from epigraphic data: he was the son of Munawwar Syah, son of Muhammad Syah, son of Almalik Zainuddin  This indicates that Indrapura had been ruled by a Muslim dynasty since at least 1500  The sister of Sultan Buyung, Raja Dewi, was married to Sultan Mughal alias Sri Alam who was sultan of Aceh for a brief period in 1579  At a time the prince went to Aceh to be with his widowed sister  When he had stayed there for two months the current sultan Alauddin Mansur Syah was murdered  This happened in early 1585 according to the chronicles but in 1586 according to a Portuguese account 

Contested reign
After the murder of Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan Buyung was raised to the throne with the throne name Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah  The precise reasons why he was selected are not known to us, but there was apparently a lack of grown-up candidates  The old sultan left a young grandson, Raja Asyem, who may have been supported by part of the orang kayas (grandees) but was too young to reign  Raja Asyem was protected by an old military of humble background, the later sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal who had allegedly murdered the boy's grandfather  Thus Aceh appears to have been politically divided during Sultan Buyung's brief reign  Of political events, we only know that the hostilities with the Portuguese in Melaka ceased in his reign  Relations between the Portuguese and the leading Malay kingdom Johor deteriorated after 1585 and the Johorese suffered a disastrous military defeat in 1587  As a consequence of this an Acehnese envoy appeared in Melaka and a peace was concluded  The result of all this was that the sea-roads between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra became free and trade expanded greatly  The peace held on for the next 19 years  Finally, the sultan was murdered under unclear circumstances on 28 June 1589 by "all the grandees" of the kingdom  Thus he was the fourth ruler in succession to be killed  The throne was now taken by Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal, who claimed descent from the 15th-century rulers of Aceh  His accession made an end to ten years of violent political infighting 
Passage 7:
Albertus Seba
Albertus or Albert Seba (May 12, 1665, Etzel near Friedeburg – May 2, 1736, Amsterdam) was a Dutch pharmacist, zoologist, and collector  Seba accumulated one of the largest cabinets of curiosities in the Netherlands during his time  He sold one of his cabinets in 1717 to Peter the Great of Russia  His later collections were auctioned after his death  He published descriptions of his collections in a lavishly illustrated 4 volume Thesaurus  His early work on taxonomy and natural history influenced Linnaeus 

Career
Born in Etzel, Seba moved to Amsterdam as an apprentice and, around 1700, opened a pharmacy near the harbour  Seba asked sailors and ship surgeons to bring exotic plants and animal products he could use for preparing drugs  Seba also started to collect snakes, birds, insects, shells, and lizards in his house 
From 1711, he delivered various medicines to the Russian court in Saint Petersburg and sometimes accepted fresh ginger as payment  Seba promoted his collection to Robert Erskine (1674–1719), the tsar's head physician, and in early 1716 Peter the Great bought the complete collection  In the following several years, Seba managed to develop another collection of natural specimens, which grew more extensive than the first 
Through Seba, Frederik Ruysch—a well-known Amsterdam physician and anatomist—also sold his collection to the tsar  Both collections so expanded Peter's imperial cabinet of curiosities that they led to the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the construction of a new building for the Kunstkammer, opened in 1728 as the first Russian public museum In October 1728, Seba had become a Fellow of the Royal Society  In 1734, he had published a Latin "treasury" (thesaurus) of animal specimens with beautiful engravings  Its full title was Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio et Iconibus Artificiosissimus Expressio per Universam Physices Historiam ("A Careful Description and Exceedingly Artistic Expression in Pictures of the Exceedingly Rich Treasury of Nature Throughout the Entire History of Natural Science"), traditionally shortened and abbreviated in Latin as the Rerum Naturalium Thesaurus ("A Treasury of Nature") or as Seba's Thesaurus  A traditional English version of the name has been A Cabinet of Natural Curiosities, after the early modern cabinets of curiosities  The last two of the four volumes were published after his death (1759 and 1765)  Today, an original 446-plate volume is in the collection of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, Netherlands  Recently, a complete example of the Thesaurus sold for $460,000 at an auction  In 2001, Taschen Books published a reprint of the Thesaurus, with a second printing in 2006 In 1735, Carl Linnaeus visited Seba twice  Linnaeus found Seba's collection to be useful for the classification system which Linnaeus was developing, and Linnaeus used many of Seba's specimens as holotypes for original descriptions of species  Seba's inclusion of fantastic beasts such as the hydra influenced Linnaeus to include the "Paradoxa", species which may exist but which have not been found, in his Systema Naturae Seba himself did not use Linnaeus' taxonomy, as it was published only a year before his death  However, he did organize his Thesaurus by physical similarities, leading to some similarities with Linnaeus' larger project In 1752, several years after Seba's death, his second collection was auctioned in Amsterdam  Several objects were purchased by Russia's Academy of Sciences 

Taxa named in honor of Seba
Seba is commemorated in the scientific names of two species and one subspecies of snakes: Ninia sebae, Python sebae, and Oxyrhopus petola sebae 

Gallery
Passage 8:
Ali Elmusrati
Almoatasembellah Ali Mohamed Al-Musrati (Arabic: المعتصم بالله علي محمد المصراتي; born 6 April 1996), known simply as Al-Musrati, is a Libyan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primeira Liga club Braga and the Libya national team 

Club career
Vitória de Guimarães
Reserve team
In January 2017, he signed a three-and-a-half-year deal at Vitória de Guimarães of Portugal's Primeira Liga, on the recommendation of their former player Romano Sion  He began playing for their reserve team in LigaPro, and on 4 March 2018 scored his first goal to equalise in a 1–1 draw away to União 

First team
On 5 August 2019, Al-Musrati made his debut for the first team, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 win at Feirense in the second round of the Taça da Liga  Thirteen days later he made his Primeira Liga debut in a 1–1 home draw with Boavista and was third-place in the vote for the league's best midfielder of the month, behind Bruno Fernandes and Pizzi  On 12 December, he scored his only goal for the first team, equalising in a 3–2 comeback win at Eintracht Frankfurt in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League; his club was already eliminated 

Loan to Rio Ave
Al-Musrati was loaned to Rio Ave of the same league on 29 January 2020, for the rest of the season  He, Diogo Figueiras and Nuno Santos were sent off on 17 June in a 2–1 home loss to Benfica 

Braga
On 31 July 2020, Al-Musrati signed a four-year deal at Braga, joining his former Rio Ave manager Carlos Carvalhal  His first goal was on 26 November, to open a 3–3 home draw with Leicester City in the Europa League group stage; three days later he struck for the first time in the top flight to win at the Estádio Municipal de Braga against Farense  He was voted the league's Player of the Month for February 2021 

International career
Al-Musrati was first called up for Libya at the 2014 African Nations Championship in South Africa, and played all but one game including the penalty shootout win over Ghana in the final 

Career statistics
Club
As of match played 4 June 2023

International
As of match played 28 March 2023

International goals
Scores and results list Libya's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Elmusrati goal 

Honours
Braga

Taça de Portugal: 2020–21Libya

African Nations Championship: 2014
Passage 9:
Ali Dinar
Ali Dinar (Arabic: علي دينار; 1856 – November 6, 1916) was a Sultan of the Sultanate of Darfur and ruler from the Keira dynasty   
In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, he managed to regain Darfur's independence 

A rebellion led by him in 1915—in the context of his giving his support to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War— led the British government to dispatch the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition, in which he was killed in action, after which his Sultanate was incorporated into the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 

Further reading
'Alī Dīnār, Last Sultan of Darfur, 1898–1916
Passage 10:
Mohammad Jahromi
Mohammad Jahromi (born 1958) is a former Iranian governor and politician who served as minister of labor and social affairs from 2005 to 2009 

Early life and education
Jahromi was born in Tehran in 1958  He holds a bachelor's degree in mathematics  He also received a PhD in strategic management 

Career
Jahromi was the deputy chairman for executive affairs of the Guardian Council  He was also one of the founding members of the IRGC in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran in 1979  He acted as an IRGC commander in Noor  In addition, he served as the governor of different provinces, including Zanjan (1982-1984), Lorestan (1984-1989) and Semnan (1984-1999)  He was among the members of secretariat of the State Expediency Council On 24 August 2005, he became the minister of labor and social affairs in the first cabinet of Mahmoud Ahmedinejad  He was approved by the Majlis with 197 votes in favor  During his tenure, he was considered to be the economic spokesperson of the government  In late 2008, he announced his candidacy for the presidential election of 2009  He was succeeded by Reza Sheykholeslam in August 2009 as minister of labor and social affairs Immediately after his removal from office, Jahromi was appointed deputy of the judiciary chief, Sadeq Larijani, in August 2009  Next Jahromi was named chief of the state-run Bank Saderat 

Sanctions
Jahromi was sanctioned by the European Union on 1 December 2011 due to his presidency at the Saderat Bank, which was also sanctioned by the Union  He was omitted from the sanction list in October 2012 

Personal life
Jahromi is the son-in-law of Ali Akbar Nategh Noori 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Pauline Auzou
Pauline Auzou (24 March 1775 – 15 May 1835) was a French painter and art instructor, who exhibited at the Paris Salon and was commissioned to make paintings of Napoleon and his wife Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 

Personal life
Jeanne-Marie-Catherine Desmarquets (sometime written Desmarquest) was born in Paris on 24 March 1775  She assumed the surname La Chapelle when she was adopted by a cousin  In December 1793 she married the stationer Charles-Marie Auzou  Starting in 1794, they had at least two sons, two daughters and a child who did not survive infancy Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou bought one house of theirs in Fontenay-aux-Roses in 1820 
She died in Paris on 15 May 1835 

Career
In the early late 18th century women were generally prevented from attaining an education in art academies in France, particularly if they did not have money and connections  Auzou attended Jean-Baptiste Regnault's atelier in 1802 along with Sophie Guillemard, Eugénie Delaporte, Caroline Derigny and Henriette Lorimier  She was influenced by another woman artist, Marguerite Gérard, and by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 

Early in her studies and career, Auzou made paintings of legendary Greek figures  Very unusual for the time, when it was considered nearly underheard of for women to draw or paint nude people, Auzou made studies of nude women and men  Deemed inappropriate, women artists found greater success in creating paintings of women in homey settings, making music or reading She was a successful artist, first a Neoclassist, who made historic, genre and portrait paintings, including depictions of Napoleon  She received 2,000 to 4,000 francs in stipend payments, for the creation of essentially government mandated paintings of contemporary events, including paintings made of and for Napoleon  Troubadour art, was very much a style made by male artists, but there were several artists like Eugénie Servières, Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot, and Sophie Lemire who added a feminine touch to makes of Caroline, Duchesse de Berry and Empress Josephine and others The Paris Salon opened up the exhibition to women's works in 1791  Her works were exhibited at the Paris Salon  In 1793, A Bacchante and A study of a head  She made a painting of legendary Daphnis and Phyllis, which was exhibited at the 1795 salon  In 1804, The First Sense of Coquetry was exhibited there  She was awarded a first class medal at the salon in 1806 for her painting of Pickard Elder, which in 1807 was represented in the painting Mr  Pickard and his family  In 1808, she was awarded the medaille de première classe for her work  That year she exhibited Mr  Picard and his family at the salon She made a painting of Napoleon and his bride shown at the 1810 salon entitled Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne, depicts the newly married Napoleon who looks on fondly, and secondarily, as Marie-Louise is met by her ladys-in-waiting  Other paintings made of the couple by Auzou included a painting of Marie-Louise with her family, Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family  Shown in 1806, Departure for the Duel depicts the family drama as a man looks at his sleeping wife and child before departing for a duel  Like other women artists of this time, Auzou depicted events as they impacted families  In this case, the wife was "condemned to seduction and the child to poverty," according to art critic Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard  She exhibited at the Paris Salon until 1817 and generally until 1820 Auzou opened an art school for young women, like other women artists, Lizinka de Mirbel and Marie Guilhelmine Benoist, and men  The studio and school were maintained for 20 years  Her book Têtes d'études (English: Head studies) was published in Paris by Didot Her painting Portrait of a musician is in the collection of the Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States  Two of her works of Empress Marie-Louise are in the collections of The National Museum of Versailles, Palace of Versailles, including Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family  Her works were collected by the Society of Friends to the Arts, Duchess de Berri and the French government  Several of these works were engraved, as well as period genre paintings such as the work engraved by John Norman, Diana of France and Montmorency 

Legacy
Like Constance Mayer, Marguerite Gérard,  Antoinette Haudebourt-Lescot and Marie-Denise Villers, Auzou was one of the successful women artists following the French Revolution:

Despite overt exclusion of women artists from the institutions governing their profession, women artists nevertheless made progress, as a group and as individuals, in the years following the French Revolution 

Works
A Bacchante, exhibited at 1793 Paris Salon
A study of a head, exhibited at 1793 Paris Salon
Agnes de Meranie, 1808
Arrival of Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne (with new husband Napoleon), 1810
Daphnis and Phyllis, exhibited at the 1795 salon
Departure for the Duel, exhibited in 1806
Diana of France and Montgomery, 1814
Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family, Versailles Gallery, 1812
Louis-Benoît Picard and his family, 1807
Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne, exhibited at the 1810 salon
Picard the Elder, 1806, won a medal of honor in 1806 and first prize at the 1808 Paris Salon
Portrait of a girl, bust length, est  1790s, Snite Museum of Art, University of Notre Dame
Portrait of a musician, oil on canvas, 1809
Portraits of Volney, 1795
Regnault, 1800
The First Sense of Coquetry, exhibited at the 1804 salon
The Return of Charles X
Passage 2:
Maria d'Este
Maria d'Este (8 December 1644 – 20 August 1684) was a Modenese princess and Duchess of Parma as the wife of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma  She was a daughter of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena and Maria Caterina Farnese 

Family
Maria was the eighth child and fourth daughter of Francesco I d'Este, the reigning Duke of Modena since 1629   Her mother was a daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma 

Biography
Maria was born in Modena to Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena and his consort Maria Caterina Farnese  A member of the House of Este, she was a princess of Modena by birth 
In order to cement relations between the House of Farnese, Maria's older sister Isabella d'Este had been married to Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Margherita de' Medici in 1664  Isabella died in 1666 as a result of childbirth  In order to preserve the union between the two ducal houses, the unmarried Maria became Ranuccio's next consort 
A wedding was signed by proxies in October 1667 and formally in Modena on 1 January 1668 she was duly married to the widowed Ranuccio Farnese  The marriage produced seven children; she also had two stillborn children  Out of the seven, three survived infancy, however none of them went on to have further children 
Maria died in Parma at the age of 39  Her husband survived her by ten years  Her two youngest sons, Francesco and Antonio, each became the Duke of Parma  Antonio was the last member of the House of Farnese, the duchy of Parma going to the Spanish House of Bourbon in 1731 
Maria was buried at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma on 21 August 1684  She has no surviving descendants 

Issue
Isabella Francesca Maria Lucia Farnese (14 December 1668 – 9 July 1718)  She was a Benedictine nun in Santa Maria di Campagna Monastery of Piacenza;
Vittoria Maria Francesca Farnese (24 December 1669 – 15 September 1671);
A son (24 June 1671 – 28 June 1671);
Vittoria Farnese (19 November 1672), twin of Caterina;
Caterina Farnese (19 November 1672), twin of Vittoria;
A son (26 December 1674);
Eleonora Farnese (1 September 1675 – 3 November 1675);
Francesco Maria Farnese (19 May 1678 – 26 February 1727) succeeded as Duke of Parma; married Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, had issue;
Antonio Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma (29 November 1679 – 20 January 1731) married Enrichetta d'Este, no issue 

Ancestry
References and notes


== See also ==
Passage 3:
Vernon Richards
Vernon Richards (born Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001) was an Anglo-Italian anarchist, editor, author, engineer, photographer, and companion of Marie-Louise Berneri Richards' founding of the paper Spain and the World in 1936 lead to the revival of the British anarchist publisher Freedom Press and the subsequent publishing of the newspaper War Commentary, followed in 1945 by the relaunch of Freedom newspaper 
Richards and Berneri were joined in Freedom Press by a group of regular contributors including John Hewetson, Tony Gibson, Philip Sansom, George Woodcock and Colin Ward  Freedom remained under Richards' editorship until 1968 and he retained a strong influence over Freedom Press until his retirement  He also authored and translated a number of books including Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953) and Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965) 

Biography
Richards was born in 1915 in Soho, London to the Italian militant anarchist railway worker Emidio Recchioni and his wife Costanza (née Benericetti) where they ran a popular delicatessen, King Bomba  Emidio had fled Italy following a prison escape with Errico Malatesta  Friends speculated that Richards inherited his single-mindedness from his father, though Richards later described his father as a "bourgeois terrorist" Richards was educated at Emanuel School in Wandsworth and studied civil engineering at King's College London  He then worked as a railway engineer In 1931 in Paris Richards met Marie Louise Berneri, daughter of Camillo and Giovanna Berneri, and began a long-distance relationship  Richards and Camillo together edited the bilingual Italian and English anti-Mussolini paper Italia Libera/Free Italy, resulting In Richards' deportation from France in 1935 From December 1936 Richards began work on a new anarchist newspaper in London, Spain and the World, reporting on the Spanish Civil War  In 1937 Marie moved to London to join him, marrying him in October 1937 so she could gain British citizenship  At this time he also anglicised his name from Vero Recchioni to Vernon Richards After the first issue of Spain and the World the paper was taken on by Freedom Press with Richards' as editor, going on to play a leading role in the revival of British anarchism and Freedom Press Following the fascist victory in the Spanish Civil War Spain and the World was briefly relaunched as Revolt! In November 1939 with the onset of war the paper was renamed again as War Commentary On 26 April 1945 as an editor of War Commentary Richards was sentenced to nine months in prison along with two contributors, John Hewetson and Philip Sansom, for conspiring to cause disaffection among members of the armed forces under Defence Regulation 39a  The same charges against Berneri were dropped as legally a wife could not be prosecuted for conspiring with her husband – about which she was reportedly furious  Coming at the end of the war, the four day trial at the Old Bailey saw significant press coverage and public controversy : 186  The arrests led to the formation of the prominent Freedom Defence Committee  The trial also saw an end to Richard's career as an engineer, with Richards' and Berneri deciding to try and earn a living as professional photographers After Richards' release from prison their friend George Orwell, who was extremely averse to being photographed, allowed Richards and Berneri to photograph him to help them start out  The photos feature a relaxed Orwell at home and in the street and remain in widespread use  The complete set was published in the 1998 book George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists): Essays and Photographs At this time a split had formed within Freedom Press between anarcho-syndicalists with ties to the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and anarcho-communists associated with Richards and Berneri who aligned more with Errico Malatesta's critique of revolutionary trade unionism  The split saw the painter and War Commentary contributor Cliff Holden hold Richards at gunpoint to extract money for a new paper  Richards' views on the Spanish Civil War, including critiques of the CNT from Freedom and Spain and the World were later republished in the book Lessons of the Spanish Revolution In December 1948 Berneri gave birth, but the child died shortly afterwards  She then died of a viral infection in April 1949 In the 1950s Richards sold the family store, King Bomba, and in 1968 with his partner Peta Hewetson he moved to Suffolk where he grew and sold vegetables from a smallholding  He also worked as a travel agent, including trips to Francoist Spain and the Soviet Union Richards formally retired from Freedom Press in 1995  A workaholic, he continued to write books into his eighties, though following Peta Hewetson's death in 1997 he became more reclusive  He died on 10 December 2001 in Hadleigh, Suffolk In a Guardian obituary Colin Ward, who had worked with Richards for decades, described him as a "ruthless exploiter of others" and a "manipulator" with a noted tendency to lose friends  Richard's papers are held by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam 

Publications
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953)
Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965)
The Impossibilities of Social Democracy (1978)
Why Work? Arguments for the Leisure Society (1983)
Violence and Anarchism: A Polemic (1983)
Protest without Illusions (1981)
A Weekend Photographer's Notebook (1996)
A Part-Time Photographers Portrait Gallery (1999)
Beauty Is More Than 'In the Eye of the Beholder': Photographs of Women and Children (1999)
George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists)  Essays and Photographs (1998)
Passage 4:
Enrichetta d'Este
Princess Enrichetta d'Este (Enrichetta Maria; 27 May 1702 – 30 January 1777) was a Duchess of Parma by marriage to her cousin Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma  She was the Regent of Parma in 1731 during her alleged pregnancy in the interregnum after her husband's death 

Biography
Early life
Princess Enrichetta was the third daughter of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena and Duchess Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg  She was named after her maternal grandmother, Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate 
Her older brother Prince Francesco was the heir to the duchy of Modena  In 1720 Francesco married Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, the daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the Régent of France during the childhood of King Louis XV  While at the Modenese court, Charlotte Aglaé got on well with Enrichetta and her older sisters Benedetta (1697–1777) and Amalia (1699–1778) 
In 1725, Enrichetta was among the princesses seriously considered for marriage to king Louis XV of France, when the list of the original 99 princesses had been reduced to seventeen   However, the French Prime minister, the Duke of Bourbon, regarded her to be of too inferior rank for the position of queen, and the unstable situation in her family a cause of rejection of her candidacy, and in the end she was removed from the list 

Duchess of Parma
Enrichetta was engaged to Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma, whose mother Princess Maria d'Este was Enrichetta's aunt   They were married with magnificent ceremonies in Modena on 5 February 1728, with her brother Francesco acting as proxy for Antonio 
She travelled to Parma where she made a magnificent entry to the city on 6 July 1728, greeted at the Porta San Michele by crowds of cheerers and onlookers  Celebrations in the local area lasted as late as 1730   Antonio frequently visited the Modenese court and was close to Erichetta's brother 
The marriage had been arranged by Antonio's secretary of state, Count Anvidi, and Bori  coerced an unwilling Antonio to marry Enrichetta, his friend Francesco's sister  The marriage, despite all Antonio's attempts at conception, was childless 

The regency issue
Antonio died on 20 January 1731   The previous day, he had announced that Enrichetta was pregnant; after his death, a Regency council for the potential heir was formed, consisting of Enrichetta, a bishop, the first Secretary of State and two gentlemen of the Court  
It was decided that, should the child be female, the duchy of Parma would revert to the Infante Don Carlos (then aged 12), eldest of the three sons of Elisabeth Farnese, wife of Philip V of Spain, niece of Antonio by his older half-brother Odoardo, who had been heir-apparent to the duchy but predeceased their father  Enrichetta was thus invested as Regent of Parma, supported by Imperial troops Her pregnancy was questioned by the Queen of Spain though her mother, Enrichetta's sister-in-law Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, who wished to defend the right of Don Carlos, as well as the Pope, who wished to retract the Duchy to the Papal State   However, she was supported by the Emperor, who opposed Spanish influence in Parma   Of the request of Spain, Enrichetta was examined in May 1731 by doctors confirming her pregnancy   The news was reported around Parma and then around the European courts  Her regency could thus continue, with support by the Emperor  
On 22 July however, the Second Treaty of Vienna officially recognised the right of the young Infante Don Charles as the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, pursuant to the Treaty of London (1718)  When Spain demanded that the delivery of Enrichetta should be a public affair, the Emperor retracted his support to Enrichetta and discontinued the original plan to arranged a simulated birth Queen Elisabeth in Spain convinced her mother to have Enrichetta examined again on 13 September 1731; it was then reported that there was in fact no child, and the House of Farnese was extinct  Charles of Spain was thus recognised as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, deposing the regency of Enrichetta d'Este  
Since Charles was still a minor, his maternal grandmother Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, Odoardo's widow, was named regent 
Shunned by her father's court in Modena, the dowager duchess moved into the Ducal Palace of Colorno, where she was under virtual house arrest with an escort of Swiss Guards  In December 1731, she was forced to return to the Ducal Palace in Parma in order to return the crown jewels of Parma to Dorothea, who was formally made head of the regency council on 29 December 1731  
She stayed in Parma, splitting her time between Piacenza, Borgo San Donnino and Cortemaggiore 

Second marriage
On 23 March 1740 in Piacenza, Enrichetta married Prince Leopold of Hesse-Darmstadt (1708-1764), younger son of Landgrave Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt and his wife, Princess Marie Ernestine of Croÿ Havré (1673–1714)  Enrichetta and Leopold had no children 
Leopold died in 1764 leaving Enrichetta a widow for the second time  Enrichetta herself died on 30 January 1777 aged seventy four  She was buried at the Convent of the Capuchins, in Fidenza (now church of San Francesco) 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Margaret of Parma
Margaret of Parma (Italian: Margherita di Parma; 5 July 1522 – 18 January 1586) was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582  She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst  She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her two marriages 

Biography
Margaret's mother, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst, a servant of Count Charles de Lalaing, Seigneur de Montigny, was a Fleming  Margaret was brought up in Mechelen, under the supervision of two powerful Spanish and Austrian Habsburg Imperial family relatives, her great-aunt, the Archduchess Margaret of Austria, and her aunt Mary of Austria, who were successive governors of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555, respectively Her early life followed a strict routine set forth by her father, Charles V, who used his daughter as part of his plans to secure his empire In 1527, the year she turned five, she became engaged to the nephew of Pope Clement VII, Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, to assist her father's ambition in gaining influence in Italy  The marriage negotiations had been initiated in 1526, and in 1529, the agreement was officially signed by her father and the Pope  In 1529, Margaret was acknowledged by her father and allowed to assume the name Margaret of Austria, and in 1533, the 11-year-old girl was brought to live in Italy and educated in the courts of Florence, Rome, and Parma  There, she was taught skills that helped her grow as an independent woman  As Margaret did not spend much time with her husband, she used this time to become exposed to the surrounding Italian culture  Though she was multi-lingual, she preferred the Italian language for the rest of her life 
On 13 June 1536 in Florence, she married Alessandro, who was assassinated on 6 January 1537  On 4 November 1538 in Rome, the 15-year-old widow married Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, the 14-year-old grandson of Pope Paul III  At first she refused to marry him  Although the union proved an unhappy one, it gave her years of experience in Rome, and produced twin sons, one of whom died in infancy  She would continue her studies of the arts and politics while being married to Ottavio  The couple lived separately for much of their lives, and Margaret maintained her own court and chapel  She was in a somewhat difficult position, as the Pope and the Emperor argued about authority over Parma  In 1555, the Farnese family were acknowledged as rulers of Parma by Spain in exchange for the custody of her son 
In 1555, she left Italy for the Netherlands, where she left her son in the care of her half-brother Philip II  Philip appointed her Governor of the Netherlands when he left in 1559 for Spain  As governor, Margaret faced the rising storm of discontent against the Inquisition and Spanish despotism, and Philip had left her but nominal authority  He was determined to pursue his own arbitrary course, and the result was the revolt of the Netherlands   Margaret was forced to adjust herself to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, Philip's choice for her chief councilor, who would grow to be greatly disliked in the Netherlands  After Granvelle's exile from the Netherlands in 1564, Margaret was forced to rely on the grandees in her Council  In 1565, an opposition party was formed from the Dutch nobility  Margaret received its complaints and, having no army to put down the dissenters, promised to stop religious repression  In 1566, Iconoclastic riots took place all over the Netherlands but she managed to quell them, with the help of her stadtholders Philip of Noircarmes (who subjugated the cities of Tournai and Valenciennes) in Hainaut and William of Orange in Holland   The next year, Philip sent her military help led by the Duke of Alba  Margaret warned Philip that actions by Alba would lead to catastrophe, but instead of trying to stop Alba, she resigned when she learned that Alba's power of attorney, granted by Philip, superseded her own In 1567, Margaret retired to L'Aquila in Italy  She was appointed Governor of Abruzzo and Viceroy of Naples,where she had inherited a domain from her late husband  She acted as the adviser to her son and to her royal bastard half-brother, John of Austria  In 1578, her son Alexander Farnese was appointed to the office of governor-general of the Netherlands; Philip appointed her his co-regent, intending that they would balance each other  However, they were unable to work together, and Margaret retired to Namur in 1582  She was given permission by Philip to return to Italy in 1583  She died in Ortona in 1586 and was buried in the church of S  Sisto in Piacenza 
Charlie R  Steen describes her as "a woman dedicated to compromise and conciliation in public affairs "She personally asked to Pope Paul III to authorize the veneration of the Seven Archangels while Antonio del Duca did the same under the protection of the Colonna family 

Issue
Margaret and her second husband Ottavio had:

Charles Farnese (Italian: Carlo Farnese, Spanish: Carlos Farnese, German: Karl Farnese; 27 August 1545 – September 1545), heir to the Duchy of Parma 
Alexander Farnese (27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592), 3rd Duke of Parma; married Infanta Maria of Portugal and had issue 

Coat of arms
Margaret of Austria, as Duchess of Florence and Parma, chose for her device a pearl shining from its shell, with the motto, Decus allatura coronae ("About to bring glory to the crown") 

Ancestry
See also
Geuzen

Notes
Passage 6:
Henry Krause
Henry J  "Red" Krause, Jr  (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins   He played college football at St  Louis University 
Passage 7:
Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death  She was Napoleon's second wife and as such Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on 1 April 1810 until his abdication on 6 April 1814 
As the eldest child of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period marked by ongoing and unceasing conflict between Austria and revolutionary France  A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire  The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire  Marie Louise agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France  With Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II 
Napoleon's fortunes changed dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia  The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba  The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau gave the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Marie Louise, who ruled the duchies until her death 
Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821  Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814  She and Neipperg had three children  After Neipperg's death in 1829, she married Count Charles-René de Bombelles, her chamberlain, in 1834  Marie Louise died in Parma in 1847 

Early life
Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (who was given the Latin baptismal name of Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Francisca Theresa Josepha Lucia) was born at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 12 December 1791 to Archduke Francis of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily  She was named after her grandmother, Marie Louise, Holy Roman Empress  Her father became Holy Roman Emperor a year later as Francis II  Marie Louise was a great-granddaughter of Empress Maria Theresa through both her parents, as they were double first cousins  She was also a maternal granddaughter of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, Marie Antoinette's favorite sister 
Marie Louise's formative years were during a period of conflict between France and her family  She was brought up to detest France and French ideas  Her upbringing was supervised by her French imperial governess Victoire de Folliot de Crenneville  Marie Louise was influenced by her grandmother Maria Carolina, who despised the French Revolution which ultimately caused the death of her sister, Marie Antoinette  Maria Carolina's Kingdom of Naples had also come into direct conflict with French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte  The War of the Third Coalition brought Austria to the brink of ruin, which increased Marie Louise's resentment towards Napoleon  The Imperial family was forced to flee Vienna in 1805  Marie Louise took refuge in Hungary and later Galicia before returning to Vienna in 1806  Her father relinquished the title of Holy Roman Emperor but remained Emperor of Austria 
To make her more marriageable, her parents had her tutored in many languages  In addition to her native German, she became fluent in English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish In 1807, when Marie Louise was 15, her mother died after suffering a miscarriage  Less than a year later, Emperor Francis married his first cousin Maria Ludovika Beatrix of Austria-Este, who was four years older than Marie Louise  Nonetheless, Maria Ludovika Beatrix took on a maternal role towards her stepdaughter  She was also bitter towards the French, who had deprived her father of the Duchy of Modena Another war broke out between France and Austria in 1809, which resulted in defeat for the Austrians again  The Imperial family had to flee Vienna again before the city surrendered on 12 May  Their journey was hampered by bad weather, and they arrived in Buda "wet through, and nearly worn out with fatigue" 

Marriage proposal
After escaping an assassination attempt in Vienna, while negotiating the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 12 October 1809, Emperor Napoleon decided that he needed an heir to cement his relatively young Empire  He also sought the validation and legitimization of his Empire by marrying a member of one of the leading royal families of Europe  He began proceedings to divorce Joséphine de Beauharnais, who did not bear him a son, and began searching for a new empress  His wish to marry Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia, the youngest sister of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, caused alarm in Austria, who were afraid of being sandwiched between two great powers allied with each other  At the persuasion of Prince Metternich, a marriage between Napoleon and Marie Louise was suggested by Emperor Francis to the Count of Narbonne but no official overture was made by the Austrians  Though officials in Paris and Austria were beginning to accept the possibility of the union, Marie Louise was kept uninformed of developments Frustrated by the Russians delaying the marriage negotiations, Napoleon rescinded his proposal in late January 1810 and began negotiations to marry Marie Louise with the Austrian ambassador, the Prince of Schwarzenberg  Schwarzenberg signed the marriage contract on 7 February  Marie Louise was informed of the marriage by Metternich  When asked for consent, she replied: "I wish only what my duty commands me to wish "

Wedding
Marie Louise was married by proxy to Napoleon on 11 March 1810 at the Augustinian Church, Vienna  Napoleon was represented by Archduke Charles, the bride's uncle  According to the French ambassador, the marriage "was celebrated with a magnificence that it would be hard to surpass, by the side of which even the brilliant festivities that have preceded it are not to be mentioned"  She became Empress of the French and Queen of Italy 
Marie Louise departed Vienna on 13 March, probably expecting never to return  Upon arriving in France she was placed in the custody of Napoleon's sister, who had her put through a symbolic old ritual  Tradition dictated that a royal bride coming to France must keep nothing of her homeland, especially her clothes  Accordingly, Marie Louise was stripped of her dress, corset, stockings, and chemise, leaving her completely naked  Napoleon's sister then made the nude teenager take a bath  She was then redressed in French bridal clothes  Marie Antoinette had been put through a similar ritual when she arrived in France in 1770  She met Napoleon for the first time on 27 March in Compiègne, remarking to him: "You are much better-looking than your portrait "

The civil wedding was held at the Saint Joseph's Church on 1 April 1810  The next day, Napoleon and Marie Louise made the journey to Paris in the coronation coach  The Imperial Guard cavalry led the procession, followed by the herald-at-arms and then the carriages  The Marshals of France rode on each side, near the doors of the carriages  The procession arrived at the Tuileries Palace, and the Imperial couple made their way to the Salon Carré chapel (in the Louvre) for the religious wedding ceremony  The ceremony was conducted by Cardinal Joseph Fesch, Grand Almoner of France and Napoleon's uncle  A Bridal March was composed for the occasion by Ferdinando Paer, and a cantata by Johann Nepomuk Hummel 
Elaborate celebrations continued to be held in May and June 1810  These included a ball, a masque, a sea-battle on the Seine, and a display of fireworks created by Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri, for 4,000 people By this marriage, Napoleon became the great-nephew-in-law of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette 

Marriage to Napoleon
Life as Empress
Marie Louise was an obedient wife and settled in quickly in the French court  She developed a close friendship with her Première dame d'honneur, the Duchess of Montebello, while most of the daily affairs were handled by her Dame d'atour Jeanne Charlotte du Luçay  Napoleon initially remarked that he had "married a womb" to an aide, but their relationship soon grew  He "spared no pains" to please her and claimed at one point to prefer Marie Louise to his first wife Joséphine; while he had loved Joséphine, and though he claimed Joséphine remained his greatest friend even after their amicable divorce, he had not respected her, whereas with Marie Louise, there was "Never a lie, never a debt" — presumably a reference to Joséphine's rumoured extramarital affairs and reputation as a spendthrift  Marie Louise wrote to her father: "I assure you, dear papa, that people have done great injustice to the Emperor  The better one knows him, the better one appreciates and loves him " However, the marriage was not without tension; Napoleon sometimes remarked to aides that Marie Louise was too shy and timid, compared to the outgoing and passionate Josephine, with whom he remained in close contact, upsetting Marie Louise 
The excitement surrounding the wedding ushered in a period of peace and friendship between France and Austria, who had been largely at war for the last two decades  The people of Vienna, who hated Napoleon only months before, were suddenly in full praise of the French Emperor  Flattering letters were sent between Napoleon and Emperor Francis, Empress Maria Ludovika Beatrix and Archduke Charles during the wedding festivities During public occasions, Marie Louise spoke little due to reserve and timidity, which some observers mistook for haughtiness  She was regarded as a virtuous woman and never interfered in politics  Privately, she was polite and gentle Napoleon arranged for Marie Louise to participate in some carefully selected charity assignments, most notably the Société de Charité Maternelle, for which he made her Honorary President 

Birth of first child
Marie Louise became pregnant by July 1810 and gave birth to a son on 20 March 1811  The boy, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, was given the title King of Rome, in accordance with the practice where the heir apparent to the Holy Roman Empire was called the King of the Romans  Napoleon was delighted that his wife survived the ordeal and said: "I had rather never have any more children than see her suffer so much again "Marie Louise was devoted to her son; she had him brought to her every morning and visited him in his apartment in the course of the day 

Resumption of war
In May 1812, a month before the French invasion of Russia, Marie Louise accompanied Napoleon to Dresden, where she met her father and stepmother  Emperor Francis told Napoleon he could count on Austria for the "triumph of the common cause", a reference to the impending war  A minor rivalry began to develop between Marie Louise and the Empress of Austria, who was jealous at being upstaged in appearance by her stepdaughter  It was also in Dresden where she met Count Adam Albert von Neipperg for the first time  Napoleon left Dresden on 29 May to take charge of his army Marie Louise then travelled to Prague, where she spent a few weeks with the Austrian Imperial family, before returning to Saint Cloud on 18 July  She kept in touch with Napoleon throughout the war  The invasion of Russia ended disastrously for France  More than half of the Grande Armée was destroyed by the Russian Winter and guerrilla attacks  After the failed Malet coup of October 1812, Napoleon hastened his return to France and reunited with his wife on the night of 18 December 

Collapse of the Empire
The weakened French position triggered the Sixth Coalition  Prussia allied with Russia and declared war on France (the United Kingdom was already at war with France), but Austria stayed out due to relations between the Imperial families  On 30 March, Marie Louise was appointed Regent as Napoleon set off for battle in Germany  The regency was only de jure, as all decisions were still taken by Napoleon and implemented by his most senior officials, including Lebrun, Joseph Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary  Marie Louise tried unsuccessfully to get her father to ally with France  Austria too joined the opposition to France  She maintained a correspondence with Napoleon, informing him of increasing demands for peace in Paris and the provinces  Napoleon was decisively defeated in Leipzig on 19 October and returned to Saint Cloud on 9 November On 23 January 1814, Marie Louise was appointed Regent for the second time  On 25 January, at 03:00 in the morning, Napoleon embraced Marie Louise and his son for the last time  He left to lead a hastily formed army to stave off the Allied invasion from the north As the Allies neared Paris, Marie Louise was reluctant to leave  She felt that as the daughter of the sovereign of Austria, one of the allied members, she would be treated with respect by Allied forces, with the possibility of her son succeeding the throne should Napoleon be deposed  She was also afraid that her departure would strengthen the royalist supporters of the Bourbons  Marie Louise was finally persuaded to leave by Henri Clarke, who received the order from Napoleon: "I would prefer to know that they [the Empress and the King of Rome] are both at the bottom of the Seine rather than in the hands of the foreigners " On 29 March, the court left Paris  The Allies entered the city the following day 
Marie Louise and the court moved to Blois, which was safe from the Allies  She did not expect her father to dethrone Napoleon and deprive her son of the crown of France  On 3 April, the Senate, at the instigation of Talleyrand, announced the deposition of the Emperor  Marie Louise was unaware of this until 7 April, and was astonished to discover the turn of events  She wanted to return to Paris, but was dissuaded from doing so by physician Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and the Duchess of Montebello 

Exile of Napoleon
Napoleon abdicated the throne on 11 April 1814 in Fontainebleau  The Treaty of Fontainebleau exiled him to Elba, allowed Marie Louise to retain her imperial rank and style and made her ruler of the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, with her son as heir  This arrangement was later revised at the Congress of Vienna Marie Louise was strongly dissuaded from rejoining her husband by her advisors, who fed her accounts that Napoleon was distraught with grief over the death of Joséphine  On 16 April, her father arrived at Blois to meet her  At the advice of Emperor Francis, Marie Louise departed Rambouillet with her son for Vienna on 23 April  At Vienna, she stayed at Schönbrunn, where she received frequent visits from her sisters, but rarely from her father and stepmother  She met her grandmother, Maria Carolina, who disapproved of her deserting her husband  Distressed at being seen as a heartless wife and indifferent mother, she wrote on 9 August 1814: "I am in a very unhappy and critical position; I must be very prudent in my conduct  There are moments when that thought so distracts me that I think that the best thing I could do would be to die "

Congress of Vienna and relationship with Neipperg
In the summer of 1814, Emperor Francis sent Count Adam Albert von Neipperg to accompany Marie Louise to the spa town of Aix-les-Bains to prevent her from joining Napoleon on Elba  Neipperg was a confidant of Metternich and an enemy of Napoleon  Marie Louise fell in love with Neipperg  They became lovers  He became her chamberlain, and her advocate at the Congress of Vienna  News of the relationship was not received well by the French and the Austrian public When Napoleon escaped in March 1815 and reinstated his rule, the Allies once again declared war  Marie Louise was asked by her stepmother to join in the processions to pray for the success of the Austrian armies but rejected the insulting invitation  She passed a message to Napoleon's private secretary, Claude François de Méneval, who was about to return to France: "I hope he will understand the misery of my position     I shall never assent to a divorce, but I flatter myself that he will not oppose an amicable separation, and that he will not bear any ill feeling towards me     This separation has become imperative; it will in no way affect the feelings of esteem and gratitude that I preserve " Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to Saint Helena from October 1815  Napoleon made no further attempt to contact her personally 
The Congress of Vienna recognised Marie Louise as ruler of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, but prevented her from bringing her son to Italy  It also made her Duchess of Parma for her life only, as the Allies did not want a descendant of Napoleon to have a hereditary claim over Parma  After her death, the duchy was to revert to the Bourbons 

Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise departed for Parma on 7 March 1816, accompanied by Neipperg  She entered the duchy on 18 April  She wrote to her father: "People welcomed me with such enthusiasm that I had tears in my eyes " She largely left the running of day-to-day affairs to Neipperg, who received instructions from Metternich  In December 1816, Marie Louise removed the incumbent Grand Chamberlain (prime minister) and installed Neipperg She and Neipperg had four children:
Albertine, Countess of Montenuovo (1817–1867), married Luigi Sanvitale, Count of Fontanellato
William Albert, Count of Montenuovo, later created Prince of Montenuovo (1819–1895), married Countess Juliana Batthyány von Németújvár
Mathilde, Countess of Montenuovo (1822–c 1823)Napoleon died on 5 May 1821  On 8 August, Marie Louise married Neipperg morganatically  Neipperg died of heart problems on 22 February 1829, devastating Marie Louise  She was banned by Austria from mourning in public  To replace Neipperg, Austria appointed Josef von Werklein as Grand Chamberlain 
Marie Louise's son by Napoleon, then known as "Franz", was given the title Duke of Reichstadt in 1818  Franz lived at the Austrian court, where he was shown great affection by his grandfather, but was constantly undermined by Austrian ministers and nationalists, who did their best to sideline him to become an irrelevance  There were fears that he might be smuggled over to France to regain the throne, as he could be easily disguised as a girl  
Franz grew resentful at his Austrian relatives and his mother for their lack of support, and began identifying as Napoleon II and surrounding himself with French courtiers  The relationship with his mother broke down when he became aware that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage; this occurred to such an extent that he once remarked "If Josephine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna  My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved; Josephine was " However, before anything could become of Napoleon II, he died at the age of 21 in Vienna in 1832, after suffering from tuberculosis 
1831 saw the outbreak of the Carbonari-led uprisings in Italy  In Parma, protesters gathered in the streets to denounce Grand Chamberlain Werklein  Marie Louise did not know what to do and wanted to leave the city, but was prevented from doing so by the protesters, who saw her as someone who would listen to their demands  She managed to leave Parma between 14 and 15 February, and the rebels formed a provisional government, led by Count Filippo Luigi Linati  At Piacenza, she wrote to her father, asking him to replace Werklein  Francis sent in Austrian troops, which crushed the rebellion  To avoid further turmoil, Marie Louise granted amnesty to the dissidents on 29 September To replace Werklein, in 1833, Metternich sent Charles-René de Bombelles, a French émigré nobleman who had served in the Austrian army against Napoleon  Bombelles was an excellent Grand Chamberlain, who thoroughly reformed the finances of the duchy  A middle-aged widower, he also developed a close personal relationship with Marie Louise  Six months after his arrival, on 17 February 1834, she married him, again morganatically 

Death
Marie Louise fell ill on 9 December 1847  Her condition worsened for the next few days  On 17 December, she passed out after vomiting and never woke up again  She died in the evening  The cause of death was determined to be pleurisy Her body was transferred back to Vienna and buried at the Imperial Crypt 

Arms
Her arms as Duchess of Parma are used as the logo of the perfume company Acqua di Parma  This is in homage to the role she played in helping to develop the perfume and glass industry of Parma 

Gallery
Ancestry
See also
Napoleon Diamond Necklace

Notes
Passage 8:
Gerolama Orsini
Gerolama Orsini (1504–1569) sometimes Girolama Orsini was the Duchess of Parma as the wife of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma  She served as Regent (Governor) of the Ducky of Castro in the name of her son Orazio, Duke of Castro between 1550 and 1553 

Biography
Born in Pitigliano, she was the daughter of Lodovico Orsini and Giulia Conti  In 1513, an engagement contract between Orsini and Pier Luigi Farnese was drawn up, and in 1519 the wedding was celebrated at Valentano  Her husband was the illegitimate son of Pope Paul III and Silvia Ruffino  The couple had five children, three of whom would have further progeny  
When Cardinal Alessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III in 1534, he made his son Pier Luigi captain-general of the Church, in 1537, Duke of Castro, and finally in 1545, Duke of Parma and Piacenza  Gerolama remained in Rome and maintained the family presence at the court of the Pope  She was described as a sensible person capable of making important decisions when necessary, close to the Pope and the interests of her sons  She lived a retired life, but was always actively engaged in maintaining the political interest of her sons  
She was widowed in 1547 and remained in Rome  When Pope Paul III died in 1549, Gerolama unsuccessfully attempted to work for the candidacy of a Pope beneficial to the Farnese family  In 1550, Gerolama was appointed the regent-governor of the Duchy of Castro in the absence of her son  Castro was occupied by Papal troops the same year  Gerolama maintained her regency by not resisting, and yet continuing to exert her authority while working for the end of the Papal occupation, and finally managed to achieve the end of the Papal occupation in 1552  Her regency ended when she was informed of the death of her son Orazio in 1553, and she departed for Parma, where she settled for the rest of her life She died at the Palazzo Farnese Piacenza in 1590  She was buried at the Farnese crypt at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata, Parma 

Issue
Vittoria Farnese (10 August 1519 – 13 December 1602) married Guidobaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino and had issue 
Alessandro Farnese (5 October 1520 – 2 March 1589) never married 
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (9 October 1524 – 18 September 1586) married Margaret of Parma and had issue 
Ranuccio Farnese (11 August 1530 – 1565) died unmarried 
Orazio Farnese, Duke of Castro (1532 – 18 July 1558) married Diane de France no issue 
Passage 9:
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the first Empress of Austria and last Holy Roman Empress as the spouse of Francis II  She was born a Princess of Naples as the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Queen Maria Carolina 

Life
Early life
Born on 6 June 1772 at the Royal Palace of Naples, Maria Theresa Carolina Giuseppina was the eldest child of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Queen Maria Carolina  She was her mother’s favorite child from birth, and was henceforth named after her maternal grandmother Empress Maria Theresa  Princess Maria Theresa was taught French, mathematics, geography, theology, music, dancing, and drawing In the February of 1790, Archduke Francis’s wife, Duchess Elisabeth, died in childbirth, and it was announced that he would marry one of the princesses of Naples  Maria Theresa and her sister Luisa were both considered for the match  In the end, though, Luisa was chosen to marry Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Maria Theresa was to marry Francis  The marriage was in accordance with the traditional Habsburg marriage policy 

Marriage
On 15 September 1790, at the age of 18, Princess Maria Theresa married her double first cousin Archduke Francis  Francis would, in 1792, become Holy Roman Emperor  Eventually, in 1804, he would become the first Emperor of Austria  The marriage was described as a happy one based on mutual understanding, despite differences in personality  Francis was described as a melancholic character  He was shy and reserved, and was serious with a preference for a spartan lifestyle and duty  Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was described as a gracious blue-eyed blonde with a vivacious personality, a hot temper and a sensual nature  Despite these differences in personality, they were reported to have a good understanding of each other and had a very good relationship Maria Theresa reportedly adapted well to her new home in Vienna and did not suffer from homesickness  She participated with enthusiasm in court life, and it was noted that she enjoyed dancing and partaking in carnival balls—even while pregnant  She particularly enjoyed the Waltz, which had been recently introduced as an innovation and became fashionable during her years in Vienna    

Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp described the view of Maria Theresa and the relationship between the couple in her famous diary during her visit to Vienna in 1798–99: The Empress is reputed to be so jealous that she does not allow him to take part in social life or meet other women  Vicious tongues accuse her of being so passionate that she exhausts her consort and never leaves him alone even for a moment  Although the people of Vienna cannot deny that she is gifted, charitable and carries herself beautifully, she is disliked for her intolerance and for forcing the Emperor to live isolated from everyone  She is also accused of interesting herself in unimportant matters and socializing exclusively with her lady-companions  With them she spends her evenings singing, acting out comedies and being applauded 
On 12 December 1791, the firstborn child of Princess Maria Theresa and Archduke Francis was born: Marie Louise  She was educated specifically in French, English, Spanish, Italian and Latin, with the expectation of her native language German  Marie Louise would soon marry Emperor Napoleon, due to the ongoing wars with France that were effecting her parents and grandparents 

Holy Roman Empress
In 1792, Maria Theresa’s husband Francis ascended the throne as King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and she became queen consort  In the same year, she would become Holy Roman Empress  The-then Empress Maria Theresa was interested in politics and came to play a certain role in state affairs due to her influence over her spouse, to whom she acted as an adviser  She was a conservative force and belonged to the critics of King Napoleon, and was reported to have encouraged Francis in an anti-French position during the Napoleonic Wars  She has also been pointed out for being partially responsible for the dismissal of Johann Baptist Freiherr von Schloissnigg and Graf Franz Colloredo In February of 1799, her seeming indifference to the revolution against her parents in Naples attracted some disfavour in Vienna  Although she was her mother’s favorite child, she was biased when it came to their exile during the War 
An important patron of Viennese music, she commissioned many compositions for official and private use  Joseph Haydn wrote his Te Deum for chorus and orchestra at her request  Her favourite composers included Paul Wranitzky and Joseph Leopold Eybler, a composer of sacred music 

Death
In the winter of 1806, Empress Maria Theresa (pregnant with her 12th child) contracted tuberculous pleurisy, which the imperial physician, Andreas Joseph von Stifft, treated with bloodletting  However, it did not trigger an improvement in health, but a premature birth  When Empress Maria Theresa died after following complications after her last childbirth (the daughter died a few days before the mother) on 13 April 1807 at the age of 34, the Emperor was inconsolable and had to be removed by force from the corpse of his wife  She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna  The shattered Emperor stayed away from the funeral, instead traveling to Buda with his two eldest children  The urn containing her heart was placed in the Heart Crypt and the urn with her entrails in the Ducal Crypt  Empress Maria Theresa is one of the 41 people who received a "separate burial" with the body divided between all three traditional Viennese burial sites of the Habsburgs (Imperial Crypt, Heart Crypt, Duke Crypt) 

Issue
Ancestry
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Ballad of Uhlans
The Ballad of Uhlans (Уланская баллада) is a 2012 Russian historical adventure film directed by Oleg Fesenko, and stars Sergei Bezrukov, Anna Chipovskaya, Anton Sokolov and Vladimir Gostyukhin 
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on 1 November 2012 in Russia 

Plot
In 1812, on the eve of the decisive Battle of Borodino, a French secret agent steals a battle plan of the Russian troops  This fact is known to General Kutuzov, thanks to a young nobleman named Alexey Tarusov  Tarusov joins a regiment of Russian lancers, and finds new friends and together they have many adventures   

Cast
Sergei Bezrukov - (Go) Rzhevskiy
Anna Chipovskaya - Panna Beata
Anton Sokolov - Alexey Tarusov
Vladimir Gostyukhin - Turusov Sr 
Anatoliy Beliy - Knyaz Kiknadze
Stanislav Duzhkinov - Ptukha
Valery Nikolaev - De Vitt
Olga Kabo - Martha
Sergei Juravel - Mikhail Kutuzov
Boris Klyuyev - Arkacheev
Eric Fratichelli - Napoleon
Dimitri Isayev - Alexander I
Gedininas Adomaitis - Armand de Kolencour
Paweł Deląg - Ledokhovskiy
Alexei Makarov - Troitskiy
Egor Pazenko - Uvarov
Svetlana Metkina - Maria Valevskaya

Home Media
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the Russian Federation in January 2013 

External links
Official website
The Ballad of Uhlans at IMDb
information in Kino-Teatr Ru
Passage 2:
The Ballad of Uhlans
The Ballad of Uhlans (Уланская баллада) is a 2012 Russian historical adventure film directed by Oleg Fesenko, and stars Sergei Bezrukov, Anna Chipovskaya, Anton Sokolov and Vladimir Gostyukhin 
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on 1 November 2012 in Russia 

Plot
In 1812, on the eve of the decisive Battle of Borodino, a French secret agent steals a battle plan of the Russian troops  This fact is known to General Kutuzov, thanks to a young nobleman named Alexey Tarusov  Tarusov joins a regiment of Russian lancers, and finds new friends and together they have many adventures   

Cast
Sergei Bezrukov - (Go) Rzhevskiy
Anna Chipovskaya - Panna Beata
Anton Sokolov - Alexey Tarusov
Vladimir Gostyukhin - Turusov Sr 
Anatoliy Beliy - Knyaz Kiknadze
Stanislav Duzhkinov - Ptukha
Valery Nikolaev - De Vitt
Olga Kabo - Martha
Sergei Juravel - Mikhail Kutuzov
Boris Klyuyev - Arkacheev
Eric Fratichelli - Napoleon
Dimitri Isayev - Alexander I
Gedininas Adomaitis - Armand de Kolencour
Paweł Deląg - Ledokhovskiy
Alexei Makarov - Troitskiy
Egor Pazenko - Uvarov
Svetlana Metkina - Maria Valevskaya

Home Media
The Ballad of Uhlans was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the Russian Federation in January 2013 

External links
Official website
The Ballad of Uhlans at IMDb
information in Kino-Teatr Ru
Passage 3:
Moment of Truth
Moment of Truth or The Moment of Truth may refer to:

Music
Album
Moment of Truth (Gerald Wilson album), 1962
Moment of Truth (Terri Nunn album), 1991
Moment of Truth, a 2004 album by Da' T R U T H 
The Moment of Truth (compilation album), a 1999 album in The Emo Diaries series
Moment of Truth (ELO Part II album), 1994
Moment of Truth (Gang Starr album), 1998, or its title track
The Moment of Truth (The Real Milli Vanilli album), 1990
Moment of Truth (Suzy Bogguss album), 1990
Moment of Truth (Man with No Name album), 1996
Moment of Truth, a 2013 album by Glenn Lewis
Moment of Truth (Tinsley Ellis album), 2007
The Moment of Truth (Crow Mother album), 2017

Songs
"The Moment of Truth" (Survivor song), 1984, part of the soundtrack for The Karate Kid
"Moment of Truth", a 2004 song by Damageplan from New Found Power
"Moment of Truth", a 1971 song by Earth, Wind & Fire from Earth, Wind & Fire
"Moment of Truth", a 1993 song by Jeff Watson from Around the Sun
"Moment of Truth", a 2023 song by Lil Durk from Almost Healed
"Moment of Truth", a 2001 song by Timothy B  Schmit from Feed the Fire

Film and television
Moment of Truth (Canadian TV series), a Canadian serial drama television series which aired on CBC Television from 1964 to 1969
Moment of Truth (2021 TV series), an American true crime documentary about the unsolved murder of James R  Jordan Sr  in 1993 
The Moment of Truth (American game show), an American game show
The Moment of Truth (British game show), a British game show
Moment of Truth (film series), a series of made-for-television movies from the Lifetime cable channel
"The Moment of Truth" (Merlin), an episode of Merlin
The Moment of Truth (1952 film), a French film
The Moment of Truth (1965 film), an Italian film
In August of 1944, or The Moment of Truth, a 2001 Russian-Belarusian action film

Other
Moment of truth (marketing), when a customer interacts with a product that changes an impression about that particular product
The Moment of Truth (novel), a 2003 novel based on the Star Wars franchise
The Moment of Truth (play), a 1951 satire comedy drama play by Peter Ustinov

See also
Epiphany (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
The Ballad of Josie
The Ballad of Josie is a 1967 Technicolor American comedy Western film directed by Andrew V  McLaglen and starring Doris Day, Peter Graves, and George Kennedy  It humorously tackles 1960s themes of feminism in a traditional Western setting 
The film featured the last acting role for William Talman  It was filmed on two locations in Thousand Oaks, California: North Ranch and Wildwood Regional Park 

Plot
Josie (Doris Day) is a young woman living in (fictional) Arapahoe County, Wyoming  She accidentally kills her abusive alcoholic husband when she opens the bedroom door and knocks him backward down the stairs  She is put on trial for his death, but is acquitted  Her father-in-law gets custody of her young son (since he was better able to provide for his care) and takes him to Cheyenne to live while she tries to build a life as a rancher (including wearing Levi's pants, boots, etc )  Josie then incurs the annoyance of her male cattle rancher neighbors by farming sheep north of the Wyoming deadline), and setting up a women's suffrage movement 

Cast
Doris Day as Josie Minick
Peter Graves as Jason Meredith
George Kennedy as Arch Ogden
Andy Devine as Judge Tatum
William Talman as District Attorney Charlie Lord
David Hartman as Sheriff Fonse Pruitt
Guy Raymond as Doc
Audrey Christie as Annabelle Pettijohn
Karen Jensen as Deborah Wilkes
Elisabeth Fraser as Widow Renfrew
Linda Meiklejohn as Jenny McCardle
Shirley O'Hara as Elizabeth
Timothy Scott as Klugg The Sheepherder
Don Stroud as Bratsch The Sheepherder
Paul Fix as Alpheus Minick
Harry Carey as Mooney, Meredith's Foreman
John Fiedler as Simpson, general store owner
Robert Lowery as Whit Minick, town drunk
Teddy Quinn as Luther Minick, Josie's son
Edward Faulkner as Juror/Liveryman

See also
List of American films of 1967
Passage 5:
The Ballad of Narayama
The Ballad of Narayama may refer to:

The Ballad of Narayama (novel), a 1956 novel by Shichirō Fukazawa
The Ballad of Narayama (1958 film)
The Ballad of Narayama (1983 film)
Passage 6:
Point Danger
Point Danger or Danger Point may refer:

Places
AustraliaPoint Danger (Tweed Heads), on the border of New South Wales and Queensland
Point Danger (Portland), south-western Victoria
Point Danger (Torquay), south-western VictoriaOther placesDanger Point (County Devon), England, UK

Facilities and structures
Danger Point Lighthouse, Walker Bay, South Africa
Point Danger Light, located at Point Danger (Tweed Heads) on the border of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia

See also
Danger (disambiguation)
Point (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
The Ballad of Cossack Golota
The Ballad of Cossack Golota (Russian: Дума про казака Голоту) is a 1937 Soviet action drama film directed by Igor Savchenko 

Plot
The film is based on the novel R V S  by Arkady Gaidar  The film takes place in 1920 during the Civil War  All the men of Olkhovka village went to war  A young man Zhigan visits his grandfather and meets the son of a soldier of the Red Army - Sashko, who becomes his friend  Sashko receives information that the bandits want to kill the red commissar who must visit the village  Guys want to warn him   The characters get mixed up with a wounded commissar and a marauding White Russian officer  They find themselves in all sorts of predicaments before the Reds arrive to save the day, and become the mascots of a troop of Bolshevik cavalry 

Starring
Konstantin Nassonov as Commissar
Leonid Shekhtman as Zhigan
Konstantin Tyrtov as Sashko
Nina Rusinova as Mother
Nikolai Sokolov as Grandfather
Viktor Seleznyov as (as Vitya Seleznyov)
Nikolay Gorlov as Ataman Levka
Faina Ranevskaya as priest's wife
Aleksandr Grechanyy as Goloven (as A  Grechanyj)
Konstantin Starostin as Ataman Kozolup (as K  Starostin)
Aleksandr Zhutaev as Vassili (as A  Zhutayev)
Y  Martsinchik as Polish Officer
Passage 8:
The Ballad of Little Joe
This is a list of VHS and DVD releases of the animated children's television series VeggieTales 

Videos
Original videos (1993–2015)
Theatrical films
Compilation videos
Collections
Lessons From The Sock Drawer (May 6, 2008): Includes various "Veggie Vault" Silly Songs, shorts, and briefs including Binky the Opera Singer, Dr  Jiggle & Mr  Sly, The Story of St  Patrick, Paco and The Singing Aardvark,  Gated Community, Paco and the Chicken, The Englishman Who Went Up The Hill, Larry's High Silk Hat, Larry's Lagoon, Modern Major General, Forgive-O-Matic, Larry's Blues, Going Up, Omelet, and Lunch
The Bumblyburg Super-Hero Value Pack: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, Dave and the Giant Pickle (first Larry-Boy Appearance), and all four episodes of Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures 
LarryBoy Superhero Power Pack: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple, the 16 Feature Songs of LarryBoy: The New Soundtrack! CD and all four episodes of Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures 
The Ultimate Christmas Collection: Includes The Toy That Saved Christmas, The Star of Christmas, Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving, the 25 Favorite Christmas Songs! CD, Christmas Sing-Along Songs!, It's a Meaningful Life, and The Little Drummer Boy 
A Very Veggie Easter Collection: Includes An Easter Carol, Twas The Night Before Easter, and the songs from CD collections "A Very Veggie Easter" and "Hosanna!" 
The Complete Silly Song Collection: Includes Very Silly Songs!, The End of Silliness? and The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown 
VeggieTales: 30 Episodes DVD Set: Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, Are You My Neighbor?, Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple, The Toy That Saved Christmas, The Star of Christmas, Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving, King George and the Ducky, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen, Duke and the Great Pie War, Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella, Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler, Rack, Shack and Benny, Dave and the Giant Pickle, Josh and the Big Wall!, The Ballad of Little Joe, Moe and the Big Exit, Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue, It's a Meaningful Life, Sweetpea Beauty: A Girl After God's Own Heart, The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, Sumo of the Opera, Gideon: Tuba Warrior, Abe and the Amazing Promise, Lyle the Kindly Viking, A Snoodle's Tale and Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't 
All the Shows Volume 1 1993–2000: Includes "Where's God When I'm S-Scared", "God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!", "Are You My Neighbor?", "Rack, Shack and Benny", "Dave and the Giant Pickle", "The Toy That Saved Christmas", "Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!", "Josh and the Big Wall", "Madame Blueberry" and "Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed" 
All the Shows Volume 2 2000–2005: Includes "King George and the Ducky", "Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen", "Lyle the Kindly Viking", "The Star of Christmas", "The Ballad of Little Joe", "An Easter Carol", "A Snoodle's Tale", "Sumo of the Opera", "Duke and the Great Pie War" and "Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush" 
All the Shows Volume 3 2006–2010: Includes "Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler", "LarryBoy and the Bad Apple", "Gideon: Tuba Warrior", "Moe and the Big Exit", "Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue", "Abe and the Amazing Promise", "Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella", "Saint Nicholas", "Pistachio" and "Sweetpea Beauty" 
25th Anniversary 10-Movie Collection: Includes Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie, A Snoodle's Tale, Lyle the Kindly Viking, Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't, Sweetpea Beauty, Sumo of the Opera, Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler, Robin Good and His Not So Merry Men and The Penniless Princess 
The VeggieTales Christmas Classics: Includes The Toy That Saved Christmas, The Star of Christmas, Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving, Christmas Sing-Along Songs!, It's a Meaningful Life, The Little Drummer Boy and Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas 
LarryBoy Ultimate Superhero Collection: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple, The League of Incredible Vegetables, and all four episodes of Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures 

Double features
Holiday Double Feature: Includes The Toy that Saved Christmas and The Star of Christmas 
Lessons in Telling the Truth and The Power of Words Double Feature: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! and Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed 
Lessons in Thankfulness and Courage Double Feature: Includes Madame Blueberry and Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen 
Lessons in Obedience and Selfishness Double Feature: Includes Josh and the Big Wall and King George and the Ducky 
Halloween Double Feature: Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared? and Rack, Shack & Benny 
Heroic Legends Double Feature: Includes The League of Incredible Vegetables and Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen 
Lessons in Friendship and Facing Hardship Double Feature: Includes Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler and The Ballad of Little Joe 
Silly Songs! Double Feature: Includes Very Silly Songs! and The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown 
Good Friends! Double Feature: Includes Rack, Shack & Benny and Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue  
Growing Generous Kids!: Includes Lyle the Kindly Viking and King George and the Ducky 
Growing Patient Kids!: Includes Abe and the Amazing Promise and Sumo of the Opera 
Growing Faithful Kids!: Includes "The Grapes Of Wrath" (from God Wants Me To Forgive Them!?!) and 'Gideon: Tuba Warrior' 
Growing Kindhearted Kids!: Includes  Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue and Babysitter in De Nile" (from Duke and the Great Pie War)
Growing Courageous Kids!: Includes The Ballad of Little Joe and "Bully Trouble" (from Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush) 
Growing Confident Kids!: Includes Rack, Shack and Benny and A Snoodle's Tale 
Movie Time!: Includes Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie &  The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything 

Triple features
Bob and Larry's Favorite Stories! (March 31, 1998): Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, and Are You My Neighbor? 
More of Bob and Larry's Favorite Stories (August 25, 1998): Includes Rack, Shack and Benny, Dave and the Giant Pickle, and Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! 
Junior's Favorite Stories (November 9, 1999): Includes Josh and the Big Wall!, Very Silly Songs!, and Madame Blueberry 
Larry's Favorite Stories (May 23, 2000): Includes Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, The End of Silliness, and King George and the Ducky 
Classics from the Crisper (September 18, 2001): Includes Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen, Lyle the Kindly Viking, and The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown 
"Lions, Shepherds and Queens (Oh My!)" Includes "Daniel and the Lions' Den", "Dave and the Giant Pickle" and "Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen" 
"Stand Up, Stand Tall, Stand Strong!" Includes "The Story of Flibber-o-Loo", "Rack, Shack and Benny" and "Josh and the Big Wall!"
Multi-Feature: Includes Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, Sumo of the Opera, and Dave and the Giant Pickle 
Girl Power! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Madame Blueberry, Duke and the Great Pie War, and Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen 
Superhero! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, and LarryBoy and the Bad Apple 
Lessons for a Lifetime! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, Lyle the Kindly Viking, and Gideon: Tuba Warrior 
God Made You Special! (August 11, 2007): Includes "Dave and the Giant Pickle", "The Gourds Must Be Crazy", and "A Snoodle's Tale"  Also includes a new short, "Bob's Vacation"
"A Baby, A Quest and the Wild Wild West!": Includes "The Ballad of Little Joe", "Babysitter in DeNile" and "Mo and the Big Exit" 
God Loves You Very Much! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes "The Ballad of Little Joe", "Gideon, Tuba Warrior", and "Rack, Shack and Benny" 
"A Silly Little Thing Called Love" A VeggieTale Triple Feature : Includes "The Story of Flibber -o-Loo", "Duke and the Great Pie War", and "Madame Blueberry" 
"Happy Together": Includes "Sherlock Holmes and the Golden Ruler", "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen" 
Veggie Classics! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, and Are You My Neighbor? 
Bible Heroes! A VeggieTriple Feature: Includes Josh and the Big Wall!, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen, and Moe and the Big Exit 
Royalty Collection! A Queen, A King and a Very Blue Berry: Includes Madame Blueberry, King George and the Ducky, and Esther: The Girl Who Became Queen 
Adventure Pack! The Search and Rescue Edition!: Includes Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler, and Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue 
Good Guys! Triple Feature: Includes Dave and the Giant Pickle, Josh and the Big Wall!, and Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue 

Quadruple features
Funtastic Four!: Includes Robin Good, Big River Rescue, Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella, and Sheerluck Holmes 
Bible Story Collection: Includes King George and the Ducky, Dave and the Giant Pickle, Rack, Shack and Benny and Josh and the Big Wall!
Princess Story Collection: Includes Sweetpea Beauty, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen, The Penniless Princess, and Princess and the Popstar 
Bible Heroes - 4 Movie Collection: Includes Noah's Ark, Gideon: Tuba Warrior, Josh and the Big Wall! and King George and the Ducky 
Bible Heroes - 4 Movie Collection 2: Includes Moe and the Big Exit, The Ballad of Little Joe, Esther    The Girl Who Became Queen and Dave and the Giant Pickle 
Superhero! - 4 Movie Collection: Includes Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed, LarryBoy and the Bad Apple and The League of Incredible Vegetables 
Passage 9:
Eskimo Nell (film)
Eskimo Nell, also known as The Ballad of Eskimo Nell and as The Sexy Saga of Naughty Nell and Big Dick, is a 1975 British sex comedy film directed by Martin Campbell and produced by Stanley Long  Though inspired by "The Ballad of Eskimo Nell", the movie owes little to the original bawdy song 
Long called it "my definitive statement about the sex films" 

Plot
Budding film director Dennis Morrison (Michael Armstrong), producer Clive Potter (Terence Edmond), and screenwriter Harris Tweedle (Christopher Timothy) are hired by seedy erotic film producer Benny U  Murdoch (Roy Kinnear) to make a dirty movie based on the poem "The Ballad of Eskimo Nell"  However they run into difficulty when each of the production's backers want a completely different style of film made  Then Murdoch makes off with the money and the three have to produce four different versions of the movie to keep everybody happy - a gay Western, a hardcore porno, a Kung Fu-style musical, and a wholesome family production 

Cast
Background
Many of the film's characters are based on real personalities of the time  Lady Longhorn and Lord Coltwind — the backers of the wholesome family version — are thinly veiled caricatures of Mary Whitehouse and Lord Longford  Benny U  Murdoch is loosely based on Tony Tenser, head of Tigon films  A more obscure figure the film ridicules is Louis "Deke" M  Heyward, the London representative of AIP (American International Pictures), who had previously clashed with the film's writer Michael Armstrong in 1969 during the making of Armstrong's directing debut, The Haunted House of Horror  In Eskimo Nell Heyward is parodied as "Big Dick", a crass, foul-mouthed American producer from "A W P Films", and the backer of the hardcore porno version  A similar character had previously appeared in Armstrong's script for The Sex Thief in 1973 
A pre-fame Mary Millington, then just a jobbing actress and model using her married name Mary Maxted, has a small role in the film as a stripping traffic warden who auditions for a part in the film within a film   Although Millington appears only fleetingly (with her audition speeded up for comic effect), stills from her scene were used to publicize the film in magazines including Titbits and Cinema X 
The film is not to be confused with Richard Franklin's 1975 film The True Story of Eskimo Nell which was released in the UK as Dick Down Under  Campbell's film was re-titled The Sexy Saga of Naughty Nell and Big Dick in Australia 
Long half financed with Eagle films  He was a director by then but let Martin Campbell direct because he "thought he was very talented"  Long says the film is loosely based on fact and real people who were in the film industry 

Home media
Eskimo Nell was released in a 'special edition' DVD and Blu-ray on 16 February 2015, to celebrate its 40th anniversary (the film was originally released in London in January 1975)  The new edition has been digitally re-mastered at Pinewood Studios and comes with several extra features including the original theatrical trailer (unseen since 1975), an audio commentary by the film's actor-writer Michael Armstrong and film historian Simon Sheridan, an 8-page booklet, plus an extensive stills gallery and a newly re-mastered version of Mary Millington's short 1974 film Wild Lovers 
Passage 10:
Moment of Danger
Moment of Danger (also known as Malaga) is a 1960 British crime drama film starring Trevor Howard, Dorothy Dandridge and Edmund Purdom  It was filmed in Europe in the late months of 1959 
The film is based on the novel by Donald MacKenzie, and it was brought to the screen by David D  Osborn  The film proved to be the final completed film for Dorothy Dandridge 

Plot
Starting with a wordless jewel heist pulled-off by thief Peter Curran and locksmith John Bain, Curran then double-crosses his accomplice, dumps his lover Gianna and escapes with his ill-gotten gains   In the aftermath Gianna teams up with Bain and the two of them decide to even the score with Curran, developing feelings for each other along the way 

Cast
Trevor Howard as John Bain
Dorothy Dandridge as Gianna
Edmund Purdom as Peter Carran
Michael Hordern as Inspector Farrell
Paul Stassino as Juan Montoya
John Bailey as Cecil
Alfred Burke as Shapley
Peter Illing as Pawnbroker
Martin Boddey as Sir John Middleburgh

Background
Before the film's release, Jet magazine said it "concerns a girl     and a man     who, broke and stranded, are on the run from the law   (at one point) the girl goes out and gets money as a prostitute "  One author describes Michael Hordern's appearance in the movie as a "sympathetic copper who knows that Trevor Howard is a jewel thief – thanks to Howard's double-crossing partner Edmond Purdom – but lacks the evidence to make an arrest "In the film Dorothy Dandridge was cast as a woman of colour of European descent with the Italian name of Gianna   In some pre-release publicity, one magazine article made a point of saying that when Trevor Howard's character kissed Dorothy, it was the first time in her career that she had received an on-screen kiss from a white man  This was not so as the actors barely touched throughout, but director László Benedek created some strongly understated sexual tension  The actress' first screen kiss so described occurred when starring with German actor Curd Jürgens in the 1958 Italian production Tamango 



ground_truth: Albertus Seba

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the maternal grandfather of Marie Louise, Duchess Of Parma?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Dr  Socrates
Dr  Socrates is a 1935 American crime film directed by William Dieterle and starring Paul Muni as a doctor forced to treat a wounded gangster, played by Barton MacLane 

Plot
The death of his fiancée in a car crash so unnerves top surgeon Dr  Lee Cardwell that he moves to a rural community and becomes a general practitioner, but he attracts few patients   The local doctor calls him Dr  Socrates because he always has his head in a book of classics  
Bank robber Red Bastian comes to him after he is shot in the arm during his latest caper  Lee treats Red, but is unwillingly to accept payment  Red, however, makes him take a $100 bill for his trouble 
Later on, while on his way to another bank job, Red picks up hitchhiker Josephine Gray   While Red's gang is busy robbing the bank, Josephine tries to run away, but gets shot  She is treated by Dr  Socrates   At first, the police think that she is a gang "moll", but she is cleared and recuperates at the doctor's home 
Red and his gang kidnap her and take her to their hideout, which the doctor had visited earlier on a medical call  He tells the police where to find the gang, but asks that they give him a chance to get Josephine safely away  He convinces the gang members that they need to be inoculated against an outbreak of typhoid fever, but what he really gives them is a knockout drug   He takes care of Red himself   Lee is a hero, and even the local doctor says nice things about him 

Cast
Paul Muni as Lee
Ann Dvorak as Josephine
Barton MacLane as Red Bastian
Robert Barrat as Dr  Ginder
John Eldredge as Dr  Burton
Hobart Cavanaugh as Stevens
Helen Lowell as Ma Ganson
Mayo Methot as Muggsy
Henry O'Neill as Greer
Grace Stafford as Caroline Suggs
Samuel Hinds as Dr  McClintick
June Travis as Dublin
Raymond Brown as Ben Suggs
Olin Howland as Bob Catlett
Joseph Downing as Cinq Laval
Grady Sutton as General Store Clerk
Adrian Morris as Beanie - a Gangster

Critical reception
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a poor review, dismissing it as "a third-rate gangster film"  Despite comparing Paul Muni's performance to personality performers like Greta Garbo and Joan Crawford, Greene concludes that his effort in Dr Socrates "is not one of Muni's successful films"  Whereas the film should have been exciting, all that the film could conjure up was funniness 
Passage 2:
Empties
Empties (Czech: Vratné lahve) is a 2007 film directed by Jan Svěrák and written by his father Zdeněk Svěrák, who also stars in the film  It was released first in the Czech Republic in March 2007  The film is a comedy from the same team which made Kolya 

Plot
Josef Tkaloun is an elderly teacher at a high school in Prague who cannot control his anger when his pupils misbehave in his poetry class  He quits his job and despite his wife urging him to retire, becomes a cycle courier  After an inevitable accident, he still refuses to stay at home and takes a job in the local Žižkov supermarket  He works behind a counter, recycling glass beer bottles  There he begins to flirt with the customers and matchmake both for an old friend and for the man he works with  His own flirtations (and sexually charged dreams) almost get him into trouble with his wife, so he resolves to reignite the passion in his marriage by celebrating his wedding anniversary with a hot air balloon ride  The scary balloon ride, ending in crash, revitalizes the relationship 

Cast
Zdeněk Svěrák as Josef Tkaloun
Tatiana Vilhelmová as Helenka, his daughter
Daniela Kolářová as Eliška Tkalounová
Jiří Macháček as Landa, his friend
Pavel Landovský as Řezáč

Awards
Zdeněk Svěrák received a Special Jury Mention for the screenplay at the 2007 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
The film received the Audience Award at 2007 Ljubljana International Film Festival
The film received the Gold Dolphin award for Best Film at the Festroia International Film Festival in 2008 
The film received the Gold Prize for Best Film at Damascus International Film Festival in 2008 

Home media
The DVD was released in October 2007  It includes extra scenes, a photo gallery, the storyboard and comics 
Passage 3:
King of the Underworld (1939 film)
King of the Underworld is a 1939 American crime drama film starring Humphrey Bogart as a gangster and Kay Francis as a doctor forced to treat him  It was directed by Lewis Seiler  It is a remake of the 1935 film Dr  Socrates, which was based on a short story by W  R  Burnett 

Plot
Married doctors Niles and Carole Nelson save the life of a gangster shot in a gunfight  Joe Gurney, the patient's boss, gives Niles $500 as a reward, and suggests he take his "million dollar hands" uptown, where he can treat the rich  Niles takes his suggestion, but soon neglects his practice for his addiction: betting on the horses 
The doctor also starts treating Joe's gang without telling his wife  One night, he is called away to do just that  Suspicious, Carole follows him  When the police raid the gang's hideout, a shootout ensues and Niles is killed while Joe and his gang escape 
Though the district attorney has no case, he charges Carole with being guilty of being married to Niles just to put on a good show for the public  The corrupt trial ends in a hung jury, but her medical license remains at stake   She is given three months to prove her innocence or the license will be revoked  She relocates with her Aunt Josephine to a town, Wayne Center, where two of Joe's men have been jailed, hoping to get in touch with the gangster 
While on his way to free his men, Joe has a flat tire  He and his amateur gang initially suspects nearby wanderer Bill Stevens of having shot at him, but then a nail is extracted from the tire  When Bill mentions that he has written a book about the mistakes that brought about Napoleon's downfall, Joe becomes very interested, as he is a great admirer of the French dictator  He offers Bill a ride  Bill makes the mistake of accepting, and soon finds himself shot in the shoulder when Joe and his gang rescue their comrades from the sheriff  Bill is caught 
When local Doctor Sanders refuses to treat the alleged criminal, Carole extracts the bullet  However, Bill is unable to provide her any useful information about Joe  When Bill's claims are confirmed, he is released  He goes to thank Carole  Aunt Josephine persuades him to stay with them for a week to recuperate 
Joe has Bill kidnapped in the middle of the night so that he can ghostwrite Joe's autobiography  Joe likes Bill's suggestion for the title, Joe Gurney: the Napoleon of Crime, but Bill overhears his plan to kill him after the book is finished 
Carole is brought, blindfolded, to remove a bullet from Joe's arm, received during the rescue  Before being released, she is told that Bill will be killed if she alerts the authorities 
When Joe's wound gets worse, he sends for her again  He also complains about his eyes  Carole takes a sample to analyze at home  When she is warned that the sheriff and government men are coming to arrest her (a $100 bill Joe gave her was traced to a robbery), she devises a plan  She returns to Joe's hideout and tells him he has a serious infection, one that will make him go blind in six hours unless it is treated immediately with eye drops  She also insists the infection is so contagious she needs to treat all of the gang  Suspicious, Joe makes her administer the medicine to Bill first  Meanwhile, her aunt gives the police Joe's location, but begs them to wait until midnight to give the medication time to temporarily blind the recipients  The plan works  The blind gangsters return fire, but soon give themselves up  Joe tries to track Carole and Bill through the house, but is eventually gunned down by the police 
Bill becomes a successful writer, and he and Carole have a son 

Cast
Humphrey Bogart as Joe Gurney
Kay Francis as Dr  Carole Nelson
James Stephenson as Bill Stevens
John Eldredge as Dr  Niles Nelson
Jessie Busley as Aunt Josephine
Arthur Aylesworth as Dr  Sanders
Raymond Brown as Sheriff
Harland Tucker as Mr  Ames
Ralph Remley as Mr  Robert
Charley Foy as Slick
Murray Alper as Eddie
Joe Devlin as Porky
Elliott Sullivan as Mugsy
Alan Davis as Pete
John Harmon as Slats
John Ridgely as Jerry
Richard Bond as Interne
Pierre Watkin as District Attorney
Charles Trowbridge as Dr  Ryan
Edwin Stanley as Dr  Jacobs (credited as Ed Stanley)
Sidney Bracey as Bert, the Farmer (uncredited)
Al Lloyd as Drug Store Clerk (uncredited)
Mickey Kuhn as "Sonny" Stevens (uncredited)
Passage 4:
Vacations in the Other World
Vacations in the Other World or Vacaciones en el otro mundo is a 1942 Argentine film directed by Mario Soffici  The film, a seriocomedy, explores the gap between the high-pressure world of business and the ambience of domestic living 

Cast
Elisa Galvé
José Olarra
Oscar Valicelli
Enrique García Satur
Enrique Chaico
Lea Conti
Julio Renato
Semillita
Elvira Quiroga

External links
Vacations in the Other World at IMDb
Passage 5:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 6:
Vacations in Majorca
Vacations in Majorca (Italian: Brevi amori a Palma di Majorca) is a 1959 Italian comedy film directed by Giorgio Bianchi 

Plot
Anselmo Pandolfini lives in Palma de Mallorca  He meets a famous American diva Mary Moore who initially dislikes him, but persuades her to let him act as her bodyguard



ground_truth: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released earlier, Moment Of Danger or The Ballad Of Josie?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Cast
Alberto Sordi: Anselmo Pandolfini
Gino Cervi: André Breton
Belinda Lee: Mary Moore
Dorian Gray: Hélène
Antonio Cifariello: Ernesto
Rossana Martini: Angela
Mercedes Alonso: Clementina
Vicente Parra: Gianni
Giulio Paradisi: Miguel

Production
The cast featured British actor Belinda Lee, then based in Europe 
Passage 7:
Bommalattam (2008 film)
Final Cut of Director is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film that was written and directed by Bharathiraja  The film stars Nana Patekar and Arjun Sarja, with Rukmini Vijayakumar, Kajal Aggarwal, Niyamat Khan, Vatsal Sheth, and Mushtaq Khan in supporting roles  Himesh Reshammiya composed the music and cinematography was done by B  Kannan  The film was released on 21 October 2016 
The film, which was originally titled Cinema, was retitled Final Cut of Director and had a limited release in 2016  Final Cut of Director marks Tamil director Bharathiraja's return to Hindi cinema after a gap  The film was intended to be the Hindi debut of Arjun Sarja but its release was delayed 
Final Cut of Director was first released in Tamil as Bommalattam (transl  Puppet show) in 2008  The Tamil version was mostly dubbed from the Hindi version but some scenes were re-filmed with Arjun, Ranjitha, Manivannan, who replaced Mushtaq Khan, and  Vivek  Despite being filmed in Hindi, Final Cut of Director failed financially in Hindi markets but the Tamil version was a success  Rukhmini Vijayakumar's portrayal of a transgender woman was praised 

Plot
Film director Rana is filming a scene with the female lead of his upcoming film  Rana is unhappy with the actor's behaviour and he decides to find another female lead  He finally finds Trishna suitable but never discloses her identity to the media, and the film's wallpapers do not show the names of the male and female leads  The film is eventually completed and Rana must attend a press meeting about his film's release but he does not attend the meeting and is shown to have had an illegal relationship with Trishna  At this instant, the film's producer calls Rana and the media discovers his location and who he is with  Press reporters gather at the hotel where Rana is staying; he escapes from them and get into a car  The press chase him, and Rana kills Trishna by creating an accident-like situation 
SP Vivek Varma, a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) officer, takes charge of this murder case along with two previous murder cases in which Rana is also a suspect  Rana is arrested and taken into CBI custody and Vivek starts his interrogation  Meanwhile, a poet named Anitha, who is a superfan of Rana, is revealed to be Vivek's lover and worked as an assistant to Rana during his filmmaking  During the interrogation, Rana reveals how he met Trishna and their relationship 
Trishna was a dancer who performed in temples and at small-time shows across Andhra Pradesh  Rana hires Trishna as his muse, and they become lovers  When a hairdresser is left homeless, Rana offers her a place in his room; another unit member sees this and informs Rana's wife  The next morning, as Rana is having sex with Trishna, his wife arrives, beats up the hairdresser, and accuses Rana of being a womanizer  Rana continues filming, appearing to be unperturbed by the incident but cries while instructing his actors  His assistant notices this; she and Rana are also shown to be lovers, and she comforts Rana  At the village in which they are filming, the village chief is notorious and constantly lusts over Trishna  Rana states he will kill the chief if he causes more inconvenience  The next day, the chief is murdered  Vivek recalls this and states Rana committed this murder but Rana neither agrees with or denies this statement 
Rana faints shortly after the interrogation and is taken to hospital  Vivek follows him there and recollects the incident of the second murder  After finishing their schedule at the village, the unit travels to Malaysia to continue the filming  There, Rana has to meet the financier's son, who is also the film's second male lead  The financier's son flirts with Trishna and constantly tries to approach her, with which she is uncomfortable  Shortly afterwards, the financier' son is also found murdered and Rana again neither agrees or denies this murder  Anitha, upon witnessing what Vivek is doing, confronts him and accuses him of trying to pin down Rana  Anitha offers Vivek her body in exchange for him leaving Rana alone  Vivek tells Anitha about the complications of the investigation  A badly burnt body in a car that fell from a cliff belongs to a man and all of the evidence at the crime scene is fake and used as props for filmmaking 
With the mystery unsolved, Rana is released due to the absence of strong evidence to convict him  He goes to live in a secluded bungalow with his assistant  Vivek follows Rana there and uncovers the mystery  Trishna is revealed to be a man whose real name is Babu and comes from a very poor background  Babu's mother raised him as a girl so his demeanor has become feminine since he is small  Rana sees an opportunity to introduce Babu as a female hero and provide financial aid to his struggling family  Babu  killed the village chief, who discovered Babu's true sex and demanded Babu have sex with him in return for concealing the truth  Babu also killed the financier's son, who falsely told Babu he has photographed Babu while he was bathing  Rana asks Vivek to give Babu the lightest-available sentence but Vivek decides to release him  Rana thanks Vivek, who says Rana is a greater human being than he is a director 

Cast
Tamil version
Production
Final Cut of Director was launched in Malaysia in 2006 with the title Cinema for the Hindi version and Bommalattam for the Tamil version  Bharathiraja decided to make the film in Hindi after casting Nana Patekar to play Rana  Vikram was initially considered to play Arjun's role  Arjun Sarja was cast as Vivek, a CBI officer although he was not fluent in Hindi  Rukmini Vijayakumar was cast in an important role  The film was to be made in Hindi and dubbed into Tamil  Cinema was based on a true incident that took place in Hampi  The film was mostly made in Mumbai and Goa  Scenes involving Nana Patekar and Arjun Sarja were shot in Chennai  Nana and Bharathiraja fought during filming; according to Bharathiraja; "We fought with each other a couple of times  However the fights helped us to sharpen our thoughts and to shape the movie in a nice way "  Nagravi of Insight Media bought the film's rights  Bharathiraja and cinematographer Kannan said Final Cut of Director is one of the best films they had made Final Cut of Director was originally the film lead debut of Kajal Aggarwal, who appeared in a Hindi film called Kyun! Ho Gaya Na   , but Final Cut of Director was delayed and Lakshmi Kalyanam became her first release 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Himesh Reshammiya 
Hindi versionLyrics by Sameer 

"Zindagi" – Sunidhi Chauhan
"Dhola Dholiya" – Afsar, Sneha Panth
"Chakle Chakle" – Akriti Kakkar
"Aaha Aaha" – Himesh Reshammiya, Manjeera Ganguly
"Leja Leja" – Gayatri Iyer Ganjawala
Tamil versionLyrics by Snehan, Thenmozhi Das and Viveka 
"Aaha Aaha" – Karthik, Pop Shalini
"Check Check" – Suchithra
"Nenjil Dola" – Anuradha Sriram
"Va Va Thalaiva" – Gayathri
"Koyambedu" – Mathangi

Release
The Hindi and Tamil versions of Final Cut of Director were scheduled for release in 2008 but the Hindi version's release was postponed  The Tamil version was scheduled to release in June 2008 but was delayed until December  The Tamil version was a box office success  The Hindi version of Final Cut of Director was released in October 2016 and went unnoticed due to lack of promotion 

Critical reception
Nowrunning wrote: "Like aged and mellowed spirits, director Bharati Raja has matured and levitated towards one of his first loves—a whodunit"  Behindwoods wrote: "Bommalattam is a perfectly crafted and executed investigative thriller  The surprise factor being Bharathiraja’s tautly woven screenplay—it negates the chance of tedium, even for a fraction of a second " The critic added; "Irregular lip-sync of actors also reveal that the movie is in fact dubbed into Tamil after having been shot in Hindi directly"  Sify wrote; "hats off to Bharathiraja for creating a taut thriller which is a masterpiece of moods, anxieties and dread  Quite simply, unmissable " Rediff wrote: "Bharathiraja's screenplay lacks punch  He seems to have been confused about whether to give importance to the characters themselves, or the thriller portion " The Hindu wrote: "The pluses of Bommalattam place Bharatiraaja on a pedestal  The minuses play spoilsport " The critic said; "It’s obvious that many of the scenes have been filmed in Hindi alone—flawed lip sync makes a mockery of some of the serious scenes" 

Accolades
2008
Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes – Vanitha Krishnamoorthy, Harinath – Nominated
Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards – Best Debut Actress – Rukmini Vijayakumar – Won
Passage 8:
Single Video Theory
Single Video Theory is a music documentary directed by Mark Pellington that follows the making of Yield, the fifth album by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam  It was released first on VHS on August 4, 1998, and then on DVD on November 24, 1998 

Overview
The film was shot in 16mm film over three days in November 1997 in downtown Seattle  It features interviews with the band members and behind-the-scenes footage of the band's rehearsal sessions for its shows opening for The Rolling Stones  The term "single video theory" is a play on the "single-bullet theory," involving the assassination of John F  Kennedy 
The documentary illustrates how the band began to widen the songwriting responsibilities of its members, with bassist Jeff Ament credited with writing "Pilate" and "Low Light", and guitarist Mike McCready taking part in writing "Given to Fly" with vocalist Eddie Vedder  It was the first insight into the band's inner workings of its recording sessions, which had previously been shielded from the public  AllMusic gave it three out of a possible five stars  Allmusic staff writer Perry Seibert said, "The intimate musical performances will interest any fan of the band " Single Video Theory has been certified platinum by the RIAA 

Track listing
"All Those Yesterdays"
"Faithfull"
"Brain of J "
"Given to Fly"
"No Way"
"MFC"
"Wishlist"
"In Hiding"
"Low Light"
"Do the Evolution"

Personnel
Chart positions
Passage 9:
DR
DR, Dr, dr, or variation, may refer to:

Doctor (title), a person who has obtained a doctoral degree or a courtesy title for a medical or dental practitioner

Businesses
DR Handmade Strings, a manufacturer of guitar strings
DR (broadcaster), a Danish government-owned radio and television public broadcasting company
D/R or Design Research, a retail lifestyle store chain (1953–1978)
DR Motor Company, an Italian automobile company
Depositary receipt, negotiable financial instrument issued by a bank to represent a foreign company's publicly traded securities
Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany), former German railway company
Digital Research, a defunct software company
Duane Reade, a New York pharmacy chain
Ruili Airlines (IATA code DR), a Chinese airline

Places
Dominican Republic, a country on the eastern portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola
Dadar railway station, Mumbai, India (Central railway station code)

Science and technology
Dead reckoning, the process of estimating a global position
Demand response, a method of managing consumer consumption of electricity
Disaster recovery, secondary site to switchover or failover to if the primary site does not survive
Designated Router, a concept used in routing protocol OSPF
Design rationale, an explicit documentation of the reasons behind decisions made when designing a system or artifact
Digital radiography, a form of x-ray imaging, where digital X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film
Dram, a unit of mass and volume
Dynamic range, the ratio between the largest and smallest possible values of a changeable quantity, such as ind sound and light
Dose–response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure
Dreieckrechner, a German flight computer manufactured as of the 1930s (model DR2) and the 1940s (model DR3)

Other uses
Dalereckoning, a fictional numbering of years in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons game
Data Room, a space used for housing data, usually of a secure or privileged nature
Death row, a prison or section of a prison that houses prisoners awaiting execution
Democratic Republic, designating a country that is both a democracy and a republic
Derealization, an alteration in the perception of the external world such that it seems unreal
Diário da República, the official gazette of the government of Portugal
Disaster recovery, policies, tools and procedures for recovering IT or technology systems supporting critical business functions
Douay–Rheims Bible, a translation of the Christian Bible
Danganronpa, a video game series and anime commonly known by this name by fans 
Dress rehearsal (disambiguation),  a full-scale rehearsal where the actors and/or musicians perform every detail of the performance prior to its first public performance
Diminishing returns
Deltarune, a game by Toby Fox

See also

Digital recorder (disambiguation)
Doctor (disambiguation)
All pages with titles beginning with dr

All pages with titles beginning with DR
All pages with titles containing DR
RD (disambiguation)
Passage 10:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando



ground_truth: Moment Of Danger