prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the mother-in-law of Louise Of Mecklenburg-Güstrow?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Hedwig Eleonore; 12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Born in Güstrow, she was the eighth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 1 December 1686, Hedwig married Prince August of Saxe-Merseburg, second surviving son of Duke Christian I  Five years later (1691), August received the town of Zörbig as his appanage, and took his residence there 
They had eight children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Christiane Magdalene (Zörbig, 11 March 1687 - Merseburg, 21 March 1689) 
Stillborn daughter (Alt-Stargard, Mecklenburg, 30 December 1689) 
Caroline Auguste (Zörbig, 10 March 1691 - Zörbig, 23 September 1743) 
Hedwig Eleonore (Zörbig, 26 February 1693 - Zörbig, 31 August 1693) 
Gustav Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 28 October 1694 - Zörbig, 24 May 1695) 
August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 26 February 1696 - Zörbig, 26 March 1696) 
Stillborn twin sons (1707) Hedwig died in Zörbig aged 69  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 

See also
BWV Anh  16
Passage 2:
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg [-Güstrow] (26 February 1633 – 6 October 1695) was the last ruler of Mecklenburg-Güstrow from 1636 until his death and last Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg from 1636 to 1648 

Life
Gustav Adolph was born at the ducal residence in Güstrow, the son of Duke John Albert II and his third wife Eleonore Marie (1600–1657), daughter of Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg 
As Gustav Adolph was a minor when his father died in 1636, his uncle Duke Adolph Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at first became regent at Güstrow  This was fiercely opposed by Gustav Adolph's mother  In 1654 he came of age and married Magdalene Sibylle, a daughter of Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp  Their marriage produced eleven children:

Johann, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (2 December 1655 – 6 February 1660) 
Eleonore (1 June 1657 – 24 February 1672) 
Marie (June 19, 1659 – 6 January 1701), married on 23 September 1684 to Duke Adolph Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
Magdalene (5 July 1660 – 19 February 1702) 
Sophie (21 June 1662 – 1 June 1738), married on 6 December 1700 to Duke Christian Ulrich I of Württemberg-Oels 
Christine (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749), married on 4 May 1683 to Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern 
Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (18 November 1664 – 15 March 1688), married on 10 August 1687 to Marie Amalie of Brandenburg, a daughter of Elector Frederick William 
Hedwig (12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), married on 1 December 1686 to Duke August of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Louise (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721), married on 5 December 1696 to King Frederick IV of Denmark 
Elisabeth (3 September 1668 – 25 August 1738), married on 29 March 1692 to Duke Henry of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg 
Augusta (27 December 1674 – 19 May 1756) The death of the only surviving son, the Hereditary Prince Charles, in 1688 at the age of 23, caused a succession crisis in Mecklenburg-Güstrow  Gustav Adolph's daughter Marie married her cousin Adolphus Frederick II of Mecklenburg, who after the death of his father-in-law claimed the Güstrow heritage, but could not prevail against the ruling duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  A younger daughter, Louise in 1695 married the Danish crown prince Frederick IV and in 1699 became queen consort of Denmark 
Gustav Adolph died in Güstrow at the age of 62  The subsequent inheritance conflict within the House of Mecklenburg was settled by the establishment of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1701 
Passage 3:
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg[-Güstrow] (5 May 1590 in Waren – 23 April 1636 in Güstrow) was a Duke of Mecklenburg   From 1608 to 1611, he was the nominal ruler of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; the actual ruler being the regent, his great-uncle Charles I   From 1611 to 1621 John Albert and his brother Adolf Frederick I jointly ruled the whole Duchy of Mecklenburg   From 1621, John Albert ruled Mecklenburg-Güstrow alone 

Life
John Albert was the son of Duke John VII and Sophia of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 
He reigned from 16 April 1608, under the regency of his great-uncle Duke Charles I, jointly with his brother Adolf Frederick I in the Mecklenburg-Schwerin part of the country   After Charles's death, the Emperor declared Adolf Frederick an adult and he ruled alone until John Albert came of age and they began to rule jointly 
In 1617 he converted to Protestantism  In the division of Mecklenburg of 1621, John Albert received Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
In 1623, both brothers joined a defensive alliance of the Lower Saxon Estates   They tried to seem neutral during the Thirty Years' War, but they secretly supported the Danish troops of king Christian IV   After the Imperial side won the Battle of Lutter, Tilly treated them as enemies   On 19 January 1628, Emperor Ferdinand II issue a decree at Brandýs Castle declaring that the brothers had forfeited their fief and that Mecklenburg would be invested to Wallenstein   In May 1628, the brothers left the Duchy, at the request of Wallenstein   In May 1631, Wallenstein was overthrown by Swedish troops, and the brothers returned 
John Albert II died in 1636 and was buried in the Minster in Güstrow 

Marriage and issue
John Albert II was married three times 
(I) On 9 October 1608 he married Margaret Elizabeth (11 July, 1584 – 16 November, 1616), daughter of Duke Christopher of Mecklenburg   The couple had the following children:

Hanss Georg (1610–1660)
John Christopher (1611–1612)
Elisabeth Sophie (20 August 1613 – 12 July 1676,)married Duke Augustus II of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelChristine Margaret (31 March 1615 – 16 August 1666)married firstly on 11 February 1640 Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg, son of Francis II
married secondly, on 6 July 1650 Duke Christian Louis I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (divorced 1663)Charles Henry (1616–1618)(II) On 26 March 1618, he married Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel (24 May 1596 – 16 December 1625), daughter of Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel   This marriage remained childless 
(III) He married his third wife, Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg (7 August 1600 – 17 July 1657), daughter of Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg, on 7 May 1626   The couple had the following children:

Anna Sophie (29 September, 1628 – 10 February 1666)married Duke Louis IV of LegnicaJohn Christian (1629–1631)
Eleanor (1630–1631)
Gustav Adolph (1633–1695)
Louise (20 May 1635 – 6 January 1648)

Ancestry
External links

Literature about John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-VorpommernPublications by or about John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg at VD 17
Genealogy of the House of Mecklenburg
Passage 4:
Frederick IV of Denmark
Frederick IV (Danish: Frederik; 11 October 1671 – 12 October 1730) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death  Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel 

Early life
Frederick was born on 11 October 1671 at Copenhagen Castle as the eldest son of King Christian V and his spouse Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel  The newborn prince was baptised the same evening with the name Frederick by the royal confessor Hans Leth  His grandfather King Frederick III had died a year and a half before he was born, and as the eldest son of the ruling King he was thus Crown Prince from birth  At the age of 18, he was given a seat on the Council of State as the heir apparent to the throne 
As Crown Prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe  He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father for permission to build a summer palace on Solbjerg, as the hill in Valby was then known, the future site of Frederiksberg Palace  The one-storey building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger, was completed in 1703 
Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany  In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Güstrow  But his visit there was cut short by a message telling of his brother Prince Christian's serious illness (he had, in fact, already died in Ulm)  Frederick later returned to Güstrow, where he was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses  On 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark  
At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway  They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace 

Reign
Domestic rule
Frederick's most important domestic reform was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab, a kind of serfdom which had applied to the peasants of Zealand since the Late Middle Ages  His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction in 1733 of adscription (stavnsbånd), a law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, by which the peasantry were subjected to both the local nobility and the army After the Great Northern War, trade and culture flowered  The first Danish theatre, Lille Grønnegade Theatre, was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) began his career  He established the College of Missions which funded the missionary Hans Egede (1686–1758) in taking forward the colonisation of Greenland  Politically this period was marked by the King's connection to the Reventlows, the Holsteiner relatives of his second queen, and by his growing suspicion of the old nobility During Frederick's rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters: the plague of 1711, and the great fire of October 1728, which destroyed most of the medieval capital   The King had been persuaded by astronomer Ole Rømer (1644–1710) to introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway in 1700, but the astronomer's observations and calculations were among the treasures lost to the fire Frederik IV, having twice visited Italy, had two pleasure palaces built in the Italian baroque style: Frederiksberg Palace was extended during his reign, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst, giving the palace a true Italian baroque appearance and Fredensborg Palace, both considered monuments to the conclusion of the Great Northern War 

Venetian journey
Frederick IV holds a memorable place in the social history of the city of Venice due to a visit he made during the winter of 1708–09  The King stayed in the city with an entourage of at least 70 people, formally incognito as Count of Oldenburg, not to be unknown, but in order to avoid the cumbersome and costly etiquette of a royal visit  During his nine-week stay, the King was a frequent guest at operas and comedies and a generous buyer of Venetian glass  During the visit to the state armoury, he received the republic's gift: two large ore guns and an ore mortar  A regatta on the Grand Canal was held in his honour and is immortalised in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs  The winter that year was particularly cold, so cold that the lagoon of Venice froze over, and the Venetians were able to walk from the city to the mainland  It was joked that the king of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him  He also paid a visit to the dowager grand-princess Violante at the grand-ducal court of the Medicis 

Foreign affairs
On his return from he led political negotiations with the Elector Augustus of Saxony and Frederick I of Prussia about the impending plans of war against Sweden  For much of Frederick IV's reign Denmark-Norway was engaged in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) against Sweden  In spite of the conclusion of the Peace of Travendal in 1700, there was soon a Swedish invasion and threats from Europe's western naval powers  In 1709 Denmark again entered the war, encouraged by the Swedish defeat at Poltava  Frederick IV commanded the Danish troops at the Battle of Gadebusch in 1712  Although Denmark-Norway emerged on the victorious side, she failed to regain her lost possessions in southern Sweden  The most important result was the destruction of the pro-Swedish Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, which re-established Denmark's domination in Schleswig-Holstein  Between 1703 and 1711, Frederick sent military units to Hungary and supported Austria in the Rákóczi's War of Independence  The Danish regiments fought against the Kuruc army and French auxiliaries (Battle of Zsibó) 
Much of the King's life was spent in strife with kinsmen  Two of his first cousins, Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the three men were the grandsons of Frederick III of Denmark), had waged war upon his father jointly  Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognise the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick (who was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia 

Personal life
Frederick was deemed a man of responsibility and industry — often regarded as the most intelligent of Denmark-Norway's absolute monarchs  He seems to have mastered the art of remaining independent of his ministers  Lacking all interest in academic knowledge, he was nevertheless a patron of culture, especially art and architecture  His main weaknesses were probably pleasure-seeking and womanising, which sometimes distracted him  He was the penultimate Danish king to make a morganatic marriage (the last was Frederick VII with Louise Rasmussen aka "Countess Danner") 

 Without divorcing Queen Louise, in 1703 he married Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (d 1704)  After the death of Elisabeth, he entered into a romance with her lady-in-waiting Charlotte Helene von Schindel, though he later lost interest in her  In 1711, Frederick fell in love with 19-year-old Countess Anne Sophie Reventlow, daughter of the then Grand-Chancellor Conrad von Reventlow  He carried her off from her home, Clausholm Castle near Randers, after her mother refused to let her daughter be a royal mistress  Frederick had seen Anne Sophie at a masquerade ball at Koldinghus, where the royal family resided during the plague that devastated Copenhagen  A secret marriage was held at Skanderborg on 26 June 1712  At that time he accorded her the title "Duchess of Schleswig" (derived from one of his own subsidiary titles)  Three weeks after Queen Louise's death in Copenhagen on 4 April 1721, he legalised his relationship with Anna Sophie by a new marriage, this time declaring her queen consort (the only wife of a hereditary Danish king to bear that title who was not a princess by birth)  It was undoubtedly a relief to regularise a relationship they both saw as sinful  Of the nine children born to him of these three wives, only two of them survived to adulthood: the future Christian VI and Princess Charlotte-Amalia, both from the first marriage  All the other children died in infancy The Reventlows took advantage of their kinship to the King  Anna's sister, the salonist Countess Christine Sophie Holstein of Holsteinborg, was nicknamed Madame Chancellor because of her influence  Within a year of making Anna Queen, Frederick also recognized as dynastic the issue of the morganatic marriages of two of her kinsmen, Duke Philip Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg (1673–1729) and Duke Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norburg (1674–1706), to non-royal nobles  The other Schleswig-Holstein dukes of the House of Oldenburg perceived their interests to be injured, and Frederick found himself embroiled in complicated lawsuits and petitions to the Holy Roman Emperor  Also offended by the Countess's elevation were Frederick's younger unmarried siblings, Princess Sophia Hedwig (1677–1735) and Prince Charles (1680–1729), who withdrew from Copenhagen to their own rival court at the handsomely re-modelled Vemmetofte Cloister (later a haven for dowerless damsels of the nobility) 

Later life
During the King's last years he had dropsy (oedema), and was also affected by the consequences of an accident in an explosion in a cannon foundry in Copenhagen  He also had private sorrows that inclined him toward Pietism, a form of faith that would rise to prevalence during the reign of his son  During his last years, Frederick IV asked for the loyalty of his son in order to protect Queen Anna Sophie  Despite the growing weakness, he set in 1730 on a muster travel; he reached Gottorp but had to return, and died in Odense, on the day after his 59th birthday  He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral, the site of the mausoleum of Danish royalty 

Issue
With his first queen, Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow:

Prince Christian (28 June 1697 - 1 October 1698)
King Christian VI of Denmark (10 December 1699 - 6 August 1746)
Prince Frederik Charles (23 October 1701 - 7 January 1702)
Prince George (6 January 1703 – 12 March 1704)
Princess Charlotte Amalie (6 October 1706 – 28 October 1782)With his second wife Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg:

Frederik Gyldenløve (1704–1705)With his third wife and second queen, Countess Anne Sophie von Reventlow:

Princess Christiana Amalia (23 October 1723 - 7 January 1724)
Prince Frederik Christian (1 June 1726 - 15 May 1727)
Prince Charles (16 February 1728 - 10 December 1729)

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg
Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg or Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (5 March 1527 – 14 March 1603) was Duke of Mecklenburg (-Güstrow) from 1555-56 to 1603 

Early life
Ulrich was the third son of Duke Albrecht VII and Anna of Brandenburg   Ulrich was educated at the Bavarian court  Later, he studied theology and law in Ingolstadt   After the death of his father, he took up residence in Bützow and succeeded his cousin Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin in 1550   Later, he married Magnus's widow, Elizabeth, a daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark  His wife was actually a first cousin of his maternal grandmother Elizabeth of Denmark, daughter of John, King of Denmark  They were first cousins, twice removed  After the death of Elizabeth he married Anna, daughter of Philip I, Duke of Pomerania 
After the death of his uncle, Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg, Ulrich participated in the national government, especially during Mecklenburg's participation in the Schmalkaldic War   It erupted from an inheritance dispute, which was settled by the "Ruppiner dictum" of the Elector of Brandenburg 

Reign
On 17 February 1555, Ulrich succeeded his brother John Albert I in partitioned Mecklenburg-Güstrow  In 1556, he received, while maintaining common state government with his brother, the eastern part of Mecklenburg with the capital in Güstrow, while John Albert received the western part with the residence Schwerin   After the death of his brother in 1576, Ulrich was made guardian of his offspring, among them his nephew and successor in Güstrow John Albert II   Ulrich built the castle at Güstrow as his principal residence   
Ulrich embodied an educated, modern prince, and was a devout Lutheran   He developed into one of the leading princes of  the Mecklenburg dynasty   He left behind, at his death, a fortune of about 200,000 guilders   Ulrich participated in the exchange with Tycho Brahe and David Chytraeus in the scientific discourse of his time and corresponded with humanists like Heinrich Rantzau  In 1594, as Chief of Lower Saxony imperial circle, he organized military and financial assistance against the Turkish threat  
In the dispute between Frederick II of Denmark and his brother-in-law Duke John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Ulrich served as a mediator, having excellent relations to both  As Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin he was succeeded by his grandson the last Bishop of Schleswig, Prince Ulrich of Denmark (30 December 1578 – 27 March 1624 in Rühn), who married with Lady Catherine Hahn-Hinrichshagen 
Ulrich's granddaughter Anne of Denmark married James VI of Scotland  In 1598 James VI was anxious to secure the throne of England  He sent his ambassadors to his wife's family and allies, to discuss his right to Elizabeth's throne and that the Princes of Europe should supported him against Spanish claims, with military help if required  Ulrich wrote to James on 20 August with a letter of cautious support, counselling that Elizabeth should name him her successor, and was lukewarm on a definite pledge of arms 

Family
Ulrich's only child from his marriage to Elizabeth of Denmark, Sophie, married King Frederick II of Denmark  Through her, Ulrich was a grandfather to Christian IV of Denmark and a great-grandfather of Charles I of England 
Passage 6:
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749) was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern 
Born in Güstrow, she was the sixth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survived to adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 14 May 1683, Christine married Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern (1652–1710) as his second wife  Between 1684 and 1705 she had 23 children in 19 pregnancies (including 4 sets of twins)  From them, only 11 survive to adulthood:
Gustav Adolph, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684) 
A daughter (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684), twin of Gustav Adolph 
Gustav Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 10 March 1685 - Gedern, 14 June 1689) 
Fredericka Charlotte (Gedern, 3 April 1686 - Laubach, 10 January 1739), married on 8 December 1709 to Frederick Ernest, Count of Solms-Laubach 
Emilie Auguste (Gedern, 11 May 1687 - Rossla, 30 June 1730), married on 1 October 1709 to Jost Christian, Count of Stolberg-Rossla (her first-cousin) 
Christiana Louise (Gedern, 6 April 1688 - Gedern, 11 August 1691) 
Albertine Antonie (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 16 August 1691) 
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 6 August 1691), twin of Albertine Antonie 
Gustave Magdalene (Gedern, 6 April 1690 - Gedern, 22 March 1691) 
Christian Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (Gedern, 2 April 1691 - Wernigerode, 25 October 1771) 
Christine Eleonore (Gedern, 12 September 1692 - Büdingen, 30 January 1745), married on 8 August 1708 to Ernest Casimir I, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Büdingen 
Frederick Charles, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 11 October 1693 - Gedern, 28 September 1767) 
Ernestine Wilhelmine (Gedern, 29 January 1695 - Wächtersbach, 7 May 1759), married on 7 December 1725 to Ferdinand Maximilian, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach 
Fredericka Louise (Gedern, 20 January 1696 - Gedern, 24 April 1697) 
Louis Adolph (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Gedern, 6 January 1698) 
Henry August, Count of Stolberg-Schwarza (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Schwarza, 14 September 1748), twin of Louis Adolph 
Sophie Christiane (Gedern, 17 August 1698 - Gedern, 14 June 1771), unmarried 
Ferdinande Henriette (Gedern, 2 October 1699 - Schönberg, Odenwald, 31 January 1750), married on 15 December 1719 to George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg  Through her, Christine was the great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 
Rudolph Lebrecht (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 6 April 1702) 
Louis Christian (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 22 November 1701), twin of Rudolph Lebrecht 
Auguste Marie (Gedern, 28 November 1702 - Herford, 3 July 1768), a nun in Herford, created Princess in 1742 
Caroline Adolphine (Gedern, 27 April 1704 - Gedern, 10 February 1707) 
Philippina Louise (Gedern, 20 October 1705 - Philippseich, 1 November 1744), married on 2 April 1725 to William Maurice II, Count of Isenburg-Philippseich 
Passage 7:
Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (18 November 1664 in Güstrow – 15 March 1688 in Güstrow) was the hereditary prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow   He was a son of Gustavus Adolph and his wife Magdalene Sibylle née Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, a daughter of Frederick III 

Life
Charles married on 10 August 1687 in Potsdam to Marie Amalie of Brandenburg, the daughter of the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg   The marriage remained childless   He died unexpectedly of smallpox   He was the last surviving son of his father, and his wife lost her child when she learned of his fate, so that the Mecklenburg-Güstrow line died out when his father died in 1695 
His brother-in-law, Duke Adolf Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz claimed Mecklenburg-Güstrow   However Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin disagreed and the legal situation was unclear, leading to a long succession dispute   The dispute was settled in the Partition of Hamburg, in which the relationship between Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz was redefined and Mecklenburg-Güstrow was given to Mecklenburg-Schwerin 

External links

Literature about Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-VorpommernPublications by or about Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow at VD 17
Stammtafel des Hauses Mecklenburg
Passage 8:
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721) was Queen of Denmark and Norway as the first spouse of King Frederick IV of Denmark   In 1708–09, she was regent during her husband's trip to Italy 

Early life
Louise was born in Güstrow in the family of Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Duchess Magdalena Sibylla of Holstein-Gottorp as a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark  Louise grew up into a tiny court characterized by pietistic feelings and rigid religiosity, led by her father, who wrote religious songs in pietistic spirit 
In 1695, Louise was selected by Crown Prince Frederick as his bride   When it was deemed time for Frederick to marry and provide and heir to the throne, he was sent to a journey to Germany to choose a bride from some of the Protestant Princely houses   When he reached Güstrow, he chose Louise because of her beauty, and his choice was wholeheartedly accepted as suitable from both the Danish royal house as well as from her family   He reportedly also expected her to accept any potential adultery from his side without protests 

Crown Princess
On 5 December 1695, Louise married Crown Prince Frederik in Güstrow followed by their formal entry in to Copenhagen   Initially, the marriage was described as happy; Louise reciprocated Frederick's attraction, and the French ambassador noted: "The crown princess loves her spouse intensely, and he lives with her in complete bliss"   Their children who reached maturity were King Christian VI of Denmark and Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark 

Queen
At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway  They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the Chapel of Frederiksborg Palace  In parallel, Frederick's infatuation with Louise had passed, and he involved himself in a number of public affairs, notably with Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (1699-1704), Charlotte Helene von Schindel (1704-11) and Anna Sophie Reventlow (1712–21)  Frederick even entered two morganatic marriages; in 1703, he committed bigamy with his mistress Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg, and in 1712 with Anna Sophie Reventlow    The day after Queen Louise's funeral, Frederick IV married Anna Sophie Reventlow again, and less than two months later he had her crowned 
Unlike Frederick IV, she never gained popularity with the population   Louise figured in her role as queen at official ceremonies, but was otherwise ignored at court, and her isolated and quiet life has made her less known in history      The official mistresses and wives by bigamy of the king were given their own titles, residences and courts, and their houses were frequented by the king and thereby by the nobility, while Queen Louise was ignored and deprived of her role as the female center in court life which her rank would otherwise have entitled her    Her social isolation became particularly severe after the king's second bigamy with Anna Sophie Reventlow in 1712, and during her last nine years her life was described as a shadow, while she only appeared at the king's side in official ceremonies where the presence of the queen was demanded by etiquette 
Louise suffered because of her husband's infidelity   It is mentioned that she caused embarrassing scenes at court during Frederick's affairs and that she had a bad temperament   Her jealousy attracted great attention, and it was said that Frederick could not enter her rooms without Louise beginning to "cry, raise and walk about like a furie", which caused him to leave in anger, after which she "walked about for three or four hours, turning her hands and crying copiously "Queen Louise was strongly influenced by Pietism, and she sought solace in religion    Her main interest was reading religious books    Her collection of 400 books, which was donated to the royal library after her death, was mainly composed of ascetic religious literature in German    After her death, her interest in religion was praised by the clergy, who compared her with the legendary Queen Esther and referred to her as a saint   Louise was close to her son Christian, who was deeply influenced by her religious devotion and swore to avenge the sorrow his father's second bigamy with Anna Sophie Reventlow caused his mother on Reventlow, a promise he did keep after the death of his father Very little is known about Louise, her interests and personality, because of her reclusive lifestyle, other than her jealousy over her husband's adultery and her religious devotions   She did own a couple of estates as part of her dower as queen, notably Hørsholm, but does not appear to have taken any interest in them 
She died in Copenhagen and was buried in the Roskilde Cathedral 

Children
Bibliography
N  D  Riegels: Udkast til fjerde Friderichs hist  after Hoier 1–11  1795–99 
A  Hojer: König Fr  IV glorwürdigstes Leben 1–11, 1829 
Jens Moller i Det skand  lit  selsk s skr  XXIII, 1832 3–196 
Ellen Jørgensen and J  Skovgaard: Danske dronninger, 1909–10 189–94 
Fr  Weilbach i Hist  t  10  r  III, 1935 256–66 
Ingrid llsoe i Fund og forskn  XXII, 1975–76 107–20 

Ancestry
Passage 9:
Henry I of Werle
Henry I (died 8 October 1291) was a Prince of Mecklenburg-Werle and Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Biography
He was the son of Prince Nicholas I of Mecklenburg-Werle and his wife Princess Jutta of Anhalt the daughter of Prince Henry I of Anhalt and his wife Princess Irmgard of Thuringia  Henry and his brother John ruled Mecklenburg-Werle jointly following the death of their father on 10 May 1277 Henry and his brother ruled jointly until 1283 when Henry founded the principality of Mecklenburg-Güstrow while John took up residence in the principality of Mecklenburg-Parchim which he ruled jointly with Prince Pribislaw II  Henry's reign in Güstrow came to an end on 8 October 1291 after he was murdered near Saal by his two sons Henry and Nicholas both of whom succeeded him 

Marriages and children
Henry was married twice; firstly in 1262 to Rikissa Birgersdotter (died 1288), with the following children:

Henry II of Werle (died 1308) married Beatrix of Pomerania (died 1315–16), daughter of Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania
Nicholas of Werle-Güstrow (died 1298)
Rixa of Werle (died 1317) married Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-GöttingenHe was married secondly in 1291 to Matilde of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1302) the daughter of John of Brunswick, Duke of Lüneburg 
Passage 10:
Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark
Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark and Norway (6 October 1706 – 28 October 1782) was a Danish princess, daughter of King Frederick IV of Denmark and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Life
Charlotte Amalie never married  In 1725, she was placed on the list of 99 princesses regarded as suitable for marriage with Louis XV of France (which would require that she convert to Catholicism), but she was removed from the list because Denmark-Norway was an arch enemy toward Sweden, the traditional ally of France, and that such a marriage could potentially disturb the French-Swedish alliance     In the early 1730s, her brother the king tried to arrange a marriage between her and Frederick, Prince of Wales, but the negotiations did not succeed and she remained unmarried 
As was the custom for unmarried princesses, she lived with her mother until her mother's death, and then with her stepmother  In contrast to her brother and sister-in-law, she had a good relationship with her stepmother, Anna Sophie Reventlow   Charlotte Amalie tried to prevent the worst hostility toward her stepmother at court  She was separated from Anna Sophie when her brother succeeded to the throne in 1730  After this, she lived at the royal court in winters, and at Charlottenlund Palace in summer with her own court 
Charlotte Amalie was described by her contemporaries as a lovable character with the ability to keep the peace with most: she had a good relationship with her father and stepmother, and still managed to have a good relationship also with her brother, who hated his own father and stepmother  She had no influence upon the affairs of state, and lived a peaceful life at court her entire life 
On 8 April 1771, she was ordered to leave court  She spent the rest of her life with her nephew's widow, the queen dowager Juliana Maria  This meant that she continued to spend much of her time at court, when the queen dowager attended it: Juliana Maria became de facto regent in 1772   
As she preferred black wigs, she had ordered her staff to wear them, and her court became known as "The court of the black wigs"  After 1778, she no longer showed herself to the public, as she had become senile Charlotte Amalie is known as the benefactress of the writer Charlotte Baden, who was the niece of one of her chief ladies-in-waiting, Anna Susanne von der Osten  Baden was raised at her court, and Charlotte Amalie provided her with an education and an allowance  In her will from 1773, Charlotte Amalie created a foundation, Prinsesse C A s stiftelse, to finance the upbringing of poor girls of all classes 

Legacy
Charlottenlund Palace, where she spent her summers, was built and named after her in 1731–1733 

Ancestry
Context 2: Passage 1:
Marie of Évreux
Marie d'Évreux (1303 – October 31, 1335) was the eldest child of Louis d'Évreux and his wife Margaret of Artois  She was a member of the House of Capet 
She was Duchess of Brabant by her marriage to John III, Duke of Brabant  Her paternal grandmother being Marie of Brabant, she was a great-granddaughter of Henry III, Duke of Brabant and so, her husband's second cousin 
Marie was the eldest of five children born to her parents  Marie's younger siblings included: Charles d'Évreux; Lord of Étampes, Philip III of Navarre; husband of Joan II of Navarre, and Jeanne d'Évreux; Queen of France by her marriage to Charles IV of France 

Marriage
In 1311, Marie married John III, Duke of Brabant as his father's gesture of rapprochement with France 
They had six children:

Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (1322–1406)
Margaret of Brabant (February 9, 1323 – 1368), married at Saint-Quentin on June 6, 1347 Louis II of Flanders
Marie of Brabant (1325 – March 1, 1399), Lady of Turnhout, married at Tervuren on July 1, 1347 Reginald III of Guelders
John (1327–1335/36)
Henri (d  October 29, 1349)
Godfrey (d  aft  February 3, 1352)Marie's daughter Joanna was the first woman to be Duchess of Brabant in her own right 
Marie died October 31, 1335, aged thirty-one or thirty-two 

Genealogy
Passage 2:
Hannah Arnold
Hannah Arnold may refer to:

Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c 1705–1758), mother of Benedict Arnold
Hannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholder
Passage 3:
Beatrice of Luxembourg
Beatrice of Luxembourg (Hungarian: Luxemburgi Beatrix; 1305 – 11 November 1319), was by birth member of the House of Luxembourg and by marriage Queen of Hungary 
She was the youngest child of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife, Margaret of Brabant  Her two siblings were John of Luxembourg and Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France 

Life
At the time of his death (1313), Emperor Henry VII initiated the negotiations for a marriage between Beatrice and Charles, Duke of Calabria, son and heir of King Robert of Naples, and also planned to marry again (his wife was already dead in 1311) with Catherine of Habsburg  Beatrice was called by her father to Italy, where she arrived with her paternal grandmother, Beatrice d'Avesnes  The marriage plans with the Duke of Calabria failed, and the Emperor began negotiations for a marriage with Prince Peter of Sicily, eldest son and heir of King Frederick III; however, the current political conflicts between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily soon ended this planned betrothal too 
When King Charles I of Hungary (whose first wife Maria of Bytom, had died in 1317) decided to marry again, he sent to the Kingdom of Bohemia two representants, Thomas Szécsényi and Simon Kacsics, in addition to an interpreter, a bourgeois from Szoprońskim called Stephen, in order to find a bride  King John called his two sisters to his court; at that moment, Marie resided in St  Marienthal Abbey and Beatrice remained in Italy  Both princesses arrived to Prague on 20 June 1318, and three days later, the Hungarian envoys met both girls at the monastery of Zbraslav, where the Bohemian king gave them the opportunity to choose between them their future queen  After a calculated assessment of both personal and physical attitudes, they chose Beatrice  Soon after, the formal engagement took place, and the young bride parted with the Hungarian entourage to her new home  On the border of the Kingdom of Hungary she was officially welcomed by Charles I's messengers  Beatrice and Charles I married at the Octave of Saint Martin (between 12 and 17 November) and she was crowned Queen of Hungary in the ceremony 
Beatrice became pregnant in 1319  In November, she went into labour but died while giving birth  The child was stillborn  She was buried at Nagyvárad Cathedral 
Passage 4:
Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Artois
Matilda of Brabant (14 June 1224 – 29 September 1288) was the eldest daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and his first wife Marie of Hohenstaufen 

Marriages and children
On 14 June 1237, which was her 13th birthday, Matilda married her first husband Robert I of Artois  Robert was the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile  They had:

Blanche of Artois (1248 – 2 May 1302)  Married first Henry I of Navarre and secondly Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster 
Robert II, Count of Artois (1250 – 11 July 1302 at the Battle of the Golden Spurs) On 8 February 1250, Robert I was killed while participating in the Seventh Crusade   On 16 January 1255, Matilda married her second husband Guy III, Count of Saint-Pol  He was a younger son of Hugh I, Count of Blois and Mary, Countess of Blois  They had:

Hugh II, Count of Blois (died 1307), Count of Saint Pol and later Count of Blois
Guy IV, Count of Saint-Pol (died 1317), Count of Saint Pol
Jacques I of Leuze-Châtillon (died 11 July 1302 at the Battle of the Golden Spurs), first of the lords of Leuze, married Catherine de Condé and had issue; his descendants brought Condé, Carency, etc  into the House of Bourbon 
Beatrix (died 1304), married John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
Jeanne, married Guillaume III de Chauvigny, Lord of Châteauroux
Gertrude, married Florent, Lord of Mechelen (French: Malines) 
Passage 5:
Marie of Brabant, Countess of Savoy
Marie of Brabant (1277/80–1338), was a Countess Consort of Savoy by marriage to Amadeus V, Count of Savoy  She was the daughter of John I, Duke of Brabant and Margaret of Flanders 

Life
She was engaged to Amadeus after the death of her father  The marriage was arranged when Savoy joined Brabant in an alliance with France against England  A Papal dispensation was obtained in October 1297  The wedding took place at the Château de Chambéry in 1298  
As countess of Savoy, Marie of Brabant appears to have brought with her a certain cultural influence from Brabant, and brought with her several artisans which influenced the court of Savoy, such as her tailor Colin de Brabant  The marriage resulted in close ties between Savoy and Brabant, and gave Brabant closer access to Italy  Marie appears to have had some influence at court, playing a role as diplomat and political adviser In 1308, her brother-in-law was elected King in Germany  When her sister and brother-in-law travelled to Italy in 1310, they visited Maria at the court of Savoy in Geneva on their way to Rome  
In 1323, she became a widow  Her spouse was succeeded by Maria's stepson  The exact date of her death is unknown 

Issue
Maria of Savoy
Catherine of Savoy, d  1336, married to Leopold I (duke of Austria and Styria)
Anna of Savoy, d  1359, married to Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos
Beatrice of Savoy (1310–1331), married in 1327 to Henry VI, Duke of Carinthia, count of Tirol
Passage 6:
Hubba bint Hulail
Hubba bint Hulail (Arabic: حبة بنت هليل) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

Biography
Hubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: كَـعْـبَـة, 'Cube')  She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her  Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him 
Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf  Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah  Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar  He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: عـيـن, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah 

Family
Qusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah  They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah  Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome 
Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way  Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah  She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah 

Family tree
* indicates that the marriage order is disputed
Note that direct lineage is marked in bold 

See also
Family tree of Muhammad
List of notable Hijazis
Passage 7:
Margaret of France, Queen of England
Margaret of France (c  1279 – 14 February 1318) was Queen of England as the second wife of King Edward I  She was a daughter of Philip III of France and Maria of Brabant 

Childhood
Margaret was the daughter of King Philip III of France and his second wife, Maria of Brabant  Margaret was only six years old when her father died  She grew up under guidance of her mother, and also of Queen Joan I of Navarre, the wife of her half-brother, King Philip IV 

Marriage negotiations
The death of his beloved first wife, Eleanor of Castile, in 1290, left King Edward I of England grief-stricken  He was at the time at war with France and Scotland  He and Eleanor had only one surviving son, Edward, and so the king was anxious to remarry to have more sons  In summer of 1291, Edward betrothed his son to Blanche, half-sister to Margaret and Philip IV, in order to achieve peace with France  However, having been told of Blanche's renowned beauty, Edward decided to have his son's bride for his own and sent emissaries to France  Philip IV agreed to have Blanche marry Edward on the conditions that a truce would be concluded between the two countries, and that Edward would give up the province of Gascony 
Edward agreed, and sent his brother Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, to fetch the new bride  Edward had been deceived, for Blanche was to be married to Rudolph, the eldest son of King Albert I of Germany  Instead, Philip IV offered her younger sister Margaret to marry Edward (then 55)  Upon hearing this, Edward declared war on France, refusing to marry Margaret  After five years, a truce was agreed upon under the influence of Pope Boniface VIII  A series of treaties in the first half of 1299 provided terms for a double marriage: Edward I would marry Margaret and his son would marry Isabella, Philip IV's only surviving daughter  Additionally, the English monarchy would regain the key territory of Guyenne and receive £15,000 owed to Margaret as well as the return of Eleanor of Castile's lands in Ponthieu and Montreuil as a dower first for Margaret and then Isabella 

Queenship
Edward was then 60 years old, at least 40 years older than his bride  The wedding took place at Canterbury on 10 September 1299  Margaret was never crowned due to financial constraints, being the first uncrowned queen since the Conquest  This in no way lessened her dignity as the king's wife, however, for she used the royal title in her letters and documents, and appeared publicly wearing a crown even though she had not received one during a formal rite of investiture Edward soon returned to the Scottish border to continue his campaigns and left Margaret in London, but she had become pregnant quickly after the wedding  After several months, bored and lonely, the young queen decided to join her husband  Nothing could have pleased the king more, for Margaret's actions reminded him of his first wife Eleanor, who had had two of her sixteen children abroad  In less than a year Margaret gave birth to a son, Thomas, who was named after Thomas Becket, since she had prayed to him during her pregnancy  The next year she gave birth to another son, Edmund 
Many who fell under the king's wrath were saved from too stern a punishment by the queen's influence over her husband, and the statement, Pardoned solely on the intercession of our dearest consort, queen Margaret of England, appears  In 1305, the young queen acted as a mediator between her step-son and husband, reconciling the heir apparent to his aging father, and calming her husband's wrath  She and her stepson, who was only two years younger than she, also became fond of each other: he once made her a gift of an expensive ruby and gold ring, and she on one occasion rescued many of the prince's friends from the wrath of the king 
Margaret favoured the Franciscan order and was a benefactress of a new foundation at Newgate  She employed the minstrel Guy de Psaltery and both she and her husband liked to play chess  The mismatched couple were blissfully happy  When her sister Blanche died in 1305, Edward ordered full court mourning to please his wife  He had realised the wife he had gained was "a pearl of great price" as Margaret was respected for her beauty, virtue, and piety  The same year Margaret gave birth to a girl, Eleanor, named in honour of Edward's first wife, a choice which surprised many, and showed Margaret's unjealous nature 
In 1307, when Edward went on summer campaign to Scotland, Margaret accompanied him  Edward died in Burgh by Sands 

Widowhood
Margaret never remarried after Edward's death in 1307, despite being only 26 when widowed  She was alleged to have stated that, "when Edward died, all men died for me" 
Margaret was not pleased when Edward II elevated Piers Gaveston to become Earl of Cornwall upon his father's death, since the title had been meant for one of her own sons  She attended the new king's wedding to her half-niece Isabella, and a silver casket was made with both their arms  After Isabella's coronation, Margaret retired to Marlborough Castle (which was by this time a dower house), but she stayed in touch with the new queen and with her half-brother Philip IV by letter during the confusing times leading up to Gaveston's death in 1312  Margaret, too, was a victim of Gaveston's influence over her stepson  Edward II gave several of her dower lands to the favourite, including Berkhamsted Castle  In May 1308, an anonymous informer reported that Margaret had provided £40,000 along with Philip IV to support the English barons against Gaveston  Due to this action, Gaveston was briefly exiled and Margaret remained fairly unmolested by the upstart until his death in June 1312 
She was present at the birth of Edward III in November 1312 
On 14 February 1318 she died in her castle at Marlborough  Dressed in a Franciscan habit, she was buried at Christ Church Greyfriars in London, a church she had generously endowed  Her tomb was destroyed during the Reformation 

Issue
In all, Margaret gave birth to three children:
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – 4 August 1338)
Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 1301 – 19 March 1330)
Eleanor (4 May 1306 – 1311) Died at Amesbury Abbey, buried at Beaulieu Abbey 

Genealogical table
Passage 8:
Henry III, Duke of Brabant
Henry III of Brabant (c  1230 – February 28, 1261, Leuven) was Duke of Brabant between 1248 and his death  He was the son of Henry II of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufen  He was also a trouvère 
The disputed territory of Lothier, the former Duchy of Lower Lorraine, was assigned to him by the King Alfonso X of Castile, a claimant to the German throne  Alfonso also appointed him imperial vicar to advance his claims on the Holy Roman Empire 
In 1251, he married Adelaide of Burgundy (c  1233 – October 23, 1273), daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Yolande de Dreux, by whom he had four children:

Henry IV, Duke of Brabant (c  1251 – aft  1272) Mentally disabled, and made to abdicate in favor of his brother John on 24 May 1267 
John I, Duke of Brabant (1253–1294) Married first to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) and his wife Margaret of Provence, and later to Margaret of Flanders, daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders and his first wife Mathilda of Béthune 
Godfrey of Brabant, Lord of Aarschot (d  July 11, 1302, Kortrijk), killed at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, married 1277 Jeanne Isabeau de Vierzon (d  aft  1296)
Maria of Brabant (1256, Leuven – January 12, 1321, Murel), married at Vincennes on August 27, 1274 to King Philip III of France On February 26, 1261, Henry III signed his will, which included a clause threatening to banish Jewish people from Brabant unless they ceased the practice of usury, albeit only after his death  He died two days later  His wife Adelaide, acting as regent since Henry IV was incapable of ruling, never enforced this policy laid out in the will, and the Jews were able to stay 

See also
Dukes of Brabant family tree
Passage 9:
Marie of Brabant, Queen of France
Marie of Brabant (13 May 1254 – 12 January 1322) was Queen of France from 1274 until 1285 as the second wife of King Philip III  Born in Leuven, Brabant, she was a daughter of Henry III, Duke of Brabant, and Adelaide of Burgundy 

Queen
Marie married the widowed Philip III of France on 21 August 1274  His first wife, Isabella of Aragon, had already given birth to three surviving sons: Louis, Philip and Charles 
Philip was under the strong influence of his mother, Margaret of Provence, and his minion, surgeon and chamberlain (Chambellan) Pierre de la Broce  Not being French, Marie stood out at the French court  In 1276, Marie's stepson Louis died under suspicious circumstances  Marie was suspected of ordering him to be poisoned  La Broce, who was also suspected, was imprisoned and later executed for the murder 

Queen dowager
After the death of Philip III in 1285, Marie lost some of her political influence, and dedicated her life to their three children: Louis (May 1276 – 19 May 1319), Blanche (1278 – 19 March 1305) and Margaret (died in 1318)  Her stepson Philip IV was crowned king of France on 6 January 1286 in Reims 
Together with Joan I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois, she negotiated peace in 1294 between England and France with Edmund Crouchback, the younger brother of Edward I of England Marie lived through Philip IV's reign and she outlived her children  She died in 1322, aged 67, in the monastery at Les Mureaux, near Meulan, where she had withdrawn to in 1316  Marie was not buried in the royal necropolis of Basilica of Saint-Denis, but in the Cordeliers Convent, in Paris  Destroyed in a fire in 1580, the church was rebuilt in the following years 

See also
Marie of Brabant (disambiguation)

Notes
Sources
Bradbury, Jim (2007)  The Capetians, Kings of France 987–1328  Hambledon Continuum 
Dunbabin, Jean (2011)  The French in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1266–1305  Cambridge University Press 
Gaude-Ferragu, Murielle (2016)  Queenship in Medieval France, 1300-1500  Palgrave Macmillan 
Jordan, William Chester (2009)  A Tale of Two Monasteries: Westminster and Saint-Denis in the Thirteenth Century  Princeton University Press 
Morris, Marc (2008)  Edward I and the Forging of Britain  Windmill Books 
Stanton, Anne Rudloff (2001)  The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience  Vol  91 Part 6  American Philosophical Society 
Viard, Jules Marie Édouard (1930)  Grandes Chroniques de France  Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion 
Passage 10:
Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France
Marie of Luxembourg (1304 – 26 March 1324) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Charles IV and I 
She was the daughter of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and Margaret of Brabant  Her two siblings were John of Luxembourg and Beatrice of Luxembourg, Queen of Hungary 

Life
Marie was betrothed in 1308 to Louis of Bavaria, son and heir to Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria  The engagement was agreed on soon after Marie's father Henry became King of the Romans; Rudolf had been a supporter of her father during the struggle for power  It ended due to the death of Louis around 1311  During the same year, Marie's mother Queen Margaret died whilst travelling with Henry in Genoa 
On 21 September 1322 in either Paris or Provins Marie married to Charles IV of France following the annulment of his first marriage to the adulterous Blanche of Burgundy  Blanche had given birth to two children, Philip and Joan, but both of them died young and Charles needed a son and heir to carry on the House of Capet 
On 15 May 1323 Marie was consecrated Queen of France at Sainte-Chapelle by Guillaume de Melum, Archbishop of Sens  In the same year she became pregnant but she later miscarried a girl  Whilst pregnant again in March 1324, Marie travelling to Avignon with King Charles to visit the pope when Marie fell out of the bottom of the coach  As a result, she went into labour and her child, a boy (Louis), was born prematurely, and died several hours later; Queen Marie died on 26 March 1324 and was buried at Montargis in the Dominican church  Following her death Charles married Jeanne d'Évreux, but failed to father a son, so the direct House of Capet was succeeded by its branch, the House of Valois 

Ancestors



ground_truth: Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandmother of Marie Of Brabant, Queen Of France?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 2:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 3:
George Whaley (actor)
George Whaley (19 June 1934 – 6 August 2019) was an Australian actor, director and writer, known for his work across theatre and film  He was born in Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia  He wrote and directed the mini-series The Harp in the South and it; sequel Poor Man's Orange, as well as Dad and Dave: On Our Selection 
He directed the film Dancing, produced by David Elfick,  which was shown at the Melbourne International Film Festival in 1980 George Whaley was National Institute of Dramatic Art’s Head of Acting from 1976 to 1981, taking over from Alexander Hay  Apart from his directing work he acted in films such as Stork (1971), Alvin Purple (1973), Bliss (1985), The Crossing (1990), Turtle Beach (1992) and Daydream Believer (1992), and numerous serials including Homicide, Division 4, The Flying Doctors, A Country Practice and All Saints 
Passage 4:
Clowning Around
Clowning Around is a 1991 Australian children's series later edited into a family film that was shot on location in Perth, Western Australia and Paris, France  It was based on the novel Clowning Sim by David Martin The film was produced by independent film company Barron Entertainment Films in Western Australia and educational film company WonderWorks in the United States, was directed by George Whaley  It was distributed by Australian Broadcasting Corporation  It featured Australian actors such as Clayton Williamson, Noni Hazelhurst, Ernie Dingo, Rebecca Smart, and Jill Perryman, and also featured veteran American actor Van Johnson along with French actor Jean-Michel Dagory 
This series was followed up with a sequel entitled Clowning Around 2, which was released in 1993 

Plot
Simon Gunner, is a star-struck foster kid who aspires to become a circus clown  With the help of veteran funster Jack Merrick, Simon ultimately fulfills his goal 

Cast
Clayton Williamson as Simon Gunner
Annie Byron as Una Crealy
Jean-Michel Dagory as Anatole Tolin
Ernie Dingo as Jack Merrick
Van Johnson as Mr  Ranthow
Rebecca Smart as Linda Crealy
Noni Hazlehurst as Sarah Gunner
Jill Perryman as Miss Gabhurst
Steve Jodrell as Skipper Crealy
Heath Ledger as orphan (uncredited)
Passage 5:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 6:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 7:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 8:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 9:
Jason Moore (director)
Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television 

Life and career
Jason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University  Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run  He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003   He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction  Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour  Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008  He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008 Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City  The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011 For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters  As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton  A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998 In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow  He also served as an executive producer on the sequel  He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015  Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie 

Filmography
Films

Pitch Perfect (2012)
Sisters (2015)
Shotgun Wedding (2022)Television

Soundtrack writer

Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)
The Voice (2015) (1 episode)
Passage 10:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 



ground_truth: Marie of Hohenstaufen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of the director of film Clowning Around?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  After three weeks at the Savoy, Journey's End transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre, where it ran for the next two years 

With the success of Journey's End at home, Broadway producer Gilbert Miller acquired the rights to mount a New York production with an all-British cast headed by Colin Keith-Johnston as Stanhope and Derek Williams as Raleigh  Whale also directed this version, which premiered at Henry Miller's Theatre on 22 March 1929  The play ran for over a year and cemented its reputation as the greatest play about World War I 

Early work in Hollywood
The success of the various productions of Journey's End brought Whale to the attention of movie producers  Coming at a time when motion pictures were making the transition from silent to talking, producers were interested in hiring actors and directors with experience with dialogue  Whale traveled to Hollywood in 1929 and signed a contract with Paramount Pictures  He was assigned as "dialogue director" for a film called The Love Doctor (1929)  He completed work on the film in 15 days and his contract was allowed to expire  It was at around this time that he met David Lewis Whale was hired by independent film producer and aviation pioneer Howard Hughes, who planned to turn the previously silent Hughes production Hell's Angels (1930) into a talkie  Whale directed the dialogue sequences  When his work for Hughes was completed, he headed to Chicago to direct another production of Journey's End Having purchased the film rights to Journey's End, British producers Michael Balcon and Thomas Welsh agreed that Whale's experience directing the London and Broadway productions of the play made him the best choice to direct the film  The two partnered with a small American studio, Tiffany-Stahl, to shoot it in New York  Colin Clive reprised his role as Stanhope, and David Manners was cast as Raleigh  Filming got underway on 6 December 1929 and wrapped on 22 January 1930  Journey's End was released in Great Britain on 14 April and in the United States on 15 April  On both sides of the Atlantic the film was a tremendous critical and commercial success 

With the Laemmles at Universal
Universal Studios signed Whale to a five-year contract in 1931 and his first project was Waterloo Bridge  Based on the Broadway play by Robert E  Sherwood, the film stars Mae Clarke as Myra, a chorus girl in World War I London who becomes a prostitute  It too was a critical and popular success  At around this time, Whale and Lewis began living together In 1931, Universal chief Carl Laemmle, Jr  offered Whale his choice of any property the studio owned  He chose Frankenstein, mostly because none of Universal's other properties particularly interested him, and he wanted to make something other than a war picture  While Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus itself was in the public domain, Universal owned the filming rights to a stage adaptation by Peggy Webling  Whale cast Colin Clive as Henry Frankenstein and Mae Clarke as his fiancée Elizabeth  For the Monster, he turned to the little known Boris Karloff, who had wide-ranging experience in supporting roles  Shooting began on 24 August 1931 and wrapped on 3 October  Previews were held 29 October, with wide release on 21 November  Frankenstein was an instant hit with critics and the public  The film received glowing reviews and shattered box office records across the United States, earning Universal $12 million on first release Next from Whale were The Impatient Maiden and The Old Dark House (both 1932)  The Impatient Maiden made little impression but The Old Dark House, starring Karloff and Charles Laughton, is credited with reinventing the "dark house" subgenre of horror films  Thought lost for some years, a print was found by filmmaker Curtis Harrington in the Universal vaults in 1968  It was restored by George Eastman House, and released on Blu-ray disk in 2017 
Whale's next film was The Kiss Before the Mirror (1933), a critical success but a box-office failure  He returned to horror with The Invisible Man (1933)  Shot from a script approved by H  G  Wells, the film blended horror with humor and confounding visual effects  Much admired, The New York Times placed it in their list of the ten best films of the year, and the film broke box-office records in cities across America  So highly regarded was the film that France, which restricted the number of theatres in which undubbed American films could play, granted it a special waiver because of its "extraordinary artistic merit" Also in 1933 Whale directed the romantic comedy By Candlelight which gained good reviews and was a modest box office hit  In 1934 he directed One More River, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by John Galsworthy  The film tells the story of a woman desperate to escape her abusive marriage to a member of the British aristocracy  This was the first of Whale's films for which Production Code Administration approval was required and Universal had a difficult time securing that approval because of the elements of sexual sadism implicit in the husband's abusive behavior 

Bride of Frankenstein (1935) was Whale's next project  He had resisted making a sequel to Frankenstein as he feared being pigeonholed as a horror director  Bride hearkened back to an episode from Mary Shelley's original novel in which the Monster promises to leave Frankenstein and humanity alone if Frankenstein makes him a mate  He does, but the mate is repelled by the monster who then, setting Frankenstein and his wife free to live, chooses to destroy himself and his "bride"  The film was a critical and box office success, having earned some $2 million for Universal by 1943  Lauded as "the finest of all gothic horror movies", Bride is frequently hailed as Whale's masterpiece 
With the success of Bride, Laemmle was eager to put Whale to work on Dracula's Daughter (1936), the sequel to Universal's first big horror hit of the sound era  Whale, wary of doing two horror films in a row and concerned that directing Dracula's Daughter could interfere with his plans for the first all-sound version of Show Boat (previously filmed as a part-talkie by Harry A  Pollard), instead convinced Laemmle to buy the rights to a novel called The Hangover Murders  The novel is a comedy-mystery in the style of The Thin Man, about a group of friends who were so drunk the night one of them was murdered that none can remember anything  Retitled Remember Last Night?, the film was one of Whale's personal favorites, but met with sharply divided reviews and commercial uninterest 

With the completion of Remember Last Night? Whale immediately went to work on Show Boat (1936)  Whale gathered as many of those as he could who had been involved in one production or another of the musical, including Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, Charles Winninger, Sammy White, conductor Victor Baravalle, orchestrator Robert Russell Bennett, and, as Magnolia, Irene Dunne, who believed that Whale was the wrong director for the piece  The 1936 version of Show Boat, faithfully adapted from the original stage production, is believed to be the definitive film version of the musical by many critics, but became unavailable following the 1951 remake  In 2014, a restoration of the film became available on DVD in the U S  as part of Warner Home Video's Archive Collection line; and in 2020, a 4K restoration Blu-Ray was released by The Criterion Collection Show Boat was the last of Whale's films to be produced under the Laemmle family  The studio was now bankrupt, and the Laemmles lost control to J  Cheever Cowdin, head of the Standard Capital Corporation, and Charles R  Rogers, who was installed in Junior Laemmle's old job 

Career decline
Whale's career went into sharp decline following the release of his next film, The Road Back (1937)  The sequel to Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, which Universal had filmed in 1930, the novel and film follow the lives of several young German men who have returned from the trenches of World War I and their struggles to re-integrate into society  The Los Angeles consul for Nazi Germany, Georg Gyssling, learned that the film was in production  He protested to PCA enforcer Joseph Breen, arguing that the film gave an "untrue and distorted picture of the German people"  Gyssling eventually met Whale, but nothing came of it  Gyssling then sent letters to members of the cast, threatening that their participation in the film might lead to difficulties in obtaining German filming permits for them and for anyone associated in a film with them  While the low volume of business conducted by Universal in Germany made such threats largely hollow, the State Department, under pressure from the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League and the Screen Actors Guild, stepped in and the German government backed down  Whale's original cut of the film was given generally positive reviews, but some time between preview screenings and the film's general release, Rogers capitulated to the Germans, ordering that cuts be made and additional scenes be shot and inserted  Whale was furious, and the altered film was banned in Germany anyway  The Germans were successful in persuading China, Greece, Italy and Switzerland to ban the film as well Following the debacle of The Road Back, Charles Rogers tried to get out of his contract with Whale; Whale refused  Rogers then assigned him to a string of B movies to run out his contractual obligation  Whale only made one additional successful feature film, The Man in the Iron Mask (1939), before retiring from the film industry in 1941 

Post-film life
With his film career behind him, Whale found himself at a loose end  He was offered the occasional job, including the opportunity to direct Since You Went Away for David O  Selznick, but turned them down  Lewis, meanwhile, was busier than ever with his production duties and often worked late hours, leaving Whale lonely and bored  Lewis bought him a supply of paint and canvasses and Whale re-discovered his love of painting  Eventually he built a large studio for himself With the outbreak of World War II, Whale volunteered his services to make a training film for the United States Army  He shot the film, called Personnel Placement in the Army, in February 1942  Later that year, in association with actress Claire DuBrey, he created the Brentwood Service Players  The Players took over a 100–seat theatre  Sixty seats were provided free of charge to service personnel; the remaining were sold to the public, with the box office proceeds donated to wartime charities  The group expanded to the Playtime Theatre during the summer, where a series of shows ran through October Whale returned to Broadway in 1944 to direct the psychological thriller Hand in Glove  It was his first return to Broadway since his failed One, Two, Three! in 1930  Hand in Glove would fare no better than his earlier play, running the same number of performances, 40 Whale directed his final film in 1950, a short subject based on the William Saroyan one-act play Hello Out There  The film, financed by supermarket heir Huntington Hartford, was the story of a man in a Texas jail falsely accused of rape and the woman who cleans the jail  Hartford intended for the short to be part of an anthology film along the lines of Quartet  However, attempts to find appropriate short fiction companion pieces to adapt were unsuccessful and Hello Out There was never commercially released Whale's last professional engagement was directing Pagan in the Parlour, a farce about two New England spinster sisters who are visited by a Polynesian whom their father, when shipwrecked years earlier, had married  The production was mounted in Pasadena for two weeks in 1951  Plans were made to take it to New York, but Whale suggested taking the play to London first  Before opening the play in England, Whale decided to tour the art museums of Europe  In France he renewed his acquaintanceship with Curtis Harrington, whom he had met in 1947  While visiting Harrington in Paris, he went to some gay bars  At one he met a 25-year-old bartender named Pierre Foegel, whom Harrington believed was nothing but "a hustler out for what he could get"  The 62-year-old Whale was smitten with the younger man and hired him as his chauffeur A provincial tour of Pagan in the Parlour began in September 1952 and it appeared that the play would be a hit  However, Hermione Baddeley, starring in the play as the cannibal "Noo-ga", was drinking heavily and began engaging in bizarre antics and disrupting performances  Because she had a run of the play contract she could not be replaced and so producers were forced to close the show Whale returned to California in November 1952 and advised David Lewis that he planned to bring Foegel over early the following year  Appalled, Lewis moved out of their home  While this ended their 23-year romantic relationship, the two men remained friends  Lewis bought a small house and dug a swimming pool, prompting Whale to have his own pool dug, although he did not himself swim in it  He began throwing all-male swim parties and would watch the young men cavort in and around the pool  Foegel moved in with Whale in early 1953 and remained there for several months before returning to France  He returned in 1954 permanently, and Whale installed him as manager of a gas station that he owned Whale and Foegel settled into a quiet routine until the spring of 1956, when Whale suffered a small stroke  A few months later he suffered a larger stroke and was hospitalized  While in the hospital he was treated for depression with shock treatments Upon his release, Whale hired one of the male nurses from the hospital to be his personal live-in nurse  A jealous Foegel maneuvered the nurse out of the house and hired a female nurse as a non-live-in replacement  Whale suffered from mood swings and grew increasingly and frustratingly more dependent on others as his mental faculties were diminishing 

Death
Whale died by suicide by drowning himself in his Pacific Palisades swimming pool on 29 May 1957 at the age of 67  He left a suicide note, which Lewis withheld until shortly before his own death decades later  Because the note was suppressed, the death was initially ruled accidental  The note read in part:

To ALL I LOVE,
Do not grieve for me  My nerves are all shot and for the last year I have been in agony day and night—except when I sleep with sleeping pills—and any peace I have by day is when I am drugged by pills 

I have had a wonderful life but it is over and my nerves get worse and I am afraid they will have to take me away  So please forgive me, all those I love and may God forgive me too, but I cannot bear the agony and it [is] best for everyone this way  The future is just old age and illness and pain  Goodbye and thank you for all your love  I must have peace and this is the only way 
Whale's body was cremated per his request, and his ashes were interred in the Columbarium of Memory at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale  Because of his habit of periodically revising his date of birth, his niche lists the incorrect date of 1893  When his longtime partner David Lewis died in 1987, his executor and Whale biographer James Curtis had his ashes interred in a niche across from Whale's 

Sexual orientation
James Whale lived as an openly gay man throughout his career in the British theatre and in Hollywood, something that was virtually unheard of in that era  He and David Lewis lived together as a couple from around 1930 to 1952  While he did not go out of his way to publicize his homosexuality, he did not do anything to conceal it either  As filmmaker Curtis Harrington, a friend and confidant of Whale's, put it, "Not in the sense of screaming it from the rooftops or coming out  But yes, he was openly homosexual  Any sophisticated person who knew him knew he was gay " While there have been suggestions that Whale's career was terminated because of homophobia, and Whale was supposedly dubbed "The Queen of Hollywood", Harrington states that "nobody made a thing out of it as far as I could perceive" With knowledge of his sexuality becoming more common beginning in the 1970s, some film historians and gay studies scholars have detected homosexual themes in Whale's work, particularly in Bride of Frankenstein in which a number of the creative people associated with the cast, including Ernest Thesiger and Colin Clive, were alleged to be gay or bisexual  Scholars have identified a gay sensibility suffused through the film, especially a camp sensibility, particularly embodied in the character of Pretorius (Thesiger) and his relationship with Henry Frankenstein (Clive)  Minnie introduces Pretorius to Frankenstein with the line, "He's a very queer-looking old gentleman, sir    " at 16:56 in the film 
Gay film historian Vito Russo, in considering Pretorius, stops short of identifying the character as gay, instead referring to him as "sissified" ("sissy" itself being a Hollywood's gay stock character)  Pretorius serves as a "gay Mephistopheles", a figure of seduction and temptation, going so far as to pull Frankenstein away from his bride on their wedding night to engage in the unnatural act of non-procreative life  A novelisation of the film published in England made the implication clear, having Pretorius say to Frankenstein "'Be fruitful and multiply ' Let us obey the Biblical injunction: you of course, have the choice of natural means; but as for me, I am afraid that there is no course open to me but the scientific way " Russo goes so far as to suggest that Whale's homosexuality is expressed in both Frankenstein and Bride as "a vision both films had of the monster as an antisocial figure in the same way that gay people were 'things' that should not have happened" Whale's partner David Lewis stated flatly that Whale's sexual orientation was "not germane" to his filmmaking  "Jimmy was first and foremost an artist, and his films represent the work of an artist—not a gay artist, but an artist " Whale's biographer Curtis rejects the notion that Whale would have identified with the Monster from a homosexual perspective, stating that if the highly class-conscious Whale felt himself to be an antisocial figure, it would have been based not in his sexuality but in his origin in the lower classes 

Film style
Whale was heavily influenced by German Expressionism  He was a particular admirer of the films of Paul Leni, combining as they did elements of gothic horror and comedy  This influence was most evident in Bride of Frankenstein  Expressionist influence is also in evidence in Frankenstein, drawn in part from the work of Paul Wegener and his films The Golem (1915) and The Golem: How He Came into the World (1920) along with The Cabinet of Dr  Caligari (1920) from Robert Wiene, which Whale reportedly screened repeatedly while preparing to shoot Frankenstein  Frankenstein roughly alternates between distorted expressionistic shots and more conventional styles, with the character of Dr  Waldman serving as "a bridge between everyday and expressionist spaces"  Expressionist influence is also evident in the acting, costuming and the design of the Monster  Whale and makeup artist Jack Pierce may also have been influenced by the Bauhaus school of design  The expressionist influence lasted throughout Whale's career, with Whale's final film, Hello Out There, praised by Sight & Sound as "a virtuoso pattern of light and shade, a piece of fully blown expressionist filmmaking plonked down unceremoniously in the midst of neo-realism's heyday" Whale was known for his use of camera movement  He is credited with being the first director to use a 360-degree panning shot in a feature film, included in Frankenstein  Whale used a similar technique during the Ol' Man River sequence in Show Boat, in which the camera tracked around Paul Robeson as he sang the song  (The sequence also uses expressionist montages illustrating some of the lyrics ) Often singled out for praise in Frankenstein is the series of shots used to introduce the Monster: "Nothing can ever quite efface the thrill of watching the successive views Whale's mobile camera allows us of the lumbering figure"  These shots, starting with a medium shot and culminating in two close-ups of the Monster's face, were repeated by Whale to introduce Griffin in The Invisible Man and the abusive husband in One More River  Modified to a single cut rather than two, Whale uses the same technique in The Road Back to signal the instability of a returning World War I veteran 

Legacy
Influential film critic Andrew Sarris, in his 1968 ranking of directors, lists Whale as "lightly likable"  Noting that Whale's reputation has been subsumed by the "Karloff cult", Sarris cites Bride of Frankenstein as the "true gem" of the Frankenstein series and concludes that Whale's career "reflects the stylistic ambitions and dramatic disappointments of an expressionist in the studio-controlled Hollywood of the thirties" Whale's final months are the subject of the novel Father of Frankenstein (1995) by Christopher Bram  The novel focuses on the relationship between Whale and a fictional gardener named Clayton Boone  Father of Frankenstein served as the basis of the 1998 film Gods and Monsters with Ian McKellen as Whale and Brendan Fraser as Boone  McKellen was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Whale  Bram's novel has also been adapted as a play which premiered in London at the Southwark Playhouse in February 2015 Only two of Whale's films received Oscar nominations: The Man in the Iron Mask (for its musical score), and Bride of Frankenstein (for its sound recording) 
A memorial sculpture was erected for Whale in September 2001 on the grounds of a new multiplex cinema in his home town of Dudley  The sculpture, by Charles Hadcock, depicts a roll of film with the face of Frankenstein's monster engraved into the frames, and the names of his most famous films etched into a cast concrete base in the shape of film canisters  Other sculptures related to Whale's cinema career were planned, referencing his early work in a local sheet metal factory, but none had been installed as of 2019 Horror in Hollywood: The James Whale Story, a retrospective of Whale's artwork, opened at the Dudley Museum and Art Gallery in October 2012 and ran through to January 2013 

Filmography
Passage 10:
Raiders of the Seven Seas
Raiders of the Seven Seas is a 1953 American swashbuckler film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring John Payne and Donna Reed   The supporting cast features Gerald Mohr, Lon Chaney Jr  and Anthony Caruso 

Plot
The pirate Barbarossa raids the Sultan of Morocco's ships and captures a betrothed woman 

Cast
John Payne as Barbarossa
Donna Reed as Alida
Gerald Mohr as Capt  Jose Salcedo
Lon Chaney Jr  as  Peg Leg
Anthony Caruso as Renzo
Henry Brandon as Capt  Goiti
Skip Torgerson as Datu
Frank De Kova as Capt  Romero
William Tannen as Ramon
Christopher Dark as Pablo
Claire DuBrey as Señora Salcedo
Howard Freeman as Mayor Pompano

Production
The film was originally known as Storm over the Caribbean, Barbarossa and Swords Against the Mast  It was an original story co written by director Sidney Salkow, who subsequently signed a long-term contract with producer Edward Small 

See also
Flame of Araby (1951), with Barbarossa and his brother as villains
List of films featuring slavery



ground_truth: Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia