prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the mother-in-law of Louise Of Mecklenburg-Güstrow?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Hedwig Eleonore; 12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Born in Güstrow, she was the eighth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 1 December 1686, Hedwig married Prince August of Saxe-Merseburg, second surviving son of Duke Christian I  Five years later (1691), August received the town of Zörbig as his appanage, and took his residence there 
They had eight children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Christiane Magdalene (Zörbig, 11 March 1687 - Merseburg, 21 March 1689) 
Stillborn daughter (Alt-Stargard, Mecklenburg, 30 December 1689) 
Caroline Auguste (Zörbig, 10 March 1691 - Zörbig, 23 September 1743) 
Hedwig Eleonore (Zörbig, 26 February 1693 - Zörbig, 31 August 1693) 
Gustav Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 28 October 1694 - Zörbig, 24 May 1695) 
August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 26 February 1696 - Zörbig, 26 March 1696) 
Stillborn twin sons (1707) Hedwig died in Zörbig aged 69  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 

See also
BWV Anh  16
Passage 2:
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg [-Güstrow] (26 February 1633 – 6 October 1695) was the last ruler of Mecklenburg-Güstrow from 1636 until his death and last Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg from 1636 to 1648 

Life
Gustav Adolph was born at the ducal residence in Güstrow, the son of Duke John Albert II and his third wife Eleonore Marie (1600–1657), daughter of Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg 
As Gustav Adolph was a minor when his father died in 1636, his uncle Duke Adolph Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at first became regent at Güstrow  This was fiercely opposed by Gustav Adolph's mother  In 1654 he came of age and married Magdalene Sibylle, a daughter of Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp  Their marriage produced eleven children:

Johann, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (2 December 1655 – 6 February 1660) 
Eleonore (1 June 1657 – 24 February 1672) 
Marie (June 19, 1659 – 6 January 1701), married on 23 September 1684 to Duke Adolph Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
Magdalene (5 July 1660 – 19 February 1702) 
Sophie (21 June 1662 – 1 June 1738), married on 6 December 1700 to Duke Christian Ulrich I of Württemberg-Oels 
Christine (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749), married on 4 May 1683 to Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern 
Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (18 November 1664 – 15 March 1688), married on 10 August 1687 to Marie Amalie of Brandenburg, a daughter of Elector Frederick William 
Hedwig (12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), married on 1 December 1686 to Duke August of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Louise (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721), married on 5 December 1696 to King Frederick IV of Denmark 
Elisabeth (3 September 1668 – 25 August 1738), married on 29 March 1692 to Duke Henry of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg 
Augusta (27 December 1674 – 19 May 1756) The death of the only surviving son, the Hereditary Prince Charles, in 1688 at the age of 23, caused a succession crisis in Mecklenburg-Güstrow  Gustav Adolph's daughter Marie married her cousin Adolphus Frederick II of Mecklenburg, who after the death of his father-in-law claimed the Güstrow heritage, but could not prevail against the ruling duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  A younger daughter, Louise in 1695 married the Danish crown prince Frederick IV and in 1699 became queen consort of Denmark 
Gustav Adolph died in Güstrow at the age of 62  The subsequent inheritance conflict within the House of Mecklenburg was settled by the establishment of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1701 
Passage 3:
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg[-Güstrow] (5 May 1590 in Waren – 23 April 1636 in Güstrow) was a Duke of Mecklenburg   From 1608 to 1611, he was the nominal ruler of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; the actual ruler being the regent, his great-uncle Charles I   From 1611 to 1621 John Albert and his brother Adolf Frederick I jointly ruled the whole Duchy of Mecklenburg   From 1621, John Albert ruled Mecklenburg-Güstrow alone 

Life
John Albert was the son of Duke John VII and Sophia of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp 
He reigned from 16 April 1608, under the regency of his great-uncle Duke Charles I, jointly with his brother Adolf Frederick I in the Mecklenburg-Schwerin part of the country   After Charles's death, the Emperor declared Adolf Frederick an adult and he ruled alone until John Albert came of age and they began to rule jointly 
In 1617 he converted to Protestantism  In the division of Mecklenburg of 1621, John Albert received Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
In 1623, both brothers joined a defensive alliance of the Lower Saxon Estates   They tried to seem neutral during the Thirty Years' War, but they secretly supported the Danish troops of king Christian IV   After the Imperial side won the Battle of Lutter, Tilly treated them as enemies   On 19 January 1628, Emperor Ferdinand II issue a decree at Brandýs Castle declaring that the brothers had forfeited their fief and that Mecklenburg would be invested to Wallenstein   In May 1628, the brothers left the Duchy, at the request of Wallenstein   In May 1631, Wallenstein was overthrown by Swedish troops, and the brothers returned 
John Albert II died in 1636 and was buried in the Minster in Güstrow 

Marriage and issue
John Albert II was married three times 
(I) On 9 October 1608 he married Margaret Elizabeth (11 July, 1584 – 16 November, 1616), daughter of Duke Christopher of Mecklenburg   The couple had the following children:

Hanss Georg (1610–1660)
John Christopher (1611–1612)
Elisabeth Sophie (20 August 1613 – 12 July 1676,)married Duke Augustus II of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelChristine Margaret (31 March 1615 – 16 August 1666)married firstly on 11 February 1640 Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg, son of Francis II
married secondly, on 6 July 1650 Duke Christian Louis I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (divorced 1663)Charles Henry (1616–1618)(II) On 26 March 1618, he married Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel (24 May 1596 – 16 December 1625), daughter of Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel   This marriage remained childless 
(III) He married his third wife, Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg (7 August 1600 – 17 July 1657), daughter of Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg, on 7 May 1626   The couple had the following children:

Anna Sophie (29 September, 1628 – 10 February 1666)married Duke Louis IV of LegnicaJohn Christian (1629–1631)
Eleanor (1630–1631)
Gustav Adolph (1633–1695)
Louise (20 May 1635 – 6 January 1648)

Ancestry
External links

Literature about John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-VorpommernPublications by or about John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg at VD 17
Genealogy of the House of Mecklenburg
Passage 4:
Frederick IV of Denmark
Frederick IV (Danish: Frederik; 11 October 1671 – 12 October 1730) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death  Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel 

Early life
Frederick was born on 11 October 1671 at Copenhagen Castle as the eldest son of King Christian V and his spouse Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel  The newborn prince was baptised the same evening with the name Frederick by the royal confessor Hans Leth  His grandfather King Frederick III had died a year and a half before he was born, and as the eldest son of the ruling King he was thus Crown Prince from birth  At the age of 18, he was given a seat on the Council of State as the heir apparent to the throne 
As Crown Prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe  He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father for permission to build a summer palace on Solbjerg, as the hill in Valby was then known, the future site of Frederiksberg Palace  The one-storey building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger, was completed in 1703 
Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany  In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Güstrow  But his visit there was cut short by a message telling of his brother Prince Christian's serious illness (he had, in fact, already died in Ulm)  Frederick later returned to Güstrow, where he was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses  On 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark  
At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway  They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace 

Reign
Domestic rule
Frederick's most important domestic reform was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab, a kind of serfdom which had applied to the peasants of Zealand since the Late Middle Ages  His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction in 1733 of adscription (stavnsbånd), a law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, by which the peasantry were subjected to both the local nobility and the army After the Great Northern War, trade and culture flowered  The first Danish theatre, Lille Grønnegade Theatre, was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) began his career  He established the College of Missions which funded the missionary Hans Egede (1686–1758) in taking forward the colonisation of Greenland  Politically this period was marked by the King's connection to the Reventlows, the Holsteiner relatives of his second queen, and by his growing suspicion of the old nobility During Frederick's rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters: the plague of 1711, and the great fire of October 1728, which destroyed most of the medieval capital   The King had been persuaded by astronomer Ole Rømer (1644–1710) to introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway in 1700, but the astronomer's observations and calculations were among the treasures lost to the fire Frederik IV, having twice visited Italy, had two pleasure palaces built in the Italian baroque style: Frederiksberg Palace was extended during his reign, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst, giving the palace a true Italian baroque appearance and Fredensborg Palace, both considered monuments to the conclusion of the Great Northern War 

Venetian journey
Frederick IV holds a memorable place in the social history of the city of Venice due to a visit he made during the winter of 1708–09  The King stayed in the city with an entourage of at least 70 people, formally incognito as Count of Oldenburg, not to be unknown, but in order to avoid the cumbersome and costly etiquette of a royal visit  During his nine-week stay, the King was a frequent guest at operas and comedies and a generous buyer of Venetian glass  During the visit to the state armoury, he received the republic's gift: two large ore guns and an ore mortar  A regatta on the Grand Canal was held in his honour and is immortalised in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs  The winter that year was particularly cold, so cold that the lagoon of Venice froze over, and the Venetians were able to walk from the city to the mainland  It was joked that the king of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him  He also paid a visit to the dowager grand-princess Violante at the grand-ducal court of the Medicis 

Foreign affairs
On his return from he led political negotiations with the Elector Augustus of Saxony and Frederick I of Prussia about the impending plans of war against Sweden  For much of Frederick IV's reign Denmark-Norway was engaged in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) against Sweden  In spite of the conclusion of the Peace of Travendal in 1700, there was soon a Swedish invasion and threats from Europe's western naval powers  In 1709 Denmark again entered the war, encouraged by the Swedish defeat at Poltava  Frederick IV commanded the Danish troops at the Battle of Gadebusch in 1712  Although Denmark-Norway emerged on the victorious side, she failed to regain her lost possessions in southern Sweden  The most important result was the destruction of the pro-Swedish Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, which re-established Denmark's domination in Schleswig-Holstein  Between 1703 and 1711, Frederick sent military units to Hungary and supported Austria in the Rákóczi's War of Independence  The Danish regiments fought against the Kuruc army and French auxiliaries (Battle of Zsibó) 
Much of the King's life was spent in strife with kinsmen  Two of his first cousins, Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the three men were the grandsons of Frederick III of Denmark), had waged war upon his father jointly  Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognise the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick (who was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia 

Personal life
Frederick was deemed a man of responsibility and industry — often regarded as the most intelligent of Denmark-Norway's absolute monarchs  He seems to have mastered the art of remaining independent of his ministers  Lacking all interest in academic knowledge, he was nevertheless a patron of culture, especially art and architecture  His main weaknesses were probably pleasure-seeking and womanising, which sometimes distracted him  He was the penultimate Danish king to make a morganatic marriage (the last was Frederick VII with Louise Rasmussen aka "Countess Danner") 

 Without divorcing Queen Louise, in 1703 he married Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (d 1704)  After the death of Elisabeth, he entered into a romance with her lady-in-waiting Charlotte Helene von Schindel, though he later lost interest in her  In 1711, Frederick fell in love with 19-year-old Countess Anne Sophie Reventlow, daughter of the then Grand-Chancellor Conrad von Reventlow  He carried her off from her home, Clausholm Castle near Randers, after her mother refused to let her daughter be a royal mistress  Frederick had seen Anne Sophie at a masquerade ball at Koldinghus, where the royal family resided during the plague that devastated Copenhagen  A secret marriage was held at Skanderborg on 26 June 1712  At that time he accorded her the title "Duchess of Schleswig" (derived from one of his own subsidiary titles)  Three weeks after Queen Louise's death in Copenhagen on 4 April 1721, he legalised his relationship with Anna Sophie by a new marriage, this time declaring her queen consort (the only wife of a hereditary Danish king to bear that title who was not a princess by birth)  It was undoubtedly a relief to regularise a relationship they both saw as sinful  Of the nine children born to him of these three wives, only two of them survived to adulthood: the future Christian VI and Princess Charlotte-Amalia, both from the first marriage  All the other children died in infancy The Reventlows took advantage of their kinship to the King  Anna's sister, the salonist Countess Christine Sophie Holstein of Holsteinborg, was nicknamed Madame Chancellor because of her influence  Within a year of making Anna Queen, Frederick also recognized as dynastic the issue of the morganatic marriages of two of her kinsmen, Duke Philip Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg (1673–1729) and Duke Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norburg (1674–1706), to non-royal nobles  The other Schleswig-Holstein dukes of the House of Oldenburg perceived their interests to be injured, and Frederick found himself embroiled in complicated lawsuits and petitions to the Holy Roman Emperor  Also offended by the Countess's elevation were Frederick's younger unmarried siblings, Princess Sophia Hedwig (1677–1735) and Prince Charles (1680–1729), who withdrew from Copenhagen to their own rival court at the handsomely re-modelled Vemmetofte Cloister (later a haven for dowerless damsels of the nobility) 

Later life
During the King's last years he had dropsy (oedema), and was also affected by the consequences of an accident in an explosion in a cannon foundry in Copenhagen  He also had private sorrows that inclined him toward Pietism, a form of faith that would rise to prevalence during the reign of his son  During his last years, Frederick IV asked for the loyalty of his son in order to protect Queen Anna Sophie  Despite the growing weakness, he set in 1730 on a muster travel; he reached Gottorp but had to return, and died in Odense, on the day after his 59th birthday  He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral, the site of the mausoleum of Danish royalty 

Issue
With his first queen, Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow:

Prince Christian (28 June 1697 - 1 October 1698)
King Christian VI of Denmark (10 December 1699 - 6 August 1746)
Prince Frederik Charles (23 October 1701 - 7 January 1702)
Prince George (6 January 1703 – 12 March 1704)
Princess Charlotte Amalie (6 October 1706 – 28 October 1782)With his second wife Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg:

Frederik Gyldenløve (1704–1705)With his third wife and second queen, Countess Anne Sophie von Reventlow:

Princess Christiana Amalia (23 October 1723 - 7 January 1724)
Prince Frederik Christian (1 June 1726 - 15 May 1727)
Prince Charles (16 February 1728 - 10 December 1729)

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg
Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg or Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (5 March 1527 – 14 March 1603) was Duke of Mecklenburg (-Güstrow) from 1555-56 to 1603 

Early life
Ulrich was the third son of Duke Albrecht VII and Anna of Brandenburg   Ulrich was educated at the Bavarian court  Later, he studied theology and law in Ingolstadt   After the death of his father, he took up residence in Bützow and succeeded his cousin Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin in 1550   Later, he married Magnus's widow, Elizabeth, a daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark  His wife was actually a first cousin of his maternal grandmother Elizabeth of Denmark, daughter of John, King of Denmark  They were first cousins, twice removed  After the death of Elizabeth he married Anna, daughter of Philip I, Duke of Pomerania 
After the death of his uncle, Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg, Ulrich participated in the national government, especially during Mecklenburg's participation in the Schmalkaldic War   It erupted from an inheritance dispute, which was settled by the "Ruppiner dictum" of the Elector of Brandenburg 

Reign
On 17 February 1555, Ulrich succeeded his brother John Albert I in partitioned Mecklenburg-Güstrow  In 1556, he received, while maintaining common state government with his brother, the eastern part of Mecklenburg with the capital in Güstrow, while John Albert received the western part with the residence Schwerin   After the death of his brother in 1576, Ulrich was made guardian of his offspring, among them his nephew and successor in Güstrow John Albert II   Ulrich built the castle at Güstrow as his principal residence   
Ulrich embodied an educated, modern prince, and was a devout Lutheran   He developed into one of the leading princes of  the Mecklenburg dynasty   He left behind, at his death, a fortune of about 200,000 guilders   Ulrich participated in the exchange with Tycho Brahe and David Chytraeus in the scientific discourse of his time and corresponded with humanists like Heinrich Rantzau  In 1594, as Chief of Lower Saxony imperial circle, he organized military and financial assistance against the Turkish threat  
In the dispute between Frederick II of Denmark and his brother-in-law Duke John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Ulrich served as a mediator, having excellent relations to both  As Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin he was succeeded by his grandson the last Bishop of Schleswig, Prince Ulrich of Denmark (30 December 1578 – 27 March 1624 in Rühn), who married with Lady Catherine Hahn-Hinrichshagen 
Ulrich's granddaughter Anne of Denmark married James VI of Scotland  In 1598 James VI was anxious to secure the throne of England  He sent his ambassadors to his wife's family and allies, to discuss his right to Elizabeth's throne and that the Princes of Europe should supported him against Spanish claims, with military help if required  Ulrich wrote to James on 20 August with a letter of cautious support, counselling that Elizabeth should name him her successor, and was lukewarm on a definite pledge of arms 

Family
Ulrich's only child from his marriage to Elizabeth of Denmark, Sophie, married King Frederick II of Denmark  Through her, Ulrich was a grandfather to Christian IV of Denmark and a great-grandfather of Charles I of England 
Passage 6:
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749) was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern 
Born in Güstrow, she was the sixth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survived to adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 14 May 1683, Christine married Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern (1652–1710) as his second wife  Between 1684 and 1705 she had 23 children in 19 pregnancies (including 4 sets of twins)  From them, only 11 survive to adulthood:
Gustav Adolph, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684) 
A daughter (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684), twin of Gustav Adolph 
Gustav Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 10 March 1685 - Gedern, 14 June 1689) 
Fredericka Charlotte (Gedern, 3 April 1686 - Laubach, 10 January 1739), married on 8 December 1709 to Frederick Ernest, Count of Solms-Laubach 
Emilie Auguste (Gedern, 11 May 1687 - Rossla, 30 June 1730), married on 1 October 1709 to Jost Christian, Count of Stolberg-Rossla (her first-cousin) 
Christiana Louise (Gedern, 6 April 1688 - Gedern, 11 August 1691) 
Albertine Antonie (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 16 August 1691) 
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 6 August 1691), twin of Albertine Antonie 
Gustave Magdalene (Gedern, 6 April 1690 - Gedern, 22 March 1691) 
Christian Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (Gedern, 2 April 1691 - Wernigerode, 25 October 1771) 
Christine Eleonore (Gedern, 12 September 1692 - Büdingen, 30 January 1745), married on 8 August 1708 to Ernest Casimir I, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Büdingen 
Frederick Charles, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 11 October 1693 - Gedern, 28 September 1767) 
Ernestine Wilhelmine (Gedern, 29 January 1695 - Wächtersbach, 7 May 1759), married on 7 December 1725 to Ferdinand Maximilian, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach 
Fredericka Louise (Gedern, 20 January 1696 - Gedern, 24 April 1697) 
Louis Adolph (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Gedern, 6 January 1698) 
Henry August, Count of Stolberg-Schwarza (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Schwarza, 14 September 1748), twin of Louis Adolph 
Sophie Christiane (Gedern, 17 August 1698 - Gedern, 14 June 1771), unmarried 
Ferdinande Henriette (Gedern, 2 October 1699 - Schönberg, Odenwald, 31 January 1750), married on 15 December 1719 to George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg  Through her, Christine was the great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 
Rudolph Lebrecht (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 6 April 1702) 
Louis Christian (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 22 November 1701), twin of Rudolph Lebrecht 
Auguste Marie (Gedern, 28 November 1702 - Herford, 3 July 1768), a nun in Herford, created Princess in 1742 
Caroline Adolphine (Gedern, 27 April 1704 - Gedern, 10 February 1707) 
Philippina Louise (Gedern, 20 October 1705 - Philippseich, 1 November 1744), married on 2 April 1725 to William Maurice II, Count of Isenburg-Philippseich 
Passage 7:
Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (18 November 1664 in Güstrow – 15 March 1688 in Güstrow) was the hereditary prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow   He was a son of Gustavus Adolph and his wife Magdalene Sibylle née Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, a daughter of Frederick III 

Life
Charles married on 10 August 1687 in Potsdam to Marie Amalie of Brandenburg, the daughter of the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg   The marriage remained childless   He died unexpectedly of smallpox   He was the last surviving son of his father, and his wife lost her child when she learned of his fate, so that the Mecklenburg-Güstrow line died out when his father died in 1695 
His brother-in-law, Duke Adolf Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz claimed Mecklenburg-Güstrow   However Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin disagreed and the legal situation was unclear, leading to a long succession dispute   The dispute was settled in the Partition of Hamburg, in which the relationship between Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz was redefined and Mecklenburg-Güstrow was given to Mecklenburg-Schwerin 

External links

Literature about Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-VorpommernPublications by or about Karl, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow at VD 17
Stammtafel des Hauses Mecklenburg
Passage 8:
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (28 August 1667 – 15 March 1721) was Queen of Denmark and Norway as the first spouse of King Frederick IV of Denmark   In 1708–09, she was regent during her husband's trip to Italy 

Early life
Louise was born in Güstrow in the family of Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Duchess Magdalena Sibylla of Holstein-Gottorp as a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark  Louise grew up into a tiny court characterized by pietistic feelings and rigid religiosity, led by her father, who wrote religious songs in pietistic spirit 
In 1695, Louise was selected by Crown Prince Frederick as his bride   When it was deemed time for Frederick to marry and provide and heir to the throne, he was sent to a journey to Germany to choose a bride from some of the Protestant Princely houses   When he reached Güstrow, he chose Louise because of her beauty, and his choice was wholeheartedly accepted as suitable from both the Danish royal house as well as from her family   He reportedly also expected her to accept any potential adultery from his side without protests 

Crown Princess
On 5 December 1695, Louise married Crown Prince Frederik in Güstrow followed by their formal entry in to Copenhagen   Initially, the marriage was described as happy; Louise reciprocated Frederick's attraction, and the French ambassador noted: "The crown princess loves her spouse intensely, and he lives with her in complete bliss"   Their children who reached maturity were King Christian VI of Denmark and Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark 

Queen
At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway  They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the Chapel of Frederiksborg Palace  In parallel, Frederick's infatuation with Louise had passed, and he involved himself in a number of public affairs, notably with Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (1699-1704), Charlotte Helene von Schindel (1704-11) and Anna Sophie Reventlow (1712–21)  Frederick even entered two morganatic marriages; in 1703, he committed bigamy with his mistress Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg, and in 1712 with Anna Sophie Reventlow    The day after Queen Louise's funeral, Frederick IV married Anna Sophie Reventlow again, and less than two months later he had her crowned 
Unlike Frederick IV, she never gained popularity with the population   Louise figured in her role as queen at official ceremonies, but was otherwise ignored at court, and her isolated and quiet life has made her less known in history      The official mistresses and wives by bigamy of the king were given their own titles, residences and courts, and their houses were frequented by the king and thereby by the nobility, while Queen Louise was ignored and deprived of her role as the female center in court life which her rank would otherwise have entitled her    Her social isolation became particularly severe after the king's second bigamy with Anna Sophie Reventlow in 1712, and during her last nine years her life was described as a shadow, while she only appeared at the king's side in official ceremonies where the presence of the queen was demanded by etiquette 
Louise suffered because of her husband's infidelity   It is mentioned that she caused embarrassing scenes at court during Frederick's affairs and that she had a bad temperament   Her jealousy attracted great attention, and it was said that Frederick could not enter her rooms without Louise beginning to "cry, raise and walk about like a furie", which caused him to leave in anger, after which she "walked about for three or four hours, turning her hands and crying copiously "Queen Louise was strongly influenced by Pietism, and she sought solace in religion    Her main interest was reading religious books    Her collection of 400 books, which was donated to the royal library after her death, was mainly composed of ascetic religious literature in German    After her death, her interest in religion was praised by the clergy, who compared her with the legendary Queen Esther and referred to her as a saint   Louise was close to her son Christian, who was deeply influenced by her religious devotion and swore to avenge the sorrow his father's second bigamy with Anna Sophie Reventlow caused his mother on Reventlow, a promise he did keep after the death of his father Very little is known about Louise, her interests and personality, because of her reclusive lifestyle, other than her jealousy over her husband's adultery and her religious devotions   She did own a couple of estates as part of her dower as queen, notably Hørsholm, but does not appear to have taken any interest in them 
She died in Copenhagen and was buried in the Roskilde Cathedral 

Children
Bibliography
N  D  Riegels: Udkast til fjerde Friderichs hist  after Hoier 1–11  1795–99 
A  Hojer: König Fr  IV glorwürdigstes Leben 1–11, 1829 
Jens Moller i Det skand  lit  selsk s skr  XXIII, 1832 3–196 
Ellen Jørgensen and J  Skovgaard: Danske dronninger, 1909–10 189–94 
Fr  Weilbach i Hist  t  10  r  III, 1935 256–66 
Ingrid llsoe i Fund og forskn  XXII, 1975–76 107–20 

Ancestry
Passage 9:
Henry I of Werle
Henry I (died 8 October 1291) was a Prince of Mecklenburg-Werle and Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Biography
He was the son of Prince Nicholas I of Mecklenburg-Werle and his wife Princess Jutta of Anhalt the daughter of Prince Henry I of Anhalt and his wife Princess Irmgard of Thuringia  Henry and his brother John ruled Mecklenburg-Werle jointly following the death of their father on 10 May 1277 Henry and his brother ruled jointly until 1283 when Henry founded the principality of Mecklenburg-Güstrow while John took up residence in the principality of Mecklenburg-Parchim which he ruled jointly with Prince Pribislaw II  Henry's reign in Güstrow came to an end on 8 October 1291 after he was murdered near Saal by his two sons Henry and Nicholas both of whom succeeded him 

Marriages and children
Henry was married twice; firstly in 1262 to Rikissa Birgersdotter (died 1288), with the following children:

Henry II of Werle (died 1308) married Beatrix of Pomerania (died 1315–16), daughter of Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania
Nicholas of Werle-Güstrow (died 1298)
Rixa of Werle (died 1317) married Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-GöttingenHe was married secondly in 1291 to Matilde of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1302) the daughter of John of Brunswick, Duke of Lüneburg 
Passage 10:
Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark
Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark and Norway (6 October 1706 – 28 October 1782) was a Danish princess, daughter of King Frederick IV of Denmark and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 

Life
Charlotte Amalie never married  In 1725, she was placed on the list of 99 princesses regarded as suitable for marriage with Louis XV of France (which would require that she convert to Catholicism), but she was removed from the list because Denmark-Norway was an arch enemy toward Sweden, the traditional ally of France, and that such a marriage could potentially disturb the French-Swedish alliance     In the early 1730s, her brother the king tried to arrange a marriage between her and Frederick, Prince of Wales, but the negotiations did not succeed and she remained unmarried 
As was the custom for unmarried princesses, she lived with her mother until her mother's death, and then with her stepmother  In contrast to her brother and sister-in-law, she had a good relationship with her stepmother, Anna Sophie Reventlow   Charlotte Amalie tried to prevent the worst hostility toward her stepmother at court  She was separated from Anna Sophie when her brother succeeded to the throne in 1730  After this, she lived at the royal court in winters, and at Charlottenlund Palace in summer with her own court 
Charlotte Amalie was described by her contemporaries as a lovable character with the ability to keep the peace with most: she had a good relationship with her father and stepmother, and still managed to have a good relationship also with her brother, who hated his own father and stepmother  She had no influence upon the affairs of state, and lived a peaceful life at court her entire life 
On 8 April 1771, she was ordered to leave court  She spent the rest of her life with her nephew's widow, the queen dowager Juliana Maria  This meant that she continued to spend much of her time at court, when the queen dowager attended it: Juliana Maria became de facto regent in 1772   
As she preferred black wigs, she had ordered her staff to wear them, and her court became known as "The court of the black wigs"  After 1778, she no longer showed herself to the public, as she had become senile Charlotte Amalie is known as the benefactress of the writer Charlotte Baden, who was the niece of one of her chief ladies-in-waiting, Anna Susanne von der Osten  Baden was raised at her court, and Charlotte Amalie provided her with an education and an allowance  In her will from 1773, Charlotte Amalie created a foundation, Prinsesse C A s stiftelse, to finance the upbringing of poor girls of all classes 

Legacy
Charlottenlund Palace, where she spent her summers, was built and named after her in 1731–1733 

Ancestry
Context 2: Passage 1:
White: Melody of Death
White: Melody of Death (Korean: 화이트: 저주의 멜로디; RR: Hwaiteu: Jeojooui Mellodi, lit  White: The Melody of the Curse) is a 2011 South Korean horror film by Kim Gok and Kim Sun 
The film was pre-sold in Malaysia and Singapore with the teaser trailer and poster released at the Hong Kong Film Mart  The movie was a commercial success grossing US$ 5,3 Million and ending up being the highest-grossing horror movie and among Top 30 highest-grossing movies in South Korea in 2011 

Plot
The girl group Pink Dolls, which consists of A-rang, Je-ni, Shin-ji, and Eun-ju, make their debut on stage but fail to achieve popularity  They and the record company moved to a renovated studio that was burnt down in a fire 15 years ago  Eun-ju's sponsor (someone who funds an idol or group on the condition they receive sexual favors) was credited for making the move, and renovations happen  Eun-ju is bullied by the other three members for her involvement with the sponsor and considers quitting  Her vocal trainer and best friend, Soon-ye encouraged her to remain in the group as she believes they will find success and gain attention with their new song  While cleaning up in the dance rehearsal room, Eun-ju finds a VHS tape titled "WHITE" and plays it in her dorm room  The footage is of an old, unreleased music video  When the group's manager finds her watching the tape, she demands to permitted its song to be remade as their next single 
When Pink Dolls receives overnight popularity with their debut of the song "White," which has become a viral hit, the manager seeks to re-record the song but with the main vocalist overtaking the song  The tension begins to rise as Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji become hostile and jealousy against each other as they fight over the spot  During this time, a ghost attacks the three members on different occasions; Je-ni by strangling her with microphone cords, A-rang by causing her to fall off a music-video set, and Shin-ji by crushing her with camera equipment  Fearing the song is cursed and that she will be the next victim, Eun-ju examines hidden images within the video with Soon-ye and an editor and from there believe that a trainee named Jang Ye-bin, who died before the studio caught fire, wrote the song  Eun-ju meets up with her sponsor and asks about the circumstances surrounding Ye-bin and replies that she died by suicide  After returning to the rehearsal room in a fit of depression, Eun-Ju finds a suicide note beside power sockets that may have started the fire and she smashes the sockets with a hammer until she fell asleep in the morning 
Confident that the curse is broken, Eun-ju wants to get more attention by reinventing "White" with a new image, including dressing and dying her hair in white, and using the stage name "White"; but she takes credit for the song to her solo performance, and alienates those around her  While Soon-ye was destroying the evidence, she re-watched the video and noticed new details they had never seen  While doing so, she and the editor learned that Je-ni, A-rang, and Shin-ji, who had been hosts for a music television show, died from drinking bleach on air  Soon-ye calls Eun-ju, who is on her way to a venue to perform "White," and warns her that the curse is not over, but Eun-ju ignores her  Soon-ye soon learns that the writer of the song was not Ye-bin, but a back-up dancer who was bullied by Ye-bin by disfiguring her face with acid and caused the back-up dancer to commit suicide by drinking bleach  Her ghost killed Ye-bin, who caused the fire when attempting to burn the suicide note 
Soon-ye rushes to the venue to rescue Eun-ju but is unable to enter the stage with all the doors locked  During Eun-ju's performance, the stage goes blackout, and the electricity begins to malfunctions  Eun-ju's sponsor and manager try to get her off the stage, but they are both killed by stage equipment, and the ghost attempts to attack her  Afterward, the doors all open, and the panicking crowd starts to rush out of the building, Soon-ye enters and she and Eun-ju attempt to reunite, but Eun-ju trips in the crowd and gets trampled to death  The electricity eventually sets the venue on fire  After the incident, Soon-ye destroyed all of the remaining evidence of the song in the studio's karaoke room  However, the karaoke machine announces that the next song playing is "White," alluding to the possibility that the curse has not been broken 

Cast
Ham Eun-jeong as Eun-ju, a leader of the Pink Dolls, who is a former back-up dancer
Hwang Woo-seul-hye as Soon-ye, a vocal trainer, and Eun-ju's best friend
May Doni Kim as Shin-ji, a rapper/dancer who is excellent for dancing performance 
Choi Ah-ra as A-rang, a visual/singer who is addicted to plastic surgery
Jin Se-yeon as Je-ni, a lead singer who is insecure with hitting high notes
After School as Pure
Byun Jung-soo as Talent Agent
Kim Young-min as Lee Tae-Yong
Kim Ki-bang as Manager
Yoo Mo-ri as Jang Ye-bin
Kim Soo-hyun as White
Lee Jun-ho as Music Fever host

Soundtrack
The soundtrack contains 3 versions of the song "White," the original (the one featured on the VHS tape), another sung by Pink Dolls (Ham Eun-jeong, May Doni Kim, Choi Ah-ra and Jin Se-yeon), and a solo version with just Eun-jeong 

Reception
Box office
The film grossed US$1,265,702 its opening weekend landing at the fifth position of the box office chart  In total the film grossed US$5,299,831 by the end of its theatrical run  The film received a total of 791,133 admissions nationwide 

Accolades
Listicles
Release
White was released in Japan as a DVD on March 02, 2012 by NBC Universal  A re-issue ws released in the same country on July 21, 2017 
Passage 2:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 3:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 4:
Walter Ruttmann
Walter Ruttmann (28 December 1887 – 15 July 1941) was a German cinematographer and film director, an important German  abstract experimental film maker, along with Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling and Oskar Fischinger  He is best known for directing the semi-documentary 'city symphony' silent film, with orchestral score by Edmund Meisel, in 1927, Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis  His audio montage Wochenende (Weekend) (1930) is considered a major contribution in the development of audio plays 

Biography
Ruttmann was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a wealthy mercantilist  He graduated high school in 1905 and began architectural studies in Zürich in 1907  In 1909 Ruttmann began painting in Munich, where he befriended Paul Klee and Lyonel Feininger, and he would later paint in Marburg Ruttmann was conscripted into the army in 1913, first serving in Darmstadt, and shortly after the outbreak of World War I he was sent to the Eastern Front, where he served as an artillery lieutenant and a gas defense officer  After spending 1917 in a hospital for post traumatic stress disorder, he began making films  Ruttmann had the financial means to work independently of the major German studios of the time  He founded Ruttmann-Film S R O  in Munich and patented an animation table, in June 1920 
His first productions were the first fully animated German cartoons and abstract animated films  Lichtspiel: Opus I, produced between 1919 and 1921, premiered on 27 April 1921 at the Berlin Marmorhaus, and released for German theatrical distribution in 1922, is the "oldest fully abstract motion picture known to survive, using only animated geometric forms, arranged and shown without reference to any representational imagery" 
Opus I and Opus II, were experiments with new forms of film expression, and the influence of these early abstract films can be seen in some of the early work of Oskar Fischinger  Ruttmann and his colleagues of the avant garde movement enriched the language of film as a medium with new formal techniques In 1926 he worked with Julius Pinschewer on Der Aufsteig, an experimental film advertising the GeSoLei trade fair in Düsseldorf In 1926, Ruttmann licensed a Wax Slicing machine from Oskar Fischinger to create special effects for  The Adventures of Prince Achmed, an  animated fairy tale film, for Lotte Reiniger, making the moving backgrounds and magic scenes Ruttmann was a prominent exponent of both avant-garde art and music  His early abstractions played at the 1929 Baden-Baden Festival to international acclaim despite their being almost eight years old  Together with Erwin Piscator, he worked on the film Melody of the World (1929), though he is best remembered for Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis, 1927) 
Weekend (Wochenende), commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour, and presented on 13 June 1930, is a pioneering work of musique concrète, a montage of sound clips, recorded using film optical sound track from the Tri-Ergon process  Ruttmann recorded the streets sounds of Berlin with a camera, but without images, this was before magnetic tape  Hans Richter called it “a symphony of sound, speech-fragments, and silence woven into a poem ”A pacifist, he traveled to Moscow in 1928 and 1929  During the Nazi period he was replaced by Leni Riefenstahl as director of the documentary which eventually became Triumph of the Will (1935), supposedly because Ruttmann's editing style was considered too "Marxist" and Soviet influenced  He died in Berlin 15 July 1941 due to an embolism after leg amputation 

Culture and Media
Segments from Ruttmann's experimental films Lichtspiel: Opus II (1923) and Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925) are used in the credits of the German neo-noir television series Babylon Berlin  Soundtracks to sped-up versions of Lichtspiel: Opus I and Opus IV have been proposed in 2023 

Select filmography
Lichtspiel: Opus I (1920)
Der Sieger (1922)
Das Wunder (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus II (1922)
Lichtspiel: Opus III (1924, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925, with Lore Leudesdorff)
Das wiedergefundene Paradies (1925)
Der Aufstieg (1926)
Spiel der Wellen (1926)
Dort wo der Rhein    (1927)
Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt (1927)
Melody of the World (Melodie der Welt) (1929)
Wochenende (1930) [an experimental film with sound only, no image]
Feind im Blut (1931)
In der Nacht (1931)
Steel (1933)
Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich
Altgermanische Bauernkultur (1934)
Metall des Himmels (1935)
Schiff in Not (1936)
Mannesmann (1937)
Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit (1938)
Waffenkammern Deutschlands (1940)
Deutsche Panzer (1940)
Krebs (1941)

Further reading
Cowan, Michael  Walter Ruttmann and the Cinema of Multiplicity: Avant-garde-Advertising-Modernity  Amsterdam, NL: Amsterdam University Press, 2014  ISBN 9789089645852
Dombrug, Adrianus van  Walter Ruttmann in het beginsel  Purmerend, NL: J  Muusses, 1956 
Goergen, Jeanpaul  Walter Ruttmann: Eine Dokumentation  Berlin: Freunde der deutschen Kinemathek, 1989   ISBN 9783927876002
Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham The Music and Sound of Experimental Film  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017
Context 3: Passage 1:
Eunoë (wife of Bogudes)
Eunoë Maura was the wife of Bogudes, King of Western Mauretania  Her name has also been spelled Euries or Euryes or Eunoa 

Biography
Early life
Eunoë Maura was thought to be descended from Berbers, but her name is Greek so it appears she might have been from there or had Greek ancestry  She was likely of very high status, as she is mentioned by historian Suetonius in the same context as Cleopatra 

Marriage
At an unspecified early date in her marriage to her husband Bogud he mounted an expedition along the Atlantic coast, seemingly venturing into the tropics  When he returned he presented his wife Eunoë with gigantic reeds and asparagus he had found on the journey She is believed to have been a mistress of Julius Caesar  She may have replaced Cleopatra in Caesar's affections, when he arrived in North Africa prior to the Battle of Thapsus on 6 April 46 BC, the two were among several queens courted by Caesar  It is also possible that they first met in Spain if she accompanied her husband there on a campaign  Only a brief romance for the Roman, both Eunoe and Bogudes profited through gifts bestowed on them by Caesar  Caesar departed from Africa in June 46 BC, five and a half months after he landed 

Cultural depictions
Eunoë and Caesar's affair is greatly exaggerated and expanded on in the Medieval French prose work Faits des Romains  Jeanette Beer in her book A Medieval Caesar states that the Roman general is "transformed into Caesar, the medieval chevalier" in the text, and that the author is more interested in Caesar's sexual dominance over the queen than the political dominance he held over her husband Bogud  The text describes her; "Eunoe was the most beautiful woman in four kingdoms — nevertheless, she was Moorish", which Beer further analysed as being indicative of the fact that it was unimaginable to audiences of the time to believe that a lover of Caesar could be ugly, but that Moors still represented everything that was ugly to them Eunoë has also been depicted in several novels about Caesar, as well as serialized stories in The Cornhill Magazine  In such fiction her character often serves as a foil for the relationship between Caesar and another woman, mostly Cleopatra, such as in The Memoirs of Cleopatra, The Bloodied Toga and When We Were Gods  In Song of the Nile she also plays a posthumous role as a person of interest for Cleopatra's daughter Selene II who became queen of Mauritania after her Eunoe has also been depicted in a numismatic drawing by Italian artist and polymath Jacopo Strada, who lived in the 16th century  There is however no archaeological evidence of a coin that bears her name or picture 

See also
Women in ancient Rome
Passage 2:
Lou Breslow
Lou Breslow (born Lewis Breslow; July 18, 1900 – November 10, 1987) was an American screenwriter and film director  He wrote for 70 films between 1928 and 1955  He also directed seven films between 1932 and 1951 and wrote scripts for both Laurel and Hardy in their first two films at 20th Century Fox, and Abbott and Costello 
Breslow married film actress and comedian Marion Byron in 1932, and remained married until her death in 1985 

Selected filmography
The Human Tornado (1925)
Sitting Pretty (1933)
Punch Drunks (1934 - directed)
Gift of Gab (1934)
Music Is Magic (1935)
The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1940)
Great Guns (1941)
Blondie Goes to College (1942)
A-Haunting We Will Go (1942)
Follow the Boys (1944)
Abbott and Costello in Hollywood (1945)
You Never Can Tell (1951)
Bedtime for Bonzo (1951)
Passage 3:
Artaynte
Artaynte (f  478 BC), was the wife of the Crown Prince Darius 

Life
Daughter of an unnamed woman and Prince Masistes, a marshall of the armies during the invasion of Greece in 480-479 BC, and the brother of King Xerxes I 
During the Greek campaign Xerxes developed a passionate desire for the wife of Masistes, but she would constantly resist and would not bend to his will  Upon his return to Sardis, the king endeavoured to bring about the marriage of his son Daris to Artaynte, the daughter of this woman the wife of Masistes, supposing that by doing so he could obtain her more easily 
After moving to Susa he brought Artaynte to the royal house with him for his son Daris, but fell in love with her himself, and after obtaining her they became lovers  
At the behest of Xerxes, Artaynte committed adultery with him (Xerxes)  When queen Amestris found out, she did not seek revenge against Artaynte, but against her mother, Masistes' wife, as Amestris thought that it was her connivance  On Xerxes' birthday, Amestris sent for his guards and mutilated Masistes' wife by cutting off her breasts and threw them to dogs, and her nose and ears and lips also, and cutting out her tongue as well  On seeing this, Masistes fled to Bactria to start a revolt, but was intercepted by Xerxes' army who killed him and his sons 
Passage 4:
Papianilla (wife of Tonantius Ferreolus)
Papianilla (born 415) was a Roman noblewoman 
She was the wife of Tonantius Ferreolus  Another Papianilla, the wife of the poet Sidonius Apollinaris, was a relative of hers She had Tonantius Ferreolus and other sons 

Notes
Sources
"Papianilla 1", Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 2, p  830 
Passage 5:
Catherine Exley
Catherine Exley (1779–1857) was an English diarist  She was the wife of a soldier who accompanied her husband when he served in Portugal, Spain, and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars  Exley is best known as the author of a diary that gives an account of military life in that era from the viewpoint of the wife of a common soldier 

Background
Catherine Whitaker was born at Leeds in 1779 and married Joshua Exley there in 1806  Between  1805 and 1815, Joshua served in the Second Battalion of the 34th Regiment of Foot, initially as a private and then for a little over two years, as a corporal  Exley accompanied her husband for a substantial portion of this time and in due course wrote an account that is probably unique in that it records and reflects on life in the British Army from the perspective of the wife of a soldier who did not reach the rank of an officer 

The diary
Catherine's diary was first published as a booklet issued shortly after her death  A single copy of the booklet is known to exist, it was also reprinted in The Dewsbury Reporter during August 1923  The text of the diary is included in full in a more recently issued book, edited by Professor Rebecca Probert, along with essays on its military and religious context, the treatment of prisoners of war and the role of women in the British, French and Spanish armed forces during the Peninsular War 
The diary unfolds the hardships that both Catherine and her husband suffered during his military service, including one period when they both wrongly thought that the other had died  There are detailed accounts of the births and deaths of children, the cold, hunger and filthy conditions of military life and the horror of the aftermaths of battles  Details of the author's religious experiences which led her to membership of the Methodist church also appear  Exley wrote the diary during the last 20 years before her death, which took place in 1857 at Batley, Yorkshire 
Passage 6:
Waldrada of Lotharingia
Waldrada was the mistress, and later the wife, of Lothair II of Lotharingia



ground_truth: Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Melody Of The World or Ladies Love Danger?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   ISBN 9780190469900
Quaresima, Leonard, editor  Walter Ruttmann: Cinema, pittura, ars acustica  Calliano (Trento), Italy: Manfrini, 1994  ISBN 9788870245035
Passage 5:
Melody of Death
Melody of Death is a 1922 British silent crime film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Philip Anthony, Enid R  Reed and Dick Sutherd  It is an adaptation of the 1915 novel The Melody of Death by Edgar Wallace 

Cast
Philip Anthony as Gilbert Standerton
Enid R  Reed as Enid Cathcart
Dick Sutherd as George Wallis
H  Agar Lyons as Sir John Standerton
Frank Petley
Hetta Bartlett as Mrs Cathcart
Bob Vallis
Passage 6:
H  Bruce Humberstone
H  Bruce "Lucky" Humberstone (November 18, 1901 – October 11, 1984) was an American film director  He was previously a movie actor (as a child), a script clerk, and an assistant director, working with directors such as King Vidor, Edmund Goulding, and Allan Dwan 

Early years
Humberstone was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida 

Film
One of 28 founders of the Directors Guild of America, Humberstone worked on several silent movie films for 20th Century Fox  Humberstone did not specialize; he worked on comedies, dramas, and melodramas  Humberstone is best known today for the seminal film noir I Wake Up Screaming (1941) and his work on some of the Charlie Chan films  In the 1950s, Humberstone worked mostly on TV  He retired in 1966 

Recognition
Humberstone has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 

Death
Humberstone died of pneumonia in Woodland Hills, California, on October 11, 1984, aged 82, and was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California 

Partial filmography as director
Passage 7:
Ladies Love Danger
Ladies Love Danger is a 1935 American comedy film directed by H  Bruce Humberstone and written by Samson Raphaelson, Robert Ellis and Helen Logan  The film stars Mona Barrie, Gilbert Roland, Donald Cook, Adrienne Ames, Hardie Albright and Herbert Mundin  The film was released on May 3, 1935, by Fox Film Corporation 

Plot
Cast
Passage 8:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 9:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Melody of the World
Melody of the World (German: Melodie der Welt) is a 1929 German film directed by Walter Ruttmann  It is also known as World Melody  The film is structured like a symphony and consists of documentary footage from all over the world, contrasted and juxtaposed to show a number of human activities as they take form in different cultures  There are also staged scenes with actors 
The film was produced by Tonbild-Syndikat AG as an assignment from Hapag  It has an original score by Wolfgang Zeller  It was advertised as Germany's first feature-length sound film 

Cast
Ivan Koval-Samborskij as sailor
Renée Stobrawa as sailor's wife
Grace Chiang as Japanese woman
O  Idris as Malayan temple dancer
Wilhelm Cuno as general director of Hapag

Release
The world premiere took place on 27 July 1929 at the Deutsches Kammermusikfest in Baden-Baden  The film was released in regular German cinemas on 10 May 1930, distributed by Deutsches Lichtspiel-Syndikat AG 

See also
List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)
Context 3: 

Biography
Waldrada's family origin is uncertain  The prolific 19th-century French writer Baron Ernouf suggested that Waldrada was of noble Gallo-Roman descent, sister of Thietgaud, the bishop of Trier, and niece of Gunther, archbishop of Cologne  However, these suggestions are not supported by any evidence, and more recent studies have instead suggested she was of relatively undistinguished social origins, though still from an aristocratic milieu 
The Vita Sancti Deicoli states that Waldrada was related to Eberhard II, Count of Nordgau (included Strasbourg) and the family of Etichonids, though this is a late 10th-century source and so may not be entirely reliable on this question In 855 the Carolingian king Lothar II married Teutberga, a Carolingian aristocrat and the daughter of Bosonid Boso the Elder  The marriage was arranged by Lothar's father Lothar I for political reasons  It is very probable that Waldrada was already Lothar II's mistress at this time Teutberga was allegedly not capable of bearing children and Lothar's reign was chiefly occupied by his efforts to obtain an annulment of their marriage, and his relations with his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German were influenced by his desire to obtain their support for this endeavour  Lothair, whose desire for annulment was arguably prompted by his affection for Waldrada, put away Teutberga  However, Hucbert took up arms on his sister's behalf, and after she had submitted successfully to the ordeal of water, Lothair was compelled to restore her in 858  Still pursuing his purpose, he won the support of his brother, Emperor Louis II, by a cession of lands and obtained the consent of the local clergy to the annulment and to his marriage with Waldrada, which took place in 862  However, Pope Nicholas I was suspicious of this and sent legates to investigate at the Council of Metz in 863  The Council found in favour of Lothair's divorce, which led to rumours that the papal legates may have bribed and thus meant that Nicholas order Lothair to take Teutberga back or face excommunication  
With the support of Charles the Bald and Louis the German, Teutberga appealed the annulment to Pope Nicholas  Nicholas refused to recognize the annulment and excommunicated Waldrada in 866, forcing Lothair to abandon Waldrada in favour of Teutberga  Lothair accepted this begrudgingly for a time, but shortly afterward at the end of 867 Pope Nicholas I died  Thus, Lothair began to seek the permission of the newly appointed Pope Adrian II to again put Teutberga aside and marry Waldrada, riding to Rome to speak with him on the matter in 869  However, on his way home, Lothair died 

Children
Waldrada and Lothair II had some sons and probably three daughters, all of whom were declared illegitimate:

Hugh (c  855–895), Duke of Alsace (867–885)
Gisela (c  865–908), who in 883 married Godfrey, the Viking leader ruling in Frisia, who was murdered in 885
Bertha (c  863–925), who married Theobald of Arles (c  854–895), count of Arles, nephew of Teutberga  They had two sons, Hugh of Italy and Boso of Tuscany  After Theobald's death, between 895 and 898 she married Adalbert II of Tuscany (c  875–915) They had at least three children: Guy, who succeeded his father as count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany, Lambert succeeded his brother in 929, but lost the titles in 931 to his half-brother Boso of Tuscany, and Ermengard 
Ermengarde (d  90?)
Odo (d  c 879)
Passage 7:
Marion Byron
Marion Byron (born Miriam Bilenkin; 1911 – 1985) was an American movie comedian 

Early years
Born in Dayton, Ohio, Byron was one of five daughters of Louis and Bertha Bilenkin 

Career
She made her first stage appearance at the age of 13 and followed it with a role in Hollywood Music Box Review opposite Fanny Brice  It was while appearing in this production that she was given the nickname 'Peanuts' on account of her short stature  While appearing in 'The Strawberry Blonde', she came to the attention of Buster Keaton who signed her as his leading lady in the film Steamboat Bill, Jr  in 1928 when she was just 16  From there she was hired by Hal Roach who teamed her with Anita Garvin in a bid to create a female version of Laurel & Hardy  The pairing was not a commercial success and they made just three short features between 1928-9 - Feed 'Em and Weep (1928), Going Ga-Ga (1928) and A Pair of Tights (1929) 
She left the Roach studio before it made talking comedies, then worked in musical features, like the Vitaphone film Broadway Babies (1929) with Alice White, and the early Technicolor feature Golden Dawn (1930) 
Her parts slowly got smaller until they were unbilled walk-ons in movies like Meet the Baron (1933), starring Jack Pearl and Hips Hips Hooray (1934) with Wheeler & Woolsey; she returned to the Hal Roach studio for a bit part in the Charley Chase short It Happened One Day (1934)  Her final screen appearance was as a baby nurse to the Dionne Quintuplets in Five of a Kind (1938) 

Family
Byron married screenwriter Lou Breslow in 1932 and they had two sons, Lawrence and Daniel  They remained together until her death in Santa Monica on July 5, 1985, following a long illness  Her ashes were later scattered in the sea 

Selected filmography
Five of a Kind (1938)
Swellhead (1935)
Gift of Gab (1934)
It Happened One Day (1934)
Hips, Hips, Hooray! (1933)
Only Yesterday (1933)
Meet the Baron (1933)
Husbands’ Reunion (1933)
College Humor (1933)
Melody Cruise (1933)
Breed of the Border (1933)
The Crime of the Century (1933)
The Curse of a Broken Heart (1933)
Lucky Devils (1933)
Trouble in Paradise (1932)
They Call It Sin (1932)
Love Me Tonight (1933)
The Hollywood Handicap (1932)
Week Ends Only (1932)
The Tenderfoot (1932)
The Heart of New York  (1932)
Running Hollywood (1932)
Working Girls (1931)
Children of Dreams (1931)
Girls Demand Excitement (1931)
The Bad Man (1930)
The Matrimonial Bed (1930)
Golden Dawn (1930)
Song of the West (1930)
Playing Around (1930)
Show of Shows (1929)
The Forward Pass (1929) - Mazie
So Long Letty (1929)
Social Sinners (1929)
Broadway Babies (1929)
The Unkissed Man (1929)
His Captive Woman (1929)
A Pair of Tights (1929)
Going Ga–Ga (1929)
Is Everybody Happy? (1929)
Feed’em and Weep (1928)
The Boy Friend (1928)
Plastered in Paris (1928)
Steamboat Bill, Jr  (1928)
Passage 8:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl  late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria 

Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios  Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife  On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife  According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium  According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca  998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava



ground_truth: Melody Of The World

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the wife of Lou Breslow born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil 
Passage 9:
Empress Shōken
Empress Dowager Shōken (昭憲皇太后, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (一条勝子, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan  She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (昭憲皇后, Shōken-kōgō)  She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War 

Early life
Lady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan  She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch  Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family  Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox  As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5  By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy  By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama  She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850  They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (美子), which was intended to reflect her 
serene beauty and diminutive size 
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered  The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868 

Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869  She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years  However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children  Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince  On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo  In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations 

Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing  On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S  Grant during his visit to Japan  She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881  Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers  From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers  When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University  In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto  While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society  She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross  Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities  After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895  While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay 

Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (皇太后, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō  She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband  Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo  On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shōken Kōtaigō (昭憲皇太后)  Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture 

Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888

Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St  Catherine, 13 December 1887
 Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
 Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
 German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
 Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908

Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
Ōmiya Palace

Notes
Passage 10:
Hafsa Hatun
Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه خاتون, "young lioness") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 

Life
Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids  She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids  Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid  Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died  Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families 

Charities
Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid  She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry 

See also
Ottoman dynasty
Ottoman Empire



ground_truth: Dayton, Ohio