prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born later, The Man Is Armed or Wolf Warrior?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 2:
Sam the Man
Sam the Man is a 2001 American film directed by Gary Winick and starring Fisher Stevens 

Plot
A writer having difficulty completing his second novel goes on a journey of self-discovery 

Cast
External links
Sam the Man at IMDb
Sam the Man at Rotten Tomatoes
Passage 3:
The Man Is Armed
The Man Is Armed is a 1956 film noir crime film directed by Franklin Adreon starring Dane Clark, William Talman, May Wynn and Robert Horton 

Plot
Framed by another man, truck driver Johnny Morrison serves a year in prison  After his release, Johnny confronts the man, Mitch Mitchell, who plunges off a roof to his death 
Johnny then learns that his former employer, Hackett, was the one who set him up as a fall guy  Hackett claims it was a test of loyalty, and since Johnny passed, he now stands to earn $100,000 for helping Hackett pull off the robbery of an armored transport company 
Johnny's old girlfriend, Carol Wayne, still has feelings for him, even though she has been seeing Mike Benning, a young doctor  While the death of Mitchell is investigated by police Lt  Coster as a homicide, Johnny and three other thugs pull off the heist 
Unable to get the loot to Hackett due to roadblocks, Johnny hides out  Hackett, believing he has been double-crossed, shoots Johnny and buries the money on his family farm, but the police catch up to him  A wounded Johnny knocks out Mike and abducts Carol, but collapses and dies after a few steps  Mike leads Carol away as the cops arrive 

Cast
Dane Clark as Johnny Morrison
William Talman as Hackett
May Wynn as Carol Wayne
Robert Horton as Dr  Michael Benning
Barton MacLane as Det  Lt  Dan Coster
Fredd Wayne as Egan
Richard Benedict as Lew 'Mitch' Mitchell
Richard Reeves as Rutberg
Harry Lewis as Cole
Bobby Jordan as Thorne
Larry J  Blake as Ray Perkins
Darlene Fields as Terrycloth
John Mitchum as Officer

See also
List of American films of 1956
Passage 4:
Wolf Warrior
Wolf Warrior (Chinese: 战狼) is a 2015 Chinese war film written and directed by Wu Jing  It stars Wu Jing along with Scott Adkins, Yu Nan and Kevin Lee  It was released on 2 April 2015  A sequel, titled Wolf Warrior 2, was released in China in 2017 and became the all-time highest-grossing film in China 

Plot
In 2008, a combined task group of People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and Chinese police raid a drug smuggling operation in an abandoned chemical facility in southern China  The leader of the smuggling operation, Wu Ji, holds one of his own men hostage while taking cover behind a section of the facility's reinforced wall 
Leng Feng, a skilled PLA sniper, ignores orders to stand down and fires three shots at a weak section of the wall, penetrating through on the third shot and killing Wu Ji  Leng Feng is sent to solitary confinement as punishment, but is approached by Long Xiaoyun, the female commander of the legendary 'Wolf Warriors', an elite unit within the PLA tasked with simulating foreign tactics for the PLA to train against  Long Xiaoyun offers Leng Feng a place in the Wolf Warriors  Meanwhile, in the Philippines, crime lord Min Deng, the older brother of Wu Ji, hires ex-US Navy SEAL “Tom Cat” (Scott Adkins) and his group to assassinate Leng Feng and avenge his brother 
The Wolf Warriors participate in a training exercise in a remote and uninhabited forested region on China's southern border  During the exercise, Tom Cat and his mercenaries ambush a Wolf Warrior squad, killing one of Leng Feng's comrades  Subsequently, the PLA and the Wolf Warriors are tasked with hunting down Tom Cat‘s squad to restore their honor  The combined infantry force move into the forest but are delayed by multiple traps set by Tom Cat and pinned down by sniper fire until Leng Feng manages to kill the shooter  Afterwards, the rest of the PLA force engages Tom Cat's other mercenaries, who stage a fighting retreat but are eventually overwhelmed and killed one by one  Meanwhile, Long Xiaoyun and the other PLA commanders deduce that Ming Deng himself is also in the training area to take possession of a smuggled cache of biotechnology, which could allow the creation of a genetic weapon that could target Chinese people exclusively 
Leng Feng eventually catches Tom Cat just before China's southern border  Leng Feng is nearly defeated, but manages to kill Tom Cat with his own knife  Medical personnel from a PLA relief force arrive, but Leng Feng recognises the wrist tattoo of the medic that approaches him and realizes that they are Min Deng's men in PLA uniforms  He attacks them, eventually holding Min Deng himself at bayonet point on the very edge of the Chinese border  Min Deng's paramilitary force approaches from the other side of the border, but so do the rest of the Wolf Warriors and PLA soldiers  Min Deng's force retreats, leaving him to be arrested 

Cast
Wu Jing as Leng Feng, a marksman in the People's Liberation Army who was initially court martialled and reprimanded for failing to obey a direct order during an operation  He is later recruited into a Chinese Special Forces Unit called "War Wolf" after Long Xiaoyun takes an interest in him 
Yu Nan as Lieutenant Colonel Long Xiaoyun, Commander of the Chinese Special Forces Unit "War Wolf"
Ni Dahong as Ming Deng, a drug lord who hires a group of foreign mercenaries to avenge his brother's death at the hands of Leng Feng 
Scott Adkins as "Tom Cat," a former US Navy SEAL turned mercenary, who is hired by Meng Deng to kill Leng Feng
Kevin Lee as "Mad Cow"
Shi Zhaoqi
Zhou Xiaoou
Fang Zibin
Guo Guangping
Ru Ping
Hong Wei
Wang Sen
Zhuang Xiaolong
Chris Collins

Production
The script went through 14 drafts over seven years  In order to portray more realistic combat scenes, the movie used five missiles (each at a value of one million yuan), more than 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a variety of Chinese active military aircraft, including the Chengdu J-10, Harbin Z-9, and CAIC Z-10  In one large battle scene, 32 active tanks appeared in the same shot, including a Type 96 tank In order to prepare for the film, with the support of Chinese PLA Nanjing Military Region, Wu Jing trained for 18 months at a camp in Nanjing Military Region  
On the first day of shooting, it was the hottest summer in Nanjing's history  The temperature was up to 49 8 °C, making 5 extra actors suffer from shock 
Most of the film was made on location in Jiangsu province, at sites including Nanjing and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum 

Box office
As of 25 May 2015, it has earned US$89 11 million in China In China, it opened on 2 April 2015, earning US$33 32 million in its 4-day opening weekend topping the Chinese box office  In its second weekend, it fell to number two, earning US$36 19 million (behind Furious 7) 

Critical response
The film had an overall rating of 6 8 on the Chinese review site Douban as of August 2017  Variety magazine wrote: "To a layperson's eyes, the military exercise does look authentic, and the cross-country skirmishes are ruggedly watchable on an acrobatic level  Yet it's impossible to overlook the inanity of the plotting" 

Awards
International influence
Wolf Warrior and its sequel, Wolf Warrior 2, are the namesake of China's aggressive 'wolf warrior diplomacy' under Xi Jinping's administration 
Passage 5:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 6:
Arms and the Man (1932 film)
Arms and the Man is a 1932 British film based on the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw  It was written and directed by Cecil Lewis 
Passage 7:
Wu Jing (actor)
Wu Jing, also known as Jacky Wu, (Chinese: 吴京; pinyin: Wú Jīng; born 3 April 1974) is a Chinese actor, director and martial artist best known for his roles in various martial arts films such as Tai Chi Boxer, Fatal Contact, the Sha Po Lang films, and as Leng Feng in Wolf Warrior, its sequel Wolf Warrior 2, and most recently The Battle at Lake Changjin  Wu Jing is one of the most profitable actors in China and his movies are often the highest grossed films in China and around the world  Wu ranked first on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2019 and 23rd in 2020 

Career
In April 1995, Wu was spotted by martial arts choreographer Yuen Woo-ping, Wu played Hawkman / Jackie in 1996 film Tai Chi Boxer, his first Hong Kong film debut  Since then Wu has appeared in numerous mainland Chinese wuxia television series  He has also worked with choreographer and director Lau Kar-leung in 2003 film Drunken Monkey  Wu achieved success in Hong Kong action cinema for his role as a vicious assassin in 2005 film SPL: Sha Po Lang In 2006, Wu was continuing his move into Hong Kong cinema by starring in the film Fatal Contact  Wu is the male lead in 2007 film Twins Mission, starring the Twins duo  He also worked on the police action film Invisible Target which was released in July 2007 In March 2008, Wu made his directorial debut, alongside action choreographer Nicky Li, on his film Legendary Assassin 
Wu played the Assassin in The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor his American film debut Wu played Jing Neng in 2011 martial arts film Shaolin alongside Nicholas Tse, Andy Lau and Jackie Chan  Wu reprised a different role as Chan Chi-kit in the 2015 Hong Kong action film SPL II: A Time for Consequences Wu directed and starred in the action war film Wolf Warrior and its 2017 sequel Wolf Warrior 2  The latter film has become a hit at the Chinese summer box office and became the highest grossing film in China In 2019, Wu starred in hit film The Wandering Earth, based on a novella of the same name by Liu Cixin  When he discovered that the production team lacked funds to complete the film, he invested his own money to make up for the shortfall  The film ended up grossing $700 million worldwide, including $691 million in China but only 9 million for the rest of the world combined  It became China's third highest-grossing film of all time, 2019's third highest-grossing film worldwide, the second highest-grossing non-English film to date, and one of the top 20 highest-grossing science fiction films to date 

Personal life
Wu Jing and Xie Nan's relationship began in 2012 and they got married in 2014  On 25 August 2014, Wu Jing's wife gave birth to a son Wu Suowei (吴所谓) (also named as Wu You (吴滺))  On 24 September 2018, they had a second son Wu Lü (吴律) 

Filmography
Film
Television series
Accolades
Passage 8:
Franklin Adreon
Franklin "Pete" Adreon (November 18, 1902 – September 10, 1979) was an American film and television director, producer, screenwriter, and actor 

Early life and career
Born in Gambrills, Maryland, Adreon was a Marine Reservist during the 30s, and served in the United States Marine Corps in World War II   Serving initially with the 6th Marines in Iceland, Major Adreon was put in charge of the Marine Corps Photographic Unit in Quantico Adreon, an ex-bond salesman who entered motion pictures in 1935 with no experience, landed some small paying jobs, including as a technical advisor on the serial The Fighting Marines (in which he also appeared in the role of Captain Holmes)   This led to a writing position at Mascot Pictures and its successor Republic Pictures   Adreon stayed with the serial unit and soon, through hard work and toil, was awarded the title of associate producer  Adreon stayed with the studio for nearly all of its short life  He worked with serial director William Witney at Republic Pictures, who was also in the Marines in the war 
He then worked as a director, producer, and writer on various television series and films 
Adreon died on September 10, 1979, in Thousand Oaks, California, at the age of 76 

Selected filmography
Passage 9:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 10:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Donnie Elbert
Donnie Elbert (May 25, 1936 – January 26, 1989) was an American soul singer and songwriter, who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s  His U S  hits included "Where Did Our Love Go?" (1971), and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by "A Little Piece of Leather", a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice 

Career
Elbert was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, but when aged three his family relocated to Buffalo, New York  He learned to play guitar and piano as a child, and in 1955 formed a doo-wop group, the Vibraharps, with friend Danny Cannon  Elbert acted as the group's guitarist, songwriter, arranger, and background vocalist, making his recording debut on their single "Walk Beside Me"  He left the group in 1957 for a solo career, and recorded a demonstration record that earned him a recording contract with the King label's DeLuxe subsidiary  His solo debut "What Can I Do?" reached #12 in the U S  R&B chart, and he followed it up with the less successful "Believe It or Not" and "Have I Sinned?", which became a regional hit in Pittsburgh He continued to release singles on DeLuxe, but with little commercial success, and also played New York's Apollo Theater and toured the Chitlin' Circuit of African-American owned nightclubs  After completing an album, The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings, he left DeLuxe in 1959, joining first Red Top Records, where in 1960 he recorded "Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)", and then Vee-Jay Records, where he had another regional hit with "Will You Ever Be Mine?", which reportedly sold 250,000 copies in the Philadelphia area but failed to take off nationwide  His career was also interrupted by a spell in the US Army, from which he was discharged in 1961  He then recorded singles for several labels, including Parkway, Cub and Checker, but with little success  However, although the 1965 Gateway label release of "A Little Piece of Leather" failed to chart in the US, the record became a #27 pop hit when released on the London label in the UK several years later in 1972, and remains a Northern soul favorite Elbert relocated to the UK in 1966, where he married  There, he recorded "In Between The Heartaches" for the Polydor label in 1968, a cover version of the Supremes' hit "Where Did Our Love Go?" and an album of Otis Redding cover versions, Tribute To A King  His 1969 Deram release "Without You" had a rocksteady rhythm, and went to the top of the Jamaican charts 
He returned to the US the same year and had his first US chart hit in over a decade with the Rare Bullet release, "Can't Get Over Losing You", which reached #26 on the Billboard R&B chart  The track and its b-side, "Got To Get Myself Together", both written by Elbert, were released several times on different labels in subsequent years  After the success of that record, Elbert moved labels for a re-make of the Supremes' 1964 hit, "Where Did Our Love Go?" on All Platinum  It became his biggest hit, reaching #15 on the Billboard pop chart, #6 on the R&B chart, and (in 1972) #8 in the UK  Its follow-up, "Sweet Baby" reached #30 on the R&B chart in early 1972 
Elbert then signed with Avco-Embassy, where he entered the recording studio with the successful production team of Hugo & Luigi  His cover of the Four Tops' "I Can't Help Myself" reached #14 on the Billboard R&B chart, but climbed as high as #2 on the alternative Cashbox R&B chart  Elbert baulked at the label's insistence that he record material associated with Motown and departed with only a few tracks left to record for an album  Even so, the album was released after Avco sold it on to a budget label, Trip 
He returned to All Platinum and had a run of minor R&B hits, but left after a disagreement over the claimed authorship of Shirley & Company's R&B chart-topper "Shame Shame Shame", which was credited to label owner Sylvia Robinson  Elbert was also involved in a copyright wrangle over Darrell Banks' major R&B and pop hit in 1966, "Open The Door To Your Heart"  He had originally written the song as "Baby Walk Right In" (still its alternative legal title) and given it to Banks, but received no writing credit on the original record  Eventually, the matter was resolved by BMI with a disgruntled Elbert awarded joint authorship with Banks  "Open The Door" has since been given award-winning status by BMI and is one of over 100 songs written or co-written by Elbert 
For 1975's "You Keep Me Crying (With Your Lying)", Elbert formed his own label and "I Got to Get Myself Together", appeared on an imprint bearing his surname, but it was among his final recordings By the mid-1980s, Elbert had retired from performing and became director of A&R for Polygram's Canadian division  He suffered a massive stroke and died in 1989, at the age of 52 

Discography
Chart singles
Albums
The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings (King, 1959)
Tribute to a King (1968)
Where Did Our Love Go? (All Platinum, 1971) U S  #153, R&B #45
Have I Sinned? (Deluxe, 1971)
Stop in the Name of Love (Trip, 1972)
A Little Bit of Leather (1972)
Roots of Donnie Elbert (Ember, 1973)
Dancin' the Night Away (All Platinum, 1977)

See also
List of disco artists (A-E)
Passage 2:
Benny Rubinstein
Benny Rubinstein (בני רובינשטיין) is an Israeli former footballer and current real estate developer  He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya  At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal 

Biography
Rubinstein was born in Netanya, Israel  His wife is Sarah Rubinstein  Benny's son, Aviram also played football for Maccabi Netanya He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya  At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal Rubinstein then worked as a real estate agent, and now works in real estate development 

Honours
Israeli Premier League (1):
1970-71
Passage 3:
Nancy Baron
Nancy Baron is an American rock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles "Where Did My Jimmy Go?" and "I've Got A Feeling" 

Early life
Born into a family of singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genres by her family at an early age  Noting her singing talents, her parents brought their young child to auditions for musical theater productions in New York City  The singer joined Glee clubs at school and formed her own female singing groups at school  At the age of 11, she heard her first "Rock and Roll" song  This affected her taste in music and desire to emulate the style; it was the first time she heard a Rock group with a female lead singer  This was significant since she realized that she could be a lead singer 

Recording career
At the age of 15, her parents sent her for vocal coaching in Manhattan, N Y  After a while her coach sent her to record a demonstration record in a sound studio near Broadway  Upon hearing her sing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of a small record company in N Y C ; he was impressed by her voice and immediately signed her to a contract  The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor at the time Baron became one of the many girl group/girl sound singers of the early 1960s  Baron was not a member of a group; her producers would hire "pay for hire" backup groups for her recordings  This "sound" as it is referred to had much to do with Phil Spector, one of its major creators; Spector produced recordings of this genre prolifically  The groups were composed of young adult or teenage girls, each with a lead singer and any number of back up singers At the time, the troubled label (a small N Y C  record company owned by Wally Zober) could not promote Baron's "I've Got A Feeling"/"Oh Yeah" 45 vinyl and so she eventually signed a contract with Jerry Goldstein producer of FGG productions, also located in Manhattan  "Where Did My Jimmy Go"/"Tra la la, I Love You" was the result (Diamond) 

Later life
Baron left the music industry at the age of 19, choosing to enter higher education due to changes in the music industry of those days; she eventually received an advanced degree 
Baron's "I've Got a Feeling" was covered by The Secret Sisters on their 2010 self-titled album as well as being released as a single  AllMusic describes Baron's song as "an early-'60s pop/rock obscurity" 
Passage 4:
Jack Carroll (hurler)
Jack Carroll (1921–1998) is an Irish hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Offaly senior hurling team 
Carroll made his first appearance for the team during the 1943 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1953 championship  During that time he enjoyed little success as Offaly were regarded as one of the minnows of provincial hurling 
At club level Carroll was a five-time county club championship medalist with Coolderry 
Carroll's father-in-law, "Red" Jack Teehan, his son, Pat Carroll, and his grandson, Brian Carroll, also played hurling with Offaly 
Passage 5:
Andrew Allen (singer)
Andrew Allen (born 6 May 1981) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia  He is signed to Sony/ATV and has released five top ten singles, and written and recorded many others, including Where Did We Go? with Carly Rae Jepsen  He also records covers and posts them on YouTube 

Background
Raised in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, his acoustic pop/rock music is inspired by artists like Jason Mraz and Jack Johnson 

Career
Andrew Allen scored his first hit in 2009, when I Wanna Be Your Christmas cracked the Top Ten in his native Canada  He was honored as the feature performer for the Sochi 2014 hand off finale on the internationally broadcast Closing Ceremony of the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games held at Whistler, British Columbia  Allen continued building an international profile in 2010, and released his biggest single Loving You Tonight, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide, was featured on the Gold Selling NOW 37, hit #6 on the Canadian charts for 22 weeks in a row and #30 on the US Hot AC charts, and got him a record deal with Epic after spending much of that year on the road  Because of the song's attention, Allen had the opportunity to perform with some of the world's biggest artists like Bruno Mars, One Republic, The Barenaked Ladies, Train, Matt Nathanson, Joshua Radin, Andy Grammer, The Script, Nick Carter, Kris Allen, Carly Rae Jepsen and many others 
Loving You Tonight was also featured on the soundtrack of Abduction starring Taylor Lautner 

Collaborations
Andrew Allen is also well known in the songwriting community, and has written songs with artists like Meghan Trainor, Rachel Platten, Cody Simpson, Carly Rae Jepsen, Matt Simons, Conrad Sewell as well as writer/producers like Toby Gad, Ryan Stewart, Eric Rosse, Jason Reeves, John Shanks, Nolan Sipes, Mark Pellizzer (Magic), Brian West and Josh Cumbee  Numerous songs he has been a part of writing have been released by various artists, including Last Chance, which was on the Grammy nominated album Atmosphere by Kaskade feat  DJ Project 46, Ad Occhi Chiusi which was on the Double Platinum release by Italian artist Marco Mengoni and Maybe (which Allen also later released himself) released by teen pop sensation Daniel Skye, as well as many others 

Singles
I Wanna Be Your Christmas (2009)
Loving You Tonight (2010)
I Want You (2011)
Where Did We Go? (2012)
Satellite (2012)
Play with Fire (2013)
Thinking About You (2014)
What You Wanted (2016)
Favorite Christmas Song (2017)
Maybe (2017)

Discography
The Living Room Sessions (2008)
Andrew Allen EP (2009)
The Mix Tape (2012)
Are We Cool? (2013)
All Hearts Come Home (2014)
The Writing Room (2020)
12:34 (2022; pre-released on vinyl in 2021)

Songwriting credits
Last Chance released by Kaskade featuring Project 46 on his Grammy nominated record Atmosphere 
Ad Occhi Chiusi released by Marco Mengoni on his Double Platinum record 
Reasons released by Project 46 
No Ordinary Angel released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany 
Million Dollars released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany 
Maybe released by Daniel Skye 
Passage 6:
Helena Carroll
Helena Winifred Carroll (13 November 1928 – 31 March 2013) was a veteran film, television and stage actress 

Early life
Born to clothing designer Helena Reilly and Abbey Theatre playwright Paul Vincent Carroll, she was the youngest of three sisters  Her elder sisters were Theresa Elizabeth Perez (1924–2001), a classically trained musician and the producer/founder of the People's Pops Concerts in Phoenix, Arizona, and journalist Kathleen Moira Carroll (1927–2007) Carroll attended Clerkhill Notre Dame High School, a Roman Catholic convent school in Dumbarton 

Stage career
Carroll received her acting training at the Central School which later became the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art London, appearing in three plays in London's West End and a film, Midnight Episode, by age 20  She made her Broadway debut in Separate Tables by Terence Rattigan  She moved to the U S  during the 1950s, touring and performing on Broadway and co-founded, with Dermot McNamara, The Irish Players, a repertory theater company in Manhattan Helena split her stage work between Dublin, London and New York, appearing on Broadway in, among other productions the original production of Oliver! as Mrs  Sowerberry, as well as Pickwick, Design for Living, Waiting in the Wings, and the Elizabeth Taylor-Richard Burton revival of Private Lives (New York and Los Angeles)  Her last stage performance was in 2007 at the age of 78 

Film and television
Carroll played the leading role of Nora, in a television production of her father's play, The White Steed (1959 Play of the Week Series), directed by Joe Gisterak  Gisterak directed a 1980 commissioned opera of her father's play, Beauty is Fled, as part of the "Children's Opera Series", which her sister,  Theresa Perez founded  The opera was performed at the Phoenix Symphony Hall 
Prompted by producer Al Simon and casting director Caro Jones, Carroll moved to Los Angeles in the late 1960s and appeared in numerous films and television programs, including the lively Aunt Kate in John Huston's Academy Award-nominated film The Dead, based on the short story by James Joyce  Other works in Hollywood included The Friends of Eddie Coyle starring Robert Mitchum, The Jerk, directed by Carl Reiner and starring Steve Martin, The Mambo Kings, the Warren Beatty remake of Love Affair, the 1979 NBC mini-series Backstairs at the White House, and such television programs as Kojak, General Hospital, The Edge of Night, Loving Couples, Laverne and Shirley, Murder She Wrote, and Married    With Children 

Death
Carroll resided in Los Angeles, and died in Marina del Rey, California from heart failure on 31 March 2013 at the age of 84  She is survived by a half brother, Brian Carroll; a niece, Helena Perez Reilly; and a great-nephew, Paul Vincent Reilly 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Robert Paul Smith
Robert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood, Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing 

Biography
Robert Paul Smith was born in Brooklyn, grew up in Mount Vernon, NY, and graduated from Columbia College in 1936  He worked as a writer for CBS Radio and wrote four novels: So It Doesn't Whistle (1946) (1941, according to Avon Publishing Co , Inc , reprint edition     Plus Blood in Their Veins copyright 1952); The Journey, (1943); Because of My Love (1946); The Time and the Place (1951) 
The Tender Trap, a play by Smith and Dobie Gillis creator Max Shulman, opened in 1954 with Robert Preston in the leading role  It was later made into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds  A classic example of the "battle-of-the-sexes" comedy, it revolves around the mutual envy of a bachelor living in New York City and a settled family man living in the New York suburbs 
Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing is a nostalgic evocation of the inner life of childhood  It advocates the value of privacy to children; the importance of unstructured time; the joys of boredom; and the virtues of freedom from adult supervision  He opens by saying "The thing is, I don't understand what kids do with themselves any more " He contrasts the overstructured, overscheduled, oversupervised suburban life of the child in the suburban 1950's with reminiscences of his own childhood  He concludes "I guess what I am saying is that people who don't have nightmares don't have dreams  If you will excuse me, I have an appointment with myself to sit on the front steps and watch some grass growing "
Translations from the English (1958) collects a series of articles originally published in Good Housekeeping magazine  The first, "Translations from the Children," may be the earliest known example of the genre of humor that consists of a series of translations from what is said (e g  "I don't know why  He just hit me") into what is meant (e g  "He hit his brother ")
How to Do Nothing With Nobody All Alone By Yourself (1958) is a how-to book, illustrated by Robert Paul Smith's wife Elinor Goulding Smith  It gives step-by-step directions on how to: play mumbly-peg; build a spool tank; make polly-noses; construct an indoor boomerang, etc  It was republished in 2010 by Tin House Books 

List of works
Essays and humor
Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing (1957)Translations from the English (1958) Crank: A Book of Lamentations, Exhortations, Mixed Memories and Desires, All Hard Or Chewy Centers, No Creams(1962)How to Grow Up in One Piece (1963)Got to Stop Draggin’ that Little Red Wagon Around (1969)Robert Paul Smith’s Lost & Found (1973)

For children
Jack Mack, illus  Erik Blegvad (1960)When I Am Big, illus  Lillian Hoban (1965)Nothingatall, Nothingatall, Nothingatall, illus  Allan E  Cober (1965)How To Do Nothing With No One All Alone By Yourself, illus Elinor Goulding Smith (1958) Republished by Tin House Books (2010)

Novels
So It Doesn't Whistle (1941) The Journey (1943) Because of My Love (1946)The Time and the Place (1952)Where He Went: Three Novels (1958)

Theatre
The Tender Trap, by Max Shulman and Robert Paul Smith (first Broadway performance, 1954; Random House edition, 1955)

Verse
The Man with the Gold-headed Cane (1943)…and Another Thing (1959)

External links
An Interview, by Edward R Murrow on YouTube
Passage 8:
Joseph J  Sullivan (vaudeville)
Joseph J  Sullivan was a blackface comedian and acrobat in New York   He composed the song Where Did You Get That Hat? and first performed it in 1888   It was a great success and he performed it many times thereafter 
Passage 9:
Paul Vincent Carroll
Paul Vincent Carroll (10 July 1900 – 20 October 1968) was an Irish dramatist and writer of movie scenarios and television scripts 
Carroll was born in Blackrock, County Louth, Ireland and trained as a teacher at St Patrick's College, Dublin and settled in Glasgow in 1921 as a teacher  Several of his plays were produced by the Abbey Theatre in Dublin  He co-founded, with Grace Ballantine and Molly Urquhart, the Curtain Theatre Company in Glasgow 

Personal life
Carroll and his wife, clothing designer Helena Reilly, had three daughters; the youngest was actress Helena Carroll (1928–2013)  He also had a son, Brian Francis, born in 1945 Paul Vincent Carroll died at age 68 in Bromley, Kent England  He died in his sleep from heart failure He was a close friend of Patrick Kavanagh's in the 1920s 

List of works
The Watched Pot (unpublished)
The Things That are Caesar's (London, 1934)
Shadow and Substance (1937, won the Casement Award and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award)
The White Steed (1939, won Drama Critics’ Circle Award)
The Strings Are False (1942, published as The Strings My Lord Are False, 1944)
Coggerers (1944, later renamed The Conspirators)
The Old Foolishness (1944)
The Wise Have Not Spoken (1947)
Saints and Sinners 1949
She Went by Gently (1953, *Irish Writing* magazine  Republished in 1955 in 44 Irish Short Stories edited by Devin A  Garrity)
Passage 10:
Yaya Soumahoro
Yaya Alfa Soumahoro (born 28 September 1989) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder  
Having begun his career with Séwé Sports in his native country, he joined Thai club Muangthong United in 2008  His good performances earned him a move to K A A  Gent in 2010  He spent five and a half seasons with Gent but was plagued by recurring injuries throughout his time there  Following a half-season loan to Sint-Truidense V V , he returned to Muangthong United where did not feature  In 2018, he joined the Egyptian side Wadi Degla SC 

Early life
Soumahoro grew in the Ivorian capital Abidjan  He learned to play football in the streets and he decided to play for Séwé Sports  Soumahoro lost both parents at an early age and was taken care by a foster family 

Club career
Muangthong United
In 2008 Soumahoro moved to Thai Premier League side Muangthong United from Séwé Sports  He became a figurehead in this team, as he scored many goals and charmed the supporters with his numerous dribbles  He scored 32 goals in 72 games and helped the club win the Thai Premier League Championship Thai Division 1 League in 2008 and the Thai Premier League in 2009 

Gent
On 1 July 2010, Soumahoro joined Belgian club K A A  Gent on a three-year contract  On 22 August, he impressed in 3–1 league win against Charleroi scoring and assisting a goal each while also winning a penalty which Shlomi Arbeitman failed to convert  Four days later, he scored a goal to put Gent level on aggregate in a UEFA Europa League qualifying match against Feyenoord  His side went on to win 2–0 and qualify for the UEFA Europa League In September 2010, Soumahoro sustained a hamstring injury in a league match against Zulte Waregem and was substituted off after 73 minutes  It was announced he would be out of action for four weeks  In October 2010, he signed a one-year contract extension, tying him to the club until 2014 In April 2011, he received a three-match suspension In March 2012, it was announced Soumahoro would need to undergo surgery likely ruling him out for the rest of the 2012–13 season In October 2013, he signed a two-year contract extension with Gent, keeping him at the club until 2016 On 20 September 2015, Soumahoro made his first starting appearance after an injury layoff in a league match against Standard Liège  He had to leave the pitch after twisting his knee  With his contract set to expire at the end of the 2015–16 season Gent were looking to transfer Soumahoro  He did not take part in the club's winter training camp and instead trained with the reserves in wait of contract offers from other clubs  On 8 January 2016, Soumahoro rejected a move involving a 2 5-year deal to Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta  On 12 January, he joined Gent's league rivals Sint-Truidense V V  on loan until the end of the season 

After Gent
In June 2016 Soumahoro returned to former club Muangthong United  Six months later, his contract was terminated after he had not made any appearances due to injury problems 
In July 2018, he trialled with Belgian First Division B side K S V  Roeselare  He sustained an injury in a friendly match with Crawley Town and was not signed by Roeselare In October 2018, Soumahoro joined Egyptian Premier League side Wadi Degla SC as a free agent 

Honours
Muangthong United

Thai Division 1 League: 2008
Thai Premier League: 2009Gent

Belgian Pro League: 2014–15
Belgian Super Cup: 2015
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sir Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton, 4th Baronet
Sir Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton, 4th Baronet (1774 – 23 February 1834) was a British politician 
He was the eldest son of Sir Hew Dalrymple, 3rd Baronet  He succeeded his father in February, 1800 and took the additional surname of Hamilton 

He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 24 October 1791  On 16 June 1814, he was made a DCL He served in the British Army as an Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards from 1792, as a lieutenant and captain from 1794 and as a major in the 28th Light Dragoons from 1799 to c 1800 
He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddingtonshire 1795–1800, Ayrshire 1803-1807 and 1811–1818 and Haddington Burghs 1820–1826 He died at Bargany in 1834  He had married the Hon  Jane Duncan, daughter of Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan and had one daughter  He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his brother Sir John Hamilton-Dalrymple, 5th Baronet 
Passage 2:
Sir John Gage (15th-century landowner)
Sir John Gage was a major landowner and grandfather of the Tudor courtier Sir John Gage KG 

Background
He was a son of John Gage and his wife Joan, heiress of John Sudgrove of Sudgrove, Gloucestershire  The marriage of his parents appears in a pedigree that was compiled in 1627 from family deeds by Richard Hoskins of the Inner Temple  In 1416-17, John Sudgrove settled his lands at Miserden and Sudgrove on John and Joan Gage and Alice, his other daughter, with her husband John Bovey  Joan survived her husband and, on 10 August 1438, she and her son John conveyed their lands in Cirencester, Nether Siddington, Miserden and Brimsfield to trustees  That transaction may have taken place in connection with the marriage of John the son 

Marriage and family
John married Eleanor, a daughter of Thomas St Clere and his wife, Margaret Hoo   As Sir Thomas had no son, his three daughters were co-heirs to the extensive properties that he held at the time of his death in 1435 Sir John and Eleanor were the parents of:

William Gage
John GageIn December 1445, the properties formerly held by Thomas St Clere were released from the King's hands into which they had been taken, despite Sir Thomas' attempts to deprive the King of his rights over the property and control of the marriages of its heiresses  By that stage, all three of Sir Thomas' daughters were married A deed dated 8 July 1446 set out the agreed partition of Sir Thomas' lands between his three daughters and their husbands  The agreement involved John and Eleanor Gage receiving the following share:

In Sussex: The manors of Heighton St Clere, Hoathly & Tarring St Clere, with the advowson of Tarring 
In Surrey: The manors of Burstow, Hedgecourt and Marden 
In Kent: The manor of Wodeland  “Woodland alias Week” was a manor in the parish of West Kingsdown 
In Buckinghamshire: The manor of Aston Chiverey in the parish of Aston Clinton 
In Northamptonshire: The manor of Old (alias Wold) 

Career
John Gage was appointed Escheator of Northamptonshire and Rutland in 1446 and described as "late escheator" of Rutland in 1448  In November 1454, "John Gauge" was one of six men appointed to enquire into various details of the manor of Geddington  In July 1461, he was granted the post of Receiver of the Duchy of Lancaster lands in Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire "during good behaviour" Evidence of how Hedgecourt Manor was managed by Sir John and his family has been extensively analysed by the Felbridge & District History Group 

Death and legacy
Inquisitions post mortem that were held after Sir John's death, which took place on 3 September 1475, established the contemporary extent of his landholdings  
On 28 November 1475, orders were issued to the escheators for Buckinghamshire, Surrey and Sussex stating that William Gage was the son and heir of Eleanor (late the wife of John Gage and one of the daughters and heirs of Thomas St Clere) and that William was now to have full seisin of those lands  The orders confirmed that Sir John had survived his wife and after her death held her lands for his own lifetime by courtesy of England Various accounts, in Burke's Peerage and elsewhere, report the year of Sir John's death as 1486  They appear to be based on a reference in the Visitation of Gloucestershire 1623 to a statement taken from "Howard 17, Herald's College" to the effect that his inquisition post mortem was held on 30 September 26 Edward IV (i e  1486)  However, 1486 cannot be the correct year because the records of his inquisitions post mortem are dated 1475  Moreover, "26 Edward IV" is not a valid Regnal year, as Edward IV died on 9 April 1483 
Passage 3:
Thomas Gladstones
Thomas Gladstones (3 June 1732 – 12 May 1809) was a Scottish flour merchant and philanthropist  He was the father of Sir John Gladstone and the grandfather of the British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone 

Early life
Born at the farm of Mid Toftcombs in the parish of Biggar, Lanarkshire, Thomas Gladstones was the fourth son of John Gladstones (c 1696–1757), a miller and farmer at Mid Toftcombs  John Gladstones also served as an elder of Biggar Kirk  Thomas's elder brother, James, was a Church of Scotland minister and rector of Leith Academy 
In 1746, when he was aged 14, Thomas's father arranged for him to be apprenticed to Alexander Somerville, a wine merchant in Leith  When Thomas completed his apprenticeship he decided that the corn trade offered better prospects than did wine, and he established himself in Leith as a provision merchant and corn dealer, eventually trading at both wholesale and retail 
He died in 1809 at his home on Coalhill in Leith 

Marriage and family
On 21 April 1762, Gladstones married Nelly Neilson (1738–1806), the daughter of Walter Neilson, a merchant from Springfield near Edinburgh  They had sixteen children together, the second-born, and eldest son, being Sir John Gladstones 

Career
Thomas Gladstones' corn business prospered during the 1760s  His business operated from a shop at the front of his house on Coalhill in Leith  Thomas became the lessee of the Dalry paper mill, where he appointed his brother-in-law, James Murray, as superintendent  He also bought and sold grain from the Baltic ports, was an investor in a Leith whaling syndicate, owned a number of trading ships, and had an interest in the sulfuric acid plants at Barrowmuirhead, near Leith  His provisions business focused on provisioning ships with butter, oranges, wine, vinegar and other goods 
Thomas Gladstones was a Whig and an elder in the Church of Scotland  He died at his home in Leith in May 1809, aged 86  He was buried in the churchyard of North Leith Parish Church 

See also
Gladstone baronets
Passage 4:
John Dalrymple, 10th Earl of Stair
John Hamilton Dalrymple, 10th Earl of Stair, KT (1 April 1819 – 3 December 1903), styled Viscount Dalrymple from 1853 until 1864, was a Scottish peer and politician, who served as Governor of the Bank of Scotland for thirty-three years 

Biography
He was the eldest son of North Dalrymple, 9th Earl of Stair, and married Louisa-Jane-Henrietta-Emily, eldest daughter of the 3rd Duc de Coigny, in 1846  They had 6 children:

John Dalrymple, 11th Earl of Stair (1848–1914)
Lady Jane Georgina Dalrymple (1850 − 8 June 1914; twin), married Sir Arthur Vivian and had issue
Lady Anne Henrietta Dalrymple (1850 – 18 Feb 1899; twin), married Major-Gen  William Vesey Brownlow and had no issue
Hon  North de Coigny Dalrymple-Hamilton (31 October 1853 – 9 November 1906), married Marcia Liddell and had issue, including Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton
Hon  Sir Hew Hamilton Dalrymple KCVO (27 September 1857 – 11 July 1945), unmarried and had no issue
Rev  the Hon  Robert McGill Dalrymple (b  1862), Vicar of St  Stephen's Church, Sneinton, NottinghamHe represented Wigtownshire in Parliament from 1841 to 1856  He became Earl of Stair on the death of his father in 1864, and served as Lord Lieutenant of Ayrshire from 1870 to 1897  From 1870 to 1903 he was the Governor of the Bank of Scotland  After it was proposed in 1877, he successfully opposed the southward extension to Drummore of the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway  He also served as Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland from 1869 to 1871  Between 1896 and 1902 he served as President of the Edinburgh conservation body the Cockburn Association 
Passage 5:
Sir Hew Dalrymple, 3rd Baronet
Sir Hew Dalrymple, 3rd Baronet (26 October 1746 – 13 February 1800) was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddingtonshire 1780–1786 

Early life
He was the son of Sir Hew Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet  He succeeded his father to the baronetcy in 1790 

Career
He was an army officer, serving as an ensign in the 31st Foot from 1763, a captain in the 1st Foot from 1768, and the 92nd Foot from 1779 He stepped down as MP in 1786, when he was appointed Auditor of the Excise in Scotland 1786, holding this post until his death



ground_truth: Wolf Warrior

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Helena Carroll's father study?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Khalfan Mubarak
Khalfan Mubarak Khalfan Obaid Alrizzi Al Shamsi (Arabic: خلفان مبارك خلفان عبيد الرزي الشامسي; born 9 May 1995) is an association football player who plays for Al Jazira 

Club career
Khalfan was born in Ajman to father Mubarak Khalfan, a colonel in Ajman police, former footballer in Ajman club  In 2001, at the age of 6, his father enrolled him in the Ajman youth academy till he reached 12 years  In 2008, he moved to Al Ahli 

Al Jazira
On 12 July 2013, Khalfan signed a three-year deal with Al Jazira  The agreement also stipulates that Al Jazira will pay €375 000 thousand for Al Ahli for the player care 

International career
Khalfan Mubarak made his international debut for the senior team in 2018 
Khalfan in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup scored his first international goal against India 

International goal
Scores and results list the United Arab Emirates' goal tally first 
Passage 2:
Empress Shōken
Empress Dowager Shōken (昭憲皇太后, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (一条勝子, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan  She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (昭憲皇后, Shōken-kōgō)  She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War 

Early life
Lady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan  She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch  Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family  Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox  As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5  By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy  By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama  She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850  They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (美子), which was intended to reflect her 
serene beauty and diminutive size 
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered  The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868 

Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869  She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years  However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children  Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince  On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo  In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations 

Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing  On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S  Grant during his visit to Japan  She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881  Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers  From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers  When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University  In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto  While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society  She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross  Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities  After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895  While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay 

Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (皇太后, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō  She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband  Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo  On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shōken Kōtaigō (昭憲皇太后)  Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture 

Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888

Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St  Catherine, 13 December 1887
 Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
 Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
 German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
 Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908

Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
Ōmiya Palace

Notes
Passage 3:
Nasser al-Qudwa
Nasser Al Qudwa, also spelled Nasser Al-Kidwa (Arabic: ناصر القدوة; born 1953), is the nephew of the late Yasser Arafat 

Early life and education
Al Qudwa was born in 1953  He attended Cairo University, graduating with a degree in dentistry in 1979  Then became an executive member of the Palestinian Red Crescent shortly after 

Career
Al Qudwa joined Fatah in 1969  He became president of the General Union of Palestinian Students in 1974  He is also a central-committee member of Fatah Qudwa represented his uncle Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization as an unofficial observer in the United Nations in 1987, then as a permanent observer in 1991  In 2005, he was succeeded by Riyad H  Mansour, when he became Foreign Affairs Minister in the Palestinian Authority Government of February 2005  Nasser served as United Nations Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Afghanistan in the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)  Al Qudwa was appointed deputy to Kofi Annan, then special envoy to Syria for the U N  and Arab League in March 2012  He was responsible for the contacts with Syrian opposition groups  In 2014, Al Qudwa resigned from his position as U N  Deputy Mediator on Syria 

Personal life
A current resident of New York City, al-Qudwa is the head of the Yasser Arafat Foundation 

See also
Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
Foreign relations of Palestine
Passage 4:
Hissa Abdulla Ahmed Al-Otaiba
Hissa Abdulla Ahmed Al-Otaiba is a diplomat from the United Arab Emirates who serves as ambassador to Switzerland since June 2022, having previously held this position in the Netherlands  As of 2012 she was Ambassador to the Holy See  Al-Otaiba was born in Abu Dhabi and has lived in Egypt, North Africa, Europe, South America, and North America  Al Otaiba's husband, Abdulaziz Al Shamsi, serves as the UAE Ambassador to Italy  Her relative, ambassador Yousef Al Otaiba, serves as the UAE Ambassador to the United States 
She earned her PhD in Business Administration from Lausanne Business School, a master's degree in Computer Administration from Webster University and a bachelor's degree in Commerce and Business Administration from Cairo University 

Career
Al-Otaiba was one of the first women ambassadors of the UAE when she was appointed Ambassador to Spain in 2008, a position she continues to hold 
As the first UAE Ambassador to the Holy See, Al-Otaiba presented her credentials to Pope Benedict XVI on May 20, 2010 
She is a member of the International Forum for Women at the United Nations 
Passage 5:
Mohamed Al Shamsi
Mohamed Hasan Khalifa Mohamed Al-Shamsi (Arabic: مُحَمَّد حَسَن خَلِيْفَة مُحَمَّد الشَّامسِيّ; born 4 January 1997) is an Emirati footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Al-Wahda 

Career
Al Shamsi made his professional debut in the UAE Pro-League for Al-Wahda on 16 September 2017, starting in the away match against Dibba Al-Fujairah, which finished as a 5–0 win Al Shamsi was included in United Arab Emirates's squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates 

Career statistics
International
As of 17 December 2017
Passage 6:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl  late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria 

Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios  Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife  On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife  According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium  According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca  998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava  Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil 
Passage 7:
Abdullatif M  Al Shamsi
Abdullatif M  Al Shamsi (Arabic: دكتور عبداللطيف الشامسي‎) is an Emirati academic and author focused on technology-oriented educational management  He was the President & CEO of the non-profit, UAE government owned Higher Colleges of Technology, which is the largest higher education institution in the UAE  He has held this role since March 2015 when he was appointed by Federal Decree by UAE President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Al Shamsi has authored a series of books and published more than 40 research papers in international journals  He speaks regularly at conferences on topics such as pedagogical approaches in education, mechanical engineering, change management during crises, and technology integration in educational practices 
As head of HCT, which has 23,000 enrolled students attending 16 campuses, he introduced a 'hybrid' system, which combines traditional classroom education with remote learning  This was implemented throughout the pandemic, allowing classes to continue uninterrupted 
In recognition of attainment against the UK Professional Standards Framework in higher education (Advance HE), Al Shamsi is the first Emirati to achieve the status of Principal Fellow (PFHEA) 

Education
Al Shamsi received his Ph D  from Duke University (Durham, North Carolina), and his M Sc



ground_truth: St Patrick's College

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandfather of Sir John Hamilton-Dalrymple, 5Th Baronet?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He changed his name to Hamilton-Dalrymple in 1796 when he inherited the estate of Bargany from his uncle, John Hamilton (formerly Dalrymple) 

Personal life
He married in 1770 his cousin Janet, the daughter of William Duff of Crombie, sheriff depute of Ayrshire, and had eight sons and four daughters, including Janet Dalrymple (wife of Robert Haldane-Duncan, 1st Earl of Camperdown)  He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton, 4th Baronet 
Passage 6:
John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair
John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair (1720–1789) was a Scottish soldier and politician 

Life
He was eldest son of George Dalrymple of Dalmahoy, fifth son of John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair, and a baron of the court of exchequer of Scotland, by his wife Euphame, eldest daughter of Sir Andrew Myrton of Gogar  He passed advocate of the Scottish bar in 1741, but he entered the army and attained the rank of captain  He was a favourite with his uncle John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair, who having in 1707 obtained a new charter containing, in default of male issue, a reversionary clause in favour of any one of the male descendants of the first Viscount Stair whom he should nominate, selected him to succeed him in the states and honours on his own death  He therefore, in 1745, assumed the title, and voted as Earl of Stair in 1747, but by a decision of the House of Lords in 1748 the titles were assigned to his cousin James Dalrymple, who became 3rd Earl of Stair John Dalrymple succeeded to the title as fifth earl on the death of his cousin William, William Dalrymple-Crichton, 5th Earl of Dumfries, 4th Earl of Stair, on 27 July 1768  He was chosen a representative peer in 1771, and in the House of Lords opposed the measures which led to the American War of Independence  He presenting a petition on behalf of Massachusetts in 1774  In the general election of 1774 he was not returned to parliament Stair died on 13 October 1789 

Works
Stair wrote pamphlets, mainly on national finance  Their gloomy character and their predictions, earned for him, according to Horace Walpole, the nickname "Cassandra of the State"  They included:
The State of the National Debt, Income, and Expenditure, 1776 
Considerations preliminary to the fixing the Supplies, the Ways and Means, and the Taxes for the year 1781, 1781 
Facts and their Consequences submitted to the Consideration of the Public at large, 1782 
An Attempt to balance the Income and Expenditure of the State, 1783 
An Argument to prove that it is the indispensable Duty of the Public to insist that Government do forthwith bring forward the consideration of the State of the Nation, 1783 
State of the Public Debts, 1783 
On the Proper Limits of Government's Interference with the Affairs of the East India Company, 1784 
Address to, and Expostulation with, the Public, 1784 
Comparative State of the Public Revenue for the years ending on 10 October 1783 and 10 Oct  1784, 1785 

Family
By his wife, a daughter of George Middleton, banker, London, Dalrymple had one son John, who succeeded him as sixth earl 

Notes
Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed  (1888)  "Dalrymple, John (1720-1789)"  Dictionary of National Biography  Vol  13  London: Smith, Elder & Co 

External links
Works by John Dalrymple at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair at Internet Archive
Passage 7:
Sir John Hamilton-Dalrymple, 5th Baronet
Sir John Hamilton-Dalrymple, 5th Baronet (2 December 1780 – 26 May 1835) was a Scottish politician and the MP for Haddington Burghs between 1805 and 1806  He was the second son of Sir Hew Dalrymple, 3rd Baronet, and the younger brother of Sir Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton, 4th Baronet An army officer, he served as a cornet in the 28th Light Dragoons in 1795, rising through the ranks of lieutenant in 1797, captain in 1800 and then going on to half-pay in 1802 during the Peace of Amiens  He became captain-commandant of the North Berwick Volunteers in 1803, and then a captain in the 73rd Regiment of Foot on the resumption of the war with France  He changed regiments, joining the 42nd Regiment of Foot as a captain in 1803, and by 1805 was a major in the 64th Regiment of Foot  He became a lieutenant-colonel in the 10th Regiment of Foot later that year, and served with the 22 Regiment of Foot in 1806  He became a brevet colonel in 1813 and a major-general in 1819  He served for a time at Madras and inherited his brother's baronetcy on 23 February 1834  He had married Charlotte Warrender, the daughter of Sir Patrick Warrender, on 30 July 1806  They had two sons and five daughters  He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Hew 

Citations
Passage 8:
John Fletcher (American football)
John Hamilton Fletcher, Sr  (March 31, 1901 - June 4, 1977) was a college football player 

College Football
Fletcher was a prominent fullback for the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia, selected All-Southern in 1922   Walter Camp gave him honorable mention on his All-America team  In the game against Tennessee in 1923, one account reads "he rammed the ball almost the entire length of the field on two occasions " He was elected captain of the 1924 team, but went down with injury and had his place at captain filled by tackle Jim Taylor  At Georgia he was a member of Alpha Tau Omega 
Passage 9:
John Dalrymple, 8th Earl of Stair
General John Hamilton Dalrymple, 8th Earl of Stair, KT (14 June 1771 – 10 January 1853), known as Sir John Dalrymple, 5th Baronet, between 1810 and 1840, was a British soldier and politician 

Background
Stair was the son of Sir John Dalrymple, 4th Baronet, and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Hamilton-Makgill and heiress and representative of the Viscounts of Oxfuird (or Oxenfoord)  In 1810 he succeeded in the baronetcy, and inherited Oxenfoord Castle, on the death of his father   In March 1840 following the death of his 2nd cousin John Dalrymple, 7th Earl of Stair, who died without issue, he inherited the title of Earl of Stair 

Military and political career
Stair was a general in the British Army  In 1832 he was returned to Parliament for Midlothian, as seat he held until 1835  He succeeded a distant relative as eighth Earl of Stair in 1840  As this was a Scottish peerage it did not entitle him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords  However, in 1841 he was created Baron Oxenfoord, of Cousland in the County of Edinburgh, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which gave him a seat in the upper chamber of parliament  The peerage was created with special remainder to his younger brother  The choice of title was in honour of the title held by his mother's family, Viscount of Oxfuird of Oxenfoord  In 1847 he was further honoured when he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle 

Family
Lord Stair was twice married  He married firstly Harriet, daughter of Reverend Robert Augustus Johnson, in 1795  After her death in 1823 he married secondly the Hon  Adamina, daughter of Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan, in 1825  Both marriages were childless  Lord Stair died in January 1853, aged 81, and was succeeded in his titles (in the barony of Oxenfoord according to the special remainder) by his younger brother, North Dalrymple  The Countess of Stair died in August 1857 
Passage 10:
Sir Armine Wodehouse, 5th Baronet
Sir Armine Wodehouse, 5th Baronet (c  1714 – 21 May 1777), was a British Tory Member of Parliament 
Wodehouse was the son of Sir John Wodehouse, 4th Baronet, and Mary Fermor  His unusual first name reflects his connection with the Armine Baronets through his grandmother Anne Armine  He was elected to the House of Commons for Norfolk in 1737, a seat he held until 1768  In 1754 he succeeded his father in the baronetcy and to the family seat of Kimberley Hall in Norfolk 
Wodehouse married Letitia Bacon, daughter of Sir Edmund Bacon, 6th Baronet, in 1738  He died in 1777 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son John, who was created Baron Wodehouse in 1797 and who was the great-grandfather of statesman John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley  Wodehouse's second son Reverend Philip Wodehouse (1745–1811) was the great-grandfather of the author P  G  Wodehouse while his third son Thomas Wodehouse was the grandfather of the colonial administrator Sir Philip Wodehouse 



ground_truth: Sir Hew Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet