prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, Dhuen Ki Lakeer or Bomma Borusa?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dhuen Ki Lakeer
Dhuen Ki Lakeer is a 1974 Bollywood drama film directed by Kishore Sahu  The film stars Ramesh Arora and Parveen Babi 

Cast
Ramesh Arora
Parveen Babi
Urmila Bhatt
Preeti Ganguli

Songs
"Daur Wo Aa Gaya, Dil Ke Armaa Bike, Hosle Bik Gaye" - Mohammed Rafi
"Teree Jhil See Geharee Aankho Me" - Vani Jairam, Nitin Mukesh
"Ek Shama Jale Kahan, Parvano Ki Bhid Yaha" - Ajit Singh, Krishna]]
"Gauri Ke Maang Mein Sindoor, Kahi Dur Baje Shanai" - Ghanshyamji, Shamji
"Ik Abla Ik Maa Bik Gayi Daur Wo Aa Gaya ( Part II )" - Mohammed Rafi

External links
Dhuen Ki Lakeer at IMDb
Passage 2:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 3:
Bomma Borusa
Bomma Borusa (transl  Heads or Tails?) is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by K  Balachander 
It is a remake of the Tamil film Poova Thalaiya, directed by K  Balachander himself  The film stars Rama Krishna, Chandra Mohan, S  Varalakshmi, Chalam, Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Allu Ramalingaiah, Mukkamala, Raja Babu and Ramaprabha 
It was produced by Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar and distributed by AVM Productions  The film music was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 

Plot
It is an old classical family drama  Sundaram (Ramakrishna) is a rich businessman and he has an younger brother Sekhar (Chandra Mohan), a college going guy who loves his brother so much  Sundaram's mother-in-law Parvatham (S  Varalakshmi) who cares for his assets, shows her dominating character on Sekhar and Sundaram  She bets with Sekhar that she would separate him from his brother and puts some conditions that he should not tell his brother about the bet to prove his strength  Parvatham's second son-in-law (Chalam) identifies that his mother-in-law has moved to Sundaram's house  Soon the second son-in-law comes to the house and places a bet with Parvatham that she only should reveal that he is the son-in-law of her  Since then, both of them start proving their capacity to win the bet  The film revolves around who wins the bet and how it brings about a change in Parvathamma's beliefs 

Cast
Soundtrack
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (male)
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (female)
"Bomma Borusa Pandem Veyyi Needo Naado Paicheyi"
"Vallu Jhillan Tunnadi"
"Sarile Pove Vagaladi"Soundtrack for this Telugu film was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 
Passage 4:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Richard Young (cinematographer)
Richard Young (October 17, 1939 – December 15, 2010) was a cinematographer and film director who was born in Penfield, New York, United States 

Life and work
As a cinematographer, he filmed several dozen films for Eastman Kodak  He codirected the 1996 film I'm Still Here: The Truth About Schizophrenia with Robert Bilheimer  He was the director of the 1998 film Echoes from the Ancients  He codirected and coproduced the 1999 film A Warrior in Two Worlds: The Life of Ely Parker with Ann Spurling  He performed the cinematography for the 2003 documentary film A Closer Walk Young died on December 15, 2010  The film Not My Life, for which he had served as cinematographer and co-director, was subsequently dedicated to him  Bilheimer, who was the screenwriter, producer, and director of Not My Life, said that Young believed in the film far more than he himself did  There was a tribute to Young shown before its screening at the 360 | 365 George Eastman House Film Festival  A film reviewer at Post Magazine called Young "a legendary documentary cinematographer "
Passage 7:
K  Balachander
Kailasam Balachander (9 July 1930 – 23 December 2014) was an Indian filmmaker and playwright who worked mainly in the Tamil cinema  He was well known for his distinct film-making style, and the Indian film industry knew him as a master of unconventional themes and hard-hitting contemporary subject matter  Balachander's films are well known for their portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters  Popularly referred to as Iyakkunar Sigaram (lit  "Director Paramount"), his films are usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He started his film career in 1964 as a screenwriter and graduated to a director with Neerkumizhi (1965) 
In a career that spanned 50 years, he had contributed to nearly 100 feature films either as a screenwriter or director, thus becoming one of the most prolific filmmakers in the country  Known among his colleagues as a tough task master, he was credited with having nurtured numerous actors, notably Nagesh, Sujatha, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Chiranjeevi, Jaya Prada, Sridevi, Jayasudha, Saritha, Renuka, Nassar, Prakash Raj, Ramesh Aravind and Vivek 
In his film career, Balachander had won nine National Film Awards and 13 Filmfare Awards  He was honored with the Padma Shri (1987), India's fourth highest civilian award, and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema 
He also made films under his production house, Kavithalaya Productions  Apart from Tamil, he made films in other languages such as Telugu, Kannada and Hindi  Towards the tail end of his career, he directed a few TV serials and made a few film appearances as well 

Early life and background
K  Balachander was born in Tamil Brahmin family in 1930  at Nannilam in the Tanjore district (now Tiruvarur district), India  Balachander stated that, "From my eighth year I've been seeing cinema" and recalls that his earliest interest towards cinema grew after watching films of M  K  Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, then the Superstar of Tamil cinema  At the age of twelve he was drawn to theatre and drama, which eventually helped him develop an interest in acting, writing and directing amateur plays  His obsession towards theatre continued even while doing his graduation (in Zoology) at the Annamalai University, as he regularly took part in stage plays  After completing his graduation in 1949, he started his career as a school teacher in Muthupet, Tiruvarur district  In 1950, he moved to Madras (now Chennai) and joined the Accountant General's office as an apprentice clerk, and during this time he joined "United Amateur Artistes", an amateur drama company  Soon he formed his own troupe and it was during this time he came to prominence as an amateur playwright with Major Chandrakanth, written in English  As the scope of English was highly limited in Madras, he re-wrote the play in Tamil, which ultimately became a "sensation" among the people  Balachander's acting troupe consisted of people from the Tamil film industry such as Major Sundarrajan, Nagesh, Srikanth and Sowcar Janaki  Sunderrajan appeared in over 900 films, Nagesh in over 1,000, Sreekanth in more than 200 films, and Sowkar Janaki appeared in more than 350 films  Other plays written by Balachander include Server Sundaram (Waiter Sundaram), Neerkumizhi (Water Bubble), Mezhuguvarthi (Candle), Naanal (Tall Grass) and Navagraham (Nine Planets)  All these produced and directed by him, were received well by the critics 

Career
Entry into films: 1960s
Balachander while working in the Accountant General's office, was offered to write the dialogues for the film Dheiva Thaai (1964 ) by its lead actor M  G  Ramachandran  Balachander was initially reluctant, as he was more theatre-oriented, but on the insistence of his friends he decided to work on the film  By this time he was promoted as a superintendent in his office  Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar acquired the rights of his play Server Sundaram, and decided to make a film based on it  The film dealt with the story of a waiting staff at a restaurant had Nagesh playing the lead  The film was directed by the renowned duo directors, Krishnan–Panju  It won a lot of accolades including the Certificate of Merit for the third Best Feature Film in Tamil and Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film  During this time another play written and directed by him - Major Chandrakanth was adapted into a film in Hindi as Oonche Log  The film won a National Film Award  Balachander then made his directional debut through Neerkumizhi (1965) which in turn was based on his own play  The film's cast consisted of actors who were a part of Balachander's regular troupe  His following efforts included Naanal, Major Chandrakanth and Ethir Neechal, all based on his own plays  Major Chandrakanth was already filmed in Hindi as Oonche Log the previous year  The Tamil version Major Chandrakanth (1966 film) had Jayalalithaa playing the lead heroine role  In 1967 he made Bama Vijayam, a full-length comedy family drama film  Featuring an ensemble cast, the film was highly successful and remade in Telugu by Balachander himself  The success of both the versions prompted a Hindi remake titled Teen Bahuraniyan, produced by Gemini pictures  In 1969, Balachander made Iru Kodugal, a family drama starring Gemini Ganesan, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil 

1970s
During the 1970s, Balachander turned indie, making realist movies revolving around family and social issues  In 1971 he made four films In 1973, he made Arangetram, which dealt with poverty and prostitution  The film centred on the eldest daughter of a conservative Brahmin household who becomes a prostitute to settle her siblings and support her family  It was ahead of its time in Tamil cinema mainly because of the controversial theme  The film also had Kamal Haasan playing his first major role as an adult actor  The actor would go on to act in 35 films under Balachander  He made his directorial debut in Hindi films with the film Aaina starring Mumtaz and Rajesh Khanna in 1977, which was remake of Arangetram The same year, he made Sollathaan Ninaikkiren, based on a novel by Manian  The following year he made Naan Avanillai  He made the film on the insistence of Gemini Ganesan, who also produced and enacted the lead role  It is based on the Marathi play To Mee Navhech, revolved around a man who deceives and marries five women performing nine roles  The film met with commercial failure  However, Gemini Ganesan was adjudged the Best Tamil Actor at the following year's Filmfare Awards ceremony  Following that, Balachander's made Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974), his second female-centric film after Arangetram that dealt with the story of a working woman who hails from a middle-class family  Inspired by the 1960 Bengali film Meghe Dhaka Tara, it explored the emotions of a young woman who happens to be the sole earner for her family  He decided to cast an actress who worked as a child actress till then, as his film heroine with the film Mondru Moodichu and gave break to Sridevi  The film Aboorva Raagangal was an original story about an inter-generational romance involving two families  It marked the acting debut of Rajinikanth, who would go on to establish himself as a leading actor  It won critical acclaim in spite of its controversial theme; it won three National Film Awards including the award for the "Best Feature Film in Tamil" During this period he made films mostly with Kamal Haasan as the lead actor  In 1976, he made three films: Manmadha Leelai, Anthuleni Katha and Moondru Mudichu  Manmadha Leelai explores the life of a womaniser, played by Kamal Haasan, who gets himself involved in affairs with women  Often considered ahead of its time, it achieved cult status and is considered a "trendsetter" in Tamil cinema  Anthuleni Katha, a Telugu remake of Aval Oru Thodar Kathai had Jaya Prada in her first starring role  received equal acclaim in Andhra Pradesh as in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu  Avargal (1977) follows the life of a divorcée as she traverses relationships in reverse, from divorce, to marriage, to falling in love  Varumayin Niram Sigappu (1980) was a drama that charts the travails and conflict of being unemployed in a bombastic and harsh city  47 Natkal (1981) traces the adversities of a newlywed Indian woman living with an scurrilous, expatriate husband in a Parisian suburb  The film was a launchpad for its lead actor Chiranjeevi 

Bollywood success and Tamil film career 1981-99
Balachander re-entered the Hindi film industry after Aaina through Ek Duuje Ke Liye in 1981  He gave Rati Agnihotri her debut Hindi film with Ek Duje Ke Liye  The project was a remake of his own Telugu film Maro Charitra had Kamal Haasan repeating his role as a lead actor  The film marked the Bollywood debut of various artists including Kamal Haasan, Madhavi and S  P  Balasubrahmanyam  Like the original, Ek Duuje Ke Liye emerged as a major box-office success and earned critical acclaim  Balachander received the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay, apart from two other nominations – for Best Director and Best Story  The song "Tere Meere Beach Mein" became so popular, eventually winning a Filmfare Award for Anand Bakshi and a National Film Award for Balasubrahmanyam He made Sindhu Bhairavi (1985), which is about the intellectual collision and subsequent romance between a lofty Carnatic musician and his ardent critic  He has worked with a variety of music directors like V Kumar, M S Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraja, Maragathamani, V  S  Narasimhan and A R Rahman  The actors who were regular in his films in the period 1963 to 1990 were Gemini Ganeshan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh, Jayanthi, Sujatha, Rajnikanth and Kamal Haasan 

Later years
In 1998, he planned a film titled Thillana Thillana featuring Prashanth, Karthik, Meena and Simran , but the venture failed to develop  His later films include Parthale Paravasam (2001) and Poi (2006) 

Television career
The period starting from the late 1980s till the late 1990s saw Balachander venturing into Television and making a number of Television series including Kai Alavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, Ramany vs Ramany(a k a  Ramani vs Ramani), Oru Koodai Paasam, Kadhal Pagadai, Premi, Jannal, Kasalavu Nesam, and Anni  Like his earlier films, most of his serials focussed on women, and portrayed them as strong personalities  Kasalvu Nesam was one of his comedy hits, starring Venu Aravind  In 2003, he made Sahana, that touted to be the sequel of his 1985 film Sindhu Bairavi  On venturing into Television, he noted "This medium helps to reach out to the public  That's why I am into making serials"  In 2009, Balachander returned to theatre after a 40-year hiatus through the play Pournami, which had Renuka playing the lead role 

Personal life
In 1956, Balachander married Rajam while he was working at the Accountant General's Office  The couple had two sons named Kailasam and Prasanna and a daughter Pushpa Kandaswamy, who is the chairwoman of their production house Kavithalaya Productions  Kailasam was an entrepreneur while Prasanna, a Chartered Accountant, is the managing director and CEO of a leading investment bank in India  Balachander's elder son, Bala Kailasam, died on 15 August 2014 after contracting pneumonia, at the age of 54  He was the head of the television production company Minbinbangal, and delivered memorable series in Tamil includes, Balachandarin Chinnathirai, Kaialavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, and Marma Desam 

Death
Following a neurosurgery in November 2014, Balachander was admitted to Kauvery Hospital in Chennai on 15 December  Reports suggested that he was suffering from fever and from a urinary tract infection, but was recovering well  However, on 23 December 2014 he died due to complications from the urinary infection and other age-related ailments   He was cremated with full state honours the next day 

Style, critique and public perception
Balachander is revered as one of the best directors India has ever produced  His ideas were original and his subjects were complex ideas expressed via art  He is also known for introducing new faces to the film industry  He has introduced over 100 actors in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages  Balachander had long associations with some senior artists in the South Indian film industry like Gemini Ganesan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh and Muthuraman  Even though he was not the one to discover them, he played a prominent role in shaping their careers 
Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth, two leading film actors in Tamil cinema, are often referred to as products of Balachander who has paired with each of them or worked with them as a trio in several films during the 1970s  Rajinikanth was chosen by Balachander to play a key supporting character in Apoorva Raagangal (1975) after noting that "there was something special about him"  Sridevi, Srividhya, Jayapradha, Jayasudha, Jayachithra, Sujatha, Saritha were notable heroines that were introduced by Balachander  Nassar, Delhi Ganesh, Charlie, Madan Bob were some of the notable supporting actors introduced by him  After working in a few Kannada films, Prakash Raj was relaunched as an actor in Tamil cinema through his debut Duet (1995) and had also performed in some of Balachander's soap opera productions in the 1990s  Through Manathil Uruthi Vendum, Balachander launched Vivek as an actor, who initially worked with him as his assistant writer, and later went on to become a leading comedy actor  He also launched A R  Rahman in the film Roja which was his production 
When the old era was dominated by commercial action films, Balachander directed socially themed films with women as protagonists usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He portrayed women as headstrong, intelligent and independent people  Balachander revealed that many of his messages from his films, he has drawn inspiration from poet Subramaniya Bharathi whom he had admired since his childhood  Screenwriter Gopu (of Gopu-Babu) said that he used to begin his script from the ending and then construct the plot 

Filmography
Awards and nomination
Documentary
A documentary is getting ready about him  Ravisubramaniyan is selected by Kavidalaya for making documentary, to be released on 9 July 2020, the 90th birthday of the veteran Indian filmmaker 

Notes
Bibliography
External links
K  Balachander at IMDb
Passage 8:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Passage 9:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 10:
Kishore Sahu
Kishore Sahu (22 November 1915 – 22 August 1980) was an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer  He appeared in 22 films between 1937 and 1980, and he directed 20 films between 1942 and 1974 
His directorial venture Kuwara Baap was one of the winners for the BFJA - Best Indian Films Award for best film for 1943  His film Raja has been called "a milestone of art and skill in motion pictures"  His film Veer Kunal was a huge box office success  He directed Dilip Kumar with Kamini Kaushal in Nadiya Ke Paar, which became the sixth highest grossing Indian film of 1948  His 1954 film Mayurpankh was entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Grand Prize of the Festival 
Sawan Aya Re did well commercially, with Baburao Patel of Filmindia remarking in the 9 May 1949 edition that Sahu's estimate had risen due to the "original treatment" he gave to an "otherwise ordinary" story  He was also known for the Meena Kumari starrer, Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) 
He had four children, Vimal Sahu, Naina Sahu, Mamta Sahu, and Rohit Sahu  His wife Preeti was a Kumaoni Brahmin Before marrying Preeti, he was briefly married to his Punar Milan (1940) co-star Snehprabha Pradhan before the relationship ended in 1943 after a court battle 

Early life
Sahu was born in present-day Rajnandgaon district in India  His father was the Prime Minister under the Raja of Rajnandgaon  He joined the University of Nagpur and took part in the "freedom struggle",  completing his graduation in 1937  An interest in writing short stories brought him in contact with cinema, where he initially started as an actor 

Filmography
Director
Kunwara Baap (1942)
Raja (1943)
Shararat (1944)
Veer Kunal (1945)
Sindoor (1947)
Sajan (1947)
Nadiya Ke Par (1948)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Hamlet (1954)
Kismet Ka Khel (1956)
Bare Sarkar (1957)
Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960)
Grahasti (1963)
Ghar Basake Dekho (1963)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Dhuen Ki Lakeer (1974)

Writer
Producer
Bahurani (1940)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Hamara Ghar (1950)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia
Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich of Russia (14 February 1850 – 26 January 1918) was the first-born son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia and a grandson of Nicholas I of Russia 

Early life
Born in St Petersburg in the middle of the nineteenth century into the House of Romanov, he had a very privileged childhood  Most royal children were brought up by nannies and servants so by the time Nikolai had grown up he lived a very independent life having become a gifted military officer and an incorrigible womanizer  He had an affair with a notorious American woman Fanny Lear  In a scandal related to this affair, he stole three valuable diamonds from the revetment of one of the most valuable family icons  He was declared insane and he was banished to Tashkent 

Later life
He lived for many years under constant supervision in the area around Tashkent in the southeastern Russian Empire (now Uzbekistan) and made a great contribution to the city by using his personal fortune to help improve the local area  In 1890 he ordered the building of his own palace in Tashkent to house and show his large and very valuable collection of works of art and the collection is now the center of the state Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan  He was also famous in Tashkent as a competent engineer and irrigator, constructing two large canals, the Bukhar-aryk (which was poorly aligned and soon silted up) and the much more successful Khiva-Aryk, later extended to form the Emperor Nicholas I Canal, irrigating 12,000 desyatinas, 33,000 acres (134 km2) of land in the Hungry Steppe between Djizak and Tashkent  Most of this was then settled with Slavic peasant colonisers Nikolai had a number of children by different women  One of his grandchildren, Natalia Androsova, died in Moscow in 1999 

Death
Nikolai died of pneumonia on 26 January 1918  He was buried in St  George's Cathedral (later demolished by the Soviet regime) 

Family
Nikolai married Nadezhda (variantly spelled Nadejda) Alexandrovna von Dreyer (1861–1929), daughter of Orenburg police chief Alexander Gustavovich von Dreyer and Sophia Ivanovna Opanovskaya, in 1882  Two children were born from this marriage:

Artemi Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (or Prince Romanovsky-Iskander) (1883–1919), killed in the Russian Civil War
Alexander Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (15 November 1887 N S  – 26 January 1957), married Olga Iosifovna Rogovskaya / Rogowska (1893–1962) on 5 May 1912  The couple had two children  Alexander and Olga were later divorced, and Alexander married Natalya Khanykova (30 December 1893 – 20 April 1982) in 1930  No children resulted from the latter marriage 
Prince Kirill Romanovsky-Iskander, adopted name (via stepfather, Nicholas Androsov) Kirill Nikolaevich Androsov (5 December 1914 – 1992)
Natalya Alexandrovna Princess Romanovskaya-Iskander, adopted name Natalya Nikolaevna Androsova (2 February 1917 – 1999)Among his illegitimate children were the following:
With Alexandra Abasa (1855–4 Nov 1894):

Nicholas Nikolayevich Wolinsky (11 December 1875, Moscow – 30 December 1913, Rome)
Olga Nikolayevna Wolinskaya (May 1877, Odessa – 9 October 1910, Leipzig), wife of Ludwig Adolf von Burgund, Graf (Count) von Burgund (1865-1908), official of Kaiserliche MarineWith unknown mistresses:

Stanislav (d  1919)
Nicholas (d  1922)
Daria (d  1936)
Tatiana (died ?)

Honours
Ancestry
Passage 2:
Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia (Russian: Ольга Павловна; 22 July [O S  11 July] 1792 – 26 January [O S  15 January] 1795) was a Grand Duchess of Russia as the second youngest daughter and seventh child of the Tsarevich of Russia (later Emperor Paul I) and his consort, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Birth and Christening
The Grand Duchess Olga was born as her parents' fifth daughter and seventh child  Her birth was not greeted with much happiness by her paternal grandmother, Catherine the Great, who stated that "A lot of girls, all married will not tell anyone"  She later wrote:

The Grand Duchess has treated us (nous a regalé) with a fifth daughter, whose shoulders are nearly as wide as mine  Since the Grand Duchess was in labour for two days and finally gave birth on July 11, the feast day of Saint Olga of Kiev, who was baptized in Constantinople in the year 956, I said, "Well, we will have two holidays instead of one" and so she was baptised Olga
The little Grand Duchess was baptised on 29 July [O S  18 July] 1792 and, as it was customary, she received the Great Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine 

Death
The almost-three-year-old Grand Duchess died on 26 January [O S  15] 1795  A letter to Catherine the Great stated:

The 13th Grand Duchess, Olga, died  And imagine why? For eighteen weeks, she revealed a hunger and she constantly asked to eat, because she grew too great for her two and a half years, at that time many molars came at once, and after sixteen weeks of suffering and a slow debilitating fever occurred daily, she died between seven and eight o'clock in the evening    

The same year, Gavrila Derzhavin dedicated a poem to her death, entitled "On the death of Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna", just as he had dedicated a poem to her when she was born  Out of the ten children born to Paul and Sophia, Olga was the only one that died during her childhood years  The funeral was held at the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Olga's burial place  The Empress herself was at the funeral, dressed in a white dress, with gray hair disheveled, pale and silent  In 1800, when Olga would have been eight, Gerhard von Kügelgen painted a portrait of Paul I's family  Behind the family, a bust of Olga stood high in front of a forest 

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ελισάβετ; 24 May 1904 – 11 January 1955) was the middle daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia 

Early life
Princess Elizabeth was born on 24 May 1904 at the Tatoi Palace just north of Athens, Greece, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George I  She was the second daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, and his wife Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia  Her father was the third son of King George I and Queen Olga of Greece, while her mother was the only daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia  Her father was a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark, while her mother was a granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia Princess Elizabeth had two sisters, an older sister Princess Olga and a younger sister Princess Marina  Princess Olga married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia in 1923  After the assassination of his cousin, King Alexander I, Paul served as Prince Regent of Yugoslavia from 1934 to 1941  Princess Marina married Prince George, Duke of Kent, in 1934  One of their paternal uncles was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, the father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (making Elizabeth and her sisters Philip's first cousins) 
Her family nicknamed her 'Woolly' because of her thick, dark brown hair  Princess Elizabeth was a keen horsewoman and painter 

Marriage and issue
Elizabeth married Count Carl Theodor of Törring-Jettenbach (22 September 1900 – 14 May 1967) on 10 January 1934  Through his mother, Duchess Sophie Adelheid in Bavaria, he was the nephew of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium and of Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria  Elizabeth and Carl Theodor had two children:

Hans Veit Kaspar Nikolaus, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (11 January 1935), who married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and had issue
Countess Helene Marina Elisabeth of Törring-Jettenbach (20 May 1937), who married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria and had issue, including Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the designer Sophie Habsburg Elizabeth died of cancer on 11 January 1955 in Munich  She was 50 years old 

Honours
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia 

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia
Elena Pavlovna (Russian: Елена Павловна; 24 December [O S  13 December] 1784 – 24 September [O S  12 September] 1803) was a grand duchess of Russia as the daughter of Paul I, the Russian emperor, and later became the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as the wife of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Louis (1778–1819) 

Early life
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna Romanova was born in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire as the fourth child and second daughter of Tsesarevich Paul Petrovich of Russia (1754–1801) and his second wife, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna, born Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg (1759–1828)  
Out of her nine siblings, Elena was closest to her elder sister Alexandra Pavlovna, whom their paternal grandmother Catherine the Great compared unfavourably to Elena  Elena was deemed more smarter and more charming than her two-year-old sister Alexandra  However, as the sisters matured, Catherine loved both of them equally 
Elena was educated privately at home, for the first years, under the supervision of her grandmother, Catherine the Great  Her education was focused mainly on fine arts, literature and music 

Marriage and life in Schwerin
Marriage
In 1798, negotiations took place about the marriage of Elena Pavlovna and the heir of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Louis (1778–1819), the eldest son of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg  The formal betrothal was celebrated on 5 May 1799, and on 23 October 1799, they were married at the Great Gatchina Palace near Saint Petersbourg 

Life in Schwerin
Elena Pavlovna moved to Schwerin with her husband and led a content married life there  On 15 September 1800 she gave birth to her firstborn son, Paul Frederick, who would go on to inherit the throne of the grand duchy  He was named after his grandfathers  On 16 March 1801, Elena Pavlovna's sister Archduchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Austria died in Buda in childbirth  Only eight days later her father was assassinated  On 31 March 1803 she gave birth to a daughter, Marie Louise, named after her grandmothers, who would later become the duchess of Saxe-Altenburg 

Death and burial
In September 1803, Elena Pavlovna fell gravely ill and died suddenly on 24 September  She was buried in the Helena Paulovna Mausoleum in Ludwigslust  Her widower, Frederick Louis, remarried two times and had more children, but never succeeded to the throne, as his father outlived him 

Issue
Hereditary Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna had two children with her husband, Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1778–1819), both of whom survived to adulthood:

Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (15 September 1800 – 7 March 1842), who inherited the throne of the duchy, married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1803–1892) in 1822 and had issue 
Marie Louise Friederike Alexandrine Elizabeth Charlotte Catherine, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (31 March 1803 – 26 October 1862), who married Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg on 7 October 1825 and had issue 

Letters
Elena Pavlovna's letters to her maternal grandfather, Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, written between 1795 and 1797, are preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, Germany 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Влади́мир Александрович; 22 April 1847 – 17 February 1909) was a son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, a brother of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and the senior Grand Duke of the House of Romanov during the reign of his nephew, Emperor Nicholas II 
Grand Duke Vladimir followed a military career and occupied important military positions during the reigns of the last three Russian Emperors  Interested in artistic and intellectual pursuits; he was appointed President of the Academy of Fine Arts  He functioned as a patron of many artists and as a sponsor of the Imperial ballet During the reign of his father, Emperor Alexander II, he was made Adjutant-General, senator in 1868 and a member of the Council of State in 1872  His brother, Alexander III, also promoted his career  He became a member of the Council of Ministers, Commander of the Imperial Guards Corps and Military Governor of Saint Petersburg  He tried to exert some influence over his nephew Tsar Nicholas II, but had to content himself with holding a rival court with his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna at his palace in Saint Petersburg  The events of Bloody Sunday in 1905, while he was Military Governor of St Petersburg, tarnished his reputation  During the last years of his life, the rift between his family and that of Nicholas II widened  He died after a stroke in 1909 

Early life
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich was born on 22 April 1847 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg  He was fourth among the eight children of Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna, born Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 
He was eight years old when at the death of his grandfather Nicholas I, his father became Russian tsar  Grand Duke Vladimir was well educated and through his life he was interested in literature and the arts  However, as all male members of the Romanov family he had to follow a military career  As only the third son in a numerous family, he was far from the succession to the Russian throne  Nevertheless, in 1865, the early death of his eldest brother, the Tsarevich Nicholas, left Vladimir unexpectedly close to the throne as heir presumptive after his second brother Alexander  Unlike Alexander, the new heir, Vladimir was witty and ambitious  Rumors circulated at the time, that Alexander II would have his eldest surviving son removed from the succession placing Vladimir as his heir  Alexander himself would have preferred to step aside from the succession hoping to marry morganatically, but eventually he yielded to family pressure and married a suitable bride  Relations between the two brothers, although cordial, were never warm 

A Russian Grand Duke
In 1867 Grand Duke Vladimir was named honorary president of the Russian ethnographic society, the same year he accompanied his father and his brother Alexander to the World Fair in Paris, where his father was shot by a Polish nationalist  In 1871 he visited the Caucasus region, Georgia, Chechnya and Dagestan with his father and his brothers  In 1872 he accompanied his father to Vienna at the reunion of the three emperors: Russia, Germany and Austria A member of the European beau monde, he made frequent trips to Paris  He became portly as a young man, although in later life he slimmed down  He was a skillful painter and gathered an important book collection  He was a well known gourmet, accumulating a collection of menus copied after meals, adding notations with his impressions about the food 

Marriage
While traveling through Germany with his family in June 1871, Grand Duke Vladimir met Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (14 May 1854 – 6 September 1920), daughter of Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Augusta of Reuss-Köstritz  She was seventeen years old and was already engaged to a distant relative, Prince George of Schwarzburg  Grand Duke Vladimir was then twenty four  They were smitten with each other  Vladimir was a second cousin of Maria's father Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a grandson of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia  They were also second cousins in descent from Frederick William III of Prussia  In order to marry Vladimir, Maria broke off her previous engagement, but she refused to yield to the necessary conversion to the Orthodox religion  This delayed the couple's engagement for almost two years  Finally, Tsar Alexander II consented to Marie's continued adherence to her Lutheran faith, allowing Vladimir to marry her without loss of his rights to the Russian throne  The engagement was announced in April 1874 The wedding took place in Saint Petersburg on 28 August 1874 at the Winter palace  Vladimir's wife adopted the patronymic Pavlovna upon her marriage and was known as Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia  Only decades later, after Vladimir's death, she converted to the Russian Orthodox confession, then, Emperor Nicholas II bestowed her the title "the Orthodox Grand Duchess"  Grand Duke Vladimir and his wife were both witty and ambitious  They enjoyed entertaining and their residence in St  Petersburg became the heart of the Imperial capital social life  Well suited to each other, they had a long and happy marriage 

Vladimir's palace
By the time of his marriage, construction had already been completed on Vladimir's own residence and he moved there with his wife  Named the Vladimir Palace, it was one of the last imperial palaces constructed in Saint Petersburg  Grand Duke Vladimir appointed architect Aleksandr Rezanov to head the project because of his knowledge of ancient Russian architecture  A team of architects assisted Rezanov: Vasily Kenel, Andrei Huhn, Ieronim Kitner and Vladimir Shreter  The foundation stone was laid on 15 July 1867  Construction work lasted five years, from 1867 to 1872  The furniture was designed by architect Victor Shroeter 
The site chosen for the palace was the Embankment near the Winter Palace in the center of St Petersburg  It had previously been occupied by the house of Count Vorontsov-Dashkov which had been bought by the treasury  The lot was enlarged by purchasing the neighboring house of Madame Karatinga  The total construction and furnishing cost of Vladimir Palace was 820,000 rubles, a much modest amount than the one spent building previous palaces for other grand dukes a decade earlier The Vladimir palace stands, like the Winter Palace and the Marble Palace, by the Neva on the  Dvorstsovaya Embankment  The façade, richly ornamented with stucco rustication, was patterned after Leon Battista Alberti's palazzi in Florence  The main porch is built of Bremen sandstone and adorned with griffins, coats-of-arms, and cast-iron lanterns  Other details are cast in Portland cement 
The palace and its outbuildings contain some 360 rooms, all decorated in eclectic historic styles: Neo-Renaissance (reception room, parlor), Gothic Revival (dining room), Russian Revival (Oak Hall), Rococo (White Hall), Byzantine style (study), Louis XIV, various oriental styles, and so on  This interior ornamentation, further augmented by Maximilian Messmacher in 1881–1891, is considered by art historians, such as Nikolay Punin, a major monument to the 19th-century passion for historicism



ground_truth: Dhuen Ki Lakeer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country Nizar Al-Mustafa's father is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rumbold of Mechelen
Saint Rumbold (or Rumold, Romuold, Latin: Rumoldus, Dutch: Rombout, French: Rombaut) was an Irish or Scottish Christian missionary, although his true nationality is not known for certain 
He was martyred near Mechelen by two men, whom he had denounced for their evil ways Saint Rumbold's feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, and Western Rite Orthodox Churches, on 24 June;
and it is celebrated in Ireland on 3 July 
He is the patron saint of Mechelen, where St  Rumbold's Cathedral possesses an elaborate golden shrine on its high altar, containing relics attributed to the saint  It is rumoured that his remains are buried inside the cathedral  Twenty-five paintings in the choir illustrate his life 

Life and legend
Rumbold is assumed to have been consecrated a regionary bishop at Rome  Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird (c  1590–1635) argued that Rumbold had been born in Ireland  He is also said to have been a Bishop of Dublin, the son of a Scottish king, and the brother of Saint Himelin  He is assumed to have worked under St  Willibrord in the Netherlands and Brabant, and also to have been a close companion of the hermit St  Gummarus, and of the preacher monk Fredegand van Deurne, who, according to one tradition, maintained contact with St  Foillan (who was murdered in the Sonian Forest around 665) St  Rumbold's biography, written around 1100 AD by Theodoricus, prior of Sint-Truiden Abbey, caused 775 to be the traditional year of the saint's death  The surrounding areas of Mechelen however, had been Christianized much earlier 
In 2004 a state-of-the-art examination of the relics assumed to be St  Rumbold's showed a death date between 580 and 655 
This would make Saint Rumbold a Hiberno-Scottish rather than an Anglo-Saxon missionary, and not a contemporary of either St  Willibrord, St  Himelin, or St  Gummarus 

St  Rumwold of Buckingham
There has been some historical confusion between Rumbold of Mechelen and the infant Saint Rumwold of Buckingham, who died in 662 AD at the age of 3 days  The latter has become referred to as Romwold, Rumwald, Runwald, Rumbald, or Rumbold  A compilation of three saints' lives as translated by Rosalind Love mentioned that on 15th-century records in Salisbury, an unknown author 'corrected' the attribution as "martyr" (possibly the Rumbold murdered in Mechelen) by annotating "confessor" (fitting in the miraculous infant Rumwold who was not a martyr)  Also, the original dedication of churches to a St  Rumbold in Northern England appears uncertain 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Nayelly Hernández
Nayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player  She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships  Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour  Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player  She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010 

Career
Nayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement 
Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games  In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event  She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016 
Passage 3:
Nizar al-Mustafa
Abu Mansur Nizar ibn al-Mustansir (Arabic: أبو منصور نزار بن المستنصر, romanized: Abū Manṣūr Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir; 1045–1095) was a Fatimid prince, and the oldest son of the eighth Fatimid caliph and eighteenth Isma'ili imam, al-Mustansir  When his father died in December 1094, the powerful vizier, al-Afdal Shahanshah, raised Nizar's younger brother al-Musta'li to the throne in Cairo, bypassing the claims of Nizar and other older sons of al-Mustansir  Nizar escaped Cairo, rebelled and seized Alexandria, where he reigned as caliph with the regnal name al-Mustafa li-Din Allah (Arabic: المصطفى لدين الله, romanized: al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh)  In late 1095 he was defeated and taken prisoner to Cairo, where he was executed by immurement 
During the 12th century, some of Nizar's actual or claimed descendants tried, without success, to seize the throne from the Fatimid caliphs  Many Isma'ilis, especially in Persia, rejected al-Musta'li's imamate and considered Nizar as the rightful imam  As a result, they split off from the Fatimid regime and founded the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, with their own line of imams who claimed descent from Nizar  This line continues to this day in the person of the Aga Khan 

Life
Nizar was born on 26 September 1045 (5 Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal 437 A H ) to the ruling Fatimid imam–caliph, al-Mustansir (r  1036–1094)  At that time, al-Mustansir was around 15 years old and had already been on the throne for ten years  Nizar was most likely the eldest son of the caliph, although another son named Abu Abdallah is sometimes listed as the senior of al-Mustansir's sons In the late 1060s, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a profound crisis, with the advance of the Seljuk Turks from the east threatening its hold over Syria, and protracted clashes between the Fatimid army's Turkish and black African troops in Egypt leading to the breakdown of the central government and widespread famine and anarchy  In about 1068, as internal turmoil threatened the dynasty with collapse, al-Mustansir dispersed his sons throughout his territories as a safeguard, keeping only an unnamed underage son close to him  The account by the Mamluk-era historian al-Maqrizi says that Abu Abdallah and Abu Ali were to go to Acre to join the army of the commander Badr al-Jamali; Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad (father of the Caliph al-Hafiz) to Ascalon; while another, unnamed but underage son, remained in Cairo  Nizar is not mentioned by al-Maqrizi, but he was very likely included in this measure, and the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya, a proclamation issued in 1122 by Caliph al-Amir (r  1101–1130), claims that he was sent to the port of Damietta  This dispersal of the Fatimid princes lasted at least until Badr al-Jamali assumed power in 1073 as vizier and quasi-dictator and restored order in Egypt 

Disputed succession
As the oldest son, Nizar was apparently considered to be his father's most likely successor, as was the custom; indeed, historians often state that Nizar had been his father's designated successor  However, no formal designation of Nizar as heir seems to have taken place by the time of al-Mustansir's death in December 1094 Al-Maqrizi writes that this was due to the machinations of Badr's son al-Afdal Shahanshah, who had succeeded his father to the vizierate in June 1094  According to al-Maqrizi, a deep-seated enmity existed between al-Afdal and Nizar  An anecdote tells how al-Afdal had once tried to enter the palace on horseback—a privilege reserved for the caliph—whereupon Nizar yelled at him to dismount and called him a "dirty Armenian"  Since then, the two had been bitter enemies, with al-Afdal obstructing Nizar's activities and demoting his servants, while at the same time winning the army's commanders over to his cause  Only one of them, the Berber Muhammad ibn Masal al-Lukki, is said to have remained loyal to Nizar, because he had promised to appoint him vizier instead of al-Afdal According to al-Maqrizi, al-Afdal pressured al-Mustansir to prevent Nizar's public nomination as heir, and when the caliph died, al-Afdal raised a much younger half-brother of Nizar, al-Musta'li, to the throne and the imamate  Al-Musta'li, who had shortly before married al-Afdal's sister, was completely dependent on al-Afdal for his accession  This made him a compliant figurehead who was unlikely to threaten al-Afdal's recent, and therefore as yet fragile, hold on power In order to defend al-Musta'li's succession and counter the claims of Nizar's partisans, al-Mu'stali's son and successor, al-Amir, issued the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya  This document puts a different spin on the dispersal of the princes: supposedly, they were sent away in order of importance, with those closest to Cairo (and thus the caliph himself) being the highest in rank  Modern historians point out that this was a deliberately misconstrued argument, as the princes were sent away for their protection  According to the historian Paul E  Walker, sending Abu Abdallah to the strong army of Badr al-Jamali was, if anything, an indication of his high importance and of his father's desire to keep him safe  At the same time, the unidentified underage son left in Cairo was clearly not al-Musta'li, who had not even been born yet  Walker identifies the unnamed prince with Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad, whose birth had been publicly announced in 1060  That prince had likely died in the meantime, as the future al-Musta'li, born in 1074, was given the same name The al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya and other accounts further assert the legitimacy of al-Musta'li's accession by reporting stories that on the wedding banquet of al-Musta'li, or on his deathbed, al-Mustansir had chosen him as his heir, and that one of al-Mustansir's sisters is said to have been called to him privately and received al-Musta'li's nomination as a bequest  Modern historians, such as Farhad Daftary, believe these stories to be most likely attempts to justify and retroactively legitimize what was in effect a coup d'état by al-Afdal However, al-Maqrizi also includes a different narrative that casts doubt on whether al-Afdal's move was really a carefully prepared coup  When al-Afdal summoned three of al-Mustansir's sons—Nizar, Abdallah, and Isma'il, apparently the most prominent among the caliph's progeny—to the palace to do homage to al-Musta'li, who had been seated on the throne, they each refused  Not only did they reject al-Musta'li, but each of them claimed that al-Mustansir had chosen him as his successor  Nizar claimed that he had a written document to this effect  This refusal apparently took al-Afdal completely by surprise  The brothers were allowed to leave the palace; but while Abdallah and Isma'il made for a nearby mosque, Nizar immediately fled Cairo  To add to the confusion, having learned of al-Mustansir's passing, Baraqat, the chief missionary (da'i) of Cairo (the head of the Isma'ili religious establishment) proclaimed Abdallah as caliph with the regnal name al-Muwaffaq  However, al-Afdal soon regained control  Baraqat was arrested (and later executed), Abdallah and Isma'il were placed under surveillance and eventually publicly acknowledged al-Musta'li  A grand assembly of officials was held, which acclaimed al-Musta'li as imam and caliph 

Rebellion and death
In the meantime, Nizar fled to Alexandria with a few followers  The local governor, a Turk named Nasr al-Dawla Aftakin, opposed al-Afdal, so Nizar was quickly able to gain his support  He also won over the local judge (qadi), the inhabitants and the surrounding Arab tribes to his cause  He then rose in revolt and proclaimed himself imam and caliph with the title of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah ('the Chosen One for God's Religion')  A gold dinar of Nizar, bearing this title, was discovered in 1994, attesting to his assumption of the caliphal title and the minting of coinage with it  According to Walker, the speed with which Nizar gained support, and some other stories narrated in al-Maqrizi, suggest the existence of a relatively large faction that expected or wanted him to succeed al-Mustansir Nizar's revolt was initially successful: al-Afdal's attack on Alexandria in February 1095 was easily repulsed, and Nizar's forces raided up to the outskirts of Cairo  Over the next months, however, al-Afdal managed to win back the allegiance of the Arab tribes with bribes and gifts  Weakened, Nizar's forces were pushed back to Alexandria, which was placed under siege  In November, Nizar's military commander Ibn Masal abandoned the city, taking most of the remaining treasure with him  This forced Aftakin and Nizar to surrender against a guarantee of their safety (aman)  Both were taken back to Cairo, where Nizar was immured and Aftakin was executed  The details or exact date of Nizar's death are unknown In a surviving letter sent to the Isma'ili Yemeni queen Arwa al-Sulayhi announcing his accession, al-Musta'li gives the "official" version of events as follows: Like the other sons of al-Mustansir, Nizar had at first accepted his imamate and paid him homage, before being moved by greed and envy to revolt  The events up to the capitulation of Alexandria are reported in some detail, but nothing is mentioned of Nizar's fate or that of Aftakin 

Nizari schism
Problems with succession arrangements had emerged before, but al-Musta'li's accession was the first time that rival members of the Fatimid dynasty had actually fought over the throne  Given the pivotal role of the imam in the Isma'ili faith, this was of momentous importance: the issue of succession was not merely a matter of political intrigue, but also intensely religious  In the words of the modern pioneer of Isma'ili studies, Samuel Miklos Stern, "on it depended the continuity of institutional religion as well as the personal salvation of the believer"  To the Isma'ili faithful, writes Stern, it was "not so much the person of the claimant that weighed with his followers; they were not moved by any superior merits of Nizar as a ruler [   ] it was the divine right personified in the legitimate heir that counted" As a result, the events of 1094–1095 caused a bitter and permanent schism in the Isma'ili movement that continues to the present  While al-Musta'li was recognized by the Fatimid elites and the official Isma'ili religious establishment (the da'wa), as well as the Isma'ili communities dependent on it in Syria and Yemen, most of the Isma'ili communities in the wider Middle East, and especially Persia and Iraq, rejected it  Whether out of genuine conviction, or as a convenient excuse to rid himself of Cairo's control, the chief Isma'ili da'i in Persia, Hassan-i Sabbah, swiftly recognized Nizar's rights to the imamate—possibly already during Nizar's rule in Alexandria—severed relations with Cairo, and set up his own independent hierarchy (the da'wa jadida, lit  'new calling')  This marked the permanent and enduring split of the Isma'ili movement into rival "Musta'li" and "Nizari" branches Over the following decades, the Nizaris were among the most bitter enemies of the Musta'li rulers of Egypt  Hassan-i Sabbah founded the Order of Assassins, which was responsible for the assassination of al-Afdal in 1121, and of al-Musta'li's son and successor al-Amir (who was also al-Afdal's nephew and son-in-law) in October 1130  This led to a succession of coups and crises that heralded the decline of the Fatimid state, and its eventual collapse  In 1130–1131 the Fatimid regime was temporarily abolished by al-Afdal's son Kutayfat, before Nizar's nephew Abd al-Majid, in the absence of a direct heir of al-Amir, assumed the imamate and the caliphate as the caliph al-Hafiz in January 1132  Al-Hafiz' succession led to another schism in Isma'ilism, between those Musta'lis who accepted al-Hafiz' succession (the "Hafizis") and those who did not, upholding instead the imamate of al-Amir's infant son al-Tayyib (the "Tayyibis")  Whereas Nizari Isma'ilism survived in Persia and Syria, and Tayyibi Isma'ilism in Yemen and India, the Hafizi sect, closely associated with the Fatimid state, did not long survive the latter's final abolition by Saladin in 1171 

Descendants and succession
Contemporary sources attest that Nizar had a number of sons  At least one of them, al-Husayn, fled with other members of the dynasty (including three of Nizar's brothers, Muhammad, Isma'il, and Tahir) from Egypt to the western Maghreb in 1095, where they formed a sort of opposition in exile to the new regime in Cairo  There are indications that another of Nizar's sons, named al-Mukhtar Muhammad, left for Yemen, as coins in his name were minted there  In 1132, following the highly irregular accession of al-Hafiz, al-Husayn tried to return to Egypt  He managed to raise an army, but al-Hafiz successfully suborned his commanders and had him killed  In 1149, al-Hafiz had to confront a similar threat by a purported son of Nizar  The pretender managed to recruit a large following among the Berbers, but he was also killed when the Fatimid caliph bribed his commanders  The last revolt by a Nizari claimant was by al-Husayn's son Muhammad in 1162, but he was lured with false promises and executed by the vizier Ruzzik ibn Tala'i None of his sons had been formally designated as successor by Nizar, however, so they lacked the legitimacy to become imams after him  This raised an acute problem for the Nizari faithful, as a line of divinely ordained imams could not possibly be broken  At first, some Nizaris held that Nizar was not dead, but would return as the Islamic messiah, the Mahdi (or at least in his company)  In the absence of an imam, coinage from Alamut Castle, the centre of Hassan-i Sabah's nascent Nizari Isma'ili state in central Persia, was minted with Nizar's regnal name of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah until 1162  No imam was named publicly at Alamut until then, and Hassan-i Sabbah and his two immediate successors ruled instead as da'is, or as hujjas ('seals', 'proofs'), representatives acting on behalf of the absent imam  However, the Nizaris soon came to believe that a grandson (or son) of Nizar had been smuggled out of Egypt and brought to Alamut, and was the rightful imam, living in concealment (satr) According to Nizari tradition, the fourth ruler of Alamut, Hassan II (r  1162–1166), is considered to have been no longer a simple da'i, but secretly a descendant of Nizar and the rightful imam, although this claim was not made explicit until the reign of his son, Nur al-Din Muhammad II  Modern Nizari tradition holds that three imams—Ali al-Hadi, Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi, and Hassan (I) al-Qahir—ruled after Nizar while in concealment, but various primary sources give different genealogies  According to the German scholar of Shi'ism, Heinz Halm, the identities of the three concealed imams are most likely fictional, and the veracity of Hasan II's claims to Fatimid descent remain a major historiographical issue  Nevertheless, Hassan II's successors have sustained their claim of descent from Nizar down to current imam of Nizari Isma'ilism, the Aga Khan 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Baglan Mailybayev
Baglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Бағлан Асаубайұлы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan  His nationality is Kazakh  He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S Z  – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998) 

Biography
In 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi 
In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation 
Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan 
Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Republican newspaper "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda"" 
Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Zan" 
Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree 

Personal life
Marital status: He is married and has two children 

Awards
Baglan Mailybayev was awarded "Kurmet", "Parasat" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan  In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 

Publications
He is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions  He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries 

Research interests
Comparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law 
Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently 

Note
The predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev 
Passage 5:
Khalid al-Habib
Khalid Habib (Arabic: خالد حبيب)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: شوقي مرزوق عبد العليم دباس), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan  His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times) 
Habib was the operations commander for the region  He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere  This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors  According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership  The FBI described Habib as "one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel   Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008  Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile  On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack 
Passage 6:
Eleni Gabre-Madhin
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva) 

Eleni Gebremedhn
Eleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964  She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa  She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French  She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours  She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University  Eleni was selected as "Ethiopian Person of the Year" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times 

Career
She was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests  Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly   Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce   In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets  Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX    She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that "(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises"      and that the "ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level "In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War  Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition   On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as "deliberately misrepresented"  Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play   The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor  The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her 

Awards
In 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year  Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011 In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact  Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi  That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016 Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia  However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia 
Passage 7:
Fulco
Fulco may refer to:

Fulco of Ireland (fl  8th/9th century), Irish soldier and saint
Fulco of Basacers (fl  1120), Norman nobleman
Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (died 1128)
Fulco (bishop of Estonia) (fl  1165)
Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895), Italian cardinal
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (1884–1946), Italian aviator and politician
Fulco di Verdura (1898–1978), Italian jeweller
Fabio Fulco (born 1970), Italian actor
Giovanni Fulco (died c  1680), Italian baroque painter
William Fulco (born 1936), American Jesuit priest
Bettina Fulco (born 1968), Argentine tennis player

See also
Fulk, a given name
Falco (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Roberto Savio
Roberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance  He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome  He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma 

Early activities
While at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries  After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro  After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism 

Early journalistic career
Roberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company  He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy 

Inter Press Service (IPS)
Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of the world, particularly Latin America  Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries for a European audience 
That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany 
From the outset, it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South 
Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North 
The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making 
IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors 
IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC 
With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services 
Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out IPS won FAO’s A H  Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its "significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children" 
On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries  In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War  The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order” 
Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U N  Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue 
After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media 

Other News
In 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate” 
Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulation media, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation” 
Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish 

Communication initiatives
An internationally renowned expert in communications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world 
Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and the Women’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi 
He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U N  project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries  The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U N  Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 
Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA) 
Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Study
of Communication Problems (MacBride Commission) 
Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) 

Achievements and awards
In 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission” 
He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”  The award was established by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo 
He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013 In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the "Salvador Allende" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship 
He was appointed by President of the Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021  He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021 

Advisory activities
Roberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003  He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000 

Affiliations
From 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay 
After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he was elected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus 
Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas of Argentina suffering from social breakdown 
He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and was elected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003 
Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General 
Until 2009, Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includes thinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield  He is now a member of the Board He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economical and political column 

Films and publications
In 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has also produced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals 
Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with the cultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100 IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency  It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World War and post-Cold War worlds  It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the international community 
In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director 1980-1995, who saved 25 million children

Current activities
Roberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerous conferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
Member of the Executive Committee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues 
Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel, established by the Global Sustainability Forum 

External links
Roberto Savio's stories published by IPS News
Other News service
Roberto Savio's stories on Other News
Other News Facebook page
Roberto Savio's Facebook page
PREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and Articles

The ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own Way
What if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From the Right?
Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debate
Banks, Inequality and Citizens
It is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankind
Europe has lost its compass
Ever Wondered Why the World is a Mess?
Sliding Back to the Victorian Age
Global Inequality and the Destruction of Democracy
A Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling the European Dream
WE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATION
Passage 9:
Al-Mustansir Billah
Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh (Arabic: أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله‎; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094) was the eighth Fatimid Caliph from 1036 until 1094  He was one of the longest reigning Muslim rulers  His reign was the twilight of the Fatimid state  The start of his reign saw the continuation of competent administrators running the Fatamid state (Anushtakin, al-Jarjara'i, and later al-Yazuri), overseeing the state's prosperity in the first two decades of al-Mustansir's reign  However, the break out of court infighting between the Turkish and Berber/Sudanese court factions following al-Yazuri's assassination, coinciding with natural disasters in Egypt and the gradual loss of administrative control over Fatamid possessions outside of Egypt, almost resulted in the total collapse of the Fatamid state in the 1060s, before the appointment of the Armenian general Badr al-Jamali, who assumed power as vizier in 1073, and became the de facto dictator of the country under the nominal rule of al-Mustansir The caliph al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh was the last Imam before a disastrous split divided the Isma'ili movement in two, due to the struggle in the succession between al-Mustansir's older son, Nizar, and the younger al-Mustaʽli, who was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, al-Afdal Shahanshah  The followers of Nizar, who predominated in Iran and Syria, became the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, while those of al-Musta'li became the Musta'li branch 

Biography
Al-Mustansir was born in Cairo on 16th Jumada II, 420 AH/2 July 1029, to Ali az-Zahir and Rasad, a black slave from Nubia  At the age of only eight months he was declared the heir of his father  His name was Abu Tamim Ma‘ad, surnamed al-Mustansir bil-Lah ("The Asker Of Victory From God")  He ascended to the Fatimid Caliphate's throne on 15th Shaban, 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of 7  During the early years of his Caliphate, state affairs were administered by his mother  His rule lasted for 60 years, the longest of all the caliphs, either in Egypt or elsewhere in Islamic states  However, Fatimid power was confined to Egypt due to conquests of the Seljuks in the Levant, Normans in Sicily and Malta, and by Arab tribes destabilizing Fatamid control over Tunisia and Tripoli  Al-Mustansir was considered incapable and as such his court was dominated by military strongmen and his mother's favourite officials, while the treasury was exhausted by factional infighting He had constructed a special mihrab at one of the pillars in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun  Atop the mihrab, his name is engraved along with the Shahada commonly recited by the public in the Fatimid era ending with the phrase 'Ali-un-Wali-ul-lah', meaning "Ali is the friend of God" 

al-Mustansir's court
Prominent Dais/Vizirs of his era are as follows:

Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai, vizier (d  1045)
Badr al-Jamali, vizier (d  1094)
Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, chief missionary (dā‘i al-dū‘at) from 1059 to 1078Moulai Abadullah and Syedi Nuruddin were two Indians who visited al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt  They joined the Ismaili faith under Fatimid Dai Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, and went to India to propagate the faith 

The Ismaili da'wa
During the reign of the Imam al-Mustanṣir, the Ismaili da'wa (“invitation”) was led, in the eastern regions, by Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, who was based in Iṣfahān   
Ibn al-Athīr (a Sunni historian) describes Abd al-Malik (Ibn Attash) as being interested in works of literature, and being a professional calligrapher  He continues by describing him as a clever, intelligent and quick thinker, and an ethical man   
One of Ibn Attash's most notable students, Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ became an important figure and was selected as the ḥujja or “proof” of al-Mustanṣir  This position/rank was right below the Imam in the Ismaili religious hierarchy 

Architecture
Prominent buildings constructed during the reign of al-Mustansir are as follows:

Bab al-Futuh
Bab al-Nasr
Bab Zuweila
Juyushi Mosque

Famine
Between 1065 CE (457 AH) and 1072 CE (464 AH), famine degraded conditions in Egypt from bad to worse  Meanwhile, in 1062 CE (454 AH) and again in 1067 CE (459 AH), the struggle between the Turkish and Sudanese soldiery deteriorated into open warfare, ending in a victory for the Turks 
During this same period, Berber nomadic tribes from lower Egypt deliberately aggravated the distress by ravaging the countryside, destroying the embankments and canals of the Nile  The ten thousand animals that al-Mustansir's stables once held reportedly deteriorated to the point where only three thin horses were left; it is said that eventually al-Mustansir alone possessed a horse, and that when he rode out, the courtiers followed on foot, having no beast to carry them; it is also said that his escort once fainted from hunger as it accompanied him through the streets  As long as the calamity lasted, the condition of the country continued to decline  The protracted famine was followed inevitably by plague; whole districts were absolutely denuded of population and house after house lay empty 

Turkish mercenaries
Concurrently, the Turkish mercenaries had drained the treasury; many of the works of art and valuables of all sorts in the palace were sold to satisfy their demands---often they themselves were the purchasers, at merely nominal prices, and resold the articles thus gained at a profit  Emeralds valued at 300,000 dinars were bought by one Turkish general for 500 dinars, and in one fortnight of the year 460/1068 articles to the value of 30,000,000 dinars were sold off to provide pay for the Turks  The precious library, which had been rendered available to the public and was one of the attractions for many who visited Cairo, was scattered; the books were torn up, thrown away, or used to light fires  At length, the Turks began fighting amongst themselves  Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, the general of the Turks, had invested the city, which was defended by the rival faction of the Turkish guard; after burning part of Fustat and defeating the defenders, he entered as conqueror  When he reached the palace, he found al-Mustansir lodged in rooms which had been stripped bare, waited on by only three slaves, and subsisting on two loaves which were sent him daily by the daughters of Ibn Babshand, the grammarian 
The victorious Turks dominated Cairo, held the successive viziers in subjection, treated al-Mustansir with contempt, and used their power to deplete the treasury by enhancing their pay to nearly twenty times its former figure  Nasir al-Dawla became so overbearing and tyrannical in his conduct that he provoked even his own followers, and so at length he was assassinated in 466/1074  Unfortunately, this left the city in a worse condition than ever, for it was now at the mercy of the various Turkish factions, who behaved no better than brigands  Conditions in Egypt continued to deteriorate, and unabated violence raged in the streets and countryside alike 

Descendants
Using the genealogical information of the members of the Fatimid dynasty imprisoned by Saladin, and contemporary documents, the historian Paul E  Walker estimates that al-Mustansir had "at the minimum seventeen sons whose names we can recover"  Indeed, he suggests that it was precisely the great number of offspring he sired during his long reign that created the succession crisis after his death 

Gallery
See also
Family tree of Muhammad linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams
List of Ismaili imams
List of rulers of Egypt
Juyushi Mosque
Fatimids
Isma'ilism
Nizari
Aga Khan

Notes
Passage 10:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016
Context 3:  Grand Duke Vladimir decorated his apartments with his collection of Russian paintings by the best artists of his time, such as Ilya Repin, Ivan Aivazovsky, Feodor Bruni, Vasili Vereshchagin, Ivan Kramskoy, Mikhail Vrubel, Nikolai Sverchkov and Rudolf Ferdinandovich Frentz 

Children
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna had five children:

Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich of Russia (31 August 1875 – 16 March 1877)  He died in infancy
Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia (12 October (N S ), 1876 – 12 October 1938)  He married his first cousin Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha  They had three children 
Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia (1877–1943)  He married his mistress Zinaida Rashevskaya  He did not leave legitimate descendants 
Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia (1879–1956)  He married his mistress Matilda Kchessinska  They had one son 
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (1882–1957)  She married Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, third son of George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia  They had three daughters 

During three reigns
Grand Duke Vladimir occupied important military positions during three reigns  He experienced battle in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, taking part in the campaign alongside his father and his brothers Alexander and Sergei  He fought against the Turkish troops as the commanding officer of the XII Corps of the Russian army  However, his military career interested him less than art and literature  In 1880 his father appointed him President of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts  He also became a member of the Academy of Science and an agent of the Rumyantsev Museum  Grand Duke Vladimir was in the Imperial capital when his father was assassinated and succeeded by Alexander III in 1881  It fell upon Vladimir, who regained his composure more quickly than his brother, to announce their father's death to the public  Vladimir inherited his father's personal library, which the Grand Duke added to his large book-collection that was arranged in three libraries at the Vladimir Palace  (After the Russian Revolution of 1917 these books were sold off randomly by weight and currently form part of several American university-collections )
Although Alexander III was not close to Vladimir and there was a rivalry between their wives, he promoted his brother's career  The day after their father's death he appointed Vladimir as Military Governor of St Petersburg, a post previously held by their uncle Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich  Vladimir served on the State Council and chaired the official commission that supervised the building of the Church of the Saviour, built between 1883 and 1907 on the site of the assassination of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia Grand Duke Vladimir was a keen philanthropist  A talented painter himself, he became a famous patron of the arts  He frequented many artists and gathered a valuable collection of paintings and old icons  He later took a great interest in ballet  He financed the tour of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Emperor Alexander III's three sons rendered Vladimir and Vladimir's own three sons remote in the line of succession to Russia's throne  Nevertheless, Vladimir seemed unexpectedly close to becoming Emperor in 1888 when Alexander III with his wife and all of their children were involved in a train accident at Borki (in present-day Ukraine)  Vladimir and his wife, then in Paris, did not bother to come back to Russia  This annoyed Alexander III, who commented that if he had died with his children, Vladimir would have rushed to return to Russia to become Emperor  At Alexander III's death in 1894 there were unfounded rumors that the army intended to proclaim Grand Duke Vladimir emperor in place of his nephew Nicholas II  Vladimir tried to  influence the new Emperor, particularly at the beginning of Nicholas II's reign Although the Grand Duke was conservative in his political views, he did not believe in human virtues  Something of a rascal himself, he preferred the company of amusing witty people - regardless of their ideology or background  The more liberal members of Russian society were invited to lavish parties at his residence  He often intimidated people with his coarseness, rudeness and hot temper  Vladimir Alexandrovich was also a devoted family man, close to his children 

Last years
In January 1905 a wave of strikes broke out in St  Petersburg  On 9 January (O S )/22 (N S ) a peaceful procession of workers led by a priest, Father Georgy Gapon, marched towards the Winter Palace from different points in the city hoping to present requests for reforms directly to Emperor Nicholas II  The Tsar, however, was not in the capital  General Ivan Fullon, St Petersburg Governor, tried to stop the march  When a large group of workers reached Winter Palace Square, troops acting on direct orders from Guards Commander Prince Sergei Vasilchikov opened fire upon the demonstrators  More than 100 marchers were killed and several hundred were wounded  Although Grand Duke Vladimir claimed no direct responsibility about that tragedy, since he was also away from the city, his reputation was tarnished  The massacre, known as Bloody Sunday, was followed by a series of strikes in other cities, peasant uprisings in the country, and mutinies in the armed forces, which seriously threatened the tsarist regime and became known as the Revolution of 1905  A month after Bloody Sunday, Vladimir's brother Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was killed by a terrorist bomb in Moscow In October 1905, Vladimir's eldest son and heir Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia married his first cousin Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, daughter of Vladimir's sister Maria  Nicholas II was enraged by the marriage, which was contracted without his permission and was in violation of the Russian Orthodox ban on marriages between first cousins  Nicholas stripped Kirill of his imperial titles and banished him  Vladimir protested the treatment given to his son and resigned from all his posts in protest  Vladimir “shouted so violently at his nephew that the court chamberlain, waiting outside the door, feared for his master’s safety and almost ran off to summon the imperial guards ” Vladimir slammed his fists on Nicholas' desk and ripped off the military decorations from his uniform, shouting, "I have served your father, your grandfather and you  But now as you have degraded my son I no longer wish to serve you ” Eventually, Nicholas II relented and forgave his cousins for marrying without his consent, but he did not allow them to return to Russia  The full pardon came only after several deaths in the family, including Vladimir's own, had placed Kirill third in the line of succession to the Imperial Throne Grand Duke Vladimir died suddenly on 4(O S )/17(N S ) February 1909 after suffering a major cerebral hemorrhage  Vladimir's widow and their four children survived the Russian Revolution of 1917  In 1924 in exile, Kirill proclaimed himself Emperor de jure, Vladimir's line thereby claimed headship of the Imperial House  Vladimir was the paternal grandfather and namesake of the future pretender claimant Grand Duke Vladimir of Russia, born 1917  His granddaughter Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark becomes a British princess by marriage to  Prince George, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George V and Queen Mary, in 1934  Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich's great granddaughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, is the current claimant and his great grandson Prince Michael becomes a  honorary member of the Romanov Family Association 

Honours and awards
The Grand Duke received the following Russian and foreign decorations:
RussianKnight of St  Andrew, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Alexander Nevsky, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Anna, 1st Class, 22 April 1847
Knight of the White Eagle, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Stanislaus, 1st Class, 11 June 1865
Knight of St  George, 3rd Class, 14 November 1877
Knight of St  Vladimir, 4th Class, 22 April 1868; 2nd Class with Swords, 15 September 1877; 1st Class, 15 May 1883Foreign

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 6:
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (9 January 1807 – 2 February [O S  21 January] 1873), later known as Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, was the wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, the youngest son of Emperor Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Early life
She was born in Stuttgart, as Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the eldest daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and of Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen  As a child, Charlotte lived in Paris with her father and her younger sister Pauline  Their home was quite modest by royal standards  In Paris, Charlotte came under the tutelage of several intellectuals 

Marriage and issue
In 1822, she became engaged to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia, her first cousin once removed (Mikhail's mother was her father's aunt)  It was said that Charlotte was an exceptional girl, highly intelligent and mature for her age of 15  The Grand Duke was obviously impressed by her beauty and her poise, and during a reception held in her honor, she charmed all the guests with her conversations  On 17 December 1823, she was received into the Russian Orthodox Church and was given the name Elena Pavlovna  On 20 February 1824, the couple married in Saint Petersburg and settled in the Mikhailovsky Palace  When the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna died in 1828, the palace of Pavlovsk passed on to Mikhail and he and Elena visited it often  Their marriage was not a happy one: Mikhail's only passion was for the army, and he neglected Elena  Nevertheless, he and Elena had five daughters, only two of whom lived to mature adulthood:

Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia (9 March 1825, Moscow – 19 November 1846, Vienna); died unmarried 
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (26 May 1826, Moscow – 28 January 1845, Wiesbaden); married Adolf, Duke of Nassau and died in childbirth 
Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia (28 August 1827 – 12 May 1894), married Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (28 January 1831, Moscow – 27 March 1832, Moscow), died in childhood
Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna of Russia (27 October 1834, Moscow – 22 March 1836, Saint Petersburg), died in childhood

Influence at court and in society
Elena became a close friend of her brother-in-law, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and of his wife the Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna  She was also quick to befriend the shy Maria Alexandrovna, who married the then Tsarevich Alexander in 1841  When Princess Charlotte's husband died, in 1849, she became a patron of several charitable organizations and of the arts  She founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatoire and co-founded (1854) a group of nursing sisters (Society of the Sisters of Marcy) which would eventually become the forerunners of the Red Cross in Russia  During her time in Russia she became known as the "family intellectual", and was considered the most exceptional woman in the imperial family since Catherine the Great (r  1762–1796)  She founded the Russian Musical Society (1859) and the Russian Conservatoire (1862), and was liberal on serfdom  She helped to push her nephew Alexander II to abolish serfdom while he stayed with her As a patroness of the composer Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894), she commissioned some of his early operas: Fomka the Fool (1853), The Siberian Hunters (1852), and Vengeance (1852/1853) Elena died in Saint Petersburg, at the age of 66 

Ancestry
Bibliography
Lincoln, W  Bruce  The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias  1983
Sebag Montefiore, Simon  The Romanovs: 1613-1918  2016  Knopf Publishing Group 
Taylor, Philip S , Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music, Indianapolis, 2007
Zeepvat, Charlotte  Romanov Autumn  2001
Passage 7:
Abdul-Vahed Niyazov
Abdul-Vahed Validovich Niyazov (Russian: Абдул-Вахед Валидович Ниязов), born Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev (Russian: Вадим Валерианович Медведев; 23 April 1969) is a Russian businessman and Islamic social and political activist  He was president of the Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, and the public division of Russian Council of Muftis 

Life and career
Niyazov was born on 23 April 1969 in Omsk as Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev   After graduating from high school, he served in the engineering and construction troops of the Baikal-Amur Mainline  In 1990 he began studying at the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute, but failed to graduate In April 1991 Niyazov became president of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Moscow, which in 1993 became the Islamic Cultural Centre of Russia, established with the financial support of the Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Moscow  In February 1994 he became deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Supreme Coordination Centre of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia (VKTs DUMR, Russian: ВКЦ ДУМР)  In May 1995 Niyazov became co-chairman of the Union of Muslims of Russia  In autumn 1998, he was elected chairman of the Council of the All-Russian political social movement "Refakh" (Prosperity)   On 19 December 1999 Niyazov was elected a deputy of the State Duma's  third convocation as part of the "Interregional movement Unity ("Bear")" electoral bloc, on the federal list of the Union of Muslims of Russia  He worked as deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on the regulations and organization of the work of the State Duma  He was expelled from the faction for "provocative" statements in support of "world Islamic extremism and terrorism", on the subject of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the Second Intifada In May 2001 Niyazov became chairman of the political council of the "Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia"  By late 2007 Niyazov was head of the movement "Muslims in support of President Putin"  In 2011 he was elected Honorary President of the international initiative "SalamWorld", which aimed to create a social network for Muslims along Sharia norms  The site had closed by 2015 after spending three years in development and tens of million of dollars in marketing, having had backup and funding issues  Since 2018, Niyazov has been president of the European Muslim Forum 
Passage 8:
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August [O S  2 August] 1901 –  7 July 1980) was the fourth son and fifth child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia  He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 

Early life
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Gatchina Palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia on 15 August 1901  He was the fourth son and fifth child among seven siblings  His parents, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866–1933) and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna (1875–1960), were first cousins once removed  Consequently, Prince Dmitri was the great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I (from his father's side) while the great-great-grandson of the same Tsar Nicholas I (from his mother's side), the grandson of Tsar Alexander III and the nephew of Tsar Nicholas II 
During the Russian Revolution Prince Dmitri was imprisoned along with his parents and grandmother the Dowager Empress at Dulber, in the Crimea  He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed by German troops in 1918  He left Russia on  11 April 1919, at the age of seventeen, aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough to attend  to Malta where they spent nine months before settling to England 

Exile
In exile, Prince Dmitri lived between England and France  He had a varied career  In the late 1920s he emigrated to the United States where he worked as a stockbroker in Manhattan  He returned to Europe in the early 1930s  For a brief period in the 1930s, he managed Coco Chanel's shop at Biarritz 
It was through Chanel that he met a Russian aristocrat who worked as model for her fashion house: Countess Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova (20 November 1912 – 7 January 1969)  She was the second daughter of Count Sergei Alexandrovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1885 – 1950) and his wife Countess Maria Alexandrovna, born Chernysheva-Bezobrazova (1890 – 1960)



ground_truth: Fatimid caliphate

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna Of Russia's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Countess Marina was a direct descendant of sisters Anastasia Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolenskiy, one of the Seven Boyars of 1610, and Marfa Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Keybulatovich Tcherkasskiy  Anastasia and Marfa were the daughters of Nikita Romanovich (Russian: Никита Романович; born c  1522 – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who was a prominent boyar of the Tsardom of Russia  His grandson Michael I (Tsar 1613-1645) founded the Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars  Anastasia and Marfa were the paternal aunts of Tsar Michael I of Russia of Russia and the paternal nieces of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva of Russia  After the revolution, Marina and her family moved to Kislovodsk and later to Crimea, where her father served as head of the Yalta County  In August 1920 the family was evacuated to Istanbul and then to Paris  In the French capital, Marina began to work for Chanel 
Prince Dmitri fell in love with her and they married in Paris on 25 October 1931  The wedding attracted a lot of attention and the bride wore a Chanel wedding dress The couple had one daughter :

Princess Nadejda Dmitrievna (4 July 1933 – 17 September 2002)  Nadejda married Anthony Allen, with whom she had two daughters and one son: Penelope, Marina and Alexander; after divorcing Allen, she married William Hall Clark During World War II, Prince Dmitri served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve  After the war, he became secretary of the travelers club in Paris In 1947 he divorced Princess Marina who moved with their daughter to the United States  In 1949 she remarried Otto de Neufville (1898–1971), a descendant of a French-German aristocratic family  Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova died on January 7, 1969, in Sharon, Connecticut 
During the 1950s, Prince Dmitri studied wine-making and worked as the European sales representative for a whisky firm in London  As his ex-wife did, Prince Dmitri also remarried  His second wife was the Dowager Lady Milbanke, née Margaret Sheila MacKellar Chisholm (9 September 1898 – 13 October 1969)  Born in rural New South Wales, Australia, she was married, firstly, to Francis St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough (heir to the 5th Earl of Rosslyn), and secondly, to Sir John Milbanke, 11th baronet  She married Prince Dmitri on 20 October 1954  No children were born of this marriage  The couple lived modestly in  Belgravia, in central London  Princess Dmitri died October 13, 1969, and was buried in a chapel, near Edinburgh, next to her youngest son, Peter St  Clair-Erskine, who had died, at the age of twenty, in 1939 
Following the creation of the Romanov Family Association in 1979, Prince Dmitri was chosen as its first president serving until his death a year later in England 

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 9:
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957), sometimes known as Helen, Helena, Helene, Ellen, Yelena, Hélène, or Eleni, was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia  She was also first cousin of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen consort of Denmark and the grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy, and Prince Michael of Kent 

Early life
Elena and her three surviving older brothers, Kirill, Boris, and Andrei, had an English nanny and spoke English as their first language  The young Elena had a temper and was sometimes out of control  At four years old, she posed for the artist Henry Jones Thaddeus  She grabbed a paper knife and threatened her nurse, who hid behind Thaddeus  "The little lady then transferred her attentions to me, her black eyes ablaze with fury," recalled Thaddeus  Elena, raised by a mother who was highly conscious of her social status, was also considered snobbish by some  "Poor little thing, I feel sorry for her," wrote her mother's social rival, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "for she is really quite sweet, but vain and pretty grandiose "

Marriage and children
She was engaged to Prince Max of Baden, but Max backed out of the engagement  Elena's mother was furious and society gossiped about Elena's difficulty in finding a husband  At one point in 1899, the seventeen-year-old Elena was reputedly engaged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, however this came to nothing as he fell in love with Countess Sophie Chotek Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, the third son of George I of Greece, first proposed in 1900, but Elena's mother was reluctant to allow her daughter to marry a younger son with no real fortune or prospects of inheriting a throne  She finally agreed to let Elena marry Nicholas, who was Elena's second cousin through his mother Olga Constantinovna of Russia and her father Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in 1902 after it became clear that no other offers were on the horizon The couple married on 29 August 1902 in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia  Like many imperial weddings, it was a grand affair, and was attended by the Emperor and Empress of Russia, the King and Queen of the Hellenes, among other royals and nobility of Russia Elena's "grand manner" irritated some people at court  According to the British diplomat Francis Elliot, there was an incident between Elena and her sister-in-law Princess Marie Bonaparte: Allegedly, Elena refused to greet Marie and "drew back her skirts as if not to be touched by her " Elena thought that Marie was beneath her, because her grandfather operated the Monte Carlo Casino  Elena looked down on another sister-in-law Princess Alice of Battenberg because of the latter's morganatic blood  The Dowager Empress wrote that Elena "has a very brusque and arrogant tone that can shock people "Prince and Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark had three daughters:

Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1903–1997); married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893-1976) in 1923 and had issue:
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1924–2016); married firstly to Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (b  1934) from 1955 to 1967 and had issue; married secondly to Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein (b  1942) in 1973 and had issue 
Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (1928–1954); did not marry and had no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (b  1936); married firstly to Howard Oxenberg (1919-2010) from 1961 to 1966 and had issue; married secondly to Neil Balfour (b  1944) from 1969 to 1978 and had issue; married thirdly to Manuel Ulloa Elías (1922-1992) in 1987, no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (1904–1955); married Carl Theodor, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (1900-1967)in 1934 and had issue:
Hans Veit, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1935); married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (b  1938) in 1964 and had issue 
Countess Helene of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1937); married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria (1918-2004) in 1956 and had issue 
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1906–1968); married Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902-1942) in 1934 and had issue:
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b  1935); married Katharine Worsley (b  1933) in 1961 and had issue 
Princess Alexandra of Kent (b  1936); married The Hon  Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928-2004) in 1963 and had issue 
Prince Michael of Kent (b  1942); married Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz (b  1945) in 1978 and had issue Grand Duchess Elena suffered from ill health after the birth of Princess Marina, which caused her husband anguish  
According to her niece, Princess Sophie of Greece, Grand Duchess Elena's priorities, throughout her life, remained as follows: “God first, the Grand Dukes of Russia then and finally everything else ” Thus, the Grand Duchess and her husband, Prince Nicholas, visited Russia annually to visit their relatives 

Life in exile
The family was later affected by the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent turmoil in Greece, which became a republic and resulted in the family living in France for a time 
While living in France Grand Duchess Elena became deeply involved in charity work for Russian exiles, particularly children  Short of money due to their exile from Greece and the loss of their Russian income, Prince Nicholas and his family lived in reduced, but elegant, circumstances  Grand Duchess Elena's fabulous jewel collection, as well as Prince Nicholas' own artwork, were their sources of income 
Princess Olga of Greece married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia; Princess Elizabeth of Greece married Count Karl Theodor zu Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Duchess Sophie in Bavaria and scion of an old and rich Bavarian mediatized family; and Princess Marina of Greece married the Prince George, Duke of Kent in November 1934 
Grand Duchess Elena became a widow early in 1938, as Prince Nicholas suffered a heart attack and died suddenly  She remained in Greece throughout the Second World War, dying there in 1957  She bequeathed her personal library to the Anavryta School 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Russian: Мария Владимировна Романова, romanized: Maria Vladimirovna Romanova; born 23 December 1953) has been a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov, the Imperial Family of Russia (who reigned as Emperors and Autocrats of all the Russias from 1613 to 1917) since 1992  Although she has used Grand Duchess of Russia as her title of pretence with the style Imperial Highness throughout her life, her right to do so is disputed  She is a great-great-granddaughter in the male line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia 

Early life
Birth
Maria Vladimirovna was born in Madrid, the only child of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia, head of the Imperial Family of Russia and titular Empress of Russia, and Princess Leonida Bagration-Mukhrani of Georgian, Polish, German and Swedish descent  Her paternal grandparents were Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Fyodorovna (née Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) through whom she is a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria  Her godfather was Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, for whom Prince Nicholas of Romania stood in at the christening ceremony, and her godmother was Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria 

Education
Maria was educated in Runnymede College in Madrid and Paris before studying Russian history and literature at Oxford University Maria Vladimirovna lives in Madrid  She is fluent in Russian, English, French, and Spanish, and also speaks some German, Italian, and Arabic On 23 December 1969, upon reaching her dynastic majority, Maria swore an oath of loyalty to her father, to Russia, and to uphold the Fundamental Laws of Russia which governed succession to the defunct throne  At the same time, her father issued a controversial decree recognising her as heiress presumptive and declaring that, in the event he predeceased other dynastic Romanov males, then Maria would become the "Curatrix of the Imperial Throne" until the death of the last male dynast  This has been viewed as an attempt by her father to ensure the succession remained in his branch of the imperial family, while the heads of the other branches of the imperial family, the Princes Vsevolod Ioannovich of the Konstantinovichi, Roman Petrovich of the Nikolaevichi and Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of the Mihailovichi declared that her father's actions were illegal  As it happened, Vladimir Kirillovich, who died in 1992, outlived all the other male Romanov dynasts, and his daughter had no occasion to assume curatorship 

Marriage
In Dinard on 4 September 1976 (civil) and at the Russian Orthodox Chapel in Madrid on 22 September 1976 (religious), Maria married Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, her third cousin once removed  He is a Hohenzollern great-grandson of Germany's last emperor Wilhelm II and a great-great-great grandchild of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom  Franz Wilhelm converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith prior to the wedding, taking the name Michael Pavlovich and receiving the title of a Grand Duke of Russia from Maria's father The couple separated in 1982, a year after the birth of their only child, George Mikhailovich, who had been granted the title Grand Duke of Russia at birth by his grandfather Vladimir  Following the divorce on 19 June 1985, Franz Wilhelm reverted to his Prussian name and style 

Succession claims and activities
Maria Vladimirovna is a patrilineal descendant of Alexander II of Russia, who is also a male-line descendant of Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg 
When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' Pauline laws  Although the charter of the Romanov Family Association (RFA), which represents other descendants of the Romanov family, asserts the premise that Russia's form of government should be determined democratically and that therefore the Association and its members undertake to adopt no position on any claims to the Imperial throne, its two most recent presidents have personally opposed Maria's claims: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, who maintained his own claims to dynastic status and to headship of the Romanov family, stated, "Strictly applying the Pauline Laws as amended in 1911 to all marriages of Equal Rank, the situation is very clear  At the present time, not one of the Emperors or Grand Dukes of Russia has left living descendants with unchallengeable rights to the Throne of Russia," and his younger brother, Prince Dimitri Romanov, said of Maria's assumption of titles, including "de jure Empress of all the Russias", "It seems that there are no limits to this charade"   The supporters of Maria Vladimirovna point to the fact that neither Nicholas nor his brother Dimitri had any dynastic claims due to the morganatic marriage of their parents By the Pauline Laws, she is the rightful heir to the throne  The Pauline Laws emphasize male succession before female succession  As an example, if Tsarevich Alexei Romanov had not been murdered in 1918, and died without issue (i e , without children), his sisters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia wouldn't become Empresses before male Romanov relatives  
Alexander III had four sons: Nicholas II of Russia whose only male son died before he could produce heirs, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, who died shortly before he was 11 months old, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, who died with no issue, and Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia whose only son, George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov died at age 20, childless 
From there, the line of succession looks to Alexander III's father, Alexander II  His sons, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia both died without issue  Excluding the future Alexander III, the third boy Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia – born after the childless Tsarevich and Alexander III, whose descendants couldn’t claim leadership for many reasons – had four sons  The eldest died in infancy and the second eldest, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia, had one son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia  His only child is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, making her the legal heir to the Russian throne 
Following the discovery of the remains of Emperor Nicholas II and most of his immediate family in 1991, Maria Vladimirovna wrote to President Boris Yeltsin regarding the burial of the remains, saying of her Romanov cousins, whom she does not recognise as members of the Imperial House (including the grandchildren of Nicholas II's sister Grand Duchess Xenia), that they "do not have the slightest right to speak their mind and wishes on this question  They can only go and pray at the grave, as can any other Russian, who so wishes"  At the behest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Maria did not recognise the authenticity of the remains and declined to attend the reburial ceremony in 1998, however according to Victor Aksyuchits, ex-advisor of Boris Nemtsov, the exact reason behind Maria's absence from the state burial for Nicholas II and his family in 1998 was motivated by the Russian government's refusal to recognize her status as official Head of the Romanov House, after asking via a letter prior the funeral ceremony  She has also said, regarding some of her Romanov cousins, that "My feeling about them is that now that something important is happening in Russia, they suddenly have awakened and said, 'Ah ha! There might be something to gain out of this '"Maria hopes for the restoration of the monarchy someday and is "ready to respond to a call from the people"  When questioned about the ongoing rift among Romanov descendants, Maria said:

"Attempts to disparage my rights have originated with people who, firstly, do not belong to the Imperial Family, and, secondly, either do not themselves know the relevant laws or think that others do not know these laws  In either case, there is unscrupulousness at work  The only thing that causes me regret is that some of our relatives waste their time and energy on little intrigues instead of striving to be of some use to their country  I have never quarreled with anyone about these matters and I remain open to a discussion and cooperation with all, including, of course, my relatives  But there can be no foundation for cooperation without respect for our dynastic laws, fulfilling these laws, and following our family traditions "
In 2002, Maria became frustrated with the internal strife within the Russian monarchist movement  When representatives of the Union of Descendants of Noble Families, one of two rival nobility associations (the other, older one being the Assembly of the Russian Nobility) were discovered to be distributing chivalric titles and awards of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, without her approval, she published a relatively strongly worded disclaimer In 2003, Kirill I Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia stated in a congratulatory message on Maria Vladimirovna's 55th birthday, "you are the embodiment of a Russian Grand Duchess: noble, wise, compassionate, and consumed with a genuine love for Russia  Though you may reside far from Russia, you continue to take an active part in its life, rejoicing when there are triumphs and empathizing when there are trials  It is deeply gratifying to know that, even in these new historical circumstances, you are making a significant contribution to the building of Russia's global standing on the basis of spiritual and moral values, and the centuries-old traditions of the Russian people  The Russian Orthodox Church remains the preserver of the historical memory of the Russian people, and supports, as it has traditionally, the warmest possible relations with the Russian Imperial House "In March 2013, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, made a statement which seems to have drawn further supporters  In an interview, he was asked if any of the Romanovs had a legitimate claim to the throne and responded: "Well, to the second part of your question: are the claims, as you say, of the descendants of the Romanovs to the Russian throne legitimate? I would like to say right away that there are no claims  Today, none of the descendants of the Romanovs make claims the Russian throne  But in the person of the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and her son George, the succession of the Romanovs is preserved - not to the Russian imperial throne, but simply historically " (Сегодня никто из лиц, принадлежащих к потомкам Романовых, не претендует на Российский престол  Но в лице Великой княгини Марии Владимировны и ее сына Георгия сохраняется преемственность Романовых — уже не на Российском императорском престоле, а просто в истории)  Further, the Patriarch noted: "And I must thank this family and many other Romanovs with gratitude for their today's contribution to the life of our Fatherland  Maria Vladimirovna supports a lot of good initiatives, she visits Russia, she meets people, she elevates the most ordinary people who have distinguished themselves to a nobility  I remember well how on the Smolensk land an old peasant woman was elevated to the dignity of nobility, who did so much for those who were by her side during the difficult years of the war and in the post-war period  Therefore, the cultural contribution of this family continues to be very noticeable in the life of our society  " In December 2013, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna visited the United States at the request of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, which received her with full honours and recognition as head of the Russian Imperial House  On 17 July 2018 she participated in the liturgical commemoration of the centenary of the assassinations of Saints Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and their children conducted in Yekaterinburg by Patriarch Kirill I In January 2021, Grand Duchess Maria announced the morganatic engagement of her son to Rebecca Virginia Bettarini from Italy  Bettarini converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Victoria Romanovna  Grand Duchess Maria granted permission for the couple to marry  She decreed that Bettarini will have the title Princess, with the predicate "Her Serene Highness" and the right to use the surname Romanov  In March, she issued a statement condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, after previously voicing her support for Crimea and Donbas annexation in 2014 by Russia 

Honours
Russian Dynastic honours
House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Andrew Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign, Grand Mistress and Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Catherine Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Alexander Nevsky Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of the White Eagle Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  George Disputed In abeyance
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Vladimir Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Anna Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Stanislas Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Michael the Archangel Disputed

Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church: Order of St  Sergius of Radonezh, 1st Class 
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Order of Our Lady of the Sign, 1st Class
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Medal of John of Shanghai and San Francisco

Moldovan Orthodox Church
Moldovan Orthodox Church: Medal of Saint Paraskevi

Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate): Medal of Saint Barbara

Foreign dynastic
Ethiopian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 Georgian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Tamara
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 Transnistria: Commander of the Order of the Republic
 Poland: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
 Portuguese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing

Awards
Italy: Honorary Citizen of the City of Agrigento
 Russia: Winner of the  Russian International Person of the Year
 Russia: Honorary Citizen of the Ivolginsky District
 Russia: Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts
 Russia: Medal of the Assembly of the Russian Nobility

Ancestry
See also
List of Grand Duchesses of Russia



ground_truth: Saint Petersburg