prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died later, True To The Navy or No Trees In The Street?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
No Trees in the Street
No Trees in the Street is a 1959 British crime thriller directed by J  Lee Thompson and written by Ted Willis, from his 1948 stage play of the same name The film is set in the slums of London  It depicts the life of impoverished teenager Tommy, who becomes a criminal in an attempt at social mobility  He starts with minor thefts and progresses to murder  A subplot involves the romantic involvements of Tommy's sister Hetty, first with a racketeer and then with a policeman 
The film is another example of British kitchen sink realism, but is mainly noted for its naturalistic depiction of slum life 

Plot
Initially, the film's story is told by Frank (Ronald Howard) a local plainclothes policeman in love with Hetty (Sylvia Syms), to a young tearaway Kenny (David Hemmings) 
In the slums of London before World War II, Tommy (Melvyn Hayes) is an aimless teenager who tries to escape his squalid surroundings by entering a life of crime  He falls in with local racketeer Wilkie (Herbert Lom), who holds the rest of the slum citizens - including Tommy's own family - in a grip of fear 
For a brief period, Hetty (Tommy's older sister) becomes Wilkie's girlfriend until he humiliates her in front of the other slum citizens simply to show his power over them, after which she will have nothing to do with Wilkie despite him repeatedly asking her to come back to him 
The film chronicles Tommy's sordid progression from minor thefts to murder At the end of the film, Hetty and Frank are seen to be married and living in a new council flat long after the slums have been demolished 

Cast
Sylvia Syms as Hetty
Herbert Lom as Wilkie
Melvyn Hayes as Tommy
Ronald Howard as Frank
Stanley Holloway as Kipper
Joan Miller as Jess
Liam Redmond as Bill
David Hemmings as Kenny
Carole Lesley as Lova
Lily Kann as Mrs Jacobson
Lloyd Lamble as Superintendent
Campbell Singer as Inspector
Marianne Stone as Mrs  Jokel
Rita Webb as Mrs  Brown
Lana Morris as Marje

Production
Ted Willis based his script on his 1948 play of the same name Willis and J  Lee Thompson and Sylvia Syms had previously collaborated together on Woman in a Dressing Gown and Ice Cold in Alex Filming began 10 March 1958  The film was revised after previews, with new scenes added at the opening, and at the end showing the detective married the sister 

Critical reception
TV Guide wrote "NO TREES suffers from artificiality of plot and dialog  Characterizations are reduced to mere stereotypes   There are some notable exceptions within the drama, however  Syms is surprisingly moving, giving a sensitive performance despite the film's constraints  Holloway's characterization of a bookie's tout is comical and charming   The camerawork attempts a realistic documentary look, which manages to succeed in capturing the details of slum life that make the setting seem surprisingly naturalistic  The finer points of the film, however, are overshadowed by its faults "Time Out wrote "released at a time when kitchen sink drama was all the rage, this is an unremarkable 'we had it tough' chronicle from another age "Variety wrote "Ted Willis is a writer with a sympathetic eye for problems of the middle and lower classes   Syms gives a moving performance as the gentle girl who refuses to marry the cheap racketeer just to escape  Lom, as the opportunist who dominates the street, is sufficiently suave and unpleasant "
Passage 2:
True to the Navy
True to the Navy is a 1930 romantic comedy film directed by Frank Tuttle for Paramount Pictures  The film stars Clara Bow as a counter girl at a San Diego drugstore with a predilection for sailors  Eventually she sets her sights on Bull's Eye McCoy (Fredric March), a stiff-necked gunner's mate 

Cast
Clara Bow as Ruby Nolan
Fredric March as "Bull's-Eye" McCoy
Harry Green as Solomon Bimberg
Sam Hardy as Brady
Rex Bell as Eddie
Ray Cooke as Peewee
Eddie Fetherston as Michael
Eddie Dunn as Albert
Adele Windsor as Maizie
Harry Sweet as Artie

Critical reception
Allmovie wrote, "the spectacle of distinguished actor Frederic March in sailor togs, chewing gum and dispensing sez-you dialogue, is worth the admission price in itself" ; while The New York Times noted, "it is a moderately deserting Summer-weather film, which succeeded in eliciting a good deal of laughter at its showing yesterday "
Passage 3:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 4:
Frank Tuttle
Frank Wright Tuttle (August 6, 1892 – January 6, 1963) was a Hollywood film director and writer who directed films from 1922 (The Cradle Buster) to 1959 (Island of Lost Women) 

Biography
Frank Tuttle was educated at Yale University, where he edited campus humor magazine The Yale Record After graduation, he worked in New York City in the advertising department of the Metropolitan Music Bureau  He later moved to Hollywood, where he became a film director for Paramount  His films are largely in the comedy and film noir genres In 1947, his career ground to a temporary halt with the onset of the first of the House Un-American Activities Committee hearings on Communist infiltration of the movie industry  Tuttle had joined the American Communist Party in 1937 in reaction to Hitler's rise to power  Unable to find work in the United States, he moved to France, where he made Gunman in the Streets (1950) starring Simone Signoret and Dane Clark  In 1951, after a decade as a member of the Communist Party, Tuttle gave 36 names to the HUAC 

Death
Tuttle died in Hollywood, California, on January 6, 1963, aged 70  He was survived by his three daughters 

Selected filmography
The Cradle Buster (1922)
Puritan Passions (1923) starring Mary Astor
Second Fiddle (1923) starring Mary Astor
Youthful Cheaters (1923)
Grit (1924)
Dangerous Money (1924)
The Manicure Girl (1925)
The Lucky Devil (1925)
Lovers in Quarantine (1925) starring Bebe Daniels and the other Harrison Ford
Kid Boots (1926) starring Eddie Cantor and Clara Bow
Love 'Em and Leave 'Em (1926) starring Evelyn Brent and Louise Brooks
The American Venus (1926) with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr 
The Untamed Lady (1926) starring Gloria Swanson
Blind Alleys (1927) starring Evelyn Brent and Thomas Meighan
Time to Love (1927)
One Woman to Another (1927)
Something Always Happens (1928)
Varsity (1928) starring Charles "Buddy" Rogers and Mary Brian
The Canary Murder Case (additional sound footage; 1929) starring William Powell as Philo Vance
The Green Murder Case starring William Powell as Philo Vance
Sweetie (1929) starring Nancy Carroll
Paramount on Parade (1930), Paramount's all-star revue with a screenplay by Joseph L  Mankiewicz
The Benson Murder Case (1930) starring William Powell as Philo Vance
True to the Navy (1930) starring Clara Bow and Fredric March
It Pays to Advertise (1931) starring Carole Lombard
No Limit (1931) starring Clara Bow and Thelma Todd
This Reckless Age starring Charles "Buddy" Rogers
The Big Broadcast (1932) starring Bing Crosby
This Is the Night (1932) with Cary Grant
Roman Scandals (1933) starring Eddie Cantor
Springtime for Henry (1934) starring Otto Kruger and Nigel Bruce
Here is My Heart (1934) starring Bing Crosby
Ladies Should Listen (1934) starring Cary Grant
Two for Tonight (1935) starring Bing Crosby
The Glass Key (1935), film adaptation of Dashiell Hammett's novel of the same name
All the King's Horses (1935) starring Carl Brisson
College Holiday (1936) starring Jack Benny, George Burns and Gracie Allen
Waikiki Wedding (1937) starring Bing Crosby
Doctor Rhythm (1938) starring Bing Crosby
Paris Honeymoon (1939) starring Bing Crosby
I Stole a Million (1939) starring George Raft and written by Nathanael West
Charlie McCarthy, Detective (1939) starring Edgar Bergen
Lucky Jordan (1942) starring Sheldon Leonard and Alan Ladd
This Gun for Hire (1942) starring Veronica Lake and Alan Ladd
Star Spangled Rhythm (contributing director; 1943) with sketches by George S  Kaufman
The Hour Before the Dawn (1944) starring Veronica Lake and based on the novel by W  Somerset Maugham
Don Juan Quilligan (1945) starring Phil Silvers
The Great John L  (1945) starring Linda Darnell
Suspense (1946) starring Barry Sullivan and Belita
Swell Guy (1946) starring Sonny Tufts
Gunman in the Streets (1950) starring Simone Signoret
The Magic Face (1951) starring Luther Adler
Hell on Frisco Bay (1956) starring Alan Ladd and Edward G  Robinson
A Cry in the Night (1956) starring Edmond O'Brien, Natalie Wood and Raymond Burr
Island of Lost Women (1959) starring Jeff Richards and produced by Alan Ladd
Passage 5:
True to Life
True to Life may refer to:

True to Life (Ray Charles album), 1977
True to Life (film), a 1943 film directed by George Marshall
"True to Life", a song by Roxy Music on the 1982 album Avalon
True to Life (Lisette Melendez album), 1994
Passage 6:
Sylvia Syms
Sylvia May Laura Syms  (6 January 1934 – 27 January 2023) was an English stage and screen actress  Her best-known film roles include My Teenage Daughter (1956), Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957), for which she was nominated for a BAFTA Award, Ice Cold in Alex (1958), No Trees in the Street (1959), Victim (1961), and The Tamarind Seed (1974) 
Known as the "Grand Dame of British Cinema", Syms was a major player in films from the mid-1950s until mid-1960s, usually in stiff-upper-lip English pictures, as opposed to kitchen sink realism dramas, before becoming more of a supporting actress in both film and television roles  On television, she was known for her recurring role as dressmaker Olive Woodhouse on the BBC soap opera EastEnders  She was also a notable theatre player Syms portrayed Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in the 2006 biopic The Queen 

Early life and education
Syms was born in Woolwich, London, England, in 1934, the daughter of Daisy (née Hale) and Edwin Syms, a trade unionist and civil servant  With the outbreak of World War II, Syms was evacuated to Kent and subsequently Monmouthshire  She grew up in Well Hall, Eltham When Syms was 12, her mother committed suicide  At 16, she suffered a nervous breakdown and contemplated taking her own life until an intervention from her stepmother  Syms was educated at convent schools before deciding to become an actress and attending The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 1954  She later served on RADA's council  
Syms's career began in repertory theatre in Eastbourne and Bath  She made her West End debut in The Apple Cart with Noël Coward 

Film career
Syms appeared in a TV play The Romantic Young Lady  This led to two offers, one to make a film for Herbert Wilcox, My Teenage Daughter, another to sign a long term contract with Associated British  She accepted both  In My Teenage Daughter (1956), Syms played Anna Neagle's troubled daughter  The film was successful at the British box office For Associated British she made No Time for Tears then appeared in The Birthday Present  Syms had the third lead in Woman in a Dressing Gown for director J  Lee Thompson which was very popular  She then made the English Civil War film, The Moonraker and the war film Ice Cold in Alex, also directed by Thompson  In early 1958 she made a third film for Thompson, No Trees in the Street   She announced she would make her first screen comedy The Light Blue  This became Bachelor of Hearts  In March 1959 she was voted Variety Club's Film Actress of 1958 In 1959, Syms appeared in the film Expresso Bongo as Maisie King, opposite Cliff Richard  She played opposite Dirk Bogarde in the 1961 film Victim, as the wife of a barrister who is a closet homosexual  The film is thought to have broadened the debate that led to the decriminalisation of homosexual acts in private in the United Kingdom Syms made Ferry to Hong Kong, The World of Suzie Wong and Conspiracy of Hearts 
Syms travelled to Ireland to play opposite Patrick McGoohan as the wife of a condemned man in The Quare Fellow  
She played Tony Hancock's wife in The Punch and Judy Man  The film also featured her nephew, Nick Webb  In 1963 she ended her contract with Associated British which by then guaranteed her £10,000 a year but which she felt was too restrictive  She appeared in East of Sudan  In 1965 she appeared on stage in Dual Marriageway 

Later career
Other comedies followed, such as The Big Job (1965) with Sid James and Bat Out of Hell (1967), but it was for drama that she won acclaim, including The Tamarind Seed (1974) with Julie Andrews and Omar Sharif, for which she was nominated for a British Film Academy award  
Syms featured in the husband-and-wife TV comedy My Good Woman from 1972 to 1974 and on the weekly BBC programme Movie Quiz as one of two team captains 
In 1975, Syms headed the jury at the 25th Berlin International Film Festival In 1989, Syms guest-starred in the Doctor Who story Ghost Light  Shortly after the end of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's term in office in 1990, Syms portrayed her in Thatcher: The Final Days (1991), a Granada television film for ITV, which dramatises the events surrounding Thatcher's removal from power, a role she recreated for the stage  From 2000 to 2003, she played Marion Riley in the ITV comedy-drama At Home with the Braithwaites  She also featured in the serial The Jury (2002) and in the same year contributed Sonnet 142 to the compilation album When Love Speaks For Stephen Frears's biopic The Queen (2006), Syms was cast as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother  She also appeared in The Poseidon Adventure (2005), an American TV film that was a loose remake of the 1972 feature film  Syms also took up producing and directing 
In 2009, Syms appeared in the film Is Anybody There? alongside Michael Caine and Anne-Marie Duff 
In 2009, she featured in the ITV drama series Collision  In 2010, she guest-starred as a patient in BBC One's drama series Casualty, having played a different character in an episode in 2007  Syms also appeared as another character in Casualty's sister series Holby City in 2003  From 2007 to 2010, she had a recurring role in BBC One's EastEnders, playing dressmaker Olive Woodhouse  In 2010, Syms took part in the BBC's The Young Ones, a series in which six celebrities in their seventies and eighties attempt to overcome some of the problems of ageing by harking back to the 1970s  From 2013 to 2019, Syms was the narrator of Talking Pictures, which aired on BBC Two Syms had numerous theatre roles, including in productions of Much Ado About Nothing, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and Antony and Cleopatra 

Personal life and death
From 9 June 1956 to 1989, Syms was married to Alan Edney, whom she had dated since she was a teenager  In 1961 they lost a baby daughter, Jessica  Later that year Syms and her husband adopted a son, Benjamin Mark  In October 1962 she gave birth to a daughter, Beatie Edney who is also an actress  Syms and her husband divorced in 1989 when she discovered he had a mistress for several years and that they shared a two year old daughter She was the aunt of musicians Nick and Alex Webb 
Syms was a longtime supporter of the Stars Foundation for Cerebral Palsy, serving on its board as an officer for 16 years until 2020, with singer Vera Lynn In the last year of her life, Syms lived at Denville Hall, a retirement home for actors in London  She died there on 27 January 2023, three weeks after her 89th birthday 

Legacy
In the words of Filmink magazine:

I don’t think any actress in English speaking cinema of this era had such a variety of love interests as Sylvia Syms  It helped that she was beautiful, of course     that she could act: it’s hard to think of a bad Sylvia Syms performance – sometimes she was miscast, but never bad  She always brought a level of intelligence to her roles along with a sense of fun  And she was highly adept playing “smouldering hot lava of emotion and sensuality under an outwardly straight-laced and sensible facade” that made her – and this is meant with nothing but the greatest respect to the recently departed – sexy as hell "

Filmography
Source:

Film
Television
Theatre
1953 The Apple Cart - with Noël Coward
1966 Peter Pan
1984 The Vortex
1985 Entertaining Mr Sloane - with Adam Ant
1988 Better in My Dreams - director
1991 Anthony and Cleopatra
1991 The Price - director
1992 The House of the Stairs
1993 For Services Rendered
Passage 7:
G  Marthandan
G  Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema  His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus

Early life
G  Marthandan was born to M  S  Gopalan Nair and P  Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala  He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery 

Career
After completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995  His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998  He worked as an associate director for 18 years He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role  His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles  Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes 

Filmography
As director
As associate director
As actor
TV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episode

Awards
Ramu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)
JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)
Passage 8:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 9:
SA Navy
SA Navy or S A  Navy may refer to:

Royal Saudi Navy
South African Navy
Passage 10:
J  Lee Thompson
John Lee Thompson (1 August 1914 – 30 August 2002) was a British film director, active in London and Hollywood, best known for award-winning films such as Woman in a Dressing Gown, Ice Cold in Alex and The Guns of Navarone along with cult classics like Cape Fear, Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and The White Buffalo 

Early life
Thompson was born in Bristol on 1 August 1914  His family had links to the theatre  Thompson studied at Dover College then went to work in the theatre, joining the Nottingham Repertory Company as an actor and stagehand  He later went to work for a repertory company in Croydon, Surrey He wrote plays in his spare time, and had started when he was nine  One of them, Murder Happens? was performed at Croydon in 1934  His second staged play, Double Error, had a brief West End run at the Fortune Theatre in 1935  An article from this time about the play said he had written 40 plays already, including four in between his first two staged plays  A company worth £10,000 was formed to exploit Thompson's writings over the next seven years but this appears to have not had a long life Thompson later said he had written a part for himself to perform, but when management asked him if he wanted to do so he said "of course not," and "the die was cast  Later I decided if I didn't have the guts to admit I wanted to play the role I should never act again and I never did "

Screenwriter
The film rights to Double Error were purchased for £100  Thompson was hired to work in the scriptwriting department at British International Pictures at Elstree Studios  While there he made his one appearance as an actor in films, playing a small role in Midshipman Easy (1935) 
His first credit was The Price of Folly (1937), based on his play  He also worked on the scripts for Glamorous Night (1937), and he worked as dialogue coach on Jamaica Inn (1939), directed by Alfred Hitchcock 
He wrote the scripts for The Middle Watch (1940), made at Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) and East of Piccadilly (1941) 

World War II
Thompson served in World War II as a tailgunner and wireless operator in the RAF  In 1942 a revised version of Double Error, titled Murder Without Crime, opened at the Comedy Theatre in London  The play had a run on Broadway in 1943 

Post War
After the war Thompson returned to his work as scriptwriter under contract at Associated British on such films as No Place for Jennifer (1949) and For Them That Trespass (1949), the latter starring Richard Todd in his debut 
Thompson was dialogue director on The Hasty Heart (1949), which turned Todd into a star  He later said he gave up dialogue directing because he found the job "impossible  My job was to take stars through their lines but I felt that I was also expected to be a spy for the front office  If a word was altered they wanted to know why  It was a way of keeping control "The same year his play The Human Touch, co written with Dudley Leslie, ran for more than a hundred performances at the Savoy Theatre in a production starring Alec Guinness 

British film director
Early films
His first film as a director was Murder Without Crime (1950), made at ABPC, who put Thompson under contract   Thompson was offered £500 for the screen rights to the play and £500 to direct  He said "it was not so much that I wanted to direct movies it was to get the money so I could continue writing plays  But while directing it I got the feeling that I wanted to be a movie director "Thompson said "the fact is I found directing to be much easier than writing and I enjoyed it much more than writing as well  So I became a film director "The film was about a man who thinks he has committed murder  Thompson also wrote the screenplay, based on his own play Double Error  In the words of Thompson's Screenonline profile "this well structured film went largely unnoticed but contained many of the themes which were to characterise Lee Thompson's work: a good person's struggle with their conscience, an external force of evil, and an out-of-character moment of violence which has long-term consequences  Believing people can "commit crimes without being criminals", he sought to make his audiences condone or at least understand behaviour that they would normally condemn "Thompson's first film success was one he directed and co-wrote (with Anne Burnaby), The Yellow Balloon (1953), the story of a child who is blackmailed into helping a criminal after accidentally causing his friend's death 
He followed it with a comedy, For Better, For Worse (1954) starring Dirk Bogarde, which was even more popular though it is little remembered today 

Social Realist films
Thompson's fourth film as director The Weak and the Wicked (1954), portrays the lives of women in prison and is based on memoirs by Joan Henry, who became Thompson's second wife  Thompson wrote the script, again in collaboration with Anne Burnaby  It starred Glynis Johns and Diana Dors and was a hit at the box office  The success of the film greatly added to Thompson's prestige and he began to be regarded as one of the leading directors in the country Thompson was loaned to Rank Films to direct a Jack Buchanan comedy, As Long as They're Happy (1955), co-starring Dors and An Alligator Named Daisy (1955), also starring Dors, along with Donald Sinden  He returned to ABPC and the theme of female prisoners in Yield to the Night (1956), an anti-capital punishment tale with Diana Dors as the condemned prisoner 
Thompson later said the "pattern" of his ABPC films was "two pieces of tepid rubbish for one decent project - if I could persuade Robert Clark, who was head of production  He used to wring his hands when I insisted  'Okay,' he'd finally say  'Do it if you must  But it won't make money ' I admired him for that really  He did give you a bit of a chance "The Good Companions (1957) was lighter fare, based on a book by J  B  Priestley  According to one obituary Thompson "made excellent use of the CinemaScope screen, assembled a fine supporting cast and, with zestful choreography    came up with one of the few successes in a genre for which the British cinema was not noted "Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957), with Yvonne Mitchell, Anthony Quayle and Sylvia Syms and written by Ted Willis, deals with the collapse of a 20-year marriage 

Action director
Thompson had a big success with Ice Cold in Alex (1958), the story of a British Army unit trekking across North Africa in the Second World War  It featured John Mills, Sylvia Syms, Anthony Quayle and Harry Andrews  It won three BAFTA Awards, including Best British Film  He followed it with North West Frontier (1959), an adventure film set in British India starring Kenneth More and Lauren Bacall  It was one of the most popular films in Britain in 1959 No Trees in the Street (1959) was a thriller written by Willis  Also in that genre was Tiger Bay (1959), starring John Mills  It introduced cinema audiences to Mills' daughter Hayley and German actor Horst Buchholz   Hayley Mills also earned a BAFTA for Most Promising Newcomer portraying a 12-year-old girl who refuses to betray a sailor accused of murder 
Thompson followed this with I Aim at the Stars (1960) 

Hollywood career
Guns of Navarone and Cape Fear
Thompson vaulted to international fame with The Guns of Navarone (1961) as a last-minute replacement for director Alexander Mackendrick  His take-charge attitude during its production earned him the nickname 'Mighty Mouse' from lead actor Gregory Peck  Co-star Anthony Quinn said Thompson:

Never read a scene until he had to shoot it and approached each shot on a whim  And yet the cumulative effect was astonishing  Lee Thompson made a marvelous picture but how? Perhaps his inventiveness lay in defying convention, in rejecting the accepted methods of motion picture making and establishing his own  Perhaps it was in his very formlessness that he found the one form he could sustain, and nurture, the one form that could, in turn, sustain and nurture him  Perhaps he was just a lucky Englishman who pulled a good picture out of his ass 
The Guns of Navarone, a World War II epic filmed on location in Rhodes, Greece, was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Thompson for Best Director  In 1961 he said "primarily I am in the business to entertain  This does not mean that I never want to try artistic movies again  But I do not think you can sell art on the big movie circuits  Art belongs in the art houses " Later he said "I liked the character bits best" about Navarone  "Anyone can make an explosion "The success of Navarone won him entry into Hollywood, where he directed Cape Fear (1962), a psychological thriller with Gregory Peck, Robert Mitchum, Polly Bergen and Lori Martin; Peck and Mitchum co-producing the film  Based on a novel called The Executioners by John D  MacDonald, Cape Fear shows how a sex offender can manipulate the justice system and terrorise an entire family  Highly controversial for its time, the film was cut heavily in both the United States and the United Kingdom 
He worked on a project with Warren Beatty and Clifford Odets based on an idea of Beatty's  It was never made  Neither was The Short Cut which he discussed doing with Darryl F  Zanuck, or The Living Room from a novel by Graham Greene or Chips with Everything by Arnold Wesker 

Mirisch Brothers
Thompson directed Yul Brynner in the Cossack epic Taras Bulba (1962) for producer Harold Hecht  Thompson was going to follow it with Big Charlie starring Brynner but the movie was not made  In 1962 the Mirisch Brothers signed the director to a four-picture contract  The first film made under this contract was the Mayan Indian epic Kings of the Sun (1963), starring Brynner 
In September 1962 Thompson said he would make I Love Louisa with Elizabeth Taylor produced by Arthur Jacobs  (This film became What a Way to Go!(1964) with Shirley MacLaine ) He would put actors under personal contract like Talitha Pol In September 1963 Thompson announced he had formed a company, Bowhall Productions, to make around four films a year in the $120,000-$160,000 budget range  Thompson said it was "unlikely" the films would "make a profit" but they were movies he "deeply wanted to make"  They included Chips with Everything, Rose without a Thorn by Clifford Bax, and a film in Spain  Following Return from the Ashes he would also make a $7 million movie in Africa Thunder of Giants Instead he did another with MacLaine, John Goldfarb, Please Come Home (1965)  Back in England Thompson made Return from the Ashes (1965) for the Mirisch Brothers  In April 1965 Thompson announced he would make High Citadel based on a novel by Desmond Bagley for the Mirisch Brothers  These plans were postponed when Thompson received an offer to replace Michael Anderson, who had fallen ill before he was to start directing a thriller about cults with David Niven, Eye of the Devil (1967) (originally titled 13)  High Citadel was never filmed  Another film announced but never filmed was The Case Against Colonel Sutton which he was going to do with producer Martin Poll  Neither was a proposed musical remake of The Private Lives of Henry VIII After a war film, Before Winter Comes (1968) Thompson was reunited with the star, producer and writer of Navarone in the Western Mackenna's Gold (1969) but it did poorly at the box office  So too did the espionage tale The Chairman (1969) with Gregory Peck  He was meant to follow that with You?, about assassination from a script by Andrew Sinclair  It was never filmed  "I freely admit I've done some pretty bad stuff," he said in 1968  "It's entirely my own fault  The trouble was I accepted some dismal scripts   I wasn't tough enough    Writing is the fundamental thing " Some have argued that Thompson's creative decline coincided with the end of his relationship with Henry 

Apes Movies
Back in the UK he directed Country Dance, also known as Brotherly Love (1970)  Thompson's handling of a smaller scale film impressed producer Arthur Jacobs, with whom Thompson had made What a Way to Go; Thompson was the first director attached to the Jacobs production The Planet of the Apes and Thompson says he turned down the first two sequels  He was available to make the fourth and fifth movies in the series, Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and Battle for the Planet of the Apes  Writer Paul Dehn said Thompson had a reputation as someone with a drinking problem but that he had overcome it by the time of the Apes films "They were cutting back on the budgets the whole time after the first one", said Thompson later  "It was a bad policy "

Later career
US Television
Thompson began working more in US television, directing the television films A Great American Tragedy (1972), Huckleberry Finn (1974) starring Jeff East and Paul Winfield, The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1974) and Widow (1976) as well as the pilot episode of The Blue Knight (1975) 
He returned to playwriting with Getting Away with Murder (1976) 

Charles Bronson
In 1976, Thompson began a long collaboration with actor Charles Bronson on the Warner Bros  crime story St  Ives   John Crowther, who worked with both men, later said "Thompson was the total antithesis of Charlie and they got along famously  They really worked well together ”In 1977, Bronson and Thompson teamed again on an unconventional western film called The White Buffalo Thompson directed two films starring Anthony Quinn, The Greek Tycoon and The Passage  Reviewing the latter The Guardian called Thompson a director who "should know better but often doesn't"  The Globe and Mail argued Thompson was "possibly the worst experienced director working in the world today "Thompson directed the horror film, Happy Birthday to Me in 1980 
In 1981 Thompson and Bronson made the film Caboblanco, which opened on Los Angeles on 24 April  Also that year he directed an episode of the TV show Code Red, and which he followed with another Bronson movie, 10 to Midnight Thompson worked with Bronson again on, The Evil That Men Do (1984), which was shot in Mexico   Thompson was hired to replace original director Fielder Cook, who was fired shortly before filming began  Producer Pancho Okhenr said Thompson "knew exactly what shots he needed to put together the film     [Bronson] had a lot of respect for Lee  The whole crew appreciated when the director did not make them work over and over to get the same shot from different angles    He was just a terrific filmmaker ”Also released that year was The Ambassador, starring Robert Mitchum 
On 22 November 1985, King Solomon's Mines premiered  Thompson made this film as an Indiana Jones-style pastiche  It was shot in Zimbabwe and starred Richard Chamberlain  The film was reasonably successful at the box office 
On 18 April 1986, Murphy's Law, the Thompson and Bronson collaboration of that year, started its theatrical run  It is a neo-noir thriller film  Acting in the film are Kathleen Wilhoite, Carrie Snodgress, Robert F  Lyons, and Richard Romanus  Thompson tried another Indiana Jones-type tale with Firewalker, which premiered on 21 November  The film paired the actors Chuck Norris with Louis Gossett Jr  as its leads  The action adventure co-stars Will Sampson and Melody Anderson  Norris and Gossett play Max Donigan and Leo Porter, two soldiers of fortune, whose adventures rarely result in any notable gain  They are befriended by an inscrutable woman of mystery Patricia (Anderson)  Patricia's map leads them on a quest for treasure in Central America  The name of the movie comes from the powerful guardian of the treasure 
Now working exclusively for Cannon, Thompson made two more Charles Bronson thrillers  On 6 November 1987 Death Wish 4: The Crackdown was released and 16 September 1988 saw the opening of Messenger of Death  He later reflected, "I realized these films were not going to enhance my reputation  I had to live with that  You're not going to be offered the great films at a certain age "3 February 1989, Thompson's final directorial effort was released Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects starring Charles Bronson In 1990 Thompson moved to Sooke In 1992 Thompson said he was trying to finance a remake of Tiger Bay with Anna Chumsky and Alec Baldwin  The director said "I have certain regrets now  I would rather have stuck to making films like Yield to the Night which had some integrity and importance  But the British film industry caved in  I shouldn't denigrate myself too much because I have enjoyed making my films but I suppose I sort of sold out "

Personal life
Thompson was married three times  His first wife was Florence Bailey, whom he married in 1935 when he was 20  They had a son, Peter (1938–1997), who became a film editor on several of his father's films and predeceased him, and a daughter, Lesley, who survived him  They divorced in 1957 
His second wife was prisoner and author Joan Henry, whom he married in 1958  They collaborated on Weak and the Wicked and Yield to the Night  He left her for actress Susan Hampshire  In March 1962 Hedda Hopper reported that Thompson was "sweating it out" in Los Angeles while Henry and Hampshire were "awaiting his decision in London " Thompson confirmed this in an interview, and Hampshire and Henry were less forthcoming to the press In September, Hopper reported that it was over between Thompson and Hampshire  Henry and Thompson were divorced in the late 1960s In November 1962, Thompson said he had proposed to Shirley Ann Field whom he said accepted then changed her mind His third wife was Penny, who was his widow 

Death
Thompson died of congestive heart failure on 30 August 2002, at his holiday home in Sooke, British Columbia, aged 88 

Critical appraisal
The Guardian obituary called him "a compelling craftsman"  The Washington Post said "he directed adventure films noted for their punchy pacing, rich atmosphere and nuanced characterization " Variety said he was "Known as a craftsman who had a clear sense of how each film should play, scene by scene" The Independent said "he lent his acute sense of atmosphere and vivid visual style to a wide range of material  His intimate kitchen-sink melodramas    were unflinching portraits of social realism unusually stark for their time  His thrillers were tautly edited exercises in suspense, and he also made some engaging comedies and a bracing musical   Though his later films can most kindly be labelled potboilers, his body of work in the Fifties and early Sixties was an impressive one "In 2000 he stated that he made so many American films "because of my insecurity and effort to stay here  If I was given a script and it had something good in it I'd say, 'Good, I've got my next picture!' That is not the way to make good films, so some of them were good and some not so good     What an idiot! 'You should have stayed at what you really wanted to make ' If I have anything to say to young directors today it's don't make a film for the sake of making it  Make it only if you really believe in it  Then success will eventually come to you "

Awards
Nominated, Best Director Academy Award, The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Nominated, Best Director Directors Guild of America, The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Nominated, Best Director Golden Globe, The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Winner, Best Film Golden Globe, The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Nominated, Best Film BAFTA, Tiger Bay (1959)
Nominated, Best Film BAFTA, North West Frontier (1959)
Nominated, Golden Bear Berlin International Film Festival, Tiger Bay (1959)
Winner, FIPRESCI Prize Berlin International Film Festival, Ice Cold in Alex (1958)
Nominated, Golden Bear Berlin International Film Festival, Ice Cold in Alex (1958)
Winner, Special Mention Berlin International Film Festival, Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957)
Winner, FIPRESCI Prize Berlin International Film Festival, Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957)
Nominated, Golden Bear Berlin International Film Festival, Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957)
Nominated, Palme d'Or Cannes Film Festival, Yield to the Night (1956)

Selected filmography
Screenwriter
The Price of Folly (1937)
The Middle Watch (1940)
Last Holiday 1950 film: additional dialogue contributions to J B Priestley's Script 

Director
1950s
Murder Without Crime (1950)
The Yellow Balloon (1953)
For Better, for Worse (1954)
The Weak and the Wicked (1954)
As Long as They're Happy (1955)
An Alligator Named Daisy (1955)
Yield to the Night (1956)
The Good Companions (1957)
Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957)
Ice Cold in Alex (1958)
North West Frontier (1959)
No Trees in the Street (1959)
Tiger Bay (1959)

1960s
I Aim at the Stars (1960)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Cape Fear (1962)
Taras Bulba (1962)
Kings of the Sun (1963)
What a Way to Go! (1964)
John Goldfarb, Please Come Home (1965)
Return from the Ashes (1965)
Eye of the Devil (1967)
Mackenna's Gold (1969)
Before Winter Comes (1969)
The Chairman (1969)

1970s
Country Dance (1970)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
A Great American Tragedy (1972) (TV)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1975)
Widow (1976) (TV)
St  Ives (1976)
The White Buffalo (1977)
The Greek Tycoon (1978)
The Passage (1979)

1980s
Caboblanco (1980)
Happy Birthday to Me (1981)
10 to Midnight (1983)
The Evil That Men Do (1984)
The Ambassador (1984)
King Solomon's Mines (1985)
Murphy's Law (1986)
Firewalker (1986)
Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1987)
Messenger of Death (1988)
Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects (1989)

Notes and references
External links
J  Lee Thompson at IMDb
J  Lee Thompson at the BFI's Screenonline
Context 2: Passage 1:
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen (6 August 1843 – 11 November 1919) was the daughter of Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his wife Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel  She was the mother of Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 

Family and early life
Augusta was the only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen  Her only sibling was Georg, who would succeed their father in 1866  Georg was seventeen years older than she was Augusta's paternal grandparents were Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg  Her maternal grandparents were William II, Elector of Hesse and Princess Augusta of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William II of Prussia 
Like her brother, Augusta was born in Meiningen  Despite the large age difference, they seemed to have a good relationship  He was a great lover of theatre; in 1856, he wrote his parents stating how happy he was that Augusta was allowed to attend the theatre and how their mother was more tolerant than she had been when he was a child, when she had declared that no child under thirteen should be allowed in the theatre 

Marriage
On 15 October 1862, Augusta married Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg in Meiningen  He was fourteen years older, and was a younger son of Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and Marie Luise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  They had five children:

Honours
Ernestine duchies: Insignia of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of the Order of Theresa, in Diamonds
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of St  Catherine

Ancestry
Passage 2:
Henri I, Duke of Nemours
== Biography ==
Henri of Savoy (French: Henri de Savoie) (2 November 1572 – 10 July 1632), called originally Marquis de Saint-Sorlin, was the son of Jacques of Savoy and Anna d'Este, the widow of François de Lorraine, Duke of Guise  He succeeded his brother Charles Emmanuel as Duke of Nemours 
In 1588 he took the marquisate of Saluzzo from the French for his cousin, the Duke of Savoy  The princes of Guise, his half-brothers, induced him to join the League, and in 1591 he was made governor of Dauphiné in the name of that faction  He made his submission to Henry IV in 1596  After quarrelling with the duke of Savoy he withdrew to Burgundy and joined the Spaniards in their war against Savoy  After peace had been proclaimed on November 14, 1616, he retired to the French court After his death, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Louis; on the death of Louis in 1641 by his second son Charles Amadeus; and on Charles's death in 1651 by his third son Henri   All three were the sons of his wife Anne de Lorraine (1600–1638), daughter of Charles de Lorraine, Duke of Aumale 
Passage 3:
Henri II, Duke of Nemours
Henri of Savoy (7 November 1625, Paris – 4 January 1659, Paris) was the seventh Duc de Nemours (1652–59), and was also Count of Geneva 
Henri, as the third son of Henri de Savoie, 4th Duc de Nemours, was not expected to succeed to the dukedom and entered the priesthood   By 1651, he had become Archbishop of Reims   When his brothers Louis and Charles both predeceased him without leaving sons, he was relieved of his vows and became Duc de Nemours in 1652   He married Marie d'Orleans (daughter of Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville and Louise de Bourbon) in 1657, but died two years later without children   On his death, the title of Duke of Nemours reverted to the Crown   He was succeeded as Count of Geneva by his niece, Marie Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie, Duchess of Savoy 
Passage 4:
Jacques, Duke of Nemours
Jacques de Savoie, duc de Nemours (12 October 1531 – 15 June 1585) was a French military commander, governor and Prince Étranger  Having inherited his titles at a young age, Nemours fought for king Henri II during the latter Italian Wars, seeing action at the siege of Metz and the stunning victories of Renty and Calais in 1554 and 1558  Already a commander of French infantry, he received promotion to commander of the light cavalry after the capture of Calais in 1558  A year prior he had accompanied François, Duke of Guise on his entry into Italy, as much for the purpose of campaigning as to escape the king's cousin Antoine of Navarre who was threatening to kill him for his extra-marital pursuit of Navarre's cousin 
In 1559 Henri II died during a joust, and was succeeded by his young son François II  The new administration, led by the Guise due to François' young age was plagued with religious and financial difficulties, that emboldened a conspiracy to form against it  Nemours played a key role in crushing the Conspiracy of Amboise, capturing several of the leaders, and infamously promising the baron de Castelnau that if he surrendered no harm would come to him, the baron shortly thereafter being executed despite the pleas of many nobles  
The following year he involved himself in a conspiracy to spirit away the 10-year-old Anjou from court, so that he could be 'raised in Catholic environs'  The plot was uncovered, and facing arrest, Nemours fled from court  The case against him collapsed, however, as the only evidence was the word of the young prince  Around this time a case was also looming against him for his relationship indiscretions  Françoise de Rohan being distraught that he had given her a child without fulfilling his promise to marry her, the case would gestate for the next four years until the archbishop of Lyon ruled in his favour in 1565, allowing him to marry the widowed Anne d'Este the following year  
Nemours fought during the first war of religion, fighting the baron des Adrets around Lyon and the Dauphiné  With the death of the Marshal Saint-André on the field of Dreux in December, he became the governor of the Lyonnais, an office he would hold for the next nine years before resigning it in favour of his lieutenant-general François de Mandelot 
Nemours remained close with the Guise, supporting them in their feud with the Montmorency over the assassination of the duke of Guise without notable results  Nemours was with the court during the Surprise of Meaux and successfully counselled the court to make a flight to Paris  While besieged in Paris the following month, he aided in breaking the ring the Protestants had set up around the city before Anne de Montmorency's victory at the battle of Saint Denis  With Montmorency's death on the field, the young prince, whom Nemours had once tried to lure away from court, Anjou, became lieutenant-general of the army  To support him in the practicalities of conducting the campaign Nemours was among those chosen as his advisers  During the third war of religion, Nemours was tasked with assisting Claude, Duke of Aumale, the late duke of Guise's brother in blocking an entry into France by a German mercenary force in favour of the Protestant army  Aumale and Nemours found themselves too consumed in bickering to effectively block the force, and it linked up with the main Protestant body 
By the 1570s Nemours moved away from active politics and military command  Having resigned his governorship, he devoted himself more fully to matters of the arts  Though he was suspected of involvement in the Ligues after 1576, the king was satisfied with his swearing that he did not desire the overturn of the Peace of Monsieur  In 1585, he died, and was succeeded as duke of Nemours by his son 

Early life and family
Nemours, born in 1531, was the son of Philippe, Duke of Nemours, the first holder of the title and Charlotte d'Orléans, and became Duke of Nemours on his father's death in 1533 As early as 1555 Nemours was courting Françoise de Rohan, and had given her the impression he was seeking marriage  Even now however, he was also showing interest in the duke of Guise's wife, causing much scandal at court  By 1556 Françoise had become pregnant, and tearfully pled with Nemours to go through with his promise of marrying her but he refused  The Guise, who wished to remain close with Nemours despite his indiscretions, promised him that he could marry Lucrecia d'Este instead  Upon the death of her husband Anne d'Este was left widowed  In 1565 she was ready to marry again, and married Nemours at St Maur-des-Fosses in May 1566  The king provided the majority of the dowry to secure the marriage  Nemours looked to the church to handle the situation with Françoise due to his promise to marry her  He was able to void this arrangement, to proceed with his planned marriage of Anne, much to the fury of the Rohan and Catherine de Medici  The daughter of Duke Ercole II of Ferrara and Renée of France, Anne brought with her to the marriage the county of Gisors, a title she would continue to hold until her own death in 1607 Together they had the following issue:
Charles Emmanuel (1567–1595)
Marguerite (1569–1572)
Henry I (1572–1632)
Emmanuel PhilibertBack in 1561 Nemours' scandalous behaviour regarding Françoise had been the subject of litigation as she attempted to sue Nemours into marrying her, having made her pregnant  Supporting her was her cousin Jeanne d'Albret, and Antoine of Navarre, though he withdrew his support that year  Back in 1557 he had sworn to kill Nemours and all his friends for the duke's behaviour  In 1566 the Archbishop of Lyon ruled against Françoise, and the court endorsed the ruling  Albret was furious, challenging the competence of all the members of the council that she could to rule on the case  She urged the Parlement of Paris to have jurisdiction over the case, however they refused as legally it had been sequestered from them to the attention of the king's council In 1571, 5 years after the marriage of Nemours and d'Este, the Pope endorsed the decision of the archbishop of Lyon, leading Françoise to formally convert to Protestantism The child of this illegitimate pregnancy was Henri de Savoie, comte de Genevois 

Reign of Henri II
Italian wars
Nemours fought in the recently resumed Italian Wars in 1552, fighting at the spectacular victory of the defence of Metz and the siege of Lens where he distinguished himself  In the following years he fought at the shocking French victory of the Battle of Renty in 1554 and then in Piedmont the following year In late 1556, the French invaded Italy in support of the Pope  Nemours travelled with the expedition as commander of the infantry  Alongside the usual benefits of campaign it afforded him some distance from Navarre, who wanted him dead  The campaign would achieve little of note, becoming mired in the intrigues of Italian politics  With François, Duke of Guise's remarkable capture of Calais, the king was in the mood to hand out favours to those who had participated in the victory  Claude, Duke of Aumale was made governor of Piedmont, leaving his post at the head of the light cavalry vacant  Nemours was thus granted the privilege of commander of the light cavalry in Aumale's stead 

Peace
To celebrate the end of the Italian Wars with the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis it was decided to host a joust  Henri, always a lover of martial sports, decided to participate  Also participating were François I, Duke of Nevers, Guise and Nemours  Nemours and Guise both rode against the king, Henri getting the better of his nobles in both engagements  It would be at this event that during a joust against Montgommery, the captain of his Scots Guard, Henri would be killed as a splinter of his opponent's lance embedded itself in his head 

Reign of François II
The new Guise-led administration that formed for the young François II of France was faced with a kingdom in financial and religious crisis  Opposition on both of these impetuses coalesced into the Conspiracy of Amboise where an array of nobles sought to seize the king and kill his advisers  The Guise became aware of this conspiracy, and prepared to respond militarily on its launch  Nemours, fresh off the capture of Mazères and Raunay, was tasked with reducing a château held by the baron de Castelnau, one of the ringleaders  His forces surrounded the château du Noizay but decided it would be more advantageous to reduce the fortified residence through negotiation  In an interview with the baron he was able to convince him to come peacefully, in return for a promise 'on his honour' that neither Castelnau or his followers would be executed  The administration would not however honour this promise Nemours made, either due to disinterest or due to him not mentioning it to the court  As such despite the protestations of many Catholic nobles, including Anne d'Este a man of 'good birth' would be put to death 

Reign of Charles IX
Ousted from government by the death of the young king in December 1560, the Guise retreated from court, conscious that they were unlikely to receive much office or favours under the new formal regency for Charles IX  Accompanying them on their departure in January were Nemours and Longueville 

Conspiracy
To many Catholics the environment in which the young princes were being raised appeared far too Protestant  To this end a plot was devised to spirit the young Anjou away from court so that he could be raised in properly Catholic environs such as Savoy  Nemours was implicated as a leader in this attempted conspiracy  To encourage the young prince away from the court, Nemours had enlisted the young Henri de Guise, to draw his playmate away  Having gained awareness of the plot, Catherine questioned her child as to who had tried to persuade him to leave court; the 10-year-old implicated Nemours on 29 October  Shortly thereafter Catherine ordered Nemours' arrest, and he fled court  However as she began to pursue a case against them, it became apparent that the only testimony in support would be from a 10-year-old child; as such the case against Nemours was dropped shortly thereafter and he was given permission to return to court With the departure of the Guise and their allies from the court for the second time in October 1561, Nemours was among those who joined them on their exodus  The motive for the departure was not purely religious but also factional, with Longueville, a long-time associate of the Guise, departing also, despite his Protestantism  In total their retinue numbered 700 horse, a large section of the nobility gathered at court  Their departure, alongside that of Anne de Montmorency left the regency government of Catherine de Medici with a precariously thin base of support, propped up only by the Bourbon-Vendôme and the Châtillon 

First war of religion
During the first civil war, Nemours attempted to reduce the city of Lyon which had risen up in support of the prince of Condé  He fought with the baron des Adrets in Dauphiné, and in December was in the process of negotiating a favourable truce with the infamous commander which would have seen him secure the defection of the rebel army  However, Adrets' subordinates learned of the negotiations and had him arrested  In the major field battle of the war at Dreux, the governor of the Lyonnais, Beaujolais and Forez, Marshal Saint-André was murdered on the field after having surrendered  This left a vacancy for his governate, which was to be filled by Nemours In the wake of the Edict of Amboise which brought the first civil war to a close with the provision of limited toleration to Protestants the crown desired to reconcile the factions to ensure internal peace  To this end they courted Condé, hoping to foster his loyalty  Catherine de Medici informed Anne d'Este that she had successfully reconciled Condé with Nemours and Cardinal Guise, brother of the late duke 

Feud
During the final siege of the first war of religion, the duke of Guise had been assassinated  The family blamed Gaspard II de Coligny for ordering the hit and were determined to pursue 'justice' against the Admiral  Coligny for his part came under the protection of his uncle Montmorency, who re-opened his rivalry with the Guise in defence of his nephew



ground_truth: No Trees In The Street

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Henri Ii, Duke Of Nemours's paternal grandfather?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  In an attempt to gain the upper hand, the Guise arranged for a petition to court, from many leading nobles, arguing for the right to open a case against Coligny  Nemours was among the signatories, however the court proved uninterested, and formally suspended any investigation into the murder in early 1564 

Governor
As governor of the Lyonnais, Nemours was keen to patronise 'men of letters' and other centres of learning within his governate  As the crown increasingly loomed on the cusp of bankruptcy, the distribution of funds to its regional governors became more erratic and rare  By 1565 Nemours had accumulated 140,000 livres of debts for unpaid pensions and salaries during his tenure as governor  It was hoped by governors that these debts would be satisfied by the court when it had greater funds 

Second war of religion
Frustrated at their declining influence in court, and the increasingly restrictive direction royal policy was moving in regarding Protestantism, the leading Protestants again plotted a coup  Their aim was to seize the king while he was staying at Meaux, and to kill Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine  Their attempt was a failure and the king was able to retreat with the court to Paris after some debate  While Hôpital, the chancellor, had argued in favour of relying on the fortifications at Meaux, Nemours and Guise advocated a flight to Paris and convinced the court successfully  As they fled, they were pursued by the Protestant forces, who adapted their plan to a siege of Paris  To this end they began trying to invest the city, while Anne de Montmorency assembled an army inside for a breakout  While Montmorency was busy building an army, Nemours was among those commanders trying to relieve pressure on the city  On 7 November he successfully captured a river crossing that was vital to a successful siege of Paris  Several days later Montmorency was ready and broke out of the city, besting the Protestant army at Saint-Denis on 10 November 
During the battle of Saint-Denis, Montmorency would be killed, leaving the office of Constable of France and role as chief of the crown's military vacant  The crown had little desire to see another powerful noble family control this critical post; as such, to replace him, the king's brother Anjou was selected to lead the crown's war effort  While closer to the family, Anjou was still a child, and as such to provide him military guidance, and to actually lead the army in the field, a selection of loyal nobles were chosen  Artus de Cossé-Brissac the recently promoted Marshal, the king's cousin Louis, Duke of Montpensier and Nemours were chosen for this important role, with Cossé in overall charge 

Third war of religion
At the outset of the third war of religion, the Protestants had consolidated their movement in the south west as opposed to fighting in the north as they had previously  Nevertheless the crown was conscious that Louis of Nassau was seeking to enter France with an army from the Spanish Netherlands; to this end Charles instructed Nemours to assemble an army for the defence of Paris, however Nassau was bested at the border  In early 1569, it became clear that the duke of Zweibrücken was intending to cross into France in support of the Protestant nobility that was gathered in the west  To this end the court, little desiring to see a conjunction between the two forces, assembled a second army  Aumale was tasked with leading the blocking force in Champagne, with forces from the Rhône valley under Nemours to support him in this effort  The two commanders did not get along, and their constant conflict enabled Zweibrücken to slip past them through the Franche-Comté and establish contact with the Protestants under Gaspard II de Coligny  The mutinous remains of their combined army linked with the main royal force under the king's brother Anjou at Limoges 

Withdrawal
By 1571, Nemours wished to resign his governorship of the Lyonnais  He chose to do so in favour of his lieutenant-general in the region, and former page François de Mandelot  This arrangement had been very unusual in the early 16th century, with the choice of governors defaulting to the crown on the resignation or death of a sitting governor; however by the 1560s it was becoming increasingly common  Mandelot would govern the Lyonnais until his death in 1588 

Reign of Henri III
Malcontents
By 1575 Protestants were no longer the only ones in rebellion, as the Malcontent movement swept up many politiques who wished for religious compromise to secure stability in the kingdom  Nevers warned the king's younger brother Alençon, not to take the opportunity presented, saying that those who rebelled against the authority of the king did not triumph  Yet Alençon saw this movement as conducive to his own power, and aligned himself with the Malcontents, releasing a manifesto in which he denounced the influence of 'foreigners' and calling for their exclusion from the estates general  By this term he referred to the Guise, who were from Lorraine, and the duke of Nevers and Nemours, both of whom were of Italian descent  While Alençon would succeed in securing favourable terms for himself in the Peace of Monsieur, Nemours and Nevers would remain active in court life 

Ligue
In response to the generous Peace of Monsieur which brought the fifth war of religion to a close, militant Catholics reacted with fury  Many across France began forming religious leagues, the most popular model of which was that created by Jacques d'Humières in Peronne which began to spread across France  Henri suspected the involvement of Henri, Duke of Guise, Charles, Duke of Mayenne and Nemours as ringleaders of this ligue and made them all swear oaths to abide by the terms of the peace of Monsieur  Frustrated at his continued inability to contain the movement, he declared himself to be at its head, and was compelled by the Estates General of 1576 to void the peace and make war on the Protestants again Having primarily devoted his final years to letters and art, he died at Annecy in 1585 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Jean d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
Jean d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours (1467–1500) was the son of Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours and Louise of Anjou  His father's possessions were confiscated on his execution in 1477, but Jean was restored to Nemours and the family's other lands in 1484  He led a dissipated life, and his siblings sued him to prevent him from alienating the family lands to pay his debts  In 1489, he traded the viscounties of Carlat and Murat to Peter II, Duke of Bourbon for the county of l'Isle-Jourdain 
He married Yolande de La Haye (d  1517) in 1492, but had no children  He was succeeded by his brother Louis, Count of Guise 
Passage 6:
Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria
Maria of Brabant (1226–1256) was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and Maria of Swabia  She married Louis II, Duke of Bavaria, being the first of three wives 

Background
Maria was the daughter of Duke Henry II of Brabant and Lorraine from his first marriage to Maria of Swabia, daughter of King Philip of Swabia  The younger Maria's siblings included Henry III, Duke of Brabant and Matilda of Brabant  After her mother's death her father married Sophie of Thuringia; from this marriage she gained two half-siblings, including Henry I of Hesse 

Betrothals and marriage
On 2 August 1254, Maria married Louis II, Duke of Bavaria  The couple were married for only two years, during which time they had no children 

Execution
Maria was executed by beheading in Donauwörth in 1256 after having been accused of adultery by her husband  It was later determined that Louis had not proven his case, and in fact had not presented any valid evidence of adultery; as penance, he founded the Cistercian friary Fürstenfeld Abbey (Fürstenfeldbruck) near Munich 
Different sources give varying accounts  According to the chronicle of Esiah Wilpacher, Louis was at war with the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg  Maria's confessor, allegedly in league with the bishop, persuaded her to write her husband requesting he end the siege and return home  When this failed, she then wrote to one of his vassals, who being away from camp, Louis received the letter  Recognizing the handwriting, he read it and construed it as indicating she was having an affair Over time a great many tales of folklore sprang up around Louis' deed, most of them written long after his death: Ballad-mongers embellished the tale into a murderous frenzy during which Louis allegedly not only killed his wife after having ridden home for five days and nights, but also stabbed the messenger who brought him the wrong letter; then upon entering his castle, stabbed his own castellan and a court lady and threw his wife's maid from the battlements, before he massacred his wife either by stabbing her or cutting off her head  More restrained chronicles support the account of Marie's execution on 18 January 1256 at Mangoldstein Castle in Donauwörth by ducal decree for alleged adultery, but nothing beyond that 
Maria is said to be the basis for the legendary Genevieve of Brabant in Dutch folklore 
Passage 7:
Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti
Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (11 October 1629 – 26 February 1666), was a French nobleman, the younger son of Henri II, Prince of Condé and Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, daughter of Henri I, Duke of Montmorency  He was the brother of le Grand Condé and Anne Geneviève, Duchess of Longueville  As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a Prince du Sang 

Early life
The title of Prince of Conti was revived in his favor at the time of his birth in 1629  With the title Armand also inherited the Château de L'Isle-Adam and its estate, which had been passed down to his mother Charlotte Marguerite after the death of her brother, Henri II de Montmorency  He was destined for a clerical career and studied theology at the university of Bourges, but although he received several benefices, including the abbeys of Cluny and Saint Denis, he did not take orders  He played a conspicuous part in the intrigues and fighting of the Fronde, became in 1648 commander-in-chief of the rebel army, and in 1650 was with his brother (Condé) and brother-in-law (Longueville) imprisoned at Vincennes 

Life in prison
Said to be "mystic" and "full of strange ideas", Conti turned slightly mad while in prison  Having a secret passion for his sister the Duchess of Longueville, he invented tricks to make her notice him  He tried alchemy and potions for some time and eventually bruised himself with a spatula  This episode was ultimately fortunate for him because he could no longer be refused external help from physicians, some of whom would pass letters and pleas to the outside world which speeded up his eventual release 

Later life
Released when Cardinal Mazarin went into exile, he wished to marry Charlotte-Marie de Lorraine (1627–1652), the second daughter of Madame de Chevreuse, the confidante of the queen, Anne of Austria (wife of King Louis XIII of France), but was prevented from doing so by his brother Condé, who was now supreme in the state  He was concerned in the Fronde of 1651, but soon afterwards became reconciled with Cardinal Mazarin, and in 1654, married the cardinal's niece, Anne Marie Martinozzi, as well as secured the government of Guienne  They had two sons, Louis Armand and François Louis 
He took command of the army, which in 1654, invaded Spain through Catalonia, where he captured three towns from the Spanish  He afterwards led the French forces in Italy, but after his defeat before Alessandria in 1657, he retired to Languedoc, where he devoted himself to study and mysticism until his death At Clermont, Conti had been a fellow student of Molière's, from whom he secured an introduction to the court of King Louis XIV, but afterwards, when writing a treatise against the stage entitled, Traité de la comédie et des spectacles selon les traditions de l'Église (Paris, 1667), he charged the dramatist with keeping a school of atheism  Conti also wrote Lettres sur la grâce, and Du devoir des grands et des devoirs des gouverneurs de province Conti died on 26 February 1666 at Pézenas in Languedoc, France 

Issue
Armand married Anne Marie Martinozzi, the daughter of Girolamo Martinozzi and Laura Margherita Mazzarini, elder sister of Cardinal Mazarin  They had the following children:

Louis de Bourbon (1658), died in infancy 
Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti (1661–1685), married Marie Anne de Bourbon, the eldest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV and his mistress, Louise de La Vallière, and died childless 
François Louis, Prince of Conti (1664–1709), known as "le Grand Conti", married Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, daughter of Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (Armand's nephew), and had issue 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Denis Sauvage
Denis Sauvage (1520–1587) was a French translator, historian, publisher, philologist, and historiographer at the service of Henry II of Henri II 

Publications
History
Sommaire des histoires du royaume de Naples : qui traicte de toutes choses advenues en iceluy, composé premièrement en langage italien par M  Pandolfo Collenuccio, et depuis n'aguères mis en françois par Denis Sauvage, avecques annotations (1546 ; 1553)
Les Annales et croniques de France, jadis composées par feu maistre Nicole Gilles, imprimées nouvellement sur la correction du signeur Denis Sauvage, et additionnées jusques à cest an mil cinq cens cinquante trois (1553)
Les Mémoires de messire Philippe de Commines, chevalier, seigneur d'Argenton : sur les principaux faicts, & gestes de Louis onziéme & de Charles huictiéme, son filz, Roys de France, Reveus & corrigés, pour la seconde fois, par Denis Sauvage de Fontenailles en Brie, historiographe de très-chrestien roy Henry IIe de ce nom (1559 ; 1561 ; 1581)  Texte en ligne : [1] et [2]
Le premier volume de l'Histoire et cronique de Messire Iehan Froissart, reveu et corrigé sus divers exemplaires et suyvant les bons auteurs, par Denis Sauvage, le second volume de l'Histoire et cronique de Messire Iehan Froissart ; le tiers volume de l'Histoire et cronique de Messire Iehan Froissart ; le quart volume de l'Histoire et cronique de Messire Iehan Froissart (1559–60)  Texte en ligne : [3]
Cronique de Flandres, anciennement composée par auteur incertain et nouvellement mise en lumière (1562) 
Les Mémoires de messire Olivier de La Marche, premier maistre d'hostel de l'archeduc Philippe d'Austriche, comte de Flandres (1562)
Les Croniques et annales de France composées par feu maistre Nicole Gilles, nouvellement imprimées sur la correction de maistre Denis Sauvage, et additionnées jusques au roy Charles neufiesme à présent régnant (1571)

Translations
La Circé de M  Giovan Baptista Gello, nouvellement mise en françois (1550)
Philosophie d'amour de M  Léon Hébreu, traduite d'italien en françois (1577 ; 1580 ; 1590 ; 1893)  Read online : [4]
Histoire de Paolo Giovio, sur les choses faictes et avenues de son temps en toutes les parties du monde, traduictes du latin en françois (2 volumes, 1581)
Opuscule des vertus et notables faictes des femmes, de Plutarque, 1546 
Passage 9:
Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours (1472; Normandy, France – 28 April 1503; Cerignola, Italy), was a French nobleman, politician and military commander who served as Viceroy of Naples during the Third Italian War (1502-1504)  He was known for most of his life as the Count of Guise, and inherited the Duchy of Nemours following his brother Jean's death in 1500 

Family
Louis was the third son of Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours and Louise of Anjou  In 1491, he was made Count of Guise, a title last held by his uncle Charles IV, Duke of Anjou  Upon the death of his elder brother Jean in 1500, he became Duke of Nemours 

Viceroy of Naples
Louis was made  viceroy of Naples in 1501, during the Third Italian War (1502-1504)  He was killed at the battle of Cerignola on 28 April 1503 

Notes
Sources
Cuttler, S  H  (2003)  The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France  Cambridge University Press 
Potter, David (2008)  Renaissance France at war: Armies, Culture and Society, c 1480-1560  Boydell Press 
Passage 10:
Philip, Duke of Nemours
Philip of Savoy, Duke of Nemours (1490 – 25 November 1533) was a French nobleman   He was a son of Philip II, Duke of Savoy, and his second wife Claudine de Brosse  He was a half-brother of Louise of Savoy, the mother of Francis I of France  He was the founder of the Nemours branch of the house of Savoy which eventually settled in France 
Originally destined for the priesthood, he was given the bishopric of Geneva at the age of five, but resigned it in 1510, when he was made count of Genevois  He served under Louis XII, with whom he was present at the battle of Agnadello (1509), under the emperor Charles V in 1520, and finally under his nephew, Francis I 
In 1528 Francis gave him the duchy of Nemours and married him to Charlotte of Orleans, a daughter of  Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville  They had two children:

Joanna (1532–1568), who married Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur as his second wife, and had 6 children with him, and
Jacques, Duke of Nemours
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nola Fairbanks
Nola Fairbanks (born Nola Jo Modine; December 10, 1924 – February 8, 2021) was an American actress  She was also the aunt of actor Matthew Modine 

Early life
Fairbanks was born Nola Jo Modine in Santa Paula, California, on December 10, 1924, the daughter of Zella Vonola Fairbanks and Alexander Revard Modine  She is the granddaughter of Mormon pioneers Ralph Jacobus Fairbanks (aka R J  "Dad" Fairbanks) and Celestia Adelaide (Johnson) Fairbanks, from Payson, Utah and Death Valley, California  She is a descendant of Jonathan Fairbanks, whose 17th century wood-frame house still stands in Dedham, Massachusetts As a child, she joined the Meglin Kiddies Dance Troupe where Shirley Temple was also a student  While her father, Alexander Revard Modine, worked for the Texaco Oil Company, Nola Jo's mother, Zella Vonola Fairbanks Modine, washed clothes to pay for her singing and dancing lessons during the Great Depression 

Career
Her only movie role was as a "glorified extra" in The Corn Is Green in 1945, starring Bette Davis  Soon after, she joined the Lionel Barrymore production of the musical, Halloween at the Hollywood Bowl, and performed on The Standard Hour in addition to the Hollywood Canteen for servicemen 
Next, she went on tour as a soloist with the Sonja Henie Ice Show, completing two national tours  When the tours ended in New York, she stayed on with the show, named Howdy Mr  Ice at the Center Theatre in Rockefeller Center 
Her Broadway debut was in 1950 in the chorus of Cole Porter's Out of This World
  She soon became an understudy and before long, assumed the lead  Summer stock performances included Miss Liberty with Dick Haymes in the Dallas Theatre as well as Die Fledermaus and finally Bloomer Girl in Toronto, Canada  Next, she joined the Broadway cast of Paint Your Wagon opposite James Barton, when Olga San Juan left the role of Jennifer Rumson  She took the show on tour with Burl Ives in the part of her father, Ben Rumson  
In 1952, she starred in the first musical production at the new Jones Beach Theatre in Long Island, New York  Mike Todd was the producer of this production of the Johann Strauss II operetta Eine Nacht in Venedig starring alongside Enzo Stuarti and Thomas Hayward 
After a winning performance on The Arthur Godfrey Radio Show, she appeared on his television show  Her final Broadway performance came when she was asked to replace Florence Henderson in the lead role in Fanny, co-starring Ezio Pinza 
She revived her career in 1978 with appearances in a short-lived sketch comedy TV series, Madhouse Brigade, produced by her husband  In 1981, he produced an off-Broadway show called Romance Is where Fairbanks performed with an ensemble cast  The show closed after a few performances 

Personal life
Fairbanks married James Larkin in 1954 and had four children  They divorced in 1990  She died on February 8, 2021, at the age of 96, in Greenwich, Connecticut 
Passage 2:
Emel Say
Emel Say (1927 – 17 February 2011) was a Turkish painter  She was the daughter of painter Zehra Say and the aunt of pianist Fazıl Say 

Life
Emel Say was born in 1927  Her grandfather was a politician, who left the Committee of Union and Progress and opened a dance hall  Her mother Zehra Say was the first woman in modern Turkey to be married at an official wedding  Emel's mind was always on music  When she was fifteen, she received singing classes from Professor Carl Ebert, who had established the Ankara Conservatory  At first, Emel Say wanted to be an opera artist, but she changed her mind when she fell in love with a piece of land in Hatay, southern Turkey  She had to put her interest in music on hold when she married  Her husband Fuat Say, unlike the tolerance that Fuat Say had shown her mother Zehra, did not send Emel to school, nor was this really possible in Hatay at the time  Raising her three sons was the only thing she did until she divorced her husband when she was 30 years old 
After her divorce, her interest in music did not come to fruition; her mother got sick, so she had to focus on getting a job and income  She started her work life as the secretary of Fuat Bezmen  She worked for him for around ten years She worked in the United States for about five years When her mother, the famous painter Zehra Say, went into the later stages of Alzheimer's disease, she was no longer able to continue painting  Zehra made her daughter Emel promise to finish her painting Maui Adası (Island of Maui), which she had started to paint from a postcard Emel had brought back from a trip to Hawaii  She did not know how she could paint  At first, she cried but then she tried to paint and from that point on did not stop  She completed her mother's painting and it was displayed at an exhibition at the Çiçek Bar  There she was discovered by the sculptor Gürdal Duyar who at first asked what had happened to Maui Adası, and then when Emel told him that her mother had insisted she finish it, she tried at it  Duyar expressed to her that she was a natural talent and had been a painter within all along  If it was not for this reassuring encounter she may not have gone into painting at all in her life  She started painting after the age of 60 Together with Duyar, who became a close friend of hers and other friends and family, she would often work on paintings and listen to music together late into the night  One of these nights, Duyar made a portrait for one of Fazıl's musician friends starting at midnight and finishing towards the morning as recalled by this friend of Fazıl's Say died in 2011 

Art
She was a student in the studio of the painter Osman Özal  She, together with the other (former) students, would meet on Wednesdays at the İzmir Art and Sculpture Museum, and work in the studio there  They became known as the "Group Wednesday", and held collaborative exhibitions She and Duyar had exhibitions at the CEP Gallery in the time period between 1977 and 1990 In 1995, her work, along with the work of Gürdal Duyar, was exhibited in the grand opening exhibition of the Asmalımescit Art Gallery 

Technique
She made many miniatures  One of the techniques she often used was using two different types of paint in the same painting, acrylic and gouache 

Exhibitions
Emel Say painting exhibition, Underground Art Gallery (till 20 May 1992)
Asmalımescit Art Gallery grand opening exhibition (1995)
Emel Say painting exhibition, Çatı Sanatevi (till 7 May 2000)
Emel Say painting exhibition, Underground Art Gallery (till 21 May 2004)
9th exhibition, Çiçek Bar (till 18 December 2004)
Mixed Exhibition of works by Osman Özals students, Dr  Selahattin Akçiçek Culture and Art Center in Konak, İzmir (till 15 April 2012) but extended?

Friends and Family
She is proud of how her mother, Zehra Say, even after her marriage, went to school and became an art teacher, which was quite an accomplishment at that time  She is also proud of her father Fuat Say for supporting his wife, her mother  Say's uncle's grandson, Fazıl Say, did make a career of his musical talent  When talking about him, she said that he is "A Genius!", "When he was just four years old, his mother had bought a small organ, like a toy    Fazıl started to play the songs on the radio with this organ  How many times could a composer the likes of him come to this Earth!"She became friends with the poet and writer Gülsüm Cengiz around after her time in the United States  He was visiting her and Zehra at their home and they continued in conversation late into the night, and they learned about the 1960 military coup towards the morning after someone was banging on the door and they turned on the radio She was also close friends with Gürdal Duyar, and they had exhibitions together 
Passage 3:
Marcus Annius Libo (consul 161)
Marcus Annius Libo (died 163) was a Roman senator  He was suffect consul in the nundinium of January-April 161 with Quintus Camurius Numisius Junior as his colleague  Libo was the nephew of emperor Antoninus Pius, and cousin to emperor Marcus Aurelius 
Libo came from a Roman family that had settled in Hispania generations before, and had returned to Rome more recently  His father was Marcus Annius Libo, consul in 128, and his mother was a noblewoman whose name has been surmised as Fundania, daughter of Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus, consul in 116  Libo had a sister, Annia Fundania Faustina, wife of Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio, whose second consulship was in 176 

Governor of Syria
The only portion of his cursus honorum we know is the portion immediately after Libo stepped down from his consulate  To support his co-emperor Lucius Verus' campaign against the Parthians, Marcus Aurelius appointed Libo governor of the province of Syria  Anthony Birley notes this was a surprising choice  "As Libo had been consul only the previous year, 161," writes Birley, "he must have been in his early thirties, and as a patrician must have lacked military experience " Syria was an important province, and the men picked to govern it were usually senior men with much military and administrative experience  Birley answers his own question, "It seems that Marcus' intention was to have on the spot a man he could rely "As governor, Libo quarreled with the emperor Lucius, taking the attitude that he would only follow the instructions that Marcus gave him  This angered Lucius, so when Libo suddenly died, rumor claimed that Lucius had Libo poisoned When Libo died, Lucius Verus defied Marcus and married Libo's widow to his Greek freedman called Agaclytus  Accordingly, Marcus Aurelius attended neither the ceremony nor the banquet 
Passage 4:
Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)
Marcus Annius Verus (died 124 AD) was a distinguished Roman politician who lived in the 2nd century, served as a praetor and was the father of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius 

Life
He was the son of Roman senator Marcus Annius Verus and noblewoman Rupilia Faustina  His brother was the consul Marcus Annius Libo and his sister was Faustina the Elder, wife of Antoninus Pius  He married Domitia Lucilla, the heiress of a wealthy family which owned a tile factory  They had two children, Marcus Aurelius (born in 121, and who was also originally named Marcus Annius Verus), and Annia Cornificia Faustina (born in 123)  Annius Verus died young while he held the office of praetor  Both his children were still young  The likeliest year of his death is 124 In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius, who was only about 3 years old when his father died, says of him: "From what I heard of my father and my memory of him, modesty and manliness "

Nerva–Antonine family tree
Passage 5:
Lucius Neratius Priscus
Lucius Neratius Priscus was a Roman Senator and leading jurist, serving for a time as the head of the Proculeian school  He was suffect consul in the nundinium of May–June 97 as the colleague of Marcus Annius Verus 

Family
The origins of the gens Neratia lie in the Italian town of Saepinum in the heart of Samnium; Priscus' father was the homonymous suffect consul of the year 87  He is known to have a younger brother, Lucius Neratius Marcellus, who was adopted by their uncle Marcus Hirrius Fronto Neratius Pansa who was suffect consul in either 73 or 74 and co-opted into the Patrician class; Marcellus became suffect consul two years before Priscus, and ordinary consul in 129 The existence of a son with the identical name and consul in either 122 or 123, inferred from the existence of the possible governor of Pannonia Inferior, was disproved by a 1976 paper written by G  Camodeca, whose findings were embraced by Ronald Syme 

Career
Most of Priscus' advancement through the cursus honorum has been established  His first known office was as military tribune with Legio XXII Primigenia between c  79 to c  80, in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz)  Next he held the office of quaestor (c  83/84), and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate  The two other magistracies followed: plebeian tribune (c  85/86) and praetor (c  88/89); usually a senator would govern either a public or imperial praetorian province before becoming a consul, but none is known for Priscus  After serving as suffect consul, Priscus was admitted to the collegia of the Septemviri epulonum, one of the four most prestigious ancient Roman priesthoods  He was also entrusted with governing, in succession, the imperial provinces of Germania Inferior (98-101), then Pannonia (102-105) The Digest of Justinian records that the emperor Trajan invoked the help of Priscus and Titius Aristo on a point of law   According to the Historia Augusta, there was a rumor that Trajan considered making Priscus his heir to the empire, before finally deciding on Hadrian to succeed him  Despite being a potential rival for the throne, Priscus was one of the legal experts the emperor Hadrian relied on for advice  Sir Ronald Syme looks to have considered Priscus as being another name used by or for Publius Cornelius Tacitus 
Passage 6:
Marcus Annius Flavius Libo
Marcus Annius Flavius Libo was a Roman Senator who lived in the second half of the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century  He was consul ordinarius in AD 204 with Lucius Fabius Cilo as his senior colleague 
Libo was a Patrician and came from Hispania Baetica  His grandfather was Marcus Annius Libo, who was made suffect consul in 161  His father of the same name was a legatus of Syria and may have been poisoned, possibly by his cousin, Lucius Verus  Libo was related to Lucius Verus through their mutual ancestor, Marcus Annius Verus, who was consul three times, and by marriage to Emperor Antoninus Pius, who married his grandfather's sister 
Passage 7:
Rupilia
The gens Rupilia, occasionally written Rupillia, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome   Members of this gens are first mentioned in the latter part of the Republic, and Publius Rupilius obtained the consulship in 132 BC   Few others achieved any prominence, but the name occurs once or twice in the consular fasti under the Empire   The name is frequently confounded with the similar Rutilius 

Praenomina
The main praenomina of the Rupilii were Publius and Lucius, two of the most common names throughout Roman history 

Branches and cognomina
None of the Rupilii bore cognomina under the Republic, but as with other plebeian families most of them had individual surnames in imperial times 

Members
This list includes abbreviated praenomina   For an explanation of this practice, see filiation Publius Rupilius P  f  P  n , a fierce opponent of the Gracchi, became consul in 132 BC, the year after the murder of Tiberius Gracchus, whose followers he persecuted   He brought the First Servile War to a close, then remained in Sicily to reorganize the province, receiving a triumph on his return   He was prosecuted and condemned during the tribunate of Gaius Gracchus in 123, and died soon afterward 
Lucius Rupilius P  f  P  n , brother of Publius Rupilius, the consul, sought the aid of Scipio Aemilianus to obtain the consulship, but was not elected 
Lucius Rupilius, an actor known to the young Cicero 
Aulus Rupilius, a physician employed by Aulus Cluentius Habitus, whose mother, Sassia, bought a slave, Strato, from Rupilius, and had him tortured in the hope of obtaining evidence against her own son   The slave knew nothing of value, and Sassia's scheme came to naught 
Publius Rupilius, a man of equestrian rank, was magister of the publicani of Bithynia 
Gaius Rupilius, an argentarius, or silversmith, named in an inscription 
Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius M  f  M  n  Frugi Bonus, consul suffectus, serving from May to August in AD 88   He was the great-grandfather of Marcus Aurelius   His descent from the Rupilii is unclear 
Rupilia L  f  M  n  Faustina, the grandmother of Marcus Aurelius, married Marcus Annius Verus 
Lucius Rupilius Appianus, one of the septemviri epulones at Brixia in Venetia and Histria 
Decimus Rupilius Severus, legate in Lycia and Pamphylia in AD 151, perhaps the same Severus who was consul suffectus at the end of 155 
Lucius Rupilius Au[   ], legate of Sextius Lateranus, proconsul of Africa in AD 176 
Quintus Rupilius Q  f  Honoratus, of Mactar in Africa, raised to the equestrian order by Severus Alexander 
Rupilius Pisonianus, curator at Mactar and Mididi between 290 and 293 AD 
Rupilius Pisonianus, praefectus vigilum of Rome under Constans Caesar 

See also
List of Roman gentes
Passage 8:
Annia Fundania Faustina
Annia Fundania Faustina (died 192) was a noble Roman woman who lived in the Roman Empire during the 2nd century AD  She was the paternal cousin of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his sister Annia Cornificia Faustina 

Life
Fundania Faustina was the daughter of the Roman consul Marcus Annius Libo and wife Fundania  Her brother was the younger Marcus Annius Libo who served as governor of Syria in 162  Fundania Faustina's maternal grandparents are inferred to be Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus and his unknown wife; however her paternal grandparents are the Roman consul Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina  She was born and raised in Rome 
Through her paternal grandmother, she was related to the ruling Nerva–Antonine dynasty of the Roman Empire  Her paternal aunt was Empress Faustina the Elder (wife of Emperor Antoninus Pius and mother of Empress Faustina the Younger) and her paternal uncle was praetor Marcus Annius Verus (father of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the paternal grandmother of Empress Lucilla and Emperor Commodus) 
Fundania Faustina, married the Roman Politician Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio  She had two children with him who were:

Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio; he was executed in 182 on the orders of Commodus on the charge of conspiracy against the emperor 
Vitrasia FaustinaBefore 180, her husband had died and Fundania Faustina never remarried  During the reign of her unstable paternal cousin Commodus (180-192), she decided to withdraw from public life and chose to live in retirement in Achaea  Before he was assassinated in 192, Commodus ordered Fundania Faustina's death and she was later executed in that year 

Sources
Septimius Severus: the African emperor, by Anthony Richard Birley Edition: 2 – 1999
From Tiberius to the Antonines: a history of the Roman Empire AD 14-192, by Albino Garzetti, 1974
Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture By Eric R  Varner 2004
Passage 9:
Marcus Annius Libo
Marcus Annius Libo was a Roman Senator active in the early second century AD 

Life
Libo came from the upper ranks of the Roman aristocracy  He was the son of Marcus Annius Verus, consul III in 126, and Rupilia Faustina  Annius Verus was Spanish of Roman descent  Rupilia was the daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus and Vitellia (daughter of emperor Vitellius)  Libo is known to have had three siblings, two sisters and one brother  His elder sister was the Empress Faustina the Elder (mother of the Empress Faustina the Younger) and his younger sister (whose name is missing, but surmised to be Annia) was the wife of Gaius Ummidius Quadratus Sertorius Severus, suffect consul in 118  His brother was Marcus Annius Verus, the father of Marcus Aurelius He was consul in 128 as the colleague of Lucius Nonius Calpurnius Torquatus Asprenas  Libo was the paternal uncle of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius 
Beyond his consulship, almost nothing is known of his senatorial career  During the reign of his brother-in-law, Antoninus Pius, he was one of seven witnesses to a Senatus consultum issued to the city of Cyzicus in 138, which sought approval for establishing a corpus juvenum for the education of young men 

Family
Libo married a noblewoman whose name has been surmised as Fundania, daughter of Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus, consul in 116, and wife Rupilia Annia  They are known to have together two children:

Marcus Annius Libo, suffect consul in 161  He is known to have a son, Marcus Annius Flavius Libo 
Annia Fundania Faustina, wife of Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio, consul II in 176

Nerva–Antonine family tree


== Sources ==
Passage 10:
Kawamura Sumiyoshi
Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi (川村 純義, 18 December 1836 – 12 August 1904), was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy  Kawamura's wife Haru was the aunt of Saigō Takamori 

Biography
A native of Satsuma, Kawamura studied navigation at Tokugawa bakufu naval school at Nagasaki, the Nagasaki Naval Training Center  In 1868, he joined his Satsuma clansmen, and fought on the imperial side in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration as an army general  He was especially noted for his role in the Battle of Aizu-Wakamatsu 
Under the new Meiji government, he became an officer in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Navy, and steadily rose through the ranks  He became first Director of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1870 and taifu (senior vice minister) of Navy in 1872  He was in command of Japanese naval forces during the Taiwan Expedition of 1874 
During the Satsuma Rebellion, he was placed in command of all Imperial troops in September 1877 at the final Battle of Shiroyama near Kumamoto, when Saigō Takamori was killed (or committed seppuku)  This battle, Saigō's last stand against the Meiji government, was the historical basis for the 2003 film The Last Samurai 
In 1878, Kawamura became sangi (councillor) and the second Navy Minister  He remained in that position until 1885 except when he was temporarily replaced by Enomoto Takeaki, and during that period he expanded the influence of people from Satsuma within the navy 
In 1884, he was ennobled with the title of hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system  Later serving as court councillor and Privy Councillor, in 1901 he was given responsibility for the upbringing of the newborn Prince Michi (the future Emperor Hirohito) and his younger brother Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) In 1904, Kawamura was posthumously appointed to the rank of admiral, setting a precedent for such honors  His cause of death remains unknown, setting a mystery 



ground_truth: Jacques

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Marcus Annius Libo's aunt?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  He succeeded his father to Stoke Park  in Stoke Gifford in 1736 and remodelled both the house (now known as the Dower House) and the gardens in the 1740s and 1750s with the help of the designer Thomas Wright of Durham 
He was appointed Colonel of the newly raised South Gloucestershire Militia and commanded it from 1758 to 1766 His political career began in 1741 when he was elected to the House of Commons as a knight of the shire for Gloucestershire, a seat he held until 1763  Considered a staunch Tory, Berkeley's fortunes were boosted considerably on the accession of George III in 1760, when he was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber and in 1762 (until 1766) Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire  In 1764, almost 400 years after the title went into abeyance through lack of direct heirs, he successfully claimed the title of Baron Botetourt as the lineal descendant of Maurice de Berkeley (d  1361) and his wife Catherine de Botetourt  He thus took a seat in the House of Lords as the 4th Baron de Botetourt, and in 1767 was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber to George III and in 1768 Governor of Virginia 
He died in Williamsburg on 15 October 1770, after an illness lasting several weeks  Botetourt never married and left no legitimate heirs  Stoke Park passed to his sister Elizabeth, who continued his improvements 

Statues
A statue of Botetourt was placed in the Capitol in Williamsburg in 1773  The Capital of Colonial Virginia was located in Williamsburg from 1699 until 1780, but at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson was moved to Richmond for security reasons during the American Revolution  In 1801 the statue of Botetourt was acquired by the College of William and Mary and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building  Barring a brief period during the Civil War when it was moved to the Public Asylum for safety, it stood in the College Yard until 1958 when it was removed for protection from the elements, and then in 1966 was installed in the new Earl Gregg Swem Library, in the new Botetourt Gallery  In 1993, as the College celebrated its tercentenary, a new bronze statue of Botetourt by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray was installed in the College Yard in front of the Wren Building, in the place occupied for generations by the original 

Legacy
Botetourt County, Virginia, was named in Botetourt's honour  Historians also believe that Berkeley County, West Virginia, and the town of Berkeley Springs, both now in West Virginia, were also named in his honour, or possibly that of another popular colonial governor, Sir William Berkeley Lord Botetourt High School in the unincorporated town of Daleville in Botetourt County, Virginia, is also named for him, as is the Botetourt Dorm Complex at The College of William and Mary  Two statues also adorn the campus of The College of William and Mary  Gloucester County, Virginia has an elementary school named for the governor   Both Richmond, Virginia and Norfolk, Virginia have streets named in his honour 
Passage 7:
Maurice de Berkeley
Sir Maurice de Berkeley "the Resolute" (1218 – 4 April 1281), 5th (feudal) Baron de Berkeley, was an English soldier and rebel, residing at Berkeley Castle in the English county of Gloucestershire 

Life
Maurice was born in 1218 to Thomas de Berkeley and wife Joan de Somery  He married Isabel FitzRoy, daughter of Richard FitzRoy, Baron of Chilham (an illegitimate son of King John of England) and wife Rose de Douvres, sometime before 12 July 1247 
Berkeley fought in the French Wars and was invested as a knight before 1242  He inherited the title of Baron de Berkeley in 1243 and, on 14 December 1243, he had livery of his father's lands  He fought in the war in North Wales and in 1264 he joined the Barons against King Henry III  Berkeley died on 4 April 1281 and was buried in St Augustine's Abbey in Bristol 
His son was Thomas de Berkeley 
Passage 8:
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley, KB (26 November 1534 – 26 November 1613) was an English peer and politician  He was Lord Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of Gloucestershire  He was the grandfather of George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley 

Family
Henry Berkeley, sometimes called 'Henry the Harmlesse or Posthumous Henry', was born on 26 November 1534, nine weeks and four days after his father's death  He was the son of Thomas Berkeley, 6th Baron Berkeley (c  1505 – 19 September 1534), and his second wife, Anne Savage (died October 1564), the daughter of Sir John Savage of Frodsham, Cheshire  The 16th Baron had earlier been married to Mary Hastings, the daughter of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, by Anne Stafford (d  March 1533), daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, but had no issue by her 

Career
Berkeley was made a Knight of the Bath on 28 September 1553 at the coronation of Mary I  In the following year, Berkeley Castle and other estates were restored to him when the line of male heirs of Henry VII was extinguished  As Simon Adams points out, "in 1487 William, Marquis Berkeley, had granted Berkeley Castle and its related manors to Henry VII and his heirs male  The crown's right having expired with Edward VI, they were restored to Henry, the 7th Lord Berkeley in December 1554 " On 13 May 1555, he had livery of his lands, although still underage Berkeley is said to have rebuilt Caludon Castle about 1580, which had fallen into disrepair after the banishment from England in 1398 of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by Richard II He was Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire from 1603 until his death Berkeley died 26 November 1613, leaving a will dated 20 December 1612  He was succeeded by his grandson, George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley  However, according to Andrew Warmington, the 8th Baron's inheritance was much diminished, as his grandfather had '"recently ended the 192-year legal feud over the estates with the Lisle family and their heirs, including the crown", and "due to this and Henry's extraordinary profligacy, the once vast estate had been reduced to twenty-five manors covering about 11,000 acres, mainly in Gloucestershire, with a rental value of some £1200 per year"  Contemporaneous mention of this legal feud is made in Leicester's Commonwealth where the anonymous author, alluding to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, writes:

What shall I speak of others, whereof there would be no end? As of his dealing with Mr  Richard Lee for his manor of Hook Norton (if I fail not in the name); with Mr  Lodovick Greville, by seeking to bereave him of all his living at once if the drift had taken place; with George Whitney, in the behalf of Sir Henry Lee, for enforcing him to forgo the Controllership of Woodstock which he holdeth by patent from King Henry VII? With my Lord Berkeley, whom he enforced to yield up his lands to his brother Warwick which his ancestors had held quietly for almost two hundred years together?
As D C  Peck explains:

Litigation over the Berkeley lands had been going on for two centuries; at this time it was pursued by the Dudleys against Henry (d  1613), seventh Lord Berkeley, Lord Harry Howard's brother-in-law, from whom they were able to recover several manors  In August 1574, Leicester persuaded the Queen to leave her itinerary and be his guest at Berkeley Castle in its lord's absence, as if it were his own 

Marriages and issue
Berkeley first married, in September 1554, at Kenninghall, Norfolk, Katherine Howard, third daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and Frances de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, and Elizabeth Trussell:

Sir Thomas Berkeley(1575-1611) predeceased his father leaving a son, George 
Mary (b  1557) married John Zouche of Codnor, Derbyshire
Frances (1561-1595)married George Shirley of Staunton Harold, Leicestershire and was the mother of Sir Henry Shirley and the antiquary Thomas Shirley Berkeley's first wife, Katherine, died of dropsy at Caludon on 7 April 1596, and was buried on 20 May near the Drapers Chapel at St Michael's, Coventry  Katherine was fond of field sports, and said to be 'so good an archer at butts with the longbow, as her side, by her, was never the weaker'  She was also fond of falconry, and 'kept commonly a cast or two of merlins, mewed in her own chamber, to the detriment of her gowns and kirtles' Berkeley married for a second time, on 9 March 1598 at St Giles, Cripplegate, Jane Stanhope (c  1547–1618), widow of Sir Roger Townshend (d  1590), and daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope (d  1552) of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, by his wife, Anne Rawson, daughter of Nicholas Rawson of Aveley, Essex  Berkeley's second wife, Jane, had two sons by her previous marriage, Sir John Townshend (1567/68–1603) and Sir Robert Townshend (b  1580)  She died at her house in the Barbican on 3 January 1618, leaving a will dated 20 July 1617 which was proved by her grandson, Sir Roger Townshend, 1st Baronet, on 10 March 1618 

Notes
Passage 9:
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley (c  1330 – 8 June 1368), The Valiant, feudal baron of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, was an English peer  His epithet, and that of each previous and subsequent head of his family, was coined by John Smyth of Nibley (died 1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys" 
He was born in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, the eldest son and heir of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley by his wife Lady Margaret Mortimer 
In August 1338 Berkeley married Elizabeth le Despenser, daughter of Hugh Despenser the younger by his wife Eleanor de Clare  By Elizabeth he had seven children as follows:

Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (1352/3-1417), eldest son and heir, who married Margaret de Lisle, Baroness Lisle
Sir James de Berkeley (born c  1355 – 13 June 1405) married Elizabeth Bluet; one of their sons was James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
John de Berkeley (c  1357 – 1381)
Maurice de Berkeley (born c  1358) married Jone Hereford
Catherine de Berkeley (born c  1360)
Agnes de Berkeley (born c  1363)
Elizabeth de Berkeley (born c  1365)

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of Somerset
Lady Eleanor Beauchamp, Baroness de Ros and Duchess of Somerset (September 1408 – 6 March 1467) was the second daughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and Elizabeth de Berkeley, daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley 

First marriage
On 17 December 1423, Lady Eleanor was married to Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros  They were parents of the following surviving issue:

Margaret de Ros (b  1425 – d  10 December 1488), married firstly (as his second wife) William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux (d  1462), secondly Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough 
Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros (b  9 September 1427 – d  17 May 1464)
Richard Ros (b  8 March 1429 – after 1492)

Second marriage
Eleanor married Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset sometime between 1431 and 1433 in an unlicensed marriage, although this was pardoned on 7 March 1438  He was the son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Lady Margaret Holland  They had the following surviving issue:

Eleanor Beaufort, Countess of Ormonde (b  between 1431 and 1433 - d  August 16, 1501), married firstly James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde and secondly Sir Robert Spencer 
Joan Beaufort (b  1433 – d  11 August 1518), married firstly Robert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth  and secondly Sir Richard Fry 
Anne Beaufort (b  1435 – d  17 September 1496), who married, Sir William Paston (b  1436 – died before 7 September 1496), a younger son of William Paston (1378–1444), Justice of the Common Pleas 
Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (b  26 January 1436 – d  15 May 1464)
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford (b  1437 – d  1474), married firstly Humphrey, Earl of Stafford and secondly Sir Richard Darell 
Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (b  1439 – d  4 May 1471)
John Beaufort, Earl of Dorset (b  1441 – 4 May 1471)
Thomas Beaufort (b  1442 – d  1517)
Elizabeth Beaufort (b  1443 - died before 1475), married Sir Henry FitzLewis 
Mary Beaufort (b  between 1431 and 1455)

Third marriage
She married thirdly to Walter Rokesley  There was no known issue from this marriage 

Death
She died on 6 March 1467 at the age of 58 at Baynard's Castle, London, England 

Ancestry



ground_truth: Vibia Sabina