prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Vytautas Straižys or Mirjam Polkunen?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 2:
Vytautas Straižys
Vytautas Straižys (20 August 1936 – 19 December 2021) was a Lithuanian astronomer  In 1963–65 he and his collaborators created and developed the Vilnius photometric system, a seven-color intermediate band system, optimized for photometric stellar classification  In 1996 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences  Straižys was an editor of the journal Baltic Astronomy  He spent a lot of time working at the Molėtai Astronomical Observatory  Asteroid 68730 Straizys in 2002 was named after him 

Early life and professional history
Straižys was born in Utena on 20 August 1936  In 1959, he graduated from Vilnius University in astrophysics  In 1959–62, he was a graduate student of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences  In 1962–67, he was a scientific researcher at the same institute  From 1967 to 1990, he headed the Astrophysical Department of the Institute of Physics, Vilnius  In 1990–2003, he was the head of the Astronomical Observatory of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy of Vilnius University  In 1991–96 Associate Director of the same Institute  In 2003, he became a chief researcher  In 2013, he became a professor emeritus  In 1992–93 academic year: visiting professor in Union College, Schenectady, New York 

Scientific activity
Main directions of the scientific research: multicolor photometry of stars, stellar physical parameters, stellar classification, interstellar extinction, interstellar clouds, star clusters, Galactic structure  One of the authors of the Vilnius photometric system for the classification of stars  In 1969–90 conducted the construction of the Molėtai Observatory in Lithuania and the Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan  He was author of 324 scientific papers published between 1957 and 2009 and of three monographs: Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Vilnius, 1977, in Russian), Metal-Deficient Stars (Vilnius, 1982, in Russian) and Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Tucson, Arizona, 1992 and 1995, revised version, in English)  From 1977 to 1991 he was editor of the Bulletin of the Vilnius Astronomical Observatory, from 1992 to 2021 editor of an international journal Baltic Astronomy  Scientific adviser of 22 doctoral dissertations 

Personal life and death
Straižys died on 19 December 2021, at the age of 85 

Membership
International Astronomical Union (IAU, 1967)
Institute for Space Observations, New York (1988)
European Astronomical Society (EAS, 1990)
American Astronomical Society (AAS, 1991)
Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP, 1991)
American Planetary Society (1991)
Astronomical Society of New York (1992)
Lithuanian Astronomical Union (president 1995–2003)
Vice-President and President of the IAU Commission on Stellar Classification (1979–85)
Expert Member (1991–95) and Corresponding Member (since 1996) of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

Honours
Awards

Lithuanian Republic Science Award (1973)
Nomination as a distinguished scientist of Lithuania (1986)
Chretien Grant of the American Astronomical Society (2000)
Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, Officer's Cross (2003)
Lithuanian National Science Award (2004)Named after him

Asteroid 68730 Straizys

Publications
V  Straizys, Multicolor Stellar Photometry (in Russian), Mokslas Publishers, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1977
V  Straizys, Metal-Deficient Stars (in Russian), Mokslas Publishers, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1982
V  Straizys, Multicolor Stellar Photometry (in English), Pachart Publishing House, Tucson, Arizona, 1992 (2nd publication in 1995)
V  Straizys, The Milky Way (in Lithuanian), Mokslas Publishers, 1992
V  Straizys, Astronomy, 1993 (a textbook for secondary schools, in Lithuanian)
A  Azusienis, A  Pucinskas, V  Straizys, Astronomy, 1995 (a textbook for universities, in Lithuanian, 2nd revised publication in 2003)
V  Straizys, Astronomical Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Lithuanian), Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, 2002 (2nd publication in 2003)
Passage 3:
John Allen (Oxford University cricketer)
John Aubrey Allen (born 19 July 1974) is an Australian teacher, rugby player and cricketer Allen was born in Windsor, New South Wales  He attended Bede Polding College in South Windsor, before graduating with a BA in human movement studies at the University of Technology Sydney, where he also completed his Diploma of Education  He played rugby for several clubs, most notably for the Brumbies who he represented in the Ricoh Championship  He also played Grade cricket for Hawkesbury Cricket Club near Sydney  At 21, he moved to England to study for his master's degree at University College, Oxford  While at Oxford, Allen was awarded his blue in rugby union and cricket Allen played as a centre in rugby union and as a forward in rugby league  He captained Oxford University RFC in 2003, leading the team to a draw in The Varsity Match against Cambridge at Twickenham in December that year  Earlier in the year, he scored a try late in the game to seal Oxford's victory in the Rugby League Varsity Match at the Athletic Ground, Richmond For Oxford University Cricket Club, he played in two first-class matches, including the varsity match After completing his master's, Allen returned to teaching in Australia and in 2017 was working as Director of Sport and Co-Curricular at Trinity Grammar School in Sydney, New South Wales 
Passage 4:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 5:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 6:
Mirjam Polkunen
Maire Mirjam Polkunen (2 March 1926 – 22 June 2012) was a Finnish writer, literature researcher, translator and dramatist  Among other awards, she won the Eino Leino Prize in 1969  Her Finnish rendering of Zeno's Conscience was awarded with the Mikael Agricola Prize in 1972 
Passage 7:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 8:
Greg A  Hill (artist)
Greg A  Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator  He is 
Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario 

Early life
Hill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario 

Art career
His work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad  His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography 

Curatorial career
Hill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada 

Awards and honours
In 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts 
Passage 9:
Tom Dickinson
Thomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: 

Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant and politician of York, England
Thomas R  Dickinson, United States Army general
J  Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomer
Tom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in England
Tom Dickinson (American football), American football player
Passage 10:
Wesley Barresi
Wesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer  He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak  In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022 

Career
Wesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal  Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament  However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bonnie Tyler
Gaynor Sullivan  (née Hopkins; born 8 June 1951), known professionally as Bonnie Tyler, is a Welsh singer who is known for her distinctive husky voice  Tyler came to prominence with the release of her 1977 album The World Starts Tonight and its singles "Lost in France" and "More Than a Lover"  Her 1977 single "It's a Heartache" reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, and number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 
In the 1980s, Tyler ventured into rock music with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman  He wrote Tyler's biggest hit "Total Eclipse of the Heart", the lead single from her 1983 UK chart-topping album Faster Than the Speed of Night  Steinman also wrote Tyler's other major 1980s hit "Holding Out for a Hero"  She had success in mainland Europe during the 1990s with Dieter Bohlen, who wrote and produced her hit "Bitterblue"  In 2003, Tyler re-recorded "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with singer Kareen Antonn  Their bilingual duet, titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)", topped the French charts 
Rocks and Honey was released in 2013 and features the single "Believe in Me", which she performed representing the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden  After reuniting with the producer David Mackay, she released Between the Earth and the Stars (2019) and The Best Is Yet to Come (2021) 
Her work has earned her three Grammy Award nominations and three Brit Award nominations (including twice for British Female Solo Artist), among other accolades  In 2022 she was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to music 

Early life
Tyler was born Gaynor Hopkins in Skewen, Wales, to a coal miner father Glyndŵr and mother Elsie Hopkins  She grew up in a four-bedroom council house with three sisters and two brothers  Her siblings had varied music tastes, exposing her to artists such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and the Beatles  Hopkins and her family were deeply religious Protestants  Her first public performance took place in a chapel as a child, singing the Anglican hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful" Leaving school with no formal qualifications, Hopkins began working in a grocery shop  In 1969, she entered a local talent contest, and after coming in second place, was inspired to pursue a career in singing  Responding to a newspaper advertisement, she found work as a backing singer for Bobby Wayne & the Dixies before forming her own soul band called Imagination  It was around this time that she changed her name to Sherene Davis, to avoid being confused with Welsh folk singer Mary Hopkin 

Career
1975–1978: The World Starts Tonight and Natural Force
In 1975, Davis was spotted singing with her band in the Townsman Club, Swansea, by talent scout Roger Bell, who invited her to London to record a demo track  After many months had passed, she received a phone call from RCA Records, offering her a recording contract  They also recommended that she change her name again  After compiling a list of surnames and first names from a newspaper, Davis found a new name in "Bonnie Tyler" Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe became her managers, songwriters and producers  "My! My! Honeycomb" was released as her debut single in April 1976, and failed to impact any charts worldwide  RCA increased their promotional efforts for the release of Tyler's second single, "Lost in France", arranging for her to meet with a party of journalists at a French château  The single had no immediate impact upon its release in September 1976, but became a Top 10 single by the end of the year  Tyler's next single "More Than a Lover" was favoured by some critics, and she performed the song on the BBC's Top of the Pops on 31 March 1977  The song peaked at number 27 in the UK Despite producing two popular singles, Tyler's debut album, The World Starts Tonight, proved unsuccessful in Europe, except in Sweden, where it climbed to number 2 "It's a Heartache" saw Tyler return to prominence again in 1978, reaching number 4 in the United Kingdom  The song also became her first hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 Her second studio album Natural Force, released in the same year, was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) with sales of over half a million copies  "Here Am I" was released as a third single in the spring of 1978, but the song failed to sustain her success in the United Kingdom and the United States, though it charted in other European countries 

1979–1981: Diamond Cut and Goodbye to the Island
Tyler's third studio album, Diamond Cut, was released in 1979  Most of the songs were again written and produced by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe Diamond Cut was a hit in Norway and Sweden, but it only charted on the Billboard 200 at number 145  AllMusic declared the album to be the high point of Tyler's early career, "and a dynamite showcase for Tyler's inimitable voice"  Record Mirror rated the album three stars out of five, stating that "only a minority of the material [was] holding her back", and that the album is "essential listening" for Country music fans "Two singles were released from Diamond Cut; those were "My Guns Are Loaded" and "Too Good to Last"  Tyler also released "(The World Is Full of) Married Men", which was used as the theme song for the film of the same name  Tyler appears in the film singing the song during the title sequence  It peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1979  Record Mirror criticised the song; its reviewer wrote: "Bonnie stops chewing gravel for a minute or two   " and continued with "she ends up sandpapering my eardrums again  Ouch "Tyler's first tour of Japan took place in 1979  During her visit, she represented the United Kingdom in the World Popular Song Festival held in Tokyo  Tyler won the competition with the song "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", written by Scott and Wolfe  "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released in 1979, and listed as a single of the week in 1979 by Record Mirror upon its release Both singles featured on Tyler's final studio album with RCA  Goodbye to the Island was released in 1981, recorded in the Algarve, Portugal  AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five, with other critics predicting that Tyler was "doomed to be a one-hit wonder"  Phil Hendricks from Cherry Records said that Tyler "[proved] time and time again that she was one of those rare artists who was able to take the odd chart flop on the chin and bounce back having suffered little collateral damage "

1982–1989: The CBS Years
After her contract with RCA expired, Tyler signed with CBS/Columbia  A&R man Muff Winwood asked Tyler to scout a new producer  She considered Phil Collins, Jeff Lynne and Alan Tarney, but Jim Steinman was her first choice  "I'm a huge fan of his records, especially his solo album, and when my manager and I were discussing my comeback we both agreed that I had to sound the best or nobody would take me seriously " Steinman initially declined, but reconsidered after Tyler sent him demos of the rock material she was hoping to record After their initial meeting, Tyler returned to Steinman's apartment in New York a few weeks later where he performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Rory Dodd  Steinman described the song as "a Wagnerian-like onslaught of sound and emotion", and a "showpiece" for Tyler's voice  Her fifth album was recorded at the Power Station in New York, with members of the E Street Band, Rick Derringer on guitar, Rory Dodd and Eric Troyer on backing vocals, and Steinman as producer "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was released in the UK on 11 February 1983  It became one of the best-selling singles of all time with over six million units sold  Her fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night, debuted at no  1 on the UK Albums Chart and no  3 on the Cashbox and 4 on the Billboard 200, selling over one million copies in the United States  Tyler's commercial success led to several award nominations, including two Grammys, two AMAs and a BRIT Award  Tyler was named Best Recording Artist at the Variety Club of Great Britain Awards, and she received a Goldene Europa Tyler also found success through some of her soundtrack recordings in the mid-80s  In 1984, she released "Holding Out for a Hero" from the Footloose soundtrack  In the following year, her recording of "Here She Comes" for Giorgio Moroder's restoration of the 1927 film Metropolis earned Tyler a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance  Tyler also declined an offer to record the theme for the James Bond spin-off Never Say Never Again 
In 1986, Tyler released her sixth studio album, Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire  In another collaboration with Jim Steinman, the album also featured songs written by Desmond Child and Bryan Adams and a cover of "Band of Gold" by Freda Payne  "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)" became the album's most successful single, selling over 250,000 units in France  The music video, directed by Steinman and Stuart Orme, received six nominations at the Billboard Video Music Conference In 1987, Tyler collaborated with Mike Oldfield on the title track to his album Islands  In the following year, Tyler played Polly Garter in George Martin's album Under Milk Wood, a radio drama by Dylan Thomas  The music was composed by Elton John, and features vocal contributions from Tom Jones, Anthony Hopkins and Mary Hopkin Tyler asked Desmond Child to produce her seventh album, Hide Your Heart, which came out on 9 May 1988  The album featured collaborations with Michael Bolton, Albert Hammond and Diane Warren  The album's singles, "Hide Your Heart", "Save Up All Your Tears" and "The Best" became major hits for other artists 

1990–2000: Success in continental Europe
In 1990, Tyler signed to Hansa/BMG Ariola and began working with various producers for her eighth studio album  She collaborated with Dieter Bohlen, Giorgio Moroder, Nik Kershaw and Roy Bittan  "We used so many producers in efforts to capture many different moods for many different territories, because we believed in the international crossover potential of Tyler," stated David Brunner, A&R manager for Hansa Bitterblue was released on 11 November 1991  In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Tomas Mureika noted that the album marked a "much more mainstream and less bombastic" direction in Tyler's career  The title track was released a month ahead of the album and became a top 40 hit in several European countries  It was named ‘Catchy Song of the Year' at the RSH-Gold Awards  In the following year, "Bitterblue" was released as a promotional single in the United States where it was met with criticism  Billboard wrote that "bombastic production, with a rush of bagpipes and a choir of chirping children at the forefront, overpower Tyler's distinctive raspy voice "While Bitterblue was never released in the UK or US, the album was a commercial success in mainland Europe  It topped the charts in Austria and Norway, achieving 4× Platinum status in the latter country with eleven weeks at no  1 Tyler's subsequent albums, Angel Heart (1992) and Silhouette in Red (1993), were also successful in mainland Europe  Both albums featured a greater share of songs written and produced by Dieter Bohlen  Tyler was named Best International Singer at the Goldene Europa Awards in 1993, and Best Pop/Rock Singer at the ECHO Awards in 1994 In 1995, Tyler moved to EastWest Records and released Free Spirit  The album featured collaborations with a variety of producers including Humberto Gatica, David Foster and Jim Steinman  The lead single, a cover of Air Supply's "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)", reached no  45 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1996  The album was re-released in March 1996 featuring a cover of "Limelight" by the Alan Parsons Project  The track was used as a theme for the German team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia Tyler's twelfth studio album, All in One Voice, was released in 1998  Much of the album was recorded with Jimmy Smyth in Dublin, and Harold Faltermeyer in Hamburg In 1998, Tyler appeared on Rick Wakeman's orchestral album Return to the Centre of the Earth on the song "Is Anybody There?"  The album also included narration from Star Trek actor Patrick Stewart and vocals from Ozzy Osbourne, Katrina Leskanich and Justin Hayward 

2001–2003: Greatest Hits and Heart Strings
On 14 September 2001, Tyler released Greatest Hits, a compilation album containing seventeen tracks  The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 18, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 60,000 units  Greatest Hits reached the Top 10 in a further five European countries In 2002, Tyler began working on her thirteenth studio album, Heart Strings  EMI approached her with the idea of recording a cover album with an orchestra and Tyler's band  She selected thirteen songs by artists such as U2, The Beatles and Bruce Springsteen  The songs were arranged by composers Nick Ingman and Karl Jenkins, and performed by the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra Heart Strings was released on 18 March 2003, and was followed by a tour in Germany  The album charted in Europe, reaching the Top 50 in five countries 

2004–2005: Success in France
In 2003, vocalist Kareen Antonn invited Tyler to re-record "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a bilingual duet in French and English  The new version was re-titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)" and released in December 2003  It went to no  1 in Belgium and France, where it held the top position for ten weeks, selling over 500,000 units  The success of the single was considered to be Tyler's comeback in France, and received overwhelmingly positive reviews from music critics Tyler's fourteenth studio album Simply Believe was released in April 2004  It featured seven new songs and various re-recordings and covers  Tyler and Antonn recorded "Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)" as a second bilingual duet  It peaked at number 12 in France  Tyler co-wrote the title track of the album, and two additional songs, with producer Jean Lahcene  Simply Believe spent 23 weeks on the French Album Charts and peaked at number 18 
Tyler released her fifteenth studio album Wings in the spring of 2005  It was recorded in Paris, and featured twelve new songs, two of which were also recorded in French, and new versions of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache"  Tyler promoted the album with an extensive tour of Europe, including a televised performance at the Sopot International Song Festival in Poland, and recorded concerts at La Cigale in Paris and at the Fiestas del Pilar in Zaragoza, Spain  Footage from all three concerts appeared on Tyler's live DVD Bonnie on Tour which was released in 2006  Wings was issued in the UK in 2006 under the title Celebrate  Tyler also received the Lifetime Achievement Steiger Award in 2005 

2006–2011: From the Heart: Greatest Hits and Best of 3 CD
In 2006, Tyler made her first appearance on US television in years when she performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with actress Lucy Lawless on Celebrity Duets  In the following year she recorded a new version of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with punk band BabyPinkStar and released From the Heart: Greatest Hits, which reached number 2 in Ireland and number 31 in the UK 
In April 2009, Tyler joined Welsh male voice choir Only Men Aloud! on their UK tour to perform "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  They recorded the song for their second studio album Band of Brothers, which was released in October  In the same year, she also recorded the title song for Mal Pope's new musical Cappuccino Girls, and performed the song at the opening night in Swansea's Grand Theatre  Tyler also made a cameo on Hollyoaks Later to sing "Holding Out for a Hero" in a dream sequence with Carmel McQueen (Gemma Merna) In 2010, Tyler appeared in a television advertisement for MasterCard singing a parody of "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  She released "Something Going On" with Country singer Wayne Warner and a new version of "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)" with Matt Pétrin in July and August respectively  In October, she toured with Robin Gibb in Australia and New Zealand 

In 2011, Tyler appeared on Swedish TV show Kvällen är din ("The Evening Is Yours" in English), singing "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Swedish singer Niklas Paulström  Tyler also performed "It's a Heartache"  She also made a guest appearance in the music video "Newport (Ymerodraeth State of Mind)", a parody of the Jay-Z and Alicia Keys song "Empire State of Mind" for the BBC's Comic Relief charity  Also in 2011, Tyler won an award at the BMI London Awards for "It's a Heartache" gaining over 3 million airplays on US television and radio since it was first recorded in 1977  She also appeared on the Ukrainian version of X Factor as one of the three British guests, alongside Kylie Minogue and Cher Lloyd  She performed "It's a Heartache", "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero"  In December 2011, a portrait of Tyler by Rolf Harris, owned by Cathy Sims, was valued at £50,000 on BBC's Antiques Roadshow In September 2011, Tyler released a new compilation titled Best of 3 CD, which charted at number 36 in France  The album featured a cover of "Eternal Flame" by The Bangles, which was recorded as a duet with Laura Zen in French and English and released as a single 

2012–2018: Rocks and Honey and the Eurovision Song Contest
In early 2012, Tyler began working on her sixteenth album, Rocks and Honey  She travelled to Nashville, Tennessee in search of material for the album  It was recorded at the Blackbird Studios in Nashville, and produced by David Huff  Tyler sent the album to the BBC ahead of its release for feedback  After hearing the third track "Believe in Me", they asked Tyler to represent the United Kingdom with the song at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  Although she was initially reluctant, Tyler accepted, describing Eurovision as "great publicity for my album" Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's entrant on 7 March 2013, and was met with a mixed reaction  "Believe in Me" was released on 13 March, and peaked at number 93 in the United Kingdom  As a member of the "Big Five", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to the Eurovision Grand Final on 18 May  Tyler finished in 19th place with 23 points  Reacting to the results, Tyler stated, "I did the best that I could do with a great song", adding, "I'm so glad and so happy that I did it because it was an incredible experience  It was like the Grammy awards all over again "Following the Eurovision Song Contest, Tyler became the first representative for the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio Award  She received the accolades for Best Song and Best Female Singer Rocks and Honey was released on 6 May 2013 in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 52 on the UK Albums Chart  The album was titled in reference to the contrast between Tyler and Vince Gill's voice on their duet "What You Need from Me", which was likened to "rocks and honey"  "This Is Gonna Hurt" and "Love Is the Knife" were released as the second and third singles in August and September 2013 respectively, though both songs failed to chart In 2014, Tyler released "Miserere" on Rhydian Roberts's album One Day like This, and "Fortune" on Spike's album 100% Pure Frankie Miller In June 2015, Tyler appeared on Die schönsten Disney Songs aller Zeiten, a one-off televised celebration of popular Disney songs in Germany  She performed "Circle of Life" from The Lion King  In September 2015, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero" on Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, Nicole Scherzinger and Alec Baldwin In 2016, Tyler featured on Frankie Miller's album Double Take  In March 2017, Tyler released a new single titled "Love's Holding On" with German metal band Axel Rudi Pell In August 2017, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas with American dance-rock band DNCE to mark the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017  The song received an increase of 31,000 online downloads, which led to a placement of number 13 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart  In November, she released a new compilation titled Remixes and Rarities  The album debuted numerous tracks from her back catalogue that had not previously been released on CD In March 2018, Tyler embarked on a 22-date tour of Germany and Austria to celebrate the 40th anniversary of "It's a Heartache", with Sharron Levy as support 

2019–present: Recent albums
In February 2019, Tyler released "Hold On" as the lead single from her seventeenth studio album, Between the Earth and the Stars  The album followed in March 2019 and peaked at no  34 on the UK Albums Chart  It was recorded with David Mackay, who produced Tyler's first two albums in the 1970s  Between the Earth and the Stars features three duets with Rod Stewart, Francis Rossi and Cliff Richard  Tyler embarked on a 23-date tour of Europe to support the album in April 2019, culminating with an appearance at BBC Proms in the Park in Hyde Park, London, and a headline concert at the London Palladium in September  Her show at L'Olympia in Paris was filmed and released through Canal+ In August 2019, Cherry Red Records released a box set compiling Tyler's first four studio albums  Classic Pop magazine described The RCA Years as "a thoroughly-researched 4CD-set"  In November 2019, Tyler made a guest appearance at Ben Zucker's concert at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, Berlin to sing "It's a Heartache"  Their duet features on his live album, Wer Sagt das?! Zugabe!, released in May 2020 In December 2019, Tyler released a new version of her 2005 song "Streets of Stone" for The World's Big Sleep Out, an international homeless charity event  On 14 December 2019, she performed at the Vatican's annual Concerto di Natale in the presence of Pope Francis In May 2020, Tyler released "Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)" with Lorraine Crosby as a charity single in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust  It reached no  64 on the UK Downloads Chart  Her latest studio album, The Best Is Yet to Come, followed in February 2021 
On 2 September 2022, Tyler and Mike Batt released their duet "Into the Sunset" as a digital single  The track was originally released on the soundtrack to The Dreamstone in 1990  In October 2022, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" live with the cast of Tanz der Vampire in Stuttgart to mark the musical's 25th anniversary In November 2022, Tyler embarked on her first ever tour of South America, with eight dates in Brazil, and one date in Uruguay  Speaking with El País, Tyler stated that she hopes to release another studio album in 2023 

Artistry
Influences
Born into a musical family, Tyler grew up listening to a wide range of musical genres  One of Tyler's earliest musical memories was listening to her mother singing opera music in the family home  Tyler attended church until she was sixteen years old  Her first ever performance was singing "All Things Bright and Beautiful" in church  She was also exposed to the music of Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Beatles and other 1960s bands due to her siblings' musical tastes  Frankie Miller was the first live act that Tyler saw, and she later recorded duets with him Tyler's two biggest influences from a young age were Janis Joplin and Tina Turner



ground_truth: Mirjam Polkunen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country the performer of song I Believe In Your Sweet Love is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  She cites "River Deep – Mountain High" as being her all-time favourite song  Other artists that influenced Tyler in her youth include Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Meat Loaf, Joe Cocker, Dusty Springfield and Tommy Steele  She has also expressed admiration for contemporary artists such as Guns N' Roses, Anastacia, Toni Braxton, Duffy, and Eminem  She has also expressed interest in collaborating with Adele, whom she describes as "a great song writer, singer and performer "

Vocal style
Tyler's music contains elements of country, rock, pop, blues and Celtic  Her voice has been likened to Rod Stewart and Kim Carnes as a result of her vocal cord nodule operation in the 1970s, sometimes even being referred to as "the female Rod Stewart", and, after her collaborations with Jim Steinman, "the female Meat Loaf"  Soon after her operation, when recording her second album, Natural Force, the studio band complimented Tyler's changed voice  Reviewers from AllMusic have described Tyler's voice as "inimitable", "wonderfully gritty", and an "effective instrument" for drawing notice to her first managers, Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe In a review of Rocks and Honey, OMH Media described Tyler's vocals as being "good for only one thing and that's belting out gravelly vocals," suggesting that she sounds like Johnny Cash in his later years when she "tries to restrain [her voice] " With reference to her modern voice, The Yorkshire Times wrote that Tyler's vocals have "still got what it takes to make you tingle " Jim Steinman told People magazine that he wrote "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a "showpiece for [Tyler's] voice " AllMusic said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics "

Songwriting
Though songwriting has never been a significant part of Tyler's career, she has co-written a handful of B-Sides and other tracks  "Gonna Get Better", a B-Side to the 1980 Japanese single "Sayonara Tokyo", was written with her brother, Paul Hopkins In 2001, Tyler co-wrote four songs with Gary Pickford-Hopkins on his GPH album, and duetted with him on the track "Loving You Means Leaving You"  Tyler was also involved in writing several tracks for her 2005 album Wings, including its singles "Louise" and "Celebrate" 

Philanthropy
Tyler has featured in three charity supergroups  In 1986, she joined the Anti-Heroin Project to record "It's a Live-In World"  The proceeds were donated to the Phoenix House Charities who funded heroin recovery centres in the UK 
In the following year, Tyler featured as a chorus vocalist in the British-American charity group Ferry Aid, who released a cover of "Let It Be" by the Beatles  Proceeds were donated to a charity supporting the victims of the Zeebrugge Disaster  The single sold over 500,000 copies in the UK where it topped the charts for three weeks  In 1990, Tyler joined Rock Against Repatriation to record a cover of "Sailing"  It was a protest song in response to the repatriation of Vietnamese boat people who fled to Hong Kong  The single peaked at no  89 on the UK Singles Chart Since the 1990s, Tyler has been a patron of the Bobath Children's Therapy Centre in Cardiff, Wales, who provide care for children with cerebral palsy  In 2013, she campaigned for Bobath to be recognised at the Pride of Britain Awards  Tyler is also an ambassador for the Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales  In January 2005, Tyler performed at the Rock for Asia benefit concert in Ingolstadt, Germany, raising funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  The event was recorded and released on DVD  In 2007, Tyler recorded "I Don't Know How to Love Him" for Over the Rainbow, a charity album conceptualised by Anneka Rice on the television show Challenge Anneka  The album reached no  1 on the UK Compilation Chart, with proceeds going to the Association of Children's Hospices On 1 November 2009, Tyler performed as the headline act at the Pinktober Women in Rock concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In the following year, she co-headlined at a benefit concert alongside Leo Sayer raising funds for Variety, the Children's Charity, in New Zealand  In 2012, Tyler was named patron of the AAG animal charity association in Guia, Portugal  Tyler re-recorded "Holding Out for a Hero" for the 2013 Children in Need appeal  In 2014, she endorsed the BUAV's campaign to make it mandatory for animals in testing laboratories to be re-homed  In 2020, Tyler contributed to a cover of "Don't Answer Me" by the Alan Parsons Project to raise funds for Bergamo, an Italian city that was deeply impacted by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic 

Personal life
In July 1973, Tyler married Robert Sullivan  He is a property developer and 1972 Olympic judo competitor  They have no children; Tyler miscarried when she was aged 39  Tyler and her family are Protestant Since 1988, Tyler and her husband have owned a five-bedroom home in Albufeira, Portugal in the Algarve  Tyler had recorded one of her albums there in the late 1970s, and the couple spend much of the year there  In 2005, Tyler was filmed in the Algarve for the Polish entertainment TV show Zacisze gwiazd, which explores the houses of actors and musicians Tyler and Sullivan have invested in property  As of a 1999 interview, they owned farmland in Portugal and New Zealand, 22 houses in Berkshire and London, and 65 stables offering horse boarding services  In a 2013 interview, Tyler stated that the farm in New Zealand had been converted to a dairy farm twelve years after they purchased the land  In the same interview, she stated that she and Sullivan also own a quarry 

Discography
Studio albums
The World Starts Tonight (1977)
Natural Force (1978)
Diamond Cut (1979)
Goodbye to the Island (1981)
Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983)
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire (1986)
Hide Your Heart (1988) also known as Notes From America
Bitterblue (1991)
Angel Heart (1992)
Silhouette in Red (1993)
Free Spirit (1995)
All in One Voice (1998)
Heart Strings (2003) also known as Heart & Soul
Simply Believe (2004)
Wings (2005) also known as Celebrate
Rocks and Honey (2013)
Between the Earth and the Stars (2019)
The Best Is Yet to Come (2021)

Honours, awards and recognition
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache" have estimated sales of over 6 million units each, and are among the best-selling singles of all time Tyler's 1976 breakthrough with "Lost in France" led to her nomination for Best British Female Newcomer at the 1977 Brit Awards  In the 1980s, she received nominations for two more Brit Awards, and three Grammy Awards  In 2013, she was presented with the Gold Badge award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) In 1979, Tyler won the 10th World Popular Song Festival with "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", representing the United Kingdom  Tyler also became the first and only representative of the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio award in 2013  She was also one of the first western artists to tour the Soviet Union In addition to her music awards, Tyler has received local honours in Wales; including being named freeman of Neath Port Talbot in 2011, and an honorary degree and doctorate from Swansea University in 2013  She is also an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama  In 2016, she was honoured by the Lord Mayor of Swansea for Services to Music Tyler was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to music 

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Passage 2:
Sweet Love
Sweet Love may refer to:

"Sweet Love" (Anita Baker song), 1985
"Sweet Love" (Company of Strangers song), 1992
"Sweet Love" (Chris Brown song), 2012
"Sweet Love" (Commodores song), 1976
Passage 3:
Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)
"Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)" is a song written by Johnny MacRae and Bob Morrison, and recorded by American country music artist George Jones   It was released in January 1983 as the first single from his album Shine On  The song peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart  "Shine On" was Jones' sixth Top 10 solo hit in less than three years  The song also displayed some of the pop elements that producer Billy Sherrill would introduce into George's sound over the course of his next few albums 

Chart performance
Passage 4:
O Valencia!
"O Valencia!" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife 
The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy  It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers  The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang  At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's "sworn enemy") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer 

Track listing
The 7" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with "Culling of the Fold" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing "After the Bombs" as the B-side 

Music videos
For the "O Valencia!" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage  Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment "Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now" and accused the band of stealing the idea  The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of "O Valencia!", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2  The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of "the Boss", plan an escape to an unknown location  At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the "Valencia" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape  Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads "Office"  The letters have all burnt out except for the "O", creating the title of the song  The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers  Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis)  They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan  Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him  The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca  They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch  After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection  2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe  The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town  Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick 
The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums)  The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for "Sixteen Military Wives"  The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket 
Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage 
Passage 5:
I Believe in Your Sweet Love
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler  It was released as a standalone single in November 1979, and Tyler later re-recorded it for her fourth studio album, Goodbye to the Island (1981)  The song was written by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe, who co-produced the track with Hugh Murphy 
The song was a hit in Canada, where it reached number 27 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart  Record Mirror nominated it as a single of the week upon its release 

Background
Tyler's success was in decline (except in Scandinavian countries) after she failed to match the success of her 1978 single "It's a Heartache" with subsequent releases  Diamond Cut (1979) only reached number 145 in the United States, and its most successful singles "Too Good to Last" and "My Guns Are Loaded" only saw regional success in mainland Europe and Canada 
Tyler released two singles in late 1979: "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", which saw her win the World Popular Song Festival in Japan; and "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" 
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released on Tyler's album Lost in France: The Early Years (2005) 

Music video
The video was filmed in Beaulieu Palace House in Brockenhurst, United Kingdom 

Charts
External links
Lyrics to this song at Genius
Passage 6:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 7:
I Believe in Everything (song)
"I Believe in Everything" is a song by John Entwistle  "I Believe in Everything" was released as a single in 1971  The B-side was "My Size"  The song also appears on Entwistle's debut solo album, Smash Your Head Against the Wall  When Entwistle was asked about the song in comparison to the rest of the album, he said:

I've been saying a lot of stuff that I didn't really believe in  I sort of wrote it for the heads, really, the people thinking, "ah, so that's where Entwistle's brain's at, he really sort of believes in the devil and hell and all that sort of business " So I wrote a number that touches on reincarnation, then goes into the absurd, with Father Christmas and the whole bit and right at the end just to prevent the heads from thinking that I did believe in everything like I was saying, 'cause they always seem to believe that you actually believe in your own words  I believe in some of them but not all of them, so I just wrote the joke in to throw them off, and it's done it 
The song ends with a chorus of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" 

Personnel
John Entwistle – vocals, bass
Dave "Cyrano" Langston – guitar
Jerry Shirley – drums
Keith Moon – backing vocals
Passage 8:
Believe in Me (Bonnie Tyler song)
"Believe in Me" is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey (2013)  American songwriter Desmond Child composed the song with British songwriters Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide  It was released as the album's lead single on 13 March 2013  The song was written to "uplift the world", and was completed by Child whilst having dinner with Tyler 
The song was recorded in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee  The lyrics depict Tyler telling a lover who does not believe in love or religion to just believe in her  "Believe in Me" was selected as the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom  To comply with the song duration rules, the album version was cut to three minutes and three seconds for radio play and for live performance  The photograph used for the cover art was taken by Tyler's nephew, Andrew Hopkins  Following the Eurovision Song Contest, the song peaked at No  93 in the United Kingdom, but did not chart elsewhere 
"Believe in Me" received mixed reviews from music critics, and the song was largely blamed for Tyler's mediocre final score in the Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final  Despite the single's chart placing and result at Eurovision, both Tyler and the single won categories in the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards; the first time a UK representative has won in a category in the ESC Radio's history 

Background and release
Tyler had been working on her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey since 2008  She recorded the album in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee, and released the album on 8 March 2013 in Europe, one day after Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest  The official release of "Believe in Me" followed a week later, released on 13 March by Celtic Swan Recordings in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 15 March in Europe  At her appearance on The One Show Tyler explained that the song had already been written before the BBC suggested it as the Eurovision entry when she sent a demo of Rocks and Honey to them  The song has also been added to the SingStar store as a karaoke track  A remix single of the song by Blutonium Boy & Matty Menk was released on 13 May by Celtic Swan Recordings The music video was published on the BBC's official YouTube channel on 6 March 2013  The video was shot in East Sussex in a beach hut and on a nearby beach  Alongside the music video film crew there was a second crew that filmed a 'making-of' video  The BBC published the film in late March 

Composition
Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide's involvement in composing "Believe in Me" is unknown, though when it was announced that the song would represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, Bonnie Tyler told The Telegraph that Child finished composing the song at dinner 

"When I got to Nashville, I was looking for songs around the publishers, and got in touch with Desmond and he said "come up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll give you some songs " He'd already recorded some of these demos, but I said "I really love these two songs " And he said "But "Believe in Me" isn't finished yet  I tell you what, come back up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll finish writing it then," which is what he did  I'll never forget that night, we got there and Bob Ezrin was there, the producer of The Wall for Pink Floyd  After dinner [Child] wrote the second verse "
Welsh singer Paul Child conducted an interview with Desmond Child in Nashville in April 2013 to discuss his work with Bonnie Tyler, both with "Believe in Me" and in the beginnings when he wrote her hit single "If You Were a Woman" in the 1980s  Paul Child drew similarities between the lyrical and rhythmic structure of "Believe in Me" and the Labelle song "Lady Marmalade", specifically with the lines "Voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?" and "[   ] and you laugh at the thought of putting your faith in stuff, like love"  Desmond stated that they (Child, Christy and Braide) wanted to write a song that would "uplift the world, and we're so thrilled that Bonnie sang it and that it got chosen to represent the UK "

Reception
Critical response
Upon its initial release, the song received mixed reviews from music critics  UKMIX described the song as "quite blissful with a smooth vocal delivery and some pretty nice lyrics," but despite not being able to fault the song, the reviewer was unsure that the song was the right choice for the Eurovision Song Contest and predicted that Tyler would suffer the same criticism that Engelbert Humperdinck received the previous year  Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the song two stars out of five, stating that the song is a "polar opposite to the slew of Euro-club bangers entering this year's contest," but applauded Tyler for entering the Eurovision Song Contest with the contrasting song  The Guardian held a poll on their website asking the public if they expected Tyler to be successful at Eurovision  The results were fairly even with 46% predicting that Tyler would win and 54% voting that they didn't expect Tyler to win  Ann Gripper from the Daily Mirror described the song as "heartfelt," and went on to say that Tyler "can still sing " She criticised the songwriters' choice of "above" and "stuff" as the first rhyming lyrics, but noted the line "you never see the rainbow, you just curse the rain" as an improvement, and an opportunity to "have some fun with the staging on finals night in Malmo " Gripper concluded by saying that it "doesn't get into your head like (2012 Sweden winning song) "Euphoria"," and stated that unless the staging is "spectacular", the song won't be remembered by voting time 

Commercial performance
Commercially, the song reached minor success on record charts  On 19 May 2013, "Believe in Me" scored the highest Eurovision-related new entry on that week's Top 100 UK Singles Chart, despite finishing 19th in the contest  The song climbed up to No  86 in the UK mid-week charts following its debut at No  93, but dropped out of the Top 100 by the following week 

Accolades
Bonnie Tyler won Best Song (with 12 6% of the vote) and Best Female Singer (with 16 9% of the vote) at the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards, and became the first representative of the United Kingdom to receive an award from ESC Radio since its initiation in 2006 

Eurovision Song Contest 2013
Tyler was selected by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  The first rehearsal took place on 12 May, the second on 15 May and the performance in front of the jury on 17 May 2013  Tyler's final performance of "Believe in Me" took place on 18 May during the Grand Final, with Anthony Goldsbrough (guitar and backing vocals), Michael Gazzard (guitar and backing vocals), Hayley Sanderson (guitar and backing vocals), Kristen Cummings (keyboards and backing vocals) and Grant Mugent-Kershaw (drums)  The song was staged with Tyler standing by a microphone stand with her backing group before walking down the catwalk onto a rising platform The song finished in 19th place with points from Ireland (7), Malta (5), Spain (4), Romania (3), Switzerland (2), Sweden (1) and Slovenia (1), a total of 23 points 

Reaction to the Eurovision results
Several journalists and singers have made public their views on the song and the result  Irish entrant and three-time winner of Eurovision Johnny Logan complimented Tyler, but argued that the song wasn't strong enough  He continued, "If you're going to win Eurovision, to go through some of the incredible voting I've noticed over the last few years, you have to have something that's going to stand out above everything else  Otherwise you're just going to hope to pick up 10 or 11 votes " Similarly, Nathan Moore agreed that the song was not strong enough, but said "It was a great idea to get Bonnie involved, there's a lot of love for Bonnie out there " Mick Dalley (of Yahoo! News) agreed that "although Tyler herself was on form, singing beautifully and rousing the crowd with her podiumed finale, "Believe in Me" was simply not good enough as a song" 1997 UK winner Katrina Leskanich (of Katrina and the Waves) stated that she was underwhelmed by Denmark's entry, and expected Tyler to have scored higher than she did  British journalist Dave Goodman acknowledged that Tyler's entry was an improvement on the previous year, though argued that it was a combination of a poor position in the running order and the song that kept the UK from scoring higher During promotion for Rocks and Honey in France, Bonnie Tyler spoke out against the Eurovision Song Contest's incidents  After being asked if she believes the contest is rigged, she replied, "I think so "
"The next day after the Eurovision, the Russians were complaining to Azerbaijan, "why didn't you give us the ten points we paid for?" Excuse me! "We paid for?" Is this a competition?     I don't care about that  We [United Kingdom] haven't won for sixteen years, and I didn't expect to win  It's too bad that politics come in to it, it should be a songwriting competition, not who lives next door to you "
The Daily Mail claimed that Tyler overheard the conversation of Russians complaining to Azerbaijanis and spread the rumour; Tyler challenged this and said that she had seen it on Sky News 

Performances and promotion
Tyler first performed the song in Berlin, Germany where she featured as a guest on the Rock Meets Classic Tour in February to March 2013  Tyler was still involved with the tour when it was announced that she would be representing the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in May, and after appearing on The One Show in London, she returned to Germany to begin promoting "Believe in Me"  On 19 April, she stopped off at the Cologne Cathedral and the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Berlin for a photo shoot and unveiled wax figurines of the members of ABBA  On 28 April, the Leute Heute (German TV show) film team published a video from visiting Tyler's house a few weeks before to interview her on her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest  At mid-day, Tyler was interviewed and then performed an acoustic version of the song on BBC Radio 2's Weekend Wogan with her Eurovision group  Her final television appearance in the UK was on 3 May, when she performed "Believe in Me" on The Graham Norton Show After arriving in Malmö on 10 May, Tyler was received positively by the press and by the other Eurovision entrants  Particular support came from Finland's entrant Krista Siegfrids and Malta's entrant Gianluca Bezzina  Before the voting concluded, the UK received 2 more points from Switzerland and the Lithuanian spokesperson spoke "I love you, Bonnie Tyler" despite the UK not scoring any Lithuanian votes 

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single 

Track listings and formats
Germany Maxi CD single"Believe in Me" (Radio edit) – 3:01
"Believe in Me" (Album version) – 3:57
"Stubborn" – 3:46UK Digital download"Believe in Me" (Eurovision edit) – 3:01

Charts
Release history
Passage 9:
I Believe in Love (Bonnie Guitar song)
"I Believe in Love" is a song written by Boudleaux Bryant and recorded by American country artist, Bonnie Guitar 
The song was recorded in January 1968 and officially released as a single in April  "I Believe in Love" peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, becoming her third and final top ten on any Billboard list  The single also became Guitar's final major hit as a musical artist  Additionally, "I Believe in Love" reached a peak of number thirty on the Canadian RPM Country Songs chart in August 1968  It became her final chart appearance on the latter chart  The single was later issued on Guitar's album for Dot Records, also entitled I Believe in Love 

Chart performance
Passage 10:
Bernie Bonvoisin
Bernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁnaʁ bɔ̃vwazɛ̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁni bɔ̃vwazɛ̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director  He is best known for having been the singer of Trust 
He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song "Ride On" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott 

External links
Bernie Bonvoisin at IMDb



ground_truth: United Kingdom

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director is younger, Cuchillos De Fuego or A Woman Has Killed?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Cuchillos de fuego
Cuchillos de fuego is a Venezuelan film released in 1990  It was directed by Román Chalbaud based on his theatre play Todo bicho de uña, where a young man, David, seeks revenge on his mother's rapist and murderer  In the film, which is styled like a Western, a stop-motion animated children's drawing of the young David crying over his mother's body is used to tell parts of the story  After searching through the Andes for ten years, he kills several Apaches for his revenge In its theatrical release it was viewed by 367,652 people 

Production
The film stars Miguel Ángel Landa, who also produced it, as well as Marisela Berti, Javier Zapata, Charles Barri, Natalia Martínez, Gabriel Fernández, Dora Mazzone, Jonathan Montenegro, Gabriel Martínez, and Raúl Medina Despite being a Spanish co-production, it was not released in Spain 

Response
The film has been praised for its mixing of diverse themes, like melodrama and fantasy  However, its use of Freudian references was seen as simple, with the film overall described as "somewhat indigestible" It has been assessed as thematically aligned with Chalbaud's other films, despite being a different genre  In this respect, it features "mirage-like memories" of David's mother;:46 masks and costumes used to show illusion and performance of characters thematically;:46-47 pop music in the background used to layer simple meaning;:47 the religious name (David) for its protagonist;:48 and the use of myths, specifically the "fairytale of the abandoned child" :52
Passage 2:
Vittorio Cottafavi
Vittorio Cottafavi (30 January 1914 – 14 December 1998) was an Italian film director and screenwriter  He directed 70 films between 1943 and 1985  His film Il diavolo sulle colline was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival 

Selected filmography
Passage 3:
Blossoms of Fire
Blossoms of Fire (also known as Ramo de fuego) is a 2000 documentary film about the people of Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico  The documentary was directed by Maureen Gosling and Ellen Osborne 

Overview
Author Elena Poniatowska described the women of Juchitán de Zaragoza, a city in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, as “guardians of men, distributors of food ” Artists like Miguel Covarrubias and Frida Kahlo celebrated their beauty and intelligence  Blossoms of Fire shows them in their daily lives as they run their own businesses, embroider their signature fiery blossoms on clothing and comment on articles in the foreign press that depict them as a promiscuous matriarchy  In particular, an article in the Latin American version of ELLE Magazine infuriated the community during the time the filmmakers were shooting in 1994  Yet, it is expressed throughout the film by the women that they do not consider their society to be a matriarchy 
The people interviewed in this film share a common work ethic and independent streak rooted in Zapotec culture  The movie demonstrates powerful women, the region’s progressive politics, and a tolerance of homosexuality  Veteran film editor and former Les Blank collaborator Maureen Gosling and co-director Ellen Osborne tell of an indigenous community whose "flair for survival in the modern world is a fighting spirit and the undeniable influence of women "

Scenes
A midwife laughs over a young husband’s behavior during birth,
A gay man cheerfully asserts that “the mom’s in charge” in Juchitecan society
Many proudly describe the challenges they face in their work and their families 

Honors and special screenings
World Premiere - San Francisco International Film Festival, Castro Theater, SF and Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley
Coral Prize for Best Foreign Documentary About Latin America: Havana International Film Festival, Havana, Cuba 
"Best Of"Sunnyside of the Doc Film Market, Marseille, France
Award for Excellence - Society for Visual Anthropology, American Anthropological Association
Best Documentary - Film Fest New Haven, Conn 
Second Prize, Community Category, Terres en Vues First People's Festival,  Montréal, Québec
Prix Union Latine, Competition - La Cita Festival de Biarritz, Biarritz, France
El Foro de la Cineteca Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico (One of 12 international films chosen to screen at this prestigious Forum ) The film toured Mexico with the other films for three months following 
HBO Frame by Frame Series, The Screening Room, Manhattan
Tour of the Mexican Republic, including Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico City, and dozens of venues in the southern Mexican states  Sponsored by the Mexican Film Institute (IMCINE)  May–June 2001 
HDerHumALC (Human Rights) Film Festival, Buenos Aires, Argentina 
Toured with festival films to Lima, Peru (Dec  2002)
World Social Justice Forum in Porto Alegre and Belem, Brazil (Jan  2003) 

Credits
Producer, Director, Editor - Maureen Gosling
Director, Co-Producer - Ellen Osborne
Co-Producers - Toni Hanna, Maria Teresa García de la Noceda
Cinematographer - Xavier Pérez Grobet
Sound Recordist - Gabriela Espinoza
Field Producer - Susana Vásquez Sánchez
Associate Producer - Kelly Clement
Fiscal Sponsor - Film Arts Foundation, San Francisco
Featuring - the People of Juchitán and San Blas Atempa, Oaxaca
Passage 4:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020
Passage 5:
Ojos de fuego
Ojos de Fuego  (Eyes of Fire) is a 1995 Argentine independent short film written and directed by Jorge Gaggero 

Cast
Erasmo Olivera as Julian
Jorge Huertas as Comisario
Victor Poleri as Rengo
Eva Fernandez as Madre de Julian
Leandro Martínez as Laucha

External links
Ojos de fuego at IMDb
Passage 6:
La Bestia humana
La Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola 

External links
La Bestia humana at IMDb
Passage 7:
Román Chalbaud
Román Chalbaud (born 10 October 1931) is a Venezuelan film director and screenwriter, as well as a prominent playwright  Starting work in television after prestigious training, Chalbaud moved into making films before the industry took off in his home country, returning to theatre where he had been a great success for several years until filmmaking became a viable industry again  He has served as the president of Venezuela's leading theatre, television, and film organisations  A documentary about his life and work called Román en el universo de las maravillas, produced by Argentinian filmmakers, was released on 17 March 2018 in Altamira, Caracas at the Rómulo Gallegos Center for Latin American Studies 

Early life
Born in Mérida, Chalboud moved to Caracas with his grandmother at age six, and was seen in the city as a "learning-disabled" "country boy" Chalbaud was young, "in his adolescence" when he knew he wanted to be a storyteller, but also had a proclivity towards poetry  Some of his storytelling desires came from his grandmother, who was a keen reader of European literature, and also enjoyed watching some French and Italian films  It was not long after his revelation that he believed he could achieve both working in theatre and in film, the arts towards which he has focused since he was a teenager  His journey to becoming one of his nation's most renowned directors is framed as starting when he would go to a cinema as a teenager and watch films from the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, though Chalbaud himself says that he was inspired by dramatic angles when playing an angel in a Nativity play as a child and being hoisted into the rafters, able to watch the performance from a detached perspective, and to watch the audience as they watched the action After leaving high school, Chalbaud studied for two years at the Teatro Experimental in Caracas, and then studied directing under Lee Strasberg in New York 

Career
The director was in his late teens when he got jobs working in television, whilst writing plays  When working one television job, in the early 1950s, he reports that his group worked from 3 pm until 9 at night, and would then spend time at a brothel  It is during this time that he found inspiration and stories for his play El Pez que Fuma, which he would later make into a film  He also wrote the plays Los adolescentes, for which he won the Ateneo de Caracas prize, and Caín adolescente in his early television career  It was also the early 1950s when he worked as the assistant director to Mexican filmmaker Víctor Urruchúa, working on two of Urruchúa's films, Six Months of Life and Light in the High Plains  In 1955 he became the artistic director of Televisora Nacional, a company he left in 1958 It is possible that he left Televisora Nacional, the official statement being "for political reasons", when he was imprisoned in 1957 for five months by the regime of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, an experience he says gave him a social conscience to do good after being tortured Before releasing his first film, Chalbaud had seen enough success in playwriting that he was made the director of the National Theatre of Venezuela in 1958  He left this role the year after the release of Caín adolescente, in 1960  He had made two films by 1963, when cinema diminished in Venezuela and he was effectively forced to return to theatre  In 1967 he took the presidency of the UNESCO Latin American Theatre Institute, and it was in this year theatre collective "El Nuevo Grupo" was co-founded by Chalbaud; he dedicated the poem "Us and the Theatre" to the group, with which he has worked extensively since, that same year The success of Chalbaud's plays is placed on his characters, with the social-realist works characterised by an open treatment of dramatic plots, and a supposedly archetypal selection of characters used to portray irony with the social contexts of marginalisation they find themselves, all which critiques the situation of the country  This is also a reason that his plays, many of them that he made into films, are deemed timeless and socially relevant even in the 21st century  He was awarded the National Theatre Award of Venezuela in 1984  He is considered, along with friends Isaac Chocrón and José Ignacio Cabrujas, to be "a prime moving force in continuing the work of César Rengifo in the development of the contemporary Venezuelan theatre"  The three are known as the Holy Trinity of Venezuelan theatre Though making films in this time, he had been largely focused on theatre  This would change after 1969, when Chalbaud left his president role and when Venezuelan cinema entered its Golden Age  He did return to television, joining Radio Caracas Television in 1969, but began his most successful line of work in film direction  Moving into film gave Chalbaud international acclaim, all of his films being screened at film festivals, and one being the first of his country's foreign-language Oscar nominations  His films, some of which are self-adaptations, are said to thematically continue his theatre work  He received the National Film Award of Venezuela in 1990 In 1974, Chalbaud, with other filmmakers of his generation, started Gente de Cine C A , a production company which would produce most of his own films  In 1975, thanks to new national legislation pushed through by the Asociación Nacional de Autores Cinematográficos (National Association of Cinema Auteurs) — ANAC — Chalbaud was the first director to receive protected state funding, making the film Sacred and Obscene  The success of this film quashed the government's doubts about the funding program  He was then named President of the ANAC in 1978, and was the Director General of the Fundación Cinemateca Nacional de Venezuela (National Foundation of Venezuelan Cinema) for two years Chalbaud resigned from Radio Caracas in 1982  In 1985, the San Sebastián Film Festival dedicated a retrospective to him; he has also been on the Jury of this festival, in 1990 In June 2018, he said he was in pre-production for a film trilogy about the life of Hugo Chávez Alfonso Molina, in his 2002 book on the director, wrote that you cannot fully understand the socio-political culture of Venezuela without watching Chalbaud's films 

Personal life
Chalbaud revealed little personal information until he was quite old, when he said that though he loves the landscape of his home city Mérida, he considers Caracas the place to grow old  His favourite play is El Pez que Fuma  Fabián Pierucci, the director of the documentary about his life, says that Chalbaud is "tireless, from his early rise until the night he is reading, writing, going to conferences, helping people" He considers Luis Buñuel a "master" Chalbaud's political affiliation is chavismo, which he believes "most of the country" follows, arguing that Nicolás Maduro is not a dictator and that the opposition since his election are "monsters", justifying the government treatment of opposition members and describing the Constituent National Assembly as Venezuela's legitimate democratic house 

Filmography
Passage 8:
La niña de fuego
La niña de fuego (The fire girl) is a 1952 Argentine film 

Cast
Lolita Torres – Fernanda / Fernando
Ricardo Passano – Pocho
Mario Baroffio – Cipriano Albaicín
César Fiaschi – Pereda
Domingo Márquez – Andrés
Antonio Martelo
Helena Cortesina
Alfonso Pisano – Ramallo
Arsenio Perdiguero – mr  José
Antonio Martiánez – Captain
Delfy Miranda – Ofelia
Noemí Laserre – María de los Cantares
Arturo Arcari
Semillita – box spectator
Helena Cortesina – Clotilde
Carlos Mendi – Marino
Ofelia Cortesina
Luis Laneri
Dante Liguori

External links
La niña de fuego at IMDb
Passage 9:
La selva de fuego
La Selva de Fuego (The Jungle of Fire) is a 1945 Mexican romantic drama film directed by Fernando de Fuentes and starring Dolores del Río 

Plot summary
The movie develops into the Jungle of Chiapas in México  A beautiful woman named Estrella (Dolores del Río) lost in a savage zone of the jungle  She is found by a group of men who are being held into the jungle as social outcasts  Their leader, Luciano (Arturo de Córdova) is a man of integrity, but with an inexplicable hatred toward women  The presence of a sensual woman between several alone men causing a chaos that only Luciano can save 

Curiosities
According to María Félix in her autobiography (Todas mis Guerras México, 1993), cause of this movie, she and Dolores del Río mistook their paths for only time  The film was written by Félix, but the messenger sent by mistake the film for Dolores  María finished filming the movie Vértigo (written by Dolores) 
Passage 10:
A Woman Has Killed
A Woman Has Killed (Italian: Una donna ha ucciso) is a 1952 Italian melodrama crime film directed by Vittorio Cottafavi  While on a train journey a young woman tells another passenger how she murdered her husband, a British army officer  It is a neorealist film, based on the real story of Lidia Cirillo, who appears in the film 
The film's sets were designed by the art director Ottavio Scotti 

Cast
Frank Latimore as 	Capt  Roy Prescott
Lianella Carell as 	Anna
Alessandro Serbaroli as 	Larry (as Alex Serbaroli)
Vera Palumbo as 	Carla
Umberto Spadaro as 	Padre di Anna
Marika Rowsky
Celeste Aída
Diego Muni
Vincenzo Milazzo
Pia De Doses
Lidia Cirillo



ground_truth: Cuchillos De Fuego