prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Renaud Ii, Count Of Soissons's uncle?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John I, Count of Soissons
John I (died after 1115), son of William Busac, Count of Eu and Soissons, and Adelaide, Countess of Soissons   Count of Soissons 
John became Count of Soissons after the death of his brother Renaud II in 1099   John was involved with the Abbey of St  Jean des Vignes 
John married Aveline de Pierrefonds, daughter of Nivelon II, Seigneur de Pierrefonds   John and Aveline had:

Renaud III, Count of SoissonsUpon the death of John, his son Renaud became the last of the Norman Counts of Soissons 
Passage 2:
Adelaide, Countess of Soissons
Adelaide (died 1105), was sovereign Countess of Soissons from 1057 until 1105 
She was the daughter of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife, whose name is unknown, widow of Hilduin III, Count of Montdidier   
Adelaide became ruler of the County of Soissons upon the death of her father and brother, Guy II, Count of Soissons, in 1057 
Adelaide married William Busac, Count of Eu, grandson of Richard I, Duke of Normandy   Adelaide and William had five children:

Renaud II, Count of Soissons
John I, Count of Soissons, married to Aveline de Pierrefonds
Manasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of Soissons
Lithuise de Blois, married to Milo I of Montlhéry
Unnamed daughter, married to Yves le Vieux William Busac became Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris, upon their marriage 

Notes
Sources
Dormay, C , Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)
Passage 3:
Alberic III of Dammartin
Alberic III of Dammartin (Aubry de Dammartin) (c  1138 – 19 September 1200) was a French count and son of Alberic II, Count of Dammartin, and Clémence de Bar, daughter of Reginald I, Count of Bar  
He married Mathilde, heiress to the county of Clermont and daughter of Renaud II, Count of Clermont  They had:

Renaud I, Count of Dammartin (c  1165–1227), married 1) Marie de Châtillon and 2) Ide de Lorraine with whom he had Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne, Queen of Portugal
Alix de Dammartin (1170–1237), married Jean, Châtelain de Trie
Simon of Dammartin (1180 – 21 September 1239), married Marie, Countess of Ponthieu father of Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, Queen of Castile and Leon 
Julia of Dammartin, married Hugh de Gournay
Agnes of Dammartin, married William de Fiennes

Notes
Passage 4:
Nocher II, Count of Soissons
Nocher II (died 1019), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, Count of Soissons  He was the son of Nocher I, Count of Bar-sur-Aube  Nocher's brother Beraud (d  1052) was Bishop of Soissons Nocher became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris, upon his marriage to Adelise, Countess of Soissons   Nocher and Adelisa had three children:

Nocher III (d  1040), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, had at least two daughters by unknown wife:
Adèle (d  1053), Countess of Bar-sur-Aube
Isabeau
Guy, archbishop of Reims
Renaud I, Count of SoissonsNocher's son and namesake became Count of Bar-sur-Aube upon his death, and the countship of Soissons reverted to his wife   His son Renaud would eventually become the Count of Soissons 
Passage 5:
Renaud II, Count of Soissons
Renaud II (died 1099), son of William Busac, Count of Eu and Soissons, and Adelaide, Countess of Soissons   Count of Soissons 

It is unclear when Renaud assumed the countship of Soissons from his disgraced father   The latter was stripped of the County of Eu in 1050 but it is unclear when he relinquished the countship of Soissons   Alberic of Trois-Fontaines identifies Renaud in his Chronicles but little is known about his rule 
It is not known whether Renaud married or had any children  Upon the death of Renaud, his brother John became the Count of Soissons 

Notes
Sources
Dormay, C , Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)
Passage 6:
John V, Count of Soissons
John V (21 March 1281 – 1304), son of John IV, Count of Soissons, and his wife Marguerite of Rumigny  Count of Soissons 
John inherited the countship of Soissons from his father in 1302   Nothing is known about his brief rule of the county  He never married and died with no heirs   Upon his death, his brother Hugh became Count of Soissons 

Sources
Dormay, C , Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)
Passage 7:
Guy II, Count of Soissons
Guy II (d  1057), son of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife (name unknown), widow of Hilduin III, Count of Montdidier  Guy was identified as Count of Soissons in 1042 in a charter in which Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, the treasurer of St  Martin, denoted property  Guy died with his father in 1057 at the siege of Soissons 
It is not known whether or not Guy was married and no children are recorded  Upon his death, his sister Adelaide assumed the countship of Soissons 

Sources
Dormay, C , Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)
Passage 8:
William Busac
William Busac (1020–1076), son of William I, Count of Eu, and his wife Lesceline, was Count of Eu and Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris   William was given the nickname Busac by the medieval chronicler Robert of Torigni 
William appealed to King Henry I of France, who gave him in marriage Adelaide, the heiress of the county of Soissons  Adelaide was daughter of Renaud I, Count of Soissons and Grand Master of the Hotel de France  William then became Count of Soissons in right of his wife  William and Adelaide had four children:

Renaud II, Count of Soissons (died 1099)
John I, Count of Soissons (died after 1115), married to Aveline de Pierrefonds
Manasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of Soissons (died 1 Mar 1108)
Lithuise de Blois, married to Milo I of Montlhéry
Raintrude, married to Raoul I of Nesle, a member of the House of Nesle His son Renaud became Count of Soissons upon William's death, and he was succeeded by his brother John 
Passage 9:
Margaret, Countess of Soissons
Margaret (or Margaretha) of Soissons (died ca  1350) was ruling Countess of Soissons in 1305-1344  She was the only daughter of Hugh, Count of Soissons, and Johanna of Argies  In 1306 she succeeded her father as Countess of Soissons 
Margaret was married to John of Beaumont, son of John II, Count of Holland  Margaret and John had five children:

Johanna of Hainault (1323–1350), married first to Louis II, Count of Blois, (three sons), and second to William I, Marquis of Namur, no issue 
John, Canon of Cambrai 
William, Canon of Cambrai, Beauvais and Le Mans 
Amalrik, Canon of Cambrai, Dole and Tours 
Reinout, Canon of Cambrai Upon their marriage, John became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris 

Sources
Dormay, C , Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)
Passage 10:
John III, Count of Soissons
John III (died before 8 October 1286), son of John II, Count of Soissons, and Marie de Chimay   Count of Soissons and Seigneur of Chimay   John inherited the countship of Soissons upon his father’s death in 1272 
John married Marguerite de Montfort, daughter of Amaury, Count of Montfort, and his wife Beatrix de Viennois   John and Marguerite had:

Marie de Nesle (d  after 1272), married to Guy de Saint-Rémy
John IV, Count of Soissons
Unnamed daughter, married Eustache IV de Conflans, Seigneur de Mareuil, son of Eustache III de Conflans
Raoul de Nesle (killed in the battle of Courtrai, 11 July 1302)
Auchier de Nesle 
Hugh de Nesle, d 1306
Context 2: Passage 1:
Donnie Elbert
Donnie Elbert (May 25, 1936 – January 26, 1989) was an American soul singer and songwriter, who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s  His U S  hits included "Where Did Our Love Go?" (1971), and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by "A Little Piece of Leather", a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice 

Career
Elbert was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, but when aged three his family relocated to Buffalo, New York  He learned to play guitar and piano as a child, and in 1955 formed a doo-wop group, the Vibraharps, with friend Danny Cannon  Elbert acted as the group's guitarist, songwriter, arranger, and background vocalist, making his recording debut on their single "Walk Beside Me"  He left the group in 1957 for a solo career, and recorded a demonstration record that earned him a recording contract with the King label's DeLuxe subsidiary  His solo debut "What Can I Do?" reached #12 in the U S  R&B chart, and he followed it up with the less successful "Believe It or Not" and "Have I Sinned?", which became a regional hit in Pittsburgh He continued to release singles on DeLuxe, but with little commercial success, and also played New York's Apollo Theater and toured the Chitlin' Circuit of African-American owned nightclubs  After completing an album, The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings, he left DeLuxe in 1959, joining first Red Top Records, where in 1960 he recorded "Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)", and then Vee-Jay Records, where he had another regional hit with "Will You Ever Be Mine?", which reportedly sold 250,000 copies in the Philadelphia area but failed to take off nationwide  His career was also interrupted by a spell in the US Army, from which he was discharged in 1961  He then recorded singles for several labels, including Parkway, Cub and Checker, but with little success  However, although the 1965 Gateway label release of "A Little Piece of Leather" failed to chart in the US, the record became a #27 pop hit when released on the London label in the UK several years later in 1972, and remains a Northern soul favorite Elbert relocated to the UK in 1966, where he married  There, he recorded "In Between The Heartaches" for the Polydor label in 1968, a cover version of the Supremes' hit "Where Did Our Love Go?" and an album of Otis Redding cover versions, Tribute To A King  His 1969 Deram release "Without You" had a rocksteady rhythm, and went to the top of the Jamaican charts 
He returned to the US the same year and had his first US chart hit in over a decade with the Rare Bullet release, "Can't Get Over Losing You", which reached #26 on the Billboard R&B chart  The track and its b-side, "Got To Get Myself Together", both written by Elbert, were released several times on different labels in subsequent years  After the success of that record, Elbert moved labels for a re-make of the Supremes' 1964 hit, "Where Did Our Love Go?" on All Platinum  It became his biggest hit, reaching #15 on the Billboard pop chart, #6 on the R&B chart, and (in 1972) #8 in the UK  Its follow-up, "Sweet Baby" reached #30 on the R&B chart in early 1972 
Elbert then signed with Avco-Embassy, where he entered the recording studio with the successful production team of Hugo & Luigi  His cover of the Four Tops' "I Can't Help Myself" reached #14 on the Billboard R&B chart, but climbed as high as #2 on the alternative Cashbox R&B chart  Elbert baulked at the label's insistence that he record material associated with Motown and departed with only a few tracks left to record for an album  Even so, the album was released after Avco sold it on to a budget label, Trip 
He returned to All Platinum and had a run of minor R&B hits, but left after a disagreement over the claimed authorship of Shirley & Company's R&B chart-topper "Shame Shame Shame", which was credited to label owner Sylvia Robinson  Elbert was also involved in a copyright wrangle over Darrell Banks' major R&B and pop hit in 1966, "Open The Door To Your Heart"  He had originally written the song as "Baby Walk Right In" (still its alternative legal title) and given it to Banks, but received no writing credit on the original record  Eventually, the matter was resolved by BMI with a disgruntled Elbert awarded joint authorship with Banks  "Open The Door" has since been given award-winning status by BMI and is one of over 100 songs written or co-written by Elbert 
For 1975's "You Keep Me Crying (With Your Lying)", Elbert formed his own label and "I Got to Get Myself Together", appeared on an imprint bearing his surname, but it was among his final recordings By the mid-1980s, Elbert had retired from performing and became director of A&R for Polygram's Canadian division  He suffered a massive stroke and died in 1989, at the age of 52 

Discography
Chart singles
Albums
The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings (King, 1959)
Tribute to a King (1968)
Where Did Our Love Go? (All Platinum, 1971) U S  #153, R&B #45
Have I Sinned? (Deluxe, 1971)
Stop in the Name of Love (Trip, 1972)
A Little Bit of Leather (1972)
Roots of Donnie Elbert (Ember, 1973)
Dancin' the Night Away (All Platinum, 1977)

See also
List of disco artists (A-E)
Passage 2:
Brijlal Nehru
Brijalal Nehru (5 May 1884 – 27 May 1964) was a noted civil servant and member of the Nehru family 
He was the son of Pandit Nandlal Nehru (the elder brother of Motilal Nehru) and the cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru  Nandlal Nehru was Diwan of Khetri State for 11 years Brijlal was born on 5 May 1884 in Allahabad and he grew up in Anand Bhawan  Brijlal had been sent to Oxford in 1905 to compete for the Indian Civil Service by Motilal Nehru   He was a senior officer of the Audit and Accounts Service  After his retirement, he served Finance Minister of Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir during reign of Maharaja Hari Singh He was married to Rameshwari Raina, a noted social and women activist and a freedom fighter and recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1955, Later she also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961 Their son was Braj Kumar Nehru (1909-2001), an administrator and Padma Vibhushan recipient Brijlal died on 27 May 1964, the same day on which his illustrious cousin died 
Passage 3:
Yaya Soumahoro
Yaya Alfa Soumahoro (born 28 September 1989) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder  
Having begun his career with Séwé Sports in his native country, he joined Thai club Muangthong United in 2008  His good performances earned him a move to K A A  Gent in 2010  He spent five and a half seasons with Gent but was plagued by recurring injuries throughout his time there  Following a half-season loan to Sint-Truidense V V , he returned to Muangthong United where did not feature  In 2018, he joined the Egyptian side Wadi Degla SC 

Early life
Soumahoro grew in the Ivorian capital Abidjan  He learned to play football in the streets and he decided to play for Séwé Sports  Soumahoro lost both parents at an early age and was taken care by a foster family 

Club career
Muangthong United
In 2008 Soumahoro moved to Thai Premier League side Muangthong United from Séwé Sports  He became a figurehead in this team, as he scored many goals and charmed the supporters with his numerous dribbles  He scored 32 goals in 72 games and helped the club win the Thai Premier League Championship Thai Division 1 League in 2008 and the Thai Premier League in 2009 

Gent
On 1 July 2010, Soumahoro joined Belgian club K A A  Gent on a three-year contract  On 22 August, he impressed in 3–1 league win against Charleroi scoring and assisting a goal each while also winning a penalty which Shlomi Arbeitman failed to convert  Four days later, he scored a goal to put Gent level on aggregate in a UEFA Europa League qualifying match against Feyenoord  His side went on to win 2–0 and qualify for the UEFA Europa League In September 2010, Soumahoro sustained a hamstring injury in a league match against Zulte Waregem and was substituted off after 73 minutes  It was announced he would be out of action for four weeks  In October 2010, he signed a one-year contract extension, tying him to the club until 2014 In April 2011, he received a three-match suspension In March 2012, it was announced Soumahoro would need to undergo surgery likely ruling him out for the rest of the 2012–13 season In October 2013, he signed a two-year contract extension with Gent, keeping him at the club until 2016 On 20 September 2015, Soumahoro made his first starting appearance after an injury layoff in a league match against Standard Liège  He had to leave the pitch after twisting his knee  With his contract set to expire at the end of the 2015–16 season Gent were looking to transfer Soumahoro  He did not take part in the club's winter training camp and instead trained with the reserves in wait of contract offers from other clubs  On 8 January 2016, Soumahoro rejected a move involving a 2 5-year deal to Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta  On 12 January, he joined Gent's league rivals Sint-Truidense V V  on loan until the end of the season 

After Gent
In June 2016 Soumahoro returned to former club Muangthong United  Six months later, his contract was terminated after he had not made any appearances due to injury problems 
In July 2018, he trialled with Belgian First Division B side K S V  Roeselare  He sustained an injury in a friendly match with Crawley Town and was not signed by Roeselare In October 2018, Soumahoro joined Egyptian Premier League side Wadi Degla SC as a free agent 

Honours
Muangthong United

Thai Division 1 League: 2008
Thai Premier League: 2009Gent

Belgian Pro League: 2014–15
Belgian Super Cup: 2015
Passage 4:
Joseph J  Sullivan (vaudeville)
Joseph J  Sullivan was a blackface comedian and acrobat in New York   He composed the song Where Did You Get That Hat? and first performed it in 1888   It was a great success and he performed it many times thereafter 
Passage 5:
Robert Paul Smith
Robert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood, Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing 

Biography
Robert Paul Smith was born in Brooklyn, grew up in Mount Vernon, NY, and graduated from Columbia College in 1936  He worked as a writer for CBS Radio and wrote four novels: So It Doesn't Whistle (1946) (1941, according to Avon Publishing Co , Inc , reprint edition     Plus Blood in Their Veins copyright 1952); The Journey, (1943); Because of My Love (1946); The Time and the Place (1951) 
The Tender Trap, a play by Smith and Dobie Gillis creator Max Shulman, opened in 1954 with Robert Preston in the leading role  It was later made into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds  A classic example of the "battle-of-the-sexes" comedy, it revolves around the mutual envy of a bachelor living in New York City and a settled family man living in the New York suburbs 
Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing is a nostalgic evocation of the inner life of childhood  It advocates the value of privacy to children; the importance of unstructured time; the joys of boredom; and the virtues of freedom from adult supervision



ground_truth: Guy II, Count of Soissons

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Rameshwari Nehru's husband graduate from?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He opens by saying "The thing is, I don't understand what kids do with themselves any more " He contrasts the overstructured, overscheduled, oversupervised suburban life of the child in the suburban 1950's with reminiscences of his own childhood  He concludes "I guess what I am saying is that people who don't have nightmares don't have dreams  If you will excuse me, I have an appointment with myself to sit on the front steps and watch some grass growing "
Translations from the English (1958) collects a series of articles originally published in Good Housekeeping magazine  The first, "Translations from the Children," may be the earliest known example of the genre of humor that consists of a series of translations from what is said (e g  "I don't know why  He just hit me") into what is meant (e g  "He hit his brother ")
How to Do Nothing With Nobody All Alone By Yourself (1958) is a how-to book, illustrated by Robert Paul Smith's wife Elinor Goulding Smith  It gives step-by-step directions on how to: play mumbly-peg; build a spool tank; make polly-noses; construct an indoor boomerang, etc  It was republished in 2010 by Tin House Books 

List of works
Essays and humor
Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing (1957)Translations from the English (1958) Crank: A Book of Lamentations, Exhortations, Mixed Memories and Desires, All Hard Or Chewy Centers, No Creams(1962)How to Grow Up in One Piece (1963)Got to Stop Draggin’ that Little Red Wagon Around (1969)Robert Paul Smith’s Lost & Found (1973)

For children
Jack Mack, illus  Erik Blegvad (1960)When I Am Big, illus  Lillian Hoban (1965)Nothingatall, Nothingatall, Nothingatall, illus  Allan E  Cober (1965)How To Do Nothing With No One All Alone By Yourself, illus Elinor Goulding Smith (1958) Republished by Tin House Books (2010)

Novels
So It Doesn't Whistle (1941) The Journey (1943) Because of My Love (1946)The Time and the Place (1952)Where He Went: Three Novels (1958)

Theatre
The Tender Trap, by Max Shulman and Robert Paul Smith (first Broadway performance, 1954; Random House edition, 1955)

Verse
The Man with the Gold-headed Cane (1943)…and Another Thing (1959)

External links
An Interview, by Edward R Murrow on YouTube
Passage 6:
Andrew Allen (singer)
Andrew Allen (born 6 May 1981) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia  He is signed to Sony/ATV and has released five top ten singles, and written and recorded many others, including Where Did We Go? with Carly Rae Jepsen  He also records covers and posts them on YouTube 

Background
Raised in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, his acoustic pop/rock music is inspired by artists like Jason Mraz and Jack Johnson 

Career
Andrew Allen scored his first hit in 2009, when I Wanna Be Your Christmas cracked the Top Ten in his native Canada  He was honored as the feature performer for the Sochi 2014 hand off finale on the internationally broadcast Closing Ceremony of the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games held at Whistler, British Columbia  Allen continued building an international profile in 2010, and released his biggest single Loving You Tonight, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide, was featured on the Gold Selling NOW 37, hit #6 on the Canadian charts for 22 weeks in a row and #30 on the US Hot AC charts, and got him a record deal with Epic after spending much of that year on the road  Because of the song's attention, Allen had the opportunity to perform with some of the world's biggest artists like Bruno Mars, One Republic, The Barenaked Ladies, Train, Matt Nathanson, Joshua Radin, Andy Grammer, The Script, Nick Carter, Kris Allen, Carly Rae Jepsen and many others 
Loving You Tonight was also featured on the soundtrack of Abduction starring Taylor Lautner 

Collaborations
Andrew Allen is also well known in the songwriting community, and has written songs with artists like Meghan Trainor, Rachel Platten, Cody Simpson, Carly Rae Jepsen, Matt Simons, Conrad Sewell as well as writer/producers like Toby Gad, Ryan Stewart, Eric Rosse, Jason Reeves, John Shanks, Nolan Sipes, Mark Pellizzer (Magic), Brian West and Josh Cumbee  Numerous songs he has been a part of writing have been released by various artists, including Last Chance, which was on the Grammy nominated album Atmosphere by Kaskade feat  DJ Project 46, Ad Occhi Chiusi which was on the Double Platinum release by Italian artist Marco Mengoni and Maybe (which Allen also later released himself) released by teen pop sensation Daniel Skye, as well as many others 

Singles
I Wanna Be Your Christmas (2009)
Loving You Tonight (2010)
I Want You (2011)
Where Did We Go? (2012)
Satellite (2012)
Play with Fire (2013)
Thinking About You (2014)
What You Wanted (2016)
Favorite Christmas Song (2017)
Maybe (2017)

Discography
The Living Room Sessions (2008)
Andrew Allen EP (2009)
The Mix Tape (2012)
Are We Cool? (2013)
All Hearts Come Home (2014)
The Writing Room (2020)
12:34 (2022; pre-released on vinyl in 2021)

Songwriting credits
Last Chance released by Kaskade featuring Project 46 on his Grammy nominated record Atmosphere 
Ad Occhi Chiusi released by Marco Mengoni on his Double Platinum record 
Reasons released by Project 46 
No Ordinary Angel released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany 
Million Dollars released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany 
Maybe released by Daniel Skye 
Passage 7:
Braj Kumar Nehru
Braj Kumar Nehru MBE, ICS (4 September 1909 – 31 October 2001) was an Indian diplomat and Ambassador of India to the United States (1961–1968) He was the son of Brijlal Nehru and Rameshwari Nehru and first cousin once removed of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru 

Personal life
Braj Kumar Nehru was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India and was son of Brijlal Nehru and Rameshwari Nehru  He was educated at the Allahabad University (India), the London School of Economics and at Oxford University  He was awarded the Doctor of Literature degree by the University of Punjab, for his distinguished services in various fields  His grandfather, Pandit Nandlal Nehru, was the elder brother of Pandit Motilal Nehru  He was the cousin to the erstwhile Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi (née Nehru)  In 1935, Nehru married Magdolna Friedman (5 December 1908, Budapest, Austria-Hungary - 25 April 2017, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, India), a fellow student in the UK who was of an Hungarian Jewish background  The ill-treatment of the Jewish community in Europe prompted her father to change her name to Magdolna Forbath  Her nickname was Fori   After marriage, she changed her name to Shobha Nehru 

Career
National
He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1934 and rose to be governor of seven different states of India  From 1934 to 1937 he held various government positions in the province of Punjab  Nehru became the secretary of economic affairs in 1957  He was appointed Commissioner General for Economic Affairs (external financial relations) of India in 1958  He was Governor of Jammu and Kashmir (1981–84), Assam (1968–73), Gujarat (1984–86), Nagaland (1968–73), Meghalaya (1970–73), Manipur (1972–73) and Tripura (1972–73)  He was transferred overnight as the Governor of Jammu & Kashmir to Gujarat after he refused to help Indira Gandhi in destabilising the Farooq Abdullah government 

International
Nehru worked as executive director in the World Bank (1949) and was Economic Minister at the Indian Embassy in Washington (1954)  He helped to create the Aid India Club in 1958, which was a consortium of donor nations that committed to donate $2 million for the development of India  He also served as a diplomat, as ambassador to several countries and was offered the post of secretary-general of the United Nations in 1951, but declined  Nehru was also the Indian High Commissioner in London from 1973 to 1977  Braj was chairman of the United Nations Investment committee for 14 years  He represented India in the 'Sterlings balances' negotiations with Britain at the post-Second World War reparations conference 

Writer
Nehru wrote an autobiography titled Nice Guys Finish Second  Mr  Ramesh Kumar Saxena, who worked for him for 35 years, helped writing his biography 

Awards
He was appointed an MBE in the 1945 New Year Honours  He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1999 The speech "Civil Service in Transition" delivered at the India International Center in New Delhi on 15 October 1999 describes the need and the role played by a strong civil service  It also details the causes for the prevalent corruption in India's political system and civil services 

Death
Nehru died in Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, India on 31 October 2001 at the age of 92  His body was cremated in Delhi & the memorial service was held amongst the chanting of mantras from the holy scriptures 
Passage 8:
Nancy Baron
Nancy Baron is an American rock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles "Where Did My Jimmy Go?" and "I've Got A Feeling" 

Early life
Born into a family of singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genres by her family at an early age  Noting her singing talents, her parents brought their young child to auditions for musical theater productions in New York City  The singer joined Glee clubs at school and formed her own female singing groups at school  At the age of 11, she heard her first "Rock and Roll" song  This affected her taste in music and desire to emulate the style; it was the first time she heard a Rock group with a female lead singer  This was significant since she realized that she could be a lead singer 

Recording career
At the age of 15, her parents sent her for vocal coaching in Manhattan, N Y  After a while her coach sent her to record a demonstration record in a sound studio near Broadway  Upon hearing her sing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of a small record company in N Y C ; he was impressed by her voice and immediately signed her to a contract  The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor at the time Baron became one of the many girl group/girl sound singers of the early 1960s  Baron was not a member of a group; her producers would hire "pay for hire" backup groups for her recordings  This "sound" as it is referred to had much to do with Phil Spector, one of its major creators; Spector produced recordings of this genre prolifically  The groups were composed of young adult or teenage girls, each with a lead singer and any number of back up singers At the time, the troubled label (a small N Y C  record company owned by Wally Zober) could not promote Baron's "I've Got A Feeling"/"Oh Yeah" 45 vinyl and so she eventually signed a contract with Jerry Goldstein producer of FGG productions, also located in Manhattan  "Where Did My Jimmy Go"/"Tra la la, I Love You" was the result (Diamond) 

Later life
Baron left the music industry at the age of 19, choosing to enter higher education due to changes in the music industry of those days; she eventually received an advanced degree 
Baron's "I've Got a Feeling" was covered by The Secret Sisters on their 2010 self-titled album as well as being released as a single  AllMusic describes Baron's song as "an early-'60s pop/rock obscurity" 
Passage 9:
Rameshwari Nehru
Rameshwari Nehru (née Rameshwari Raina; 10 December 1886 – 8 November 1966) was a social worker of India  She worked for the upliftment of the poorer classes and of women  In 1902, she married Brijlal Nehru, a nephew of Motilal Nehru and cousin of the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru  Her son Braj Kumar Nehru was an Indian civil servant who served as governor of several states 
She edited Stri Darpan, a Hindi monthly for women, from 1909 to 1924  She was one of the founders of All India Women's Conference (AIWC) and was elected its president in 1942  She led delegations to the  World Women's Congress in Copenhagen and the first Afro-Asian Women's Conference in Cairo (1961) Nehru was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India for her social work, in 1955, and won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961 She was one of the signatories of the Agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution  As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt a Constitution for the Federation of Earth 
Passage 10:
Benny Rubinstein
Benny Rubinstein (בני רובינשטיין) is an Israeli former footballer and current real estate developer  He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya  At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal 

Biography
Rubinstein was born in Netanya, Israel  His wife is Sarah Rubinstein  Benny's son, Aviram also played football for Maccabi Netanya He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya  At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal Rubinstein then worked as a real estate agent, and now works in real estate development 

Honours
Israeli Premier League (1):
1970-71



ground_truth: Oxford

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born earlier, Dhuen Ki Lakeer or Bomma Borusa?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Dhuen Ki Lakeer
Dhuen Ki Lakeer is a 1974 Bollywood drama film directed by Kishore Sahu  The film stars Ramesh Arora and Parveen Babi 

Cast
Ramesh Arora
Parveen Babi
Urmila Bhatt
Preeti Ganguli

Songs
"Daur Wo Aa Gaya, Dil Ke Armaa Bike, Hosle Bik Gaye" - Mohammed Rafi
"Teree Jhil See Geharee Aankho Me" - Vani Jairam, Nitin Mukesh
"Ek Shama Jale Kahan, Parvano Ki Bhid Yaha" - Ajit Singh, Krishna]]
"Gauri Ke Maang Mein Sindoor, Kahi Dur Baje Shanai" - Ghanshyamji, Shamji
"Ik Abla Ik Maa Bik Gayi Daur Wo Aa Gaya ( Part II )" - Mohammed Rafi

External links
Dhuen Ki Lakeer at IMDb
Passage 2:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 3:
Bomma Borusa
Bomma Borusa (transl  Heads or Tails?) is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by K  Balachander 
It is a remake of the Tamil film Poova Thalaiya, directed by K  Balachander himself  The film stars Rama Krishna, Chandra Mohan, S  Varalakshmi, Chalam, Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Allu Ramalingaiah, Mukkamala, Raja Babu and Ramaprabha 
It was produced by Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar and distributed by AVM Productions  The film music was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 

Plot
It is an old classical family drama  Sundaram (Ramakrishna) is a rich businessman and he has an younger brother Sekhar (Chandra Mohan), a college going guy who loves his brother so much  Sundaram's mother-in-law Parvatham (S  Varalakshmi) who cares for his assets, shows her dominating character on Sekhar and Sundaram  She bets with Sekhar that she would separate him from his brother and puts some conditions that he should not tell his brother about the bet to prove his strength  Parvatham's second son-in-law (Chalam) identifies that his mother-in-law has moved to Sundaram's house  Soon the second son-in-law comes to the house and places a bet with Parvatham that she only should reveal that he is the son-in-law of her  Since then, both of them start proving their capacity to win the bet  The film revolves around who wins the bet and how it brings about a change in Parvathamma's beliefs 

Cast
Soundtrack
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (male)
"Vesukunta Chempalu Vesukunta" (female)
"Bomma Borusa Pandem Veyyi Needo Naado Paicheyi"
"Vallu Jhillan Tunnadi"
"Sarile Pove Vagaladi"Soundtrack for this Telugu film was composed by R  Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah 
Passage 4:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Richard Young (cinematographer)
Richard Young (October 17, 1939 – December 15, 2010) was a cinematographer and film director who was born in Penfield, New York, United States 

Life and work
As a cinematographer, he filmed several dozen films for Eastman Kodak  He codirected the 1996 film I'm Still Here: The Truth About Schizophrenia with Robert Bilheimer  He was the director of the 1998 film Echoes from the Ancients  He codirected and coproduced the 1999 film A Warrior in Two Worlds: The Life of Ely Parker with Ann Spurling  He performed the cinematography for the 2003 documentary film A Closer Walk Young died on December 15, 2010  The film Not My Life, for which he had served as cinematographer and co-director, was subsequently dedicated to him  Bilheimer, who was the screenwriter, producer, and director of Not My Life, said that Young believed in the film far more than he himself did  There was a tribute to Young shown before its screening at the 360 | 365 George Eastman House Film Festival  A film reviewer at Post Magazine called Young "a legendary documentary cinematographer "
Passage 7:
K  Balachander
Kailasam Balachander (9 July 1930 – 23 December 2014) was an Indian filmmaker and playwright who worked mainly in the Tamil cinema  He was well known for his distinct film-making style, and the Indian film industry knew him as a master of unconventional themes and hard-hitting contemporary subject matter  Balachander's films are well known for their portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters  Popularly referred to as Iyakkunar Sigaram (lit  "Director Paramount"), his films are usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He started his film career in 1964 as a screenwriter and graduated to a director with Neerkumizhi (1965) 
In a career that spanned 50 years, he had contributed to nearly 100 feature films either as a screenwriter or director, thus becoming one of the most prolific filmmakers in the country  Known among his colleagues as a tough task master, he was credited with having nurtured numerous actors, notably Nagesh, Sujatha, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Chiranjeevi, Jaya Prada, Sridevi, Jayasudha, Saritha, Renuka, Nassar, Prakash Raj, Ramesh Aravind and Vivek 
In his film career, Balachander had won nine National Film Awards and 13 Filmfare Awards  He was honored with the Padma Shri (1987), India's fourth highest civilian award, and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema 
He also made films under his production house, Kavithalaya Productions  Apart from Tamil, he made films in other languages such as Telugu, Kannada and Hindi  Towards the tail end of his career, he directed a few TV serials and made a few film appearances as well 

Early life and background
K  Balachander was born in Tamil Brahmin family in 1930  at Nannilam in the Tanjore district (now Tiruvarur district), India  Balachander stated that, "From my eighth year I've been seeing cinema" and recalls that his earliest interest towards cinema grew after watching films of M  K  Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, then the Superstar of Tamil cinema  At the age of twelve he was drawn to theatre and drama, which eventually helped him develop an interest in acting, writing and directing amateur plays  His obsession towards theatre continued even while doing his graduation (in Zoology) at the Annamalai University, as he regularly took part in stage plays  After completing his graduation in 1949, he started his career as a school teacher in Muthupet, Tiruvarur district  In 1950, he moved to Madras (now Chennai) and joined the Accountant General's office as an apprentice clerk, and during this time he joined "United Amateur Artistes", an amateur drama company  Soon he formed his own troupe and it was during this time he came to prominence as an amateur playwright with Major Chandrakanth, written in English  As the scope of English was highly limited in Madras, he re-wrote the play in Tamil, which ultimately became a "sensation" among the people  Balachander's acting troupe consisted of people from the Tamil film industry such as Major Sundarrajan, Nagesh, Srikanth and Sowcar Janaki  Sunderrajan appeared in over 900 films, Nagesh in over 1,000, Sreekanth in more than 200 films, and Sowkar Janaki appeared in more than 350 films  Other plays written by Balachander include Server Sundaram (Waiter Sundaram), Neerkumizhi (Water Bubble), Mezhuguvarthi (Candle), Naanal (Tall Grass) and Navagraham (Nine Planets)  All these produced and directed by him, were received well by the critics 

Career
Entry into films: 1960s
Balachander while working in the Accountant General's office, was offered to write the dialogues for the film Dheiva Thaai (1964 ) by its lead actor M  G  Ramachandran  Balachander was initially reluctant, as he was more theatre-oriented, but on the insistence of his friends he decided to work on the film  By this time he was promoted as a superintendent in his office  Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar acquired the rights of his play Server Sundaram, and decided to make a film based on it  The film dealt with the story of a waiting staff at a restaurant had Nagesh playing the lead  The film was directed by the renowned duo directors, Krishnan–Panju  It won a lot of accolades including the Certificate of Merit for the third Best Feature Film in Tamil and Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film  During this time another play written and directed by him - Major Chandrakanth was adapted into a film in Hindi as Oonche Log  The film won a National Film Award  Balachander then made his directional debut through Neerkumizhi (1965) which in turn was based on his own play  The film's cast consisted of actors who were a part of Balachander's regular troupe  His following efforts included Naanal, Major Chandrakanth and Ethir Neechal, all based on his own plays  Major Chandrakanth was already filmed in Hindi as Oonche Log the previous year  The Tamil version Major Chandrakanth (1966 film) had Jayalalithaa playing the lead heroine role  In 1967 he made Bama Vijayam, a full-length comedy family drama film  Featuring an ensemble cast, the film was highly successful and remade in Telugu by Balachander himself  The success of both the versions prompted a Hindi remake titled Teen Bahuraniyan, produced by Gemini pictures  In 1969, Balachander made Iru Kodugal, a family drama starring Gemini Ganesan, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil 

1970s
During the 1970s, Balachander turned indie, making realist movies revolving around family and social issues  In 1971 he made four films In 1973, he made Arangetram, which dealt with poverty and prostitution  The film centred on the eldest daughter of a conservative Brahmin household who becomes a prostitute to settle her siblings and support her family  It was ahead of its time in Tamil cinema mainly because of the controversial theme  The film also had Kamal Haasan playing his first major role as an adult actor  The actor would go on to act in 35 films under Balachander  He made his directorial debut in Hindi films with the film Aaina starring Mumtaz and Rajesh Khanna in 1977, which was remake of Arangetram The same year, he made Sollathaan Ninaikkiren, based on a novel by Manian  The following year he made Naan Avanillai  He made the film on the insistence of Gemini Ganesan, who also produced and enacted the lead role  It is based on the Marathi play To Mee Navhech, revolved around a man who deceives and marries five women performing nine roles  The film met with commercial failure  However, Gemini Ganesan was adjudged the Best Tamil Actor at the following year's Filmfare Awards ceremony  Following that, Balachander's made Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974), his second female-centric film after Arangetram that dealt with the story of a working woman who hails from a middle-class family  Inspired by the 1960 Bengali film Meghe Dhaka Tara, it explored the emotions of a young woman who happens to be the sole earner for her family  He decided to cast an actress who worked as a child actress till then, as his film heroine with the film Mondru Moodichu and gave break to Sridevi  The film Aboorva Raagangal was an original story about an inter-generational romance involving two families  It marked the acting debut of Rajinikanth, who would go on to establish himself as a leading actor  It won critical acclaim in spite of its controversial theme; it won three National Film Awards including the award for the "Best Feature Film in Tamil" During this period he made films mostly with Kamal Haasan as the lead actor  In 1976, he made three films: Manmadha Leelai, Anthuleni Katha and Moondru Mudichu  Manmadha Leelai explores the life of a womaniser, played by Kamal Haasan, who gets himself involved in affairs with women  Often considered ahead of its time, it achieved cult status and is considered a "trendsetter" in Tamil cinema  Anthuleni Katha, a Telugu remake of Aval Oru Thodar Kathai had Jaya Prada in her first starring role  received equal acclaim in Andhra Pradesh as in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu  Avargal (1977) follows the life of a divorcée as she traverses relationships in reverse, from divorce, to marriage, to falling in love  Varumayin Niram Sigappu (1980) was a drama that charts the travails and conflict of being unemployed in a bombastic and harsh city  47 Natkal (1981) traces the adversities of a newlywed Indian woman living with an scurrilous, expatriate husband in a Parisian suburb  The film was a launchpad for its lead actor Chiranjeevi 

Bollywood success and Tamil film career 1981-99
Balachander re-entered the Hindi film industry after Aaina through Ek Duuje Ke Liye in 1981  He gave Rati Agnihotri her debut Hindi film with Ek Duje Ke Liye  The project was a remake of his own Telugu film Maro Charitra had Kamal Haasan repeating his role as a lead actor  The film marked the Bollywood debut of various artists including Kamal Haasan, Madhavi and S  P  Balasubrahmanyam  Like the original, Ek Duuje Ke Liye emerged as a major box-office success and earned critical acclaim  Balachander received the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay, apart from two other nominations – for Best Director and Best Story  The song "Tere Meere Beach Mein" became so popular, eventually winning a Filmfare Award for Anand Bakshi and a National Film Award for Balasubrahmanyam He made Sindhu Bhairavi (1985), which is about the intellectual collision and subsequent romance between a lofty Carnatic musician and his ardent critic  He has worked with a variety of music directors like V Kumar, M S Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraja, Maragathamani, V  S  Narasimhan and A R Rahman  The actors who were regular in his films in the period 1963 to 1990 were Gemini Ganeshan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh, Jayanthi, Sujatha, Rajnikanth and Kamal Haasan 

Later years
In 1998, he planned a film titled Thillana Thillana featuring Prashanth, Karthik, Meena and Simran , but the venture failed to develop  His later films include Parthale Paravasam (2001) and Poi (2006) 

Television career
The period starting from the late 1980s till the late 1990s saw Balachander venturing into Television and making a number of Television series including Kai Alavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, Ramany vs Ramany(a k a  Ramani vs Ramani), Oru Koodai Paasam, Kadhal Pagadai, Premi, Jannal, Kasalavu Nesam, and Anni  Like his earlier films, most of his serials focussed on women, and portrayed them as strong personalities  Kasalvu Nesam was one of his comedy hits, starring Venu Aravind  In 2003, he made Sahana, that touted to be the sequel of his 1985 film Sindhu Bairavi  On venturing into Television, he noted "This medium helps to reach out to the public  That's why I am into making serials"  In 2009, Balachander returned to theatre after a 40-year hiatus through the play Pournami, which had Renuka playing the lead role 

Personal life
In 1956, Balachander married Rajam while he was working at the Accountant General's Office  The couple had two sons named Kailasam and Prasanna and a daughter Pushpa Kandaswamy, who is the chairwoman of their production house Kavithalaya Productions  Kailasam was an entrepreneur while Prasanna, a Chartered Accountant, is the managing director and CEO of a leading investment bank in India  Balachander's elder son, Bala Kailasam, died on 15 August 2014 after contracting pneumonia, at the age of 54  He was the head of the television production company Minbinbangal, and delivered memorable series in Tamil includes, Balachandarin Chinnathirai, Kaialavu Manasu, Rail Sneham, and Marma Desam 

Death
Following a neurosurgery in November 2014, Balachander was admitted to Kauvery Hospital in Chennai on 15 December  Reports suggested that he was suffering from fever and from a urinary tract infection, but was recovering well  However, on 23 December 2014 he died due to complications from the urinary infection and other age-related ailments   He was cremated with full state honours the next day 

Style, critique and public perception
Balachander is revered as one of the best directors India has ever produced  His ideas were original and his subjects were complex ideas expressed via art  He is also known for introducing new faces to the film industry  He has introduced over 100 actors in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages  Balachander had long associations with some senior artists in the South Indian film industry like Gemini Ganesan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh and Muthuraman  Even though he was not the one to discover them, he played a prominent role in shaping their careers 
Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth, two leading film actors in Tamil cinema, are often referred to as products of Balachander who has paired with each of them or worked with them as a trio in several films during the 1970s  Rajinikanth was chosen by Balachander to play a key supporting character in Apoorva Raagangal (1975) after noting that "there was something special about him"  Sridevi, Srividhya, Jayapradha, Jayasudha, Jayachithra, Sujatha, Saritha were notable heroines that were introduced by Balachander  Nassar, Delhi Ganesh, Charlie, Madan Bob were some of the notable supporting actors introduced by him  After working in a few Kannada films, Prakash Raj was relaunched as an actor in Tamil cinema through his debut Duet (1995) and had also performed in some of Balachander's soap opera productions in the 1990s  Through Manathil Uruthi Vendum, Balachander launched Vivek as an actor, who initially worked with him as his assistant writer, and later went on to become a leading comedy actor  He also launched A R  Rahman in the film Roja which was his production 
When the old era was dominated by commercial action films, Balachander directed socially themed films with women as protagonists usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes  He portrayed women as headstrong, intelligent and independent people  Balachander revealed that many of his messages from his films, he has drawn inspiration from poet Subramaniya Bharathi whom he had admired since his childhood  Screenwriter Gopu (of Gopu-Babu) said that he used to begin his script from the ending and then construct the plot 

Filmography
Awards and nomination
Documentary
A documentary is getting ready about him  Ravisubramaniyan is selected by Kavidalaya for making documentary, to be released on 9 July 2020, the 90th birthday of the veteran Indian filmmaker 

Notes
Bibliography
External links
K  Balachander at IMDb
Passage 8:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Passage 9:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 10:
Kishore Sahu
Kishore Sahu (22 November 1915 – 22 August 1980) was an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer  He appeared in 22 films between 1937 and 1980, and he directed 20 films between 1942 and 1974 
His directorial venture Kuwara Baap was one of the winners for the BFJA - Best Indian Films Award for best film for 1943  His film Raja has been called "a milestone of art and skill in motion pictures"  His film Veer Kunal was a huge box office success  He directed Dilip Kumar with Kamini Kaushal in Nadiya Ke Paar, which became the sixth highest grossing Indian film of 1948  His 1954 film Mayurpankh was entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Grand Prize of the Festival 
Sawan Aya Re did well commercially, with Baburao Patel of Filmindia remarking in the 9 May 1949 edition that Sahu's estimate had risen due to the "original treatment" he gave to an "otherwise ordinary" story  He was also known for the Meena Kumari starrer, Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) 
He had four children, Vimal Sahu, Naina Sahu, Mamta Sahu, and Rohit Sahu  His wife Preeti was a Kumaoni Brahmin Before marrying Preeti, he was briefly married to his Punar Milan (1940) co-star Snehprabha Pradhan before the relationship ended in 1943 after a court battle 

Early life
Sahu was born in present-day Rajnandgaon district in India  His father was the Prime Minister under the Raja of Rajnandgaon  He joined the University of Nagpur and took part in the "freedom struggle",  completing his graduation in 1937  An interest in writing short stories brought him in contact with cinema, where he initially started as an actor 

Filmography
Director
Kunwara Baap (1942)
Raja (1943)
Shararat (1944)
Veer Kunal (1945)
Sindoor (1947)
Sajan (1947)
Nadiya Ke Par (1948)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Hamlet (1954)
Kismet Ka Khel (1956)
Bare Sarkar (1957)
Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960)
Grahasti (1963)
Ghar Basake Dekho (1963)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)
Dhuen Ki Lakeer (1974)

Writer
Producer
Bahurani (1940)
Sawan Aya Re (1949)
Hamara Ghar (1950)
Kali Ghata (1951)
Mayurpankh (1954)
Poonam Ki Raat (1965)
Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan (1967)
Pushpanjali (1970)



ground_truth: Dhuen Ki Lakeer