prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When is Henrietta Maria Of Brandenburg-Schwedt's father's birthday?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (21 August 1709, in Schwedt – 12 December 1788, in Schwedt) was the last owner of the Prussian secundogeniture of Brandenburg-Schwedt 

Early life
His was the son of Margrave Philip William, son of Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt and his wife Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg  His mother was Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau, daughter of Prince John George II of Anhalt-Dessau and Princess Henriette Catherine of Nassau 

Life
After his father's death in 1711, his mother put Frederick Henry under the guardianship of his uncle Frederick I, and after Frederick I's death in 1713, under the guardianship of his cousin Frederick William I   In 1711, Frederick Henry was made the chief of the Infantry Regiment No  12   However, he showed little interest in military affairs   In 1733, King Frederick William I was so incensed with the disorder in Frederick Henry's regiment that he was jailed for several weeks   Frederick the Great held little respect for Frederick Henry's abilities and did not employ him   In 1741, Frederick Henry traded the Infantry Regiment No  12 for the Infantry Regiment No  42, but again, he cared little for his duties, and he left its business to the respective commanders 
When his brother Frederick William died in 1771, Frederick Henry inherited the Lordship of Schwedt-Wildenbruch   As "Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt", he was a patron of the arts, especially theater   In 1755 he acquired the Prinzessinnenpalais in Berlin and in 1785, he contracted the actress Henriette Hendel-Schutz to perform in his Court Theater 
He married his first cousin Leopoldine Marie of Anhalt-Dessau, a daughter of Prince Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau, nicknamed the old Dessauer   After the birth of two daughters, he and his wife quarreled so often and so violently, that he banned her to Kolberg for the rest of her life 
Between 1760 and 1762, the mathematician Leonhard Euler sent numerous letters in French about mathematical and philosophical subjects to his daughter Frederike  These letters were published between 1769 and 1773 under the title "Letters to a German Princess" and were printed in Leipzig and St  Petersburg  The French edition alone enjoyed 12 printings  It was the Age of Enlightenment and Euler tried to explain physical issues and in particular their philosophical background in a generally understandable manner  Frederick Henry may have employed Euler as her teacher When he died in 1788, the junior line of Brandenburg-Schwedt died out and the secundogeniture fell back to the Electorate   His daughters and nieces received a pension 

Daughters
Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt (10 August 1750 – 21 December 1811) married Prince (later Duke) Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau (1740-1817)
Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt (18 August 1745 – 23 January 1808), the last Abbess of Herford Abbey
Passage 2:
Princess Anna Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Princess and Margravine Anna Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt (German: Luise; 22 April 1738 – 10 February 1820) was a Prussian princess by marriage to her uncle Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia  She was a daughter of Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt and Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia 

Early life
Anna Elisabeth Louise was one of five children born to Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt and Sophia Dorothea of Prussia  Her siblings included Sophia Dorothea, Duchess of Württemberg, and Philippine, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel 
Her father was a son of Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt and Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau 
Her mother was a daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover  Through her mother, Anna Elisabeth Louise was a niece of Frederick the Great 

Princess of Prussia
On 27 September 1755 in Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Anna Elisabeth Louise married her uncle Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia, a younger brother of her mother, Sophia Dorothea  He was eight years older than she and was a younger son of Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (herself the only daughter of George I of Great Britain) 

The biological father of her daughter Louise, who was born in 1770, may have been Count Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau  Louise was described as nice, witty and kind  The Swedish Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte described her at the time of her visit in 1798: In the afternoon, we visited this Princess, who lives at Bellevue in the outskirts of Berlin  It is a little villa, very suitable for a private person but far from royal  The reception here was quite dissimilar from the one at my aunt  Princess Ferdinand is stiff and made it obvious that she wished to impress us  I was of course polite, but after I had noticed, that she took on a condescending tone and wished to embarrass me, I replied the same way and displayed the same haughtiness  The Princess is no longer young, has surely been beautiful, looks like an aristocratic Frenchwoman but not like a Princess, for she has nothing royal about her  I do not think she is that clever, but she can make a pleasant conversation and is quite confident, as one becomes through a long habit of socializing in the grand world  
Anna Elisabeth Louise was one of the few members of the royal house to remain in Berlin during the French occupation in 1806  While most of the royal family left, reportedly because of the anti-Napoleonic criticism they had expressed, and the members of the royal court either followed them or left the capital for their country estates, Elisabeth Louise remained with her spouse and Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel because of "their great age", as did Princess Augusta of Prussia, who was pregnant at the time One visitor to her in 1813–14 commented that, "I never saw such a formal, stiff, disagreeable old woman - vieille cour outree, and she frightened me to death  I was glad to get away   " 

Death
Augustus Ferdinand died in Berlin on 2 May 1813  Elisabeth Louise died seven years later, on 22 February 1820  She is buried in Berlin Cathedral 

Issue
On 27 September 1755 in Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Anna Elisabeth Louise married her uncle Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia
The couple had seven children:

Friederike Elisabeth Dorothea Henriette Amalie, Princess of Prussia (1761–1773)
Friedrich Heinrich Emil Karl, Prince of Prussia (1769–1773)
Friederike Dorothea Louise Philippine, Princess of Prussia (1770–1836), married to Prince Antoni Radziwiłł
Heinrich Friedrich Carl Ludwig (1771–1790)
Friedrich Ludwig Christian (1772–1806)
Friedrich Paul Heinrich August, Prince of Prussia (1776)
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich August, Prince of Prussia (1779–1843)

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (17 November 1700 – 4 March 1771) was a German nobleman  In his lifetime, from 1711 to 1771, he held the titles Prince in Prussia and Margrave of Brandenburg, with the style Royal Highness  He was made a knight of the Order of the Black Eagle 
In the 19th century he was retrospectively known by the title Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, in order to differentiate his branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty   He was the second owner of the Prussian secundogeniture of Brandenburg-Schwedt  His parents were Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, and Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau  He was the nephew of King Frederick I of Prussia 

Life
Frederick William was known as a brutal man because of his short temper, severity, and coarse manners  He was born at Oranienbaum Castle (modern-day Oranienbaum-Wörlitz, Wittenberg), and was educated and raised by his uncle, King Frederick I, and then by his cousin, King Frederick William I  His character closely resembled that of his second royal guardian, who like himself, hated idleness and was a terror to all loungers  The clergy were especial objects of his ridicule and persecution  His cane was as much feared as that of his royal namesake He made the fashionable Grand Tour, travelling to Geneva 1715, and in 1716 to Italy  He returned in 1719 to Prussia, where he received the Order of the Black Eagle from Frederick William I  On 15 June 1723 he was made a Prussian major-general  On 10 July 1737 he was appointed lieutenant-general The existence of the Schwedt branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, descended as they were from Frederick I's father and being 'princes of the blood', posed a theoretical threat to the Prussian kings   Frederick William I tried to neutralise this threat by keeping his cousins close, bringing the Schwedt brothers into his own household, acting as their guardian, and later marrying Frederick William to his daughter  Following the margrave's reaching adulthood the king was so fearful of any covert political activity on his cousin's part that he sent spies to Schwedt to find out who met with Frederick William and his brother Margrave Frederick William pursued a lavish programme of building in Schwedt, both in the palace and town, and he actively purchased land and estates to augment his inheritance; this aggrandisement resulted in the king eventually forbidding him from making any more such purchases  In contrast to his father's policy Frederick II sought to distance himself from his Schwedt cousins, humiliating them at every chance  He made them unwelcome at his court, undermined the margrave's authority in his own dominions by encouraging complaints and lawsuits by his tenants and neighbours and, most effectively, he marginalised the position of the Schwedt brothers within the Prussian army   Margrave Frederick William was removed from command in the army, a denigration the king also extended to his own brothers Frederick William was 19 years older than his wife Sophia Dorothea of Prussia, who was his first cousin once removed   The marriage, in 1734, was at the express wish of King Frederick William, against the wishes of his daughter; the bride was given away by her brother the future Frederick II, as the king was unwell  The relationship of the couple was not happy  Sophia often fled to the protection of her brother King Frederick  The latter did not stop at friendly admonitions, but sent General Meir to Schwedt with unlimited authority to protect the margravine from insult  Eventually they lived in separate places: Sophia lived in the castle Montplaisir, and the Margrave lived in the castle of Schwedt  Apparently they were only reconciled when the margravine was in her terminal illness; she died in her husband's arms On 4 March 1771, Frederick William died at Wildenbruch Castle, when the heavy cold he was suffering from worsened  The Margrave acknowledged one illegitimate son, the only one of his male offspring to survive infancy  Due to his lack of surviving legitimate male issue, his lands and title were inherited by his younger brother Frederick Henry (ruled 1771–1788) 

Issue
In 1734, the Margrave married Sophia Dorothea of Prussia and they had five children 
Sophia Dorothea (18 December 1736 – 9 March 1798); married Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
Elisabeth Louise (22 April 1738 – 10 February 1820); married her uncle Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia
George Philip (10 September 1741 – 28 April 1742)
Philippine (10 October 1745 – 1 May 1800); married Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
George Frederick (3 May 1749 – 13 August 1751)He also fathered an illegitimate son named Georg Wilhelm von Jägersfeld (1725–1797) 

Genealogy
Frederick William belonged to a junior branch of the House of Hohenzollern; the senior branch were the Counts of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen  The junior line produced electors of Brandenburg and kings and emperors of Prussia and Germany  Frederick William was a descendant of Burkhard I, Count of Zollern  Through his daughter Sophia Dorothea he is an ancestor of Mary of Teck (Queen Mary), the wife of George V, and therefore an ancestor of the present British royal family 

Ancestry
See also
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg

Notes
Passage 4:
Charles Frederick Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Karl Friedrich Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (10 June 1705 – 22 June 1762), a grandson of Frederick William of Brandenburg (the Great Elector) and son of Margrave Albert Frederick of Brandenburg-Schwedt, was a Prussian military officer and the Herrenmeister (grand master) of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) 

Life
Charles of Brandenburg-Schwedt was born in Berlin  He joined the Prussian Army at an early age and distinguished himself during the First Silesian War at the capture of Głogów, at the Battle of Mollwitz and the Battle of Chotusitz  He took command in Upper Silesia in the spring of 1745, to the special satisfaction of his cousin, King Frederick II of Prussia 
During the Seven Years' War Margrave Charles again held independent commands, as Frederick II had confidence in him, and he distinguished himself at the Battle of Hochkirch and the Battle of Torgau  In both battles, as at Mollwitz, he was wounded 
The General German Biography (ADB) describes him as a noble, philanthropic character and lover of the arts and sciences 
For 31 years he governed the knights, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg, and its fiefs as Grand Master of the Order of St  John, having been installed at Sonnenburg in 1731  He died in Breslau 

Issue
Charles Frederick Albert was never married, but had one daughter with his mistress, Dorothea Regina Wuthner (who was raised to the nobility on 14 January 1744 as "Frau von Carlowitz"):

Caroline Regina von Carlowitz (Soldin, 12 December 1731 – Berlin, 16 September 1755), married in Berlin on 16 June 1747 to Count Albrecht Christian von Schönburg-Hinterglauchau (22 January 1720 – 9 March 1799), Charles's adjutant  They had three children:Countess Ernestine Caroline Wilhelmine Albertine of Schönburg-Hinterglauchau (6 June 1748 – 21 March 1810); married in Berlin on 2 November 1770 to Count Frederick Louis Finck von Finckenstein (18 February 1745 – 18 April 1818) 
Count Frederick William Charles Ernest of Schönburg-Hinterglauchau (9 January 1751 – 17 June 1751) 
Count Christian William Charles Frederick Ernest of Schönburg-Hinterglauchau (14 June 1752 – 9 March 1770) In 1744, Charles was engaged to marry Maria Amalia of Hesse-Cassel (1721–1744), but she died before they could wed   Upon his death in 1762, lacking legitimate heirs, his estate reverted to the crown   After the Treaty of Hubertusburg, Frederick II granted these fortunes to the two officers for whom he had particular gratitude: Hans Sigismund von Lestwitz received the estate of Friedland, and Joachim Bernhard von Prittwitz, who had led the king from the battlefield in the Kunersdorf, received the estate at Quillitz   Theodore Fontane gave this circumstance a special mention, by quoting a proverb:   "Lestwitz a sauvé l'etat, Prittwitz a sauvé le roi " (Lestwitz saved the state, Prittwitz the king ) The staff officers of the Lestwitz regiment received a golden medal 

Notes
Passage 5:
Charles Philip of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Margrave Charles Philip of Brandenburg-Schwedt (5 January 1673 in Sparnberg – 23 July 1695 in Casale Monferrato) was a Hohenzollern prince and a titular Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt  Near the end of his life he became Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) 

Life
Charles Philip was the third surviving son of the "Great Elector", Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620–1688) from his second marriage with Sophia Dorothea (1636–1689), the daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg In 1693, Charles Philip proved himself at the Battle of Neerwinden and was promoted to Lieutenant General by his brother Frederick I  He participated in the War of the Palatine Succession at the head of an auxiliary contingent   He joined the main force of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia in Turin In Turin, he met Countess Caterina di Salmour (1670-1719), widow of Giovanni Gabaleone, Count di Salmour and daughter of Geofredo Alberico Balbiani, Marchese di Colcavagno by his wife, Marta-Maria Benso di Cavour, heiress of Isolabella  On the afternoon of 29 May 1695 three officers of Brandenburg's army, Col  Ludwig von Blumenthal, Lt  Col  von Hackeborn and Col  von Stille learned that Charles Philipp had lodged in the recently ruined Palace of Venaria, near Turin, where he was about to marry the Countess di Salmour in secret  They hurried towards La Venaria  As they neared the château, the Margrave’s Master of the Horse met them on the road and confirmed the rumour  The Margrave had invited a small gathering to his secret wedding, including three women who were friends of the Countess, her brother Flaminio Balbiano, and some local Torino notables; on the German side were a Prince of Hesse-Cassel and a Captain Beaupré, currently serving in Brandenburg’s army  The local priest Fr  Galli was summoned, and before him and in the presence of Abbot Alexander del Marro and the Chevalier Parella, they declared their determination to marry  But the priest refused to co-operate on the grounds that they were not his parishioners  The Abbot and Captain Beaupré fought; Staff intervened and the Margrave then fell upon the Master of Horse with drawn sword, who fled Riding on, the three colonels came upon the Margrave, heading for the Countess’ house in Turin in his carriage with his escort  They joined the cavalcade, and when they reached the destination the Prince’s advisors implored him not to carry on  Neither the Elector of Brandenburg, nor the Duke of Savoy recognized the marriage  To avoid diplomatic complications, Duke Victor Amadeus imprisoned Caterina in a convent  The Curia supported Charles Philip's claim that the marriage was legal, in the hope that he would convert to Catholicism   While the issue was still being debated, Charles Philip died of a fever or (it was said) of a broken heart  He was buried in the Hohenzollern family crypt in Berlin Cathedral 
Two years later, Rome ruled that the marriage was valid   The Elector still did not recognize it 
In 1707, Caterina married the Saxon general Count August Christoph von Wackerbarth 
Passage 6:
Margrave Albert Frederick of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Albert Frederick, Prince of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (24 January 1672 – 21 June 1731), was a Lieutenant General in the army of the Electorate of Brandenburg-Prussia and Grand Master of the Order of Saint John  In his lifetime he held the courtesy title of Margrave of Brandenburg  His elder brother Philip William held the town and lands of Schwedt 

Life
Albert Frederick was born in Berlin, a son of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg and his second wife Sophia Dorothea   His brother Philip William was from 1692 to 1711 Governor of Magdeburg   Albrecht Frederick joined the Prussian army as a volunteer in 1689, at the beginning of the War of the Palatine Succession against France   On 10 May 1692 he became head of a cavalry regiment and on 14 March 1693, he was promoted to major general  In 1694 he participated in the campaign in Italy and was on 9 March 1695, he was promoted to lieutenant general   The Margrave became in 1696 Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) and, on 17 January 1701, one of the first knights of the Order of the Black Eagle 
Beginning 14 February 1702 he fought against France as head of an infantry regiment in the War of Spanish Succession as the commander of the Prussian corps in the Netherlands   In November of that year he had to leave this post because of illness   In 1706, he was appointed governor in Pomerania  He died at Friedrichsfelde Palace, aged 59 

Marriage and issue
On 31 October 1703 Albert Frederick married with Princess Maria Dorothea Ketteler of Courland (1684–1743), daughter of Frederick Casimir, Duke of Courland  They had the following children:

Frederick of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1704–1707)
Charles Frederick Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1705–1762)
Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1706–1751); married in 1723 Wilhelm Heinrich, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1691–1741)
Luise Wilhelmine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1709–1726)
Frederick of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1710–1741), died in the Battle of Mollwitz as a Prussian colonel
Sophie Friederike Albertine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1712–1750); married in 1733 Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1700–1765)
Frederick William (1715–1744) 
Passage 7:
Henrietta Maria of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Henriette Maria of Brandenburg-Schwedt (2 March 1702 probably in Berlin – 7 May 1782 in Köpenick), was a granddaughter of the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg   She was the daughter of Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1669-1711), the eldest son of the elector's second marriage with Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg   Her mother was Johanna Charlotte (1682-1750), the daughter of Prince John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 

Life
She married on 8 December 1716 in Berlin to Hereditary Prince Frederick Louis of Württemberg (1698-1731), the only son of Duke Eberhard Louis of Württemberg   The marriage produced two children:

Eberhard Frederick (1718-1719)
Louise Frederica (1721-1791), married Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Henrietta Maria died on 7 May 1782, aged 81, and was buried in the crypt below the church of Köpenick Palace, where she had spent her years of widowhood   Her daughter arranged for a black marble plate in the crypt to commemorate her mother   In the 1960s, the coffin was cremated, with permission of the Hohenzollern family, and the formerly open-ended crypt (as described by Fontane) was walled off   Her urn was buried below the black marble plate 
Passage 8:
Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1715–1744)
Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (18 March 1715 – 12 September 1744 in Prague) was a Prussian Major General and commander of the Guards on Foot   He was the son of Margrave Albert Frederick of Brandenburg-Schwedt and his wife Maria Dorothea of Courland (1684-1743)  In his lifetime he held the courtesy title of Margrave of Brandenburg  His first cousin of the same name (Frederick William) was of the senior line and held the town and lands of Schwedt 

Life
In May 1719, when he was only four years old, he was awarded the Order of the Black Eagle 
From 1734, he participated as a volunteer in the campaigns of the Prussian army   During the War of the Austrian Succession, he was wounded in the Battle of Mollwitz   His elder brother Frederick fell during this battle 
In 1740, the Guard on Foot were formed from the Infantry Regiment Nr  15, and Frederick William was the first colonel of the new unit   On May 16, 1743, he was promoted to major general and made commander of the Guard 
During the Siege of Prague in 1744, he commanded the trenches   The king was present when he was killed by a cannonball   His body was transferred to Berlin and he was buried in the Hohenzollern crypt in Berlin Cathedral 

Footnotes
Passage 9:
Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Philip William, Prince in Prussia (German: Philipp Wilhelm von Brandenburg-Schwedt; May 19, 1669, castle of Königsberg – December 19, 1711, castle of Schwedt) was a Prussian Prince,  was the first owner of the Prussian secundogeniture of Brandenburg-Schwedt and was governor of Magdeburg from 1692 to 1711 

Biography
Philip William was the eldest son of the Great Elector and his second wife, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg  One of her major endeavours was to ensure the financial security of her sons, mostly by the purchase of land  Shortly after the birth of Philip William, he was invested with his mother's dominion of Schwedt, later, the Brandenburg-Prussian government added the lands of Wildenbruch  Both dominions were improved by Princess Dorothea's care and investments  Following the death of his mother, Philip, in an accord of dating to 3 March 1692, reached agreement with his half-brother, the Elector Friedrich III, about income and lands left to him by the Great Elector, including the lordship, without sovereignty, of Halberstadt  Philip received for himself and his descendants guaranteed appanages generating an income of 24,000 thalers each year  Added revenue came in to the amount of 22,000 thalers from the rule of Schwedt, plus military salaries of about 20,000 thalers, so that with a total income of 66,000 crowns he was enabled to hold court, in some style, himself 
He held, like all the male members of his house, the courtesy title, Margrave of Brandenburg  After the coronation of his elder brother, Frederick, he became Prince in Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg with the style Royal Highness  The nomenclature "Brandenburg-Schwedt" came into use in the 19th century, posthumously, to distinguish the lords of Schwedt from the main line of the Hohenzollerns  Philip William was the ancestor of the Schwedt branch of the Royal House of Hohenzollern  On 25 January 1699 Philip Wilhelm married Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau (1682–1750), daughter of John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau  As a widow she became Abbess of the Imperial Abbey of Herford 
Philipp Wilhelm served as a general in the campaigns against France and was promoted in 1697 to Inspector-General of the artillery  His half-brother, Prince Elector Friedrich III (later King Frederick I of Prussia), also gave him the proprietorship of several regiments  During his time as governor of Magdeburg, he was raised by the University of Halle (Saale) to the post of "Rector magnificentissimus” 
Philip's Berlin residence, the Margrave Weilersche Palace, was later used by Kaiser Wilhelm I  He was buried in the Berlin Cathedral, where most of the senior members of the House of Hohenzollern are buried 
Since Philip's eldest son, Frederick William, was a minor at his death, the King of Prussia (Frederick I and Frederick William I) took over guardianship  With the death of his granddaughter, Anna Elisabeth Luise, the collateral line of Brandenburg-Schwedt became extinct in 1820 

Issue
Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1700–1771); married in 1734 Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia (1719–1765) 
Margravine Friederike Dorothea Henriette of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1700–1701) 
Margravine Henrietta Maria of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1702–1782); married in 1716 Hereditary Prince Frederick Louis of Württemberg (1698–1731) 
George William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (* / † 1704) 
Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1709–1788); married in 1739 Princess Leopoldine Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (1716–1782) 
Margravine Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1710–1712) 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Marie Amalie of Brandenburg
Maria Amalia of Brandenburg-Schwedt (26 November 1670 in Cölln – 17 November 1739 at Bertholdsburg Castle in Schleusingen) was a princess from the Brandenburg-Schwedt line of the House of Hohenzollern and by marriage a Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz 

Family
She was the daughter of the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg from his second marriage with Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, daughter of Duke Philip of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 

Life
In 1709, while she was a duchess, she visited the William Fountain, a medicinal spring in Schleusingen   She promoted the development of Schleusingen as a spa 
She died in 1739, at the age of 68, at the castle in Schleusingen that had earlier served as the seat of the Counts of Henneberg-Schleusingen   She had received this castle as her widow seat   Via her daughter, she was related to the Landgraviate family in Hesse and on that basis, she was buried in the royal crypt in the Martinskirche, Kassel 

Marriage and issue
Her first marriage was on 20 August 1687 in Potsdam with Prince Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, the son of the Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp   They had one child, who was born on 15 March 1688 and died later that day   Her husband also died that day 
She married her second husband on 25 June 1689 in Potsdam   He was Duke Maurice William of Saxe-Zeitz, the son of Duke Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz and Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar   She survived him by 21 years   They had the following children:

Frederick William (Moritzburg, 26 March 1690 – Moritzburg, 15 May 1690) 
Dorothea Wilhelmine (Moritzburg, 20 March 1691 – Kassel, 17 March 1743), married on 27 September 1717 to Landgrave William VIII of Hesse-Kassel 
Karoline Amalie (Moritzburg, 24 May 1693 – Moritzburg, 5 September 1694) 
Sophie Charlotte (Moritzburg, 25 April 1695 – Moritzburg, 18 June 1696) 
Frederick Augustus (Moritzburg, 12 August 1700 – Halle, 17 February 1710) /

External links
Publications by or about Marie Amalie of Brandenburg at VD 17
Johann Hübner's    Three hundred and thirty three and Genealogical Tables, Table 171
Context 2: Passage 1:
Pauline Auzou
Pauline Auzou (24 March 1775 – 15 May 1835) was a French painter and art instructor, who exhibited at the Paris Salon and was commissioned to make paintings of Napoleon and his wife Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 

Personal life
Jeanne-Marie-Catherine Desmarquets (sometime written Desmarquest) was born in Paris on 24 March 1775  She assumed the surname La Chapelle when she was adopted by a cousin  In December 1793 she married the stationer Charles-Marie Auzou  Starting in 1794, they had at least two sons, two daughters and a child who did not survive infancy Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou bought one house of theirs in Fontenay-aux-Roses in 1820 
She died in Paris on 15 May 1835 

Career
In the early late 18th century women were generally prevented from attaining an education in art academies in France, particularly if they did not have money and connections  Auzou attended Jean-Baptiste Regnault's atelier in 1802 along with Sophie Guillemard, Eugénie Delaporte, Caroline Derigny and Henriette Lorimier  She was influenced by another woman artist, Marguerite Gérard, and by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 

Early in her studies and career, Auzou made paintings of legendary Greek figures  Very unusual for the time, when it was considered nearly underheard of for women to draw or paint nude people, Auzou made studies of nude women and men  Deemed inappropriate, women artists found greater success in creating paintings of women in homey settings, making music or reading She was a successful artist, first a Neoclassist, who made historic, genre and portrait paintings, including depictions of Napoleon  She received 2,000 to 4,000 francs in stipend payments, for the creation of essentially government mandated paintings of contemporary events, including paintings made of and for Napoleon  Troubadour art, was very much a style made by male artists, but there were several artists like Eugénie Servières, Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot, and Sophie Lemire who added a feminine touch to makes of Caroline, Duchesse de Berry and Empress Josephine and others The Paris Salon opened up the exhibition to women's works in 1791  Her works were exhibited at the Paris Salon  In 1793, A Bacchante and A study of a head  She made a painting of legendary Daphnis and Phyllis, which was exhibited at the 1795 salon  In 1804, The First Sense of Coquetry was exhibited there  She was awarded a first class medal at the salon in 1806 for her painting of Pickard Elder, which in 1807 was represented in the painting Mr  Pickard and his family  In 1808, she was awarded the medaille de première classe for her work  That year she exhibited Mr  Picard and his family at the salon She made a painting of Napoleon and his bride shown at the 1810 salon entitled Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne, depicts the newly married Napoleon who looks on fondly, and secondarily, as Marie-Louise is met by her ladys-in-waiting  Other paintings made of the couple by Auzou included a painting of Marie-Louise with her family, Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family  Shown in 1806, Departure for the Duel depicts the family drama as a man looks at his sleeping wife and child before departing for a duel  Like other women artists of this time, Auzou depicted events as they impacted families  In this case, the wife was "condemned to seduction and the child to poverty," according to art critic Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard  She exhibited at the Paris Salon until 1817 and generally until 1820 Auzou opened an art school for young women, like other women artists, Lizinka de Mirbel and Marie Guilhelmine Benoist, and men  The studio and school were maintained for 20 years  Her book Têtes d'études (English: Head studies) was published in Paris by Didot Her painting Portrait of a musician is in the collection of the Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States  Two of her works of Empress Marie-Louise are in the collections of The National Museum of Versailles, Palace of Versailles, including Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family  Her works were collected by the Society of Friends to the Arts, Duchess de Berri and the French government  Several of these works were engraved, as well as period genre paintings such as the work engraved by John Norman, Diana of France and Montmorency 

Legacy
Like Constance Mayer, Marguerite Gérard,  Antoinette Haudebourt-Lescot and Marie-Denise Villers, Auzou was one of the successful women artists following the French Revolution:

Despite overt exclusion of women artists from the institutions governing their profession, women artists nevertheless made progress, as a group and as individuals, in the years following the French Revolution 

Works
A Bacchante, exhibited at 1793 Paris Salon
A study of a head, exhibited at 1793 Paris Salon
Agnes de Meranie, 1808
Arrival of Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne (with new husband Napoleon), 1810
Daphnis and Phyllis, exhibited at the 1795 salon
Departure for the Duel, exhibited in 1806
Diana of France and Montgomery, 1814
Her Majesty the Empress, before Her Marriage, at the Moment of Taking Leave of Her Family, Versailles Gallery, 1812
Louis-Benoît Picard and his family, 1807
Archduchess Marie-Louise in Compiègne, exhibited at the 1810 salon
Picard the Elder, 1806, won a medal of honor in 1806 and first prize at the 1808 Paris Salon
Portrait of a girl, bust length, est  1790s, Snite Museum of Art, University of Notre Dame
Portrait of a musician, oil on canvas, 1809
Portraits of Volney, 1795
Regnault, 1800
The First Sense of Coquetry, exhibited at the 1804 salon
The Return of Charles X
Passage 2:
Maria d'Este
Maria d'Este (8 December 1644 – 20 August 1684) was a Modenese princess and Duchess of Parma as the wife of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma  She was a daughter of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena and Maria Caterina Farnese 

Family
Maria was the eighth child and fourth daughter of Francesco I d'Este, the reigning Duke of Modena since 1629   Her mother was a daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma 

Biography
Maria was born in Modena to Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena and his consort Maria Caterina Farnese  A member of the House of Este, she was a princess of Modena by birth 
In order to cement relations between the House of Farnese, Maria's older sister Isabella d'Este had been married to Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Margherita de' Medici in 1664  Isabella died in 1666 as a result of childbirth  In order to preserve the union between the two ducal houses, the unmarried Maria became Ranuccio's next consort 
A wedding was signed by proxies in October 1667 and formally in Modena on 1 January 1668 she was duly married to the widowed Ranuccio Farnese  The marriage produced seven children; she also had two stillborn children  Out of the seven, three survived infancy, however none of them went on to have further children 
Maria died in Parma at the age of 39  Her husband survived her by ten years  Her two youngest sons, Francesco and Antonio, each became the Duke of Parma  Antonio was the last member of the House of Farnese, the duchy of Parma going to the Spanish House of Bourbon in 1731 
Maria was buried at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma on 21 August 1684  She has no surviving descendants 

Issue
Isabella Francesca Maria Lucia Farnese (14 December 1668 – 9 July 1718)  She was a Benedictine nun in Santa Maria di Campagna Monastery of Piacenza;
Vittoria Maria Francesca Farnese (24 December 1669 – 15 September 1671);
A son (24 June 1671 – 28 June 1671);
Vittoria Farnese (19 November 1672), twin of Caterina;
Caterina Farnese (19 November 1672), twin of Vittoria;
A son (26 December 1674);
Eleonora Farnese (1 September 1675 – 3 November 1675);
Francesco Maria Farnese (19 May 1678 – 26 February 1727) succeeded as Duke of Parma; married Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, had issue;
Antonio Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma (29 November 1679 – 20 January 1731) married Enrichetta d'Este, no issue 

Ancestry
References and notes


== See also ==
Passage 3:
Vernon Richards
Vernon Richards (born Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001) was an Anglo-Italian anarchist, editor, author, engineer, photographer, and companion of Marie-Louise Berneri Richards' founding of the paper Spain and the World in 1936 lead to the revival of the British anarchist publisher Freedom Press and the subsequent publishing of the newspaper War Commentary, followed in 1945 by the relaunch of Freedom newspaper 
Richards and Berneri were joined in Freedom Press by a group of regular contributors including John Hewetson, Tony Gibson, Philip Sansom, George Woodcock and Colin Ward  Freedom remained under Richards' editorship until 1968 and he retained a strong influence over Freedom Press until his retirement  He also authored and translated a number of books including Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953) and Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965) 

Biography
Richards was born in 1915 in Soho, London to the Italian militant anarchist railway worker Emidio Recchioni and his wife Costanza (née Benericetti) where they ran a popular delicatessen, King Bomba  Emidio had fled Italy following a prison escape with Errico Malatesta  Friends speculated that Richards inherited his single-mindedness from his father, though Richards later described his father as a "bourgeois terrorist" Richards was educated at Emanuel School in Wandsworth and studied civil engineering at King's College London  He then worked as a railway engineer In 1931 in Paris Richards met Marie Louise Berneri, daughter of Camillo and Giovanna Berneri, and began a long-distance relationship  Richards and Camillo together edited the bilingual Italian and English anti-Mussolini paper Italia Libera/Free Italy, resulting In Richards' deportation from France in 1935 From December 1936 Richards began work on a new anarchist newspaper in London, Spain and the World, reporting on the Spanish Civil War  In 1937 Marie moved to London to join him, marrying him in October 1937 so she could gain British citizenship  At this time he also anglicised his name from Vero Recchioni to Vernon Richards After the first issue of Spain and the World the paper was taken on by Freedom Press with Richards' as editor, going on to play a leading role in the revival of British anarchism and Freedom Press Following the fascist victory in the Spanish Civil War Spain and the World was briefly relaunched as Revolt! In November 1939 with the onset of war the paper was renamed again as War Commentary On 26 April 1945 as an editor of War Commentary Richards was sentenced to nine months in prison along with two contributors, John Hewetson and Philip Sansom, for conspiring to cause disaffection among members of the armed forces under Defence Regulation 39a  The same charges against Berneri were dropped as legally a wife could not be prosecuted for conspiring with her husband – about which she was reportedly furious  Coming at the end of the war, the four day trial at the Old Bailey saw significant press coverage and public controversy : 186  The arrests led to the formation of the prominent Freedom Defence Committee  The trial also saw an end to Richard's career as an engineer, with Richards' and Berneri deciding to try and earn a living as professional photographers After Richards' release from prison their friend George Orwell, who was extremely averse to being photographed, allowed Richards and Berneri to photograph him to help them start out  The photos feature a relaxed Orwell at home and in the street and remain in widespread use  The complete set was published in the 1998 book George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists): Essays and Photographs At this time a split had formed within Freedom Press between anarcho-syndicalists with ties to the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and anarcho-communists associated with Richards and Berneri who aligned more with Errico Malatesta's critique of revolutionary trade unionism  The split saw the painter and War Commentary contributor Cliff Holden hold Richards at gunpoint to extract money for a new paper  Richards' views on the Spanish Civil War, including critiques of the CNT from Freedom and Spain and the World were later republished in the book Lessons of the Spanish Revolution In December 1948 Berneri gave birth, but the child died shortly afterwards  She then died of a viral infection in April 1949 In the 1950s Richards sold the family store, King Bomba, and in 1968 with his partner Peta Hewetson he moved to Suffolk where he grew and sold vegetables from a smallholding  He also worked as a travel agent, including trips to Francoist Spain and the Soviet Union Richards formally retired from Freedom Press in 1995  A workaholic, he continued to write books into his eighties, though following Peta Hewetson's death in 1997 he became more reclusive  He died on 10 December 2001 in Hadleigh, Suffolk In a Guardian obituary Colin Ward, who had worked with Richards for decades, described him as a "ruthless exploiter of others" and a "manipulator" with a noted tendency to lose friends  Richard's papers are held by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam 

Publications
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953)
Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965)
The Impossibilities of Social Democracy (1978)
Why Work? Arguments for the Leisure Society (1983)
Violence and Anarchism: A Polemic (1983)
Protest without Illusions (1981)
A Weekend Photographer's Notebook (1996)
A Part-Time Photographers Portrait Gallery (1999)
Beauty Is More Than 'In the Eye of the Beholder': Photographs of Women and Children (1999)
George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists)  Essays and Photographs (1998)
Passage 4:
Enrichetta d'Este
Princess Enrichetta d'Este (Enrichetta Maria; 27 May 1702 – 30 January 1777) was a Duchess of Parma by marriage to her cousin Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma  She was the Regent of Parma in 1731 during her alleged pregnancy in the interregnum after her husband's death 

Biography
Early life
Princess Enrichetta was the third daughter of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena and Duchess Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg  She was named after her maternal grandmother, Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate 
Her older brother Prince Francesco was the heir to the duchy of Modena  In 1720 Francesco married Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, the daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the Régent of France during the childhood of King Louis XV  While at the Modenese court, Charlotte Aglaé got on well with Enrichetta and her older sisters Benedetta (1697–1777) and Amalia (1699–1778) 
In 1725, Enrichetta was among the princesses seriously considered for marriage to king Louis XV of France, when the list of the original 99 princesses had been reduced to seventeen   However, the French Prime minister, the Duke of Bourbon, regarded her to be of too inferior rank for the position of queen, and the unstable situation in her family a cause of rejection of her candidacy, and in the end she was removed from the list 

Duchess of Parma
Enrichetta was engaged to Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma, whose mother Princess Maria d'Este was Enrichetta's aunt   They were married with magnificent ceremonies in Modena on 5 February 1728, with her brother Francesco acting as proxy for Antonio 
She travelled to Parma where she made a magnificent entry to the city on 6 July 1728, greeted at the Porta San Michele by crowds of cheerers and onlookers  Celebrations in the local area lasted as late as 1730   Antonio frequently visited the Modenese court and was close to Erichetta's brother 
The marriage had been arranged by Antonio's secretary of state, Count Anvidi, and Bori  coerced an unwilling Antonio to marry Enrichetta, his friend Francesco's sister  The marriage, despite all Antonio's attempts at conception, was childless 

The regency issue
Antonio died on 20 January 1731   The previous day, he had announced that Enrichetta was pregnant; after his death, a Regency council for the potential heir was formed, consisting of Enrichetta, a bishop, the first Secretary of State and two gentlemen of the Court  
It was decided that, should the child be female, the duchy of Parma would revert to the Infante Don Carlos (then aged 12), eldest of the three sons of Elisabeth Farnese, wife of Philip V of Spain, niece of Antonio by his older half-brother Odoardo, who had been heir-apparent to the duchy but predeceased their father  Enrichetta was thus invested as Regent of Parma, supported by Imperial troops Her pregnancy was questioned by the Queen of Spain though her mother, Enrichetta's sister-in-law Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, who wished to defend the right of Don Carlos, as well as the Pope, who wished to retract the Duchy to the Papal State   However, she was supported by the Emperor, who opposed Spanish influence in Parma   Of the request of Spain, Enrichetta was examined in May 1731 by doctors confirming her pregnancy   The news was reported around Parma and then around the European courts  Her regency could thus continue, with support by the Emperor  
On 22 July however, the Second Treaty of Vienna officially recognised the right of the young Infante Don Charles as the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, pursuant to the Treaty of London (1718)  When Spain demanded that the delivery of Enrichetta should be a public affair, the Emperor retracted his support to Enrichetta and discontinued the original plan to arranged a simulated birth Queen Elisabeth in Spain convinced her mother to have Enrichetta examined again on 13 September 1731; it was then reported that there was in fact no child, and the House of Farnese was extinct  Charles of Spain was thus recognised as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, deposing the regency of Enrichetta d'Este  
Since Charles was still a minor, his maternal grandmother Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate, Odoardo's widow, was named regent 
Shunned by her father's court in Modena, the dowager duchess moved into the Ducal Palace of Colorno, where she was under virtual house arrest with an escort of Swiss Guards  In December 1731, she was forced to return to the Ducal Palace in Parma in order to return the crown jewels of Parma to Dorothea, who was formally made head of the regency council on 29 December 1731  
She stayed in Parma, splitting her time between Piacenza, Borgo San Donnino and Cortemaggiore 

Second marriage
On 23 March 1740 in Piacenza, Enrichetta married Prince Leopold of Hesse-Darmstadt (1708-1764), younger son of Landgrave Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt and his wife, Princess Marie Ernestine of Croÿ Havré (1673–1714)  Enrichetta and Leopold had no children 
Leopold died in 1764 leaving Enrichetta a widow for the second time  Enrichetta herself died on 30 January 1777 aged seventy four  She was buried at the Convent of the Capuchins, in Fidenza (now church of San Francesco) 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Margaret of Parma
Margaret of Parma (Italian: Margherita di Parma; 5 July 1522 – 18 January 1586) was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582  She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst  She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her two marriages 

Biography
Margaret's mother, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst, a servant of Count Charles de Lalaing, Seigneur de Montigny, was a Fleming  Margaret was brought up in Mechelen, under the supervision of two powerful Spanish and Austrian Habsburg Imperial family relatives, her great-aunt, the Archduchess Margaret of Austria, and her aunt Mary of Austria, who were successive governors of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555, respectively Her early life followed a strict routine set forth by her father, Charles V, who used his daughter as part of his plans to secure his empire In 1527, the year she turned five, she became engaged to the nephew of Pope Clement VII, Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, to assist her father's ambition in gaining influence in Italy  The marriage negotiations had been initiated in 1526, and in 1529, the agreement was officially signed by her father and the Pope  In 1529, Margaret was acknowledged by her father and allowed to assume the name Margaret of Austria, and in 1533, the 11-year-old girl was brought to live in Italy and educated in the courts of Florence, Rome, and Parma  There, she was taught skills that helped her grow as an independent woman  As Margaret did not spend much time with her husband, she used this time to become exposed to the surrounding Italian culture  Though she was multi-lingual, she preferred the Italian language for the rest of her life 
On 13 June 1536 in Florence, she married Alessandro, who was assassinated on 6 January 1537  On 4 November 1538 in Rome, the 15-year-old widow married Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, the 14-year-old grandson of Pope Paul III  At first she refused to marry him  Although the union proved an unhappy one, it gave her years of experience in Rome, and produced twin sons, one of whom died in infancy  She would continue her studies of the arts and politics while being married to Ottavio  The couple lived separately for much of their lives, and Margaret maintained her own court and chapel  She was in a somewhat difficult position, as the Pope and the Emperor argued about authority over Parma  In 1555, the Farnese family were acknowledged as rulers of Parma by Spain in exchange for the custody of her son 
In 1555, she left Italy for the Netherlands, where she left her son in the care of her half-brother Philip II  Philip appointed her Governor of the Netherlands when he left in 1559 for Spain  As governor, Margaret faced the rising storm of discontent against the Inquisition and Spanish despotism, and Philip had left her but nominal authority  He was determined to pursue his own arbitrary course, and the result was the revolt of the Netherlands   Margaret was forced to adjust herself to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, Philip's choice for her chief councilor, who would grow to be greatly disliked in the Netherlands  After Granvelle's exile from the Netherlands in 1564, Margaret was forced to rely on the grandees in her Council  In 1565, an opposition party was formed from the Dutch nobility  Margaret received its complaints and, having no army to put down the dissenters, promised to stop religious repression  In 1566, Iconoclastic riots took place all over the Netherlands but she managed to quell them, with the help of her stadtholders Philip of Noircarmes (who subjugated the cities of Tournai and Valenciennes) in Hainaut and William of Orange in Holland   The next year, Philip sent her military help led by the Duke of Alba  Margaret warned Philip that actions by Alba would lead to catastrophe, but instead of trying to stop Alba, she resigned when she learned that Alba's power of attorney, granted by Philip, superseded her own In 1567, Margaret retired to L'Aquila in Italy  She was appointed Governor of Abruzzo and Viceroy of Naples,where she had inherited a domain from her late husband  She acted as the adviser to her son and to her royal bastard half-brother, John of Austria  In 1578, her son Alexander Farnese was appointed to the office of governor-general of the Netherlands; Philip appointed her his co-regent, intending that they would balance each other  However, they were unable to work together, and Margaret retired to Namur in 1582  She was given permission by Philip to return to Italy in 1583  She died in Ortona in 1586 and was buried in the church of S  Sisto in Piacenza 
Charlie R  Steen describes her as "a woman dedicated to compromise and conciliation in public affairs "She personally asked to Pope Paul III to authorize the veneration of the Seven Archangels while Antonio del Duca did the same under the protection of the Colonna family 

Issue
Margaret and her second husband Ottavio had:

Charles Farnese (Italian: Carlo Farnese, Spanish: Carlos Farnese, German: Karl Farnese; 27 August 1545 – September 1545), heir to the Duchy of Parma 
Alexander Farnese (27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592), 3rd Duke of Parma; married Infanta Maria of Portugal and had issue 

Coat of arms
Margaret of Austria, as Duchess of Florence and Parma, chose for her device a pearl shining from its shell, with the motto, Decus allatura coronae ("About to bring glory to the crown") 

Ancestry
See also
Geuzen

Notes
Passage 6:
Henry Krause
Henry J  "Red" Krause, Jr  (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins   He played college football at St  Louis University 
Passage 7:
Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death  She was Napoleon's second wife and as such Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on 1 April 1810 until his abdication on 6 April 1814 
As the eldest child of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period marked by ongoing and unceasing conflict between Austria and revolutionary France  A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire  The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire  Marie Louise agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France  With Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II 
Napoleon's fortunes changed dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia  The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba  The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau gave the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Marie Louise, who ruled the duchies until her death 
Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821  Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814  She and Neipperg had three children  After Neipperg's death in 1829, she married Count Charles-René de Bombelles, her chamberlain, in 1834  Marie Louise died in Parma in 1847 

Early life
Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (who was given the Latin baptismal name of Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Francisca Theresa Josepha Lucia) was born at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 12 December 1791 to Archduke Francis of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily  She was named after her grandmother, Marie Louise, Holy Roman Empress  Her father became Holy Roman Emperor a year later as Francis II  Marie Louise was a great-granddaughter of Empress Maria Theresa through both her parents, as they were double first cousins  She was also a maternal granddaughter of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, Marie Antoinette's favorite sister 
Marie Louise's formative years were during a period of conflict between France and her family  She was brought up to detest France and French ideas  Her upbringing was supervised by her French imperial governess Victoire de Folliot de Crenneville  Marie Louise was influenced by her grandmother Maria Carolina, who despised the French Revolution which ultimately caused the death of her sister, Marie Antoinette  Maria Carolina's Kingdom of Naples had also come into direct conflict with French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte  The War of the Third Coalition brought Austria to the brink of ruin, which increased Marie Louise's resentment towards Napoleon  The Imperial family was forced to flee Vienna in 1805  Marie Louise took refuge in Hungary and later Galicia before returning to Vienna in 1806  Her father relinquished the title of Holy Roman Emperor but remained Emperor of Austria 
To make her more marriageable, her parents had her tutored in many languages  In addition to her native German, she became fluent in English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish In 1807, when Marie Louise was 15, her mother died after suffering a miscarriage  Less than a year later, Emperor Francis married his first cousin Maria Ludovika Beatrix of Austria-Este, who was four years older than Marie Louise  Nonetheless, Maria Ludovika Beatrix took on a maternal role towards her stepdaughter  She was also bitter towards the French, who had deprived her father of the Duchy of Modena Another war broke out between France and Austria in 1809, which resulted in defeat for the Austrians again  The Imperial family had to flee Vienna again before the city surrendered on 12 May  Their journey was hampered by bad weather, and they arrived in Buda "wet through, and nearly worn out with fatigue" 

Marriage proposal
After escaping an assassination attempt in Vienna, while negotiating the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 12 October 1809, Emperor Napoleon decided that he needed an heir to cement his relatively young Empire  He also sought the validation and legitimization of his Empire by marrying a member of one of the leading royal families of Europe  He began proceedings to divorce Joséphine de Beauharnais, who did not bear him a son, and began searching for a new empress  His wish to marry Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia, the youngest sister of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, caused alarm in Austria, who were afraid of being sandwiched between two great powers allied with each other  At the persuasion of Prince Metternich, a marriage between Napoleon and Marie Louise was suggested by Emperor Francis to the Count of Narbonne but no official overture was made by the Austrians  Though officials in Paris and Austria were beginning to accept the possibility of the union, Marie Louise was kept uninformed of developments Frustrated by the Russians delaying the marriage negotiations, Napoleon rescinded his proposal in late January 1810 and began negotiations to marry Marie Louise with the Austrian ambassador, the Prince of Schwarzenberg  Schwarzenberg signed the marriage contract on 7 February  Marie Louise was informed of the marriage by Metternich  When asked for consent, she replied: "I wish only what my duty commands me to wish "

Wedding
Marie Louise was married by proxy to Napoleon on 11 March 1810 at the Augustinian Church, Vienna  Napoleon was represented by Archduke Charles, the bride's uncle  According to the French ambassador, the marriage "was celebrated with a magnificence that it would be hard to surpass, by the side of which even the brilliant festivities that have preceded it are not to be mentioned"  She became Empress of the French and Queen of Italy 
Marie Louise departed Vienna on 13 March, probably expecting never to return  Upon arriving in France she was placed in the custody of Napoleon's sister, who had her put through a symbolic old ritual  Tradition dictated that a royal bride coming to France must keep nothing of her homeland, especially her clothes  Accordingly, Marie Louise was stripped of her dress, corset, stockings, and chemise, leaving her completely naked  Napoleon's sister then made the nude teenager take a bath  She was then redressed in French bridal clothes  Marie Antoinette had been put through a similar ritual when she arrived in France in 1770  She met Napoleon for the first time on 27 March in Compiègne, remarking to him: "You are much better-looking than your portrait "

The civil wedding was held at the Saint Joseph's Church on 1 April 1810  The next day, Napoleon and Marie Louise made the journey to Paris in the coronation coach  The Imperial Guard cavalry led the procession, followed by the herald-at-arms and then the carriages  The Marshals of France rode on each side, near the doors of the carriages  The procession arrived at the Tuileries Palace, and the Imperial couple made their way to the Salon Carré chapel (in the Louvre) for the religious wedding ceremony  The ceremony was conducted by Cardinal Joseph Fesch, Grand Almoner of France and Napoleon's uncle  A Bridal March was composed for the occasion by Ferdinando Paer, and a cantata by Johann Nepomuk Hummel 
Elaborate celebrations continued to be held in May and June 1810  These included a ball, a masque, a sea-battle on the Seine, and a display of fireworks created by Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri, for 4,000 people By this marriage, Napoleon became the great-nephew-in-law of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette 

Marriage to Napoleon
Life as Empress
Marie Louise was an obedient wife and settled in quickly in the French court  She developed a close friendship with her Première dame d'honneur, the Duchess of Montebello, while most of the daily affairs were handled by her Dame d'atour Jeanne Charlotte du Luçay  Napoleon initially remarked that he had "married a womb" to an aide, but their relationship soon grew  He "spared no pains" to please her and claimed at one point to prefer Marie Louise to his first wife Joséphine; while he had loved Joséphine, and though he claimed Joséphine remained his greatest friend even after their amicable divorce, he had not respected her, whereas with Marie Louise, there was "Never a lie, never a debt" — presumably a reference to Joséphine's rumoured extramarital affairs and reputation as a spendthrift  Marie Louise wrote to her father: "I assure you, dear papa, that people have done great injustice to the Emperor  The better one knows him, the better one appreciates and loves him " However, the marriage was not without tension; Napoleon sometimes remarked to aides that Marie Louise was too shy and timid, compared to the outgoing and passionate Josephine, with whom he remained in close contact, upsetting Marie Louise 
The excitement surrounding the wedding ushered in a period of peace and friendship between France and Austria, who had been largely at war for the last two decades  The people of Vienna, who hated Napoleon only months before, were suddenly in full praise of the French Emperor  Flattering letters were sent between Napoleon and Emperor Francis, Empress Maria Ludovika Beatrix and Archduke Charles during the wedding festivities During public occasions, Marie Louise spoke little due to reserve and timidity, which some observers mistook for haughtiness  She was regarded as a virtuous woman and never interfered in politics  Privately, she was polite and gentle Napoleon arranged for Marie Louise to participate in some carefully selected charity assignments, most notably the Société de Charité Maternelle, for which he made her Honorary President 

Birth of first child
Marie Louise became pregnant by July 1810 and gave birth to a son on 20 March 1811  The boy, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, was given the title King of Rome, in accordance with the practice where the heir apparent to the Holy Roman Empire was called the King of the Romans  Napoleon was delighted that his wife survived the ordeal and said: "I had rather never have any more children than see her suffer so much again "Marie Louise was devoted to her son; she had him brought to her every morning and visited him in his apartment in the course of the day 

Resumption of war
In May 1812, a month before the French invasion of Russia, Marie Louise accompanied Napoleon to Dresden, where she met her father and stepmother  Emperor Francis told Napoleon he could count on Austria for the "triumph of the common cause", a reference to the impending war  A minor rivalry began to develop between Marie Louise and the Empress of Austria, who was jealous at being upstaged in appearance by her stepdaughter  It was also in Dresden where she met Count Adam Albert von Neipperg for the first time  Napoleon left Dresden on 29 May to take charge of his army Marie Louise then travelled to Prague, where she spent a few weeks with the Austrian Imperial family, before returning to Saint Cloud on 18 July  She kept in touch with Napoleon throughout the war  The invasion of Russia ended disastrously for France  More than half of the Grande Armée was destroyed by the Russian Winter and guerrilla attacks  After the failed Malet coup of October 1812, Napoleon hastened his return to France and reunited with his wife on the night of 18 December 

Collapse of the Empire
The weakened French position triggered the Sixth Coalition  Prussia allied with Russia and declared war on France (the United Kingdom was already at war with France), but Austria stayed out due to relations between the Imperial families  On 30 March, Marie Louise was appointed Regent as Napoleon set off for battle in Germany  The regency was only de jure, as all decisions were still taken by Napoleon and implemented by his most senior officials, including Lebrun, Joseph Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary  Marie Louise tried unsuccessfully to get her father to ally with France  Austria too joined the opposition to France  She maintained a correspondence with Napoleon, informing him of increasing demands for peace in Paris and the provinces  Napoleon was decisively defeated in Leipzig on 19 October and returned to Saint Cloud on 9 November On 23 January 1814, Marie Louise was appointed Regent for the second time  On 25 January, at 03:00 in the morning, Napoleon embraced Marie Louise and his son for the last time  He left to lead a hastily formed army to stave off the Allied invasion from the north As the Allies neared Paris, Marie Louise was reluctant to leave  She felt that as the daughter of the sovereign of Austria, one of the allied members, she would be treated with respect by Allied forces, with the possibility of her son succeeding the throne should Napoleon be deposed  She was also afraid that her departure would strengthen the royalist supporters of the Bourbons  Marie Louise was finally persuaded to leave by Henri Clarke, who received the order from Napoleon: "I would prefer to know that they [the Empress and the King of Rome] are both at the bottom of the Seine rather than in the hands of the foreigners " On 29 March, the court left Paris  The Allies entered the city the following day 
Marie Louise and the court moved to Blois, which was safe from the Allies  She did not expect her father to dethrone Napoleon and deprive her son of the crown of France  On 3 April, the Senate, at the instigation of Talleyrand, announced the deposition of the Emperor  Marie Louise was unaware of this until 7 April, and was astonished to discover the turn of events  She wanted to return to Paris, but was dissuaded from doing so by physician Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and the Duchess of Montebello 

Exile of Napoleon
Napoleon abdicated the throne on 11 April 1814 in Fontainebleau  The Treaty of Fontainebleau exiled him to Elba, allowed Marie Louise to retain her imperial rank and style and made her ruler of the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, with her son as heir  This arrangement was later revised at the Congress of Vienna Marie Louise was strongly dissuaded from rejoining her husband by her advisors, who fed her accounts that Napoleon was distraught with grief over the death of Joséphine  On 16 April, her father arrived at Blois to meet her  At the advice of Emperor Francis, Marie Louise departed Rambouillet with her son for Vienna on 23 April  At Vienna, she stayed at Schönbrunn, where she received frequent visits from her sisters, but rarely from her father and stepmother  She met her grandmother, Maria Carolina, who disapproved of her deserting her husband  Distressed at being seen as a heartless wife and indifferent mother, she wrote on 9 August 1814: "I am in a very unhappy and critical position; I must be very prudent in my conduct  There are moments when that thought so distracts me that I think that the best thing I could do would be to die "

Congress of Vienna and relationship with Neipperg
In the summer of 1814, Emperor Francis sent Count Adam Albert von Neipperg to accompany Marie Louise to the spa town of Aix-les-Bains to prevent her from joining Napoleon on Elba  Neipperg was a confidant of Metternich and an enemy of Napoleon  Marie Louise fell in love with Neipperg  They became lovers  He became her chamberlain, and her advocate at the Congress of Vienna  News of the relationship was not received well by the French and the Austrian public When Napoleon escaped in March 1815 and reinstated his rule, the Allies once again declared war  Marie Louise was asked by her stepmother to join in the processions to pray for the success of the Austrian armies but rejected the insulting invitation  She passed a message to Napoleon's private secretary, Claude François de Méneval, who was about to return to France: "I hope he will understand the misery of my position     I shall never assent to a divorce, but I flatter myself that he will not oppose an amicable separation, and that he will not bear any ill feeling towards me     This separation has become imperative; it will in no way affect the feelings of esteem and gratitude that I preserve " Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to Saint Helena from October 1815  Napoleon made no further attempt to contact her personally 
The Congress of Vienna recognised Marie Louise as ruler of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, but prevented her from bringing her son to Italy  It also made her Duchess of Parma for her life only, as the Allies did not want a descendant of Napoleon to have a hereditary claim over Parma  After her death, the duchy was to revert to the Bourbons 

Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise departed for Parma on 7 March 1816, accompanied by Neipperg  She entered the duchy on 18 April  She wrote to her father: "People welcomed me with such enthusiasm that I had tears in my eyes " She largely left the running of day-to-day affairs to Neipperg, who received instructions from Metternich  In December 1816, Marie Louise removed the incumbent Grand Chamberlain (prime minister) and installed Neipperg She and Neipperg had four children:
Albertine, Countess of Montenuovo (1817–1867), married Luigi Sanvitale, Count of Fontanellato
William Albert, Count of Montenuovo, later created Prince of Montenuovo (1819–1895), married Countess Juliana Batthyány von Németújvár
Mathilde, Countess of Montenuovo (1822–c 1823)Napoleon died on 5 May 1821  On 8 August, Marie Louise married Neipperg morganatically  Neipperg died of heart problems on 22 February 1829, devastating Marie Louise  She was banned by Austria from mourning in public  To replace Neipperg, Austria appointed Josef von Werklein as Grand Chamberlain 
Marie Louise's son by Napoleon, then known as "Franz", was given the title Duke of Reichstadt in 1818  Franz lived at the Austrian court, where he was shown great affection by his grandfather, but was constantly undermined by Austrian ministers and nationalists, who did their best to sideline him to become an irrelevance  There were fears that he might be smuggled over to France to regain the throne, as he could be easily disguised as a girl  
Franz grew resentful at his Austrian relatives and his mother for their lack of support, and began identifying as Napoleon II and surrounding himself with French courtiers  The relationship with his mother broke down when he became aware that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage; this occurred to such an extent that he once remarked "If Josephine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna  My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved; Josephine was " However, before anything could become of Napoleon II, he died at the age of 21 in Vienna in 1832, after suffering from tuberculosis 
1831 saw the outbreak of the Carbonari-led uprisings in Italy  In Parma, protesters gathered in the streets to denounce Grand Chamberlain Werklein  Marie Louise did not know what to do and wanted to leave the city, but was prevented from doing so by the protesters, who saw her as someone who would listen to their demands  She managed to leave Parma between 14 and 15 February, and the rebels formed a provisional government, led by Count Filippo Luigi Linati  At Piacenza, she wrote to her father, asking him to replace Werklein  Francis sent in Austrian troops, which crushed the rebellion  To avoid further turmoil, Marie Louise granted amnesty to the dissidents on 29 September To replace Werklein, in 1833, Metternich sent Charles-René de Bombelles, a French émigré nobleman who had served in the Austrian army against Napoleon  Bombelles was an excellent Grand Chamberlain, who thoroughly reformed the finances of the duchy  A middle-aged widower, he also developed a close personal relationship with Marie Louise  Six months after his arrival, on 17 February 1834, she married him, again morganatically 

Death
Marie Louise fell ill on 9 December 1847  Her condition worsened for the next few days  On 17 December, she passed out after vomiting and never woke up again  She died in the evening  The cause of death was determined to be pleurisy Her body was transferred back to Vienna and buried at the Imperial Crypt 

Arms
Her arms as Duchess of Parma are used as the logo of the perfume company Acqua di Parma  This is in homage to the role she played in helping to develop the perfume and glass industry of Parma 

Gallery
Ancestry
See also
Napoleon Diamond Necklace

Notes
Passage 8:
Gerolama Orsini
Gerolama Orsini (1504–1569) sometimes Girolama Orsini was the Duchess of Parma as the wife of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma  She served as Regent (Governor) of the Ducky of Castro in the name of her son Orazio, Duke of Castro between 1550 and 1553 

Biography
Born in Pitigliano, she was the daughter of Lodovico Orsini and Giulia Conti  In 1513, an engagement contract between Orsini and Pier Luigi Farnese was drawn up, and in 1519 the wedding was celebrated at Valentano  Her husband was the illegitimate son of Pope Paul III and Silvia Ruffino  The couple had five children, three of whom would have further progeny  
When Cardinal Alessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III in 1534, he made his son Pier Luigi captain-general of the Church, in 1537, Duke of Castro, and finally in 1545, Duke of Parma and Piacenza  Gerolama remained in Rome and maintained the family presence at the court of the Pope  She was described as a sensible person capable of making important decisions when necessary, close to the Pope and the interests of her sons  She lived a retired life, but was always actively engaged in maintaining the political interest of her sons  
She was widowed in 1547 and remained in Rome  When Pope Paul III died in 1549, Gerolama unsuccessfully attempted to work for the candidacy of a Pope beneficial to the Farnese family  In 1550, Gerolama was appointed the regent-governor of the Duchy of Castro in the absence of her son  Castro was occupied by Papal troops the same year  Gerolama maintained her regency by not resisting, and yet continuing to exert her authority while working for the end of the Papal occupation, and finally managed to achieve the end of the Papal occupation in 1552  Her regency ended when she was informed of the death of her son Orazio in 1553, and she departed for Parma, where she settled for the rest of her life She died at the Palazzo Farnese Piacenza in 1590  She was buried at the Farnese crypt at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata, Parma 

Issue
Vittoria Farnese (10 August 1519 – 13 December 1602) married Guidobaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino and had issue 
Alessandro Farnese (5 October 1520 – 2 March 1589) never married 
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (9 October 1524 – 18 September 1586) married Margaret of Parma and had issue 
Ranuccio Farnese (11 August 1530 – 1565) died unmarried 
Orazio Farnese, Duke of Castro (1532 – 18 July 1558) married Diane de France no issue 
Passage 9:
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the first Empress of Austria and last Holy Roman Empress as the spouse of Francis II  She was born a Princess of Naples as the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Queen Maria Carolina 

Life
Early life
Born on 6 June 1772 at the Royal Palace of Naples, Maria Theresa Carolina Giuseppina was the eldest child of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Queen Maria Carolina  She was her mother’s favorite child from birth, and was henceforth named after her maternal grandmother Empress Maria Theresa  Princess Maria Theresa was taught French, mathematics, geography, theology, music, dancing, and drawing In the February of 1790, Archduke Francis’s wife, Duchess Elisabeth, died in childbirth, and it was announced that he would marry one of the princesses of Naples  Maria Theresa and her sister Luisa were both considered for the match  In the end, though, Luisa was chosen to marry Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Maria Theresa was to marry Francis  The marriage was in accordance with the traditional Habsburg marriage policy 

Marriage
On 15 September 1790, at the age of 18, Princess Maria Theresa married her double first cousin Archduke Francis  Francis would, in 1792, become Holy Roman Emperor  Eventually, in 1804, he would become the first Emperor of Austria  The marriage was described as a happy one based on mutual understanding, despite differences in personality  Francis was described as a melancholic character  He was shy and reserved, and was serious with a preference for a spartan lifestyle and duty  Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was described as a gracious blue-eyed blonde with a vivacious personality, a hot temper and a sensual nature  Despite these differences in personality, they were reported to have a good understanding of each other and had a very good relationship Maria Theresa reportedly adapted well to her new home in Vienna and did not suffer from homesickness  She participated with enthusiasm in court life, and it was noted that she enjoyed dancing and partaking in carnival balls—even while pregnant  She particularly enjoyed the Waltz, which had been recently introduced as an innovation and became fashionable during her years in Vienna    

Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp described the view of Maria Theresa and the relationship between the couple in her famous diary during her visit to Vienna in 1798–99: The Empress is reputed to be so jealous that she does not allow him to take part in social life or meet other women  Vicious tongues accuse her of being so passionate that she exhausts her consort and never leaves him alone even for a moment  Although the people of Vienna cannot deny that she is gifted, charitable and carries herself beautifully, she is disliked for her intolerance and for forcing the Emperor to live isolated from everyone  She is also accused of interesting herself in unimportant matters and socializing exclusively with her lady-companions  With them she spends her evenings singing, acting out comedies and being applauded 
On 12 December 1791, the firstborn child of Princess Maria Theresa and Archduke Francis was born: Marie Louise  She was educated specifically in French, English, Spanish, Italian and Latin, with the expectation of her native language German  Marie Louise would soon marry Emperor Napoleon, due to the ongoing wars with France that were effecting her parents and grandparents 

Holy Roman Empress
In 1792, Maria Theresa’s husband Francis ascended the throne as King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and she became queen consort  In the same year, she would become Holy Roman Empress  The-then Empress Maria Theresa was interested in politics and came to play a certain role in state affairs due to her influence over her spouse, to whom she acted as an adviser  She was a conservative force and belonged to the critics of King Napoleon, and was reported to have encouraged Francis in an anti-French position during the Napoleonic Wars  She has also been pointed out for being partially responsible for the dismissal of Johann Baptist Freiherr von Schloissnigg and Graf Franz Colloredo In February of 1799, her seeming indifference to the revolution against her parents in Naples attracted some disfavour in Vienna  Although she was her mother’s favorite child, she was biased when it came to their exile during the War 
An important patron of Viennese music, she commissioned many compositions for official and private use  Joseph Haydn wrote his Te Deum for chorus and orchestra at her request  Her favourite composers included Paul Wranitzky and Joseph Leopold Eybler, a composer of sacred music 

Death
In the winter of 1806, Empress Maria Theresa (pregnant with her 12th child) contracted tuberculous pleurisy, which the imperial physician, Andreas Joseph von Stifft, treated with bloodletting  However, it did not trigger an improvement in health, but a premature birth  When Empress Maria Theresa died after following complications after her last childbirth (the daughter died a few days before the mother) on 13 April 1807 at the age of 34, the Emperor was inconsolable and had to be removed by force from the corpse of his wife  She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna  The shattered Emperor stayed away from the funeral, instead traveling to Buda with his two eldest children  The urn containing her heart was placed in the Heart Crypt and the urn with her entrails in the Ducal Crypt  Empress Maria Theresa is one of the 41 people who received a "separate burial" with the body divided between all three traditional Viennese burial sites of the Habsburgs (Imperial Crypt, Heart Crypt, Duke Crypt) 

Issue
Ancestry



ground_truth: May 19, 1669

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the maternal grandfather of Marie Louise, Duchess Of Parma?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
House of Dark Shadows
House of Dark Shadows is a 1970 American feature-length horror film directed by Dan Curtis, based on his Dark Shadows television series (ABC, 1966–1971)  In this film expansion, vampire Barnabas Collins (Jonathan Frid) searches for a cure for vampirism so he can marry a woman who resembles his long-lost fiancée Josette (Kathryn Leigh Scott) 
Filming took place at Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, with additional footage at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery  Curtis followed this film one year later with Night of Dark Shadows, another expansion of the Shadows franchise, dealing with the witch Angelique 

Plot
Willie Loomis, the Collins family handyman, is searching for old treasure in the family mausoleum when he accidentally frees Barnabas Collins, a 175-year-old vampire who enslaves him  Upon his release, he attacks Daphne Budd, the secretary to Collinwood's matriarch, Elizabeth Collins Stoddard  She is discovered by Jeff Clark, who takes her back to the house where Dr  Julia Hoffman attends to her 
Later, Barnabas introduces himself to the family under the guise of a "cousin from England"  Elizabeth and the others are intrigued by Barnabas and take an instant liking to him  However, Elizabeth's daughter Carolyn Stoddard and Professor T  Eliot Stokes, a friend of the family, are incredulous  Barnabas insists on moving into the Old House and hosting a ball in honor of the family  But on the night of the ball, Carolyn is bitten by Barnabas while she is getting ready 
Later on at the ball, he is introduced to young David Collins' governess and Jeff's girlfriend, Maggie Evans, and is instantly smitten with her, as she bears a striking resemblance to his long-lost fiancée, Josette du Pres  Maggie is thinking about leaving Collinwood, but Barnabas persuades her to stay  Back at the Old House, he tells Willie about Josette and how she took her own life on the night they were to be married  Carolyn overhears and threatens to expose him out of jealousy  Enraged, Barnabas delivers a deadly bite to Carolyn, much to Willie's horror  A shaken Willie takes Carolyn back home; she slowly walks to the doorway, but she is soon discovered slumped in the doorway—dead—by the maid, Mrs  Johnson 
Funeral services are held for Carolyn, and she is buried in the Collins family mausoleum  Dr  Hoffman upon analyzing samples of Carolyn's blood, recognizes a trace of elements of the same unknown virus that was present in Daphne Budd's blood sample  Thereafter, Professor Stokes confers with Julia and tells her that he suspects that the recent attacks in Collinsport may have been caused by a vampire 
Meanwhile, Carolyn rises as a vampire and attacks David  Stokes and Julia try to explain, but Elizabeth and Roger refuse to listen  Carolyn's former fiancé Todd encounters her, and she bites him  After he is taken back to Collinwood, the family realize that Stokes and Julia were correct about the vampires  Todd again sneaks out in search of Carolyn, but she is cornered and staked, instantly killing her 
Julia eventually discovers that Barnabas is the vampire responsible  Thus, she visits him at the Old House and convinces him that she can use her methods to make him human and he reluctantly agrees  Julia gives him injections which allow him to walk in the daylight  Over time, Barnabas and Maggie begin to spend time together while Jeff is away in Boston  Stokes confronts Julia about helping Barnabas—and realizes she is in love with him—and reminds her that he is in love with Maggie  Overcome with jealousy, Julia gives Barnabas an injection which causes him to age rapidly  Out of rage, he strangles her to death  A terrified Maggie witnesses this and tries to flee, but is caught and bitten by Barnabas before she can escape, and he vows to come back for her  Jeff soon returns, and he is informed of the family history by Stokes and Roger and that Barnabas intends to make Maggie his bride  That night, Barnabas bites Maggie again, rejuvenating him, and then abducts her 
Jeff and the others pursue them; however, Roger and Stokes are killed (both turned into vampires who Jeff kills)  Jeff eventually finds Maggie at an old church in a trance and in Josette's wedding gown  Willie warns him against trying to stop Barnabas and knocks him out  Willie leads Maggie out of the room to where Barnabas is waiting for her  He lays her down on an altar and is about to bite her when Jeff wakes up and shoots at him, but Willie, running to stop Barnabas, moves in the way, and is hit by Jeff's crossbow bolt  Barnabas lures Jeff out of his hiding place and forces him to be a witness by placing him in a trance  However, as Barnabas attempts to bite Maggie, he screams in pain as he's struck in his back  Turning around, he's shocked then enraged to discover that it was Willie—in his final act of redemption—who stabbed him with the crossbow bolt  Barnabas strangles the mortally wounded Willie, but Loomis' attack breaks Jeff out of Barnabas's trance long enough for Jeff to finish driving the bolt through the vampire's back, ultimately bursting through his bloody chest  Maggie, now revived, is rescued by Jeff, both briefly observing the bodies of the presumably dead vampire and Willie Loomis before departing the ruined chapel 
In a post-credits scene, Barnabas's body transforms into a bat and then vanishes 

Cast
Production
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis began pitching the idea of a film based on his gothic soap opera sometime in 1968   The project was finally given the greenlight at MGM by company president James Aubrey in 1970  Curtis decided to use the original Barnabas storyline as the basis for the film, but with a modified conclusion 
The film was shot in six weeks for a budget of $750,000   Principal shooting took place at several historic locations, including the Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, where the production had to work around the scheduled public tours of the house  Additional footage was shot at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery; parts of the locales appeared on the Dark Shadows series as well  Some interior scenes were shot at the Lockwood–Mathews Mansion in Norwalk, Connecticut  Along with the original cast, Dan Curtis added other actors to the cast: Jerry Lacy, who notably played Reverend Trask in the 1795 storyline; Terry Crawford and Michael Stroka, who did the Dark Shadows 1890s segments; Don Briscoe, who played cursed brothers Chris and Tom Jennings; Dennis Patrick, who played Paul Stoddard and Jason McGuire; and George DiCenzo, who did more behind-the-scenes work on the last two years of the show 
Unrestricted by TV's censors, the film is far more graphically violent than its television counterpart, with dripping vampire bites and bloody deaths   The film was released at the height of the TV show's popularity to great commercial success 
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis's original idea had been to edit together footage from the original TV series into a feature-length film, an idea which was quickly abandoned  The TV series was still in production while the film was being made  Some characters had to be temporarily written out of the show so that the actors would be available to appear in the movie   Barnabas, for example, was trapped in his coffin on the TV show by a failed writer who wanted to use the vampire's life story as the basis for a novel 
Kathryn Leigh Scott was absent from 30 episodes (986 to 1015); Jonathan Frid was absent from 28 episodes (983 to 1010); Grayson Hall was absent from 21 episodes (986 to 1006); John Karlen was absent from 21 episodes (990 to 1010); Nancy Barrett was absent from 20 episodes (991 to 1010): Louis Edmonds was absent from 17 episodes (991 to 1008); Don Briscoe was absent from 15 episodes (986 to 1000); Joan Bennett was absent from 15 episodes (991 to 1006); and David Henesy was absent from 9 episodes (993 to 1001) 
The preview version of the film included a scene where young David Collins pretends to hang himself  It was removed because there were concerns some children might "try this at home"  No copies of this footage are known to exist  Another scene that was shown in some theaters has Jeff testing out the crossbow before pursuing Barnabas 
A paperback novelization of the film by Marilyn Ross (who had written a series of novels based on the TV show) was published in October 1970   The novel is based on the original script, and contains some scenes which were either cut from the movie or were never filmed 

Sequel
The second film was originally supposed to bring back Barnabas, and was to be called Curse of Dark Shadows (according to Famous Monsters of Filmland)  Before pre-production could begin, however, the series had gone off the air, and Jonathan Frid, fearing being typecast as Barnabas, had moved on to other things  Instead, Night of Dark Shadows was made, focusing on Collinwood after new heir Quentin Collins (David Selby) takes over  Elizabeth Collins Stoddard (played by Joan Bennett in the series and the first film) gets a brief mention in the film, but is not present 

Availability
House of Dark Shadows has been released on VHS, and as a two-sided laserdisc (the laserdisc packaged with Night of Dark Shadows, which is out of print)  It is also available on iTunes, on the PlayStation 3 Movie Network (Digital DVD quality), and for rental at Amazon Unbox, now called Prime Video 
Warner Home Video announced the re-release of both films on DVD in 2012; House of Dark Shadows was released for the first time alongside Night of Dark Shadows on DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2012 

See also
List of American films of 1970
Dark Shadows (film)
Vampire film
Passage 2:
Dark Shadows (disambiguation)
Dark Shadows is an American supernatural daytime TV series which originally aired from 1966 to 1971 
Dark Shadows may refer to:

Television
Dark Shadows, the original daytime TV series, which aired from 1966 to 1971
Dark Shadows (1991 TV series), adaptation of the original 1966 series
Dark Shadows (2004), pilot for a proposed adaptation of the 1966 series
"Dark Shadows" (Mad Men), 2012 episode of Mad Men

Film
House of Dark Shadows, 1970 film adaptation of the 1966 series
Curse of Dark Shadows, 1971 proposed sequel to the 1970 film
Night of Dark Shadows, 1971 film inspired by the 1966 series
Dark Shadows (film), 2012 film adaptation of the 1966 series

Radio
Dark Shadows (Return to Collinwood), based on a stageplay
Dark Shadows (Big Finish Productions)

Other
Dark Shadows (1944), an American crime drama short film starring Henry O'Neill; unrelated to the later supernatural TV series
Passage 3:
Night of Terror (disambiguation)
Night of Terror  is a 1933 horror film 
Night of Terror or A Night of Terror may also refer to:

Night of Terror - November 14, 1917, a night at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia, in which suffragist prisoners were beaten and abused
Montreal's night of terror a 1969 unrest in Montreal, Quebec during a Montreal police strike
A Night of Terror (1911 film), directed by Edwin S  Porter
A Night of Terror, alternative title for Love from a Stranger (1937 film)
Night of Terror (1972 TV film), starring Martin Balsam, Catherine Burns, Chuck Connors & Donna Mills
Night of Terror (2006 film), directed by William Tannen
"Night of Terror", an instrumental by Clint Mansell from the Black Swan soundtrack (2010)

See also
Riot (1996 film),  directed by Joseph Merhi released in the United States as Night of Terror
Night Terror (disambiguation)
Rats: Night of Terror
Terror by Night
A Night of Terror (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
House of Dark Shadows
House of Dark Shadows is a 1970 American feature-length horror film directed by Dan Curtis, based on his Dark Shadows television series (ABC, 1966–1971)  In this film expansion, vampire Barnabas Collins (Jonathan Frid) searches for a cure for vampirism so he can marry a woman who resembles his long-lost fiancée Josette (Kathryn Leigh Scott) 
Filming took place at Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, with additional footage at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery  Curtis followed this film one year later with Night of Dark Shadows, another expansion of the Shadows franchise, dealing with the witch Angelique 

Plot
Willie Loomis, the Collins family handyman, is searching for old treasure in the family mausoleum when he accidentally frees Barnabas Collins, a 175-year-old vampire who enslaves him  Upon his release, he attacks Daphne Budd, the secretary to Collinwood's matriarch, Elizabeth Collins Stoddard  She is discovered by Jeff Clark, who takes her back to the house where Dr  Julia Hoffman attends to her 
Later, Barnabas introduces himself to the family under the guise of a "cousin from England"  Elizabeth and the others are intrigued by Barnabas and take an instant liking to him  However, Elizabeth's daughter Carolyn Stoddard and Professor T  Eliot Stokes, a friend of the family, are incredulous  Barnabas insists on moving into the Old House and hosting a ball in honor of the family  But on the night of the ball, Carolyn is bitten by Barnabas while she is getting ready 
Later on at the ball, he is introduced to young David Collins' governess and Jeff's girlfriend, Maggie Evans, and is instantly smitten with her, as she bears a striking resemblance to his long-lost fiancée, Josette du Pres  Maggie is thinking about leaving Collinwood, but Barnabas persuades her to stay  Back at the Old House, he tells Willie about Josette and how she took her own life on the night they were to be married  Carolyn overhears and threatens to expose him out of jealousy  Enraged, Barnabas delivers a deadly bite to Carolyn, much to Willie's horror  A shaken Willie takes Carolyn back home; she slowly walks to the doorway, but she is soon discovered slumped in the doorway—dead—by the maid, Mrs  Johnson 
Funeral services are held for Carolyn, and she is buried in the Collins family mausoleum  Dr  Hoffman upon analyzing samples of Carolyn's blood, recognizes a trace of elements of the same unknown virus that was present in Daphne Budd's blood sample  Thereafter, Professor Stokes confers with Julia and tells her that he suspects that the recent attacks in Collinsport may have been caused by a vampire 
Meanwhile, Carolyn rises as a vampire and attacks David  Stokes and Julia try to explain, but Elizabeth and Roger refuse to listen  Carolyn's former fiancé Todd encounters her, and she bites him  After he is taken back to Collinwood, the family realize that Stokes and Julia were correct about the vampires  Todd again sneaks out in search of Carolyn, but she is cornered and staked, instantly killing her 
Julia eventually discovers that Barnabas is the vampire responsible  Thus, she visits him at the Old House and convinces him that she can use her methods to make him human and he reluctantly agrees  Julia gives him injections which allow him to walk in the daylight  Over time, Barnabas and Maggie begin to spend time together while Jeff is away in Boston  Stokes confronts Julia about helping Barnabas—and realizes she is in love with him—and reminds her that he is in love with Maggie  Overcome with jealousy, Julia gives Barnabas an injection which causes him to age rapidly  Out of rage, he strangles her to death  A terrified Maggie witnesses this and tries to flee, but is caught and bitten by Barnabas before she can escape, and he vows to come back for her  Jeff soon returns, and he is informed of the family history by Stokes and Roger and that Barnabas intends to make Maggie his bride  That night, Barnabas bites Maggie again, rejuvenating him, and then abducts her 
Jeff and the others pursue them; however, Roger and Stokes are killed (both turned into vampires who Jeff kills)  Jeff eventually finds Maggie at an old church in a trance and in Josette's wedding gown  Willie warns him against trying to stop Barnabas and knocks him out  Willie leads Maggie out of the room to where Barnabas is waiting for her



ground_truth: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Alkohol or Night Of Dark Shadows?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He lays her down on an altar and is about to bite her when Jeff wakes up and shoots at him, but Willie, running to stop Barnabas, moves in the way, and is hit by Jeff's crossbow bolt  Barnabas lures Jeff out of his hiding place and forces him to be a witness by placing him in a trance  However, as Barnabas attempts to bite Maggie, he screams in pain as he's struck in his back  Turning around, he's shocked then enraged to discover that it was Willie—in his final act of redemption—who stabbed him with the crossbow bolt  Barnabas strangles the mortally wounded Willie, but Loomis' attack breaks Jeff out of Barnabas's trance long enough for Jeff to finish driving the bolt through the vampire's back, ultimately bursting through his bloody chest  Maggie, now revived, is rescued by Jeff, both briefly observing the bodies of the presumably dead vampire and Willie Loomis before departing the ruined chapel 
In a post-credits scene, Barnabas's body transforms into a bat and then vanishes 

Cast
Production
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis began pitching the idea of a film based on his gothic soap opera sometime in 1968   The project was finally given the greenlight at MGM by company president James Aubrey in 1970  Curtis decided to use the original Barnabas storyline as the basis for the film, but with a modified conclusion 
The film was shot in six weeks for a budget of $750,000   Principal shooting took place at several historic locations, including the Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, where the production had to work around the scheduled public tours of the house  Additional footage was shot at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery; parts of the locales appeared on the Dark Shadows series as well  Some interior scenes were shot at the Lockwood–Mathews Mansion in Norwalk, Connecticut  Along with the original cast, Dan Curtis added other actors to the cast: Jerry Lacy, who notably played Reverend Trask in the 1795 storyline; Terry Crawford and Michael Stroka, who did the Dark Shadows 1890s segments; Don Briscoe, who played cursed brothers Chris and Tom Jennings; Dennis Patrick, who played Paul Stoddard and Jason McGuire; and George DiCenzo, who did more behind-the-scenes work on the last two years of the show 
Unrestricted by TV's censors, the film is far more graphically violent than its television counterpart, with dripping vampire bites and bloody deaths   The film was released at the height of the TV show's popularity to great commercial success 
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis's original idea had been to edit together footage from the original TV series into a feature-length film, an idea which was quickly abandoned  The TV series was still in production while the film was being made  Some characters had to be temporarily written out of the show so that the actors would be available to appear in the movie   Barnabas, for example, was trapped in his coffin on the TV show by a failed writer who wanted to use the vampire's life story as the basis for a novel 
Kathryn Leigh Scott was absent from 30 episodes (986 to 1015); Jonathan Frid was absent from 28 episodes (983 to 1010); Grayson Hall was absent from 21 episodes (986 to 1006); John Karlen was absent from 21 episodes (990 to 1010); Nancy Barrett was absent from 20 episodes (991 to 1010): Louis Edmonds was absent from 17 episodes (991 to 1008); Don Briscoe was absent from 15 episodes (986 to 1000); Joan Bennett was absent from 15 episodes (991 to 1006); and David Henesy was absent from 9 episodes (993 to 1001) 
The preview version of the film included a scene where young David Collins pretends to hang himself  It was removed because there were concerns some children might "try this at home"  No copies of this footage are known to exist  Another scene that was shown in some theaters has Jeff testing out the crossbow before pursuing Barnabas 
A paperback novelization of the film by Marilyn Ross (who had written a series of novels based on the TV show) was published in October 1970   The novel is based on the original script, and contains some scenes which were either cut from the movie or were never filmed 

Sequel
The second film was originally supposed to bring back Barnabas, and was to be called Curse of Dark Shadows (according to Famous Monsters of Filmland)  Before pre-production could begin, however, the series had gone off the air, and Jonathan Frid, fearing being typecast as Barnabas, had moved on to other things  Instead, Night of Dark Shadows was made, focusing on Collinwood after new heir Quentin Collins (David Selby) takes over  Elizabeth Collins Stoddard (played by Joan Bennett in the series and the first film) gets a brief mention in the film, but is not present 

Availability
House of Dark Shadows has been released on VHS, and as a two-sided laserdisc (the laserdisc packaged with Night of Dark Shadows, which is out of print)  It is also available on iTunes, on the PlayStation 3 Movie Network (Digital DVD quality), and for rental at Amazon Unbox, now called Prime Video 
Warner Home Video announced the re-release of both films on DVD in 2012; House of Dark Shadows was released for the first time alongside Night of Dark Shadows on DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2012 

See also
List of American films of 1970
Dark Shadows (film)
Vampire film
Passage 5:
Dark Shadows: The House of Despair
Dark Shadows: The House of Despair is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running American horror soap opera series Dark Shadows 

Plot
Quentin Collins returns to his home to find an unwanted guest   

Cast
Quentin Collins – David Selby
Angelique – Lara Parker
Willie Loomis – John Karlen
Maggie Evans – Kathryn Leigh Scott
Ed Griffin – Jamison Selby
Susan Griffin – Ursula Burton
Mr Strix – Andrew Collins
Voice – Steven Wickham
Voice – Kellie Ryan
Patron – Scott Alan Woodard

External links
Dark Shadows: The House of Despair
Passage 6:
Night of Dark Shadows
Night of Dark Shadows is a 1971 horror film by Dan Curtis  It is the sequel to House of Dark Shadows  It centers on the story of Quentin Collins and his bride Tracy at the Collinwood Mansion in Collinsport, Maine 
David Selby, Lara Parker, John Karlen, Kate Jackson, Grayson Hall, and Nancy Barrett star 
Night of Dark Shadows was not as successful as House of Dark Shadows 
This film marked the feature film debut of David Selby and Kate Jackson 

Plot
Handsome young artist Quentin Collins arrives at his newly inherited estate of Collinwood with his beautiful wife Tracy  They meet the housekeeper Carlotta Drake and the caretaker Gerard Stiles  Quentin happens upon a 19th-century portrait of a blonde woman with captivating green eyes that seem to mesmerize him  Carlotta informs him that the woman is Angelique, who had lived there over 100 years earlier  The Collins' friends Alex and Claire Jenkins, who have co-written several successful horror novels, move into a cottage on the estate 
Quentin soon begins to be troubled by startling visions and haunting dreams about one of his ancestors, Charles Collins, and his ancestor's mistress Angelique—who had been hanged as a witch in a past century  Carlotta eventually reveals to Quentin that she is the reincarnation of Sarah Castle, a little girl who had lived at Collinwood over 150 years ago, and that Quentin himself is the reincarnation of Charles Collins  Charles had had an affair with Angelique, wife of his brother Gabriel, resulting in her being hanged—and Charles being sealed alive in the family crypt with Angelique's corpse 
On a trip to New York, the Jenkinses discover a painting of Charles Collins, which bears an uncanny resemblance to Quentin  Convinced that their friends are in grave danger, the couple hurry home to Collinwood, where they are attacked by the ghost of Angelique 
Meanwhile, Quentin has become possessed by the spirit of Charles Collins, and attempts to drown Tracy in a disused swimming pool on the estate  Alex and Claire arrive in time to revive her, but Quentin, having no memory of his actions, refuses to believe their wild tale 
Carlotta and Gerard conspire to eliminate Quentin's loved ones   Quentin, seeing the scratches on his wrist where Tracy had tried to fend him off, realizes the truth of Alex's warning and rushes to rescue his friends   Gerard has managed to take Tracy prisoner (despite his having been shot in the face by Claire), and Quentin fights with him high atop a train trestle   As Gerard slashes Quentin's cheek with a knife, creating a gash in his left cheek that looks remarkably like the one Charles Collins had, Tracy rushes to try to save her husband  She strikes Gerard with a nearby plank, knocking him off Quentin and onto the edge of the trestle  He teeters on the edge for a moment, then plunges to his death after Tracy pushes him 
The group rush back to Collinwood to confront Carlotta  As they arrive, she jumps from the top of the house when she sees the ghostly Angelique beckon her from below 
In the end, the two couples prepare to leave Collinwood forever  Alex and Claire leave first, with Quentin and Tracy following  However, instead of driving away, Quentin returns to the house, saying he intends to retrieve some canvases   When he fails to come back, Tracy follows, only to find him now completely possessed by Charles Collins  Angelique enters the room, reborn in the flesh  The camera freezes on Tracy's face as she begins to scream, as Quentin and Angelique advance on her   A UPI news wire shown at the end reveals that Alex and Claire Jenkins have been killed in a car accident  Witnesses reported seeing a ghostly fog filling the car as it veered off the road 

Cast
David Selby as Quentin Collins and Charles Collins
Grayson Hall as Carlotta Drake
John Karlen as Alex Jenkins
Nancy Barrett as Claire Jenkins
Lara Parker as Angelique Collins
Kate Jackson as Tracy Collins
James Storm as Gerard Stiles
Diana Millay as Laura Collins
Christopher Pennock as Gabriel Collins
Thayer David as Reverend Strack
Monica Rich as Sarah Castle
Clarice Blackburn as Mrs  Castle

Production
After the success of House of Dark Shadows (the 1970 feature film version of Dan Curtis's gothic soap opera Dark Shadows), MGM was ready to back a follow-up film in 1971  Curtis originally wanted to do a direct sequel and revive the vampire Barnabas Collins  Actor Jonathan Frid, however, refused to play the role again for fear of being typecast  Realizing it would be a mistake to recast the popular character, Curtis worked with writer Sam Hall to concoct an all-new storyline 
On March 29, 1971, filming began on Curse of Dark Shadows, later retitled Night of Dark Shadows for its release  Without the headaches of producing the television series concurrently, the production crew was able to achieve a far more polished product than that of the previous year  In order to give the production some authenticity, spiritualist Hans Holzer was employed as an advisor to the production, though his actual contribution to the finished product proved minimal 
The story was very loosely based on the "parallel-time" sequence of the TV series and centered on the show's other popular male lead, Quentin Collins, played by David Selby  Night of Dark Shadows was shot in six weeks on a budget of $900,000 and released in 1971, after the show had left the air  It was not unsuccessful but was less successful than its predecessor 
Hall's script, developed in conjunction with Curtis, was a wistful tale of gothic romance and supernatural reincarnation, bolstered by credible performances from David Selby, Kate Jackson, and Grayson Hall  When filming completed without major problems, Curtis set about editing the final film, which proved far denser and more complex than House of Dark Shadows 
One reason often cited for the film's lack of performance is that MGM forced Curtis to cut over 35 minutes from his finished film, and gave him only 24 hours to do the job  Thus, the film went from approximately 129 minutes to about 94 minutes, which, according to some, caused the film to lose its coherence 
Much of the excised footage was recovered in 1999, but was without sound  This material consists of 16 never-before-seen sequences, extending over a dozen existing scenes, reinstating the darker mood and restoring the original structure and continuity  Highlights of the discovery include flashback between the doomed lovers Charles and Angelique, two new scenes featuring menacing groundskeeper Gerard Stiles, several romantic interludes between Quentin and Tracy, a candlelit "exorcism" sequence in the gallery (the film's original climax), and the "hanging" sequence, as well as several other scenes with intensity on par with an R-rated film 

Home media
Night of Dark Shadows and House of Dark Shadows were released on VHS on September 1, 1998, and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2012 by Warner Home Video 

See also
List of American films of 1971
Passage 7:
Dark Shadows: Kingdom of the Dead
Dark Shadows: Kingdom of the Dead is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running American horror soap opera series Dark Shadows 

Cast
David Selby – Quentin Collins
Lara Parker – Angelique Bouchard Collins
Kathryn Leigh Scott – Maggie Evans
John Karlen – Willie Loomis
Jerry Lacy – Reverend
Andrew Collins – Barnabas Collins
David Warner – Seraph
Ursula Burton – Susan Griffin
Jamison Selby – Ed Griffin
Lysette Anthony – Doctor Rankin
Alec Newman – Orderly
James Storm – Sheriff Haggerty
Nancy Barrett – Carolyn Stoddard
Marie Wallace – Mrs Griffin
Lizzie Hopley – Street Walker
Richard Halpern – Announcer
Eric Wallace – Conductor

External links
Dark Shadows - 2 0 Kingdom Of The Dead Box Set
Passage 8:
Alkohol
Alkohol (English: Alcohol) is a 1919 German silent drama film directed by Ewald André Dupont and Alfred Lind and starring Wilhelm Diegelmann, Ernst Rückert, and Georg H  Schnell  The film was begun by Lind but finished by Dupont  It was his first major melodrama, and represented a breakthrough in his career  The film's theme and setting foreshadow much of his later work  It was one in a series of "Enlightenment films" examining social issues, which were produced around the time  It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin 

Synopsis
A middle-class man falls in love with a woman from a more ordinary background, and they end up working in a variety act where they sink into alcoholism  He then kills another man who he mistakenly believes is a rival 

Cast
Wilhelm Diegelmann
Ernst Rückert
Georg H  Schnell
Emil Birron
Jean Moreau
Auguste Pünkösdy
Ferry Sikla
Toni Tetzlaff
Hanni Weisse
Maria Zelenka
Passage 9:
Nightstand (disambiguation)
A nightstand is a small bedside table 
Nightstand or Night stand may also refer to:

Nightstand (album), by Tancred, 2018
Night Stand with Dick Dietrick, a 1990s American television comedy show
"Nightstand", a song by K  Michelle from More Issues Than Vogue, 2016

See also
One-night stand
Passage 10:
The Night of Nights
The Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and Roland Young The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times  Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and Pork Chop Hill 

Background
Milestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front 

Plot
Dan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadway theater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business   When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter by getting drunk   When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit   The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they have been suspended  At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni   Despondent, he in left the business and went into seclusion 
Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway   He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part of Toni   Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback 

Cast
Reception
Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had "been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly " In noting that the plot centered on "the theatre and some of the curious folk who inhabit it", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was "an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presented with honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr  O'Brien, Mr  Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention " The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being produced within the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, "seemed to be the most awful tripe "



ground_truth: Alkohol