prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of the director of film Ninamaninja Kalpadukal?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ninamaninja Kalpadukal
Ninamaninja Kalpadukal (Bloodstained Footprints) is a 1963 Malayalam language film, directed by N  N  Pisharody and produced by N K  Karunakara Pillai and Shobhana Parameswaran Nair  The lead role is played by Prem Nazir, with Ambika, Sheela and Madhu, who debuted with this film  The film is based on a novel by Parappurath and portrays the trials the Indo-China war  It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam  It was a super hit movie There are many evergreen songs in the film, including "Mamalakalkkappurathu" (by P  B  Sreenivas) and "Anuraga Natakathil" (by K  P  Udayabhanu)  The songs were composed by Baburaj, with lyrics by P  Bhaskaran 

Cast
Soundtrack
The music was composed by M  S  Baburaj and the lyrics were written by P  Bhaskaran and Meera Bhajan 

Box office
The film became commercial success, and highest grossing Malayalam film at that time collecting ₹60 lakhs from box office 
Passage 2:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 3:
N  N  Pisharody
N  N  Pisharody (or Pisharady) (1926 – 30 August 2008) was a director in the Malayalam Film industry  He was born into a feudal family, known as "Kallil" in Methala, near Perumbavoor in Kerala 

Biography
Born into a family known as "Kallil" in Methala, Near Kalady in Kerala, he completed his schooling in Paravoor and then was graduated in economics from Serhampur, Bengal  He was an avid reader always and appreciated the nuances of literature  His first short story was published in the weekly Prasanna Keralam from Kottayam when he was studying in high school  Since then, his stories have appeared in weeklies 

Writing career
One of his first of his short stories was published in the weekly Prasanna Keralam from Kottayam, when he was studying in high school The editor of Kaumudi, K Balakrishnan, lead him to writing novels; the first one named Kure Swapnangal, Kure Vanambadigal (Lot of dreams, Lot of nightingales) was published in Kaumudi weekly  Later on most of the magazines like Janayugam, Navayugam, Keralashabdam, Chithrapournnami, Express (Weekly), Mathrubhoomi (Weekly) frequently published his novels  During his career, he wrote 17 novels, of which 8 have been printed as books  One of the novels Vellam (Water) has even inspired a movie He took a break from writing to try his hand in the film industry where he found a new platform to tell his stories  Recently he had taken up writing again for the Mathrubhoomi weekly - a story titled Aandal Puram Pogum Vazhi (En route to Aandal Puram)  Shree Books, Aluwa has published this story as a book  He also wrote the screen play for about 40 dramatic plays for Aakashavani Thrissur  He wrote screenplays for the following too - Hiranya Garbham, Sarppa Sathram, Ivideyo Naalathe Sooryodayam, Vishathan Kaavilinnarattu - each of these plays were meant for various art groups  His famous novels are Virunnusala & Vellam He was unmarried and a resident of Radha Niwas, Kanjoor  He died on 30 August 2008 

Film career
His association with film industry lasted 30 years  Starting as an assistant director for Tamil - Telugu movies in Newton Studios, he later distinguished himself as a producer, director and scriptwriter  His directorial debut, Ninamaninja Kalpadukal, which portrays the trials the Indo-China war, won 4 awards including the President's silver medal for best regional film, and the award for The Best Director  He directed about 6 movies and produced 2 movies on his own  He wrote the screen play and directed 4 episodes of Aithihyamala for Doordarshan  He also directed a tele-film titled Kudajadri 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 5:
Jason Moore (director)
Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television 

Life and career
Jason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University  Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run  He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003   He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction  Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour  Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008  He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008 Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City  The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011 For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters  As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton  A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998 In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow  He also served as an executive producer on the sequel  He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015  Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie 

Filmography
Films

Pitch Perfect (2012)
Sisters (2015)
Shotgun Wedding (2022)Television

Soundtrack writer

Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)
The Voice (2015) (1 episode)
Passage 6:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 7:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 8:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 9:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 10:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Context 2: Passage 1:
Frederick Hibbard
Frederick Cleveland Hibbard  (June 15, 1881 – December 12, 1950) was an American sculptor based in Chicago  Hibbard is best remembered for his Civil War memorials, produced to commemorate both the Union and Confederate causes 
Born and raised in Canton, Missouri, he graduated from the University of Missouri before deciding to be a sculptor  He studied with Lorado Taft at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago Hibbard was a member of the National Sculpture Society and exhibited at their 1923 show held in New York City 

Selected works
Carter H  Harrison, Union Park, Chicago, Illinois, 1907 
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain), Riverview Park, Hannibal, Missouri, 1913 
Volney Rogers Memorial, Mill Creek Park, Youngstown, Ohio, 1920
Bust of John Ross Callahan, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, 1923 
Relief portrait of Jefferson Davis, bronze, Jefferson Davis Monument State Historic Site, Fairview, Kentucky, 1924 
Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn at the Foot of Cardiff Hill, Cardiff Hill, North & Main Streets, Hannibal, Missouri, 1926 
Jefferson Davis, marble, Kentucky State Capitol, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1936 
Jefferson Davis, bronze, Alabama State Capitol, Montgomery, Alabama,  1940 
Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln Monument, East Park, Racine, Wisconsin, 1943 

Military monuments and memorials
Statue of bald eagle on Illinois Memorial, Vicksburg National Military Park, 1906 
Confederate Soldier Monument, Monroe County Courthouse, Forsyth, Georgia, 1907–08 
General James Shields, Carroll County Courthouse, Carrollton, Missouri,  1910 
A replica is at the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul 
Artillery, Cavalry, Infantry, Navy, Sedgwick County Soldiers and Sailors Monument, Wichita, Kansas, 1913  E  M  Viquesney designed the monument and modeled the Victory figure atop its dome 
Confederate Memorial, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Shiloh National Military Park, 1917
Col  Alexander Doniphan, Ray County Courthouse, Richmond, Missouri, 1917–18 
Equestrian Statue of General Ulysses S  Grant, Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Mississippi,  1919 
Col  David N  Foster, Swinney Park, Ft  Wayne, Indiana, 1922 
Parade Rest and Lookout, Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  1923 
James Pendergast Memorial, Case Park, Kansas City, MO  1913 
Fawn fountain, at Promontory Point (Chicago)
Passage 2:
Frederick Cleveland Morgan
Frederick Cleveland Morgan D C L  LL  D (also known as F  C  Morgan, F  Cleveland Morgan and informally as Cleve Morgan) (1 December 1881 – 3 October 1962) was a Canadian department store heir, art collector, museum manager, and philanthropist 

Career
F  Cleveland Morgan was the great nephew of Henry Morgan, founder of  Morgan’s Department stores, which were sold to the Hudson's Bay Company in the early sixties  At age 18, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge  He received an M A  degree in zoology from McGill University in 1904 and then entered the family business Henry Morgan and Company till 1952 when he retired  There, as Vice-President, he was responsible for display, special events and the art and antique departments  Persistent eye problems (he had lost an eye in an accident when he was seven) led to his dedicating his life to building the decorative arts collection that defines the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts He was made the first curator of Decorative Arts at the Art Association of Montreal, now the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and held the position from 1916 until his death in 1962  Under his direction, the collection amassed more than 70,000 works (around 150 every year ) Among his acquisitions were the first Inuit artworks acquired by the Museum; he made these acquisitions in 1953 Denys Sutton of the Apollo magazine believed Morgan was one of the most perceptive connoisseurs of his day in North America  Morgan's "outstanding judgement of quality and discernment" is reflected in the objects he gave (896 in his own name, 262 from his family ),, talked family and friends into purchasing and donating or purchased for the collection  His gifts constituted nearly his entire personal collection but there were many more that came to the collection through his astute knowledge of the art field and influence  These gifts are estimated at about a thousand Another area of interest for him was the breeding of Siberian irises in which he was a pioneer  He was founding member of the American Iris Society  Some of his magnificent cultivars still enhance gardens around the globe In 1912, he built a country home in Senneville, Quebec, and called it Le Sabot  It was designed by David Shennan and today is considered an important monument of the Arts and Crafts movement in Canada and designated as a Historic Site of Canada  He also is responsible for the establishment of the Morgan Arboretum, given to McGill University in 1985  Frederick Cleveland Morgan died in Senneville on October 3, 1962  He is buried in the Cimetière Mont-Royal
Outremont, Montreal Region, Quebec 

Honours
1954 Doctor of Civil Law degree Bishop's University 
1960 Hon  Doctor of Laws McGill University 
1970 (posthumous) Award of Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society for creating the 'Mount Royal' iris 
2014 Designated a Person of National Historic Interest 
Passage 3:
Leota Morgan
Leota Morgan (sometimes credited as Leota Statten Morgan or Leota Morgan Boehm) was an American screenwriter, playwright, and writer  She was born in Missouri to Samuel Morgan and Della Quinn 

Selected works
Films:

The Phantom of the Turf (1928)
Heroes in Blue (1927)
A Light in the Window (1927)
The Truth About Women (1924)
Gambling Wives (1924)
The Empty Cradle (1923)
Man and Wife (1923)
None So Blind (1923)
The Streets of New York (1922)
White Hell (1922)
Common Sense (1920)Plays:

The 11th Woman
The Streets of New York
Banks of the Hudson
Tiger-DoveNovels:

Cheating Wives
Passage 4:
Nate James (disambiguation)
Nathan, Nate or Nathaniel James may refer to:

USS Nathan James, a fictional ship in The Last Ship
Nate James (born 1979), singer-songwriter
Nate James (American football) (born 1945), American football player
Nate James (basketball) (born 1977), American basketball player and coach

See also
All pages with titles containing Nathan James
All pages with titles containing Nathaniel James
Passage 5:
Hélène Grenier
Hélène Grenier was a Canadian librarian born in 1900 who died in 1992 

Biography
She was director of school libraries for the Catholic School Commission of Montreal from 1933 to 1961  A musician, she published in 1947 a monograph entitled The Symphonic Music of Monteverde to Beethoven  She was the granddaughter of former Quebec premier Félix-Gabriel Marchand 
Grenier's archives are kept in the Montreal archives center of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec 
Passage 6:
Nathaniel McLenaghan
Nathaniel McLenaghan (November 11, 1841 – September 26, 1912) was an Ontario merchant and political figure  He represented Lanark South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1890 to 1893 as a Conservative member 
He was born in Drummond Township, Canada West in 1841, the son of Irish immigrants, and educated in Perth  He taught school for several years before becoming involved in exporting cattle  McLenaghan served on the town council for Perth  He was named deputy customs collector at Perth in 1893 and customs collector in 1897 
He died at Perth in 1912 
Passage 7:
Frances Lasker Brody
Frances Lasker Brody (1916–2009) was an American arts advocate, collector, and philanthropist who influenced the development of Los Angeles' cultural life as a founding benefactor of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and later as a guiding patron of the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Gardens Mrs  Brody, who died on November 12, 2009, at 93, was the wife of Sidney F  Brody, a real estate developer who died in 1983, and the stepdaughter of Mary Lasker, a philanthropist and champion of medical research who died in 1994  The Brodys lived in a modernist house in the Holmby Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles that was designed by the architect A  Quincy Jones and the decorator William Haines to show off the couple’s collection 

Early life
Frances Lasker was born May 27, 1916, in Chicago to Flora Lasker (née Warner) and Albert Lasker, who built the advertising firm of Lord & Thomas  Albert Lasker was known in the advertising world for campaigns that popularized Kleenex tissues, Lucky Strike cigarettes and Sunkist orange juice  She studied political science, English and history at Vassar College, where she graduated in 1937 After college, she worked briefly as a model and saleswoman at a dress shop near Chicago  During World War II, while serving in a volunteer ambulance corps, she met Sidney Brody, a decorated Army lieutenant colonel who flew missions in Europe  They were married in 1942 After the war, the couple moved to Los Angeles, where he built a fortune as a developer of shopping centers  He died in 1983



ground_truth: Methala

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who died first, Frederick Cleveland Morgan or Nathaniel Mclenaghan?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Art collection and auction
At the suggestion of Brody's father and her stepmother, medical philanthropist Mary Lasker, she and Sidney began collecting art  Through her work with the UCLA Art Council, which was founded in the early 1950s, she fell in love with a Henry Moore sculpture  "Sid put it under the Christmas tree  And well, by then I guess we were hooked," she told the Los Angeles Times in 1969 With her late husband, Sidney, she played a major role in the launch of LACMA, which opened in 1965, and for many years was a force on the UCLA Art Council, which she helped found and served as president  Under her leadership, the council mounted an important exhibition on the works of Pablo Picasso for his 80th birthday in 1961  She was the catalyst for a major Matisse retrospective at UCLA in 1966 that, with its unprecedented loans from the Matisse family, was what Los Angeles Times critic Henry J  Seldis called "one of the most ambitious exhibitions ever organized locally "
Brody was a member of the Huntington's board of overseers for 20 years, playing a crucial early role in the development of its Chinese garden Sotheby's and Christie's competed for four months for the auction with an original estimated value of $150 million  The Brody collection was a huge success, totaling $224 17 million  Because Brody was passionate about gardens, some of the sale’s proceeds were to go to the Huntington Library A Picasso painting, Nu au Plateau de Sculpteur (Nude, Green Leaves and Bust), was the jewel of the collection and estimated to bring more than $80 million  The painting sold for a $95 million bid, which with the sale charge raised the full price to $106 48 million  Painted in rich blues, pinks and greens, it depicts the artist’s mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter asleep naked; above her, a bust of her head rests on a pedestal  The couple bought the painting from Paul Rosenberg, a New York dealer, who acquired it from Picasso in 1936  Picasso painted several canvases of Marie-Thérèse Walter that year, including Le Rêve, (The Dream), which belongs to the casino owner Stephen A  Wynn A bust by Alberto Giacometti, Grande tête mince (1954), was expected to sell for $25 million to $35 million  His bronze La main (1948) sold for $25 million  The bronze figure of a cat by Giacometti, cast in 1955, sold for $20 8 million Georges Braque’s La Treille set a world record for the painter at $10 16 million  A Marino Marini bronze of a rider, Piccolo cavaliere, followed at $2 32 million, also more than the highest estimate  Picasso’s Femme au chat assise dans un fauteuil, painted in 1964, sold for $18 million In 1951, the Brodys purchased Camille Pissarro’s “Rue Saint-Honoré, dans l’après-midi  Effet de pluie” from the Frank Perls Gallery  The Pissarro is the object of a long-running claim for restitution for Nazi-looted art  The Pissarro had been acquired by the Nazi appraiser Jackob Scheidwimmer from Lilly Cassirer and her husband Otto Neubauer, seized by the Gestapo, and auctioned at a Nazi auction before being smuggled from Germany to California and sold at the Frank Perls Gallery  The Brodys resold the Pissarro via Knoedler in 1952 and, after more transactions it ended up via the Stephen Hahn Gallery in the collection of  Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza 

House
In 1949, the couple commissioned a modernist house in Holmby Hills by architect A  Quincy Jones and interior designer William Haines  The house combined two fashionable contemporary styles: California mid-century Modernist architecture and sophisticated Hollywood Moderne décor  The house became a gathering spot for a cross-section of the city's elite, from old Los Angeles families such as the Chandlers to Hollywood icons Gary Cooper and Joan Crawford and also served as a showcase for a stunning art collection Shortly after the house was completed, the Brodys commissioned Henri Matisse in 1952 to execute a massive ceramic-tile wall mural, one of few the artist ever made, for their courtyard  In 1953 they traveled to France to review his preliminary maquette  The story of Frances’s polite resistance to Matisse’s first cut-out design and how she persuaded the artist to provide alternatives is now legend  Matisse eventually created a 12-by-11-foot ceramic-tile wall mural for the courtyard  It was later donated to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art The Brody House was listed for sale in May 2010 for $24 95 million, the same week the Brody's art collection hit the auction block at Christie's in New York  The 11,500-square-foot (1,070 m2) home at 360 South Mapleton Drive, next door to the Playboy Mansion, sits on 2 3 acres (9,300 m2) and includes a tennis court and a pool with a guesthouse  It was designed with a modernist décor that includes a floating staircase and floor-to-ceiling glass windows that create an indoor-outdoor living space considered cutting edge at the time The Brody House was sold for $14 8 million in late December 2010  The investor/owner spent three years working with the Los Angeles Conservancy to restore the house  In 2014, Ellen DeGeneres bought the house for $39 888 million in an off-market deal 
Passage 8:
David Scotus
David Scotus was a Gaelic chronicler who died in 1139 

Biography
His date of birth is unknown  Early in the twelfth century there was at Würzburg an ecclesiastic and teacher known as David  His surname Scotus shows that he was probably a Gael from either Ireland or Scotland, if he is identical with the homonymous  Bishop of Bangor, from Wales (see below) 
According to Ekkehard's Chronicon, Emperor Henry V received him, was charmed with his virtue and knowledge, and made him one of the imperial chaplains  With other scholars, David accompanied Henry on his expedition to Italy in 1110, and was appointed royal historiographer for the occasion with the intention, perhaps, of drafting the emperor's relatio, a brief narrative stringing together the documents of the intended treaty and presenting his master's achievements in the best light  The expedition did not go to plan, with the incumbent Pope Pascal II at first refusing to crown Henry and his wife, Matilda, relenting only after two months of imprisonment  The work written by David has been lost, although it was used as authority in the writings of William of Malmesbury and Ordericus Vitalis He died in 1139 

Writings
His work in three books is now known only from excerpts of it in later historians, especially in Ekkehard and William of Malmesbury  The latter says that David described the expedition with partiality for the king 

Possibly identical homonym
A certain David was consecrated Bishop of Bangor in Wales, 4 April 1120; according to Malmesbury he was none other than the chaplain David Scotus  As bishop he took part in several English synods, and probably died in 1139, since his successor was then consecrated  But it is not easy to reconcile with the foregoing, the statement of the later historian Trithemius, that David became a monk under St  Macharius in the monastery of St  James in Würzburg, as this abbey was not founded until 1140 

See also
Aaron Scotus (died 1052)
Blessed Marianus Scotus (died circa 1088)
Joseph Scottus (died near 800), Irish deacon, scholar, diplomat, poet, and ecclesiastic
Johannes Scotus Eriugena (circa 815–877), Irish theologian
Marianus Scotus (circa 1028–1082), Irish monk
Marianus Scotus (died c  1088), Irish abbot of St Peter's at Ratisbon (Regensburg)
Sedulius Scottus (9th century), Irish teacher, grammarian and Scriptural commentator

Notes
Sources
 Herbermann, Charles, ed  (1913)  "David Scotus"  Catholic Encyclopedia  New York: Robert Appleton Company 

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed  (1913)  Catholic Encyclopedia  New York: Robert Appleton Company  {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Passage 9:
Nathanael Salmon
Nathanael (or Nathaniel) Salmon (22 March 1675 – 2 April 1742) was an English antiquary who wrote books on Roman and other antiquities to be found in the south-east of England  He was not well respected as a scholar in his time or subsequently, but he was industrious and well travelled, and he recorded many local customs and much folklore 

Early life
Nathanael Salmon was born on 22 March 1675 at Meppershall Rectory, Bedfordshire, the eldest son of Thomas Salmon, the Rector, and his wife Katherine Bradshaw  He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (LLB, 1695) 

Career
Salmon was ordained a priest in 1699, but refused to swear allegiance to Queen Anne in 1702 and thereby reject the son of King James II  He resigned as a curate and worked for a time as a physician  He rejected the offer of a parish in Suffolk, although it paid a stipend of £140 a year Salmon wrote a number of books on local history, collecting folklore and detailing local customs, and he "could turn a pungent phrase " He travelled extensively in England, carefully observing landscape and recording what he was told of the folklore, as well as current life and conditions  His histories are considered inaccurate, but he usefully published much manuscript material 

Death
Salmon died in London on 2 April 1742, leaving three daughters  He was buried at St Dunstan in the West, London 5 April 1742 

Works
The History of Hertfordshire, describing the county and its ancient monuments, particularly the Roman, Richardson, London, 1728 
A New Survey of England, wherein the Defects of Camden are supplied &c, 11 parts, 1728–1729 
The Lives of the English Bishops from the Restauration to the Revolution, 1731–1733 
Antiquities of Surrey, collected from the most ancient records, London, 1736 
The History and Antiquities of Essex, 1740 

See also
Henry Chauncy
Passage 10:
Muiredach Ua hÉnlainge
Muiredach Ua hÉnlainge was a Bishop of Clonfert who died in 1117 



ground_truth: Nathaniel Mclenaghan

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Above Rubies or The Magic Aster?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Magic Mountain
Magic Mountain or The Magic Mountain may refer to:

Books
The Magic Mountain, a novel by Thomas Mann

Places
Magic Mountain (California), a landform that was Nike missile location LA-98R
Magic Mountain (British Columbia), a hydrothermal vent field on the Pacific Ocean sea floor
Magic Mountain site, a prehistoric archaeological site in Colorado
Magic Mountain, Vermont, a natural ski area in Londonderry, Vermont
Magic Mountain (Washington), a mountain on the border of North Cascades National Park and Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, USA

Parks and Recreation
Magic Mountain (roller coaster), a steel roller coaster in Castelnuovo del Garda, Italy
Magic Mountain, Glenelg, a former theme park in Glenelg, Australia
Magic Mountain Resort, a small ski area south of Twin Falls, Idaho
Magic Mountain, Merimbula, a theme park in Australia
Magic Mountain (New Brunswick), a water park in Moncton, New Brunswick
Magic Mountain, Nobby Beach, a former theme park on the Gold Coast, Australia
Six Flags Magic Mountain, a theme park in Valencia, California

Film and TV
The Magic Mountain (1982 film), a film directed by Hans W  Geißendörfer
The Magic Mountain (2015 film), a film directed by Anca Damian
Magic Mountain (TV series), an Australian and Chinese children's programme

Music
"Magic Mountain" (song), by Eric Burdon & War (1977)
Magic Mountain (Hans Koller album) (1997)
Magic Mountain (Black Stone Cherry album) (2014)
"Magic Mountain", a song by Blonde Redhead from Misery Is a Butterfly (2004)
"Magic Mountain", a song by the Drums from Encyclopedia (2014)
Passage 2:
1994–95 Orlando Magic season
The 1994–95 NBA season was the Magic's 6th season in the National Basketball Association  After building through the draft in previous years, the Magic made themselves even stronger by signing free agents Horace Grant, who won three championships with the Chicago Bulls, and Brian Shaw during the off-season  The Magic got off to a fast start winning 22 of their first 27 games, then later holding a 37–10 record at the All-Star break  Despite losing seven of their final eleven games in April, the Magic easily won the Atlantic Division with a 57–25 record  They also finished with a 39–2 home record, tied for second best in NBA history 
Shaquille O'Neal continued to dominate the NBA with 29 3 points, 11 4 rebounds and 2 4 blocks per game, and was named to the All-NBA Second Team, while second-year star Penny Hardaway averaged 20 9 points, 7 2 assists and 1 7 steals per game, while being named to the All-NBA First Team, and Grant gave the Magic one of the most dominant starting lineups in the NBA, averaging 12 8 points and 9 7 rebounds per game, as he was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team  In addition, Nick Anderson provided the team with 15 8 points and 1 6 steals per game, while three-point specialist Dennis Scott played a sixth man role, averaging 12 9 points per game off the bench, Donald Royal contributed 9 1 points and 4 0 rebounds per game as the team's starting small forward, and Shaw contributed 6 4 points and 5 2 assists per game off the bench  O'Neal and Hardaway were both selected to play in the 1995 NBA All-Star Game, with head coach Brian Hill coaching the Eastern Conference  O'Neal also finished in second place in Most Valuable Player voting, while Hardaway finished in tenth place, and Scott finished in fifth place in Sixth Man of the Year voting In the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Magic overwhelmed the Boston Celtics with a 124–77 victory in Game 1  Despite losing Game 2 at home, 99–92, the Magic would eliminate the Celtics at the Boston Garden to win the series, 3–1  These matches would be the final 2 basketball games ever played at the Garden  Coincidentially, O’Neal played his final game in Boston 16 years later with the 2010–11 Boston Celtics before retiring from the NBA at 39 years old In the Eastern Conference Semi-finals, the Magic were matched up against the 5th-seeded Chicago Bulls  The Bulls were on an emotional high as Michael Jordan had just returned from his baseball career to play basketball  Jordan was now wearing the number 45 for the Bulls  The Magic won the first game 94–91  Tensions rose when Anderson indicated that Jordan was no longer the same player when Anderson was quoted by the media saying, "No  45 doesn't explode like No  23 used to  No  23, he could just blow by you  He took off like a space shuttle  No  45, he revs up, but he really doesn't take off " The comment motivated Jordan to return to number 23 and the Bulls evened the series with a 104–94 road win in Game 2  With the series tied at two games a piece, the Magic won Game 5 at home, 103–95  The Magic would eliminate the Bulls in Game 6 as the Magic won, 108–102 to advance to the conference finals In the Eastern Conference finals, the Magic would beat Reggie Miller, and the 2nd-seeded and Central Division champion Indiana Pacers in a tough 7-game series that saw the home team win every game  The Magic were off to their first ever NBA Finals appearance 
In the Finals, the Magic faced off against the 6th-seeded and defending NBA champion Houston Rockets  Shaq would be up against Hakeem Olajuwon in a battle of All-Star Centers  Game 1 was played in Orlando and the game was lost at the free-throw line  Anderson missed four consecutive free throws with the Magic up by three at the waning seconds of the game and the Rockets tied the game at the buzzer  The Rockets would then win Game 1 in overtime, 120–118  The Magic would not recover from their Game 1 loss as the Rockets swept the series in four straight  Following the season, Anthony Avent was traded to the newly expansion Vancouver Grizzlies, and Tree Rollins retired 
For the season, the Magic added new blue pinstripe road uniforms, while the black pinstripe jerseys became their alternate  Both uniforms remained in use until 1998  Orlando did not make another appearance in the NBA Finals until 2009 

Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs  opponents
Game log
Regular season
Playoffs
Player statistics
Season
Playoffs
Awards and honors
Shaquille O'Neal – All-NBA 2nd team, Scoring Champion, All-Star
Penny Hardaway – All-NBA 1st Team, All-Star
Horace Grant – All-Defensive 2nd Team
Brian Hill – All-Star East Head Coach

Transactions
Trades
Free agents
Player Transactions Citation:
Passage 3:
The Magic Christian
The Magic Christian  may refer to:

Magic Christian (magician) (born 1945)
Magic Christian Music, an album by Badfinger featuring three songs from the 1969 film
The Magic Christian (film), a 1969 film
The Magic Christian (novel), a 1959 comic novel by Terry Southern

See also
Christian views on magic
Magic cristian, American musician Phil Cristian
Passage 4:
Celebrate the Magic
Celebrate the Magic was a nighttime show at the Magic Kingdom park of Walt Disney World, that premiered on November 13, 2012  It replaced The Magic, the Memories and You display, a similar show that ran at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland from January 2011 to September 4, 2012 Celebrate the Magic takes place on Cinderella Castle and includes a contemporary musical score, projection mappings, pyrotechnics and lighting  A three-dimensional computer-generated rendering of Cinderella Castle was released by Disney in August 2012, revealing some of the various designs that will be displayed on the structure On October 26, 2016, it was announced that the show would be replaced by Once Upon a Time formerly from Tokyo Disneyland  The last Celebrate the Magic took place on November 3, 2016 

Plot
Tinker Bell introduces the show as she appears flying over the castle's turrets  The castle is transformed into a paper canvas as Walt Disney appears sketching Mickey Mouse in his iconic Steamboat Willie appearance  Tinkerbell enchants a paintbrush, which then becomes the host of the show  A kaleidoscope featuring images of Mickey, Donald Duck and Goofy are projected followed soon after by short clips from Cinderella, Pinocchio and The Princess and the Frog  The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; Alice in Wonderland, Dumbo, Wreck-It Ralph, The Lion King, Tarzan,  The Jungle Book, Lady and the Tramp, Tangled, Toy Story, Pirates of the Caribbean and Frozen  The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Bambi, Sleeping Beauty, Pocahontas, Up, Peter Pan, The Little Mermaid, Finding Nemo, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and Tangled  During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous quotes; "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse"  The show then proceeds into a synchronized pyrotechnic finale 

Seasonal outlook
Similar to its predecessor, Celebrate the Magic will showcase sequences from that will be appropriately themed to seasonal parts of the year  The show premiered with the original Christmas segment from The Magic, the Memories and You  The summer months show films such as Phineas and Ferb, The Little Mermaid and Lilo & Stitch, in addition, segments featuring Disney Princesses and couples for Valentine's Day and Disney Villains for Halloween are shown, and in the winter, Frozen is showcased 
The summer edition debuted during the Monstrous Summer All-Nighter event on May 24, 2013 until August 31, 2013  The Halloween edition featuring the Disney villains debuted on September 1, 2013 until October 31, 2013 
A new segment based on Frozen debuted on November 17, 2013 replacing a segment based on Brave 

See also
Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland
Disneyland Forever
Together Forever: A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular
Once Upon a Time
Passage 5:
Above Rubies
Above Rubies is a 1932 British comedy film directed by Frank Richardson and starring Zoe Palmer, Robin Irvine and Tom Helmore  It is set in Monte Carlo It was made at Walton Studios as a quota quickie for release by United Artists 

Cast
Zoe Palmer as Joan Wellingford
Robin Irvine as Philip
Tom Helmore as Paul
John Deverell as Lord Middlehurst
Franklyn Bellamy as Dupont
Allan Jeayes as Lamont
Madge Snell as Lady Wellingford
Passage 6:
Magic Keyboard
The Magic Keyboard is an Apple trademark used on several of their keyboards, referring to:

Magic Keyboard (Mac), a wireless keyboard released by Apple in 2015
Magic Keyboard for iPad, a wireless keyboard with an integrated trackpad for use in iPads with a Smart Connector, released in 2020
The built-in keyboard of the MacBook Pro since 2019 and MacBook Air since 2020  Older Apple notebook keyboards that used the butterfly-switch mechanism do not use this brand name 
Passage 7:
Got the Magic
Got the Magic may refer to:

Got the Magic (Celtic Harp Orchestra album), 2003
Got the Magic (Spyro Gyra album), 1999
Passage 8:
The Magic Aster
The Magic Aster (马兰花; Ma Lan Hua) is a Chinese animated film released June 19, 2009 by Shanghai Animation Film Studio, Xiamen Shangchen Science and Technology company and the Shanghai Chengtai investment management company 

Cast
The film included a notable cast of celebrities for the voice over of the on-screen characters 
Passage 9:
The Magic House
The Magic House may refer to:

The Magic House (film), a 1939 Czech film
The Magic House (TV series), a 1994–1996 British children's television puppet show that aired on Scottish Television
The Magic House, St  Louis Children's Museum, children's museum in  Missouri
The Magic House is a magical event in the television series Teletubbies about a puppet who walks around his pink house and sings from one of his windows 
Passage 10:
A Price Above Rubies
A Price Above Rubies is a 1998 British-American drama film written and directed by Boaz Yakin and starring Renée Zellweger  The story centers on a young woman who finds it difficult to conform to the restrictions imposed on her by her community  Reviews of the film itself were mixed, though there were generally positive reviews of Zellweger's performance 
The title derives from a Jewish Sabbath tradition  The acrostic Sabbath chant The Woman of Valor (eishet chayil) begins with the verse "    Who can find a woman of valor, her price is far above rubies     ," which in turn is excerpted from The Book of Proverbs  This chant traditionally is a prelude to the weekly toast (kiddush) which begins the Sabbath meal 

Plot summary
Sonia is  a young Brooklyn woman who has just given birth to her first child  She is married, through an arranged marriage, to Mendel, a devout Hasidic Jew who is too repressed and immersed in his studies to give his wife the attention she craves  He even condemns her for making sounds during sex and considers nudity with sex "indecent" 
Sonia is distressed and later, after a panic attack, she tries to kiss her sister-in-law Rachel  Rachel persuades her to talk to the Rebbe but Sonia cannot truly articulate what is upsetting her, instead resorting to a metaphor of a fire burning her up 
Sonia develops a relationship with Sender, who brings her into his jewellery business  Her husband forgets her birthday and Sonia says she longs for something beautiful in her life - even if it is a terrible beauty  Sender is the only release for Sonia's sexuality but she is repelled by his utter lack of morals  He is also abrupt and self-centred in his seductions, never waiting for Sonia to achieve orgasm 
Sonia sometimes sees and hears her brother  He appears as a child and judges her actions  On one occasion she buys a non-kosher egg roll whilst in Chinatown and her brother tells her off and an elderly street beggar-woman sees him and offers him candy  She comments on another woman's earrings and this leads Sonia to track down the maker of a ring she had discovered earlier that day 
The maker is Puerto Rican artist and jewellery designer Ramon, who works as a salesperson in the jewellery quarter but keeps his artistry a secret from everyone in the business 
Later Sonia's husband tells her she cannot continue to work  She is furious  Her husband insists they see a marriage counsellor (their rabbi) but the man decides Sonia is not being a good enough Jew  She says she is tired of being afraid and if she is so offensive to God then 'let him do what he wants to me ' The counsellor says we bring suffering upon ourselves but Sonia protests that her relatives who were murdered in the Holocaust and her brother who died when he was ten did not deserve their suffering  The counsellor says that 'we' do not question the ways of God but Sonia corrects this to 'you' and asserts that she will question whatever she wants to 
Sonia stops wearing her wig and starts wearing a headscarf instead  She introduces Ramon and some samples to a jewellery buyer who expresses an interest in his potential as a designer  They argue at Ramon's flat as she becomes bossy over his career, and he tries to get her to model (clothed) with a naked male model so he can complete a sculpture  She runs away 
Sonia's marriage breaks down irrevocably  Sonia is locked out of her apartment, and finds that her son has been given to Rachel  She is told she may live in a tiny apartment owned by Sender and kept for 'business purposes'  When she arrives, Sender is eating at a table and it is clear he has set her up as his mistress when she asks what the price is to stay: he says above that of emeralds but below the price of rubies  This is 'freedom'  Sonia hands him back the keys and leaves 
None of her friends will take her phone calls and Sonia is homeless  She meets the beggar-woman on the street and is taken to an empty studio and given food  The woman refers to an old legend (one her brother spoke of at the start of the film), to encourage Sonia  Meantime, Mendel takes back his son - for nights only  Rachel protests but he says he would appreciate her caring for his son during the day when he is studying 
Sonia now goes to Ramon's place and he lets her stay  She says he was right to be wary of her when they met as she has destroyed every good thing she had  But Ramon disagrees, removes her jewellery, and points out that her necklace is 'a chain'  (It is unclear if the necklace is of religious significance or if he means the need to have financial security through jewellery is a chain or restriction)  The two end up kissing 
Sonia dreams her brother returns from the lake to say he swam, and she - as her childhood self - says she swam too  When she wakes up in Ramon's bed there is a prominent crucifix on the wall  Sonia goes to speak to the widow of the Rebbe  The widow tells her that Sonia's words about being consumed by fire had awoken a fire in the Rebbe and for the first time in 20 years he had said 'I love you ' It is implied that they made love and the Rebbe had a heart attack  The widow is not unhappy with this outcome  She assists Sonia in reclaiming property from Sender's safe 
With Ramon's ring back in her keeping she returns it to Ramon  She doesn't want to stay as she does not feel she belongs  Ramon offers her time to think about what she wants 
Mendel arrives  Sonia asks after her son and then if Mendel misses her  He shakes his head  He asks the same of her and she shakes her head  They laugh  He apologises for forgetting her birthday but he knows that this was not all it was about  He gives her a ruby as token of his regret and invites her to visit their son 
Mendel leaves and Sonia says, 'God bless you' 

Cast
Renée Zellweger as Sonia Horowitz
Christopher Eccleston as Sender Horowitz
Julianna Margulies as Rachel
Allen Payne as Ramon Garcia
Glenn Fitzgerald as Mendel Horowitz
Shelton Dane as Yossi
Kim Hunter as Rebbetzin
John Randolph as Rebbe Moshe
Kathleen Chalfant as Beggar Woman
Peter Jacobson as Schmuel
Edie Falco as Feiga
Allen Swift as Mr  Fishbein

Production
It was shot in Brooklyn during 1997  Entertainment Weekly reported that a group of onlookers, upset over the film's depiction of Judaism, got in the way of shooting one day  The producers faced backlash for casting Zellweger, who did not follow Judaism, in the lead role  Director Boaz Yakin remarked, "Zellweger was the best actor for the part  She is an actor  The Jews that worked on this film knew less about the Hasidic lifestyle than Renee did after reading 10 books about it  So, being a Jew doesn't qualify you to act the part any more than any other thing  It was more important for each actor and actress to find the emotional light of their character and learn to wear it like a second skin "

Reception
Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie three stars  While impressed by Zellweger's "ferociously strong performance", he found the film did not teach us "much about her society", and that the Hasidic community could have been treated in greater depth  Charles Taylor of Salon likewise appreciated Zellweger's performance, while also finding the cultural aspect treated too superficially  He described Sonia's choices as "clichés left over from the Liberated Woman movies of 20 years ago", and the movie generally as "that old middle-of-the-road groaner about the good and bad in every race"  Maria Garcia of Film Journal International was more positively inclined to the movie, and called it a "beautifully wrought, skillfully rendered, and brilliantly acted film" 



ground_truth: Above Rubies