prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of the director of film Bhagirathi (Film)?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jason Moore (director)
Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television 

Life and career
Jason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University  Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run  He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003   He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction  Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour  Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008  He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008 Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City  The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011 For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters  As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton  A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998 In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow  He also served as an executive producer on the sequel  He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015  Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie 

Filmography
Films

Pitch Perfect (2012)
Sisters (2015)
Shotgun Wedding (2022)Television

Soundtrack writer

Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)
The Voice (2015) (1 episode)
Passage 2:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 3:
Bhagirathi (film)
Bhagirathi (Kannada: ಭಾಗೀರಥಿ) is a 2012 Indian Kannada drama film written and directed by Baraguru Ramachandrappa  The film stars Bhavana and Kishore in the lead roles with Srinath, Tara, Hema Choudhury and Padma Vasanthi in the supporting role  The film is based on a folktale from North Karnataka, "Kerege Haara", which glorifies the sacrifice of a young woman for the sake of her village and her heart-broken husband 

Plot
Bhagirathi (Bhavana) dreams of a tank for her village and inspired by her, Maadevaraya (Kishore), the son of Mallanagowda (Srinath), convinces his father to construct one for the community  When Maadevaraya and Bhagirathi fall in love, class differences come in the way  But when they decide to end their lives, Mallanagowda is moved to solemnise their marriage on the tank's site 
As fate would have it, the tank remains dry and the priest advises Mallanagowda to sacrifice of one of his daughters-in-law  The lot falls on Bhagirathi  On learning what has happened to his young wife, Maadevaraya ends his life in the tank 

Cast
Bhavana as Bhagirathi
Kishore as Mahadevaraya
Srinath as Mallanagowda
Tara
Hema Choudhury
Padma Vasanthi
Shivadhwaj
Ravishankar
Vatsala Mohan

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album of the film was released on 20 November 2011 by actor Puneeth Rajkumar in Bangalore 
 The album consists of six tracks, lyrics for which were written by Baraguru Ramachandrappa for music composed by V  Manohar, who also scored the film's background music 

Review
IBN Live reviewed the movie and said, "Bhagirathi' is a one time watch"  The Hindu review the movie and said "Bhagirathi - Bringing alive a Kannada folktale" The movie completed 100 days of show 

Awards
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress - Bhavana
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Lyricist - Baraguru Ramachandrappa
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Archana Udupa
Udaya Film Awards for Best Supporting Actress - Tara
Passage 4:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 5:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 6:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 7:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 8:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 9:
Baraguru Ramachandrappa
Baraguru Ramachandrappa (born 18 October 1947) is an Indian essayist, lyricist, screenwriter, film director, socialist, writer, novelist, predominantly works in Kannada language and President of the Textbook Revision Committee, in Karnataka Text Books Society (KTBS) from May 2015  In 2008, he was given an honorary doctorate by the Kuvempu University and Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka Ramachandrappa won the National Film Award for Best Lyrics in 2002 for "Baruthe Ve Nav Baruthe Ve" in the film Thaayi and was given the Pampa Award in 2011 by the Government of Karnataka for his contribution to Kannada literature  His directorial debut film, Ondu Oorina Kathe (1978), fetched him the State award for best story writer for the year 1978–79  Since then, he has been the recipient of several awards, both national and international  His novel Suntaragali won the Karnataka Sahitya Academy award 

Biography
Ramachandrappa was born to Kenchamma and Rangadasappa in Baraguru village in the Tumkur district, Karnataka state  After completing his studies, he worked as a professor in the Kannada department of Bangalore University  He was the president of the Kannada Sahitya Academy for two years  He has made notable contributions as the Chairman of Kannada Development Authority as well as a member of various educational institutions, Doordarshan, literary and film based organizations  His contribution to Kannada literature includes novels, collection of poetry, short stories, drama, edition of other works and research and criticism for which he was awarded by the Karnataka Sahitya Academy  Class based society and its challenges is a theme that is well expressed in his creative works 

Literary works
Research and criticism

Saahithya Matthu Raajakaarana
Samskruthi Mattu Srujanasheelathe
Bandaaya Sahithya Meemanse
Samskruthi - Upa samskruthi
Vartamaana
Rajakeeya chinthane
Samskruthi: Shrama mattu srujanasheelathe
Parampareyondige Pisumathu
Kannada Sahityavemba Swatantrya Horata
Shabdavillada Yuddha
Cinema Ondu Janapada Kale
Maryaadastha ManushyaraagonaNovels

Sootra
Ukkina Kote
Ondu Oorina Kathe
Benki
Surya
Sangappana Saahasagalu
Seelu Nela
Bharatha Nagari
Gaagina Mane
Swapna Mantapa
ShabariCollections of poems

Kanasina Kannik
Marakutika
Nettaralli Nenda Hoovu
Gulaama Geethe
Maguvina Haadu
Kaantesadalli Kavya (anthology)Short stories

Suntaragaali
Kappu Nelada Kempu Kaalu
Ondu Oorina Kathegalu (anthology)Drama

Kappu halage
Kote

Awards
Karnataka State Film Awards1978–79: Best Story Writer – Ondu Oorina Kathe
1978–79: Best Dialogue Writer – Ondu Oorina Kathe
1983-84: Second Best Film - Benki'
1983–84: Best Story Writer - Benki
1986–87: Second Best Film - Surya
1988–89: Jury Special Award (Lyrics) – Kote
1996–97: Best Film of Social Concern - Karadipura
1996–97: Best Dialogue Writer - Janumada Jodi
1999–00: Best Story Writer - Hagalu Vesha
1999–00: Best Lyricist - Hagalu Vesha
2002–03: Second Best Film - Kshaama
2003–04: Second Best Film - Shanthi
2005–06: Best Film of Social Concern - Thayi
2005–06: Best Lyricist - Thayi
2007–08: Best Children's Film - Ekalavya
2008–09: Best Story Writer - Ugragami
2009–10: Best Film of Social Concern - Shabari
2011: Best Lyricist - Bhagirathi
2012: Best Story Writer - Angulimala
2014: Puttanna Kanagal Award

Filmography
Ramachandrappa has been making films for more than thirty years  His debut film Ondu Oorina Kathe won him the Best Story Writer Award, Karnataka Government Film Awards in 1978  He has made several documentaries and most of his thirteen feature films have won either a Karnataka State Award or a National Film Award  His film Shanti, with only one artist entered the Guinness Book of World Records  In 2014 Karnataka State "Puttanna Kanagal Award" (Puttanna Kanagal was among the front runners in Kannada cinema's most successful film directors  In his memory and honor, this award is presented to the directors every year during the Karnataka State Awards function) 

As Director
Others
Passage 10:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Christiane Wartenberg
Christiane Wartenberg (née Stoll, born 27 October 1956 in Prenzlau) is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 1500 metres 
She competed for East Germany in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Russia in the 1500 metres where she won the Silver medal 
Passage 2:
Empress Shōken
Empress Dowager Shōken (昭憲皇太后, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (一条勝子, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan  She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (昭憲皇后, Shōken-kōgō)  She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War 

Early life
Lady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan  She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch  Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family  Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox  As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5  By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy  By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama  She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850  They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (美子), which was intended to reflect her 
serene beauty and diminutive size 
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered  The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868 

Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869  She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years  However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children  Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince  On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo  In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations 

Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing  On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S  Grant during his visit to Japan  She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881  Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers  From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers  When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University  In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto  While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society  She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross  Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities  After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895  While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay 

Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (皇太后, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō  She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband  Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo  On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shōken Kōtaigō (昭憲皇太后)  Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture 

Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888

Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St  Catherine, 13 December 1887
 Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
 Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
 German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
 Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908

Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
Ōmiya Palace

Notes
Passage 3:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl  late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria 

Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios  Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife  On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife  According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium  According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca  998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava  Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil 
Passage 4:
Frank Wartenberg
Frank Wartenberg (born 29 May 1955 in Bülzig) is a retired East German long jumper 
He won the bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal  He also won the 1973 European Junior Championships, finished eighth at the 1974 European Indoor Championships and 
fifth at the 1977 European Indoor Championships  He became East German champion in 1976 representing the sports club SC Chemie Halle His personal best jump was 8 18 metres, achieved in July 1976 in East Berlin In 1977 he married Christiane Wartenberg, née Stoll 
Passage 5:
Alma Wartenberg
Wilhelmine Catharina Alma Wartenberg (born Stähr; * 22 December 1871 in Ottensen; died 25 December 1928 in Altona) was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany und Women's Rights Activists 

Life
Alma Wartenberg was born into a social democratic working class family with twelve children  She worked as a housemaid until she married the locksmith Ferdinand Wartenberg  They had four children
In Hamburg-Ottensen was crucially engaged in forming the proletarian women's movement  1902 to 1906 she was elected every year on women's congresses as a social democratic delegate for the constituency Ottensen/Pinneberg  Asagitator amongst working women, Wartenberg toured through the North-German state of Schleswig-Holstein and participated in women's conferences and party conventions as a delegate  1905 she initiated with others a campaign against the judgement of the Altona court to release four young and middle class men after they had been found guilty of the rape of a housemaid  During and after the campaign, Wartenberg supported a collaboration with the so-called "Radicals" of the middle class women's movement  This contradicted the official party policy and brought her in conflict with the party leadership  A procedure to expel her from the party was stopped  However, she was nonetheless forced to put down her responsibilities as a delegate 
Being denied to continue working as a delegate for the party, Wartenberg took action especially for maternity protection, birth control and sexual education  High infant mortality rate, widespread „women's suffering“ due to many births, miscarriages and a large number of illegal abortions, lack of information to sexual issues and missing government support had alarmed her  Again, she toured the country, this time with pictured slide shows, to educate about female anatomy, contraception and mother protection  Her shows drew hundreds of listeners  After her show she publicly sold contraception, even though the "sale or transmission of hygienic rubber articles" was liable to prosecution in the  German Empire  With this she didn't only antagonize the Empire's judiciary but also the association of doctors and especially ecclesiastic circles  Repeatedly she was prosecuted for „offense of public nuisance“  However, she insisted on every woman's right to decide over her body and number of births alone 
Again in contradiction with official party policy, Wartenberg supported the idea of a „birthing strike“ that was controversially discussed within social democracy as a protest against the compulsion to give birth propagated by the state 
In 1919, Alma Wartenberg became the SPD's delegate in the Altona Stadtverordnetenkollegium  In 1925 she was elected as the sole female member of the Landtag Schleswig-Holstein gewählt 
After a stroke she stepped back from all her responsibilities in 1927 and died in the following year 

Honours
In 1997, a public place was named after Alma Wartenberg 

Further reading
Inge Döll-Krämer: "Alma Wartenberg – sozialdemokratische „Vertrauensperson“ in Ottensen", in:  Aufgeweckt  Frauenalltag in vier Jahrhunderten  Ein Lesebuch  ergebnisse Verlag, Hamburg 1988, S  182–194 
Heike Haarhoff: "Späte Straßen-(Um)Taufe  Der neue Alma-Wartenberg-Platz wird heute gefeiert", in: taz (8  März 1997), Hamburg Spezial 66, S  42 
Robert Jütte: Lust ohne Last  Geschichte der Empfängnisverhütung  Beck, München 2003, S  257 
Gisela Notz (Hrsg ): Kalender 2005  Wegbereiterinnen III (PDF; 952 kB)  Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2004, Kalenderblatt für Oktober 
Rita Bake: Wer steckt dahinter? Nach Frauen benannte Straßen, Plätze und Brücken in Hamburg  Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, Hamburg 2005 (4  Auflage), S  20f 
"Wer war eigentlich    ? Alma Wartenberg (1871–1928)", in: Ottenser – das unabhängige Stadtteilmagazin 01 (Mai/Juni 2006) (PDF; 4,0 MB), S  13 
Bodo Schümann: "Wartenberg, Wilhelmine Catharina Alma"  In: Franklin Kopitzsch, Dirk Brietzke  Hamburgische Biografie, Personen-Lexikon  Wallstein, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8353-1025-4, S  359–361 

External links

Biografie Wartenbergs auf der Seite des Stadtteilarchivs Ottensen
Passage 6:
Eunoë (wife of Bogudes)
Eunoë Maura was the wife of Bogudes, King of Western Mauretania  Her name has also been spelled Euries or Euryes or Eunoa 

Biography
Early life
Eunoë Maura was thought to be descended from Berbers, but her name is Greek so it appears she might have been from there or had Greek ancestry  She was likely of very high status, as she is mentioned by historian Suetonius in the same context as Cleopatra 

Marriage
At an unspecified early date in her marriage to her husband Bogud he mounted an expedition along the Atlantic coast, seemingly venturing into the tropics  When he returned he presented his wife Eunoë with gigantic reeds and asparagus he had found on the journey She is believed to have been a mistress of Julius Caesar  She may have replaced Cleopatra in Caesar's affections, when he arrived in North Africa prior to the Battle of Thapsus on 6 April 46 BC, the two were among several queens courted by Caesar  It is also possible that they first met in Spain if she accompanied her husband there on a campaign  Only a brief romance for the Roman, both Eunoe and Bogudes profited through gifts bestowed on them by Caesar  Caesar departed from Africa in June 46 BC, five and a half months after he landed 

Cultural depictions
Eunoë and Caesar's affair is greatly exaggerated and expanded on in the Medieval French prose work Faits des Romains  Jeanette Beer in her book A Medieval Caesar states that the Roman general is "transformed into Caesar, the medieval chevalier" in the text, and that the author is more interested in Caesar's sexual dominance over the queen than the political dominance he held over her husband Bogud  The text describes her; "Eunoe was the most beautiful woman in four kingdoms — nevertheless, she was Moorish", which Beer further analysed as being indicative of the fact that it was unimaginable to audiences of the time to believe that a lover of Caesar could be ugly, but that Moors still represented everything that was ugly to them Eunoë has also been depicted in several novels about Caesar, as well as serialized stories in The Cornhill Magazine  In such fiction her character often serves as a foil for the relationship between Caesar and another woman, mostly Cleopatra, such as in The Memoirs of Cleopatra, The Bloodied Toga and When We Were Gods  In Song of the Nile she also plays a posthumous role as a person of interest for Cleopatra's daughter Selene II who became queen of Mauritania after her Eunoe has also been depicted in a numismatic drawing by Italian artist and polymath Jacopo Strada, who lived in the 16th century  There is however no archaeological evidence of a coin that bears her name or picture 

See also
Women in ancient Rome
Passage 7:
Hafsa Hatun
Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه خاتون, "young lioness") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 

Life
Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids  She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids  Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid  Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died  Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families 

Charities
Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid  She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry 

See also
Ottoman dynasty
Ottoman Empire
Passage 8:
Artaynte
Artaynte (f  478 BC), was the wife of the Crown Prince Darius 

Life
Daughter of an unnamed woman and Prince Masistes, a marshall of the armies during the invasion of Greece in 480-479 BC, and the brother of King Xerxes I 
During the Greek campaign Xerxes developed a passionate desire for the wife of Masistes, but she would constantly resist and would not bend to his will  Upon his return to Sardis, the king endeavoured to bring about the marriage of his son Daris to Artaynte, the daughter of this woman the wife of Masistes, supposing that by doing so he could obtain her more easily 
After moving to Susa he brought Artaynte to the royal house with him for his son Daris, but fell in love with her himself, and after obtaining her they became lovers  
At the behest of Xerxes, Artaynte committed adultery with him (Xerxes)  When queen Amestris found out, she did not seek revenge against Artaynte, but against her mother, Masistes' wife, as Amestris thought that it was her connivance  On Xerxes' birthday, Amestris sent for his guards and mutilated Masistes' wife by cutting off her breasts and threw them to dogs, and her nose and ears and lips also, and cutting out her tongue as well  On seeing this, Masistes fled to Bactria to start a revolt, but was intercepted by Xerxes' army who killed him and his sons 
Passage 9:
Catherine Exley
Catherine Exley (1779–1857) was an English diarist  She was the wife of a soldier who accompanied her husband when he served in Portugal, Spain, and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars  Exley is best known as the author of a diary that gives an account of military life in that era from the viewpoint of the wife of a common soldier 

Background
Catherine Whitaker was born at Leeds in 1779 and married Joshua Exley there in 1806  Between  1805 and 1815, Joshua served in the Second Battalion of the 34th Regiment of Foot, initially as a private and then for a little over two years, as a corporal  Exley accompanied her husband for a substantial portion of this time and in due course wrote an account that is probably unique in that it records and reflects on life in the British Army from the perspective of the wife of a soldier who did not reach the rank of an officer 

The diary
Catherine's diary was first published as a booklet issued shortly after her death  A single copy of the booklet is known to exist, it was also reprinted in The Dewsbury Reporter during August 1923  The text of the diary is included in full in a more recently issued book, edited by Professor Rebecca Probert, along with essays on its military and religious context, the treatment of prisoners of war and the role of women in the British, French and Spanish armed forces during the Peninsular War 
The diary unfolds the hardships that both Catherine and her husband suffered during his military service, including one period when they both wrongly thought that the other had died  There are detailed accounts of the births and deaths of children, the cold, hunger and filthy conditions of military life and the horror of the aftermaths of battles  Details of the author's religious experiences which led her to membership of the Methodist church also appear  Exley wrote the diary during the last 20 years before her death, which took place in 1857 at Batley, Yorkshire 
Passage 10:
Elke Büdenbender
Elke Büdenbender (born 14 January 1962) is a German jurist, and, since 1995, the wife of Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the current President of Germany 

Early life
Büdenbender attended intermediate secondary school in Siegen, after which she trained as an industrial clerk at a company in the machine building industry in Siegen  In 1982 she attended Siegerland College in Siegen and then worked as a clerk at a logistics company  In 1985, she began her degree in law at Justus Liebig University in Giessen, where she passed her first state law examination in 1991 

Career
From 1987, Büdenbender worked as a student assistant and later as a research assistant to Professor Brun-Otto Bryde at the Chair of Public Law  She completed her practical legal training at Hanover Regional Court in 1994, when she passed her second state law examination  
Thereafter, Büdenbender worked as a judge at Hanover Administrative Court  She has been a judge at Berlin Administrative Court since 2000  She is currently on long-term leave in order to devote her time to being the first lady 

Other activities
German-Israeli Future Forum, Member of the Board of Trustees

Personal life
In 1995 Büdenbender married Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who was elected as the twelfth President of the Federal Republic of Germany on 12 February 2017  They have one daughter  On 24 August 2010, she received a kidney transplant that was donated by her husband 

Honours
Foreign Honours
 Denmark: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (19 November 2021)
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (17 September 2018)
 Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (16 June 2019)
 Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (17 September 2019)
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars (19 February 2019)
 Netherlands: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (5 July 2021)
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (11 October 2022)
 Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (7 September 2021)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mary Martin (missionary)
Mother Mary of the Incarnation Martin, M M M  (24 April 1892 – 1975) was the Irish foundress of the Catholic religious institute of the Medical Missionaries of Mary 

Early life
She was born Marie Helena Martin in Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on 24 April 1892, the second of the twelve children her parents Thomas Martin and Mary Moore were to have  In 1904, while attending classes for her First Holy Communion, Martin contracted rheumatic fever, which was to affect her heart permanently  Tragedy hit the family on St  Patrick's Day 1907, as her father was killed in what was presumed to be an accidental shooting  Later her mother sent her to schools in Scotland, England and Germany, all of which she left as quickly as possible Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Martin joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, a division of the Red Cross, and helped with the nursing of wounded soldiers brought back from the front  Her own brother, Charles, was soon sent to fight in the campaign of Gallipoli  In October 1915, she was assigned to work in Malta  Here she helped there for the thousands of soldiers being brought back from that battle  Learning that her brother had been declared missing in action, she sought to gain information about his fate from the returning soldiers  Learning little of use added to her stress and she began to long to return home  The family finally learned that Charlie had been killed in the conflict, dying of wounds received at the battle  She returned to Ireland in April 1916  While she was at sea, the Easter Uprising took place in Dublin, which was to lead to the establishment of the Republic of Ireland Martin was called to serve again a month later at Hardelot, France, in a field hospital near the front lines of the Battle of the Somme  There she cared for soldiers suffering from gas poisoning  This assignment lasted until December of that year, followed by a brief stint in Leeds, England  All this time, she tried to discern her future  Shortly after the end of the War, she was called up on help in nursing victims of the Spanish flu, which had begun to devastate populations around the world In 1917 a new curate came to the parish which Martin attended, the Reverend Thomas Roynane, to whom she turned for guidance  Roynane had an interest in missionary work, bringing together two fellow members of the clergy who were go to on and found the Missionary Society of St  Columban  They soon conceived of the idea of a congregation of Religious Sisters to provide medical care in the missions of China to which they had planned to go  Roynane recruited two women to commit themselves to this work, the Lady Frances Moloney and Agnes Ryan, a local schoolteacher 

Training for the missions
Roynane had also inspired Martin with an interest in pursuing this calling   To this end she went to England in January 1919 for further medical training  She was scheduled to undertake training in midwifery the following year   Her mother's severe illness prevented her from taking that training, however, as she had to return home to care for her   By chance, Joseph Shanahan, C S Sp , an Irish member of the missionary Holy Ghost Fathers, had just been named Vicar Apostolic for southern Nigeria, then still a British colony  He received permission to recruit among the secular clergy to serve there on contracts of five-years duration   Roynane received permission from his own bishop to volunteer for this work In April 1920, Roynane arranged for Martin to meet the new bishop, and she volunteered her services as a lay missionary to work in his jurisdiction  She advised him that she was about to comment training as a midwife  Ryan, by now in her fourth year of medical training, advised her that she wished to join her in the African mission  She completed that training in February 1921 

Service in Africa
In April of that same year, Martin left Ireland for Nigeria, with Ryan, who had left her studies  They set sail for Africa from Liverpool on 25 May on the S S  Elmina, a ship of the African Steamship Company  They arrived in the port of Calabar on 14 June  They arrived prepared to provide medical care, only to learn that they were expected to run a school which had been staffed by French Religious Sisters until two years prior  To give the parents and children of the school a sense of continuity, the two women were addressed as "Sisters" by the priests and treated as if they were already members of an established religious institute By October, Ryan had contracted malaria and developed a heart condition, which required her return to Ireland  Forced to fill in as Acting Headmistress, Martin determined to confer directly with the bishop in his headquarters at Onitsha, a journey of 100 miles (160 kilometers), for which she brought along three of the oldest girls at the school  Meeting with the bishop, Martin was advised that caution was needed in providing medical care to the people of her mission, so as not to provoke objections by other missionaries in the region  Further, before leaving Ireland, the bishop had organized a support group of Catholic mothers to provide assistance to the missions, of which Martin's own mother had become the president  They agreed that a religious congregation was needed to meet the needs of the mission  Upon her return to Calabar, Martin made a 30-day retreat In April 1922 the bishop traveled there and held two weeks of consultations with Martin, Roynane and another missioner, during which the Rule and Constitutions of a new congregation were hammered out, with the understanding that Martin would be the foundress  Martin was not to see the bishop again for two years  During this time she learned that the bishop was working to establish the new congregation in Ireland, a direction she felt would focus the congregation on teaching rather than the medical care to which she felt called  An Irish Sister of Charity, Sister Magdalen Walker, was released from her congregation to help in this new work  She arrived in Calabar in October 1923  The following January Martin was directed by the bishop to return to Ireland to make a canonical novitiate  In March she joined Agnes Ryan, another volunteer at the mission, Elizabeth Ryan, and an American candidate, Veronica Hasson, as they started their time of postulancy, prior to admission to the novitiate year  After 18 months, however, upon completion of the novitiate year she left the community, as the training provided by the Dominican Sisters providing their formation had not been oriented toward medical care 

New paths
In this formal step of forming the new congregation, Martin had encountered the prohibition in the new Code of Canon Law of 1917 of the Catholic Church against members of religious orders practicing medicine  Facing this barrier, Martin still felt a call to consecrated life and considered following the example of the recently canonized Carmelite nun, Thérèse of Lisieux (coincidentally also bearing the family name of Martin)  In 1927 she applied to the community of that Order in Dublin, but her application was declined, solely on the decision of the prioress who overrode a unanimous vote by community, feeling that Martin was called to a different path in life  She then went through a new period of confusion until she was requested to consider again serving the missions  She then formed a small group of women to provide the domestic service for the preparatory school run by the Benedictine monks Glenstal Abbey Following a long period of illness in 1932, the following year Martin approached the new Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland, Archbishop Paschal Robinson, O F M  The nuncio was supportive of her goals and encouraged her continually over the next years  Finally, in February 1936, the Holy See lifted prohibition against Religious Sisters serving as doctors or midwives  Martin then sought a diocese which would accept a new congregation, without success  In October of that same year, Robinson's former secretary, Antonio Riberi, was named Apostolic Delegate in Africa, based in Kenya  He gave his support to having the congregation established in Calabar, which at that time was under a new Vicar Apostolic, James Moynagh, S P S , whose own sister was a member of the new community 

Foundation
While still negotiating to purchase a house in Ireland as a local base, complicated by the fact that they were not yet a formal congregation, the small community sailed for Nigeria at the end of 1936  Upon their arrival Martin suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at Port Harcourt  It was there that she professed religious vows on 4 April 1937  With that the Medical Missionaries of Mary became established 

Legacy
Martin's health was always a source of concern but she lived until 1975  Today the Medical Missionaries of Mary number some 400 women from 16 different nations, who serve in 14 different countries around the world 
Passage 2:
Henry Morgan (bishop)
Henry Morgan (died 23 December 1559) was a Welsh lawyer and churchman, Bishop of St Davids during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
He was born in Dewisland, Pembrokeshire, and became a student in the University of Oxford in 1515  He proceeded B C L  10 July 1522, and D C L  17 July 1525, and soon after became principal of St  Edward's Hall, which was then a hostel for civilians  He was admitted at Doctors' Commons 27 October 1528, and for several years acted as moderator of those who performed exercises for their degrees in civil law at Oxford 
Taking holy orders, he obtained rapid preferment  He became rector of Walwyn's Castle, Pembrokeshire, 12 February 1530; canon of Bristol, 4 June 1542; prebendary of the collegiate church St Carantoc's Church, Crantock in Cornwall, 1547; canon of Exeter, 1548; rector of Mawgan, Cornwall, 1549, and of St  Columb Major, Cornwall, 1550 
On the deprivation of Robert Ferrar he was appointed by Queen Mary bishop of St  David's in 1554  He held the see until he was deprived of it, on the accession of Elizabeth, about midsummer 1559  He then retired to Wolvercote, near Oxford, where some relatives, including the Owens of Godstow House, resided  He died at Wolvercote on 23 December 1559, and was buried in the church there  John Foxe in his Acts and Monuments of the Church and Thomas Beard in his Theatre of God's Judgments state that Morgan was 'stricken by God's hand' with a malady; Foxe gives some gruesome details; but Anthony à Wood could find no tradition to that effect among the inhabitants of Wolvercote 

Notes
Passage 3:
Nicolas Spierinc
Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s  Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy  He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth  He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours 

Notes
Sources
de Schryver, Antoine  The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008  ISBN 978-0-8923-6943-0
Kren, Thomas  Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J  Paul Getty Museum  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010  ISBN 978-1-6060-6014-8
Passage 4:
William Rede (by 1529–at least 1569)
William Rede (born by 1529 - at least 1569) was an English politician during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
Rede was probably the son of the clothier Thomas Rede  He was probably the William who was from Yate, Gloucestershire and married a daughter of the clothier, Walter Bailey  He had a son, Edward Rede  In 1554, he was described as 'of Bristol', suggesting a possible connection to William Rede I 

Career
Rede was a Member of Parliament for Devizes in October 1553  He was admitted to the Middle Temple 
Passage 5:
Mary of England
Mary of England may refer to:

Mary I of England (1516–1558), Queen of England from 1553 until her death
Mary II of England (1662–1694), Queen of England from 1689 until her death

See also
Henrietta Maria of France (1609–1669), queen consort of England, also known as Queen Mary
Mary of Modena (1685–1688), queen consort of England
Mary of Scotland (disambiguation)
Mary of Teck (1867–1953), queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Mary of Waltham (1344–1362), daughter of Edward III of England
Mary of Woodstock (1279–1332), daughter of Edward I of England
Mary of York (1467–1482), daughter of Edward IV of England
Mary Stuart (1605–1607), daughter of James VI and I, King of England
Mary Tudor (disambiguation)
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1631–1660), daughter of Charles I of England
Princess Mary (disambiguation)
Queen Mary (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
Avelin Mary
Avelin Mary is a marine biologist and a Roman Catholic nun belonging to the Congregation of the Mother of Sorrows, Servants of Mary  She is a Director of Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC), Tuticorin 

Education
Mary received her Ph D  in marine biology from Marathwada University, Aurangabad  She completed her post-doctoral work at Osborne Laboratories (New York Zoological Society) and Duke University Marine Laboratories (Beaufort, North Carolina)  She was a visiting scientist at Tulane University, Duke University, University of Delaware, University of Hawaii and Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan In 1988, she returned to India to establish her own independent research group  Her research area is the biology of barnacles  Her specific interest is in the replacement of toxic chemicals affecting the ocean environment with alternative compounds from natural sources that may have similar functional properties without the toxic effects on other marine organisms 

Career
Mary was the principal of St  Mary's College, a Catholic institution for higher education of women in Tuticorin In 1991, she founded Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC) as an independent non-profit organization for the purpose of marine research and conservation  She is currently the Director of the institute, which is affiliated with U S -based research and development company Poseidon Ocean Sciences, Inc During her study of corals, she discovered they produce chemicals that could prevent fouling in ships and save millions of dollars 

Awards
Mary was named one of the "2,000 outstanding scientists of the 20th century" by the International Biographical Research Centre at Cambridge  In 1999, the vanity press American Biographical Institute awarded her "Woman of the Year 1998",In 2002, she was recognized by India's National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) in New Delhi as one of 14 Scientists of the Year  She received the award in Calcutta In January 2003, she was one of 12 recipients of the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation's 2003 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Award for Excellence 
Passage 7:
Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony 
The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband  She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited  When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross



ground_truth: Tumkur

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of Frank Wartenberg's wife?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation  She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs  She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu 

Life
Birth
Eleanor was born in Burgos, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu  Her Castilian name, Leonor, became Alienor or Alianor in England, and Eleanor in modern English  She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Eleanor of England, the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England 
Eleanor was the second of five children born to Ferdinand and Joan  Her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43; two sons born after Louis died young  For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers were paid to walk in the public procession to commemorate each year of her life  As the tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life, 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or 1241 
As her parents were apart from each other for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in Andalusia, from which he returned to the north of Spain only in February 1241, Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year  The courts of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for their literary atmosphere  Both kings also encouraged extensive education of the royal children, and it is therefore likely that Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood which is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen She was at her father's deathbed in Seville in 1252 

Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre
Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future Edward I of England was not the only marriage her family planned for her The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the Kingdom of Navarre due to sworn homage from Garcia VI of Navarre in 1134  In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir, Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X of Castile, stalled negotiations with England in hopes that she would marry Theobald II of Navarre  
The marriage afforded several advantages  First, the Pyrenees kingdom also afforded passage from Castile to Gascony  Secondly, Theobald II was not yet of age, thus the opportunity existed to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile  To avoid Castilian control, Margaret of Bourbon (mother and regent to Theobald II) in August 1253 allied with James I of Aragon instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised that Theobald would never marry Eleanor 

Marriage
In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected another ancestral claim, this time to the duchy of Gascony in the south of Aquitaine (the last possession of the Kings of England in France), which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of Eleanor of England  Henry III of England swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves  Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward (by now the titular duke), and Alfonso would transfer his Gascon claims to Edward  Henry was so anxious for the marriage to take place that he willingly abandoned elaborate preparations already made for Edward's knighting in England and agreed that Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next Feast of Assumption The young couple were married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254  Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed, as Edward's grandfather King John of England and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine  Following the marriage they spent nearly a year in Gascony, with Edward ruling as lord of Aquitaine  During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to her first child, a short-lived daughter  She journeyed to England alone in late summer of 1255  Edward followed her a few months later Henry III took pride in resolving the Gascon crisis so decisively, but his English subjects feared that the marriage would bring Eleanor's kinfolk and countrymen to live off Henry's ruinous generosity  A few of her relatives did come to England soon after her marriage  She was too young to stop them or prevent Henry III from supporting them, but she was blamed anyway and her marriage soon became unpopular 
The presence of more English, French and Norman soldiers of fortune and opportunists in the cities of Seville and Cordoba, recently conquered from the Moorish Almohads, would be increased, however, thanks to this alliance between royal houses, until the advent of the later Hundred Years War, when it would be symptomatic of extended hostilities between the French and the English for peninsular support 

Second Barons' War
There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War, between Henry III and his barons, divided the kingdom  During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from her mother's county of Ponthieu in France  It is untrue, however, that she was sent to France to escape danger during the war; she was in England throughout the struggle and held Windsor Castle and baronial prisoners for Edward  Rumours that she was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader, Simon de Montfort, to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the royalist army had been defeated at the Battle of Lewes  
Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was honourably confined at Westminster Palace  After Edward and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government and Eleanor rose to prominence at his side  Her position was greatly improved in July 1266 when, after she had borne three short-lived daughters, she gave birth to a son, John, to be followed by a second boy, Henry, in the spring of 1268, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter, Eleanor 

Crusade
By 1270, the kingdom was pacified and Edward and Eleanor left to join his uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade  Louis died at Carthage before they arrived, however, and after they spent the winter in Sicily, the couple went on to Acre in the Holy Land, where they arrived in May 1271  Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, known as "Joan of Acre" for her birthplace 
The crusade was militarily unsuccessful, but Baibars of the Bahri dynasty was worried enough by Edward's presence at Acre that an assassination attempt was made on the English heir in June 1272   He was wounded in the arm by a dagger that was thought to be poisoned  The wound soon became seriously inflamed, and a surgeon saved him by cutting away the diseased flesh, but only after Eleanor was led from his bed, "weeping and wailing"  Later storytellers embellished this incident, claiming Eleanor sucked poison from the wound, thereby saving Edward's life, but this fanciful tale has no foundation 
They left Acre in September 1272, and in Sicily that December, they learned of Henry III's death (on 16 November 1272)  Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child, Alphonso (named for Eleanor's half brother Alfonso X), was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274 

Queen consort of England
Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other  Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock  The couple were rarely apart; she accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 April 1284 at Caernarfon Castle, either in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction works, or in the partially constructed Eagle Tower 
Their household records witness incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship  Each year on Easter Monday, Edward let Eleanor's ladies trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; so important was this custom to him that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them had she been alive  Edward disliked ceremonies and in 1290 refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor thoughtfully (or resignedly) paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding 
That Edward remained single until he wedded Margaret of France in 1299 is often cited to prove he cherished Eleanor's memory  In fact, he considered a second marriage as early as 1293, but this does not mean he did not mourn Eleanor  Eloquent testimony is found in his letter to the abbot of Cluny in France (January 1291), seeking prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love"  In her memory, Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses (of which three survive, though none of them is intact) between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London  (See § Procession, burial and monuments below )
Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, however, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war  Despite personal grief, Edward faced his duty and married again  He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life, Margaret at his side on at least one occasion 

Popularity
Eleanor is warmly remembered by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time  Her reputation was primarily as a keen businesswoman  Walter of Guisborough preserves a contemporary poem:

The annalist of Dunstable Priory echoed him in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors" Her acquisition of lands was an unusual degree of economic activity for any medieval noblewoman, let alone a queen – and the level of her activity was exceptional by any standard: between 1274 and 1290 she acquired estates worth above £2500 yearly  In fact, it was Edward himself who initiated this process and his ministers helped her  He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government  One of his methods to help Eleanor acquire land was to give her the debts Christian landlords owed Jewish moneylenders  In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged for the debts  The debtors were often glad to rid themselves of the debts, and profited from the favour Eleanor showed them afterwards; she granted many of them, for life, lands worth as much as the estates they had surrendered to her, and some of them became her household knights 
There is, however, very clear evidence that Eleanor's property dealings made her widely unpopular  John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: "A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal  It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property - lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from Christians under the protection of the royal court " Given the chroniclers' passages quoted above, the accusation is indeed borne out by contemporary writers  Peckham also warned her of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants  Eleanor must have been aware of the truth of such reports since, on her deathbed, she asked Edward to name justices to examine her officials' actions and make reparations  The surviving proceedings from this inquest reveal a pattern of ruthless exactions, often (but not always) without Eleanor's knowledge  Her executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291  In her lifetime, Eleanor had righted such wrongs when she heard of them, and her deathbed request of Edward indicates that she knew, suspected, or feared, that her officials had perpetrated many more transgressions than were ever reported to her 
Two other letters from Peckham, moreover, show that some people thought she urged Edward to rule harshly and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if any one crossed her, which contravened contemporary expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed, or the condemned Thus, he warned a convent of nuns that "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, but whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor  Record evidence from the king's administrations shows that Hugh Despenser the Elder, who agreed to allow the queen to hold one of his manors for a term of years in order to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer that the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt 
Thus the evidence tends unavoidably to the conclusion that Eleanor was not greatly loved outside her own circle  It is only with a chronicle written at St Albans in 1307–08 that we find the first positive remarks, and it is hard to avoid the impression that the chronicler was writing to flatter her son, Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307  It is also likely that the impressive succession of "Eleanor Crosses" Edward constructed after her death (as discussed below) was intended to improve the late queen's image 

Limited political influence
It has traditionally been argued that Eleanor had no impact on the political history of Edward's reign, and that even in diplomatic matters her role was minor, though Edward did heed her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers  Otherwise, it has been said, she merely gave gifts, usually provided by Edward, to visiting princes or envoys  Edward always honoured his obligations to Alfonso X, but even when Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile; he sent only knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile 
However more recent research has indicated that Eleanor may have played some role in Edward's counsels, though she did not exercise power overtly except on occasions where she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony   Some of Edward's legislation, for example the Statute of Jewry and his approach to Welsh resettlement show some similarities to Castilian approaches  His military strategies, too, appear to have been influenced by the work of Vegetius, to which Eleanor directed his attention  Edward was, however, clearly prepared to resist her demands, or to stop her, if he felt she was going too far in any of her activities, and that he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm, as happened on one occasion when Robert Burnell, the Lord Chancellor, assured the Bishop of Winchester, from whom the queen was demanding a sum of money the bishop owed her, that he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop 

Cultural influence
If she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor was a highly intelligent and cultured woman and found other satisfying outlets for her energies   She was an active patroness of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her  Some of the works produced were apparently vernacular romances and saints' lives, but Eleanor's tastes ranged far more widely than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office  The number and variety of new works written for her show that her interests were broad and sophisticated  In the 1260s she commissioned the production of the Douce Apocalypse  She has also been credibly linked to the Trinity Apocalypse, although the question of whether she commissioned it, or simply owned an apocalypse which influenced its production, remains a matter of debate  On Crusade in 1272, she had De Re Militari by Vegetius translated for Edward  After she succeeded her mother as countess of Ponthieu in 1279, a romance was written for her about the life of a supposed 9th century count of Ponthieu  She commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord John de Vescy, who married a close friend and relation of hers  In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for her to explain what angels were and what they did  She almost certainly commissioned the Alphonso Psalter, now in the British Library, and is also suspected to be the commissioner of the Bird Psalter which also bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife  In January 1286 she thanked the abbot of Cerne for lending her a book—possibly a treatise on chess known to have been written at Cerne in the late thirteenth century—and her accounts reveal her in 1290 corresponding with an Oxford master about one of her books  There is also evidence suggesting that she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X 
Relevant evidence suggests that Eleanor was not fluent in English, but was accustomed to read, and so presumably to think and speak, in French, her mother's tongue, with which she would have been familiar from childhood despite spending her early years in Spain  In this she was luckier than many medieval European queens, who often arrived in their husband's realms to face the need to learn a new language; but the English court was still functionally bilingual, in large measure through the long succession of its queens, who were mostly from French-speaking lands  In 1275, on a visit to St Albans abbey in Hertfordshire, the people of the town begged her help in withstanding the abbot's exactions from them, but one of her courtiers had to act as translator before she could respond to the plea for assistance  All the literary works noted above are in French, as are the bulk of her surviving letters, and since Peckham wrote his letters and his angelic treatise for her in French, she was presumably well known to prefer that language 
In the domestic sphere she popularised the use of tapestries and carpets – the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London, but by the time of her death was plainly much in vogue amongst richer magnates, with certain of her hangings having to be reclaimed from Anthony Bek, the bishop of Durham   She also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and even forks (though it remains uncertain whether the latter were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters)  She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates  Extensive spending on gardens is evidenced at her properties and in most places she stayed, including the use of water features – a common Castilian garden design feature, which was owed to Islamic and Roman influences in Spain   The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during her ownership of the castle 

The queen was a devoted patron of the Dominican Order friars, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge  Not surprisingly, then, Eleanor's piety was of an intellectual stamp; apart from her religious foundations she was not given to direct good works, and she left it to her chaplains to distribute alms for her  Her level of charitable giving was, however, considerable 
She patronised many relatives, though given foreigners' unpopularity in England and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, she was cautious as queen to choose which cousins to support  Rather than marry her male cousins to English heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, she arranged marriages for her female cousins to English barons  Edward strongly supported her in these endeavours, which provided him and his family (and Eleanor herself, in her potential widowhood) with an expanded network of potential supporters  In a few cases, her marriage projects for her lady cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms  The marriage of her kinswoman Marguerite de Guines to the earl of Ulster, one of the more influential English noblemen in Ireland, not only gave Edward a new family connection in that island but also with Scotland, since Marguerite's cousin Marie de Coucy was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law Alexander III  The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her Châtellerault cousins with a member of the Lusignan family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, not only strengthening the king's ties with that family but also creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, on Gascony's northern flank 

Death
Eleanor was presumably a healthy woman for most of her life; that she survived at least sixteen pregnancies suggests that she was not frail   Shortly after the birth of her last child, however, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own begin to record frequent payments for medicines to the queen's use   The nature of the medicines is not specified, so it is impossible to know what ailments were troubling her until, later in 1287 while she was in Gascony with Edward, a letter to England from a member of the royal entourage states that the queen had a double quartan fever  This fever pattern suggests that she was suffering from a strain of malaria  The disease is not fatal of itself, but leaves its victims weak and vulnerable to opportunistic infections   Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury which may cause death from internal bleeding  There is also a possibility that she had inherited the Castilian royal family's theorised tendency to cardiac problems 
From the time of the return from Gascony there are signs that Eleanor was aware that her death was not far off   Arrangements were made for the marriage of two of her daughters, Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young Edward of Caernarfon to Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on  In summer 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties was commenced, but proceeded at a much slower pace than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in Clipstone, rather than in London  Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings that travel might endanger their health   Following the conclusion of the parliament Eleanor and Edward set out the short distance from Clipstone to Lincoln  By this stage Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles a day 
Her final stop was at the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 7 miles (11 km) from Lincoln  The journey was abandoned, and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church   After piously receiving the Church's last rites, she died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage  Edward was at her bedside to hear her final requests   For three days afterward, the machinery of government came to a halt and no writs were sealed 

Procession, burial and monuments
Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties and accompanied for most of the way by Edward, and a substantial cortege of mourners  Edward gave orders that memorial crosses be erected at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster  Based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, these artistically significant monuments enhanced the image of Edward's kingship as well as witnessing his grief



ground_truth: Prenzlau

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Mary Of Woodstock's mother die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The "Eleanor crosses" stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone near Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing – only three survive, none in its entirety  The best preserved is that at Geddington  All three have lost the crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain  The top (cross) part of the Hardingstone monument is believed to reside in the Northampton Guildhall Museum  The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of the queen are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London 
The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the railway station of that name, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station  The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall, on the south side of Trafalgar Square, but was destroyed in 1647 and later replaced by a statue of Charles I 
In the thirteenth century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual  Eleanor however was afforded the more unusual "triple" burial – separate burial of viscera, heart and body  Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb  The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and has been replaced with a 19th-century copy  On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century; probably they were not originally intended to depict the couple The queen's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars in London, along with that of her son Alphonso  The accounts of her executors show that the monument constructed there to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, including wall paintings as well as an angelic statue in metal that apparently stood under a carved stone canopy  It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries 

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290  Her body was placed in a grave near the high altar that had originally contained the coffin of Edward the Confessor and, more recently, that of King Henry III until his remains were removed to his new tomb in 1290  Eleanor's body remained in this grave until the completion of her own tomb   She had probably ordered that tomb before her death  It consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields (originally painted) of the arms of England, Castile, and Ponthieu  The chest is surmounted by William Torel's superb gilt-bronze effigy, showing Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal 
When Edward remarried a decade after her death, he and his second wife Margaret of France, named their only daughter Eleanor in honour of her 

Legacy
Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife, and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives   The estates Eleanor assembled became the nucleus for dower assignments made to later queens of England into the 15th century, and her involvement in this process solidly established a queen-consort's freedom to engage in such transactions  Few later queens exerted themselves in economic activity to the extent Eleanor did, but their ability to do so rested on the precedents settled in her lifetime 

Historical reputation
Despite her ambiguous reputation in her own day, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor a positive, if slightly obscure standing over the next two centuries  As late as 1586, the antiquarian William Camden first published in England the tale that Eleanor saved Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound  Camden then went on to ascribe construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of an heroic wife who had selflessly risked her own life to save his  A year later in 1587, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland described Eleanor as "the jewel [Edward I] most esteemed     a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay "But a counter-narrative, driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation onwards, may already have begun to emerge  The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from as early as the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen Mary Tudor and her husband the Spanish Philip II of Spain  It depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have/Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses not only to murder of the Mayoress but also to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First  The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward  If so, it sank with little trace  The surviving revised version, as printed in 1593, depicts a haughty Eleanor as "a villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke"  The misdeeds attributed to her in The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor are repeated and expanded upon: Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears; and she now confesses to adultery with her own brother-in-law Edmund Crouchback and to conceiving all her children, bar Edward I's heir Edward II, in adultery – which revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame  This is a portrait of Eleanor that owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain, and English fears of a repeat attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemic of the period 

It would appear likely Peele's play, and the ballad associated with it, had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century  Performances of the play and reprints of The Lamentable Fall (it was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity) meant that by the time of the Civil War this entirely hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed  The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have been lost in the years 1643–1646: for example Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the Charing Cross torn down in 1643  Eleanor's reputation however began to change for the positive once again at this time, following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's A History of the Kings of England, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre  Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and derived ultimately from Camden, who was uncritically repeated wholesale by historians  In the 19th century the self-styled historian Agnes Strickland used Camden to paint the rosiest of all pictures of Eleanor  None of these writers, however, used contemporary chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but even when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland praised, many rejected the correction, often expressing indignant disbelief that anything negative was said about Eleanor   Only in recent decades have historians studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention  These decades produced a sizeable body of historical work that allows Eleanor's life to be scrutinised in the terms of her own day, not those of the 17th or 19th century 
The evolution of her reputation is a case study in the maxim that each age creates its own history  If Eleanor of Castile can no longer be seen as Peele's transgressive monstrosity, nor as Strickland's paradigm of queenly virtues, her career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of an exceptionally demanding life 

Issue
Stillborn girl (July 1255)
Katherine (c  1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey 
John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall  Buried in Westminster Abbey 
Henry (before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Eleanor (18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298)  She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar, by whom she had one son and two daughters 
Daughter (1271 Palestine)  Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Joan (April 1272 – 7 April 1307)  She married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer  She had four children by each marriage 
Alphonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester 
Margaret (15 March 1275 – after 1333)  In 1290 she married John II of Brabant, who died in 1318  They had one son 
Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey  There is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Mary (11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury 
Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth  There is no contemporary evidence for his name 
Elizabeth (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316)  She married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex  The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children 
Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327)  In 1308 he married Isabella of France  They had two sons and two daughters 

Eleanor as a mother
It has been suggested that Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children  As king and queen, however, it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place, and when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigors of constant travel with their parents  The children had a household staffed with attendants carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, with whom the parents corresponded regularly  The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old; then they began to accompany their parents, if at first only on important occasions  By their teens they were with the king and queen much of the time  In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, presumably to help with their education  She also sent gifts to the children regularly, and arranged for the entire establishment to be moved near to her when she was in Wales  In 1306 Edward sharply scolded Margerie de Haustede, Eleanor's former lady in waiting who was then in charge of his children by his second wife, because Margerie had not kept him well informed of their health  Edward also issued regular and detailed instructions for the care and guidance of these children 
Two incidents cited to imply Eleanor's lack of interest in her children are easily explained in the contexts of medieval royal childrearing in general, and of particular events surrounding Edward and Eleanor's family  When their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at Guildford in 1274, neither parent made the short journey from London to see him; but Henry was tended by Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence  The boy had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and since he was barely two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had many substantial memories of them at the time they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his last illness and death  In other words, the dowager queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been at that time, and it was in all respects better that she tended him then  Furthermore, Eleanor was pregnant at the time of his final illness and death; even given the limited thirteenth-century understanding of contagion, exposure to a sickroom might have been discouraged  Similarly, Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother, Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, to raise their daughter Joan of Acre in Ponthieu (1274–1278)  This implies no parental lack of interest in the girl; the practice of fostering noble children in other households of sufficient dignity was not unknown and Eleanor's mother was, of course, dowager queen of Castile  Her household was safe and dignified, but it does appear that Edward and Eleanor had cause to regret their generosity in letting Joan of Ponthieu foster young Joan  When the girl reached England in 1278, aged six, it turned out that she was badly spoiled  She was spirited and at times defiant in childhood, and in adulthood remained a handful for Edward, defying his plans for a prestigious second marriage for her by secretly marrying one of her late first husband's squires  When the marriage was revealed in 1297 because Joan was pregnant, Edward was enraged that his dignity had been insulted by her marriage to a commoner of no importance  Joan, at twenty-five, reportedly defended her conduct to her father by saying that nobody saw anything wrong if a great earl married a poor woman, so there could be nothing wrong with a countess marrying a promising young man  Whether or not her retort ultimately changed his mind, Edward restored to Joan all the lands he had confiscated when he learned of her marriage, and accepted her new husband as a son-in-law in good standing  Joan marked her restoration to favour by having masses celebrated for the soul of her mother Eleanor 

See also
Infante
Passage 8:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 9:
Mary of Woodstock
Mary of Woodstock (11 March 1278 – before 8 July 1332) was the seventh named daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile  She was a nun at Amesbury Priory, but lived very comfortably thanks to a generous allowance from her parents  Despite a papal travel prohibition in 1303, she travelled widely around the country 

Early life
Mary's grandmother, Eleanor of Provence, had decided to retire to Amesbury Priory in Wiltshire, a daughter house of Fontevrault   She lobbied for Mary and another granddaughter, Eleanor of Brittany, to become Benedictine nuns at the priory  Despite resistance from Eleanor of Castile, Mary was dedicated at Amesbury in 1285, at the age of seven, alongside thirteen daughters of nobles  She was not formally veiled as a nun until December 1291, when she had reached the age of twelve   Eleanor of Brittany had been veiled in March, while Eleanor of Provence did not arrive until June 1286 Mary's parents granted her £100 per year for life (approximately £104,000 in 2023); she also received double the usual allowance for clothing and a special entitlement to wine from the stores, and lived in comfort in private quarters  Her father visited her and Eleanor at the priory repeatedly: twice in 1286 and in 1289, and again in 1290 and 1291   Eleanor of Provence died in 1291, and it was expected that Mary would move to Fontevrault  Certainly the prioress of Fontevrault wrote frequently to Edward I asking that his daughter be allowed to live there  Probably to prevent his daughter falling into French hands in the event of war with England, Edward refused, and Mary remained at Amesbury, while her allowance was doubled to £200 per year   In 1292, she was also given the right to forty oaks per year from royal forests and twenty tuns of wine per year from Southampton 

Representative of the order
Despite being a resident at the priory, Mary began to travel the country   She visited her brother Edward in 1293, and regularly attended court, spending five weeks there in 1297, in the run-up to her sister Elizabeth's departure to Holland  By the end of the century, she held the post of vicegerent and visitatrix for the abbess, with the right to authorise the transfer of nuns between convents  In 1302, her £200 per year was replaced by the rights to several manors and the borough of Wilton, all held on condition that she remain in England  However, she ran up considerable dice gambling debts while visiting her father's court, and in 1305 was given £200 to pay them off  She was also given Grovebury Priory in Bedfordshire to manage, holding this until her death Mary was unsuccessful in obtaining high office in the order, whereas Eleanor of Brittany became abbess at Fontevrault in 1304  The papal bull Periculoso was read at Amesbury in 1303, requiring nuns to remain within their religious establishments, but Mary's travels do not appear to have been affected  She went on numerous pilgrimages, including one to Canterbury, and continued to visit court, with a retinue of up to twenty-four horses, sometimes with fellow nuns  Soon after 1313, her role as visitor was removed  In 1317, Mary's brother Edward, by now King Edward II, asked Eleanor to restore her to the post, but his request was refused  But Mary persevered and obtained a papal mandate requiring her reinstatement, which Eleanor appears to have obeyed 

Later life
Despite her apparent conflict with Eleanor, Mary continued to live comfortably  In 1316, she was able to borrow more than £2 from abbey funds (approximately £1,100 in 2023), and sent a clerk to London on personal errands, at the priory's expense It was effectively as a princess, not a nun, that Mary received the homage of the English Dominican friar Nicholas Trevet, a prolific and versatile university scholar and author, who in 1328–1334 dedicated to her his Cronicles, which she may even have commissioned him to write  Intended as an amusing history of the world, it later became an important source for several popular works of the period  In part it is an account of Mary's own Plantagenet clan, and she herself is given a flattering mention there:

 the fourth daughter was dame Mary of whom it ys before sayde that she wedded herself unto the hygh king heaven  And in so moche as hit ys trewly sayde of her and notably this worthy text of holy scripture: optimam partem elegit ipsi Maria,  que non auferetur ab ea  The whych ys as moche to say "As Maria hathe chosyn the best party to her, the whych shall not be done away from her"  
Trevet here quotes from Jesus' words in the Gospel of Luke (10:42), where Jesus good-humouredly defends Mary to her sister Martha  It is a somewhat daring use of the Gospel text, which was traditionally often applied the Virgin Mary Likewise because of Mary's status, several nobles who wished their daughters to take vows placed them into her custody Mary died before 8 July 1332, and was buried in Amesbury Priory  After her death, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, attempting to divorce Mary's niece Joan, claimed to have had an affair with Mary before he married Joan  If John's claim was valid, his marriage to Mary's niece would have been rendered null and void, but despite papal mandates for inquests to be made into the matter, the truth was never established 

Ancestors
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)



ground_truth: Harby