prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released earlier, Forbidden Daughters or The Third Kiss?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 2:
Invasion of the Neptune Men
Invasion of the Neptune Men (宇宙快速船, Uchū Kaisokusen) is a 1961 superhero film produced by Toei Company Ltd  The film stars Sonny Chiba as Iron Sharp (called Space Chief in the U S  version) The film was released in 1961 in Japan and was later released in 1964 direct to television in the United States  In 1998, the film was featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 

Plot
Astronomer Shinichi Tachibana has a secret identity as superhero "Iron Sharp" and has many children as friends  When they are attacked by a group of metallic aliens ("Neptune Men" in English), Iron Sharp drives the aliens away  The resourceful Tachibana helps develop an electric barrier to block the aliens from coming to the Earth   After several losses by the aliens, they announce that they will invade the Earth, throwing the world into a state of panic  The aliens destroy entire cities with their mothership and smaller fighters  After Iron Sharp destroys multiple enemy ships, Japan fires nuclear missiles at the mothership, destroying it 

Cast
Sonny Chiba as scientist Shinichi Tachibana / Iron Sharp
Kappei Matsumoto as Dr  Tanigawa
Ryuko Minakami as Yōko (Tanigawa's daughter)
Shinjirō Ehara as scientist Yanagida
Mitsue Komiya as scientist Saitō

Style
Invasion of the Neptune Men is part of Japan's tokusatsu genre, which involves science fiction and/or superhero films that feature heavy use of special effects 

Production
Invasion of the Neptune Men was an early film for Sonny Chiba  Chiba started working in Japanese television where he starred in superhero television series in 1960  Chiba continued working back and forth between television and film until the late 1960s when he became a more popular star 

Release
Uchū Kaisokusen was released in Japan on 19 July 1961  The film was not released theatrically in the United States, but it was released directly to American television by Walter Manley on March 20, 1964, dubbed in English and retitled Invasion of the Neptune Men The film was also released as Space Chief, Space Greyhound and Invasion from a Planet 

Reception and legacy
In later reviews of the film, Bruce Eder gave the film a one-star rating out of five, stating that the film was "the kind of movie that gave Japanese science fiction films a bad name  The low-quality special effects, the non-existent acting, the bad dubbing, and the chaotic plotting and pacing were all of a piece with what critics had been saying, erroneously, about the Godzilla movies for years " The review referred to the film's "cheesy special effects and ridiculous dialogue taking on a sort of so-bad-they're-good charm", and described the film as a "thoroughly memorable (if not necessarily enjoyable, outside of the MST3K continuum) specimen of bad cinema "On October 11, 1997 the film was shown on the movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000  In his review of the film, Bruce Eder of AllMovie described the episode as a memorable one, specifically the cast watching the repetitive aerial dogfights between spaceships, and one of the hosts remarking that "Independence Day seems a richly nuanced movie"  Criticism of the film included excessive use of WWII stock footage in the action scenes (especially the obviously noticeable shot featuring a picture of Adolf Hitler in one building) In his book Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, Stuart Galbraith IV stated that the film "had a few surprises" despite a "woefully familiar script"  Galbraith noted that the film was not as over-the-top as Prince of Space and that the opticals in the film were as strong as anything Toho had produced at the time  Galbraith suggested the effects may have been lifted from Toei's The Final War (aka World War III Breaks Out) from 1961 

See also
List of Japanese films of 1961
List of Mystery Science Theater 3000 episodes
List of science fiction films of the 1960s

Notes
Passage 3:
The Third Kiss
The Third Kiss (Spanish: El tercer beso) is a 1942 Argentine romantic drama film directed by Luis César Amadori and starring Pedro López Lagar, Silvia Legrand and Amelia Bence   At the 1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards, Amelia Bence won the  Silver Condor Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film 

Cast
Pedro López Lagar
Silvia Legrand
Amelia Bence
Francisco Álvarez
Billy Days
Domingo Márquez
Gloria Bayardo
Aurelia Ferrer
Rosa Martín
Arturo Bamio
Passage 4:
Lloyd (film)
Lloyd is a 2001 American comedy film  The film was released on May 4, 2001 

Plot
Lloyd is the "class clown " He often gets in trouble with teachers, one of whom is very strict  When he tries to rebel, he is put into a class for "less enthusiastic students " Once there, he joins the other students in the group: Troy, Carla, and Storm  He soon falls in love with the class's newest member, Tracy (Kristin Parker)  However, she is taken by storm  When Lloyd talks to his mother, she tells him that he can still win her back by being himself 
The role of Lloyd is played by Todd Bosley  Tom Arnold, a friend of the producers, played a small role 

Cast
Todd Bosley - Lloyd
Brendon Ryan Barrett - Troy
Mary Mara - Joann
Chloe Peterson - Carla
Sammy Elliott - Nathan
Patrick Higgins - Storm
Kristin Parker - Tracy
Tom Arnold - Tom
Taylor Negron - Mr  Weid

Production
The film was shot in Sunnyvale, California, in 1997 

External links
Lloyd at IMDb
Passage 5:
Royal Tramp II
Royal Tramp II is a 1992 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron  The film is a sequel to Royal Tramp, which was released earlier in the same year 

Plot
Having been revealed as the false Empress Dowager, Lung-er returns to the Dragon Sect camp  There, the sect leader reminds her of their mission to support Ng Sam-kwai's, a military general, campaign for the throne before abdicating her title to Lung-er 
Siu-bo lounges at the brothel where he once worked but is then attacked by disciples of the One Arm Nun, an anti-Qing revolutionary figure, before being quickly subdued  When Siu-bo tries to take advantage of them, Ng Ying-hung, Ng Sam-kwai's son, exposes his lies  Scorned and unaware of the stranger's title, Siu-bo sends his men after Ying-Hung, but Lung-er, now disguised as Ying-hung's male bodyguard, easily fends them off 
At the palace, The Emperor, wary of Ng Sam-kwai's intentions, marries off the Princess to Ying-hung and assigns Siu-bo to be the Imperial Inspector General of the wedding march, so that he can keep his eyes on the general's activities  This complicates Siu-bo's relationship with Princess when she tells Siu-bo she's pregnant with his child 
The One Arm Nun and her disciple, Ah Ko, later ambushes the procession  Fighting to a standstill with Lung-er, the assailants escape with Ying-hung and Siu-bo  However, Siu-bo garners some respect from her when he reveals his dual identity as a Heaven and Earth Society commander  Lung-er finally catches up to them with reinforcements at an inn but only manages to rescue Siu-bo  Having been saved by Ying-hung before, Ah Ko elopes with him amid the confusion 
At the Dragon Sect camp, Ying-hung and Fung Sek-fan secretly poisons Lung-er and turn the followers against her  She escapes with Siu-bo but must have sex with a man before dawn, otherwise she will die  However, this will transfer 4/5th of her martial arts' power to whomever she sleeps with  Despite Siu-bo's lecherous personality, Lung-er accepts his blunt honesty as a sign of virtue and chooses to sacrifice her virginity to Siu-bo and becomes his third wife 
When Siu-bo gets back to the Princess, they execute a plan to castrate Ying-hung  With her betrothed no longer able to produce heirs, the Princess is taken by Siu-bo as his fourth wife  Enraged by the end of his family line, Ng Ying-hung prematurely gathers his troops and sets out to wage war with the Emperor  He tasks Fung Sek-fan with killing the Princess and Siu-bo  Though Chan Kan-nam manages to intervene and lets his disciple escape 
Later, the One Arm Nun captures the elopers, Ying-hung and Ah Ko, and offers them to Siu-bo  Siu-bo pardons them and even takes Ah Ko as his fifth wife  Afterward, Fung Sek-fan is promoted when he surrenders Ng Sam-kwai's battle plans and Chan Kan-nam to the Emperor  Given Siu-bo's muddied history with the Heaven and Earth Society, the Emperor tasks him with Chan's execution  Siu-bo's newfound power is difficult for him to control, and Chan helps him master it in time for him to use it against Fung  Siu-bo also uncovers the secret of the 42 Chapters books after burning them in frustration, revealing hidden stones that are left unburned, revealing map coordinates to the location of the treasure all major parties have been attempting to locate 
In order to save his master, Siu-bo defeats Fung with his newly acquired martial arts power after both falling into a hidden cave wherein the treasure is found, and swaps Feng's body with Chan's before the execution to save his master  And just as he was about to escape with his wives and Chan, the Emperor arrives with his troops, having been sold out by Siu-bo's opportunistic friend To-lung who is now involved romantically with Siu-bo's sister  But seeing that they are friends, his sister is in love with Siu-bo, and with Siu-bo bluffing that he's strong enough to demolish the Emperor and his entire army if he wanted, the Emperor lets them go, declaring that Siu-bo has died and no longer exists as far as he's concerned  Siu-bo laughs afterward that the Emperor fell for his bluff 

Cast
Stephen Chow as Wai Siu-bo
Brigitte Lin as Lung-er
Chingmy Yau as Princess Kin-ning
Michelle Reis as Ah Ko/Li Ming-ko
Natalis Chan as To-lung
Damian Lau as Chan Kan-nam
Deric Wan as Hong-hei Emperor
Kent Tong as Ng Ying-hung, Sam-kwai's son
Paul Chun as Ng Sam-kwai
Sandra Ng as Wai Chun-fa
Fennie Yuen as Seung-yee twin
Vivian Chan as Seung-yee twin
Yen Shi-kwan as Fung Sek-fan
Helen Ma as Kau-nan/one-armed Divine nun
Sharla Cheung as Mo Tung-chu / Empress Dowager
Law Lan as founder of Divine Dragon Sect
Tam Suk-moi as Ah Nong
Hoh Choi-chow as Palace guard Wen Shan Lun
Yeung Jing-jing
Wan Seung-lam
Lee Fai
Cheng Ka-sang
Ho Wing-cheung
Kwan Yung
To Wai-wo
Passage 6:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Passage 7:
The Third Kiss (1919 film)
The Third Kiss is a lost 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Robert G  Vignola, written by Edith M  Kennedy and Heliodore Tenno, and starring Vivian Martin, Harrison Ford, Robert Ellis, Kathleen Kirkham, Thomas Persse, Edna Mae Cooper, and Jane Keckley  It was released on September 14, 1919, by Paramount Pictures 

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Rupert Bawlf (Ellis) is a settlement worker and has done wonders with the tough districts of the town  His wife Cynthia (Kirkham), although she loathes the work, cheerfully helps him because of her great love for him  Missy (Martin), a factory girl, by her knowledge of conditions, is able to help Oliver and he falls in love with her  To protect Bawlf's name from scandal, as mudslinging newspapers are watching, Oliver Cloyne (Ford), a millionaire who is keen on the work Bawlf is doing, persuades Missy to marry him although he is in love, hopelessly, with Mrs  Bawlf  Oliver learns that Missy is a granddaughter of the owner of the factory in which she works, having assumed the role of factory girl to assist in welfare work  After an imitation honeymoon, Oliver and his heiress bride, who is his wife in name only, return home where Rupert and Cynthia Bawlf seek them out  Cynthia, falling ill, goes away for a rest  Rupert persuades Missy to assist him in his welfare work, and when she agrees, he attempts to force his attentions upon her again  She resists, and shows him what a fool he is  While on an inspection tour of a new building, Missy is locked in by a crazed old woman who, as revenge for the death of her daughter in a factory fire, sets fire to the building to kill Missy in the same way  Oliver, first suspecting that Missy has run off with Rupert, learns the truth and rescues Missy from the fire 

Cast
Vivian Martin as Missy
Harrison Ford as Oliver Cloyne
Robert Ellis as Rupert Bawlf
Kathleen Kirkham as Cynthia Bawlf
Thomas Persse as Dr  Paton
Edna Mae Cooper as Gwendolin Finn
Jane Keckley as Mrs  Casey
Passage 8:
Forbidden Daughters
Forbidden Daughters is a 1927 American silent black & white short erotic-drama film directed by prominent nude photographer Albert Arthur Allen  This is the only known movie directed by Allen who, otherwise, was famous by his work as a photographer of nude female models 

Plot
Alva receives news from her long-lost husband, Russell, and goes to Africa in search of him  There, she finds that her husband is being "held prisoner" by a naked native princess, called Loma  Now, in order to bring Russell back home, Alva must show that she's better than the princess 

Cast
Clarice Conwell
Gladys DeLores
Kathryn Kay
Ralph O'Brien
Passage 9:
Rakka (film)
Rakka is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and  directed by Neill Blomkamp  It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017 

Plot
Chapter 1: World
In the near future, Earth will be attacked by technologically superior and highly aggressive reptilian aliens called the Klum (pronounced "klume")  Humanity is nearing extinction with millions dead or enslaved  The Klum transform the Earth in favor of their own ideal living conditions  They do this at first by burning forests and destroying cities  Then they build megastructures that alter the atmosphere by pumping out methane  The gas makes it progressively harder for terrestrial life to breathe  And it warms the climate, which leads to flooding of coastal cities 
The story begins in 2020, from the viewpoint of resistance fighters in Texas, a group of US Army soldiers and many others who have banded together  Most human survivors live underground or among ruins  They have barely enough provisions, weapons, and ammunition  The humans fight by using whatever they can against the primary Klum weapon: an omnipresent nanite in their weaponry, and telepathic control over any human that makes direct eye contact with them 
The resistance makes "brain-barriers" that block this
mind control  The Klum know, however, that a scarcity of materials means a scarcity of brain barriers  They hope, therefore, to win a war of attrition against the human survivors 
Some prisoners are living incubators for the Klum's young, which inevitably kills the victims  Others are dissected  Still other humans are converted into human loudspeakers that urge humans to surrender into "conservatories"  Very few humans ever escape 
After the Klum destroy a militia convoy with an airstrike, one of the surviving soldiers witnesses an angel-like being materialize from thin air  The narration describes ″them″ as mankind's saviours 

Chapter 2: Amir & Nosh
Nosh is a tech-savvy pyromaniac and bomb-maker, eking out a living in a scrapyard far from the resistance  The resistance despises Nosh for his murderous glee and demands - giving the sick or suicidal over as bait during his many IED ambushes  They must, however, give in to Nosh's demands to
secure the IEDs and the brain-barriers he makes 
The resistance stumble across Amir, a mute who has escaped from the Klum  He has extensive cybernetics across his head and shoulders  Amid opposition from her lieutenants, the resistance leader, Jasper, releases Amir from her custody into the care of a resistance fighter named Sarah 
Sarah, having lost her daughter to the Klum's experiments, takes a liking to him  She gives Amir food and drink while trying to persuade him to help the resistance fight the Klum by using the precognitive abilities he acquired via the aliens' experiments 

Chapter 3: Siege
Amir recovers physically and mentally  Then, because of his implant, he has a premonition involving a wounded Klum on the run from militia forces 
Sarah pleads with Amir to help the militia officers to stop the genocide  The more she talks to him, the more his eyes change, seeing the premonition of the impending attack more clearly  Amir, still mute, foresees the militia successfully shooting down an alien aircraft, and the pilot is the alien on the run 
Sarah asks Amir if they will be able to learn how to hunt the Klum and teach them how to fear  Unable to answer, he foresees the Klum telekinetically bashing one of the militia soldiers, disconnecting his brain barrier and causing him to be mind-controlled, turning on his comrades, who are forced to kill him 
Sarah tells Amir that he now has the abilities the aliens have and that he is to use them for humanity  Back in the vision, the militia surround the Klum; Jasper orders the militia to cut off its head  The film ends with Sarah urging Amir to use his abilities because he is humanity's last hope 

Cast
Sigourney Weaver as Jasper
Eugene Khumbanyiwa as Amir
Robert Hobbs as Carl
Carly Pope as Sarah
Brandon Auret as Nosh
Mike Huff as Policeman
Owen McCrae as Klum
Connor Page as Child
Jay Anstey as A suicide bomber
Justin Shaw as Man in medical device
Carla Marais as eight-year-old girl
Ryan Angilley as Martinez
Alec Gillis as Militia officer 1
Ruan Coetzee as Militia officer 2
Paul Davies as Militia officer 3
Pieter Jacobz as Militia officer 4
Passage 10:
Delinquent Daughters
Delinquent Daughters, or Accent on Crime, is a 1944 American drama film directed by Albert Herman and starring June Carlson, Fifi D'Orsay and Margia Dean  An exploitation film, it is about a police investigation into the suicide death of a high school girl and the hard-partying teenagers at a party prior to the incident 

Plot
Both family and community are shaken by the unexpected, tragic suicide of teenage girl Lucille Dillerton  Her friends at high school, June Thompson, Francine Van Pelt, and Sally Higgins, are devastated and discuss among them the reasons for their friend to jump off the pier into the river like she did  Lucille's death is investigated by the police, to rule out any alternative causes to Lucille's death, and in charge of the investigation is Lt  Hanahan  He arrives to the high school, and the principal, Mr  Moffatt, is ordered to call the girls into his office for questioning by the police officer  One of the girls, Sally, doesn't want to cooperate and answer the questions 
Sally gets a ride home with her boyfriend Jerry Sykes, in his car after school  They stop outside of a department store on the way, parking right outside the building  Jerry goes into the store and robs it, shooting the owner in the process  Jerry speeds away from the crime scene with the police right behind him  With his careless driving, Jerry hits a pedestrian by the road outside of Merry-Go-Round, a club and teenage hangout  The club is owned by a gangster named Nick Gordon and his mistress Mimi, and the gangster tells Jerry to hide the car on his grounds  Nick lets Jerry and Sally come into his club to hide from the police  Hanahan arrives on the scene looking for Jerry and Sally, but doesn't find them  Hanahan speaks to a news reporter on the street and tells him about what happened  Soon after, it is all over the news that a crime wave caused by juvenile delinquency has hit the town, and that it is caused by the loosening of family bonds 
Sally meets up with one of the other friends, June, at the club  June is concerned that her father, Mr  Thompson, will start to worry since she is out so late  Sally calls June's parents and pretends to be her own mother, inviting June to stay the night at the Higgins' house  A while later June's boyfriend, Rocky Webster, comes to the club and sells his father's gun to Nick for five dollars  Nick then offers to drive June and Sally home  When June arrives home, her father is furious  He has talked to the real Mrs  Higgins and subsequently discovered that June has lied to him about the sleep-over  Mr  Thompson throws June out of the house, after first slapping her 
Feeling dejected and alone in the world, June walks around town aimlessly  Eventually she comes down to the river and is discovered by her boyfriend Rocky  In a desperate act to give consolation, and afraid that June is contemplating suicide, Rocky asks her to marry him  Before she can answer, Hanahan appears and arrests them both on the spot  Sally has met up with Jerry and they are on their way down to the river too, when they see Hanahan and their friends  Jerry pushes Hanahan into the river and June and Rocky escape  Jerry asks them to join him in robbing a nearby gas station, but they refuse to do it  Jerry and Sally go to the gas station together and hold it up  Since Jerry thinks they don't get enough money, they rob a lunch counter as well  Sally and Jerry split up after that, and after Jerry has left, Sally alone robs a motorist 
Hanahan manages to get up from the river, and still wet he finds Rocky and June, and takes them into custody  They are placed in front of the honorable Judge Craig for counseling  Hanahan tells the judge about June's father's violent behaviour and the judge cuts them both some slack, and decides to summon all the teenagers and their parents for a meeting  When they are all gathered, the judge lectures the parents on their responsibilities as such, and warns them about abusing their children 
Both June and Rocky benefit from the judge's lecture  Rocky begins to work in the evenings after school, trying to save up to buy himself a car  The effect is not the same on Jerry and Sally though  Nick hires Jerry on his gangster payroll, and uses him to rob a money transport  Jerry gets the gun Nick bought from Rocky, and Jerry uses Sally to drive the getaway car  The robbery doesn't go as planned and results in a deadly shootout between Jerry and the men guarding the transport  Sally drives away with Nick, leaving Jerry to fight on his own, and he is shot down  When the police arrive on the scene, they find Jerry lifeless, with Mr  Webster's gun in his hand  The police question Mr  Webster about the gun, and Rocky admits to selling it to Nick 
Hanahan brings in Nick's girl, Mimi, to the station for questioning  He tells her that the transport robbery was conducted by a man and a woman  Mimi thinks it was Nick and Sally who did it, and in a spur of jealousy she gives away both Nick and Sally  Hanahan drives off to arrest Nick, and Rocky and June follow in Rocky's car  Mimi rushes back to the club to warn Nick, regretting that she told the police about him  Back at the club Mimi bumps into Sally  Mimi has a go at Sally, slapping her, but Nick intervenes and knocks her out  Nick takes Sally with him in his car  Rocky realizes that Nick is getting away from the police, so he takes a short cut and manages to force Nick's car off the road and over a cliff  Nick is killed in the crash, and the town decides to remake the club to a wholesome place for teenagers to hang 

Cast
June Carlson as June Thompson
Mary Bovard as Betty
Joe Devlin as Lt  Hanahan
Fifi D'Orsay as Mimi
Teala Loring as Sally
Margia Dean as Francine Van Pelt
Johnny Duncan as Rocky Webster
Jimmy Zaner as Jerry
Joe Dawson as Nick Gordon
Frank McGlynn, Sr  as Judge Craig
Parker Gee as Steve Cronin
Warren Mills as Roy Ford

See also
List of films in the public domain in the United States
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nick Varner
Nick Varner (born May 15, 1948, in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American professional pool player who was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame in 1992  Varner is widely considered one of the greatest pool players of all time  Varner is a multiple world champion and has won back to back U S  Open 9-Ball Championships, in addition to being the oldest player to ever win the WPA World Nine-ball Championship, at 51 years old 

Career
Nick D  Varner graduated from Tell City High School in Tell City, Indiana in 1966  Varner learned to play pool in his father's (Nick Varner) pool hall in Grandview, Indiana  After graduating from high school, Varner gained notoriety on the professional pool scene after he won two ACU-I Intercollegiate Championships while attending Purdue University and playing "money games" at an on campus pool room called "The Hole"  A cliché given to Varner was "Speak softly and carry a big stick" because of the way he conducted himself as well as his competitive endeavors In 1989, Varner became only the second man to Mike Sigel, to earn over $100,000 in prize winnings in single year, accumulating an unprecedented 8 out of the 16 Nine-ball PBA tour events that year  The same year he won the PBA World 9-Ball Championship, after a momentous hill-hill final against Grady Mathews 
He was named Player of the Year in 1980, 1982, 1989, 1994, by the pool media, including the National Billiard News and Billiards Digest Magazine  He also represented Team USA eight times at the Mosconi Cup, four times as a non-playing team captain 
Varner is also an author, a video personality, a pool room proprietor, a manufacturer's representative, and an exhibition player Varner is considered one of the best all-around players of all time, winning multiple titles in Nine-ball, Eight-ball, Straight Pool, One Pocket and Bank Pool  
Varner is one of the few players to be inducted into the BCA, One Pocket and Bank Pool Hall of Fame 

Career titles and achievements
Passage 2:
Jeremy Jones (pool player)
Jeremy Jones (born April 30, 1971, in Baytown, Texas) is a professional pool player  He was the 1998 US Open One Pocket champion, the 2003 US Open 9 Ball champion, and has represented Team USA in the Mosconi Cup on seven occasions  Jones was the runner-up at the 1999 WPA World Nine-ball Championship losing 13–8 to Nick Varner in the final 

Personal life
Jones was first introduced to the pool tables at the age of 17, while he was working as a pizza delivery man in Houston, Texas  He then went on to quit his delivery job and got a job at a games room, in order to be able to play pool for free After playing pool with friends for many years, Jones began competing in amateur tournaments around the United States In 1997, Jones won the BCA National 8-Ball Masters, finishing as runner-up the previous year  In 2008 he won the BCA 9-Ball Open 

Professional career
In 1994, he decided to go professional and toured all but 2 of the 50 states in the United States   In 1998, he won the U S  Open One-Pocket Championship, and in 2003, he won the U S  Open 9-Ball Championship In January 2018, Jeremy Jones was inducted into the One Pocket Hall of Fame for his Outstanding Contribution to the Legacy of One Pocket Jones was a commentator at the Matchroom Multi Sport 2021 US Open in Atlantic City, New Jersey   He also competed in the event  Jones has been captain of Team USA for the Mosconi Cup in 2020 and 2021   He was vice captain for Team USA at the Mosconi Cup in 2019 

Career titles and achievements
1994 Texas Open 9-Ball Championship
1997 BCA National 8-Ball Masters
1998 U S  Open One-Pocket Championship
1999 Camel Pro Billiards 9-Ball Open
1999 Mosconi Cup
2000 Mosconi Cup
2001 Mosconi Cup
2001 Lexington Open
2002 Texas Open 9-Ball Championship
2003 U S  Open 9-Ball Championship
2003 Mosconi Cup
2003 Texas Open 9-Ball Championship
2005 Mosconi Cup
2007 Houston Open
2008 BCA Open Nine-ball Championship
2012 Space City Open One Pocket
2018 One Pocket Hall of Fame
Passage 3:
Frank Varner
Frank Varner (14 July 1937 – 26 June 2001) was a Norwegian businessman  He established the holding company Varner-Gruppen, which developed into the largest operator in the textile retailing trade in Norway



ground_truth: Forbidden Daughters

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Gisela Of Hungary's father-in-law?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Ogawa Mataji
Viscount Ogawa Mataji (小川又次, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army  He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama 

Life and military career
Ogawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka  He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period 
After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874  He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874  Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876  From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month 
In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison  He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880  In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison  In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison  Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment  In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office  German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army  Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin") from General Kawakami Soroku 

First Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade  At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army  In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron)  He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division  In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class 

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata   The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang  At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo  In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905  He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906   In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November 
Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery  His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura 

Decorations
1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  
1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 
1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 
1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class
Passage 2:
Ludwig von Westphalen
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx 

Biography
Early life
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm  He was the youngest son of Philipp von Westphalen (1724–92), who himself was the son of a Blankenburg postmaster  Philipp von Westphalen had been ennobled in 1764 with the predicate Edler von Westphalen by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick for his military services  He had served as the duke's de facto "chief of staff" during the Seven Years' War  Through his mother, Jane Wishart of Pittarrow, he was the descendant of many Scottish and European noble families He received extensive education and spoke German and English, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, French and Spanish  He studied at the Collegium Carolinum, the forerunner of today's Braunschweig University of Technology, and at Göttingen 

Career
In 1794, he entered government's service in Brunswick  In 1797 he married Elisabeth von Veltheim, who bore him four children  In 1804 he entered the government service of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) 
With the establishment of the Napoleonic state in Westphalia (the Kingdom of Westphalia) in 1807, he entered its service  He was likely motivated in this by a desire to see reforms carried out  He did, however, oppose the French dominance of the local government, and other policies, and for his critique he was eventually arrested by orders from Louis-Nicolas Davout and imprisoned in the fortress of Gifhorn  In the same year, he lost his first wife  In the summer of 1809 Louis was appointed sub-prefect of Salzwedel, where three years later in 1812 he married Karoline Heubel; they had three children  After Salzwedel was again under Prussian administration, in 1816 Ludwig von Westphalen was transferred to the newly established regional government in Trier 

Personal life
It was in Trier that he met and befriended Heinrich Marx, the father of Karl Marx  The children of the respective families, in particular Jenny and Edgar von Westphalen, and Sophie and Karl Marx, became close friends as well  In 1836, Jenny von Westphalen and Karl Marx became engaged; at first secretly but Ludwig approved the marriage in 1837, even though some saw Marx, who was both middle class and younger than her, as well as of Jewish descent, as an inappropriate partner for the noble daughter  In fact, Ludwig was seen as the mentor and role model of Karl Marx, who referred to him as a "dear fatherly friend"  Ludwig filled Marx with enthusiasm for the romantic school and read him Homer and Shakespeare, who remained Marx's favorite authors all his life  Marx also read Voltaire and Racine with Ludwig  Ludwig devoted much of his time to the young Marx and the two went for intellectual walks through "the hills and woods" of the neighbourhood  It was Ludwig who first introduced Marx to the personality and socialist teachings of Saint-Simon  Marx dedicated his doctoral thesis "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature" written in 1841 to Ludwig in a most effusive manner in which Marx wrote "You, my fatherly friend, have always been for me the living proof that idealism is no illusion, but the true reality" In 1842, Marx was present at the deathbed of Ludwig von Westphalen  Jenny and Karl became married in 1843, a year after Ludwig's death 
He was the father of Ferdinand von Westphalen, a conservative and reactionary Prussian Minister of the Interior 

Death
He died on 3 March 1842 in Trier 
Passage 3:
Barthold A  Butenschøn Sr 
Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson 
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen  Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M  Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr  and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn  Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp He took commerce school and agricultural school  He was hired in the family company N  A  Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910  He eventually became chief executive officer  The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920  The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s  He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk  He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap  He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964 He was buried in Enebakk 
Passage 4:
James Armour (Master mason)
James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns  His birth year was shown here as 1730  The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour  Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731  The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731  His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock  James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i e  John  The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730 

Life and background
At Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith  James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard  His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband 

Family
James' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd)  Three siblings died in childhood  Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834  He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried  He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787  James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822  Their offspring were James and Betthaia  Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane  Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself  The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson 

Occupation and social standing
James was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one  He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire  Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations  William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church  James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life  Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was "Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous " William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that "he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that "The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!" 

Association with Robert Burns
James had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation  When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns  The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith  Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant 

Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their "Marriage by Declaration" possibly witnessed by James Smith  This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out  This act did not in fact effect its legality   Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had "   cut my very veins", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over "the unlucky paper" and had agreed to go to Paisley 
James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant "in meditatione fugae" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her  Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan 
Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock  Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable   Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family 
Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger  She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill  It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel  The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard  Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant  On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed "Your most affectionate son  R  Burns "Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law 

The Inveraray marble Punch Bowl
Of the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns  As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson  He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms    Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, my BROTHERS!” taken from Burns’s “The Epistle to J  Lapraik ”Alexander died in 1812 and it was then sold at auction in 1815 for the impressive price of 80 Guineas to a London publican who, falling upon hard times,  sold it to Archibald Hastie Esq of London  A copy is held by the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum at Alloway, whilst the original is in the British Museum in London, presented to that institution by Archibald Hastie in 1858 

See also
Adam Armour
Jean Armour
Robert Burnes
William Burnes
Passage 5:
Stephen I of Hungary
Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen (Hungarian: Szent István király [ˌsɛnt ˈiʃtvaːn kiraːj]; Latin: Sanctus Stephanus; Slovak: Štefan I  or Štefan Veľký; c  975 – 15 August 1038), was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the first King of Hungary from 1000 or 1001, until his death in 1038  The year of his birth is uncertain, but many details of his life suggest that he was born in, or after, 975, in Esztergom  He was given the pagan name Vajk at birth, but the date of his baptism is unknown  He was the only son of Grand Prince Géza and his wife, Sarolt, who was descended from a prominent family of gyulas  Although both of his parents were baptized, Stephen was the first member of his family to become a devout Christian  He married Gisela of Bavaria, a scion of the imperial Ottonian dynasty 
After succeeding his father in 997, Stephen had to fight for the throne against his relative, Koppány, who was supported by large numbers of pagan warriors  He defeated Koppány with the assistance of foreign knights including Vecelin, Hont and Pázmány, and native lords  He was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001 with a crown sent by Pope Sylvester II  In a series of wars against semi-independent tribes and chieftains—including the Black Hungarians and his uncle, Gyula the Younger—he unified the Carpathian Basin  He protected the independence of his kingdom by forcing the invading troops of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, to withdraw from Hungary in 1030 
Stephen established at least one archbishopric, six bishoprics and three Benedictine monasteries, leading the Church in Hungary to develop independently from the archbishops of the Holy Roman Empire  He encouraged the spread of Christianity by meting out severe punishments for ignoring Christian customs  His system of local administration was based on counties organized around fortresses and administered by royal officials  Hungary enjoyed a lasting period of peace during his reign, and became a preferred route for pilgrims and merchants traveling between Western Europe, the Holy Land and Constantinople 
He survived all of his children, dying on 15 August 1038 aged 62 or 63  He was buried in his new basilica, built in Székesfehérvár and dedicated to the Holy Virgin  His death was followed by civil wars which lasted for decades  He was canonized by Pope Gregory VII, together with his son, Emeric, and Bishop Gerard of Csanád, in 1083  Stephen is a popular saint in Hungary and neighboring territories  In Hungary, his feast day (celebrated on 20 August) is also a public holiday commemorating the foundation of the state, known as State Foundation Day 

Early years (c  975–997)
Stephen's birth date is uncertain as it was not recorded in contemporaneous documents  Hungarian and Polish chronicles written centuries later give three different years: 967, 969 and 975  The unanimous testimony of his three late 11th-century or early 12th-century hagiographies and other Hungarian sources, which state that Stephen was "still an adolescent" in 997, substantiate the reliability of the latest year (975)  Stephen's Lesser Legend adds that he was born in Esztergom, which implies that he was born after 972 because his father, Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, chose Esztergom as royal residence around that year  Géza promoted the spread of Christianity among his subjects by force, but never ceased worshipping pagan gods  Both his son's Greater Legend and the nearly contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg described Géza as a cruel monarch, suggesting that he was a despot who mercilessly consolidated his authority over the rebellious Hungarian lords Hungarian chronicles agree that Stephen's mother was Sarolt, daughter of Gyula, a Hungarian chieftain with jurisdiction either in Transylvania or in the wider region of the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Maros  Many historians—including Pál Engel and Gyula Kristó—propose that her father was identical with "Gylas", who had been baptized in Constantinople around 952 and "remained faithful to Christianity", according to Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes  However, this identification is not unanimously accepted; historian György Györffy states that it was not Sarolt's father, but his younger brother, who was baptized in the Byzantine capital  In contrast with all Hungarian sources, the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle and later Polish sources state that Stephen's mother was Adelhaid, an otherwise unknown sister of Duke Mieszko I of Poland, but the reliability of this report is not accepted by modern historians 

Stephen was born as Vajk, a name derived from the Turkic word baj, meaning "hero", "master", "prince" or "rich"  Stephen's Greater Legend narrates that he was baptized by the saintly Bishop Adalbert of Prague, who stayed in Géza's court several times between 983 and 994  However, Saint Adalbert's nearly contemporaneous Legend, written by Bruno of Querfurt, does not mention this event  Accordingly, the date of Stephen's baptism is unknown: Györffy argues that he was baptized soon after birth, while Kristó proposes that he only received baptism just before his father's death in 997 Stephen's official hagiography, written by Bishop Hartvic and sanctioned by Pope Innocent III, narrates that he "was fully instructed in the knowledge of the grammatical art" in his childhood  This implies that he studied Latin, though some scepticism is warranted as few kings of this era were able to write  His two other late 11th-century hagiographies do not mention any grammatical studies, stating only that he "was brought up by receiving an education appropriate for a little prince"  Kristó says that the latter remark only refers to Stephen's physical training, including his participation in hunts and military actions  According to the Illuminated Chronicle, one of his tutors was a Count Deodatus from Italy, who later founded a monastery in Tata According to Stephen's legends, Grand Prince Géza convoked an assembly of the Hungarian chieftains and warriors when Stephen "ascended to the first stage of adolescence", at the age of 14 or 15  Géza nominated Stephen as his successor and all those present took an oath of loyalty to the young prince  Györffy writes, without identifying his source, that Géza appointed his son to rule the "Nyitra ducate" around that time  Slovak historians, including Ján Steinhübel and Ján Lukačka, accept Györffy's view and propose that Stephen administered Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia) from around 995 Géza arranged Stephen's marriage, to Gisela, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, in or after 995  This marriage established the first family link between a Hungarian ruler and a Western European ruling house, as Gisela was closely related to the Ottonian dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors  According to popular tradition preserved in the Scheyern Abbey in Bavaria, the ceremony took place at the Scheyern castle and was celebrated by Saint Adalbert  Gisela was accompanied to her new home by Bavarian knights, many of whom received land grants from her husband and settled in Hungary, helping to strengthen Stephen's military position  According to Györffy, Stephen and his wife "presumably" settled in Nyitra after their marriage 

Reign (997–1038)
Grand Prince (997–1000)
Grand Prince Géza died in 997  Stephen convoked an assembly at Esztergom where his supporters declared him grand prince  Initially, he only controlled the northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin; the rest of the territory was still dominated by tribal chieftains  Stephen's ascension to the throne was in line with the principle of primogeniture, which prescribed that a father was succeeded by his son  On the other hand, it contradicted the traditional idea of seniority, according to which Géza should have been succeeded by the most senior member of the Árpád dynasty, which was Koppány at that time  Koppány, who held the title Duke of Somogy, had for many years administered the regions of Transdanubia south of Lake Balaton 

Koppány proposed to Géza's widow, Sarolt, in accordance with the pagan custom of levirate marriage  He also announced his claim to the throne  Although it is not impossible that Koppány had already been baptized, in 972, most of his supporters were pagans, opponents of the Christianity represented by Stephen and his predominantly German retinue  A charter of 1002 for the Pannonhalma Archabbey writes of a war between "the Germans and the Hungarians" when referring to the armed conflicts between Stephen and Koppány  Even so, Györffy says that Oszlar ("Alan"), Besenyő ("Pecheneg"), Kér and other place names, referring to ethnic groups or Hungarian tribes in Transdanubia around the supposed borders of Koppány's duchy, suggest that significant auxiliary units and groups of Hungarian warriors—who had been settled there by Grand Prince Géza—fought in Stephen's army Kristó states that the entire conflict between Stephen and Koppány was only a feud between two members of the Árpád dynasty, with no effect on other Hungarian tribal leaders  Koppány and his troops invaded the northern regions of Transdanubia, took many of Stephen's forts and plundered his lands  Stephen, who, according to the Illuminated Chronicle, "was for the first time girded with his sword", placed the brothers Hont and Pázmány at the head of his own guard and nominated Vecelin to lead the royal army  The last was a German knight who had come to Hungary in the reign of Géza  Hont and Pázmány were, according to Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle, "knights of Swabian origin" who settled in Hungary either under Géza or in the first years of Stephen's reign  On the other hand, Lukačka and other Slovak historians say that Hont and Pázmány were "Slovak" noblemen who had joined Stephen during his rule in Nyitra Koppány was besieging Veszprém when he was informed of the arrival of Stephen's army  In the ensuing battle, Stephen won a decisive victory over his enemies  Koppány was killed on the battlefield  His body was quartered and its parts were displayed at the gates of the forts of Esztergom, Győr, Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia, Romania) and Veszprém in order to threaten all of those who were conspiring against the young monarch Stephen occupied Koppány's duchy and granted large estates to his own partisans  He also prescribed that Koppány's former subjects were to pay tithes to the Pannonhalma Archabbey, according to the deed of the foundation of this monastery which has been preserved in a manuscript containing interpolations  The same document declares that "there were no other bishoprics and monasteries in Hungary" at that time  On the other hand, the nearly contemporary Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg stated that Stephen "established bishoprics in his kingdom" before being crowned king  If the latter report is valid, the dioceses of Veszprém and Győr are the most probable candidates, according to historian Gábor Thoroczkay 

Coronation (1000–1001)
By ordering the display of one part of Koppány's quartered corpse in Gyulafehérvár, the seat of his maternal uncle, Gyula the Younger, Stephen asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords  He also decided to strengthen his international status by adopting the title of king  However, the exact circumstances of his coronation and its political consequences are subject to scholarly debate Thietmar of Merseburg writes that Stephen received the crown "with the favour and urging" of Emperor Otto III (r  996–1002), implying that Stephen accepted the Emperor's suzerainty before his coronation  On the other hand, all of Stephen's legends emphasize that he received his crown from Pope Sylvester II (r  999–1003)  Kristó and other historians point out that Pope Sylvester and Emperor Otto were close allies, which implies that both reports are valid: Stephen "received the crown and consecration" from the Pope, but not without the Emperor's consent  Around 75 years after the coronation, Pope Gregory VII (r  1075–1085), who claimed suzerainty over Hungary, declared that Stephen had "offered and devotedly surrendered" Hungary "to Saint Peter" (that is, to the Holy See)  In a contrasting report, Stephen's Greater Legend states that the King offered Hungary to the Virgin Mary  Modern historians—including Pál Engel, and Miklós Molnár—write that Stephen always asserted his sovereignty and never accepted papal or imperial suzerainty  For instance, none of his charters were dated according to the years of the reign of the contemporary emperors, which would have been the case if he had been their vassal  Furthermore, Stephen declared in the preamble to his First Book of Laws that he governed his realm "by the will of God" The exact date of Stephen's coronation is unknown  According to later Hungarian tradition, he was crowned on the first day of the second millennium, which may refer either to 25 December 1000 or to 1 January 1001  Details of Stephen's coronation preserved in his Greater Legend suggest that the ceremony, which took place in Esztergom or Székesfehérvár followed the rite of the coronation of the German kings  Accordingly, Stephen was anointed with consecrated oil during the ceremony  Stephen's portrait, preserved on his royal cloak from 1031, shows that his crown, like the Holy Roman Emperor's diadem, was a hoop crown decorated with gemstones Besides his crown, Stephen regarded a spear with a flag as an important symbol of his sovereignty  For instance, his first coins bear the inscription LANCEA REGIS ("the king's spear") and depict an arm holding a spear with flag  According to the contemporaneous Adémar de Chabannes, a spear had been given to Stephen's father by Emperor Otto III as a token of Géza's right to "enjoy the most freedom in the possession of his country"  Stephen is styled in various ways—Ungarorum rex ("king of the Hungarians"), Pannoniorum rex ("king of the Pannonians") or Hungarie rex ("king of Hungary")—in his charters 

Consolidation (1001–c  1009)
Although Stephen's power did not rely on his coronation, the ceremony granted him the internationally accepted legitimacy of a Christian monarch who ruled his realm "by the Grace of God"  All his legends testify that he established an archbishopric with its see in Esztergom shortly after his coronation  This act ensured that the Church in Hungary became independent of the prelates of the Holy Roman Empire  The earliest reference to an archbishop of Esztergom, named Domokos, has been preserved in the deed of foundation of the Pannonhalma Archabbey from 1002  According to historian Gábor Thoroczkay, Stephen also established the Diocese of Kalocsa in 1001  Stephen invited foreign priests to Hungary to evangelize his kingdom  Associates of the late Adalbert of Prague, including Radla and Astrik, arrived in Hungary in the first years of his reign  The presence of an unnamed "Archbishop of the Hungarians" at the synod of 1007 of Frankfurt and the consecration of an altar in Bamberg in 1012 by Archbishop Astrik show that Stephen's prelates maintained a good relationship with the clergy of the Holy Roman Empire The transformation of Hungary into a Christian state was one of Stephen's principal concerns throughout his reign  Although the Hungarians' conversion had already begun in his father's reign, it was only Stephen who systematically forced his subjects to give up their pagan rituals  His legislative activity was closely connected with Christianity  For example, his First Book of Laws from the first years of his reign includes several provisions prescribing the observance of feast days and the confession before death  His other laws protected property rights and the interests of widows and orphans, or regulated the status of serfs 
If someone has such a hardened heart—God forbid it to any Christian—that he does not want to confess his faults according to the counsel of a priest, he shall lie without any divine service and alms like an infidel  If his relatives and neighbors fail to summon the priest, and therefore he should die unconfessed, prayers and alms should be offered, but his relatives shall wash away their negligence by fasting in accordance with the judgement of the priests  Those who die a sudden death shall be buried with all ecclesiastical honor; for divine judgment is hidden from us and unknown 

Many Hungarian lords refused to accept Stephen's suzerainty even after his coronation  The new King first turned against his own uncle, Gyula the Younger, whose realm "was most wide and rich", according to the Illuminated Chronicle  Stephen invaded Transylvania and seized Gyula and his family around 1002 or in 1003  The contemporary Annals of Hildesheim adds that Stephen converted his uncle's "country to the Christian faith by force" after its conquest  Accordingly, historians date the establishment of the Diocese of Transylvania to this period  If the identification, proposed by Kristó, Györffy and other Hungarian historians, of Gyula with one Prokui—who was Stephen's uncle according to Thietmar of Merseburg—is valid, Gyula later escaped from captivity and fled to Bolesław I the Brave, Duke of Poland (r  992–1025) 
[Duke Boleslav the Brave's] territory included a certain burg, located near the border with the Hungarians  Its guardian was lord Prokui, an uncle of the Hungarian king  Both in the past and more recently, Prokui had been driven from his lands by the king and his wife had been taken captive  When he was unable to free her, his nephew arranged for her unconditional release, even though he was Prokui's enemy  I have never heard of anyone who showed such restraint towards a defeated foe  Because of this, God repeatedly granted him victory, not only in the burg mentioned above, but in others as well 
About a hundred years later, the chronicler Gallus Anonymus also made mention of armed conflicts between Stephen and Boleslav, stating that the latter "defeated the Hungarians in battle and made himself master of all their lands as far as the Danube"  Györffy says that the chronicler's report refers to the occupation of the valley of the river Morava—a tributary of the Danube—by the Poles in the 1010s  On the other hand, the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle states that the Polish duke occupied large territories north of the Danube and east of the Morava as far as Esztergom in the early 11th century  According to Steinhübel, the latter source proves that a significant part of the lands that now form Slovakia were under Polish rule between 1002 and 1030  In contrast with the Slovak historian, Györffy writes that this late chronicle "in which one absurdity follows another" contradicts all facts known from 11th-century sources 

The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that Stephen "led his army against Kean, Duke of the Bulgarians and Slavs whose lands are by their natural position most strongly fortified" following the occupation of Gyula's country  According to a number of historians, including Zoltán Lenkey and Gábor Thoroczkay, Kean was the head of a small state located in the southern parts of Transylvania and Stephen occupied his country around 1003  Other historians, including Györffy, say that the chronicle's report preserved the memory of Stephen's campaign against Bulgaria in the late 1010s Likewise, the identification of the "Black Hungarians"—who were mentioned by Bruno of Querfurt and Adémar de Chabannes among the opponents of Stephen's proselytizing policy—is uncertain  Györffy locates their lands to the east of the river Tisza; while Thoroczkay says they live in the southern parts of Transdanubia  Bruno of Querfurt's report of the Black Hungarians' conversion by force suggests that Stephen conquered their lands at the latest in 1009 when "the first mission of Saint Peter"—a papal legate, Cardinal Azo—arrived in Hungary  The latter attended the meeting in Győr where the royal charter determining the borders of the newly established Bishopric of Pécs was issued on 23 August 1009 The Diocese of Eger was also set up around 1009  According to Thoroczkay, "it is very probable" that the bishopric's establishment was connected with the conversion of the Kabars—an ethnic group of Khazar origin— and their chieftain  The head of the Kabars—who was either Samuel Aba or his father— married Stephen's unnamed younger sister on this occasion  The Aba clan was the most powerful among the native families who joined Stephen and supported him in his efforts to establish a Christian monarchy  The reports by Anonymus, Simon of Kéza and other Hungarian chroniclers of the Bár-Kalán, Csák and other 13th-century noble families descending from Hungarian chieftains suggest that other native families were also involved in the process Stephen set up a territory-based administrative system, establishing counties  Each county, headed by a royal official known as a count or ispán, was an administrative unit organized around a royal fortress  Most fortresses were earthworks in this period, but the castles at Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and Veszprém were built of stone  Forts serving as county seats also became the nuclei of Church organization  The settlements developing around them, where markets were held on each Sunday, were important local economic centers 

Wars with Poland and Bulgaria (c  1009–1018)
Stephen's brother-in-law, Henry II, became King of Germany in 1002 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1013  Their friendly relationship ensured that the western borders of Hungary experienced a period of peace in the first decades of the 11th century  Even when Henry II's discontented brother, Bruno, sought refuge in Hungary in 1004, Stephen preserved the peace with Germany and negotiated a settlement between his two brothers-in-law  Around 1009, he gave his younger sister in marriage to Otto Orseolo, Doge of Venice (r  1008–1026), a close ally of the Byzantine Emperor, Basil II (r  976–1025), which suggests that Hungary's relationship with the Byzantine Empire was also peaceful  On the other hand, the alliance between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire brought her into a war with Poland lasting from around 1014 until 1018  The Poles occupied the Hungarian posts along the river Morava  Györffy and Kristó write that a Pecheneg incursion into Transylvania, the memory of which has been preserved in Stephen's legends, also took place in this period, because the Pechenegs were close allies of the Polish duke's brother-in-law, Grand Prince Sviatopolk I of Kiev (r  1015–1019) Poland and the Holy Roman Empire concluded the Peace of Bautzen in January 1018  Later in the same year, 500 Hungarian horsemen accompanied Boleslav of Poland to Kyiv, suggesting that Hungary had been included in the peace treaty  The historian Ferenc Makk says that the Peace of Bautzen obliged Boleslav to hand over all the territories he had occupied in the Morava valley to Stephen  According to Leodvin, the first known Bishop of Bihar (r  c  1050 – c  1060), Stephen allied with the Byzantines and led a military expedition to assist them against "barbarians" in the Balkan Peninsula  The Byzantine and Hungarian troops jointly took "Cesaries" which Györffy identifies as the present-day town of Ohrid  Leodvin's report suggests that Stephen joined the Byzantines in the war ending with their conquest of Bulgaria in 1018  However, the exact date of his expedition is uncertain  Györffy argues that it was only in the last year of the war that Stephen led his troops against the Bulgarians 

Domestic policies (1018–1024)
Bishop Leodvin wrote that Stephen collected relics of a number of saints in "Cesaries" during his campaign in the Balkans, including Saint George and Saint Nicholas  He donated them to his new triple-naved basilica dedicated to the Holy Virgin in Székesfehérvár, where he also set up a cathedral chapter and his new capital  His decision was influenced by the opening, in 1018 or 1019, of a new pilgrimage route that bypassed his old capital, Esztergom  The new route connected Western Europe and the Holy Land through Hungary  Stephen often met the pilgrims, contributing to the spread of his fame throughout Europe  Abbot Odilo of Cluny, for example, wrote in a letter to Stephen that "those who have returned from the shrine of our Lord" testify to the king's passion "towards the honour of our divine religion"  Stephen also established four hostels for pilgrims in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Ravenna and Rome 
[Almost] all those from Italy and Gaul who wished to go to the Sepulchre of the Lord at Jerusalem abandoned the usual route, which was by sea, making their way through the country of King Stephen  He made the road safe for everyone, welcomed as brothers all he saw and gave them enormous gifts  This action led many people, nobles and commoners, to go to Jerusalem 
In addition to pilgrims, merchants often used the safe route across Hungary when travelling between Constantinople and Western Europe  Stephen's legends refer to 60 wealthy Pechenegs who travelled to Hungary, but were attacked by Hungarian border guards  The king sentenced his soldiers to death in order to demonstrate his determination to preserve internal peace  Regular minting of coinage began in Hungary in the 1020s  His silver dinars bearing the inscriptions STEPHANUS REX ("King Stephen") and REGIA CIVITAS ("royal city") were popular in contemporary Europe, as demonstrated by counterfeited copies unearthed in Sweden Stephen convinced some pilgrims and merchants to settle in Hungary  Gerard, a Benedictine monk who arrived in Hungary from the Republic of Venice between 1020 and 1026, initially planned to continue his journey to the Holy Land, but decided to stay in the country after his meeting with the king  Stephen also established a number of Benedictine monasteries—including the abbeys at Pécsvárad, Zalavár and Bakonybél—in this period The Long Life of Saint Gerard mentions Stephen's conflict with Ajtony, a chieftain in the region of the river Maros  Many historians date their clash to the end of the 1020s, although Györffy and other scholars put it at least a decade earlier  The conflict arose when Ajtony, who "had taken his power from the Greeks", according to Saint Gerard's legend, levied tax on the salt transported to Stephen on the river  The king sent a large army led by Csanád against Ajtony, who was killed in battle  His lands were transformed into a Hungarian county and the king set up a new bishopric at Csanád (Cenad, Romania), Ajtony's former capital, which was renamed after the commander of the royal army  According to the Annales Posonienses, the Venetian Gerard was consecrated as the first bishop of the new diocese in 1030 

Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire (1024–1031)
Stephen's brother-in-law, Emperor Henry, died on 13 July 1024  He was succeeded by a distant relative, Conrad II (r  1024–1039), who adopted an offensive foreign policy  Conrad II expelled Doge Otto Orseolo—the husband of Stephen's sister—from Venice in 1026  He also persuaded the Bavarians to proclaim his own son, Henry, as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son Emeric had a strong claim to the Duchy of Bavaria through his mother  Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the Byzantine Empire and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop Werner of Strasbourg, to Constantinople  In the autumn of 1027, the bishop seemingly travelled as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter into his country  Conrad II's biographer Wipo of Burgundy narrated that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common borders of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries Emperor Conrad personally led his armies to Hungary in June 1030 and plundered the lands west of the River Rába  However, according to the Annals of Niederalteich, the emperor, suffering from consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarian army, returned to Germany "without an army and without achieving anything, because the army was threatened by starvation and was captured by the Hungarians at Vienna"  Peace was restored after Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Lajta and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031 
At this same time, dissensions arose between the Pannonian nation and the Bavarians, through the fault of the Bavarians  And, as a result, King [Stephen] of Hungary made many incursions and raids in the realm of the Norici (that is, of the Bavarians)  Disturbed on this account Emperor Conrad came upon the Hungarians with a great army  But King [Stephen], whose forces were entirely insufficient to meet the Emperor, relied solely on the guardianship of the Lord, which he sought with prayers and fasts proclaimed through his whole realm  Since the Emperor was not able to enter a kingdom so fortified with rivers and forests, he returned, after he had sufficiently avenged his injury with lootings and burnings on the borders of the kingdom; and it was his wish at a more opportune time to complete the things he had begun  His son, King Henry, however, still a young boy entrusted to the care of Eigilbert, bishop of Freising, received a legation of King [Stephen] which asked for peace; and solely with the counsel of the princes of the realm, and without his father's knowledge, he granted the favor of reconciliation 

Last years (1031–1038)
Stephen's biographer, Hartvic, narrates that the King, whose children died one by one in infancy, "restrained the grief over their death by the solace on account of the love of his surviving son", Emeric  However, Emeric was wounded in a hunting accident and died in 1031  After the death of his son, the elderly King could never "fully regain his former health", according to the Illuminated Chronicle  Kristó writes that the picture, which has been preserved in Stephen's legends, of the king keeping the vigils and washing the feet of paupers, is connected with Stephen's last years, following the death of his son Emeric's death jeopardized his father's achievements in establishing a Christian state, because Stephen's cousin, Vazul—who had the strongest claim to succeed him—was suspected of an inclination towards paganism  According to the Annals of Altaich Stephen disregarded his cousin's claim and nominated his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo, as his heir  The same source adds that Vazul was captured and blinded, and his three sons, Levente, Andrew and Béla, were expelled from Hungary  Stephen's legends refer to an unsuccessful attempt upon the elderly king's life by members of his court  According to Kristó, the legends refer to a plot in which Vazul participated and his mutilation was a punishment for this act  That Vazul's ears were filled with molten lead was only recorded in later sources, including the Illuminated Chronicle In the view of some historians, provisions in Stephen's Second Book of Laws on the "conspiracy against the king and the kingdom" imply that the book was promulgated after Vazul's unsuccessful plot against Stephen  However, this view has not been universally accepted  Györffy states that the law book was issued, not after 1031, but around 1009  Likewise, the authenticity of the decree on tithes is debated: according to Györffy, it was issued during Stephen's reign, but Berend, Laszlovszky and Szakács argue that it "might be a later addition" Stephen died on 15 August 1038  He was buried in the basilica of Székesfehérvár  His reign was followed by a long period of civil wars, pagan uprisings and foreign invasions  The instability ended in 1077 when Ladislaus, a grandson of Vazul, ascended the throne 

Family
Stephen married Gisela, a daughter of Duke Henry the Wrangler of Bavaria, who was a nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor  Gisela's mother was Gisela of Burgundy, a member of the Welf dynasty  Born around 985, Gisela was younger than her husband, whom she survived  She left Hungary in 1045 and died as Abbess of the Niedernburg Abbey in Passau in Bavaria around 1060 Although the Illuminated Chronicle states that Stephen "begot many sons", only two of them, Otto and Emeric, are known by name  Otto, who was named after Otto III, seems to have been born before 1002  He died as a child Emeric, who received the name of his maternal uncle, Emperor Henry II, was born around 1007  His Legend from the early 12th century describes him as a saintly prince who preserved his chastity even during his marriage  According to Györffy, Emeric's wife was a kinswoman of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II  His premature death led to the series of conflicts leading to Vazul's blinding and civil wars 
Be obedient to me, my son  You are a child, descendant of rich parents, living among soft pillows, who has been caressed and brought up in all kinds of comforts; you have had a part neither in the troubles of the campaigns nor in the various attacks of the pagans in which almost my whole life has been worn away 
The following family tree presents Stephen's ancestors and his relatives who are mentioned in the article 
*A Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian lady **Györffy writes that she may have been a member of the Bulgarian Cometopuli dynasty ***Samuel Aba might have been the son of Stephen's sister instead of her husband 

Legacy
Founder of Hungary
Stephen has always been considered one of the most important statesmen in the history of Hungary  His main achievement was the establishment of a Christian state that ensured that the Hungarians survived in the Carpathian Basin, in contrast to the Huns, Avars and other peoples who had previously controlled the same territory  As Bryan Cartledge emphasizes, Stephen also gave his kingdom "forty years of relative peace and sound but unspectacular rule" His successors, including those descended from Vazul, were eager to emphasize their devotion to Stephen's achievements  Although Vazul's son, Andrew I of Hungary, secured the throne due to a pagan uprising, he prohibited pagan rites and declared that his subjects should "live in all things according to the law which King St  Stephen had taught them", according to the 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle  In medieval Hungary, communities that claimed a privileged status or attempted to preserve their own "liberties" often declared that the origin of their special status was to be attributed to King Saint Stephen  An example is a 1347 letter from the people of Táp telling the king about their grievances against the Pannonhalma Archabbey and stating that the taxes levied upon them by the abbot contradicted "the liberty granted to them in the time of King Saint Stephen" 

Sainthood
Stephen's cult emerged after the long period of anarchy characterizing the rule of his immediate successors  However, there is no evidence that Stephen became an object of veneration before his canonization  For instance, the first member of the royal family to be named after him, Stephen II, was born in the early 12th century Stephen's canonization was initiated by Vazul's grandson, King Ladislaus I of Hungary, who had consolidated his authority by capturing and imprisoning his cousin, Solomon  According to Bishop Hartvic, the canonization was "decreed by apostolic letter, by order of the Roman see", suggesting that the ceremony was permitted by Pope Gregory VII  The ceremony started at Stephen's tomb, where on 15 August 1083 masses of believers began three days of fasting and praying  Legend tells that Stephen's coffin could not be opened until King Ladislaus held Solomon in captivity at Visegrád  The opening of Stephen's tomb was followed by the occurrence of healing miracles, according to Stephen's legends  Historian Kristó attributes the healings either to mass psychosis or deception  Stephen's legends also say that his "balsam-scented" remains were elevated from the coffin, which was filled with "rose-colored water", on 20 August  On the same day, Stephen's son, Emeric, and the bishop of Csanád, Gerard, were also canonized 
Having completed the office of Vespers the third day, everyone expected the favors of divine mercy through the merit of the blessed man; suddenly with Christ visiting his masses, the signs of miracles poured forth from heaven throughout the whole of the holy house  Their multitude, which that night were too many to count, brings to mind the answer from the Gospel which the Savior of the world confided to John, who asked through messengers whether he was the one who was to come: the blind see, the lame walk, the deaf hear, the lepers are cleansed, the crippled are set straight, the paralyzed are cured   
Stephen's first legend, the so-called Greater Legend, was written between 1077 and 1083  It provided an idealized portrait of the king, one who dedicated himself and his kingdom to the Virgin Mary  However, Stephen's Lesser Legend—composed around 1100, under King Coloman—emphasized Stephen's severity  A third legend, also composed during King Coloman's reign by Bishop Hartvic, was based on the two existing legends  Sanctioned in 1201 by Pope Innocent III, Hartvic's work served as Stephen's official legend  Gábor Klaniczay wrote that Stephen's legends "opened a new chapter in the legends of holy rulers as a genre", suggesting that a monarch can achieve sainthood through actively using his royal powers  Stephen was the first triumphant miles Christi ("Christ's soldier") among the canonized monarchs  He was also a "confessor king", one who had not suffered martyrdom, whose cult was sanctioned, in contrast with earlier holy monarchs Stephen's cult spread beyond the borders of Hungary  Initially, he was primarily venerated in Scheyern and Bamberg, in Bavaria, but his relics were also taken to Aachen, Cologne, Montecassino and Namur  Upon the liberation of Buda from the Ottoman Turks, Pope Innocent XI expanded King Saint Stephen's cult to the entire Roman Catholic Church in 1686, and declared 2 September his feast day  As the feast of Saint Joachim was moved, in 1969, from 16 August, the day immediately following the day of Stephen's death, Stephen's feast was moved to that date  Stephen is venerated as the patron saint of Hungary, and regarded as the protector of kings, masons, stonecutters, stonemasons and bricklayers, and also of children suffering from severe illnesses  His canonization was recognized by Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople in 2000  In the calendar of the Hungarian Catholic Church, Stephen's feast is observed on 20 August, the day on which his relics were translated  In addition, a separate feast day (30 May) is dedicated to his "Holy Dexter" 

Holy Dexter
Stephen's intact dexter, or right hand (Hungarian: Szent Jobb), became the subject of a cult  A cleric named Mercurius stole it, but it was discovered on 30 May 1084 in Bihar County  The theft of sacred relics, or furta sacra, had by that time become a popular topic of saints' biographies  Bishop Hartvic described the discovery of Stephen's right hand in accordance with this tradition, referring to adventures and visions  An abbey erected in Bihar County (now Sâniob, Romania) was named after and dedicated to the veneration of the Holy Dexter 
Why is it, brothers, that his other limbs having become disjointed and, his flesh having been reduced to dust, wholly separated, only the right hand, its skin and sinews adhering to the bones, preserved the beauty of wholeness? I surmise that the inscrutability of divine judgement sought to proclaim by the extraordinary nature of this fact nothing less than that the work of love and alms surpasses the measure of all other virtues      The right hand of the blessed man was deservedly exempt from putrefaction, because always reflourishing from the flower of kindness it was never empty from giving gifts to nourish the poor 
The Holy Dexter was kept for centuries in the Szentjobb Abbey, except during the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242, when it was transferred to Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia)  The relic was then taken to Székesfehérvár around 1420  Following the Ottoman occupation of the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary in the mid-16th century, it was guarded in many places, including Bosnia, Ragusa and Vienna  It was returned to Hungary in 1771, when Queen Maria Theresa donated it to the cloister of the Sisters of Loreto in Buda  It was kept in Buda Castle's St  Sigismund Chapel between around 1900 and 1944, in a cave near Salzburg in 1944 and 1945, and again by the Sisters of Loreto in Buda, between 1945 and 1950  Finally, since 1950, the Holy Dexter has been in St  Stephen's Basilica in Budapest  An annual procession celebrating the relic was instituted in 1938, and continued until 1950, when the procession was forbidden by the Communist government  It was resumed in 1988 

Admonitions
According to Stephen's Greater Legend, the king "himself compiled a book for his son on moral education"  This work, now known as Admonitions or De institutione morum, was preserved in manuscripts written in the Late Middle Ages   Although scholars debate whether it can actually be attributed to the king or a cleric, most of them agree that it was composed in the first decades of the 11th century The Admonitions argues that kingship is inseparably connected with the Catholic faith  Its author emphasized that a monarch is required to make donations to the Church and regularly consult his prelates, but is entitled to punish clergymen who do wrong  One of its basic ideas was that a sovereign has to cooperate with the "pillars of his rule", meaning the prelates, aristocrats, ispáns and warriors 
My dearest son, if you desire to honor the royal crown, I advise, I counsel, I urge you above all things to maintain the Catholic and Apostolic faith with such diligence and care that you may be an example for all those placed under you by God, and that all the clergy may rightly call you a man of true Christian profession  Failing to do this, you may be sure that you will not be called a Christian or a son of the Church  Indeed, in the royal palace, after the faith itself, the Church holds second place, first constituted and spread through the whole world by His members, the apostles and holy fathers, And though she always produced fresh offspring, nevertheless in certain places she is regarded as ancient  However, dearest son, even now in our kingdom the Church is proclaimed as young and newly planted; and for that reason she needs more prudent and trustworthy guardians lest a benefit which the divine mercy bestowed on us undeservedly should be destroyed and annihilated through your idleness, indolence or neglect 

In arts
King St Stephen has been a popular theme in Hungarian poetry since the end of the 13th century  The earliest poems were religious hymns which portrayed the holy king as the apostle of the Hungarians  Secular poetry, especially poems written for his feast day, followed a similar pattern, emphasizing Stephen's role as the first king of Hungary  Poets described Stephen as the symbol of national identity and independence and of the ability of the Hungarian nation to survive historical cataclysms during the Communist regime between 1949 and 1989 A popular hymn, still sung in the churches, was first recorded in the late 18th century  It hails King St  Stephen as "radiant star of Hungarians"  Ludwig van Beethoven composed his King Stephen Overture for the inauguration of the Hungarian theatre in Pest in 1812  According to musician James M  Keller, "[t]he descending unisons that open the King Stephen Overture would seem to prefigure the opening of the Ninth Symphony;     [a]nd then a later theme, introduced by flutes and clarinets, seems almost to be a variation     of the famous Ode 'To Joy' melody of the Ninth Symphony's finale"  Hungarian composer Ferenc Erkel named his last complete opera from 1885, István király ("King Stephen"), after him  In 1938, Zoltán Kodály wrote a choral piece titled Ének Szent István Királyhoz ("Hymn to King Stephen")   In 1983, Levente Szörényi and János Bródy composed a rock opera—István, a király ("Stephen, the King")—about the early years of his reign  Seventeen years later, in 2000, Szörényi composed a sequel called Veled, Uram! ("You, Sir") 

See also
Catholic Church in Hungary
History of Christianity in Hungary
Isten, hazánkért térdelünk
SMS Szent István
St  Stephen's Mausoleum
Passage 6:
John Adams (merchant)
John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c  1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council  He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton 

Biography
Adams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams  Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710  Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life  There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor  Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did  He also held several other public positions in the province  Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727 Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730  After this, he was less active in community activities and trade  Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed  He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724  In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died  With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government  (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position ) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president  This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life  He died some time after 1745 

Notes
Passage 7:
Peter Burroughs
Peter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management  He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis 

Early career
Burroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire 
His first dramatic role was that of the character "Branic" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur  He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave 

Film career
Burroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis  He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2) 

Personal life
His daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis  He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress  His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis 

Filmography
Passage 8:
Harry Smith (athlete)
Harry James Smith (July 30, 1888 – November 20, 1962) was an American long-distance runner  He was most notable for competing in the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm  He was also the father of Hart wrestling family matriarch Helen Hart and the father-in-law of Stu Hart 

Early life
He was born in the Bronx, New York, and was of Irish descent  Smith came from a relatively well off family and had a brother named Frank  Both of them suffered from bipolar disorder His athletic interest began when he was a child  At the age of 12 Smith was playing craps with some friends in an alley when a police officer spotted them and ran after them, attempting to arrest them for illegal gambling  The man caught all of them except Smith  Another day when the officer found Smith, the officer advised him to pursue competitive running 

Career
He competed in the marathon for the United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics  He finished in 17th place  He shared rooms with Jim Thorpe on the way to the Olympics  Smith also ran the Boston Marathon 10 years in a row  He finished 10th at the 1912 event with a time of 2:27:46  He finished in the top three at the 1913 event  Smith also participated in at least three Run for the Diamonds events  Harry came in at third place in both 1911 and 1913  He came first and won in 1912  Smith was USA Outdoor Track & Field Champion 10000 m in 1912, a victory he shared with Hannes Kolehmainen  Later in 1912 Smith won a race called the Union Settlement Road Race and was given a gold medal award, handed to him by congressman Amos Pinchot  He won the Coney Island Derby Race in 1913 Smith refrained from competing in the fall of 1914 due to sore feet  While in training Smith had a diet that had him consume little water and instead eat a lot of vegetables  He was of the belief that a marathon runner should never look behind themself, as this throws off one's timing while running  He made an exception to this however when he once encountered Tom Longboat while in a race and exchanged a glance with him  This later became a story he would tell his five daughters  Smith was a member and Captain of the Pastime Athletic Club  Supposedly Smith was an early underground sports agent  After his athletic career ended he became a sports columnist for The New York Tribune 

Personal life
He was married to a Greek woman named Elizabeth "Ellie" Poulis  Ellie's parents were from the town of Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania  She was born on Ellis Island while her parents were in quarantine and waiting to be granted entry into the United States  Ellie was a dancer and artist in her younger years  Harry and Ellie were the parents of five girls, Helen, Diana, Patricia "Patsy", Elizabeth "Betty" and Joanie Some time during the 1930s he was the victim of a hit-and-run accident which left him with permanent injury on one of his legs, he was bedridden for a long time and walked with a limp for the rest of his life  This left the family in financial troubles  He and his wife helped raise their daughter, Helen Hart's oldest son Smith when she and her husband, Stu, suffered an automobile accident while she was pregnant with their second child, Bruce  His daughter Diana married Jock Osler descendant of Sir William Osler and his daughter Patsy married a man named Jack Forrest, who was the great great grandnephew of Nathan Bedford Forrest 

Legacy
His granddaughter Diana Hart dedicated the fourth chapter, "Roots", in her book Under the Mat to discussing Smith's life  She also named her son Harry  The younger Harry is a professional wrestler 

See also
List of people with bipolar disorder
Passage 9:
Gisela of Hungary
Gisela of Hungary (or Gisele, Gizella and of Bavaria; c  985 – 7 May 1065) was the first queen consort of Hungary by marriage to Stephen I of Hungary, and the sister of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor  She has been beatified by the Catholic Church 

Biography
Gisela was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and Gisela of Burgundy  Gisela was raised very devout, most likely with bishop Wolfgang of Regensburg as her mentor and governor  She married King Stephen I of Hungary in 996 as a part of Hungary's policy of opening up to the West  The couple had a son, Saint Emeric, who died on 2 September 1031, while hunting boar  The wedding of Stephen and Gisela marked a turning point in Hungary's history 
Queen Gisela played a fundamental role in spreading the Christian faith and Western culture in Hungary When Edmund Ironside of England died, he was succeeded by Cnut  Edmund's infant sons were sent abroad and ended up under the protection of King Stephen of Hungary  One of the twins died young, but the other, Edward Atheling, was brought up as a protégé of Queen Gisela, and regarded in that foreign court as the heir to the Anglo-Saxon throne King Stephen died in 1038  In 1046 Gisela, her attendants, and a number of many Bavarian settlers left Hungary to return to Bavaria, where she joined Niedernburg convent in Passau and became the abbess She lived in the nunnery of Niedernburg in Passau, where she died 

Veneration
Gisela's canonisation was attempted in the 18th century but failed  She was beatified in 1975  Her memorial days are 7 May and 1 February 
Gisela and her husband were not buried together  On 4 May 1996, the remains of King Stephen's right hand was preserved, and it was brought back together with a bone taken from the arm of Gisela  Both are now safely protected in glass and gold cases, and are displayed in the basilica in the western Hungarian town of Veszprém, where Gisela once lived Her grave is well known, and regarded as a holy place  The cross was commissioned by Queen Gisela for the tomb of her mother, who died in 1006 and was buried in the Niedermünster in Regensburg 
Blessed Gisela is depicted on a white limestone panel by Hungarian artist Sandor Kiss on the wall of the Chapel of Our Lady – Queen of Hungary in St  Peter's Basilica, Rome 



ground_truth: Géza

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Do Nick Varner and Carl Duser share the same nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Biography
He was born in Oslo to Petter Oskar Varner (1903–65)  and Solveig Kleve (1904–77) 
In 1962, he established his first clothing store on Thorvald Meyersgate in Grünerløkka in Oslo 
In 1965, Varner opened two more stores in Oslo and Trondheim  
In 1967 he founded the Dressmann chain of men's clothing stores 
In 1985 he entered women's clothing, with the launch of Carlings  
In 1989, Varner acquired an owner's share of more than 90 percent in Jonas Øglænd AS 
This was followed by the purchase of Cubus (1989), Bik Bok (1991) and Vivikes (1994)  In 1994 he also started the chain Varners 

Personal life
He settled in Asker  
He married Turid Iversen in 1961  
They were the parents of three sons 
He died in Oslo during 2001 
Passage 4:
Lacordaire
Lacordaire is a surname  Notable people with the surname include:

Jean Théodore Lacordaire (1801–1870), Belgian entomologist
Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861), French preacher

See also
Colegio Lacordaire
Lacordaire Academy
Passage 5:
George Augustus
Multiple people share the name George Augustus:

George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield
George Augustus Sala
George Augustus Selwyn, bishop 
George II of Great Britain was earlier known as Prince George Augustus
George IV of the United Kingdom's full name was George Augustus Frederick
Passage 6:
Anisopus
Several genera share the name Anisopus:

Anisopus (fly), Meigen, 1803, in the family Anisopodidae
Anisopus (plant), N E Br 1895, in the family Apocynaceae
Ovalipes, a genus of crab, formerly Anisopus De Haan, 1833, a junior homonym of Anisopus Meigen, 1803
Passage 7:
David Ji
David Longfen Ji is an American businessman who co-founded Apex Digital, an electronics manufacturer In 2004, he was arrested in China following a dispute with Sichuan Changhong Electric, a supplier owned by the city of Mianyang and the province of Sichuan  Changhong accused him of defrauding them through bad checks  Ji was taken, according to an account by his lawyer, to the senior management and told, "I decide whether you live or die " He has been held in China without charges 
Ji's case highlighted an "implicit racism" in dealings with American businessmen  As a U S  citizen he was not granted the same treatment by authorities as non-ethnically Chinese businessmen sharing the same nationality 
Passage 8:
Rice Family Cemetery
The Rice Family Cemetery is a historic cemetery at the junction of United States Route 65 and Arkansas Highway 388 in rural Varner, Arkansas   The small cemetery is the burial site of Robert R  Rice, one of the early settlers of Varner and a prominent race horse enthusiast   The cemetery contains seventeen graves, eleven of which are marked, dating from 1870 to 1965   In addition to members of the Rice family, it also holds graves of the Varner and Douglas families, also associated with the area's early history The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Arkansas
Passage 9:
Dugès
Dugès is a surname  Notable people with the surname include:

Antoine Louis Dugès (1797–1838), French obstetrician and naturalist
Alfredo Dugès (1826–1910), French-born Mexican physician and naturalist, son of Antoine
Marie Jonet Dugès (1730–1797), French midwife
Passage 10:
Carl Duser
Carl Robert Duser (July 22, 1932 – January 5, 2023) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher  He played for the Kansas City Athletics during the 1956 and 1958 seasons  He attended Weatherly Area High School, in Pennsylvania 
Duser honorably served his country in the United States Army during the Korean War  He was employed by the Bethlehem Steel as a sales executive for over 27 years until retiring  He was an accomplished professional baseball player including pitching for the Kansas City Athletics from 1956 to 1958, when his career was cut short by an unfortunate automobile accident  He was a Caribbean World Series champion and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Pennsylvania  He struck out murder's row which is the top 3 Yankees where he struck out all 3 in a row including Mickey Mantle Duser died in Sayre, Pennsylvania, on January 5, 2023, at the age of 90 



ground_truth: yes