prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the director of film Hellcats Of The Navy born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 2:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 3:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 4:
Nathan Juran
Naftuli Hertz "Nathan" Juran (September 1, 1907 – October 23, 2002) was an Austrian-born film art director, and later film and television director  As an art director, he won the Oscar for Best Art Direction in 1942 for How Green Was My Valley, along with  Richard Day and Thomas Little  His work on The Razor's Edge in 1946 also received an Academy nomination  In the 1950s, he began to direct, and was known for science fiction and fantasy films such as Attack of the 50 Foot Woman  He was also the brother of quality guru Joseph M  Juran 

Life and career
Early life
Juran was born to a Jewish family in Gura Humorului, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Romania) In 1912, he emigrated to America with his family, settling in Minneapolis  He earned a bachelor's degree in Architecture from the University of Minnesota  He also spent a summer studying at the École des Beaux-Arts before earning a master's degree in Architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  He passed the architect's exam and set up his own office as an architect 

Art department
With the construction industry at a standstill due to the Great Depression, Juran moved to Los Angeles  He sought architecture work at the studios and got a job doing a drawing of the Brooklyn Bridge for RKO Radio Pictures  He managed to get a permanent job as a draftsman in the art department  He was an assistant art director on Quality Street (1937) 
Juaran later moved to MGM, where he assisted in designing Juliet's bedroom in Romeo and Juliet (1936)  He then joined 20th Century Fox, assisting art department head Richard Day on How Green Was My Valley (1941) Fox liked his work and put Juran under contract  His early credits as art director included Charley's American Aunt (1941), and Belle Starr (1941), and he and Day won an Oscar for their work on Valley Juran also worked on I Wake Up Screaming (1941), A Gentleman at Heart (1942), Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942), The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe (1942), Dr  Renault's Secret (1942), It's Everybody's War (1942, a short), and That Other Woman (1942) 
Juran enlisted in the Navy during the Second World War in July 1942 and was assigned to first the Office of Strategic Services and then to the Royal Air Force Intelligence Center After the war, Juran returned to Fox, winning an Oscar nomination for his work on The Razor's Edge (1946) 
Juran accepted a seven-year contract to be head of the art department for Enterprise Productions  While there he was credited on The Other Love (1947) and Body and Soul (1947)  When Enterprise collapsed, Juran did Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948) for Harold Hecht and Tulsa (1948) for Walter Wanger 

Universal
Juran then signed a long-term contract with Universal, where he was the art director on Free for All (1949), Undertow (1949), Winchester '73 (1950), Deported (1950), Harvey (1950), Bright Victory (1951), Thunder on the Hill (1951), Reunion in Reno (1951), Cave of Outlaws (1951), The Strange Door (1951), Meet Danny Wilson (1951), Bend of the River (1952) and Untamed Frontier (1952) 

Director
Juran was assigned as art department head for The Black Castle (1952), when director Joseph Pevney dropped out shortly before filming  Juran was asked to take over as director two weeks prior to filming Universal was happy with Juran's work and signed him to a one-year directing contract  He made an Audie Murphy Western Gunsmoke (1952), and a Ronald Reagan Western Law and Order (1953), then did The Golden Blade (1953), an "Eastern" with Rock Hudson and Tumbleweed (1953) with Murphy 
Juran went to Italy in 1954 to direct a swashbuckler, Knights of the Queen (1954), based on The Three Musketeers  He then directed some episodes of a TV series based on the movie 
Juran returned to Hollywood to direct an independent film, Highway Dragnet (1954) based on a story by Roger Corman  After The Big Moment (1954) at Paramount he went back to Universal to do Drums Across the River (1954) with Murphy Juran directed episodes of Fury (1954), Crossroads and My Friend Flicka on TV, and The Crooked Web (1955) for Sam Katzman at Columbia 

Science fiction and fantasy
Juran's first science fiction film was The Deadly Mantis (1957) at Universal  He followed this with Hellcats of the Navy (1957) starring Ronald Reagan and his wife (who was billed as Nancy Davis)  It was his first film for producer Charles H  Schneer  Schneer hired Juran for 20 Million Miles to Earth (1957) with special effects by Ray Harryhausen  This film established Juran in the science fiction and fantasy genres 
Schneer hired him to do another movie with Harryhausen, The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1957)  It was a commercial and critical success  Instead of continuing with A features, he accepted two jobs "for the money", in his own words: The Brain from Planet Arous (1957) then Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1957)  Both became cult classics  He was unhappy with how Arous turned out and arranged for his billing to be "Nathan Hertz" 
Juran did a Western for Schneer, Good Day for a Hanging (1958) and, for TV, episodes of Frances Langford Presents, World of Giants, and Men Into Space (1960) 
Juran got back into features with a motion picture he wrote himself, Jack the Giant Killer (1962) for producer Edward Small  He then did Flight of the Lost Balloon (1961), which was released first, an adventure heavily influenced by Jules Verne, which he co-wrote and directed  Around this time he provided the stories for, but did not direct, Doctor Blood's Coffin (1961) and Boy Who Caught a Crook (1961) and wrote a draft of Son of Captain Blood Jurana did some second unit directing on MGM's Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)  Schneer hired Juran to direct Siege of the Saxons (1963) and First Men in the Moon (1964) (based on the novel by H  G  Wells with effects by Harryhausen)   He did an imperial adventure for Schneer, East of Sudan (1964) and directed second unit on Cyrano et d'Artagnan (1964) 

Television
Juran turned to television in 1959  He directed episodes of A Man Called Shenandoah and Daniel Boone, and episodes of all four of Irwin Allen's 1960s science fiction series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, The Time Tunnel and Land of the Giants 

Last films
He did a feature for Schneer, Land Raiders (1970), a Western, before an operation for cancer prompted him to retire in 1970  Juran returned from retirement to direct The Boy Who Cried Werewolf (1973) with his old Sinbad star, Kerwin Mathews  He then returned to his first career, architecture In 1999, he was honored with the Lifetime Career Award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, USA 
He died at the age of 95 in Palos Verdes, California, US 

Partial filmography
As art director
How Green Was My Valley (1942)
The Razor's Edge (1946)As director
The Black Castle (1952)
Law and Order (1953)
Gunsmoke (1953)
The Golden Blade (1953)
Tumbleweed (1953)
Drums Across the River (1954)
Highway Dragnet (1954)
The Crooked Web (1955)
The Deadly Mantis (1957)
20 Million Miles to Earth (1957)
Hellcats of the Navy (1957)
The Brain from Planet Arous (1957)
The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958)
Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)
Good Day for a Hanging  (1959)
Flight of the Lost Balloon (1961)
Boy Who Caught a Crook (1961)
Jack the Giant Killer (1962)
Siege of the Saxons (1963)
First Men in the Moon (1964)
East of Sudan (1964)
Land Raiders (1970)
The Boy Who Cried Werewolf (1973)
Passage 5:
Mary Joan Nielubowicz
Retired Rear Admiral Mary Joan Nielubowicz was the Director of the Navy Nurse Corps from 1983 to 1987 

Early life
Mary Joan Nielubowicz was born on 5 February 1929 in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania to Joseph and Ursula Nielubowicz and graduated from Shenandoah Catholic High School  She earned a nursing diploma from Misericordia Hospital, Philadelphia, in 1950 

Navy Nurse Corps career
Nielubowicz joined the Navy Nurse Corps in 1951  While in the Nurse Corps, she earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Colorado in 1961 and a Master of Science degree in Nursing from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965 She served in areas around the globe, including Portsmouth, Virginia, Corona, California, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Annapolis, Maryland, Philadelphia, Washington, D C , Iwakuni, Japan, Cherry Point, North Carolina, Guam and Long Beach, California Billets of increasing responsibility included that of senior nurse at the branch clinic in Iwakuni, Japan in 1967  In 1979 she became director of nursing services at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia She became director of the Navy Nurse Corps in 1983, and was promoted to the rank of Commodore (equivalent to today's Rear Admiral (lower half)  In 1985 the rank was changed to Rear Admiral )  She served concurrently as deputy commander for Personnel Management and later as deputy commander for Health Care Operations In 1986, Navy Nurse Corps members of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS) established the Mary J  Nielubowicz Essay Award in recognition of her outstanding support and encouragement of active and reserve nurses 
Admiral Nielubowicz died at her home in Fairfax, Virginia on 24 March 2008  She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on 21 May 2008 

See also
Navy Nurse Corps
Women in the United States Navy
Passage 6:
James J  Carey
James Joseph Carey (born 9 April 1939) is a retired American Rear Admiral, United States Navy served from 1962 to 1994, born and raised in Berlin, Green Lake County, Wisconsin 

Background
Carey attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where he majored in Marketing and Business Administration  He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration and later went on to study for an M B A  at Northwestern University's Kellogg Graduate School of Management, regularly ranked as the top MBA Business Program in the United States Carey served aboard USS Topeka in the South China Sea and Vietnam  He finished his active duty obligation in 1966   He began a career working with the Saudi Arabia Navy Expansion Program and the Saudi Petrochemical Industry President Ronald Reagan in 1981 nominated Carey as a Commissioner of the U  S  Federal Maritime Commission  He was elected Vice Chairman of the Commission in 1983, reappointed by President Reagan in 1985, and then appointed Chairman of the Commission in 1989 by President George H  W  Bush, where he served until 1991 He is national public policy leader and International Grand Master of The Knights Templar International, recognized in "special consultative status" by the United Nations, former Chairman of the U S  Federal Maritime Commission, and Eagle Scout In 2007, he endowed the Admiral James J  Carey Foundation for the support of "carefully chosen organizations, institutions, and associations that share the Admiral’s views on service to our nation and 'giving back' to society    "   He was the chairman of the Future Leaders for America Foundation, National Co-Chairman of the 1700+ Member Organization for military admirals and generals, founder and chairman of the National Defense Committee, and Chairman of the Good Samaritans of the Knights Templar Foundation He has been recognized as an Outstanding Eagle Scout By the National Eagle Scout Association 

External links
Admiral James J  Carey Foundation Archived 2009-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
Passage 7:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 8:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 9:
Hellcats of the Navy
Hellcats of the Navy is a 1957 American black-and-white World War II submarine film drama from Columbia Pictures, produced by Charles H  Schneer and directed by Nathan Juran  The film stars Ronald Reagan and his wife, billed under her screen name Nancy Davis, and Arthur Franz  This was the only feature film in which the Reagans acted together, either before or after their 1952 marriage 
The film's setting is the Pacific War  The film's storyline concerns Commander Casey Abbott, skipper of the submarine USS Starfish, being ordered to retrieve a new type of Japanese mine in the waters off the Asiatic mainland  When diver Wes Barton, Abbott's rival for the affections of Nurse Lieutenant Helen Blair, gets into a life-threatening situation, Abbott must keep his personal and professional lives separate when dealing with the crisis   
The story is based on the 1955 non-fiction book Hellcats of the Sea by Vice Admiral Charles A  Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson 

Plot
Commander Casey Abbott (Ronald Reagan), commander of the submarine USS Starfish, is ordered to undertake a dangerous mission which sees him attempting to cut off the flow of supplies between China and Japan in the heavily mined waters off the Asiatic mainland  When a diver, who is Abbott's competitor for the affections of nurse Lieutenant Helen Blair (Nancy Davis) back home, gets into a dangerous situation, Abbott must struggle to keep his personal and professional lives separate in dealing with the crisis 
The results arouse ill feelings in the crew and especially Abbott's executive officer, Lt  Commander Landon (Arthur Franz), who asks his captain to let him air his views in confidence  The results lead Abbott to write in Landon's efficiency report that he should never be given command of a naval vessel, resulting in further ill will between the two 

Cast
Production
Fleet Admiral Chester W  Nimitz appears as himself to introduce the film, and he is later played in the story by actor Selmer Jackson  Retired Navy officer Charles A  Lockwood, chief author of the book on which this feature was based, is also portrayed briefly by an actor 
It was the second film Nathan Juran directed for producer Charles Schneer Reagan said in his autobiography that he was disappointed, overall, in the film, having expected a result more like Destination Tokyo, a major Warner Bros  submarine film made during World War II  The diminishing status of the feature films that Reagan was being offered, plus his increasing involvement with television, led to his leaving the big screen forever 
The United States Navy provided extensive cooperation by allowing portions of the film to be shot at Naval Base San Diego and aboard an actual U S  submarine, possibly USS Besugo  The executive officer of the submarine was Lloyd Bucher, who would go on to command the USS Pueblo during its capture by North Korea in 1968 During the film's production, as USS Besugo was about to get underway, an argument ensued between the director and one of the unions  There was only a short window of opportunity to maneuver the boat away from the pier, as it was difficult for a submarine tied up in San Diego to get underway while a tide was running  Besugo was one of the first submarines to employ nylon rope lines, and when stretched, the lines could get about "as big around as a pencil" and become lethal if they broke under strain  The order was given to the helmsman to answer all bells  Reagan happened to be on deck practicing his dialog lines and hollering out, "Ahead one third, starboard back full    " About this time, the nylon ropes were stretched to their breaking point when an officer gave the command, "All stop, ALL STOP, Goddammit, ALL STOP!" and Reagan, totally oblivious to what was going on, continued to practice his lines, rocking back and forth on his feet with his hands behind his back, as if nothing were wrong 
Among the stock music used in the film were excerpts from The Caine Mutiny March, composed by Max Steiner, the main title theme for the 1954 Columbia Pictures feature film The Caine Mutiny  That film was also about World War II U S  Navy operations in the Pacific theater; Arthur Franz appears as well in the minor role of Lt  (jg) Paynter 
According to Maurice Manson, who played Vice-Admiral Charles A  Lockwood, shooting for the film was completed in five days 

Film premiere
Hellcats of the Navy had its official premiere in San Diego, at the downtown Spreckels Theater  The film's stars were in attendance, as were local U  S  Navy brass and submariners  A program preceded the showing of the film  On a flatbed trailer in front of the theater were displayed one Mark 14 torpedo and one Mark 16 torpedo, the two types used by navy submarines during World War II 

DVD reviews
Glenn Erickson of DVD Talk reviewed the DVD release of Hellcats of the Navy and thought that although the direction was "competent", the script was "completely derivative and cornball"  He went on to criticize the lack of realistic supporting characters and the film's use of obvious stock footage, especially that of a U  S  Navy patrol boat portraying a Japanese ship  Overall, he described the film itself as "fair"  David Krauss of Digitally Obsessed described the production values as "bargain basement" and found that the cast's stiff performances alienated viewers  He gave the film a C for style and a B- for substance, although he also described the direction as "dry as a military briefing" on CNN Erick Harper at DVD Verdict has written that Hellcats followed a series of submarine war film clichés, like the "love triangle" and familiar elements of the action sequences  He compared parts of the film to the TV series Star Trek (which premiered almost a decade later), in that it follows a standard Hollywood formula for its plot  He described Ronald Reagan as "comfortable" and "believable", and said that the film was "worth checking out for the historical value, if nothing else" 

See also
List of American films of 1957
Ronald Reagan filmography

Bibliography
Charles A  Lockwood; Hans Christian Adamson (1955)  Hellcats of the Sea  New York: Greenberg  OCLC 2364890 , a non-fiction account of the U S  Navy's Pacific submarine fleet's Operation Barney in World War II, of which Hellcats of the Navy is a fictionalized filmed version 

See also
List of American films of 1957
Passage 10:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Context 2: Passage 1:
Michael Jai White
Michael Jai White (born November 10, 1964) is an American actor, director and martial artist  He was the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture, starring as Al Simmons, the protagonist in the 1997 film Spawn  White appeared as Marcus Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? and Why Did I Get Married Too?, and starred as the character on the TBS/OWN comedy-drama television series Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse  White portrayed Jax Briggs in Mortal Kombat: Legacy and the Cyborg Seth in Universal Soldier: The Return  He portrayed boxer Mike Tyson in the 1995 HBO television film Tyson  He also played the title role in the blaxploitation parody film Black Dynamite, as well as the animated series of the same name 

Early life
White is a martial artist in nine different styles: Shōtōkan, Goju-Ryu (for which he studied under Master Eddie Morales where he learned to sharpen his Goju karate technique), Taekwondo, Kobudō, Tang Soo Do, Wushu, Jujutsu, Kyokushin and Boxing, with a specific focus in Kyokushin Karate (although his style incorporates aspects of many different martial arts forms)  White started training in the martial arts at the age of four in Jujutsu  He next took up Shōtōkan and moved on to other styles later  White holds seven legitimate black belts in Kyokushin Karate, Goju-Ryu Karate, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kobudo, and Wushu 
White is a former special education teacher and taught students with behavioral problems for three years  He cites his history in education as the reason why, despite his personal love for the music genre on "a lot of levels", he cannot "in good [conscience]" have a positive opinion on hip hop or "excuse some of [its] pervasive and destructive elements", mainly due to his experience with youngsters who had difficulty seeing the difference between it and real life 

Acting career
White's first major starring role and breakout performance was in the 1995 HBO film Tyson, as heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson  He portrayed the eponymous character in the 1997 film Spawn, making him the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture   His work in Spawn earned him a nomination for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award  White starred opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme in Universal Soldier: The Return, in 1999  A few years earlier, he acted in Full Contact, with Jerry Trimble  In 2001, he also starred opposite fellow martial artist Steven Seagal in Exit Wounds  In 2003, he starred in Busta Rhymes and Mariah Carey's music video "I Know What You Want"  Since 2003, in addition to his on screen roles, White has been doing voice work, including in Static Shock and Justice League   White showcases his martial arts skills in the direct-to-DVD film Undisputed II: Last Man Standing  He also appears in Michelle Yeoh's Silver Hawk in 2004  He appeared in Kill Bill: Volume 2, although his role was cut from the theatrical release  His film Why Did I Get Married? opened at number one at the box office on October 12, 2007 
White played the role of the mob boss Gambol in the 2008 film The Dark Knight  He also starred in the film Blood and Bone and the blaxploitation homage Black Dynamite, both released in 2009  White wrote the scripts for both Black Dynamite and his upcoming 3 Bullets in which he stars with Bokeem Woodbine 
On March 30, 2010, White appeared on The Mo'Nique Show to promote his film Why Did I Get Married Too  The two joked about the acclaim that comes with winning an Oscar  In May of that year he appeared in the music video for Toni Braxton's new song "Hands Tied" from her album Pulse, as well as the Nicki Minaj music video for "Your Love" as Nicki's sensei and love interest 
He also starred in Kevin Tancharoen's short film Mortal Kombat: Rebirth, as Jax Briggs, and reprised the role in Mortal Kombat: Legacy, a webseries from the same director  He posted on Twitter that he would not be returning to the role for the second season, but would return for the 2013 film 
White made his directorial debut and starred in Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, which was released on home video on September 13, 2011 White also provided the voice of Green Lantern in the video game Justice League Heroes In October 2019, White announced the spiritual successor to Black Dynamite titled The Outlaw Johnny Black officially entered pre-production  Despite the Indiegogo campaign not reaching its goal, he was still able to secure enough backers and additional donors to get the project off the ground  It is currently available for pre-order on the official website, although a release date has not been announced or confirmed 
In October 2020, White's latest film Welcome to Sudden Death debuted on Netflix and became one of the most watched films on the platform  The Universal Pictures Home Entertainment release is a remake of the 1995 film Sudden Death starring Jean-Claude Van Damme 
On July 12, 2021, White laid out a vision for starting a film studio in New Haven, CT called "Jaigantic Studios"  He wants to create a studio district on New Haven's Quinnipiac River waterfront 

Personal life
From 2005 to 2011, White was married to Courtenay Chatman and together they have a daughter named Morgan  In addition, White has two sons  In February 2014, White announced his engagement to actress Gillian Iliana Waters  In April 2015, White penned an open letter via Facebook entitled "Apologies to My Ex's", where he credited Waters for helping him become, "the very best version of myself "  In July 2015, White married Waters in Thailand  They appeared together in the martial arts thriller movie Take Back (2021), with Gillian White starring as the female lead In 2014, White was honored with the Fists of Legends Decade Award at the Urban Action Showcase & Expo at HBO  On November 8, 2019, he assumed the "Mantle of The Black Dragon" from Ron van Clief, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, Cynthia Rothrock, and Taimak, in a ceremony at the 2019 Urban Action Showcase & Expo at AMC 25, NYC 

Filmography
Film
Television
Stunts
Video games
Web series
Music videos
Notes
Passage 2:
Sharon Leal
Sharon Ann Leal is an American actress and singer  She is known for her roles in movies such as Dreamgirls (2006), This Christmas (2007), Why Did I Get Married? (2007), Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) and her roles on the television shows Legacy, Guiding Light and Boston Public 

Early life
Leal was born in Tucson, Arizona  Her mother, Angelita, is Filipina  Her father was an African-American military policeman who broke up with her mother before Sharon was born  Shortly after, her mother married Jesse Leal, a Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force and a police officer at Clark Air Base, Philippines; he legally adopted Sharon 

Career
Leal's career began with the role of Dahlia Crede in the CBS daytime serial Guiding Light   Later, she joined the Broadway company of Rent  Soon after, she was cast as Mimi for the San Francisco leg of the first national tour of Rent  Leal appeared on the 1999 original cast recording of the Off-Broadway musical Bright Lights, Big City alongside Patrick Wilson and Jesse L  Martin  She also appeared on the 2001 cast recording of Making Tracks 
From 2000 to 2004, Leal starred in the Fox prime time TV series Boston Public  She also had a role in the theatrical release Face the Music  She then appeared in a recurring role in the short-lived NBC series LAX, as the wife of airport co-director, Roger de Souza 
In 2006, she co-starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Michelle Morris, Effie White's replacement in the pop group The Dreams, with Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Hudson, Eddie Murphy and Jamie Foxx  In 2007, Leal was cast in the Tyler Perry production Why Did I Get Married? and This Christmas  In 2010, she starred in Perry's sequel production Why Did I Get Married Too?  She also portrayed the character Vanessa Lodge in the series Hellcats, until it was cancelled in 2011  In 2013, Leal played the supporting role in the movie 1982, which tells a story of a drug addicted mother and a father's fight to protect his daughter 
Leal appears in seasons 2, 3, 5 and 6 of Supergirl as M'gann M'orzz (Megan in human form) 

Personal life
In October 2001, Leal married Bev Land  Their son Kai Miles Land was born in September 2001  The couple divorced in 2009 
Former Guiding Light co-star Yvonna Wright has said that she and Leal are close friends; the two starred together in a community production of Dreamgirls in their hometown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Tasha Smith
Tasha Smith (born February 28, 1971) is an American actress, director and producer  She began her career in a starring role on the NBC comedy series Boston Common (1996–97), and she later appeared in numerous movies and television series 
Smith has appeared in the films The Whole Ten Yards (2004), Daddy's Little Girls (2007), The Longshots (2008), Couples Retreat (2009), and Jumping the Broom (2011)  She starred as Angela Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? (2007), its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and on the television series based on the movies, For Better or Worse (2011–2017)  In 2015, she began a recurring role as Carol Holloway on the Fox musical drama series Empire  Later in the same year, Smith made her directorial debut 

Early life and education
Tasha Smith was born on February 28, 1971, in Camden, New Jersey, and was raised by a single mother  She has an identical twin sister Sidra Smith, who currently lives in Harlem  Smith dropped out of Camden High School in her freshman year, and at age 19 moved to California 

Career
Smith made her acting debut with a small role in the comedy film Twin Sitters (1994)  From 1996 to 1997, she starred in the NBC comedy series, Boston Common  Later in 1997, she was cast alongside Tom Arnold in another short-lived comedy series, The Tom Show on The WB  In 2000, she had supporting role in the HBO miniseries, The Corner in which she played a drug addict  In the 2000s, Smith had guest starring roles on The Parkers, Without a Trace, Nip/Tuck, and Girlfriends  She has made number of supporting roles in movies such as Playas Ball (2003), The Whole Ten Yards (2004), and ATL (2006) 
Smith has played roles in multiple Tyler Perry projects  In 2007, she appeared as the main antagonist in the romantic comedy-drama film, Daddy's Little Girls  She played the role of Angela Williams in the Why Did I Get Married? (2007), and its sequel Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  The role she later played in the comedy series based on films, Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse 
Smith co-starred alongside Ice Cube and Keke Palmer in the family comedy-drama film, The Longshots (2008)  She had supporting role in the romantic comedy film Couples Retreat (2009), and co-starred alongside Salli Richardson, Nicole Ari Parker and Michael B  Jordan in Pastor Brown (2010)  In 2011, she appeared in the comedy-drama film Jumping the Broom alongside Angela Bassett and Paula Patton, and in 2014, she played a psychotherapist in the erotic thriller, Addicted  In 2014, she also was cast in a recurring role in the Fox drama series Empire as Carol Hardaway, Cookie Lyon's younger sister In 2015, Smith made her directorial debut with the short film Boxed in, which premiered during the 19th Annual American Black Film Festival  In 2017, Smith directed the television film When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story, starring Lil Mama and Lance Gross, based on a true story  It premiered to 1 6 million viewers, ranking as TV One's #1 original movie premiere of all time among all key demos  In October 2017, she also directed an episode in the BET drama anthology series Tales  Smith worked as Mary J  Blige's acting coach for her role in Mudbound In 2019, Smith appeared in the comedy-drama film Dolemite Is My Name, and starred opposite Lisa Kudrow and Whitney Cummings in the Amazon comedy pilot Good People  Also that year, she directed episodes of Star, 9-1-1 and Black Lightning  In 2020, Smith directed the episode "Legacy" on the Starz TV series P-Valley  In 2021, Smith directed the Starz drama series Black Mafia Family In 2022, it was announced that Smith will be starring in the Lee Daniels' horror/thriller The Deliverance with Mo'Nique, Andra Day, Omar Epps, and Miss Lawrence 

Personal life
In December 2010, Smith married her boyfriend of one-year Keith Douglas, who was also her manager  In November 2014, Smith appeared in court to request a restraining order against Douglas  In documents filed prior to the court appearance, she accused him of having affairs with other women  Smith's friend Tisha Campbell-Martin acted as a character witness  The final divorce decree was issued in March 2015  However, Smith contested the divorce by alleging that Douglas concealed information from her that she should have known before the marriage  Smith alleged that Douglas was not "man of the cloth" that he presented himself to be during their courtship  She also said that, if she had known about Douglas' background, she would not have married him  The allegations about Douglas' background included five marriages before he married Smith, multiple children that he did not claim and disclose to Smith, and non-payment of income taxes for nearly a decade  The judge in the case granted Smith an annulment of the marriage in December 2015 on the basis of fraud committed by Douglas In an interview with D L  Hughley in 2014, Tasha Smith shared that during most of her teenage years and young adulthood she was an atheist, despite her family being devout religious Christians, because of the "hardships, tragedies, and misfortune she saw her family endure throughout her childhood " However, she said after learning that one of her family members had gotten very sick and was not able to visit them at the hospital, she decided to turn to prayer "and ask God to show himself to her and help her unbelief " After doing so, she says that she became a devout, practicing Christian and uses her Christian faith as one of her motivators for her career and philanthropy Smith is the creator of TSAW - an actor's workshop that empowers and inspires performers at various stages in their careers with focus on the Black community 

Filmography
Film
Television
Directing
Passage 4:
Ilir Hoxha
Ilir Hoxha (born 31 March 1949) is an Albanian politician  He is one of the sons of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha  Ilir was imprisoned in 1995, but was released in 1996  Ilir has been called in to testify several times in an attempt to disclose secrets from the previous communist era  Ilir wrote a memoir in 1995 called "My Father, Enver Hoxha"  The article recounts Ilir's memories of his father's death, the impact it had on the family, his mother's struggles, and also the investigation and prosecution that was conducted on him after his father's death 
During the 2005 election campaign in Albania, Ilir campaigned for candidates of the Party of Labour of Albania 
Passage 5:
Lamman Rucker
Lamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor  Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation  In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University  As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons 

Early life
Rucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker  He has partial ancestry from Barbados  Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area  He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants   His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade  He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D C  Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team



ground_truth: Gura Humorului

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the cause of death of Constantia Eriksdotter's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Career
His major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T  Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie  He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005  He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half 
Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films  He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)  He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns  He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011  The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode  He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies  Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf  He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters 

Filmography
Film
Television
Award nominations
Passage 6:
Richard T  Jones
Richard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor  He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s  His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017)  Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) 

Early life
Jones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California  He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka  He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr , who works as a high school basketball coach  They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season  His parents later divorced  Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University 

Career
Since the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams  That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr  in What's Love Got to Do with It  From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017) His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio "Slim" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014) From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion 

Personal life
Joshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E  Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 7:
Constantia Eriksdotter
Constantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649) was the illegitimate daughter of Eric XIV of Sweden and Agda Persdotter  She was called "The Queen of Tiveden" 

Life
Constantia Eriksdotter and her sister Virginia were removed from their mother's custody when she married in 1561  This was illegal, as according to the law the mother had sole custody until the children reached the age of three   They were placed first in the court of Princess Cecilia of Sweden, then that of Princess Elizabeth of Sweden (1564), and finally that of queen Karin Månsdotter   In 1573, she visited her deposed father in prison, and was possibly the last family member to see him alive 
On 13 January 1594, she married the English nobleman Henry Frankelin, courtier to her uncle Charles IX of Sweden  The same year, she was awarded nine estates in Väne parish in Bohuslän by her cousin king Sigismund III Vasa  In 1595, she was further granted Bocksjö Manor in the parish of Tiveden in Västergötland, where she chose to reside  As a widow after 1610, she mainly lived at Odenfors gard in Linköpings kommun outside Vreta   She died at Östergötland and was buried together with her husband at Undenäs Old Church in Undenäs parish (Undenäs socken) in Skaraborg County  A moonstone belonging to Constantia is still kept
in the Undenäs church 

Issue
Carl Frankelin (d  1631), major, fell at Greifswald when occupied under the Treaty of Stettin 
Johan Frankelin
Maria Catharina Frankelin (d  1661), married to governor and nobleman Anders Koskull (1594-1676)
Elisabet Frankelin (d  1655), married to Christian Frost (d  1631)
Passage 8:
Denise Boutte
Denise Boutte (born January 19, 1982) is an American actress and model, who has appeared in the films Why Did I Get Married? as Trina, Death Valley: The Revenge of Bloody Bill, as Mandy, Sister's Keeper and Noah's Arc 

Career
She starred in the sitcom Meet the Browns as Sasha Brown 

Filmography
Film and TV Movies
Television
Passage 9:
Eric XIV of Sweden
Eric XIV (Swedish: Erik XIV; 13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was captured in a rebellion led by his brother John in 1568 and formally deposed 26 January 1569  Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–1535)  He was also ruler of Estonia, after it placed itself under Swedish protection in 1561 
While he has been regarded as intelligent and artistically skilled, as well as politically ambitious, early in his reign he showed signs of mental instability, a condition that eventually led to insanity  Some scholars claim that his illness began early during his reign, while others believe that it first manifested with the Sture murders 
Eric, having been imprisoned and deposed, was most likely murdered  An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that he probably died of arsenic poisoning 

Early years
Eric XIV was born at Tre Kronor castle, the morning of 13 December 1533   His mother died before his second year  In 1536, his father, Gustav Vasa, married Margaret Leijonhufvud (1516–1551), a Swedish noblewoman 
Eric's first teacher was the learned German Georg Norman, whose services were shortly thereafter needed elsewhere within the Swedish state  He was replaced by French Calvinist Dionysius Beurraeus (1500–67)  Dionysius taught both Eric and his half-brother John, and seems to have been appreciated by both  Eric was very successful in foreign languages and mathematics  He was also an informed historian, a good writer and familiar with astrology 
When Eric started to appear in public, he was referred to as "chosen king" (Swedish: utvald konung) and after the meeting of parliament in Stockholm in 1560, he received the title of "hereditary king" (Swedish: arvkonung) 
In 1557, Eric was assigned the fiefdoms of Kalmar, Kronoberg and Öland  He took up residence in the city of Kalmar 
Against his father's wishes, Eric entered into marriage negotiations with the future Queen Elizabeth I of England and pursued her for several years  Tensions between Eric and his father grew  Eric also made unsuccessful marriage proposals to, among others, Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), Renata of Lorraine (1544–1602), Anna of Saxony (1544–1577) and Christine of Hesse (1543–1604) 

Rule
The news of his father's death reached Eric as he was on the point of embarking for England to press his suit for the hand of Queen Elizabeth  Back in Stockholm he summoned a Riksdag, which met at Arboga on 15 April 1561  There he adopted the royal propositions known as the "Arboga articles", considerably curtailing the authority of the royal dukes, John and Charles, in their respective provinces 
He was crowned as Eric XIV, but was not necessarily the 14th king of Sweden named Eric  He and his brother Charles adopted regnal numbers according to Johannes Magnus's partly fictitious history of Sweden  There had, however, been at least six earlier Swedish kings with the name of Eric, as well as pretenders about whom very little is known From the start of his reign, Eric was in opposition to the Swedish nobility  He chose as a close adviser Jöran Persson (1530–68), who had narrowly escaped execution under Eric's father  Persson was also opposed to the nobility and a determined opponent of Eric's half-brother, later John III of Sweden (1537–92)  John was the Duke of Finland and was married to a Polish princess, against Eric's wishes, which made him friendly with Poland  John pursued an expansionist policy in Livonia (now Estonia and Latvia), in breach of the Arboga articles, which led to contention between the brothers  In 1563, John was seized by an army sent to Finland, and tried for high treason by Eric's order 
Unlike his father, who had been satisfied with ruling an independent state, Eric tried to expand his influence in the Baltic region and in Estonia, beginning the process that resulted in Sweden becoming a great power in the 17th century  This expansionism resulted in a clash with his cousin, Frederick II of Denmark-Norway (1534–88)  Most of Eric XIV's reign was then dominated by the Livonian War and the Scandinavian Seven Years' War against Denmark-Norway (1563–70), during which he successfully repelled most Danish-Norwegian attempts at conquest, but was unable to keep his own acquisitions From 1563 onwards, his insanity became pronounced; his rule became even more arbitrary and marked by violence  His suspicion of the nobility led him to suspicions of the Sture family, then headed by Svante Stensson Sture, who was married to Gustav's sister-in-law  He first acted against the family in 1566, accusing Svante's son Nils of treason, but commuted the sentence and instead sent Nils to Lorraine, supposedly to arrange a marriage with the princess Renata  However, Eric had determined to marry his mistress Karin Månsdotter and in 1567, on Nils's return and suspicious of high treason, he killed several members of the family in the so-called Sture Murders, Eric himself stabbing Nils Svantesson Sture  The King probably thought of the killing as an execution rather than murder 

Downfall
After the Sture homicides, John was imprisoned and Eric's conflict with the nobility came to its climax  Early in 1568, Eric seemed to recover his reason, and attempted to reconcile with John on the condition that the latter recognized Eric's marriage with Karin Månsdotter  This marriage was solemnized in July, Karin crowned Queen, and their infant son Gustav pronounced Prince-royal  However, in the fall of 1568, asserting Eric's insanity, the dukes and the nobles rebelled, and after some resistance, Eric was imprisoned by his brother Duke John, who took power on 30 September  Jöran Persson was assigned much of the blame for the actions directed against the nobility during Eric XIV's reign and was executed shortly after John III had incarcerated Eric, who was legally dethroned in January 1569 by the Riksdag 

Imprisonment and death
For the next eight years the ex-king was a source of anxiety to the new government  Three rebellions – the 1569 Plot, the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot – with the object of releasing and reinstating him, had to be suppressed, and Eric was held as a prisoner in many different castles in both Sweden and Finland  He died in prison in Örbyhus Castle  According to a tradition starting with Johannes Messenius, his final meal was a poisoned bowl of pea soup  A document signed by his brother, John III of Sweden, and a nobleman, Bengt Bengtsson Gylta (1514–74), gave Eric's guards in his last prison authorization to poison him if anyone tried to release him  His body was later exhumed and modern forensic analysis revealed evidence of lethal arsenic poisoning 

Family and descendants
Eric XIV had several relationships before his marriage 
With Agda Persdotter:

Virginia Eriksdotter (1559–1633; living descendants)
Constantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649; living descendants)
Lucretia Eriksdotter (1564–after 1574) died young With Karin Jacobsdotter:

An unnamed child, died April 1565 Eric XIV finally married Karin Månsdotter (1550–1612) on 4 July 1568; their children were:

Sigrid (1566–1633; born before the marriage), lady-in-waiting, wife of two noblemen 
Gustaf (1568–1607; born before the marriage), mercenary
Henrik (1570–74)
Arnold (1572–73)

Eric XIV in literature
The life of Eric XIV is the subject of an 1899 play by Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849–1912)  The love story of Eric XIV and Karin Månsdotter is the subject of a 1942 historical novel Karin Månsdotter by Mika Waltari 

See also
List of Swedish monarchs
List of Finnish monarchs and Heads of State
History of Sweden
History of Sweden (1523–1611)
Passage 10:
Charibert I
Charibert I (French: Caribert; Latin: Charibertus; c  517 – December 567) was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and his first wife Ingund  His elder brother Gunthar died sometime before their father's death  He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father's death in 561, receiving the old kingdom of Childebert I, with its capital at Paris 

Personal life
Charibert married Ingoberga and they had four children: 

Blithide of Cologne (538-603), possibly married to Ansbertus, Gallo-Roman senator
Chrodobertus (d  595)
Clithorice (541-569)
Bertha, who married Æthelberht of Kent
Charibert also had several concubines  By Merofleda, a wool carder's daughter, and her sister Marcovefa, he had daughters: Berteflede (a nun in Tours) and Clothilde (a nun in St  Croix, Poitiers)  By Theodogilda (or Theudechild), a cowherd's daughter; Charibert had a son who died in infancy 
Charibert married his daughter Bertha to Æthelberht, the pagan King of Kent  She took  Bishop Liudhard with her as her private confessor  Her influence in the Kentish court was instrumental in the success of St  Augustine of Canterbury's mission in 597, effecting the conversion to Christianity of the first Anglo-Saxon ruler 

Military campaigns and enthronement
In 556, Chlothar sent his sons Charibert and Guntram (his youngest) against their stepmother, "Chunna," and younger stepbrother, "Chramn," who were in revolt  During ongoing negotiations, Chramn was hiding out on Black Mountain in the Limousin  When the negotiations failed, the two armies prepared for battle  However, a thunderstorm prevented any engagement, and Chramn (who was hiding out in Black Mountain) sent forged letters to his brothers (Charibert and Guntram) in which he falsely reported the death of their father (Chlothar)  Charibert and Guntram immediately returned to Burgundy to secure their positions 

After the actual death of Chlothar in 561, the Frankish kingdom was divided between his sons in a new configuration (map, left)  Each son ruled a distinct realm which was not necessarily geographically coherent but could contain two unconnected regions  Their kingdoms were named after the city from which they ruled  Charibert received Neustria (the region between the Somme and the Loire), Aquitaine, and Novempopulana with Paris as his capital  His other chief cities were Rouen, Tours, Poitiers, Limoges, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Cahors, and Albi  Guntram received Burgundy  Sigebert received Austrasia (including Rheims) with his capital at Metz, and the youngest brother Chilperic received a compact kingdom with Soissons as its capital 

Death and legacy
Though Charibert was eloquent and learned in the law, Gregory of Tours found him one of the most dissolute of the early Merovingians  He maintained four concurrent wives, two of them sisters, and this resulted in his excommunication by Germanus  This was the first ever excommunication of a Merovingian king   As a result, he was buried in disgrace at Blavia castellum, a stronghold in the Tractatus Armoricani  At his death, his brothers divided his realm between them, agreeing at first to hold Paris in common  His surviving queen (out of four), Theudechild, proposed a marriage with Guntram, though a council held at Paris in 557 had outlawed such matches as incestuous  Guntram decided to house her more safely, though unwillingly, in a nunnery at Arles 
The main source for Charibert's life is Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks (Book IV, 3,16,22,26 and IX, 26), and from the English perspective Bede's Ecclesiastic History of the English People 



ground_truth: poisoning

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director is younger, Winter Sleepers or Poveri Milionari?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Winter Sleepers
Winter Sleepers (German: Winterschläfer meaning "hibernators") is a 1997 German film directed by Tom Tykwer  It was premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival 

Plot
The film is set in the deeply snowy alpine winter resort of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria; the story begins shortly after Christmas Day, with five people returning, not all of whom are connected 
Laura, a surgical nurse, and Rebecca, a translator, live together in the house that Laura inherited from her great aunt  René is a projectionist in a cinema  Marco, Rebecca's boyfriend, is a skiing instructor who drives an expensive Alfa Romeo  Theo is a middle-aged farmer who lives with his wife Edith, their daughter, and two sons on a poor farm nearby 
When Marco arrives, he is greeted passionately by Rebecca, and tugged into the house  He leaves his car open outside, with the key still in the ignition  It is the early morning, and René, walking drunkenly home, passes the house, taking pictures, among other things, of Rebecca and Marco having sex inside  Finally, he climbs into the car and drives away  Theo, meanwhile, is taking his horse to the veterinarian, but doesn't let his daughter come with him  He doesn't notice when she sneaks into the horse trailer with the animal  Theo, distracted by his sons calling him on a walkie-talkie and driving on the wrong side of the road, almost collides with René  The Alfa Romeo crashes off the road and into a snowdrift and Rene is not hurt; however, the horse trailer is flipped over and the girl and horse badly injured  Theo is dazed, but René, rather than helping, takes a photo of him, and as he walks off, Theo is stricken by a strange snake-like scar on the back of René's head   When Theo is helped out of his truck by a passing driver, he shoots the injured horse on the spot and takes his daughter to the hospital where Laura works 
There, Laura hears Theo becoming obsessed with finding the man who caused the accident, to prove his own innocence: no-one believes that there was another car, because it is buried under snow  All he remembers was the shape of René's scar  The young girl is operated-on and is in a coma, between life and death 
Meanwhile, Marco reports the car theft to the police and becomes exasperated by their lack of progress, claiming they aren't taking the theft seriously  Rebecca is becoming discontent with her relationship with him; she sees him as taking her for granted, jealous without cause, and lacking ambition  Outside of their passionate sex life, they argue constantly  Laura befriends René after a play in which she was performing; he gives her a free pass for the cinema where he works, and eventually he shows her his photos, which he keeps in an album with numbers and dates  The reason he takes them is his short-term memory problems which were caused by a head injury while serving in the Army; without photos he would have no way of remembering places or people 
Theo and Edith have to shut the farm down because of debt and move to a smaller place near the resort  Theo draws a picture of the shape he remembers, copies it and sticks them up around town, appealing for anyone to come forward if they recognize the scar on the back of the head (like that of René)  But Edith takes down all his posters, believing he is only trying to escape his own guilt and explaining that she's ashamed 
Marco has started an affair with Nina, a young student from the skiing class he teaches  He invites her to his boss's house one evening while his boss is out of town, pretending it is his  Later, he has to go to the hospital after burning himself on the coffee machine and is treated by Laura  While he is there, Theo's daughter dies 
Theo, investigating the site of the car crash again, finds the buried car and comes across documents showing Marco to be the owner  Theo goes to Marco's workplace (the ski area) and is told Marco is skiing in the mountains, with Nina  They become separated in fog, and Nina injures herself by falling off a ledge and onto a tree  After falling out of the tree, Nina staggers to Theo's new residence and is tended to by Edith   Desperately trying to find Nina, Marco meets Theo on the mountainside where Theo sets his dog onto Marco   When Marco demands to know what's happening, Theo explains only "You killed her "  Not knowing about Theo's daughter, Marco starts to panic about losing Nina   After injuring Theo's aggressive German shepherd, Marco manages to ski hurriedly away before going over the edge of a cliff, and he falls, seemingly forever, into a crevasse in the valley, to his death 
In another coincidence, Rebecca and the injured Nina depart on the same train, but don't know each other  The film ends with the birth of René and Laura's child 

Production
The film is based on the novel Expense of Spirit by Anne-Françoise Pyszora;  however, this original story does not contain the character of Theo, and takes place in summer: Tykwer felt the film would be more attractive in a snowy winter setting  The story of the two couples is faithful to the novel The soundtrack album was released on 3 November 1997 on Ariola Records/BMG  It contains the songs "Untitled #1" by Spain and Fratres by Arvo Pärt  The CD is no longer in print 
Passage 2:
Dino Risi
Dino Risi (23 December 1916 – 7 June 2008) was an Italian film director  With Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola, he was one of the masters of commedia all'italiana 

Biography
Risi was born in Milan  He had an older brother, Fernando, a cinematographer, and a younger brother, Nelo (1920–2015), a director and writer  At the age of twelve, Risi became an orphan and was looked after by relatives and friends of his family  He studied medicine but refused to become a psychiatrist, as his parents wishedRisi started his career in cinema as an assistant director to cinema figures such as Mario Soldati and Alberto Lattuada  Later he began directing his own films and was credited with giving early opportunities to future acting stars such as Sophia Loren and Vittorio Gassman  His 1966 film Treasure of San Gennaro was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize His biggest hits were Poor, But Handsome (Poveri ma belli), followed by two sequels, which he also directed; A Difficult Life (Una vita difficile); The Easy Life (Il sorpasso); Opiate '67 or, in a cut version, 15 From Rome (I Mostri); and Scent of a Woman (Profumo di Donna), which was remade by Martin Brest starring Al Pacino in 1992 In 2002, he was awarded the Golden Lion – Honorary Award (Leone d'oro alla carriera) at the Venice Film Festival for his life-time work  Two of his films, Il giovedì and Il commissario Lo Gatto, were shown in a retrospective section on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival He died on 7 June 2008 at his residence in Rome  He was 91 and was survived by two children, Claudio Risi (1948–2020) and Marco Risi (1951), both film directors 

Filmography
Passage 3:
Pretty But Poor
Belle ma povere (internationally released as Pretty But Poor) is a 1957 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi  It is the sequel of Poveri ma belli and was followed by Poveri milionari 

Plot
Romolo and Salvatore are two Roman boys, engaged respectively to Annamaria and Marisa, Salvatore's first sister and Romulus's second  The two girls would like to get married soon, but the two engaged couples have neither a steady job nor the intention of putting their heads straight: then they unwillingly decide to follow a radio engineering course in an evening school where however Romulus is committed while Salvatore quickly abandons them  Education 
The two are great friends but they quarrel when Giovanna, an old flame of both of them, returns  She is the latter after leaving her beloved Hugh she works in the jewelry of her boyfriend Franco  Romulus thinks that Salvatore is not suitable to marry his sister, and Salvatore thinks the same of Romulus and his sister, and as long as they are both idle the marriage for both will not take place 
But Annamaria and Marisa suffer even more  Marisa, understood that Salvatore will never have a steady job, decides to go to work as a clerk in a shoe shop where she meets a charming young man who courts her  Salvatore, fearing to lose Marisa, decides to become a thief  Meanwhile Romulus, to open his radio shop, borrows money from Giovanna's boyfriend who, to make her partner jealous and lead him to the wedding, again feigns interest in Romulus, arousing Annamaria's jealousy 
Just when Romulus decides to return the money he had on loan to Giovanna, Salvatore with the help of an accomplice decides to break into Franco's jewelry and steal everything  However, he is stopped by Marisa, who explains to Salvatore that there is nothing between her and the young man  Even between Romulus and Annamaria everything is clarified  Romulus and Salvatore understand that what matters is inner wealth 
The marriages of Romulus with Annamaria and of Salvatore with Marisa are then celebrated on the same day, in the same church, that of Piazza Navona, with the same clothes  And also Giovanna finally gets married with Franco 

Cast
Marisa Allasio as  Giovanna
Maurizio Arena as Romolo
Renato Salvatori as Salvatore
Lorella De Luca as Marisa
Alessandra Panaro as Anna Maria
Riccardo Garrone as Franco
Memmo Carotenuto as Alvaro
Gildo Bocci
Marisa Castellani
Carlo Giuffrè
Nino Vingelli
Passage 4:
Poveri milionari
Poveri milionari (internationally released as Poor Millionaires) is a 1959 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi  It is the final chapter in the trilogy started with Poveri ma belli 

Cast
Maurizio Arena: Romolo
Renato Salvatori: Salvatore
Alessandra Panaro: Anna Maria
Lorella De Luca: Marisa
Sylva Koscina: Alice
Memmo Carotenuto: Alvaro
Gildo Bocci: Sor Nerone
Roberto Rey: Psichiatra
Lina Ferri: Sora Cecilia
Fred Buscaglione: himself
Passage 5:
Tom Tykwer
Tom Tykwer (German: [ˈtɪkvɐ]; born 23 May 1965) is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer  He is best known internationally for directing the thriller films Run Lola Run (1998), Heaven (2002), Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), and The International (2009)  He collaborated with The Wachowskis as co-director for the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012) and the Netflix series Sense8 (2015–2018), and worked on the score for Lana Wachowski's The Matrix Resurrections (2021)  Tykwer is also well known as the co-creator of the internationally acclaimed German television series Babylon Berlin (2017–) 

Early life
Tykwer was born in Wuppertal, West Germany  Fascinated by film from an early age, he started making amateur Super 8 films at the age of eleven  He later helped out at a local arthouse cinema in order to see more films, including those for which he was too young to buy tickets  After graduating from high school, he applied to numerous film schools around Europe, unsuccessfully 

Career
1986-1995
Tykwer moved to Berlin where he worked as a projectionist  In 1987, at the age of 22, he became the programmer of the Moviemento cinema and became known to German directors as a film buff  In Berlin, Tykwer met and befriended the filmmaker Rosa von Praunheim, who urged him to create stories from his own experience  He suggested, for example, that Tykwer record arguments with his girlfriend, and turn them into a short film  Because (1990) was screened at the Hof International Film Festival and well received by the audience, which inspired Tykwer to continue pursuing filmmaking 
He made a second short film, Epilog (1992), for which he took on personal financial debt, but he also gained valuable technical film making experience  Tykwer wrote the screenplay for, and directed, his first feature film, the psychological thriller Deadly Maria (1993)  It aired on German television and had a limited theatrical release in Germany and the international film festival circuit 
In 1994, Tykwer founded the production company X Filme Creative Pool with Stefan Arndt, Wolfgang Becker, and Dani Levy 

1996-2005
Tykwer and Becker wrote the screenplay for the comedy Life Is All You Get (1997), while working on Winter Sleepers (1997), Tykwer's second feature and a much bigger and more complex production than Deadly Maria  Winter Sleepers brought Tykwer to the attention of German cineastes and film festivals, but he was struggling financially His next feature film, Run Lola Run (1998), became the most successful German film of 1998, earned $7 mln at the US box office, and elevated Tykwer to international fame  As Lola was becoming a success worldwide, Tykwer was already at work on his next film, The Princess and the Warrior (2000), a love story about a nurse and a former soldier, which was shot in his home town of Wuppertal Miramax produced his next film, Heaven (2002), based on a screenplay by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski, which was shot in English, starred Cate Blanchett and Giovanni Ribisi, and was filmed in Turin and Tuscany 

2006-2015
Tykwer was approached by French producers to film a short contribution to Paris, je t'aime (2006), a film composed of 20 short films by many famous directors depicting love in Paris  Tykwer shot the 10-minute short film, True, with Natalie Portman and Melchior Beslon  He shot the film quickly with almost no pre-production  The result, Tykwer later said, "symbolises an entire life for me, in just ten minutes "Tykwer shot the film Pink Children (2012) together with 4 German directors about their mentor Rosa von Praunheim 
Tykwer's next film was Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), an adaptation of the novel Perfume by the German novelist Patrick Süskind  It was filmed in the Spanish cities of Figueras, Girona and Barcelona  Tykwer later made his Hollywood debut with the big-budgeted 2009 conspiracy thriller The International, starring Clive Owen and Naomi Watts, which was shot in several locations ranging from Berlin, Milan, New York City, and Istanbul  The film received a lukewarm reception from the public and critics alike 

2016-present
Tykwer directed 2016's A Hologram for the King, starring Tom Hanks and Sarita Choudhury, based on a novel by American novelist Dave Eggers  In 2017, Tykwer co-created the television series Babylon Berlin, directing and writing the screenplay; set in 1920s Berlin, the series comprised 16 episodes in its first two seasons  A third season premiered in 2020  Later on, in 2023, the fifth season has been announced In 2018, Tykwer headed the 68th Berlinale 

Musical composition
Since Winter Sleepers, the music for all of Tykwer's films (with the exception of Heaven) has been composed by Johnny Klimek, Reinhold Heil, and Tykwer, unusual for a film director  The trio gave themselves the name "Pale 3", and it originally worked as a film scoring group, then expanding to produce music unrelated to film 

Critical reception
Both Tykwer's directing and his musical contributions have received accolades 

Awards
1994: Bavarian Film Awards, Best New Director
1998: Bavarian Film Awards, Best Production
2005: State-Award of the Film Commission North Rhine-Westphalia
2006: Bavarian Film Awards, Best Director
2012: Golden Globe Awards, Best Original Score for Cloud Atlas (Nominated)

Filmography
Other roles

Inglourious Basterds (2009) — German dialogue translator 

Personal life
In 2009, Tykwer signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse case 
Passage 6:
Roman Smishko
Roman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper 
He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko 

Career
He played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes 
Passage 7:
Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev 

Honours
Zhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001
Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001
Passage 8:
Vadim Vlasov
Vadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod 
He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov 
Passage 9:
La Bestia humana
La Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola 

External links
La Bestia humana at IMDb
Passage 10:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020



ground_truth: Winter Sleepers