prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born first, Tombstone Rashomon or Waiting For The Clouds?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Alex Cox
Alexander B  H  Cox (born 15 December 1954) is an English film director, screenwriter, actor, non-fiction author and broadcaster  Cox experienced success early in his career with Repo Man and Sid and Nancy, but since the release and commercial failure of Walker, his career has moved towards independent films  Cox received a co-writer credit for the screenplay of Terry Gilliam's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) for previous work on the script before it was rewritten by Gilliam 
As of 2012, Cox has taught screenwriting and film production at the University of Colorado, Boulder 

Early life
Cox was born in Bebington, Cheshire, England in 1954  He attended Worcester College, Oxford, and later transferred to the University of Bristol where he majored in film studies  Cox secured a Fulbright Scholarship, allowing him to study at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he graduated from the School of Theater, Film and Television with an MFA 

Film career
Study and independent
Cox began reading law as an undergraduate at Oxford University, but left to study radio, film and TV at Bristol University, graduating in 1977  Seeing difficulties in the British film scene at the time, he first went to Los Angeles to attend film school at UCLA in 1977  There he produced his first film, Edge City (also known as Sleep Is for Sissies), a 40-minute surreal short about an artist struggling against society  After graduation, Cox formed Edge City Productions with two friends with the intention of producing low-budget feature films  He wrote a screenplay for Repo Man, which he hoped to produce for a budget of $70,000, and began seeking funding 

Hollywood and major studio period (1978–1987)
Michael Nesmith agreed to produce Repo Man, and convinced Universal Studios to back the project with a budget of over a million dollars  During the course of the film's production, the studio's management changed, and the new management had far less faith in the project  The initial cinema release was limited to Chicago, followed by Los Angeles, and was short-lived 
After the success of the soundtrack album (notable for featuring many popular LA punk bands), there was enough interest in the film to earn a re-release in a single cinema in New York City, but only after becoming available on video and cable  Nevertheless, it ran for 18 months, and eventually earned $4,000,000 
Continuing his fascination with punk music, Cox's next film was an independent feature shot in London and Los Angeles, following the career and death of bassist Sid Vicious and his girlfriend Nancy Spungen, initially titled Love Kills and later renamed Sid and Nancy  It was met warmly by critics and fans, though heavily criticised by some, including Pistols' frontman John Lydon, for its inaccuracies  The production of this film also sparked a relationship with Joe Strummer of the Clash, who would continue to collaborate with the director on his next two films 
Cox had long been interested in Nicaragua and the Sandinistas (both Repo Man and Edge City made references to Nicaragua and/or Latin American revolution), and visited in 1984  The following year, he hoped to shoot a concert film there featuring the Clash, the Pogues and Elvis Costello  When he could not get backing, he decided instead to write a film that they would all act in  The film became Straight to Hell  Collaborating with Dick Rude (who also co-starred beside Strummer, Sy Richardson and Courtney Love), he imagined the film as a spoof of the Spaghetti Western genre, filmed in Almería, Spain, where many classic Italian westerns were shot  Straight to Hell was widely panned critically, but successful in Japan and retains a cult following  On 1 June 2012, Cox wrote an article in The New York Times about his long-standing interest in spaghetti westerns Continuing his interest in Nicaragua, Cox took on a more overtly political project, with the intention of filming it there  He asked Rudy Wurlitzer to pen the screenplay, which followed the life of William Walker, set against a backdrop of anachronisms that drew parallels between the story and modern American intervention in the area  The $6,000,000 production was backed by Universal, but the completed film was too political and too violent for the studio's tastes, and the film went without promotion  When Walker failed to perform at the box office, it ended the director's involvement with Hollywood studios, and led to a period of several years in which Cox would not direct a single film  Despite this, Cox and some critics maintain that it is his best film 

Mexican period (1988–1996)
Effectively blacklisted for working on a studio project during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, Alex Cox struggled to find feature work  He finally got financial backing for a feature from investors in Japan, where his films had been successful on video  Cox had scouted locations in Mexico during the pre-production of Walker and decided he wanted to shoot a film there, with a local cast and crew, in Spanish  Producer Lorenzo O'Brien penned the script  Inspired by the style of Mexican directors including Arturo Ripstein, he shot most of the film in plano secuencia; long, continuous takes shot with a hand-held camera  El Patrullero was completed and released in 1991, but struggled to find its way into cinemas 
Shortly after this, Cox was invited to adapt a Jorge Luis Borges story of his choice for the BBC  He chose Death and the Compass  Despite being a British production and an English language film, he convinced his producers to let him shoot in Mexico City  This film, like his previous Mexican production, made extensive use of long-takes  The completed 55-minute film aired on the BBC in 1992 
Cox had hoped to expand this into a feature-length film, but the BBC was uninterested  Japanese investors gave him $100,000 to expand the film in 1993, but the production ran over-budget, allowing no funds for post-production  To secure funds, Cox directed a "work for hire" project called The Winner  The film was edited extensively without Cox's knowledge, and he tried to have his name removed from the credits as a result but was denied, but the money was enough for Cox to fund the completion of Death and the Compass  The finished, 82-minute feature received a limited cinema release in the US, where the TV version had not aired, in 1996 

Liverpool period (1997–2006)
In 1996, producer Stephen Nemeth employed Alex Cox to write and direct an adaptation of Hunter S  Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas  After creative disagreements with the producer and Thompson, he was sacked from the project, and his script rewritten when Terry Gilliam took over the film  (Cox later sued successfully for a writing credit, as it was ruled that there were enough similarities between the drafts to suggest that Gilliam's was derivative of Cox's  Gilliam countered that the screenplays were based on the source book and similarities between them were a consequence of this )
In 1997, Alex Cox made a deal with Dutch producer Wim Kayzer to produce another dual TV/feature production  Three Businessmen  Initially, Cox had hoped to shoot in Mexico but later decided to set his story in Liverpool, Rotterdam, Tokyo and Almería  The story follows businessmen in Liverpool who leave their hotel in search of food and slowly drift further from their starting point, all the while believing they are still in Liverpool  The film was completed for a small budget of $250,000  Following this, Cox moved back to Liverpool and became interested in creating films there 
Cox had long been interested in the Jacobean play, The Revenger's Tragedy, and upon moving back to Britain, decided to pursue adapting it to a film  Collaborating with fellow Liverpudlian screenwriter Frank Cottrell Boyce, the story was recast in the near future, following an unseen war  This adaptation, titled Revengers Tragedy, consisted primarily of the original play's dialogue, with some additional bits written in a more modern tone  The film is also notable for its soundtrack, composed by Chumbawamba 
Following this, Cox directed a short film set in Liverpool for the BBC titled I'm a Juvenile Delinquent – Jail Me! (2004)  The 30-minute film satirised reality television as well as the high volume of petty crime in Liverpool which, according to Cox, is largely recreational 

Microfeature period (2007–present)
In 2006, Alex Cox tried to get funding for a series of eight very low budget features set in Liverpool and produced by locals  The project was not completed, but the director grew interested in pursuing the idea of a film made for less than £100,000  He had originally hoped to shoot Repo Man on a comparable budget, and hoped that the lower overhead would mean greater creative freedom 
Searchers 2 0, named after but based on The Searchers, became Cox's first film for which he has sole writing credit since Repo Man, and marked his return to the comedy genre  A road movie and a revenge story, it tells of two actors, loosely based on and played by Del Zamora and Ed Pansullo, who travel from Los Angeles to a desert film screening in Monument Valley in the hopes of avenging abuse inflicted on them by a cruel screenwriter, Fritz Frobisher (Sy Richardson)  It was scored by longtime collaborator Dan Wool aka Pray for Rain (Sid & Nancy, Straight to Hell, Death & the Compass, The Winner, Three Businessmen, Repo Chick among others)  Although the film was unable to achieve a cinema release in America or Europe, Cox claimed the experience of making a film with a smaller crew and less restrictions was energising  It is available on DVD in Japan, and was released in October 2010 in North America Alex Cox had attempted to get a Repo Man sequel, titled Waldo's Hawaiian Holiday, produced in the mid-'90s, but the project fell apart, with the script adapted into a graphic novel of the same name  For his next micro-feature, he wrote a fresh attempt at a Repo follow-up, although it contained no recurring characters, so as to preserve Universal's rights to the original  Repo Chick was filmed entirely against a green screen, with backgrounds of digital composites, live action shots, and miniatures matted in afterwards, to produce an artificial look  It premiered at the Venice Film Festival on 9 September 2009 
As of July 2012, Cox was teaching film production and screenwriting at the University of Colorado at Boulder In 2013 Cox directed Bill, the Galactic Hero, developed from a science fiction book by Harry Harrison  It was funded by a successful Kickstarter funding campaign, raising $114,957 of the original $100,000 goal  The film was to be made, created and acted by his film students in monochrome with supervision from professional film makers who would be giving their time on the film for free Cox's 2013 book The President and the Provocateur examines events in the lives of John F  Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald leading up to Kennedy's assassination, with reference to the various conspiracy theories In 2017 Cox directed another crowdfunded film, Tombstone Rashomon, which tells the tale of the Gunfight at the O K  Corral from multiple perspectives in the style of Akira Kurosawa's 1950 film Rashomon In September 2019, Cox started the podcast ‘Conversations with Cox and Kjølseth’ with his friend and colleague Pablo Kjølseth  In October 2022, Cox announced the end of the podcast, citing its small audience and the comparative success of podcasts by Joe Dante, Quentin Tarantino and Cox's one-time collaborator Roger Deakins 

Moviedrome
In May 1988 Cox began presenting the long-running and influential BBC series Moviedrome  The weekly strand was a showcase for cult films  Though most of the films shown were chosen by series creator and producer Nick Jones, each film was introduced by Cox  By the time he left the show in September 1994, Cox had introduced 141 films  Various film directors have cited Moviedrome as an influence, including Ben Wheatley and Edgar Wright  The series was later presented by film director and critic Mark Cousins 

Influences and style
Cox has cited Luis Buñuel and Akira Kurosawa as influences, as well as the Western film directors Sergio Leone, Sergio Corbucci, Sam Peckinpah, John Ford and Giulio Questi  Cox also wrote a book on the history of the genre called 10,000 Ways to Die  While he once directed films for Universal Pictures, such as Repo Man and Walker, since the late 1980s, he has found himself on a self-described blacklist, and turned to producing independent films  Cox is an atheist and is decidedly left-wing in his political views  Many of his films have an explicit anti-capitalist theme or message  He was originally set to direct Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas but was replaced by Terry Gilliam due to creative differences with Hunter S  Thompson  By August 2009, Cox had announced completion of Repo Chick, which premiered at the Venice Film Festival the following month, but he remained ambivalent as to whether the film would ever be distributed to cinemas  His previous film, Searchers 2 0, was not released theatrically, and only appears on DVD in Japan and North America after a televised screening in the UK on the BBC 
Cox is a fan of the Japanese Godzilla films and appeared in a 1998 BBC documentary highlighting the series  He also narrated the documentary Bringing Godzilla Down to Size and wrote the Godzilla in Time comics for Dark Horse  He tried to direct an American Godzilla film at one point, but unsuccessfully submitted his outline to TriStar Pictures 

Personal life
As of 2011, Cox resided in Colestin, Oregon with his wife, writer Todelina Babish Davies 

Partial list of works
Feature films
Documentaries
Kurosawa: The Last Emperor (1999)
Emmanuelle: A Hard Look (2000)
Bringing Godzilla Down to Size (2007) – narrator
Scene Missing (2012)

Television
Moviedrome (as presenter) (1988 to 1994)
Godzilla: King of the Monsters – BBC, contributor
In His Life: The John Lennon Story as Bruno Koschmider
Mike Hama Must Die! (2002)
I'm a Juvenile Delinquent – Jail Me! (2003)

Books
10,000 Ways to Die: A Director's Take on the Spaghetti Western (2008)
X Films: True Confessions of a Radical Filmmaker (2008)
Waldo's Hawaiian Holiday (2008)
Three Dead Princes (Illustrator) (2010)
The President and the Provocateur: The Parallel Lives of JFK and Lee Harvey Oswald (2013)
Alex Cox's Introduction to Film: A Director's Perspective (2016)
I Am (Not) A Number: Decoding The Prisoner (2017)

Acting credits
Passage 2:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 3:
Waiting for the Clouds
Waiting for the Clouds (Bulutları Beklerken) is a film from 2003, Turkey  The film was directed by Yeşim Ustaoğlu  It is based on a novel by Georgios Andreadis titled Tamama  The film was produced by Setarh Farsi, Helge Albers and Behrooz Hashemian  The film was nominated in Montréal World Film Festival 2004 

Plot
The neighbor´s son Mehmet is worried about the elderly woman Ayshe, and he likes hearing her stories  When Ayshe´s older sister dies she refuses to be with the other villager and starts searching for her younger brother in Greece  Waiting for the Clouds takes place in 1975 and Mehmet´s experience is based on the directors memory from the 70s  And the character Ayshe would not have had to keep her ethnic identity a secret for 50 years if she had lived in a tolerant environment 

Hiding ethnic identity
The character of Ayshe was born Eleni, daughter of indigenous Greeks in the eastern Black Sea region of Northern Turkey, what was once the ancient country of Pontus  She was adopted by a Turkish Muslim family in the World War I  Fear is the reason that Ayshe never spoke of her ethnic past again  In the 70s Turkey the government did put a lot of pressure on the ordinary lives   If there had been tolerance, Ayshe would not have had to keep her ethnic identity a secret for 50 years  But in 1970s Turkey, paranoia and a fear of “others” was on the rise while tolerance toward minority ethnic groups diminished 

Boundaries and Ties
The movie has many commonalities with a series of movies by the renowned film maker Theodoros Angelopoulos: the borders and their impact on the lives of human beings – as in The Suspended Step of the Stork; a tedious Odyssean search for a family member – as in Landscape in the Mist; the long-lost identity and the fusion of different cultures – as in Ulysses' Gaze and The Suspended Step of the Stork  The similarities are not limited to the content and themes; they also include the form and style of the movie: carefully composed scenes and an enormous number of extended long shots  But there are telling differences as well  In Waiting for the Clouds, Ustaoglu tends to emphasize on the idea of distance, whereas Angelopolous emphasizes on the journey  We barely see Ayshe on the journey; rather, we see her at two different destinations  She belongs to a generation which has gone through the ordeal of Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, and has never managed  to fully recover from that emotional wound  When she finally decides to overcome her fears and inhibitions and go to find her lost brother, she trespasses a number of boundaries  We don’t see her cross the physical boundary, the border, – unlike Angelopolous – but her crossing the imagined boundaries that she had created for herself is manifest  “The objective properties of the community are less important than the imagined ones ” Deep in her subconscious, she imagines herself belonging to another nation, another community, and another language  But when she ventures outside her little home in the small village, she gets to see that what she had imagined to be her true community, is as strange to her as it gets  She goes back to Turkey, but she is not the same person anymore  She seems like she has put a huge burden off her shoulder  She begins to smile 
Passage 4:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Passage 5:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 6:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 7:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 8:
South of the Clouds (2004 film)
South of the Clouds is a 2004 Chinese film and the second film directed by the writer Zhu Wen  The film stands in stark contrast to Zhu's previous film  In terms of production, South of the Clouds received the cooperation of the state apparatus unlike 2001's Seafood which was an underground production shot on digital hand-held cameras  In terms of story, the transgressive tale of a prostitute and a policeman in Seafood is a far cry from South of the Cloud's gentle tale of a retiree who fulfills a lifelong desire to travel to the southern province of Yunnan (literally "South of the Clouds") 
South of the Clouds stars Li Xuejian as the protagonist, Xu Daqin, and features a cameo by director Tian Zhuangzhuang as the police chief in a small town in Yunnan  It was produced by China Film Assist, an independent production company in China; South of the Clouds was the company's first production 

Background
South of the Clouds was, at heart, an attempt by Zhu Wen to capture the image and beauty of Yunnan that he had experienced upon his first visit to the province  Beyond that, however, the film was an opportunity for Zhu to present his work to his home country  Following the completion of Seafood, Zhu "wanted to make something that [he] could show to [his] parents and   friends in China  Unlike Seafood, South of the Clouds did not encounter any issues with the state censors, in part because the film strictly followed all the relevant regulations 

Awards and nominations
South of the Clouds like many Chinese art films was screened at numerous film festivals around the world  It succeeded in winning a FIPRESCI prize and the Firebird Award for New Cinema at the 28th Hong Kong International Film Festival  The film also won a NETPAC award at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2004 

See also
Mosuo - a matriarchal ethnic enclave in Yunnan, featured prominently in the film 
Passage 9:
Yeşim Ustaoğlu
Yeşim Ustaoğlu (born 18 November 1960) is a Turkish filmmaker and screenwriter 

Life and career
Ustaoğlu was born in Kars, Sarıkamış and grew up in Trabzon on the Black Sea  After studying architecture at Karadeniz Technical University she moved to Istanbul, attended master's programme in Yıldız Technical University, she worked as an architect, then as a journalist and a film critic  Before she made her feature film debut The Trace (İz) in 1994, she had made several award-winning short films  The Trace was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival Ustaoğlu received international recognition for her next film, Journey to the Sun (Güneşe Yolculuk), which told a story of a friendship between a Turk and a Kurd  Her fourth film Pandora's Box (Pandora'nın Kutusu) won The Best Film and The Best Actress award in San Sebastian Film Festival and is Ustaoğlu's biggest international success to date 

Filmography
Passage 10:
Tombstone Rashomon
Tombstone Rashomon is a 2017 Western film directed by Alex Cox and starring Adam Newberry and Eric Schumacher  It tells the story of the Gunfight at the O K  Corral in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, from multiple differing perspectives in the style of Akira Kurosawa's 1950 film Rashomon 

Plot synopsis
A film crew travels back in time to film the Gunfight at the O K  Corral  They arrive after the gunfight, however, and can only interview those involved  They interview Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Kate, Ike Clanton, Colonel Roderick Hafford, and Johnny Behan, each of whom has a different take on the events 

Cast
Production
As with his previous film Bill, the Galactic Hero (2014), Alex Cox used crowdfunding to finance the production of the film  This time he used an Indiegogo campaign In an interview with IndieWire, Cox stated, "I was thinking it would be a conventional western, but Rudy (Wurlitzer) wants to give it a science fiction angle — from the perspective of time-traveling women historians from the future  They’ll time-travel back in time to film at the OK Corral, but they get the day wrong and they miss it by a day, so they have to interview the survivors " Wurlitzer was involved in early stages, but not credited as a writer on the final film, the screenplay is solely credited to Cox In an interview with The Huffington Post, Cox stated that he had originally planned to film in Boulder, Colorado, but then decided to shoot in Tucson instead Filming took place at the Old Tucson Studios west of Tucson  In an interview with Tucson Weekly, Cox stated that the producers of Snowden matched the funds already accumulated, helping Cox to complete the film 

Release
The film screened as a work in progress at the Ashland Independent Film Festival at 6:40 p m  on Saturday, April 8, 2017, at the Cinedelphia Film Festival at 7:00 p m  on April 15, 2017, and at the Loft Film Fest on May 27, 2017 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mary Martin (missionary)
Mother Mary of the Incarnation Martin, M M M  (24 April 1892 – 1975) was the Irish foundress of the Catholic religious institute of the Medical Missionaries of Mary 

Early life
She was born Marie Helena Martin in Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on 24 April 1892, the second of the twelve children her parents Thomas Martin and Mary Moore were to have  In 1904, while attending classes for her First Holy Communion, Martin contracted rheumatic fever, which was to affect her heart permanently  Tragedy hit the family on St  Patrick's Day 1907, as her father was killed in what was presumed to be an accidental shooting  Later her mother sent her to schools in Scotland, England and Germany, all of which she left as quickly as possible Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Martin joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, a division of the Red Cross, and helped with the nursing of wounded soldiers brought back from the front  Her own brother, Charles, was soon sent to fight in the campaign of Gallipoli  In October 1915, she was assigned to work in Malta  Here she helped there for the thousands of soldiers being brought back from that battle  Learning that her brother had been declared missing in action, she sought to gain information about his fate from the returning soldiers  Learning little of use added to her stress and she began to long to return home  The family finally learned that Charlie had been killed in the conflict, dying of wounds received at the battle  She returned to Ireland in April 1916  While she was at sea, the Easter Uprising took place in Dublin, which was to lead to the establishment of the Republic of Ireland Martin was called to serve again a month later at Hardelot, France, in a field hospital near the front lines of the Battle of the Somme  There she cared for soldiers suffering from gas poisoning  This assignment lasted until December of that year, followed by a brief stint in Leeds, England  All this time, she tried to discern her future  Shortly after the end of the War, she was called up on help in nursing victims of the Spanish flu, which had begun to devastate populations around the world In 1917 a new curate came to the parish which Martin attended, the Reverend Thomas Roynane, to whom she turned for guidance  Roynane had an interest in missionary work, bringing together two fellow members of the clergy who were go to on and found the Missionary Society of St  Columban  They soon conceived of the idea of a congregation of Religious Sisters to provide medical care in the missions of China to which they had planned to go  Roynane recruited two women to commit themselves to this work, the Lady Frances Moloney and Agnes Ryan, a local schoolteacher 

Training for the missions
Roynane had also inspired Martin with an interest in pursuing this calling   To this end she went to England in January 1919 for further medical training  She was scheduled to undertake training in midwifery the following year   Her mother's severe illness prevented her from taking that training, however, as she had to return home to care for her   By chance, Joseph Shanahan, C S Sp , an Irish member of the missionary Holy Ghost Fathers, had just been named Vicar Apostolic for southern Nigeria, then still a British colony  He received permission to recruit among the secular clergy to serve there on contracts of five-years duration   Roynane received permission from his own bishop to volunteer for this work In April 1920, Roynane arranged for Martin to meet the new bishop, and she volunteered her services as a lay missionary to work in his jurisdiction  She advised him that she was about to comment training as a midwife  Ryan, by now in her fourth year of medical training, advised her that she wished to join her in the African mission  She completed that training in February 1921 

Service in Africa
In April of that same year, Martin left Ireland for Nigeria, with Ryan, who had left her studies  They set sail for Africa from Liverpool on 25 May on the S S  Elmina, a ship of the African Steamship Company  They arrived in the port of Calabar on 14 June  They arrived prepared to provide medical care, only to learn that they were expected to run a school which had been staffed by French Religious Sisters until two years prior  To give the parents and children of the school a sense of continuity, the two women were addressed as "Sisters" by the priests and treated as if they were already members of an established religious institute By October, Ryan had contracted malaria and developed a heart condition, which required her return to Ireland  Forced to fill in as Acting Headmistress, Martin determined to confer directly with the bishop in his headquarters at Onitsha, a journey of 100 miles (160 kilometers), for which she brought along three of the oldest girls at the school  Meeting with the bishop, Martin was advised that caution was needed in providing medical care to the people of her mission, so as not to provoke objections by other missionaries in the region  Further, before leaving Ireland, the bishop had organized a support group of Catholic mothers to provide assistance to the missions, of which Martin's own mother had become the president  They agreed that a religious congregation was needed to meet the needs of the mission  Upon her return to Calabar, Martin made a 30-day retreat In April 1922 the bishop traveled there and held two weeks of consultations with Martin, Roynane and another missioner, during which the Rule and Constitutions of a new congregation were hammered out, with the understanding that Martin would be the foundress  Martin was not to see the bishop again for two years  During this time she learned that the bishop was working to establish the new congregation in Ireland, a direction she felt would focus the congregation on teaching rather than the medical care to which she felt called  An Irish Sister of Charity, Sister Magdalen Walker, was released from her congregation to help in this new work  She arrived in Calabar in October 1923  The following January Martin was directed by the bishop to return to Ireland to make a canonical novitiate  In March she joined Agnes Ryan, another volunteer at the mission, Elizabeth Ryan, and an American candidate, Veronica Hasson, as they started their time of postulancy, prior to admission to the novitiate year  After 18 months, however, upon completion of the novitiate year she left the community, as the training provided by the Dominican Sisters providing their formation had not been oriented toward medical care 

New paths
In this formal step of forming the new congregation, Martin had encountered the prohibition in the new Code of Canon Law of 1917 of the Catholic Church against members of religious orders practicing medicine  Facing this barrier, Martin still felt a call to consecrated life and considered following the example of the recently canonized Carmelite nun, Thérèse of Lisieux (coincidentally also bearing the family name of Martin)  In 1927 she applied to the community of that Order in Dublin, but her application was declined, solely on the decision of the prioress who overrode a unanimous vote by community, feeling that Martin was called to a different path in life  She then went through a new period of confusion until she was requested to consider again serving the missions  She then formed a small group of women to provide the domestic service for the preparatory school run by the Benedictine monks Glenstal Abbey Following a long period of illness in 1932, the following year Martin approached the new Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland, Archbishop Paschal Robinson, O F M  The nuncio was supportive of her goals and encouraged her continually over the next years  Finally, in February 1936, the Holy See lifted prohibition against Religious Sisters serving as doctors or midwives  Martin then sought a diocese which would accept a new congregation, without success  In October of that same year, Robinson's former secretary, Antonio Riberi, was named Apostolic Delegate in Africa, based in Kenya  He gave his support to having the congregation established in Calabar, which at that time was under a new Vicar Apostolic, James Moynagh, S P S , whose own sister was a member of the new community 

Foundation
While still negotiating to purchase a house in Ireland as a local base, complicated by the fact that they were not yet a formal congregation, the small community sailed for Nigeria at the end of 1936  Upon their arrival Martin suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at Port Harcourt  It was there that she professed religious vows on 4 April 1937  With that the Medical Missionaries of Mary became established 

Legacy
Martin's health was always a source of concern but she lived until 1975  Today the Medical Missionaries of Mary number some 400 women from 16 different nations, who serve in 14 different countries around the world 
Passage 2:
Henry Morgan (bishop)
Henry Morgan (died 23 December 1559) was a Welsh lawyer and churchman, Bishop of St Davids during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
He was born in Dewisland, Pembrokeshire, and became a student in the University of Oxford in 1515  He proceeded B C L  10 July 1522, and D C L  17 July 1525, and soon after became principal of St  Edward's Hall, which was then a hostel for civilians  He was admitted at Doctors' Commons 27 October 1528, and for several years acted as moderator of those who performed exercises for their degrees in civil law at Oxford 
Taking holy orders, he obtained rapid preferment  He became rector of Walwyn's Castle, Pembrokeshire, 12 February 1530; canon of Bristol, 4 June 1542; prebendary of the collegiate church St Carantoc's Church, Crantock in Cornwall, 1547; canon of Exeter, 1548; rector of Mawgan, Cornwall, 1549, and of St  Columb Major, Cornwall, 1550 
On the deprivation of Robert Ferrar he was appointed by Queen Mary bishop of St  David's in 1554  He held the see until he was deprived of it, on the accession of Elizabeth, about midsummer 1559  He then retired to Wolvercote, near Oxford, where some relatives, including the Owens of Godstow House, resided  He died at Wolvercote on 23 December 1559, and was buried in the church there  John Foxe in his Acts and Monuments of the Church and Thomas Beard in his Theatre of God's Judgments state that Morgan was 'stricken by God's hand' with a malady; Foxe gives some gruesome details; but Anthony à Wood could find no tradition to that effect among the inhabitants of Wolvercote 

Notes
Passage 3:
Nicolas Spierinc
Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s  Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy  He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth  He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours 

Notes
Sources
de Schryver, Antoine  The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008  ISBN 978-0-8923-6943-0
Kren, Thomas  Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J  Paul Getty Museum  Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010  ISBN 978-1-6060-6014-8
Passage 4:
William Rede (by 1529–at least 1569)
William Rede (born by 1529 - at least 1569) was an English politician during the reign of Mary I of England 

Life
Rede was probably the son of the clothier Thomas Rede  He was probably the William who was from Yate, Gloucestershire and married a daughter of the clothier, Walter Bailey  He had a son, Edward Rede  In 1554, he was described as 'of Bristol', suggesting a possible connection to William Rede I 

Career
Rede was a Member of Parliament for Devizes in October 1553  He was admitted to the Middle Temple 
Passage 5:
Mary of England
Mary of England may refer to:

Mary I of England (1516–1558), Queen of England from 1553 until her death
Mary II of England (1662–1694), Queen of England from 1689 until her death

See also
Henrietta Maria of France (1609–1669), queen consort of England, also known as Queen Mary
Mary of Modena (1685–1688), queen consort of England
Mary of Scotland (disambiguation)
Mary of Teck (1867–1953), queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Mary of Waltham (1344–1362), daughter of Edward III of England
Mary of Woodstock (1279–1332), daughter of Edward I of England
Mary of York (1467–1482), daughter of Edward IV of England
Mary Stuart (1605–1607), daughter of James VI and I, King of England
Mary Tudor (disambiguation)
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1631–1660), daughter of Charles I of England
Princess Mary (disambiguation)
Queen Mary (disambiguation)
Passage 6:
Avelin Mary
Avelin Mary is a marine biologist and a Roman Catholic nun belonging to the Congregation of the Mother of Sorrows, Servants of Mary  She is a Director of Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC), Tuticorin 

Education
Mary received her Ph D  in marine biology from Marathwada University, Aurangabad  She completed her post-doctoral work at Osborne Laboratories (New York Zoological Society) and Duke University Marine Laboratories (Beaufort, North Carolina)  She was a visiting scientist at Tulane University, Duke University, University of Delaware, University of Hawaii and Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan In 1988, she returned to India to establish her own independent research group  Her research area is the biology of barnacles  Her specific interest is in the replacement of toxic chemicals affecting the ocean environment with alternative compounds from natural sources that may have similar functional properties without the toxic effects on other marine organisms 

Career
Mary was the principal of St  Mary's College, a Catholic institution for higher education of women in Tuticorin In 1991, she founded Sacred Heart Marine Research Center (SHMRC) as an independent non-profit organization for the purpose of marine research and conservation  She is currently the Director of the institute, which is affiliated with U S -based research and development company Poseidon Ocean Sciences, Inc During her study of corals, she discovered they produce chemicals that could prevent fouling in ships and save millions of dollars 

Awards
Mary was named one of the "2,000 outstanding scientists of the 20th century" by the International Biographical Research Centre at Cambridge  In 1999, the vanity press American Biographical Institute awarded her "Woman of the Year 1998",In 2002, she was recognized by India's National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) in New Delhi as one of 14 Scientists of the Year  She received the award in Calcutta In January 2003, she was one of 12 recipients of the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation's 2003 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Award for Excellence 
Passage 7:
Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony 
The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband  She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited  When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross 
Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation  She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs  She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu 

Life
Birth
Eleanor was born in Burgos, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu  Her Castilian name, Leonor, became Alienor or Alianor in England, and Eleanor in modern English  She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Eleanor of England, the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England 
Eleanor was the second of five children born to Ferdinand and Joan  Her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43; two sons born after Louis died young  For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candlebearers were paid to walk in the public procession to commemorate each year of her life  As the tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life, 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or 1241 
As her parents were apart from each other for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in Andalusia, from which he returned to the north of Spain only in February 1241, Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year  The courts of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for their literary atmosphere  Both kings also encouraged extensive education of the royal children, and it is therefore likely that Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood which is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen She was at her father's deathbed in Seville in 1252 

Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre
Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future Edward I of England was not the only marriage her family planned for her The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the Kingdom of Navarre due to sworn homage from Garcia VI of Navarre in 1134  In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir, Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X of Castile, stalled negotiations with England in hopes that she would marry Theobald II of Navarre  
The marriage afforded several advantages  First, the Pyrenees kingdom also afforded passage from Castile to Gascony  Secondly, Theobald II was not yet of age, thus the opportunity existed to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile  To avoid Castilian control, Margaret of Bourbon (mother and regent to Theobald II) in August 1253 allied with James I of Aragon instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised that Theobald would never marry Eleanor 

Marriage
In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected another ancestral claim, this time to the duchy of Gascony in the south of Aquitaine (the last possession of the Kings of England in France), which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of Eleanor of England  Henry III of England swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves  Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward (by now the titular duke), and Alfonso would transfer his Gascon claims to Edward  Henry was so anxious for the marriage to take place that he willingly abandoned elaborate preparations already made for Edward's knighting in England and agreed that Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next Feast of Assumption The young couple were married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254  Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed, as Edward's grandfather King John of England and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine  Following the marriage they spent nearly a year in Gascony, with Edward ruling as lord of Aquitaine  During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to her first child, a short-lived daughter  She journeyed to England alone in late summer of 1255  Edward followed her a few months later Henry III took pride in resolving the Gascon crisis so decisively, but his English subjects feared that the marriage would bring Eleanor's kinfolk and countrymen to live off Henry's ruinous generosity  A few of her relatives did come to England soon after her marriage  She was too young to stop them or prevent Henry III from supporting them, but she was blamed anyway and her marriage soon became unpopular 
The presence of more English, French and Norman soldiers of fortune and opportunists in the cities of Seville and Cordoba, recently conquered from the Moorish Almohads, would be increased, however, thanks to this alliance between royal houses, until the advent of the later Hundred Years War, when it would be symptomatic of extended hostilities between the French and the English for peninsular support 

Second Barons' War
There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War, between Henry III and his barons, divided the kingdom  During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from her mother's county of Ponthieu in France  It is untrue, however, that she was sent to France to escape danger during the war; she was in England throughout the struggle and held Windsor Castle and baronial prisoners for Edward  Rumours that she was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader, Simon de Montfort, to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the royalist army had been defeated at the Battle of Lewes  
Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was honourably confined at Westminster Palace  After Edward and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government and Eleanor rose to prominence at his side  Her position was greatly improved in July 1266 when, after she had borne three short-lived daughters, she gave birth to a son, John, to be followed by a second boy, Henry, in the spring of 1268, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter, Eleanor 

Crusade
By 1270, the kingdom was pacified and Edward and Eleanor left to join his uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade  Louis died at Carthage before they arrived, however, and after they spent the winter in Sicily, the couple went on to Acre in the Holy Land, where they arrived in May 1271  Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, known as "Joan of Acre" for her birthplace 
The crusade was militarily unsuccessful, but Baibars of the Bahri dynasty was worried enough by Edward's presence at Acre that an assassination attempt was made on the English heir in June 1272   He was wounded in the arm by a dagger that was thought to be poisoned  The wound soon became seriously inflamed, and a surgeon saved him by cutting away the diseased flesh, but only after Eleanor was led from his bed, "weeping and wailing"  Later storytellers embellished this incident, claiming Eleanor sucked poison from the wound, thereby saving Edward's life, but this fanciful tale has no foundation 
They left Acre in September 1272, and in Sicily that December, they learned of Henry III's death (on 16 November 1272)  Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child, Alphonso (named for Eleanor's half brother Alfonso X), was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274 

Queen consort of England
Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other  Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock  The couple were rarely apart; she accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 April 1284 at Caernarfon Castle, either in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction works, or in the partially constructed Eagle Tower 
Their household records witness incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship  Each year on Easter Monday, Edward let Eleanor's ladies trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; so important was this custom to him that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them had she been alive  Edward disliked ceremonies and in 1290 refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor thoughtfully (or resignedly) paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding 
That Edward remained single until he wedded Margaret of France in 1299 is often cited to prove he cherished Eleanor's memory  In fact, he considered a second marriage as early as 1293, but this does not mean he did not mourn Eleanor  Eloquent testimony is found in his letter to the abbot of Cluny in France (January 1291), seeking prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love"  In her memory, Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses (of which three survive, though none of them is intact) between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London  (See § Procession, burial and monuments below )
Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, however, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war  Despite personal grief, Edward faced his duty and married again  He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life, Margaret at his side on at least one occasion 

Popularity
Eleanor is warmly remembered by history as the queen who inspired the Eleanor crosses, but she was not so loved in her own time  Her reputation was primarily as a keen businesswoman  Walter of Guisborough preserves a contemporary poem:

The annalist of Dunstable Priory echoed him in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors" Her acquisition of lands was an unusual degree of economic activity for any medieval noblewoman, let alone a queen – and the level of her activity was exceptional by any standard: between 1274 and 1290 she acquired estates worth above £2500 yearly  In fact, it was Edward himself who initiated this process and his ministers helped her  He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government  One of his methods to help Eleanor acquire land was to give her the debts Christian landlords owed Jewish moneylenders  In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged for the debts  The debtors were often glad to rid themselves of the debts, and profited from the favour Eleanor showed them afterwards; she granted many of them, for life, lands worth as much as the estates they had surrendered to her, and some of them became her household knights 
There is, however, very clear evidence that Eleanor's property dealings made her widely unpopular



ground_truth: Tombstone Rashomon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandfather of Diego Fernández De Oviedo?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Fernando Flaínez
Fernando Flaínez (fl  c  1002  – c  1049) was a powerful magnate from the Kingdom of León, member of the aristocratic lineage of the Flaínez  His parents were Flaín Muñoz and his wife Justa Fernández, daughter of  count Fernando Bermúdez de Cea  He was the paternal grandfather of Jimena Díaz, wife of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar El Cid, and the direct ancestor of the important medieval noble lineage of the Osorios   He married Elvira Peláez, daughter of Pelayo Rodríguez and Gotina Fernández de Cea, with whom he had at least seven children: Flaín, Oveco, Justa, Pedro, Pelayo, Muño and Diego  He was the tenente of Aguilar and documented with the title of count as of 1028   Jointly with his son, Flaín Fernández, he governed the city of León until 1038 when the kingdom was already under the control of King Sancho III of Pamplona 

Biographical sketch
He first appears in medieval charters in 999 when, jointly with his brother Munio, confirmed a donation by the Bishop of León to the Monastery of Sahagún   On 26 February 1020, he and his wife accompanied by several of his children founded the Monastery of San Martín de Pereda in Valle de Valdeburón which was subsequently incorporated in the Monastery of Benevívere  In this document, he mentions that he had inherited several of the properties being donated from Fredenando Uermudiz et Flanio Moniz,  his grandfather and father, respectively 
As a loyal vassal of King Alfonso V of León, he appears constantly confirming royal charters and was honored with the title of count at the end of the reign of Alfonso and at least from 1028  After the death of Alfonso V and the succession to the throne by Bermudo III of León, Fernando supported his first cousin King Sancho III of Navarre, although, at first, he accompanied the young monarch as evidenced in a donation made by Bermudo III in November 1028 to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela where he appears with other magnates confirming the royal charter  His presence in the curia regis of King Bermudo III was infrequent from 1029 until 1035 and this absence could be attributed to his involvement — active or behind the scenes — in the assassination of García Sánchez, Count of Castile in 1029 when García went to the city of León to meet Sancha, his promised bride and future wife of King Ferdinand I of León He was back at the court of Bermudo III to whom he remained faithful until the king was killed in the Battle of Tamarón in 1037  Fernando Flaínez did not hand over the capital of the Kingdom of León to Ferdinand I until 1038 and kept all his honors and estates until his death, after 1049, the last year in which he appears in the charters of the Monastery of Sahagún 

Marriage and issue
He married his first cousin, Elvira Peláez, daughter of Count Pelayo Rodríguez and Countess Gotina Fernández, another daughter of Fernando Bermúdez de Cea, and as such, also a sister of Queen Jimena and of Justa Fernández, Fernando's mother  They were the parents of the following children, all except Justa born before February 1020, the date on which they appear confirming the donation made by their parents: 

Flaín Fernández (died before 1065), a count, husband of Toda Fernández and father of Martín Flaínez, ancestors of the Osorio;
Oveco Fernández, married to Onecca Gutiérrez;
Pedro Fernández
Pelayo Fernández (died after June 1049), royal alférez in 1039 and in 1050 and count as from 1043  He could have been the father of Flaín Peláez;
Munio Fernández (died after June 1049), also a count, married Elvira Peláez, daughter of Count Pelayo Froilaz the Deacon and Aldonza Ordóñez, daughter of the infantes Ordoño Ramírez and his wife Cristina Bermúdez  They were the parents of Countess Aldonza Muñoz, the wife of Count Vela Ovéquiz  He last appears in June 1049 with his brother Pelayo;
Diego Fernández, the father of Jimena Díaz, wife of El Cid;
Justa Fernández, named after her paternal grandmother, Justa was the second wife of Count Ansur Díaz and step-mother of powerful count Pedro Ansúrez On 29 September 1047, Justa and her husband founded the Monastery of San Román 

Notes
Passage 2:
Guillermo Fernández de Soto
Guillermo John Roque Fernández de Soto Valderrama (born 27 September 1953) is a Colombian lawyer and diplomat, who has served as Secretary General of the Andean Community of Nations, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia, Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and designated-Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotenciary, Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations in New York 

Biography
Ambassador Fernandez de Soto holds a degree in law and economic sciences from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and a Postgraduate degree in Socio-Economic Sciences from the same institution  He has had extensive experience in the field of international relations, Colombian diplomacy, academia, and in the professional practice in civil, commercial and international law 

Career
Early in his career, he worked as a Senior Specialist of the Organization of American States (OAS) Inter American Commission on Human Rights in Washington DC  He also served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia (1985 – 1986) He worked in the Secretariat of the United Nations for the Commission of Truth in the peace process of El Salvador  Also, he worked for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for the preparation of the Special Economic Cooperation Plan for Central America 
In the commercial field, he was the President of the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá (CCB) and held other positions such as President of the Ibero-American Association of Chambers of Commerce (AICO), General Director of the Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission, President of the Colombian Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris (ICC), President of the Colombian Committee of the Economic Council of the Pacific Basin (PBEC) 
As well, he served as Member and Executive Secretary of the presidential Commission for the Colombo-Venezuelan border integration body 1988-1998 
He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, a period during which he was also President of the Andean Council of Foreign Ministers and President of the United Nations Security Council (August, 2001)  Later, he was Secretary General of the Andean Community until 2004 
He also served as Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2004-2008), Permanent Representative of Colombia to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Vice-President of the Tenth Conference of States Parties to the OPCW  In addition, he was the Representative of Colombia before the Administrative Council of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and Representative of Colombia before the Common Fund for Commodities 
Ambassador Fernández de Soto served as International Arbitrator in various disputes from Commercial and Administrative Law matters  He was also Co-agent before the International Court of Justice in the case of Aerial Spraying (Ecuador v  Colombia) and in the case of the Territorialand Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v  Colombia)  He was a member of the Inter-American Judicial Committee of the OAS and its president in 2011- 2012 
He was also President of the Colombian Council of International Relations (CORI)  Most recently, he served as Corporate Director for Europe at CAF, the Development Bank of Latin America based in Madrid, Spain (2012-2018) 
In the Academy, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations of the Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Executive Director of the International Studies Center “Interamerican Forum”  He has also participated in several academic publications as author and editor, and his articles have been published in several newspapers and magazines in Colombia 

Ambassador to the United Nations
He was appointed in September 2018 by the President of the Republic of Colombia as Ambassador to the United Nations  In 2019 he assumed the Presidency of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission  The Peacebuilding Support Office was established in 2005 as an advisory body to Member States and its role is to contribute to the maintenance of peace through international support for peacebuilding initiatives in different areas and regions of the world [1]
During his presidency, Fernandez de Soto visited Sierrea Leona, Loberia, Côte d'Ivoire and the African Union where he was able to witness the Commission's progress in peacebuilding  In January 2020 he handed over the presidency to the government of Canada while Colombia continues as vice president 

Decorations
National Order of Merit (Grand Officer) - France
Order of José Cecilio del Valle (Grand Cross) - Honduras
Order of Francisco de Miranda (First Class) - Venezuela
Order of the Liberator (Grand Cordon) - Venezuela
Order of the Liberator General San Martin (Grand Cross) - Argentina
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Order of the Merit of Chile (Grand Cross) - Chile
Order of the Sun (Grand Cross) - Peru
Order of Isabella the Catholic (Grand Cross) - Spain
Order of Simón Bolívar (Grand Cross) - Bolivia
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External links
Photo of Guillermo Fernández de Soto
Passage 3:
Diego Fernández de Oviedo
Diego Fernández (fl  1020 – c  1046), also known as Diego Fernández de Oviedo, was a member of one of the most noble lineages of the Kingdom of León as the son of Fernando Flaínez and Elvira Peláez, daughter of count Pelayo Rodríguez  He was the second cousin of King Ferdinand I since both shared the same great-grandfather, Count Fernando Bermúdez de Cea  Distinguished with the title of Count at an early age, Diego was the father of Jimena Díaz, wife of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar El Cid 

Marriages and issue
Count Diego first married Elvira Ovéquiz, daughter of Count Oveco Sánchez and Countess Elo, who gave him two daughters: 

Onneca Mayor Díaz the wife of Gundemaro Iohannes (Ibáñez)
Aurovita Díaz, married to Munio Godestéiz,most probably the Muño Gustioz mentioned in the Cantar de Mio Cid who would have been the brother-in-law of Jimena Díaz who fought along with El Cid and accompanied Jimena during her widowhood His second wife, probably named Cristina, was a daughter of Fernando Gundemáriz and granddaughter of Gundemaro Pinióliz  The documented offspring of this marriage were:

Rodrigo Díaz, count in Asturias, who, according to the charters in the Monastery of San Juan de Corias, could have married a Gontrodo with whom he had two daughters, Sancha a Mayor Rodríguez 
Fernando Díaz,  one of the most powerful magnates of his period, who first married Godo Gonzalez Salvadórez and then Enderquina Muñoz, daughter of Count Munio González 
Jimena Díaz, the wife of El Cid 

Notes
Passage 4:
Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala
Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala (c  1394 – 1431), also known as Mariana de Ayala Córdoba y Toledo, was the fourth Lady of Casarrubios del Monte in the province of Toledo   She was the daughter of Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Carrillo, first Lord of Baena, and Inés Ayala y Toledo, third Lady of Casarrubios del Monte 

Life
Mariana married Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, Admiral of Castile and Lord of Medina de Rioseco around July 1425   They had one daughter, Juana Enríquez (1425–1468), who married  John II of Aragon 
Passage 5:
Diego Fernández de la Cueva, 1st Viscount of Huelma
Diego Fernández de la Cueva, 1st Viscount of Huelma (died 26 November 1473) was a Spanish nobleman 

Biography
Diego Fernández de la Cueva was born in Úbeda, Andalusia, Crown of Castille  He was a merchant and banker of King Henry IV of Castile, who granted him the title of 1st Viscount of Huelma 
He was related to or perhaps a descendant of Juan Sánchez de la Cueva, a nobleman from Úbeda, Regedor or Veinte y Quatro (24) of Úbeda in 1367, who rose pennant for the usurper Henry, Count of Trastamara, bribed by his generous promises  He was also a relative and a contemporary of another Diego de la Cueva, Alcalde of Caltinovo, married to María Cortés, whose daughter María Cortés married Rodrigo or Ruy Fernández de Monroy, paternal grandparents of Hernán Cortés 
He married Maior Alfonso de Mercado from Úbeda and had two sons  King Enrique IV, in his second year as King, travelled to Úbeda and stayed with Diego  When he left this house, he took Diego's second oldest son, Beltrán, with him to stay at Court to show his gratitude to Diego  (Diego offered Beltrán after Enrique asked for Diego's oldest son, whom Diego wanted to keep close by) 

See also
Henry IV of Castile
Beltrán de la Cueva
War of the Castilian Succession

Notes
Passage 6:
Diego Fernández de Cevallos
Diego Fernández de Cevallos Ramos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo feɾˈnandes ðe seˈβaʝos]; born 16 March 1941) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the conservative National Action Party (PAN)  He was a  presidential candidate in the 1994 election and President of the Mexican Senate 

Life and career
Fernández de Cevallos was born in Mexico City, the son of José Fernández de Cevallos Martínez and Beatriz Ramos Íñigo  He received a bachelor's degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and took several courses in economics at the Ibero-American University, where he also worked as a professor of criminal and commercial law 
He joined the conservative National Action Party (PAN) in 1959 and led its parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies (during the 55th legislature) and in the Senate (2003–06)  In 1994 he ran for president representing his party and lost against the PRI candidate, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León 
Outside politics, Fernández de Cevallos runs an influential law firm specialized in criminal, civil and commercial law  He was married only by the religious rite to Claudia Gutiérrez Navarrete  Currently he lives with his partner Liliana de León Maldonado 
At 80 years of age Fernández de Cevallos decided to join social media in order to persuade young people to adopt conservative values  President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) responded to Fernández de Cevallos' criticisms of his government by showing a video of a debate they had in 2000 

Abduction
Fernández de Cevallos was abducted from one of his properties, located in Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, on 14 May 2010  His abandoned vehicle was found nearby, with signs of a violent struggle  Fernandez de Cevallos' kidnappers demanded $100 million in exchange for his release, but decreased the amount  He was released from this abduction on December 20, 2010 in exchange for an amount that hasn't been officially disclosed by him or his family 

See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases
Passage 7:
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando (– Monleón, aft  February 2, 1487) was a Spanish military and nobleman 

Life
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando was a son of Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres y Mogollón, who granted a will at Cáceres in 1443, and wife Leonor Alfón de Ovando, daughter of Fernando Alfón de Ovando and wife Teresa Alfón (seventh grandparents in male line of the conqueror of the castle of Brindis, Italian city and sea port in the Adriatic, formerly called Brundisium and currently Brindisi, Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi, and his brother Alonso Pablo de Ovando y Solís Rol de La Cerda, 2nd Marqués de Brindis), and paternal grandson of Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres and wife Juana González 
He was the 1st Lord of the Manor House del Alcázar Viejo, which place was granted de jure by Henry IV of Castile by Royal Cedule of July 16, 1473, famous Captain of the aforementioned King and of the Catholic Monarchs since 1475, Alcalde of Benquerencia and Monleón, where he passed on in 1487, having tested on February 2 
He was firstly married to Isabel Flores de las Varillas, Dame of Queen Isabel I of Castile, daughter of Rodrigo Flores de las Varillas, a distant relative of Hernán Cortés, and wife María Estebán Tejado de Paredes 
He grew up and learned the military art at the house of the Infant Lord King John II of Navarre and his services are historical 
They had at least two sons, first born Diego de Cáceres y Ovando and Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres 
He was the ascendant of the Marqueses de Leganés (Mesía, on June 22, 1627, Grandees of Spain in 1640), Loriana (Velázquez-Dávila, December 19, 1591) and La Puebla de Ovanda (Velázquez-Dávila, March 10, 1627), Vizcondes de Penapardo, Condes de La Gomera with a Coat of Arms of de Herrera (de Herrera, 1487, also Señores de las Islas Canarias), de Oliva de Gaytan with a Coat of Arms of de Galarza (de Galarza, May 18, 1649), Fuenterubia, etc 
Passage 8:
Diego Fernández de Villalán
Diego Fernández de Villalán (died 7 Jul 1556) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the fourth Bishop of Almería (1523–1556) 

Biography
Diego Fernández de Villalán was ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor  On 17 July 1523, he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Adrian VI as Bishop of Almería  He served as Bishop of Almería until his death on 7 July 1556 
Passage 9:
Diego Fernández de Ovando
Fray Diego Fernández de Ovando was a Spanish military and nobleman 

Life
Diego Fernández de Ovando was a son of Fernando Fernández de Ovando, second son, and wife Francisca de Ulloa, and paternal grandson of Fernando Fernández de Ovando, 1st Count of Torrelaguna and 1st Count of Uceda, and wife Ora Blázquez Trillo, Lady of Talamanca 
He was a Professed Knight of the Habit of Alcántara, Commander of Lares at the time of Master Don Nuno Chamiço elected in 1338 
He had a natural son, Fernando Alfón de Ovando 

Sources
Cunha, Fernando de Castro Pereira Mouzinho de Albuquerque e (1906-1998), Instrumentário Genealógico - Linhagens Milenárias  MCMXCV, p  401
Passage 10:
Diego Fernández
Diego Fernández (c  1520 – c  1581) was a Spanish adventurer and historian of the 16th century 

Biography
Born at Palencia, he was educated for the church, but about 1545 he embarked for Peru, where he served in the royal army under Alonzo de Alvarado  Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, marquess of Cañete, who became viceroy of Peru in 1555, bestowed on Fernandez the office of chronicler of Peru; and in this capacity he wrote a narrative of the insurrection of Francisco Hernandez Giron, of the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, and of the administration of Pedro de la Gasca  The whole work, under the title Primera y segunda parte de la Historia del Piru, was published at Seville in 1571 and was dedicated to King Philip II  It is written in a clear and intelligible style, and with more art than is usual in the compositions of the time  It gives copious details, and, as he had access to the correspondence and official documents of the Spanish leaders, it is, although necessarily possessing bias, the fullest and most authentic record existing of the events it relates A notice of the work will be found in William H  Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru (new ed , London, 1902) 

See also
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Fray Martín de Murúa



ground_truth: Flaín Muñoz

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Mary Of Woodstock's mother die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: "A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal  It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property - lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from Christians under the protection of the royal court " Given the chroniclers' passages quoted above, the accusation is indeed borne out by contemporary writers  Peckham also warned her of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants  Eleanor must have been aware of the truth of such reports since, on her deathbed, she asked Edward to name justices to examine her officials' actions and make reparations  The surviving proceedings from this inquest reveal a pattern of ruthless exactions, often (but not always) without Eleanor's knowledge  Her executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291  In her lifetime, Eleanor had righted such wrongs when she heard of them, and her deathbed request of Edward indicates that she knew, suspected, or feared, that her officials had perpetrated many more transgressions than were ever reported to her 
Two other letters from Peckham, moreover, show that some people thought she urged Edward to rule harshly and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if any one crossed her, which contravened contemporary expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed, or the condemned Thus, he warned a convent of nuns that "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, but whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor  Record evidence from the king's administrations shows that Hugh Despenser the Elder, who agreed to allow the queen to hold one of his manors for a term of years in order to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer that the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt 
Thus the evidence tends unavoidably to the conclusion that Eleanor was not greatly loved outside her own circle  It is only with a chronicle written at St Albans in 1307–08 that we find the first positive remarks, and it is hard to avoid the impression that the chronicler was writing to flatter her son, Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307  It is also likely that the impressive succession of "Eleanor Crosses" Edward constructed after her death (as discussed below) was intended to improve the late queen's image 

Limited political influence
It has traditionally been argued that Eleanor had no impact on the political history of Edward's reign, and that even in diplomatic matters her role was minor, though Edward did heed her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers  Otherwise, it has been said, she merely gave gifts, usually provided by Edward, to visiting princes or envoys  Edward always honoured his obligations to Alfonso X, but even when Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile; he sent only knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile 
However more recent research has indicated that Eleanor may have played some role in Edward's counsels, though she did not exercise power overtly except on occasions where she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony   Some of Edward's legislation, for example the Statute of Jewry and his approach to Welsh resettlement show some similarities to Castilian approaches  His military strategies, too, appear to have been influenced by the work of Vegetius, to which Eleanor directed his attention  Edward was, however, clearly prepared to resist her demands, or to stop her, if he felt she was going too far in any of her activities, and that he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm, as happened on one occasion when Robert Burnell, the Lord Chancellor, assured the Bishop of Winchester, from whom the queen was demanding a sum of money the bishop owed her, that he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop 

Cultural influence
If she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor was a highly intelligent and cultured woman and found other satisfying outlets for her energies   She was an active patroness of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her  Some of the works produced were apparently vernacular romances and saints' lives, but Eleanor's tastes ranged far more widely than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office  The number and variety of new works written for her show that her interests were broad and sophisticated  In the 1260s she commissioned the production of the Douce Apocalypse  She has also been credibly linked to the Trinity Apocalypse, although the question of whether she commissioned it, or simply owned an apocalypse which influenced its production, remains a matter of debate  On Crusade in 1272, she had De Re Militari by Vegetius translated for Edward  After she succeeded her mother as countess of Ponthieu in 1279, a romance was written for her about the life of a supposed 9th century count of Ponthieu  She commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord John de Vescy, who married a close friend and relation of hers  In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for her to explain what angels were and what they did  She almost certainly commissioned the Alphonso Psalter, now in the British Library, and is also suspected to be the commissioner of the Bird Psalter which also bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife  In January 1286 she thanked the abbot of Cerne for lending her a book—possibly a treatise on chess known to have been written at Cerne in the late thirteenth century—and her accounts reveal her in 1290 corresponding with an Oxford master about one of her books  There is also evidence suggesting that she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X 
Relevant evidence suggests that Eleanor was not fluent in English, but was accustomed to read, and so presumably to think and speak, in French, her mother's tongue, with which she would have been familiar from childhood despite spending her early years in Spain  In this she was luckier than many medieval European queens, who often arrived in their husband's realms to face the need to learn a new language; but the English court was still functionally bilingual, in large measure through the long succession of its queens, who were mostly from French-speaking lands  In 1275, on a visit to St Albans abbey in Hertfordshire, the people of the town begged her help in withstanding the abbot's exactions from them, but one of her courtiers had to act as translator before she could respond to the plea for assistance  All the literary works noted above are in French, as are the bulk of her surviving letters, and since Peckham wrote his letters and his angelic treatise for her in French, she was presumably well known to prefer that language 
In the domestic sphere she popularised the use of tapestries and carpets – the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London, but by the time of her death was plainly much in vogue amongst richer magnates, with certain of her hangings having to be reclaimed from Anthony Bek, the bishop of Durham   She also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and even forks (though it remains uncertain whether the latter were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters)  She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates  Extensive spending on gardens is evidenced at her properties and in most places she stayed, including the use of water features – a common Castilian garden design feature, which was owed to Islamic and Roman influences in Spain   The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during her ownership of the castle 

The queen was a devoted patron of the Dominican Order friars, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge  Not surprisingly, then, Eleanor's piety was of an intellectual stamp; apart from her religious foundations she was not given to direct good works, and she left it to her chaplains to distribute alms for her  Her level of charitable giving was, however, considerable 
She patronised many relatives, though given foreigners' unpopularity in England and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, she was cautious as queen to choose which cousins to support  Rather than marry her male cousins to English heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, she arranged marriages for her female cousins to English barons  Edward strongly supported her in these endeavours, which provided him and his family (and Eleanor herself, in her potential widowhood) with an expanded network of potential supporters  In a few cases, her marriage projects for her lady cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms  The marriage of her kinswoman Marguerite de Guines to the earl of Ulster, one of the more influential English noblemen in Ireland, not only gave Edward a new family connection in that island but also with Scotland, since Marguerite's cousin Marie de Coucy was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law Alexander III  The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her Châtellerault cousins with a member of the Lusignan family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, not only strengthening the king's ties with that family but also creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, on Gascony's northern flank 

Death
Eleanor was presumably a healthy woman for most of her life; that she survived at least sixteen pregnancies suggests that she was not frail   Shortly after the birth of her last child, however, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own begin to record frequent payments for medicines to the queen's use   The nature of the medicines is not specified, so it is impossible to know what ailments were troubling her until, later in 1287 while she was in Gascony with Edward, a letter to England from a member of the royal entourage states that the queen had a double quartan fever  This fever pattern suggests that she was suffering from a strain of malaria  The disease is not fatal of itself, but leaves its victims weak and vulnerable to opportunistic infections   Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle, and highly susceptible to injury which may cause death from internal bleeding  There is also a possibility that she had inherited the Castilian royal family's theorised tendency to cardiac problems 
From the time of the return from Gascony there are signs that Eleanor was aware that her death was not far off   Arrangements were made for the marriage of two of her daughters, Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young Edward of Caernarfon to Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on  In summer 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties was commenced, but proceeded at a much slower pace than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in Clipstone, rather than in London  Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings that travel might endanger their health   Following the conclusion of the parliament Eleanor and Edward set out the short distance from Clipstone to Lincoln  By this stage Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles a day 
Her final stop was at the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 7 miles (11 km) from Lincoln  The journey was abandoned, and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church   After piously receiving the Church's last rites, she died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage  Edward was at her bedside to hear her final requests   For three days afterward, the machinery of government came to a halt and no writs were sealed 

Procession, burial and monuments
Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties and accompanied for most of the way by Edward, and a substantial cortege of mourners  Edward gave orders that memorial crosses be erected at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster  Based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, these artistically significant monuments enhanced the image of Edward's kingship as well as witnessing his grief  The "Eleanor crosses" stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone near Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap, and Charing – only three survive, none in its entirety  The best preserved is that at Geddington  All three have lost the crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain  The top (cross) part of the Hardingstone monument is believed to reside in the Northampton Guildhall Museum  The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of the queen are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London 
The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the railway station of that name, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station  The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall, on the south side of Trafalgar Square, but was destroyed in 1647 and later replaced by a statue of Charles I 
In the thirteenth century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual  Eleanor however was afforded the more unusual "triple" burial – separate burial of viscera, heart and body  Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb  The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and has been replaced with a 19th-century copy  On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century; probably they were not originally intended to depict the couple The queen's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars in London, along with that of her son Alphonso  The accounts of her executors show that the monument constructed there to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, including wall paintings as well as an angelic statue in metal that apparently stood under a carved stone canopy  It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries 

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290  Her body was placed in a grave near the high altar that had originally contained the coffin of Edward the Confessor and, more recently, that of King Henry III until his remains were removed to his new tomb in 1290  Eleanor's body remained in this grave until the completion of her own tomb   She had probably ordered that tomb before her death  It consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields (originally painted) of the arms of England, Castile, and Ponthieu  The chest is surmounted by William Torel's superb gilt-bronze effigy, showing Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal 
When Edward remarried a decade after her death, he and his second wife Margaret of France, named their only daughter Eleanor in honour of her 

Legacy
Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife, and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives   The estates Eleanor assembled became the nucleus for dower assignments made to later queens of England into the 15th century, and her involvement in this process solidly established a queen-consort's freedom to engage in such transactions  Few later queens exerted themselves in economic activity to the extent Eleanor did, but their ability to do so rested on the precedents settled in her lifetime 

Historical reputation
Despite her ambiguous reputation in her own day, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor a positive, if slightly obscure standing over the next two centuries  As late as 1586, the antiquarian William Camden first published in England the tale that Eleanor saved Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound  Camden then went on to ascribe construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of an heroic wife who had selflessly risked her own life to save his  A year later in 1587, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland described Eleanor as "the jewel [Edward I] most esteemed     a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay "But a counter-narrative, driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation onwards, may already have begun to emerge  The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from as early as the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen Mary Tudor and her husband the Spanish Philip II of Spain  It depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have/Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses not only to murder of the Mayoress but also to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First  The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward  If so, it sank with little trace  The surviving revised version, as printed in 1593, depicts a haughty Eleanor as "a villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke"  The misdeeds attributed to her in The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor are repeated and expanded upon: Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears; and she now confesses to adultery with her own brother-in-law Edmund Crouchback and to conceiving all her children, bar Edward I's heir Edward II, in adultery – which revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame  This is a portrait of Eleanor that owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain, and English fears of a repeat attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemic of the period 

It would appear likely Peele's play, and the ballad associated with it, had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century  Performances of the play and reprints of The Lamentable Fall (it was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity) meant that by the time of the Civil War this entirely hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed  The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have been lost in the years 1643–1646: for example Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the Charing Cross torn down in 1643  Eleanor's reputation however began to change for the positive once again at this time, following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's A History of the Kings of England, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre  Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and derived ultimately from Camden, who was uncritically repeated wholesale by historians  In the 19th century the self-styled historian Agnes Strickland used Camden to paint the rosiest of all pictures of Eleanor  None of these writers, however, used contemporary chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but even when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland praised, many rejected the correction, often expressing indignant disbelief that anything negative was said about Eleanor   Only in recent decades have historians studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention  These decades produced a sizeable body of historical work that allows Eleanor's life to be scrutinised in the terms of her own day, not those of the 17th or 19th century 
The evolution of her reputation is a case study in the maxim that each age creates its own history  If Eleanor of Castile can no longer be seen as Peele's transgressive monstrosity, nor as Strickland's paradigm of queenly virtues, her career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of an exceptionally demanding life 

Issue
Stillborn girl (July 1255)
Katherine (c  1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey 
John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall  Buried in Westminster Abbey 
Henry (before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Eleanor (18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298)  She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar, by whom she had one son and two daughters 
Daughter (1271 Palestine)  Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Joan (April 1272 – 7 April 1307)  She married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer  She had four children by each marriage 
Alphonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester 
Margaret (15 March 1275 – after 1333)  In 1290 she married John II of Brabant, who died in 1318  They had one son 
Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey 
Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey  There is no contemporary evidence for her name 
Mary (11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury 
Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth  There is no contemporary evidence for his name 
Elizabeth (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316)  She married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex  The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children 
Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327)  In 1308 he married Isabella of France  They had two sons and two daughters 

Eleanor as a mother
It has been suggested that Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children  As king and queen, however, it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place, and when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigors of constant travel with their parents  The children had a household staffed with attendants carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, with whom the parents corresponded regularly  The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old; then they began to accompany their parents, if at first only on important occasions  By their teens they were with the king and queen much of the time  In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, presumably to help with their education  She also sent gifts to the children regularly, and arranged for the entire establishment to be moved near to her when she was in Wales  In 1306 Edward sharply scolded Margerie de Haustede, Eleanor's former lady in waiting who was then in charge of his children by his second wife, because Margerie had not kept him well informed of their health  Edward also issued regular and detailed instructions for the care and guidance of these children 
Two incidents cited to imply Eleanor's lack of interest in her children are easily explained in the contexts of medieval royal childrearing in general, and of particular events surrounding Edward and Eleanor's family  When their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at Guildford in 1274, neither parent made the short journey from London to see him; but Henry was tended by Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence  The boy had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and since he was barely two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had many substantial memories of them at the time they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his last illness and death  In other words, the dowager queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been at that time, and it was in all respects better that she tended him then  Furthermore, Eleanor was pregnant at the time of his final illness and death; even given the limited thirteenth-century understanding of contagion, exposure to a sickroom might have been discouraged  Similarly, Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother, Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, to raise their daughter Joan of Acre in Ponthieu (1274–1278)  This implies no parental lack of interest in the girl; the practice of fostering noble children in other households of sufficient dignity was not unknown and Eleanor's mother was, of course, dowager queen of Castile  Her household was safe and dignified, but it does appear that Edward and Eleanor had cause to regret their generosity in letting Joan of Ponthieu foster young Joan  When the girl reached England in 1278, aged six, it turned out that she was badly spoiled  She was spirited and at times defiant in childhood, and in adulthood remained a handful for Edward, defying his plans for a prestigious second marriage for her by secretly marrying one of her late first husband's squires  When the marriage was revealed in 1297 because Joan was pregnant, Edward was enraged that his dignity had been insulted by her marriage to a commoner of no importance  Joan, at twenty-five, reportedly defended her conduct to her father by saying that nobody saw anything wrong if a great earl married a poor woman, so there could be nothing wrong with a countess marrying a promising young man  Whether or not her retort ultimately changed his mind, Edward restored to Joan all the lands he had confiscated when he learned of her marriage, and accepted her new husband as a son-in-law in good standing  Joan marked her restoration to favour by having masses celebrated for the soul of her mother Eleanor 

See also
Infante
Passage 8:
Where Was I
"Where Was I?" may refer to:

Books
"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I
Where Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006
Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009

Film and TV
Where Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A  Seiter  With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran 
Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose
Where Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos
"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980

Music
"Where was I", song by W  Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939
"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988
"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton
"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)
"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)
"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002
"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999
"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)
"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)
Passage 9:
Mary of Woodstock
Mary of Woodstock (11 March 1278 – before 8 July 1332) was the seventh named daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile  She was a nun at Amesbury Priory, but lived very comfortably thanks to a generous allowance from her parents  Despite a papal travel prohibition in 1303, she travelled widely around the country 

Early life
Mary's grandmother, Eleanor of Provence, had decided to retire to Amesbury Priory in Wiltshire, a daughter house of Fontevrault   She lobbied for Mary and another granddaughter, Eleanor of Brittany, to become Benedictine nuns at the priory  Despite resistance from Eleanor of Castile, Mary was dedicated at Amesbury in 1285, at the age of seven, alongside thirteen daughters of nobles  She was not formally veiled as a nun until December 1291, when she had reached the age of twelve   Eleanor of Brittany had been veiled in March, while Eleanor of Provence did not arrive until June 1286 Mary's parents granted her £100 per year for life (approximately £104,000 in 2023); she also received double the usual allowance for clothing and a special entitlement to wine from the stores, and lived in comfort in private quarters  Her father visited her and Eleanor at the priory repeatedly: twice in 1286 and in 1289, and again in 1290 and 1291   Eleanor of Provence died in 1291, and it was expected that Mary would move to Fontevrault  Certainly the prioress of Fontevrault wrote frequently to Edward I asking that his daughter be allowed to live there  Probably to prevent his daughter falling into French hands in the event of war with England, Edward refused, and Mary remained at Amesbury, while her allowance was doubled to £200 per year   In 1292, she was also given the right to forty oaks per year from royal forests and twenty tuns of wine per year from Southampton 

Representative of the order
Despite being a resident at the priory, Mary began to travel the country   She visited her brother Edward in 1293, and regularly attended court, spending five weeks there in 1297, in the run-up to her sister Elizabeth's departure to Holland  By the end of the century, she held the post of vicegerent and visitatrix for the abbess, with the right to authorise the transfer of nuns between convents  In 1302, her £200 per year was replaced by the rights to several manors and the borough of Wilton, all held on condition that she remain in England  However, she ran up considerable dice gambling debts while visiting her father's court, and in 1305 was given £200 to pay them off  She was also given Grovebury Priory in Bedfordshire to manage, holding this until her death Mary was unsuccessful in obtaining high office in the order, whereas Eleanor of Brittany became abbess at Fontevrault in 1304  The papal bull Periculoso was read at Amesbury in 1303, requiring nuns to remain within their religious establishments, but Mary's travels do not appear to have been affected  She went on numerous pilgrimages, including one to Canterbury, and continued to visit court, with a retinue of up to twenty-four horses, sometimes with fellow nuns  Soon after 1313, her role as visitor was removed  In 1317, Mary's brother Edward, by now King Edward II, asked Eleanor to restore her to the post, but his request was refused  But Mary persevered and obtained a papal mandate requiring her reinstatement, which Eleanor appears to have obeyed 

Later life
Despite her apparent conflict with Eleanor, Mary continued to live comfortably  In 1316, she was able to borrow more than £2 from abbey funds (approximately £1,100 in 2023), and sent a clerk to London on personal errands, at the priory's expense It was effectively as a princess, not a nun, that Mary received the homage of the English Dominican friar Nicholas Trevet, a prolific and versatile university scholar and author, who in 1328–1334 dedicated to her his Cronicles, which she may even have commissioned him to write  Intended as an amusing history of the world, it later became an important source for several popular works of the period  In part it is an account of Mary's own Plantagenet clan, and she herself is given a flattering mention there:

 the fourth daughter was dame Mary of whom it ys before sayde that she wedded herself unto the hygh king heaven  And in so moche as hit ys trewly sayde of her and notably this worthy text of holy scripture: optimam partem elegit ipsi Maria,  que non auferetur ab ea  The whych ys as moche to say "As Maria hathe chosyn the best party to her, the whych shall not be done away from her"  
Trevet here quotes from Jesus' words in the Gospel of Luke (10:42), where Jesus good-humouredly defends Mary to her sister Martha  It is a somewhat daring use of the Gospel text, which was traditionally often applied the Virgin Mary Likewise because of Mary's status, several nobles who wished their daughters to take vows placed them into her custody Mary died before 8 July 1332, and was buried in Amesbury Priory  After her death, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, attempting to divorce Mary's niece Joan, claimed to have had an affair with Mary before he married Joan  If John's claim was valid, his marriage to Mary's niece would have been rendered null and void, but despite papal mandates for inquests to be made into the matter, the truth was never established 

Ancestors
Passage 10:
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group 
Motherland may also refer to:

Music
"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius
National Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"
Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001
Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011
Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011
"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004

Film and television
Motherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film
Motherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film
Motherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama
Motherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Motherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series
Motherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series

Other uses
Motherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups
Personifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland

See also
All pages with titles containing Motherland
Mother Country (disambiguation)



ground_truth: Harby