prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Humphrey De Bohun, 7Th Earl Of Hereford's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Henry de Bohun
Sir Henry de Bohun (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, of Anglo-Norman origins, the grandson of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford  He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce 
Riding in the vanguard of heavy cavalry, de Bohun caught sight of the Scottish king who was mounted on a small palfrey (ane gay palfray Li till and joly) armed only with a battle-axe De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, but Bruce stood his ground, riding on towards the English knight  The two men sped towards each other (Sprent thai samyn intill a ling)  At the last moment Bruce manoeuvred his mount nimbly to one side, stood up in his stirrups and hit de Bohun so hard with his axe that it cut through both Sir Henry's helmet and skull and into his brain (That ner the heid till the harnys clave)  Despite the great risk the King had taken, he merely expressed regret that he had broken the shaft of his favourite axe An iconic description and picture of the death of Henry de Bohun is contained in Scotland's Story by H  E  Marshall 
Passage 2:
Eleanor de Bohun
Eleanor de Bohun (c  1366 – 3 October 1399) was the elder daughter and co-heiress (with her sister, Mary de Bohun), of  Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373) and Joan Fitzalan, a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster 

Marriage
In 1376, Eleanor married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester  Thomas was the youngest son of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault  Following their marriage, the couple went to reside in Pleshey Castle, Essex  According to Jean Froissart, Eleanor and her husband had the tutelage of her younger sister, Mary, who was being instructed in religious doctrine in the hope that she would enter a convent, thus leaving her share of the considerable Bohun inheritance to Eleanor and Thomas 

Issue
Together Eleanor and Thomas had five children:

Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (c  1381/1382 – 2 September 1399)
Anne of Gloucester (c  1383 – 1438) married (1st) Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford; (2nd) Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford; and (3rd) William Bourchier, Count of Eu  Her son by 3rd marriage, John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners, was grandfather of Richard Neville, 2nd Baron Latimer of Snape 
Joan (1384 – 16 August 1400) married Gilbert Talbot, 5th Baron Talbot (1383–1419)  Died in childbirth 
Isabel (12 March 1385/1386 – April 1402), became a Minoress, later abbess, in a religious house near Aldgate
Philippa (c  1388) Died young

Order of the Garter
Eleanor de Bohun was made a Lady of the Garter in 1384  She became a nun sometime after 1397 at Barking Abbey  Prior to her death, Eleanor divided her holdings among her children   She died on 3 October 1399 and was buried in Westminster Abbey  Her executors included the chaplain in Pleshy, Essex 

In fiction
Eleanor appears briefly in Anya Seton's historical romance Katherine, based upon the life of Eleanor's sister-in-law Katherine Swynford, the third wife of John of Gaunt  She also appears in Act 1, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's Richard II, where she unsuccessfully urges John of Gaunt to avenge her murdered husband 

Notes
Passage 3:
John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley
John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley (20 June 1271 Cardiff – 1312) was the son of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby and Alianore de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun and Eleanor de Braose, and granddaughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford  He was both Seneschal of Gascony and Lieutenant of Aquitaine in 1312, the year of his death Ferrers joined the baronial opposition to King Edward in 1297, but was summoned as a baron in 1299 He married Hawise de Muscegros, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros Their eldest son John (died by 1324) inherited the title Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father's death from poisoning in Gascony in 1312 
Passage 4:
Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford
Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Northampton, KG (March 25, 1342 – January 16, 1373) was the son of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, and Elizabeth de Badlesmere, and grandson of Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, by Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I  He became heir to the Earldom of Hereford after the death of his childless uncle Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford 
Following King Peter I's visit to England, Humphrey participated in the sack of Alexandria in 1365 His wife and the mother of his daughters was Joan Fitzalan, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel, and Eleanor of Lancaster, whom he married after 9 September 1359 
On his death, his estates were inherited by his two surviving daughters and his titles went into abeyance: 

Eleanor de Bohun (1366 - 3 October 1399); married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III; mother of Anne of Gloucester 
Mary de Bohun, who married Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV of England 
Elizabeth de Bohun, died young 
Passage 5:
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336) was born in St Clement's, Oxford to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, a daughter of Edward I of England 
After his father's death at the Battle of Boroughbridge, the family lands were forfeited  It was not until after the fall of the Despensers that John was permitted to succeed to his inherited position as Earl of Hereford and Essex, hereditary Constable of England, and Lord of Brecknock 

Marriages
He married firstly, in 1325, to Alice FitzAlan (died 1326), daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and secondly to Margaret Basset (died 1355)  After the marriage, it was discovered that the couple were related to the fourth degree of consanguinity and they were forced to live apart  An appeal to Pope John XXII resulted on 19 February 1331 in a papal commission to the bishops of Lichfield and London to hold an enquiry into the case  However, Roger Northburgh, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, failed to act and the case was still pending when the Pope issued a further demand for an enquiry in 1334 

Death
He did not play much of a public role, despite his high titles and offices, most likely because he had some sort of incapacity  His younger brothers were often deputed to fulfil his duties as Constable  He died at Kirkby Thore, Westmorland and was interred in Stratford Langthorne Abbey, London 


== Notes ==
Passage 6:
Eleanor de Braose
Eleanor de Braose (c  1228–1251) was a Cambro-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy co-heiress of her father, who was the powerful Marcher lord William de Braose, and of her mother, Eva Marshal, a co-heiress of the Earls of Pembroke  Her husband was Humphrey de Bohun, heir of the 2nd Earl of Hereford, by whom she had children, including Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford and Gilbert de Bohun 

Family
Eleanor was born in about 1228  She was the youngest of four daughters and a co-heiress of the powerful Marcher lord William de Braose, and Eva Marshal, both of whom held considerable lordships and domains in the Welsh Marches and Ireland  Eva was one of the daughters of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke by Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, daughter of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, "Strongbow"  Eleanor's three sisters were Isabella de Braose, Maud de Braose, Baroness Mortimer, and Eva de Braose, wife of William de Cantelou While Eleanor was a young girl, her father - known to the Welsh as Gwilym Ddu (Black William) - was hanged on the orders of Llewelyn the Great, Prince of Wales for alleged adultery with Llewelyn's wife, Joan, Lady of Wales  Following the execution, her mother held de Braose lands and castles in her own right 

Marriage and issue
On an unknown date after August 1241, Eleanor became the first wife of Humphrey de Bohun, the son of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and Maud de Lusignan  The marriage took place after the death of Humphrey's mother, Maud Humphrey and Eleanor had the following children:

Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (c 1249- 31 December 1298), married Maud de Fiennes, daughter of Enguerrand II de Fiennes and Isabelle de Conde, by whom he had issue, including Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford 
Gilbert de Bohun (b 1251 - 1297) married Margarite had issue Gilbert (b 1302 d  1381)His brother granted him Eleanor's lands in Ireland 
Eleanor de Bohun (died 20 February 1314, buried Walden Abbey)  She married Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby on 26 June 1269  They had at least two sons and one daughter 
Margery de Bohun (fl 1265 – 1280) married Theobald de Verdun and had a son also Theobald de Verdun, both of whom were hereditary Constables of Ireland Eleanor died in 1251, and was buried at Llanthony Secunda Priory  She passed on her considerable possessions in the Welsh Marches to her eldest son Humphrey  Her husband survived her, married Joan de Quincy, and died in 1265 

Notes
Passage 7:
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, KG (c  1312 – 16 September 1360) was an English nobleman and military commander 

Lineage
He was the fifth son of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan  He had a twin brother, Edward  His maternal grandparents were Edward I of England and his first wife, Queen consort Eleanor of Castile 

Life
William de Bohun assisted at the arrest of Roger Mortimer in 1330, allowing Edward III to take power  After this, he was a trusted friend and commander of the king and he participated in the renewed wars with Scotland In 1332, he received many new properties: Hinton and Spaine in Berkshire; Great Haseley, Ascott, Deddington, Pyrton and Kirtlington in Oxfordshire; Wincomb in Buckinghamshire; Longbenington in Lincolnshire; Kneesol in Nottinghamshire; Newnsham in Gloucestershire, Wix in Essex, and Bosham in Sussex 
In 1335, he married Elizabeth de Badlesmere (1313 – 8 June 1356)  Her parents Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, and Margaret de Clare had both turned against Edward II the decade before  Elizabeth and William were granted some of the property of Elizabeth's first husband, who had also been Mortimer's son and heir 
William was created Earl of Northampton in 1337, one of the six earls created by Edward III to renew the ranks of the higher nobility  Since de Bohun was a younger son, and did not have an income suitable to his rank, he was given an annuity until suitable estates could be found 
In 1349 he became a Knight of the Garter  He served as High Sheriff of Rutland from 1349 until his death in 1360 

Campaigns in Flanders, Brittany, Scotland, Sluys and Crecy
In 1339 he accompanied the King to Flanders   He served variously in Brittany and in Scotland, and was present at the great English victories at Sluys and Crécy, the latter as a commander  His most stunning feat was leading an English force to victory against a much bigger French force at the Battle of Morlaix in 1342  Some of the details are in dispute, but it is clear that he made good use of pit traps, which stopped the French cavalry 

Diplomat
In addition to being a warrior, William was also a renowned diplomat   He negotiated two treaties with France, one in 1343 and one in 1350  He was also charged with negotiating in Scotland for the freedom of King David Bruce, King of Scots, who was held prisoner by the English 

Senior naval command
From the 8 March 1352 to 5 March 1355 he was appointed Admiral of the Northern Seas, Fleet 

Issue
1  Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373)
2  Elizabeth de Bohun (c  1350–1385); married Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel

In historical fiction
In Bernard Cornwell's series The Grail Quest, the Earl of Northampton plays a minor role as protagonist Thomas of Hookton's lord  The Earl of Northampton also appears in Dan Jones' debut novel The Essex Dogs 

External links
Inquisition Post Mortem William de Bohun's IPM #168 and his wife Elizabeth de Bohun #169 follows Inquisition Post Mortem 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford
Humphrey (VI) de Bohun (c  1249 – 31 December 1298), 3rd Earl of Hereford and 2nd Earl of Essex, was an English nobleman known primarily for his opposition to King Edward I over the Confirmatio Cartarum  He was also an active participant in the Welsh Wars and maintained for several years a private feud with the earl of Gloucester  His father, Humphrey (V) de Bohun, fought on the side of the rebellious barons in the Barons' War  When Humphrey (V) predeceased his father, Humphrey (VI) became heir to his grandfather, Humphrey (IV)  At Humphrey (IV)'s death in 1275, Humphrey (VI) inherited the earldoms of Hereford and Essex  He also inherited major possessions in the Welsh Marches from his mother, Eleanor de Braose 
Bohun spent most of his early career reconquering marcher lands captured by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd during the Welsh war in England  This was finally accomplished through Edward I's war in Wales in 1277  Hereford also fought in Wales in 1282–83 and 1294–95  At the same time he also had private feuds with other marcher lords, and his conflict with Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, eventually ended with the personal intervention of King Edward himself  Hereford's final years were marked by the opposition he and Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, mounted against the military and fiscal policy of Edward I  The conflict escalated to a point where civil war threatened, but was resolved when the war effort turned towards Scotland  The king signed the Confirmatio Cartarum—a confirmation of Magna Carta—and Bohun and Bigod agreed to serve on the Falkirk Campaign  Bohun died in 1298, and was succeeded by his son, Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford 

Family background and inheritance
Humphrey (VI) de Bohun was part of a line of Anglo-Norman aristocrats going back to the Norman Conquest, most of whom carried the same name  His grandfather was Humphrey (IV) de Bohun, who had been part of the baronial opposition of Simon de Montfort, but later gone over to the royal side  He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lewes in May 1264, but was restored to favour after the royalist victory at the Battle of Evesham the next year  Humphrey (IV)'s son, Humphrey (V) de Bohun, remained loyal to the baronial side throughout the Barons' War, and was captured at Evesham on 4 August 1265  In October of that year, Humphrey (V) died in captivity at Beeston Castle in Cheshire from injuries he had sustained in the battle Humphrey (V) had been excluded from succession as a result of his rebellion, but when Humphrey (IV) died in 1275, Humphrey (VI) inherited the earldoms of Hereford and Essex  Humphrey (VI) had already served as deputy Constable of England under Humphrey (IV)  Humphrey (IV) had reserved the honour of Pleshey for his younger son Henry, but the remainder of his lands went to Humphrey (VI)  The inheritance Humphrey (VI) received—in addition to land in Essex and Wiltshire from Humphrey (IV)—also consisted of significant holdings in the Welsh Marches from his mother  His mother Eleanor was a daughter and coheir of William de Braose and his wife Eva Marshal, who in turn was the daughter and co-heir of William Marshal, regent to Henry III Since Humphrey (VI) was only sixteen years old at the time of his father's death, the Braose lands were taken into the king's custody until 1270  Part of this inheritance, the marcher lordship of Brecon, was in the meanwhile given to the custody of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford  Humphrey technically regained his lordship from Clare in 1270, but by this time these lands had effectively been taken over by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who had taken advantage of the previous decade's political chaos in England to extend his territory into the Marches He granted his brother Sir Gilbert de Bohun all of their mother's lands in Ireland and some land in England and Wales 

Welsh Wars
Over the next years, much of Hereford's focus was on reconquering his lost lands in the Marches, primarily through private warfare against Llywelyn  Henry III died in 1272, while his son—now Edward I—was crusading; Edward did not return until 1274  Llywelyn refused to pay homage to the new king, partly because of the military actions of Bohun and other marcher lords, which Llywelyn saw as violations of the Treaty of Montgomery  On 12 November 1276, Hereford was present at a royal assembly where judgment was passed on Llewelyn, and in 1277, Edward I declared war on the Welsh prince  Rebellion in his own Brecon lands delayed Hereford's participation in the early days of the Welsh war  He managed, however, to both suppress the rebellion and conquer lands further west  He then joined up with the royal army and served for a while in Anglesey, before returning to Brecon, where he received the surrender of certain Welsh lords  After the campaign was over, on 2 January 1278, he received protection from King Edward to go on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Spain In 1282, war with Wales broke out again; this time it would not be simply a punitive campaign, but a full-scale war of conquest  Initially, the king wanted to fight the war with paid forces, but the nobility insisted on the use of the feudal summons  To men like Hereford, this was preferable, because as part of a feudal army the participants would have both a stake in the war and a justifiable claim on conquered land  In the end, although the earls won, none of them were paid for the war effort  Hereford jealously guarded his authority as hereditary Constable of England, and protested vigorously when the Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester was appointed commander of the forces in South Wales  In the post-war settlement, however, neither Hereford nor Gloucester received any significant rewards of land, the way several other magnates did  Hereford fought again in Wales, in the suppression of the rebellion of 1294–95, when he again had to pacify the territory of Brecon before joining the king in the north 

Private war in the Marches
Parallel with the Welsh Wars, Hereford was also struggling to assert his claims to lands in the Marches against other marcher lords  In 1284 Edward I granted the hundred of Iscennen in Carmarthenshire to John Giffard  Hereford believed the land belonged to him by right of conquest, and started a campaign to win the lands back, but the king took Giffard's side  Problems also arose with the earl of Gloucester  As Gloucester's former ward, Hereford had to buy back his own right of marriage, but Gloucester claimed he had not received the full sum  There was also remaining resentment on Hereford's part for his subordination to Gloucester in the 1282–83 campaign  The conflict came to a head when Gloucester's started construction of a castle at Morlais, which Hereford claimed was his land  In 1286, the Crown ordered Gloucester to cease, but to no avail It had long been established Marches custom to solve conflicts through private warfare  Hereford's problem, however, was his relative weakness in the Marches, and now he was facing open conflict with two different enemies  He, therefore, decided to take the issue to the king instead, in a break with tradition  King Edward again ordered Gloucester to stop, but the earl ignored the order and initiated raids on Hereford's lands  Hostilities continued and Hereford responded, until both earls were arrested and brought before the king  The real offence was not the private warfare in itself, but the fact that the earls had not respected the king's injunction to cease  In the parliament of January 1292, Gloucester was fined 10,000 marks and Hereford 1,000  Gloucester's liberty of Glamorgan was declared forfeit, and confiscated by the crown, as was Hereford's of Brecon In the end, the fines were never paid, and the lands were soon restored  Edward had nevertheless demonstrated an important point  After the conquest of Wales, the strategic position of the Marches lordships was less vital to the English crown, and the liberty awarded to the marcher lords could be curtailed  For Edward this was, therefore, a good opportunity to assert the royal prerogative, and to demonstrate that it extended also into the Marches of Wales 

Opposition to Edward I
In 1294 the French king declared the English duchy of Aquitaine forfeit, and war broke out between the two countries  Edward I embarked on a wide-scale and costly project of building alliances with other princes on the Continent, and preparing an invasion  When the king, at the parliament of March 1297 in Salisbury, demanded military service from his earls, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, refused in his capacity of marshal of England  The argument was that the king's subjects were not obliged to serve abroad if not in the company of the king, but Edward insisted on taking his army to Flanders while sending his earls to Gascony 
  
At the time of the Salisbury parliament, Hereford was accompanying two of the king's daughters to Brabant, and could not be present  On his return, however, as Constable of England, he joined Bigod in July in refusing to perform feudal service  The two earls were joined in their opposition by the earls of Arundel and Warwick  The main reason for the magnates' defiance was the heavy burden of taxation caused by Edward's continuous warfare in Wales, France and Scotland  In this they were also joined by Robert Winchelsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was in the midst of an ongoing dispute with the king over clerical taxation  At one point Bohun and Bigod turned up in person at the Exchequer to protest a tax they claimed did not have the consent of the community of the realm  For Hereford there was also a personal element in the opposition to the king, after the humiliation and the affront to his liberties he had suffered over the dispute in the Marches  At a meeting just outside London, Bohun gave an impassioned speech objecting to the king's abuse of power and demanding the restoration of ancient liberties  The grievances were summarised in a document known as the Remonstrances Neither party showed any inclination to back down, and the nation seemed on the brink of another civil war  Just as the conflict was coming to a head, however, external events intervened to settle it  In September 1297, the English suffered a heavy defeat to the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge  The Scottish victory exposed the north of England to Scottish raids led by William Wallace  The war with Scotland received wider support from the English magnates, now that their own homeland was threatened, than did the war in France to protect the king's continental possessions  Edward abandoned his campaign in France and negotiated a truce with the French king  He agreed to confirm Magna Carta in the so-called Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of the Charters)  The earls consequently consented to serve with the king in Scotland, and Hereford was in the army that won a decisive victory over the Scots in the Battle of Falkirk in 1298  Hereford, not satisfied that the king had upheld the charter, withdrew after the battle, forcing Edward to abandon the campaign 

Death and family
In 1275 Bohun married Maud de Fiennes, daughter of Enguerrand de Fiennes, chevalier, seigneur of Fiennes, by his 2nd wife, Isabel (kinswoman of Queen Eleanor of Provence)  She predeceased him, and was buried at Walden Priory in Essex  Hereford himself died at Pleshey Castle on 31 December 1298, and was buried at Walden alongside his wife  They had one son Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, born around 1276  The son was given possession of his father's lands and titles on 16 February 1299  The young Humphrey also inherited his father's title of Constable of England A common theme in Humphrey de Bohun's actions was his fierce protection of what he regarded as his feudal privileges  His career was marked by turbulence and political strife, particularly in the Marches of Wales, but eventually he left a legacy of consolidated possessions there  In 1297, at the height of the conflict between Edward I and rebellious barons, the king had actively tried to undermine Hereford's authority in the Marches, but failed due to the good relations the earl enjoyed with the local men 

Notes
Passage 9:
Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford
Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, 1st Earl of Essex (1204 – 24 September 1275) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and soldier who served as hereditary Constable of England 

Origins
He was the eldest son and heir of Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176–1220) by his wife Maud de Mandeville (alias Maud FitzGeoffrey), daughter and heiress of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex 

Career
He was one of the nine godfathers of Prince Edward, the future King Edward I  He served as Sheriff of Kent for 1239–40  In 1258, after returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Humphrey fell away, like his father, from the royal cause to that of the barons  He served as a nominee of the opposition on the "committee of twenty-four" which was appointed in the Oxford Parliament of that year, to create the Provisions of Oxford to reform the administration  The alliance of Simon de Montfort with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of North Wales brought Bohun back to royal allegiance  He headed the first secession of the Welsh Marchers from the party of the opposition (1263), and was among the captives whom the Montfortians took at the Battle of Lewes in 1264 He was amongst the victors at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, which extinguished the power of de Montfort, at which, however, his eldest son, Humphrey V de Bohun, was mortally wounded  Humphrey was selected as one of the twelve arbitrators to draw up the Dictum of Kenilworth (1266), by which the disinherited rebels were allowed to make their peace 

Marriages and issue
He married twice:

Firstly, in about 1236, to Maud de Lusignan (c  1210 – 14 August 1241), daughter of Raoul I of Lusignan, Comte d'Eu, second husband of Alix d'Eu, 8th Comtesse d'Eu  She died in 1241 and was buried at Llanthony, Gloucester, together with her husband  By Maud he had issue including:
Humphrey V de Bohun (died 1265), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father, having shared with him in the victory at the Battle of Evesham (1264), which he did not long survive  The earldom, therefore, passed to his son Humphrey VI de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, 2nd Earl of Essex (c  1249 – 1298) 
Henry de Bohun
Geoffrey de Bohun
Ralph de Bohun, Cleric;
Maud de Bohun, who married firstly Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke; secondly Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester;
Alice de Bohun, who married Roger V de Toeni;
Eleanor de Bohun, who married Sir John de Verdun, Baron of Westmeath
Secondly, he married Maud de Avenbury (died 8 October 1273), by whom he had two further sons:
John de Bohun
Sir Miles de Bohun

Death and burial
He died in 1275 in Warwickshire and was buried at Llanthony Secunda in Gloucester  He was succeeded by his grandson Humphrey VI de Bohun (c  1249 – 1298) 

Notes
Passage 10:
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176 – 1 June 1220) of Pleshy Castle in Essex, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who became Hereditary Constable of England from 1199 

Origins
He was the son and heir of Humphrey III de Bohun (pre-1144-1181) 
of Trowbridge Castle in Wiltshire and of Caldicot Castle in south-east Wales, 5th feudal baron of Trowbridge, who served King Henry II as Lord High Constable of England  His mother was Margaret of Huntingdon, widow of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (d 1171) and a daughter of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, son of King David I of Scotland by his wife Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon  Henry's half-sister was Constance, Duchess of Brittany 

Earldom
His paternal grandmother was Margaret of Hereford, a daughter of Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford, Lord of Brecknock (died 1143), Sheriff of Gloucester and Constable of England  After the male line of Miles of Gloucester failed, in 1199 King John created Henry de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Constable of England  His lands lay chiefly on the Welsh Marches, and from this date the Bohuns took a foremost place among the Marcher barons Henry de Bohun was one of the twenty-five barons elected by their peers to enforce the terms of Magna Carta in 1215  He was subsequently excommunicated by the Pope  In the civil war that followed Magna Carta, he was a supporter of King Louis VIII of France and was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217 

Marriage and issue
He married Maud de Mandeville (alias Maud FitzGeoffrey), daughter and heiress of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex, of Pleshy Castle in Essex, by whom he had issue including:

Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, 1st Earl of Essex (1204-1275), eldest son and heir, created Earl of Essex in 1239, who married Maud de Lusignan, by whom he had at least three children 
Henry de Bohun, who died young 
Ralph de Bohun 

Death
He died in June 1220 while on crusade to the Holy Land 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 2:
Elisaeus Adougan
Elisaeus Adougan was a late 14th century and early 15th century Scottish cleric  His name has been said to have occurred for the first time in a papal letter datable to 25 November 1390, but this letter is simply a repetition of another addressed to him, dated 2 August that year; both letters address him as the rector of the parish church of Kirkmahoe, and authorise him to take up the position of provost of the Collegiate Church of Lincluden providing he resigned Kirkmahoe within a period of two years 
This Collegiate Church, previously a Benedictine nunnery, was erected only on 7 May 1389, after a petition of Archibald Douglas ("the Grim"), Lord of Galloway, to Avignon Pope Clement VII  Papal authorisation came in a letter to the Bishop of Glasgow, inside whose diocese Lincluden lay, which stated:   as is contained in the petition of Archibald, Lord of Galloway, his predecessors founded and built the monastery of Lincluden, O  CLUN ,     and endowed it for the maintenance of eight or nine nuns, to be ruled by a prioress, while right of patronage remained with the lords of Galloway    The letter goes into the details of the monastery's problems and decline, details provided to the papacy by the Lord of Galloway, and asks Bishop Walter Wardlaw:to ascertain that these facts be true and having transferred the nuns to a house of the Cluniac or Benedictine order, to erect the collegiate church and hospice     He still held both Lincluden and Kirkmahoe on 17 May 1391, when the Pope wrote to him providing him to a canonry and prebend of Glasgow Cathedral Elisaeus retained his position as provost of Lincluden until 1406  In that year he was elected and received papal provision to the vacant diocese of Galloway  This election was ascribed by historian Michael Brown to the influence of the Lord of Galloway, now Archibald Douglas II  In a lost MacDowall charter, witnessed by Robert Keith and datable to 1412, he was said to have been in his seventh year of consecration  Nothing more is known about Elisaeus's career as Bishop of Galloway; the time of his death is not known either, but he died sometime before 14 June 1415, when there occurs the earliest evidence that a successor for Galloway was needed 

Notes
Passage 3:
William Nolan (bishop)
William Nolan (born 26 January 1954) is a Scottish prelate of the Catholic Church who has been Archbishop of Glasgow since February 2022  He was previously Bishop of Galloway from 2015 to 2022 

Early life
William Nolan was born on 26 January 1954 and baptised in St Patrick’s Church, Craigneuk  He was the fourth of eleven children born to William and Catherine Nolan and has five brothers and five sisters  He attended Cathedral Primary School, Motherwell, St Patrick’s Primary School, Craigneuk, St Vincent’s College, Langbank, and, from 1967 to 1971, St Mary’s College, Blairs 

Priest
Nolan completed his studies for ordination at the Pontifical Scots College, Rome, from 1971 to 1978, earning a license in sacred theology from the Gregorian University in June 1978 Nolan was ordained priest for the Diocese of Motherwell on 30 June 1977  He was assistant priest at Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride, from 1978 to 1980 and at St  David’s, Plains, from 1980 to 1983  He was Vice-Rector of the Scots College in Rome from 1983 to 1990  Returning to Scotland, he was assistant priest at St Bridget’s, Baillieston, from 1990 to 1994  While parish priest at Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride, from 1994 to 2014 he held several other assignments, including judge of the National Ecclesisatical Tribunal in Scotland, dean of his zone, head of permanent formation of the clergy of Motherwell, and a member and vice-president of the Presbyteral Council  He became vicar general of the Motherwell Diocese in June 2014 In 2013, Nolan was appointed administrator of St John Ogilvie Parish in Blantyre when its pastor, Matthew Despard, was suspended during a canonical investigation  Despard had published an attack on the Church hierarchy and tangled with Bishop Joseph Toal, apostolic administrator of the diocese  Despard's refusal to accept his removal produced an extended dispute with Nolan 

Bishop
Pope Francis appointed Nolan on 22 November 2014 to succeed John Cunningham as bishop of Galloway  Nolan received his episcopal consecration on 14 February 2015 from Leo Cushley  The Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Antonio Mennini and Bishop emeritus Maurice Taylor served as principal co-consecrators  At the time of his appointment, the Galloway diocese had "a troubled history of rebel priests" and Nolan's predecessor had been incapacitated by poor health for several years He managed the scandal of a priest of the diocese who stole parish funds to support a gambling addiction in 2015 and was jailed in June 2016  Nolan suffered a heart attack in August 2016 In January 2021, Nolan called upon the UK government to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and abandon its nuclear arsenal  In May 2021, along with Bishop Paul McAleenan, he criticized the government's plans for asylum seekers  In 2021, he established a Scotland-wide Care of Creation Office to reflect the priorities of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si' and anticipating the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November On 4 February 2022, Pope Francis appointed him to succeed Philip Tartaglia as archbishop of Glasgow  He was installed there on 26 February He is the president of Justice and Peace Scotland, a national body that advocates on a variety of social issues from climate change to nuclear weapons  He serves on the board of the Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund  Within the Scottish Bishops Conference he heads the Commission on Justice and Peace  and The Tablet magazine has described him as "Scotland’s justice and peace bishop" 
Passage 4:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 5:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 6:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 7:
Alan of Galloway
Alan of Galloway (before 1199 – 1234) was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate  As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland, he was one of the most influential men in the Kingdom of Scotland and Irish Sea zone 
Alan first appears in courtly circles in about 1200, about the time he inherited his father's possessions and offices  After he secured his mother's inheritance almost two decades later, Alan became one of the most powerful magnates in the Scottish realm  Alan also held lands in the Kingdom of England, and was an advisor of John, King of England concerning Magna Carta  Alan later played a considerable part in Alexander II, King of Scotland's northern English ambitions during the violent aftermath of John's repudiation of Magna Carta  Alan participated in the English colonisation of Ulster, receiving a massive grant in the region from the English king, and simultaneously aided the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the western and northern peripheries of the Scottish realm  Alan entered into a vicious inter-dynastic struggle for control of the Kingdom of the Isles, supporting one of his kinsmen against another  Alan's involvement in the Isles, a region under nominal Norwegian authority, provoked a massive military response by Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, causing a severe crisis for the Scottish crown 
As ruler of the semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway, Alan was courted by the Scottish and English kings for his remarkable military might, and was noted in Norse saga-accounts as one of the greatest warriors of his time  Like other members of his family, he was a generous religious patron  Alan died in February 1234  Although under the traditional Celtic custom of Galloway, Alan's illegitimate son could have succeeded to the Lordship of Galloway, under the feudal custom of the Scottish realm, Alan's nearest heirs were his surviving daughters  Using Alan's death as an opportunity to further integrate Galloway within his realm, Alexander forced the partition of the lordship amongst Alan's daughters  Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway, descending from the native dynasty of Fergus, Lord of Galloway 

Background
Alan was born sometime before 1199  He was the eldest son of Lochlann of Galloway, Frenchified as Roland, and his wife, Helen de Morville  His parents were likely married before 1185, possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to Henry II, King of England in 1186  Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters  The name of one of Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young  The other, Thomas, became Earl of Atholl by right of his wife  One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne  The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel Alan's mother was the daughter of Richard de Morville, Anglo-Norman lord of Cunninghame and Lauderdale, and sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland  Alan's father was the eldest son of Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway  The familial origins of Fergus are unknown, and he first appears on record in 1136  The mother of at least two of his children, Uhtred and Affraic, was an unknown daughter of Henry I, King of England  It was probably not long after Fergus' emergence into recorded history that he gave away Affraic in marriage to Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of the Isles  One after-effect of these early twelfth-century marital alliances was that Alan—Fergus' great-grandson—was a blood relative of the early thirteenth-century kings of England and the kings of the Isles—men who proved to be important players throughout Alan's career 

Early career
Roland died in December 1200, after which Alan succeeded to the lordship of Galloway  Alan also inherited the constableship of Scotland, a pre-eminent position which had passed to Roland from the Morvilles by right of Roland's wife, the only surviving heir of Richard de Morville  As constable, Alan, like the earls of the realm, was responsible for leading the king's royal forces  It is uncertain whether the constable of this period took precedence over the earls in command of the king's army, or if the constable had charge of the realm's numerous marischals  His attachment to the importance of his position as constable is evidenced by the fact that this title tends to have taken priority over his hereditary title as ruler of Galloway Even before Roland's death, Alan was active in courtly circles, perhaps serving as his father's deputy  Alan's first known important attestation occurs late in December 1199, when he witnessed a royal charter at Forfar  From this point in his career until 1209, Alan appears to have been most often in the attendance of the Scottish king, witnessing several of the latter's royal charters  Alan's eminent standing in society is partly evidenced by the fact that, within these sources, his name tends to appear amongst the top four recorded names, and is usually the first name of non-comital rank  His second marriage, in about 1209, to the king's niece, Margaret, eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon also reveals Alan's significant social standing  From about 1210 to 1215, his activity in Scottish affairs dwindles dramatically, whilst his activity in English affairs increases steadily 

Ulster ambitions
At some point in the first quarter of the thirteenth century, Alan was granted a vast swathe of territory in Ulster from John, King of England  The transaction itself almost certainly took place in the aftermath of the John's expedition to Ireland in 1210  The exact date of the transaction, however, cannot be ascertained due to a gap in English charter records between the months of April 1209 and May 1212  The brunt of John's nine-week Irish campaign appears to have been directed at wayward Anglo-Norman magnates—the troublesome Lacy family in particular  With his subsequent destruction of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster, and the confiscation of the latter's Irish earldom, John was evidently in a position to reward his own supporters with the Lacys' former possessions  A date of 1210 for Alan's grant, as well as the possibility of his participation in the English expedition of the same year, may be evidenced by the record of a certain "Alan, son of Roland" in the king's service that year Other sources, however, point to 1212 as the year of Alan's grant  For instance, the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I states that, when the English and Scottish kings concluded their treaty at Norham in February 1212, Alan did homage for the "extensive" Irish lands that the English king had given him  The fifteenth-century historian Walter Bower echoed this statement, adding that Alan obtained a lordship of one hundred sixty knights' fees, and took an oath on William's behalf to uphold the treaty  Certain documentary sources appear to lend credibility to aforementioned accounts  Specifically, a confirmation charter from John to Alan, dating to 1215; a somewhat dubious copy of a letter from William to John, which makes reference to Alan's seal; and the copy of a letter from the Irish justiciar concerning the delivery of seisin to Alan's proxies, which appears to date to April or May 1212  In July 1213, Alan was granted right to the forests and fairs upon his Irish lands 

There is reason to suspect that Alan obtained William's approval in regard to his dealings with John  In 1211, Ross and Moray, the northern peripheries of the Scottish realm, were invaded by Gofraid mac Domnaill, a member of the Meic Uilleim, a kindred that contested the kingship  Facing continued opposition early in 1212, William likely undertook the treaty negotiations at Norham as a means of retaining good relations with John, and the agreement itself was likely concluded in the context of shared security concerns  The Meic Uilleim appear to have drawn support against the Scottish crown from peripheral regions of the realm, and likely from Gaelic Ulster as well  In fact, Gofraid's invasion may well have been based from Ulster, and could have been an after-effect of John's campaign there  The most powerful native Gaelic ruler in the region during this period was Áed Méith Ua Néill, King of Tír Eoghain, a figure who appears to have not only seized upon the power vacuum created by Hugh's fall, but may have also aided the Meic Uilleim insurrection in Scotland  The successful implementation of Alan's massive grant in Ulster, therefore, would have not only served English interests in the region, but would have also dramatically increased the security of the Scottish realm  In effect, the alliance between John and Alan appears to have been a coordinated campaign constructed by the English and Scottish crowns in an effort to secure the control of outlying territories where their royal authority was disputed The territories granted to Alan encompassed most of what is today northern County Antrim and far north-eastern County Londonderry, stretching from Glenarm to Coleraine  The vast scale of Alan's allotment suggests that it was almost certainly a speculative grant, with little prospect that he could assemble the necessary men and resources to enfeoff and populate the area  Furthermore, his territories lay on the fringes of former Lacy power, in a region where native Gaelic power was still strong  Alan was not the only member of his family allotted Ulster lands from the English  His brother, Thomas, and his cousin, Donnchad mac Gilla Brigte, Earl of Carrick, also received grants of lands nearby 

In English service
In July 1212, John summoned Alan to send one thousand of the "best and most vigorous" Gallovidian troops to assist the English forces in a planned campaign directed at northern Wales  The fact that William appears to have been in John's presence at Carlisle in late June, conceivably with Alan and Thomas as well, suggests that John's solicitation for Alan's military support had William's consent  In fact, the Scots had previously received military aid against the Meic Uilleim in the form of Brabantine mercenaries lent by John, which may reveal that William used John's summons as an opportunity to make recompense  Although Alan accepted the summons, he refused to pay for the troops' upkeep as John had originally requested  This may show that Alan reasoned that his refusal would avoid any suggestion that Galloway owed England military service  Late in 1214, William died and was succeeded by his son, Alexander II  According to Gesta Annalia I, it was shortly after Alexander's coronation that Alan received royal confirmation of his right to the constableship Up until 1215, Alan was able to successfully serve both his liege lords: the kings of England and Scotland  As time progressed, however, the political situation in England began to deteriorate, and John faced ever-mounting baronial resistance  Meanwhile, in Scotland, Alexander associated himself with some John's leading opponents  Although Alan likely attempted to maintain dual allegiances for as long as possible, he soon threw in his lot with John's cause  From about January to Easter, John had been in continuous negotiations with the rebel barons  On 5 May 1215, after a breakdown in mediations, the rebels renounced their fealty to the king  On the same day, John authorised a prest of three hundred merks to Alan, an act that appears to reveal the importance that the king placed upon Alan's substantial military arsenal 

Midway through June, John was forced to accept the terms of his opponents, and so confirmed the charter of liberties known as Magna Carta, a concession that led most of the rebel barons to renew their pledges of homage to him  Alan's involvement in the negotiations is evidenced by the fact that he was in the king's presence in Windsor on 3 June, when he is recorded to have exchanged gifts with the king  Furthermore, Alan's name is one of twenty-seven advisors recorded in the preamble of the charter, revealing that he was one of the magnates who counselled the king regarding the document  Clear evidence of Alan's influence on the deliberations may be the inclusion of a provision—clause fifty-nine—requiring John to satisfy certain grievances claimed by Alexander  By the end of June, Alan was confirmed in his Irish lands, whilst Thomas received custody of the castle of Antrim, and was granted an Ulster lordship centred at Coleraine  Also in 1215, Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, the Justiciar of Ireland, was ordered by the English Crown to allow Alan to transport goods between Ulster and Galloway 

End of English-Scottish ambiguity
When John later repudiated Magna Carta, and Alexander took up arms against him, Alan sided with the latter, and appears to have taken a considerable part in the subsequent conflict  In 1216, for instance, Alan was identified as a rebel in arms by an English government memorandum, and the Chronicle of Melrose reports that Gallovidians formed part of the Scottish army that invaded Northumberland in July 1217  Furthermore, when the English ordered Alexander to hand over custody of the castle of Carlisle in September 1217, Alan's name was also included in the correspondence directed at the Scots 

A particular war-time charter granted by Alan, confirming the lands of Kirkby Thore and Hillbeck to John of Newbiggin, also evidences Alan's allegiance with Alexander against John  Although these particular lands laid within Westmorland, and had been granted by John to Robert de Vieuxpont in 1203, Alan's Morville ancestors had held the district as late as 1173, giving him a claim to the region  The charter itself may have been granted in Westmorland, no earlier than about June 1216 and no later than about October 1217, and indicates that Robert's effective overlordship of the region had been superseded by Alan  The names of many of those who attested the charter had strong familial or tenurial connections with Scotland, and many were open opponents of John  Not only does the charter reveal that Alan pursued territorial claims whilst serving Scottish interests, but it forms part of a body of evidence suggesting that Alexander envisaged the imposition of Scottish royal authority over Northumberland  Although Alan's war-time acquisitions in northern England were only temporary, appearing to have lasted about a year, the after-effects of his influence reverberated for years to come  For instance, in about 1219 his clerk was indicted for unlawfully drawing revenues in Penrith, and in 1223 Robert de Vieuxpont was still having difficulty regaining possession of lands that Alan had confirmed to John of Newbiggin 

Re-engagement with the English
The peace secured between the English and Scottish kings did not lead to Alan's speedily return to business south of the border  Contributing factors to Alan's tardiness in English affairs were likely the death of his mother in June 1217, and his subsequent succession to the Morville inheritance of Lauderdale and Cunningham, substantial territorial blocks within the Scottish realm  In fact, Alan does not appear to have enjoyed the same amiable relationship with Henry's regime as he had during John's administration, and it wasn't until 1220 that matters concerning Alan's fealty to Henry, and the confirmation of Alan's English and Irish estates were finally settled  In April of that year, correspondence was sent on behalf of Alan to Henry explaining that Alan and his brother were unable to make use of their Ulster lands  The English Crown thereupon ordered that Alan's lands were to restored to him, with a directive to that effect issued to Geoffrey de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland, and a request for Alan to attend the upcoming summit between Alexander and Henry at York  Consequently, in June, Alan rendered homage to Henry at the aforementioned assembly, where he duly received confirmation of his English and Irish possessions, and was one of the twelve Scottish magnates who swore to uphold Alexander's oath that the latter would marry one of Henry's sisters, either Joan or Isabella 

Peripheral operations
Little is certain of Alan's activities in the early 1220s, although his position as constable suggests that he was involved in Alexander's peripheral campaigns during these years  One such operation, directed deep into the Highlands against a certain Domnall mac Niall, seems to have been based from Inverness, and perhaps directed into the Strathspey and Great Glen regions  Alexander's success in this campaign may have led to his establishment of the Comyns in Badenoch, and to the creation of lordships in Stratherrick, Boleskine, and Abertarff  It is unknown if this campaign was connected to the maritime operations undertaken by Alan's brother in the same year  According to the Annals of Loch Cé, Thomas had slain Diarmait Ua Conchobair, a claimant to the kingship of Connacht, whilst the latter was en route to Connacht with a mercenary fleet recruited in the Hebrides  In fact, this clash may have been related to an ultimately unsuccessful Scottish intrusion into Argyll in the same year 

The only record of this Argyllian campaign is preserved by Gesta Annalia I, which notes that Alexander's forces included Gallovidians  Both this source and the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland by Andrew Wyntoun, reveal that Alexander's troops mounted a second and successful assault the following year, resulting in the region's submission  The target of Alexander's animosity may have been Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill, Lord of Kintyre, who appears to have held Kintyre and the outer Islands of the Clyde  It is uncertain if the latter had been aiding the Meic Uilleim, although his recorded involvement with Thomas in 1212 against the Cenél nEógain suggests otherwise  If, on the other hand, Ruaidrí had involved himself with Diarmait, an opponent of Henry's ally Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, Ruaidrí would have placed himself at odds with both English and Scottish interests  Whatever the case, following the second royal campaign into Argyll, Alexander soon consolidated his authority in the Firth of Clyde through the apparent expulsion of Ruaidrí, the construction of a royal castle at Tarbert, the erection of a royal burgh at Dumbarton in 1222, and the eventual endowment of Cowal to the family of the royal steward 

Ulster ambitions ended
In 1223 and 1224, Hugh de Lacy waged war to recover his former Irish lands, allied himself to Áed Méith, and soon overran most of Ulster  In regard to Alan's family during this resurgence, the Annals of Ulster reveal that Áed Méith destroyed Thomas' castle at Coleraine  Alan wrote to Henry in 1224, stating that he had been active in the king's service from June to September, and was about to launch a planned invasion of Ireland, but had just received intelligence indicating that a deal had been concluded between Hugh and the justiciar; additionally in his letter, Alan asked the king for confirmation of such a truce, and requested, in the event that Hugh were to be restored to favour, that his own and his brother's lands would be safeguarded by the king  Although Alan received a royal licence to colonise his Irish lands the following year, there is no evidence that he or his brother were able to develop them Late in 1225, Thomas received monetary aid from the king in the form of an annuity of one hundred marks, likely meant to cover the military and territorial losses suffered by Thomas in Ulster  Despite the reassurances from the English that the brothers' lands were to be protected, there is evidence suggesting that, by as late as 1227, their lands were still under threat from Hugh  In 1229, Alan and Thomas were listed amongst other Irish tenants-in-chief summoned to take part in a planned English military campaign in France  Although Thomas obeyed the king, Alan—who had not received royal compensation for his toils in Ireland—declined Henry's summons  It was likely in the same year that Alan married Hugh's daughter, Rose, as recorded by the Chronicle of Lanercost  It is possible that Alan commenced this union in an effort to salvage something of his family's prospects in Ulster which had by then fallen under Hugh's overlordship  It may have also been an attempt by Alan to gain another ally to assist him in the Isles  In any case, the Irish ambitions that Alan had doggedly pursued since 1212 had finally come to an end 

Instability and kin-strife in the Isles
Although the return and restoration of Hugh almost certainly contributed to Alan's inability to succeed in Ulster, the latter may have overextended his resources pursuing interests in the Isles  When Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles died in 1187, he had apparently intended that his younger son, Amlaíb Dub, would succeed to the kingship  Since the latter had been only a child at the time, the Islesmen instead inaugurated Ragnall, Gofraid's eldest (albeit illegitimate) son  As the first quarter of the thirteenth century began to wane, contentions between the half-brothers broke out into outright war, and Alan is recorded aiding Ragnall against Amlaíb Dub From the perspective of the Scots, the instability in the Isles was almost certainly a cause for concern  Conflict amongst the Islesmen could have led to hostilities overflowing into the Scottish realm, and feuding in the Isles could have been exploited by elements opposed to the Scottish crown  As a result, it is possible that Scots decided to support one half-brother against another, in the expectation that the victor would destroy the power of his rival, thus restoring stability in the region  Of the two, Ragnall appears to have been the most palatable to the Scots, and may have been a key player in Scottish plans to counter the threat of the Meic Uilleim, and their probable Ulster supporters, the Uí Néill 

In about 1225, the Chronicle of Mann records that Alan aided Ragnall in an unsuccessful military expedition in the Hebrides against Amlaíb Dub  Shortly afterwards in about 1225 or 1226, the same source states that an unnamed daughter of Ragnall married Thomas, Alan's illegitimate son  Unfortunately for Ragnall, the marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the chronicle records that the Manxmen had him removed from power and replaced with Amlaíb Dub  The recorded resentment of the marital alliance may indicate that Alan's son was intended to eventually succeed Ragnall, who was perhaps about sixty years-old at the time  A plan intended to place a Scottish magnate's son on the throne would have been almost certainly encouraged by the Scottish crown, considering its potential to bring stability to the region, and the prospect of expanding Scottish royal authority Following his expulsion, Ragnall appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway  In 1228, whilst Amlaíb Dub and his chieftains were absent in Hebrides, the chronicle records the invasion of Mann by Ragnall, Alan, and Thomas  The attack appears to have resulted in the complete devastation of the southern half of the island, since the chronicle declares that it was almost reduced to a desert  The chronicle's report that Alan installed bailiffs on Mann, with instructions to collect tribute from the island and send it back to Galloway, may reveal the price that Ragnall had to pay for Alan's support in the affair  Suffering serious setbacks at the hands of his enemies, Amlaíb Dub reached out for English assistance against Ragnall, as evidenced from correspondence dating to the same year, between Henry and Amlaíb Dub, in which the latter alluded to aggression dealt from Alan  Gallovidian successes were short-lived, however, as once Alan left Mann for home, Amlaíb Dub and his forces arrived on the scene, and routed the remaining Gallovidians 

Early in January 1229, Ragnall launched yet another invasion of Mann  Although the chronicle's description of the attack alludes to Gallovidian involvement, as it states that the expedition originated from Galloway, the fact that Ragnall commanded only five ships suggests that this support may have been waning  Weeks later, Ragnall and Amlaíb Dub met in battle on Mann, where the former was finally defeated and slain  The lack of substantial Gallovidan support in Ragnall's final foray may have been due to a flare-up of insurrection in Scotland that required Alan's immediate attention as constable of the realm  According to Bower, a certain Gilla Escoip, who was almost certainly a Meic Uilleim, had burned the castle of Abertarff and sacked Inverness  Alexander's presence at Elgin in June 1228 corroborates Bower's claim that royal forces operated in the north against Gilla Escoip  The campaign itself appears to have been long and arduous, as Bower reports that Gilla Escoip and his two sons were slain in the following year  Alexander appears to have conducted further operations in the north in 1230, about the time that the Meic Uilleim were extirpated once and for all 

Although Alan's marital alliance with Ragnall had likely been welcomed by the Scottish crown, the fact that the two were unable to quickly deal with Amlaíb Dub caused serious repercussions  The Meic Uilleim insurrection of 1228–1230, for instance, may have been a byproduct of the instability prolonged by Alan's involvement in the Isles  Even so, Alan's actions appear to have also led to the end of Irish support for the Meic Uilleim  If he had indeed married Rose in 1229, for instance, this union may well have compelled her father to disassociate Áed Méith from lending support to the Meic Uilleim  Whatever the case, Uí Néill ambitions in the Isles appear to have come to an abrupt end with Áed Méith's death the following year, after-which the latter's kin became embroiled for years in a struggle against the Meic Lochlainn over the kingship of Tír Eoghain 

Escalation and confrontation in the Isles
The death of Alan's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles  In fact, it is probable that Alan and certain members of the Meic Somairle—Dubgall and Donnchad, sons of Dubgall mac Somairle—continued to harass the recently inaugurated Amlaíb Dub  According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the court of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, the nominal overlord of the Isles, in the summer of 1229  Specifically, the saga singles out the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle as "unfaithful" to the Norwegian king, and several versions of the source describe Alan as the "greatest warrior at that time", possessing a large force of men and ships with which he plundered throughout the Hebrides  Early in 1230, Amlaíb Dub arrived at the king's court, having been forced from the Isles by Alan and his allies 

Several versions of the saga allege that Alan had boasted that it was no harder to sail to Norway than it was to sail from Norway to Scotland, suggesting that Alan thought himself capable of even invading Norway  In fact, this bluster may well have been designed by Amlaíb Dub to direct further Norse animosity at Alan  Whatever the case, the saga reveals that Hákon had begun preparations for a military campaign in the Isles well before Amlaíb Dub's arrival  In fact, the king is stated to have appointed a certain Óspakr as King of the Isles, giving him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the region  Within days of Amlaíb Dub's arrival in Norway, Óspakr's twelve-ship fleet set sail for the Isles, gaining another twenty after reaching Orkney  The campaign itself is documented in several sources, such as the Chronicle of Mann, the Chronicle of Lanercost, and the Icelandic annals, with the most detailed source being Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar  Once in the Isles at Islay, the fleet met up with three members of the Meic Somairle, apparently kinsmen of Óspakr, including the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle  At about this point, the saga states that the fleet had reached a size of eighty ships, a number which suggests a fighting force of about three thousand men Meanwhile, news of the gathering Norse fleet reached Alexander, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis  On 28 May, Alan is recorded in the presence of the king at Ayr, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled  It was probably June when the Norse fleet finally rounded Kintyre, entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where Óspakr's forces stormed and captured the castle of Rothesay  The fortress itself was a holding of Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland, which may well reveal the anxiety felt by the Meic Somairle in the face of the steward's steadily increasing regional influence  Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, forced the Norse to withdraw to Kintyre  In fact, the Eirspennill version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, whilst the Flateyjarbók, Frísbók, and Skálholtsbók versions number it at one hundred and fifty  These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand or three thousand men 

It was perhaps following the Norse withdrawal to Kintyre that Óspakr succumbed to wounds suffered on Bute, whereupon command was assumed by Amlaíb Dub  The latter then used the fleet to serve his own needs, diverting it to Mann, where he used it to reinstate himself on the island  There the Norwegians overwintered before returning for home in 1231, and following the death of Ragnall's illegitimate son Gofraid Donn, King of the Isles the same year, Amlaíb Dub regained complete control of the island kingdom  The events of 1230–1231 marked a dramatic end of Alan's ambitions in the Isles  Even though it had not been his intention, Alan's prolonged campaigning against Amlaíb Dub had caused a grave international crisis  In fact, the Norse had not been intent on solely restoring order in the Isles, but had directed their retaliatory campaign squarely at Scottish-held territories, thereby endangering the recent westward advances of the Scottish crown  Although Alan's unexpected appearance in force off Kintyre had overawed the Norse, the Scots had only narrowly averted full-scale war, and as a result, Alan almost certainly incurred Alexander's subsequent displeasure 

Family
Alan was married three times  His first wife appears to have been a daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester  It was likely upon this union that Alan gained the English lordship of Kippax as maritagium from his father-in-law  Alan's second marriage, to David's daughter Margaret, is dated to 1209 by the Chronicle of Lanercost and Chronicle of Melrose  The date of Alan's third marriage, to Hugh's  daughter Rose, is generally thought to date to 1229, as stated by the Chronicle of Lanercost  Another possible date for this marriage is about a decade earlier  Alan's second marriage, therefore, allied him to the Scottish royal family, and his first and third marriages allied him to the two main branches of the powerful Lacy family—firstly the Pontefract branch, and afterwards the Woebley branch 

Alan had several children from his first two marriages, although only daughters appear to have reached adulthood  One daughter from his first marriage died whilst a Scottish hostage of the English king, her death being reported in June 1213  Helen, another daughter from Alan's first marriage, married Roger de Quincy  Although the date of this union is unknown, it may have taken place before Alan's death, and could well have been the point when her husband came into possession of Kippax  At some point before 1234, Christiana, one of Alan's daughters from his second marriage, married William de Forz  In 1233, Dervorguilla, a younger daughter from Alan's second marriage, married John de Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle   Alan had a son named Thomas  A product of Alan's second marriage, he was his only known legitimate male offspring  Although the date of this son's death is unknown, he may have lived into in the 1220s  Additionally, Alan had an  illegitimate son, also named Thomas 

Death
Thomas, Alan's brother, died in 1231, possibly from injuries suffered in a tournament accident  Alan's death, about three years later in 1234, is recorded by the Annals of Ulster, the Chronicle of Melrose, and the Chronicle of Lanercost—the later specifying the month February  Alan's body was interred at Dundrennan Abbey, a Cistercian religious house founded by his paternal great-grandfather  There amongst the monastic ruins, a particular dilapidated effigy of grey stone is generally identified as his  As the last Gallovidian ruler in the legitimate patrilineal line descended from Fergus, Alan's death brought an abrupt end to about half a century of stable Gallovidian rule under he and his father, and the lack of a legitimate male heir to succeed himself led to a sudden succession crisis It is possible that Alan had hoped that his illegitimate son, Thomas, would be able succeed to the lordship  Celtic custom would not have barred the latter from the succession  According to feudal practice, however, Alan's nearest heirs were his three daughters  As it turned out, the Gallovidian succession was quickly seized upon by the Scottish crown  The prospect of Alan's illegitimate son succeeding to the lordship threatened to reignite Gallovdian interests in the Isles, and thereby threatened the welfare of the Scottish realm  On the other hand, the husbands of Alan's daughters were prominent men of Anglo-Norman descent, and the prospect of bringing about the demise of the semi-autonomous lordship, through its division between such eminent Englishmen, was an advantageous opportunity that Alexander could not pass up 

Although it is possible that the people of Galloway regarded Alan's illegitimate son as their rightful lord, the Chronicle of Melrose states that they appealed to Alexander to take the whole lordship into his own hands, suggesting that whilst the Gallovidians were willing to accept that illegitimacy indeed excluded Alan's son from the inheritance, they were unwilling to accept female succession  Whatever the case, Alexander denied the Gallovidian's their request, quickly crushed their subsequent retaliatory uprising, and went ahead with the tripartite partitioning  One of the Scots who played a key part in the king's destruction of the Gallovidian resistance was Ferchar mac in tSagairt, Earl of Ross, a rising star in Alexander's administration, who happened to be Amlaíb Dub's father-in-law Following Alan's death, the constableship passed to Roger de Quincy, husband of Alan's eldest surviving daughter, Helen  Alan's Irish lands were not inherited by his daughters  Forty years after his death, these lands are recorded in the hands of the Bissets, although precisely how this came about is uncertain  The succession of the Irish and Gallovidian lands of Alan's brother, Thomas, is also uncertain  In fact, Thomas' lands should have passed to his son, Patrick, had the latter not died on the eve of his inheritance (under suspicious circumstances, apparently at the hands of the Bissets) 

Assessment
Throughout his career, Alan appears to have moved seamlessly between the native Gaelic environment of Galloway, and the Frankish cultural environment of the English and Scottish royal courts  In this respect, Alan followed in his father's footsteps, who first appears in records under forms of the native Gaelic name Lochlainn, before adopting forms of the continental Roland  In fact, Alan's own name may also be evidence of Frankish influence on his family  Surviving charters concerning Alan's lordship reveal that his dependants were almost exclusively drawn from the Frankish milieu  Few of these sources concern Galloway specifically, however, and not one concerns the ancestral Gallovidian patrimony  Comparatively more charter evidence survives documenting the holdings of his cousin, Donnchad, who ruled nearby Carrick  In contrast to the acta concerning Alan, these sources reveal that many of Donnchad's dependants were drawn from the native aristocracy, which could be evidence that Alan's lordship in Galloway followed a similar course 

Although it is debatable to what extent the dramatic events of 1230–1231 influenced Alexander's break-up of Galloway, Alan's standing in the king's service diminished after 1231 and starkly contrasted that of the royal steward, Walter fitz Alan  As the lord of Renfrew, North Kyle and Bute, and allied in marriage to the nearby earls of Carrick and Lennox, the steward was the most powerful Scottish magnate in the Clyde region after Alan  Whilst Alan's career declined, the climb of the steward's steward's standing can be gauged with his reception of the office of Justiciar of Scotia and his continued consolidation of Cowal  Alexander, therefore, appears to have turned from Alan to Walter fitz Alan, entrusting the latter with the task of imposing royal authority further west into Argyll 

The sheer scale of the military resources at Alan's disposal was remarkable, as indicated by John's request of one thousand of Alan's best warriors, and by the sheer size of his galley-fleet of 1230–1231  As a native kindred of Gaelic heritage, Alan's family was remarkable for its religious foundations and endowments  Alan himself endowed St Andrew's Priory, in Northampton, where his father was interred  In 1218, Alan founded Tongland Abbey, a Premonstratensian religious house in Galloway, He went on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in 1220, accompanied by Walter fitz Alan, and Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale  There they observed the translation of the remains of St Thomas of Canterbury on 7 July, marking the martyred saint's jubilee  In fact, Alan's Morville ancestors were closely related to Hugh de Morville, one of the saint's killers, and this relationship may partly account for Alan's pious journey 

Ancestry
Notes
Citations
Passage 8:
Thomas of Galloway (bastard)
Tomás mac Ailein, sometimes known as Thomas of Galloway (1208 – after 1296), was an illegitimate son of Alan of Galloway, Constable of Scotland and the last Mac Fearghusa Lord of Galloway  After the death of his father, who left no legitimate sons, King Alexander II of Scotland planned to divide the lordship between the husbands of Alan's three daughters 
Thomas, along with his associate Gille Ruadh, led an unsuccessful rebellion against the king, with the aim of maintaining Galloway's status as an independent sub-kingdom  Thomas was imprisoned for the next 60 years and released by Edward I after the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 and the death of Alexander III in 1286, though he was taken back into custody later that year 
Thomas married a daughter of Ronald, King of Man about a decade prior to the death of his father   Thomas had a son, Cane McGillolane, who was the eponymous ancestor of Clan MacLellan 
Passage 9:
Gille Brigte of Galloway
Gille Brigte or Gilla Brigte mac Fergusa of Galloway (died 1185), also known as Gillebrigte, Gille Brighde, Gilbridge, Gilbride, etc , and most famously known in French sources as Gilbert, was Lord of Galloway of Scotland (from 1161 with Uchtred; 1174 alone, to 1185)  Gilla Brigte was one of two sons of the great Fergus, the builder of the "Kingdom" of Galloway 

Background, marriage and family
In the struggle that arose after the death of Fergus between Gille Brigte and Uchtred, Gille Brigte emerged the stronger  The partitioning of Galloway left Gille Brigte with the western part, the part less exposed to the armies of the Scottish and English Kings We do not know for certain to whom Gille Brigte was married  Richard Oram suggests the strong likelihood that his main wife was a daughter of Donnchad II, Mormaer or Earl of Fife and the most important native lord in Scotland  The introduction of the name Donnchad (or Duncan) into the family naming pattern is some evidence of this, as is the later marriage of Gille Brigte's great-granddaughter Marjorie to the Fife petty-lord Adam de Kilconquhar  
Gille Brigte had two known children:

Donnchad
Máel Coluim

Events of 1174 & approach to England
From 1161 until 1174, Gille Brigte and Uchtred shared the lordship, with Gille Brigte in the west, and Uchtred in the east  In 1174, King William le Lion of Scotland invaded England in an attempt to regain Northumberland  He brought with him the two meic Fergusa, Gille Brigte and Uchtred  During the invasion, William was caught off-guard, and captured while besieging the castle at Alnwick  Benedict of Peterborough reported that:

When they [the brothers] heard that their lord the king of Scotland was taken, they immediately returned with their Galwegians to their own lands, and at once expelled from Galloway all the bailiffs and guards whom the king of Scotland had set over them; and all the English and French whom they could seize they slew; and all the defences and castles which the king of Scotland had established in their land they besieged, captured and destroyed, and slew all whom they took within them
Despite the implications that both brothers were involved, it is clear that only Gilla Brigte was, and that Uchtred opposed him  For Benedict goes on to tell us that, in relation to the same year, Gille Brigte's son Máel Coluim was besieging Uchtred on an island in Galloway  Máel Coluim mac Gille Brigte captured Uchtred  Uchtred was blinded, castrated and had his tongue cut out  
What Gille Brigte did at this time might have changed British history for ever  Gille Brigte sent a messenger, and asked King Henry II for direct lordship (i e  without the Scottish king as a middle man)  Henry sent a delegation to investigate  This delegation consisted of Roger de Hoveden and Robert de Vaux  Thanks to the former, we have a record of the embassy  It is reported by Benedict of Peterborough that Gille Brigte offered the King of England a one-off payment of 2000 marks, and a yearly tribute of 500 cows and 500 swine, if the King would "remove them [the Galwegians] from the servitude of the king of Scotland" (Anderson,  p  258)   
However, when the delegation discovered the fate of Uchtred, Henry's cousin, they rejected the request  Gille Brigte's fratricide effectively prevented any deal  Gille Brigte's bad fortune was compounded later in the year, when Henry and William signed the Treaty of Falaise  Gille Brigte was forced to come to terms with the two kings  In 1176, Gille Brigte travelled into England, was fined 1000 marks by Henry, and handed over his son Donnchad into Henry's custody as a hostage to ensure good behaviour 

The Lordship of Gille Brigte
Gille Brigte's reign is characterized by a large degree of hostility towards the Scottish kings  Unlike his brother Uchtred, he was no friend to incoming Normans  He maintained a Gaelic following  Such a policy made him popular in the province, but alienated him from his nominal Franco-Gaelic overlords, King Máel Coluim IV and then King William  William cultivated the loyalty of Uchtred's son Lochlann (Roland), using him as a card in the game for control over the Galwegian lordship  In the 1180s, tension between Gille Brigte and William was high, with Gilla Brigte being known to have made frequent raids into the Scottish controlled territory of eastern Galloway  When Gille Brigte died in 1185, he was at war with William  
Gille Brigte's timely death, with Donnchad still in Henry II's custody, eased the way for William to install Lochlann as Gille Brigte's successor 

Footnotes
Passage 10:
Henry Wemyss
Henry Wemyss (died 1541) was a prelate from the 16th century Kingdom of Scotland  He appears in the sources in the bishopric of Galloway for the first time in 1517, and rose to become Bishop of Galloway in 1526, a position he held until his death in 1541 

Biography
Origin
He was said to have been the son of John Wemyss, fifth son of Sir John Wemyss of Wemyss, by a daughter of Sir John Arnot of Arnot (in Fife); if true, this would make him a relative of David Arnot, sometime Bishop of Galloway who resigned that bishopric in Wemyss' favour; Robert Keith thought he may have been related to King James V, as a brother, but this was a mistake based on textual misreading (mispunctuating) which resulted in Henry's name being confused with that of James Stewart, Earl of Moray, the King's actual brother 

Earlier career
Henry is found as the Official of the diocese of Galloway on 8 February 1517, and again on 16 January 1522; the last known holder of this position occurred on 12 March 1512, so that Henry must have taken this position at some point between 1512 and 1517  Henry was parson of the parish church of Auchterderran (Outherdekan), Fife, in the diocese of St Andrews, and is found to be Archdeacon of Galloway on 9 December 1522; like his position as Official, it is not known when he ascended the archdeaconry, and the last occurrence of a predecessor occurs on 9 November 1513 

Bishopric of Galloway
Henry Wemyss received provision to the bishopric of Galloway (with the position of Dean of the Chapel Royal, Stirling) when David Arnot resigned his bishopric on 23/4 January 1526; Arnot retained right of return upon any future vacancy and half of the revenue of the diocese  Although Arnot also resigned his position as Commendator of Tongland for, once again, a lifelong pension and with right of return on vacancy, Arnot may have effectively held on to Tongland Abbey for a few more years; repeated crown nominations of Wemyss to Tongland failed, apparently because of Arnot, while William Stewart, a canon of Glasgow Cathedral, also got crown nomination until the Pope finally agreed to give Bishop Henry Wemyss Tongland Abbey in commendam in 1530, with Stewart resigning his rights The commend of Dundrennan Abbey came into Wemyss' possession after a crown nomination on 11 December 1529, to which he was admitted on 24 April 1530  Henry also retained the Archdeaconry of Galloway after becoming bishop, at least until he resigned the position to Patrick Arnot on 11 February 1531  Bishop Wemyss was a frequent attender of parliament, and his name occurs frequently as a witness to charters under the Great Seal of Scotland  He appeared for the last time in the latter capacity on 14 March 1541  He died soon after this date, and was certainly dead by 21 May  On 25 May, Andrew Durie, Abbot of Melrose, was put in charge of the vacant temporalities of Galloway and Tongland; Durie indeed succeeded Wemyss to these positions later in the year There survive some correspondences between Bishop Henry Wemyss and William Kennedy, Abbot of Crossraguel, written in the English language  Bishop Henry and Abbot William have been said to have been close friends  Two letters sent by Bishop Wemyss, dated to 5 July, and to 5 December 1536, survive; the first was addressed to "Jhone Makmaister and maister Patrik Ryschert", officials at Crossraguel Abbey, and the second to Abbot William; they concern certain revenues pertaining to one Ninian Boyd and his land at Culmoyr (Cùl Mòr, "big back"), over which the bishop may have had rights; Culmoyr was in the now defunct parish of Clashant, later belonging to the MacDowall kindred of Garthland  Bishop Wemyss' signature has survived on the letter to Abbot William 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Dance with a Stranger
Dance with a Stranger  is a 1985 British film directed by Mike Newell  Telling the story of Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in Britain (1955), the film won critical acclaim, and aided the careers of two of its leading actors, Miranda Richardson and Rupert Everett  The screenplay was by Shelagh Delaney, author of A Taste of Honey, and was her third major screenplay  The story of Ellis has resonance in Britain because it provided part of the background to the extended national debates that led to the progressive abolition of capital punishment from 1965 
The theme song "Would You Dance with a Stranger?" was performed by Mari Wilson and was released as a single 

Plot
A former nude model and prostitute, Ruth is manageress of a drinking club in London that has racing drivers as its main clients  Ruth lives in a flat above the bar with her illegitimate son Andy  Another child is in the custody of her estranged husband's family 
In the club, she meets David, an immature, young man from a well-off family who wants to succeed in motor racing but suffers from lack of money and overuse of alcohol  Ruth falls for his looks and charm, but it is a doomed relationship  Without a job, he cannot afford to marry her, and his family would never accept her  When he makes a drunken scene in the club, she is discharged from her job, which means that she is made homeless 
Desmond, a wealthy admirer, secures a flat for her and her son, but she still sees David  When she tells him she is pregnant, he does nothing about it, and she miscarries  Distraught, she goes to a house in Hampstead where she believes David is at a party  He comes out and goes with a girl to a pub  Ruth waits outside the pub, and when he emerges, she shoots him dead with four shots  She is arrested, tried and hanged 

Cast
Miranda Richardson as Ruth Ellis
Rupert Everett as David Blakely
Ian Holm as Desmond Cussen
Stratford Johns as Morrie Conley
Joanne Whalley as Christine
Tom Chadbon as Anthony Findlater
Jane Bertish as Carole Findlater
David Troughton as Cliff Davis
Tracy Louise Ward as Girl with Blakeley
Matthew Carroll as Andy
Lesley Manville as Maryanne
David Beale as Man in Little Club
Charon Bourke as Ballroom Singer

Reception
The film made a comfortable profit  Goldcrest Films invested £253,000 in the film and received £361,000, making them a profit of £108,000 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91%, based on reviews from 11 critics 

Accolades
Mike Newell won Award of the Youth at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival for Dance with a Stranger  Miranda Richardson won Best Actress at the Evening Standard British Film Awards, and Ian Holm won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1985 for this and other performances 
Passage 2:
Call Me (film)
Call Me is a 1988 American erotic thriller film about a woman who strikes up a relationship with a stranger over the phone, and in the process becomes entangled in a murder  The film was directed by Sollace Mitchell, and stars Patricia Charbonneau, Stephen McHattie, and Boyd Gaines 

Plot
Anna, a young and energetic journalist, receives an obscene call from an unknown caller whom she mistakes for her boyfriend  As a result of this mistake she agrees to meet with the caller at a local bar  There she witnesses a murder in the women's bathroom  She finds herself drawn into a mystery involving both the killer and the mysterious caller who she shares increasingly personal conversations with 

Cast
Patricia Charbonneau as Anna
Stephen McHattie as "Jellybean"
Boyd Gaines as Bill
Sam Freed as Alex
Steve Buscemi as "Switchblade"
Patti D'Arbanville as Cori
David Strathairn as Sam
Olek Krupa as Hennyk
John Seitz as "Pressure"
Pi Douglass as Nikki
George Gerdes as Fred
Ernest Abuba as Boss
Kevin Harris as Dude
Gy Mirano as The Waitress

Reception
The film was reviewed by the television show At the Movies, on May 28, 1988  Roger Ebert called the film a "directorial mess", citing laborious scenes which serve only to set up plot points, some of which are never followed up on  Gene Siskel felt the premise had potential, but it was ruined by the lead character's relentless stupidity, and that the film did not take the sexual elements far enough  The critics gave the film two thumbs down 

External links
Call Me at IMDb
Call Me at AllMovie
Passage 3:
Dance with a Stranger (band)
Dance with a Stranger is a Norwegian rock band from Kristiansund 

Biography
The band was founded in Bergen 1984 and had great success until they parted in 1994  Since then, they have had a few reunion concerts, as well as releasing compilation CDs  They were, among other things, voted Player of the Year at the Spellemannprisen 1991  The band took a longer break in the period 2002 to 2005  In 2007, they released the double compilation album Everyone Needs a Friend    The Very Best of Dance with a Stranger with three new songs and previously unreleased soundtracks from the 1980s, as well as highlights from the band's many releases 
In 2013, bassist Yngve Moe died in an accident  The band still completed their farewell tour in 2014, now joined by Per Mathisen on bass  The band has continued concert activities after this 

Discography
Dance with a Stranger (1987)
To (1989)
Atmosphere (1991)
Look What You've Done (1994)
Unplugged (1994)
The Best of Dance with a Stranger (1995)
Happy Sounds (1998)
Everyone Needs a Friend    The Very Best Of ( 2007)

Members
Present membersFrode Alnæs  – guitar, vocals
Øivind "Elg" Elgenes  – vocals
Per Mathisen  – bass (2014)
Bjørn Jenssen  – drumsFormer memberYngve Moe  – bass (1983–1994; died 2013)

Sources
Pop-lexicon (Norwegian)
About Dance with a Stranger at the music guide Groove no (Norwegian)
Website
Passage 4:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 5:
Dance with a Stranger (disambiguation)
Dance with a Stranger may refer to one of the following:

Dance with a Stranger, a 1985 film
Jack and Jill (dance), a dance competition format
Dance with a Stranger (band), a Norwegian rock band
Passage 6:
Miley Naa Miley Hum
Miley Naa Miley Hum (transl  If we meet or don't) is a 2011 Indian film directed by Tanveer Khan, and marking the debut of Chirag Paswan, son of politician Ram Vilas Paswan  The film stars Kangana Ranaut, Neeru Bajwa and Sagarika Ghatge  The film released on 4 November 2011 The film went unnoticed and was considered a box office disaster  Subsequently, Paswan turned to politics and was elected to the Jamui seat in Bihar in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections 

Plot
Chirag comes from a wealthy background and assists his father, Siddharth Mehra, in managing and maintaining their land  Chirag's parents have been divorced due to incompatibility arising mainly due to his businesswoman mother, Shalini's hatred of tennis, a sport that Chirag wants to play professionally 
Shalini and Siddharth would like to see Chirag married and accordingly Shalini picks London-based Kamiah, while Siddharth picks Bhatinda-based Manjeet Ahluwalia  Chirag, who sneaks off to practice tennis at night, is asked to make a choice but informs them that he is in love with a model named Anishka (Kangana Ranaut)  The displeased couple decide to confront and put pressure on a struggling and unknowing klutz-like Anishka to leave their son alone but they fail 
In the end, Chirag's parents realize their mistake and together attend Chirag's tennis match and give blessings to Chirag and Anishka 

Critical reception
Taran Adarsh of gave the film 2 5 stars and claimed that Miley Naa Miley Hum is an absorbing fare with decent merits Komal Nahta of Koimoi com gave the film 0 5 stars out of 5 saying that the film lacks merits to work at the box office 

Cast
Chirag Paswan as Chirag Mehra
Kangana Ranaut as Anishka Srivastava
Kabir Bedi as Siddharth Mehra
Poonam Dhillon as Shalini Mehra
Sagarika Ghatge as Kamiah
Neeru Bajwa as Manjeet
Dalip Tahil
Suresh Menon
Tanya Abrol
Kunal Kumar
Shweta Tiwari (Special Appearance in a song)

Soundtrack
Passage 7:
Sex with a Stranger
Sex with a Stranger is a 1986 pornographic horror film directed by Chris Monte and written by Cash Markman and Chad Randolph 

Plot
A group of seven seemingly unconnected people each receive a letter containing half of a thousand dollar bill, an invitation to a mansion, and the promise of money and prizes if they show up  Arriving at the house, the recipients of the envelopes find a note, which informs them that rooms have been prepared for them, and that their host (known only as "J M ") will arrive soon to explain everything to them  The guests conclude that they have been called together due to a tontine made by relatives, who all died in a hotel fire during their last annual meeting 
Trevor and Priscilla have sex in a bedroom, and Joy and Inspector #6 (who was in the midst of donning women's undergarments when Joy walked in on him) do the same elsewhere  Afterward, the inspector is killed when he falls or is shoved down a flight of stairs, and his body disappears shortly after the others find it  Wanting to know who summoned them, and in need of the money they have been promised, the remaining guests decide to stay despite the risk of being murdered 
Slick and Sugar go off to have sex, and Priscilla is found dead, having been electrocuted while using a sabotaged vibrator  Thinking Priscilla's automatic camera could offer a clue as to what happened to her, Slick and Sugar try to develop the film in it, while Trevor mourns Priscilla's death by downing a glass of wine, which has been spiked with rodenticide  Joy coerces Doctor Rivameter into having sex on the bed containing Priscilla and Trevor's bodies, but they are interrupted mid-coitus by screams coming from another room 
Rivameter discovers that Sugar has been drowned in a sink, and as she and Joy conclude that the killer must be Slick, he stumbles into the room with a spike through his head, and a knife in his back  Slick drops dead before he can reveal his killer, but then he instantly recovers, and it is revealed that he and all the other victims were not actually dead  The inspector had merely been knocked out by an accidental fall down the stairs, and the others had faked their deaths to stop themselves from being targeted by the nonexistent killer 
Jacob Myers, the man who called everyone to the mansion, enters the room, and introduces himself as the attorney handling the tontine case  Myers states that all that is left of the tontine is the thousand dollar bills he sent to the inheritors to get them there, the rest of the money having been lost on a failed investment in liquid prophylactics  Joy follows Myers to his bedroom, and the others decide to pass the time until daylight by having an orgy



ground_truth: 16 September 1360

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Thomas Of Galloway (Bastard)'s father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Dr  Socrates
Dr  Socrates is a 1935 American crime film directed by William Dieterle and starring Paul Muni as a doctor forced to treat a wounded gangster, played by Barton MacLane 

Plot
The death of his fiancée in a car crash so unnerves top surgeon Dr  Lee Cardwell that he moves to a rural community and becomes a general practitioner, but he attracts few patients   The local doctor calls him Dr  Socrates because he always has his head in a book of classics  
Bank robber Red Bastian comes to him after he is shot in the arm during his latest caper  Lee treats Red, but is unwillingly to accept payment  Red, however, makes him take a $100 bill for his trouble 
Later on, while on his way to another bank job, Red picks up hitchhiker Josephine Gray   While Red's gang is busy robbing the bank, Josephine tries to run away, but gets shot  She is treated by Dr  Socrates   At first, the police think that she is a gang "moll", but she is cleared and recuperates at the doctor's home 
Red and his gang kidnap her and take her to their hideout, which the doctor had visited earlier on a medical call  He tells the police where to find the gang, but asks that they give him a chance to get Josephine safely away  He convinces the gang members that they need to be inoculated against an outbreak of typhoid fever, but what he really gives them is a knockout drug   He takes care of Red himself   Lee is a hero, and even the local doctor says nice things about him 

Cast
Paul Muni as Lee
Ann Dvorak as Josephine
Barton MacLane as Red Bastian
Robert Barrat as Dr  Ginder
John Eldredge as Dr  Burton
Hobart Cavanaugh as Stevens
Helen Lowell as Ma Ganson
Mayo Methot as Muggsy
Henry O'Neill as Greer
Grace Stafford as Caroline Suggs
Samuel Hinds as Dr  McClintick
June Travis as Dublin
Raymond Brown as Ben Suggs
Olin Howland as Bob Catlett
Joseph Downing as Cinq Laval
Grady Sutton as General Store Clerk
Adrian Morris as Beanie - a Gangster

Critical reception
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a poor review, dismissing it as "a third-rate gangster film"  Despite comparing Paul Muni's performance to personality performers like Greta Garbo and Joan Crawford, Greene concludes that his effort in Dr Socrates "is not one of Muni's successful films"  Whereas the film should have been exciting, all that the film could conjure up was funniness 
Passage 2:
Empties
Empties (Czech: Vratné lahve) is a 2007 film directed by Jan Svěrák and written by his father Zdeněk Svěrák, who also stars in the film  It was released first in the Czech Republic in March 2007  The film is a comedy from the same team which made Kolya 

Plot
Josef Tkaloun is an elderly teacher at a high school in Prague who cannot control his anger when his pupils misbehave in his poetry class  He quits his job and despite his wife urging him to retire, becomes a cycle courier  After an inevitable accident, he still refuses to stay at home and takes a job in the local Žižkov supermarket  He works behind a counter, recycling glass beer bottles  There he begins to flirt with the customers and matchmake both for an old friend and for the man he works with  His own flirtations (and sexually charged dreams) almost get him into trouble with his wife, so he resolves to reignite the passion in his marriage by celebrating his wedding anniversary with a hot air balloon ride  The scary balloon ride, ending in crash, revitalizes the relationship 

Cast
Zdeněk Svěrák as Josef Tkaloun
Tatiana Vilhelmová as Helenka, his daughter
Daniela Kolářová as Eliška Tkalounová
Jiří Macháček as Landa, his friend
Pavel Landovský as Řezáč

Awards
Zdeněk Svěrák received a Special Jury Mention for the screenplay at the 2007 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
The film received the Audience Award at 2007 Ljubljana International Film Festival
The film received the Gold Dolphin award for Best Film at the Festroia International Film Festival in 2008 
The film received the Gold Prize for Best Film at Damascus International Film Festival in 2008 

Home media
The DVD was released in October 2007  It includes extra scenes, a photo gallery, the storyboard and comics 
Passage 3:
King of the Underworld (1939 film)
King of the Underworld is a 1939 American crime drama film starring Humphrey Bogart as a gangster and Kay Francis as a doctor forced to treat him  It was directed by Lewis Seiler  It is a remake of the 1935 film Dr  Socrates, which was based on a short story by W  R  Burnett 

Plot
Married doctors Niles and Carole Nelson save the life of a gangster shot in a gunfight  Joe Gurney, the patient's boss, gives Niles $500 as a reward, and suggests he take his "million dollar hands" uptown, where he can treat the rich  Niles takes his suggestion, but soon neglects his practice for his addiction: betting on the horses 
The doctor also starts treating Joe's gang without telling his wife  One night, he is called away to do just that  Suspicious, Carole follows him  When the police raid the gang's hideout, a shootout ensues and Niles is killed while Joe and his gang escape 
Though the district attorney has no case, he charges Carole with being guilty of being married to Niles just to put on a good show for the public  The corrupt trial ends in a hung jury, but her medical license remains at stake   She is given three months to prove her innocence or the license will be revoked  She relocates with her Aunt Josephine to a town, Wayne Center, where two of Joe's men have been jailed, hoping to get in touch with the gangster 
While on his way to free his men, Joe has a flat tire  He and his amateur gang initially suspects nearby wanderer Bill Stevens of having shot at him, but then a nail is extracted from the tire  When Bill mentions that he has written a book about the mistakes that brought about Napoleon's downfall, Joe becomes very interested, as he is a great admirer of the French dictator  He offers Bill a ride  Bill makes the mistake of accepting, and soon finds himself shot in the shoulder when Joe and his gang rescue their comrades from the sheriff  Bill is caught 
When local Doctor Sanders refuses to treat the alleged criminal, Carole extracts the bullet  However, Bill is unable to provide her any useful information about Joe  When Bill's claims are confirmed, he is released  He goes to thank Carole  Aunt Josephine persuades him to stay with them for a week to recuperate 
Joe has Bill kidnapped in the middle of the night so that he can ghostwrite Joe's autobiography  Joe likes Bill's suggestion for the title, Joe Gurney: the Napoleon of Crime, but Bill overhears his plan to kill him after the book is finished 
Carole is brought, blindfolded, to remove a bullet from Joe's arm, received during the rescue  Before being released, she is told that Bill will be killed if she alerts the authorities 
When Joe's wound gets worse, he sends for her again  He also complains about his eyes  Carole takes a sample to analyze at home  When she is warned that the sheriff and government men are coming to arrest her (a $100 bill Joe gave her was traced to a robbery), she devises a plan  She returns to Joe's hideout and tells him he has a serious infection, one that will make him go blind in six hours unless it is treated immediately with eye drops  She also insists the infection is so contagious she needs to treat all of the gang  Suspicious, Joe makes her administer the medicine to Bill first  Meanwhile, her aunt gives the police Joe's location, but begs them to wait until midnight to give the medication time to temporarily blind the recipients  The plan works  The blind gangsters return fire, but soon give themselves up  Joe tries to track Carole and Bill through the house, but is eventually gunned down by the police 
Bill becomes a successful writer, and he and Carole have a son 

Cast
Humphrey Bogart as Joe Gurney
Kay Francis as Dr  Carole Nelson
James Stephenson as Bill Stevens
John Eldredge as Dr  Niles Nelson
Jessie Busley as Aunt Josephine
Arthur Aylesworth as Dr  Sanders
Raymond Brown as Sheriff
Harland Tucker as Mr  Ames
Ralph Remley as Mr  Robert
Charley Foy as Slick
Murray Alper as Eddie
Joe Devlin as Porky
Elliott Sullivan as Mugsy
Alan Davis as Pete
John Harmon as Slats
John Ridgely as Jerry
Richard Bond as Interne
Pierre Watkin as District Attorney
Charles Trowbridge as Dr  Ryan
Edwin Stanley as Dr  Jacobs (credited as Ed Stanley)
Sidney Bracey as Bert, the Farmer (uncredited)
Al Lloyd as Drug Store Clerk (uncredited)
Mickey Kuhn as "Sonny" Stevens (uncredited)
Passage 4:
Vacations in the Other World
Vacations in the Other World or Vacaciones en el otro mundo is a 1942 Argentine film directed by Mario Soffici  The film, a seriocomedy, explores the gap between the high-pressure world of business and the ambience of domestic living 

Cast
Elisa Galvé
José Olarra
Oscar Valicelli
Enrique García Satur
Enrique Chaico
Lea Conti
Julio Renato
Semillita
Elvira Quiroga

External links
Vacations in the Other World at IMDb
Passage 5:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 6:
Vacations in Majorca
Vacations in Majorca (Italian: Brevi amori a Palma di Majorca) is a 1959 Italian comedy film directed by Giorgio Bianchi 

Plot
Anselmo Pandolfini lives in Palma de Mallorca  He meets a famous American diva Mary Moore who initially dislikes him, but persuades her to let him act as her bodyguard



ground_truth: 1234

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released more recently, Dance With A Stranger or Miley Naa Miley Hum?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Cast
Ebony Ayes as Sugar, a high class prostitute 
Greg Derek as Trevor Fairbanks, an actor 
Nina Hartley as Priscilla Vogue, a fashion model 
Sheena Horne as Joy, a ditz with a fetish for anonymous sex 
Scott Irish as Inspector #6, a clothing inspector 
Keisha as Rivameter, a Doctor of Philosophy 
Randy West as Sylvester "Slick" Rhodes, a shyster 

Reception
Adam Film World gave the film a three out of five, marking it as "Hot"  AVN stated that while it was "a technically-sound production that features a capable cast" it was brought down by a ridiculous and overwrought plot, and mostly lukewarm sex A one and a half was awarded by Popcorn for Breakfast, which called Sex with a Stranger "painfully derivative" and "a poster child for bad porn" before concluding "As a curiosity, it may have some archival value in that it's about as tasteless as mainstream porn gets in places"  A two out of five was given by The Bloody Pit of Horror, which wrote "It's cheap (and shot-on-video, naturally), silly, has a few dumb laughs and there's lots of sex, so mission accomplished, I guess" 
Passage 8:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Passage 9:
Dance with Death (film)
Dance with Death is an American film starring Barbara Alyn Woods and Maxwell Caulfield  It is a reworking of Stripped to Kill, a previous film from 1987 produced by Roger Corman's Concorde Pictures studio  It is notable for featuring an early acting role for Lisa Kudrow 

Plot
Kelly is a reporter for a Los Angeles newspaper who finds out that strippers at a club called Bottoms Up are getting brutally murdered  With the prodding of her Hopper, her editor and ex-boyfriend, she goes undercover by winning an amateur night contest to get a job at the club  Once embedded, Kelly gets to know the other employees, particularly the snide owner Art, the hapless DJ Dermot, and mercurial dancer Jodie  She also discovers a regular patron, Shaughnessy, is an undercover detective investigating the murders  He soon discovers her true identity as a reporter, and they team up to investigate  As she continues working at the club, she is made aware of several suspects in the murders: Henry, a shy regular who is fixated on lingerie, Art, who has a connection to one of the dead women, and even Hopper, whom she learns covered a string of similar stripper murders in Atlanta and was interrogated by police  As they share their information, Kelly and Shaughnessy become infatuated with each other 
After one night spent together, Kelly looks in on Jodie, who had not reported to work the previous evening, and discovers her murdered  Shaughnessy follows Henry to a park he regularly visits, and after confronting him, causes him to be shot dead by backup police  That night at the club, after a performance, Kelly hears noises from Art's office, and discovers him dead; Hopper seizes her, insisting he killed Art by accident, in a dispute over blackmail involving him and another of the club dancers  She escapes him, and Shaughnessy intercepts her and shoots Hopper dead  She is relieved at first, but as he holds her, she notices the stone from his ring is missing, and remembers that she found a stone in Jodie's hand; she realizes Shaughnessy is the murderer  She tries to escape him, but is followed by him into a next door warehouse  After repeated attempts to kill him which he recovers from, she finally sets a trap with gasoline and sets him on fire 
Sometime later at the newspaper office, Kelly begins typing her story on the murders, called "Dance with Death "

Cast
Maxwell Caulfield as Shaughnessy
Barbara Alyn Woods as Kelly
Martin Mull as Art
Catya Sassoon as Jodie
Tracey Burch as Whitney
Jill Pierce as Lola
Alretha Baker as Sunny
Michael McDonald as Henry
Drew Snyder  as Hopper
Lisa Kudrow as Millie
Maria Ford as Stripper (uncredited)

Production
Katt Shea wrote the original story for the 1987 with her husband  She later recalled:

 I just didn't get paid for it  It was weird  Basically my script from Stripped to Kill was re-worked and re-used by Roger Corman and a very bad movie was the result of that  That’s my opinion and I just don’t think that film was well done   I don’t like that Roger Corman does that  I love Roger, but I just didn’t like that 
Passage 10:
Lisa (1990 film)
Lisa is a 1990 American thriller film directed by Gary Sherman and starring Staci Keanan, D  W  Moffett, Cheryl Ladd and Jeffrey Tambor  Its plot follows a teenage girl's infatuation with a stranger that, unknown to her, is a serial killer-stalker 

Plot
Fourteen-year-old Lisa Holland lives with her mother Katherine, a successful florist, in Venice Beach, California  Lisa is beginning to show a keen interest in boys but is not allowed to date due to her mother’s strict rule about not dating until she is 16  It is revealed that Katherine had Lisa when she was 14 years old  Abandoned by Lisa's father, Katherine was forced to leave home after her parents demanded that she put Lisa up for adoption  These facts have made Katherine very wary about Lisa dating, feeling she would end up like her mother  Lisa’s desire to have a boyfriend is furthered by her best friend Wendy Marks, whose less-strict mother and father have allowed her to start dating 
Meanwhile, there is a serial killer running loose in Venice Beach, nicknamed the Candlelight Killer, so called because he rapes his victims by candlelight before killing them  The Candlelight Killer is a suave, good-looking, and successful restaurateur named Richard, who looks more like a sexy model than a serial killer  Richard stalks good-looking women once he finds out where they live  Uniquely, Richard calls his victims over the telephone leaving messages on their answering machines saying he is in their house and is going to kill them  As the women are listening to his message, Richard grabs them from behind and then begins his vicious attacks 
One night, Lisa is coming home from the convenience store, and accidentally runs into Richard, leaving the house of another victim  Lisa is mesmerized by his good looks and follows him to his car once he leaves, copying down his license plate number  Through the DMV she is able to get his address and telephone number  Lisa then begins to call up Richard on the phone and engages him in seductive conversation  Richard is intrigued by their conversations, yet is more interested in finding out who she is, mainly because he is the one now being stalked 
Lisa and Wendy follow Richard, finding out where he lives and works  Lisa even gets into Richard's car alone at one point only to have to hide in the back seat when he unexpectedly shows up  All this goes on unknown to Katherine, and with each succeeding conversation, in which Lisa reveals more about herself, Richard pushes Lisa towards meeting him for a date  Still at a standoff with her mother when it comes to dating, Wendy suggests that Lisa set up Katherine with Richard, implying that maybe if her mother "gets some", she will ease up and allow Lisa to date 
As Easter weekend approaches, Lisa plans to go away with Wendy and her family to Big Bear, California  Katherine and Lisa decide to have a girls' night out dinner before she leaves, and Lisa makes reservations at Richard's restaurant  Lisa calls Richard informing him that she will be at the restaurant that night  Katherine goes to the bathroom ordering Lisa to pay the bill with her credit card  Richard gets a love note from Lisa with the bill, which reveals Katherine's credit card information, which he uses to track her down  When Lisa and Katherine arrive home, the two start bickering over Lisa's dating  Lisa immediately shouts back at Katherine and her stupid rules and that maybe if she got it once in a while, she wouldn't be such a bitch to her mother's dismay  Katherine orders Lisa to go to her room and grounds her, while taking her phone from her room 
Meanwhile, Richard begins to stalk the unsuspecting Katherine  While in Big Bear, Lisa decides to give Richard a call  He reveals to her that he knows her name is Katherine, and that he knows where she lives  On the night Lisa is to return from Big Bear, Katherine enters the apartment and hears a message from Richard  Meanwhile, Lisa returns home and enters the apartment  Running into her room, she is attacked by Richard who has knocked her mother unconscious  Richard brings Lisa into Katherine's bedroom and plans to assault her; Lisa sees the candles and realizes he is the Candlelight Killer  However, Katherine regains consciousness and knocks out Richard from behind and sends him through a window to his death  Relieved to be alive, mother and daughter collapse into each other's arms 

Cast
Cheryl Ladd as Katherine Holland
D  W  Moffett as Richard / The Candlelight Killer
Staci Keanan as Lisa Holland
Tanya Fenmore as Wendy Marks
Jeffrey Tambor as Mr  Marks, Wendy's Father
Julie Cobb as Mrs  Marks, Wendy's Mother
Edan Gross as Ralph Marks, Wendy's Brother

Release
Lisa released to theaters on April 20, 1990 through United Artists  It achieved a domestic gross of $4,347,648, with an opening night of $1,119,895 

Home media
Lisa received a home video release in December 1990  The movie received a DVD release as part of MGM MOD Wave 16 and was released on June 28, 2012  A Blu-ray edition, featuring a commentary track from director Gary Sherman and an interview with D  W  Moffett supervised by Scorpion Releasing, was released in December 2015 by Kino Lorber 

Reception
Critical reception for the film was negative; praise tended to center upon Ladd's performance while criticism centered around the script and tropes  Roger Ebert gave the film 1 1/2 stars, stating that it was "a bludgeon movie with little respect for the audience's intelligence, and simply pounds us over the head with violence whenever there threatens to be a lull " A reviewer for The Ottawa Citizen was also critical, praising Ladd's performance while also criticizing the film as "hysterical and transparent in its attempt to scare audience members into hosing down their hormones "



ground_truth: Miley Naa Miley Hum