prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who lived longer, Charles Wheatstone or Jean-Claude Lauzon?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Lyse Lafontaine
Lyse Lafontaine (born 1942) is a Canadian film producer known for working with directors Jean-Claude Lauzon and Xavier Dolan  She works at Lyla Films in Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

Early life
Born to La Presse reporter Gaston Lafontaine, Lyse studied literature at the Université de Montréal and earned her degree  She married Stéphane Venne and managed the rock band Offenbach in 1972  She became a stage manager on the 1974 film The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, and married her second husband, moving to The Bahamas for two years before returning to Canada 

Career
In 1976, Lafontaine served as location manager for the film The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane, starring Jodie Foster  Lafontaine met Lauzon when he was pitching his screenplay for Léolo (1992), which other producers had rejected  It became the first film she produced, with Aimée Danis, for which they were nominated for the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture  While in Italy during filming, Lauzon gave Lafontaine a letter thanking her for her ineptitude in business, which he considered necessary to make a film with feeling  She kept it as a cherished keepsake Working with Dolan, she produced Laurence Anyways (2012) and served as an associate producer for Mommy (2014)  Dolan's Laurence Anyways was inspired by Lafontaine's ex-boyfriend Luc Baillairgé, the father of her son Mikaël, who had a small part in Léolo  With Dolan, she personally traveled to London in 2017 to work on his The Death and Life of John F  Donovan In 2015, Lafontaine produced La Passion d’Augustine with François Tremblay, winning the Québec Cinéma Award for Best Film  On 1 June 2017 at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards, she was awarded the Iris Hommage for 30 years of contributions to Quebec cinema 

Filmography
Her films include:
Passage 2:
Jean-Claude Lutanie
Jean-Claude Lutanie is a French writer 

Biography
Jean-Claude Lutanie was born in Poitiers, France in 1951  In the 1970s and 80s, he entered into social protest and contestation, but early on, broke off from any movement in particular  In 1981, he publishes Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980 anonymously, followed by Une lecture paranoïaque-critique de La Maison Tellier (Guy de Maupassant) in 1993  Lutanie’s university research focused on the work of Jean-Pierre Brisset  He taught French in Tebessa, Algeria, from 1985 to 1987, before teaching as Professor of Literature and History in a pre-professional high school in La Rochelle until his death, in 2006 

Bibliography
Harangue des Ciompi à Florence  Rééditée à l'usage des prolétaires de Longwy, (poster, Toulouse, c  1979, anonymous, no publisher, 60 × 39 cm)
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, (poster, Toulouse, 1981, anonymous, no publisher, 65 × 45 cm)
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, (1981, anonymous, no publisher, re-published in 2011 by Editions Lutanie)
Une lecture paranoïaque-critique de La Maison Tellier (Guy de Maupassant), Le Veilleur Éditeur, 1993

Articles
"Introduction to Jean-Claude Lutanie" by Rachel Valinsky in The Third Rail #7


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Johannes Crucius
Johannes Crucius, or Jean de la Croix (1560 – 1625), was a Dutch theologian 

Biography
He was born in Lille, France, as the son of Jacobus de la Croix, a Walloon preacher of Middelburg, among other cities  He was the brother of Jacobus Crucius  Crucius studied in Geneva and on 28 September 1586 he matriculated at the Heidelberg University a year after Franciscus Gomarus, along with the students Abrahamus Vandermylen of Dordrecht, Meinardus ab Idzaerda of Friesland, and Andreas ab Hiddema of Friesland  He then matriculated at Leiden in 1589 and the following year he was selected to succeed Jean Taffin as Walloon preacher at the Waalse Kerk, Haarlem, where he is buried He married Elisabeth Stoock and their first child was baptised 7 June 1591  Their son Jacobus became a doctor, and their sons Nicolaas (1595-1643) and Johannes (1598-1666) became preachers like their father  From 1592, Crucius was the representative of the Wallonian church at the Walloon Synod in Middelburg and in 1618 & 1619 he was their representative at the Synod of Dort  He is known for his translations of religious works From Latin and Dutch into French, most notably by Antonius Walaeus 
He died in Haarlem 
Passage 4:
Jean-Claude Bonnefond
Claude Bonnefond, or Jean-Claude Bonnefond (27 March 1796, Lyon - 27 June 1860, Lyon) was a French painter and lithographer; noted for his portrayals of peasant life  His work was heavily influenced by a visit to Italy 

Biography
His father was a baker who died shortly after Jean-Claude was born  His mother remarried in 1797, to another baker who was an associate of her first husband  An elder brother died in military service  In 1808, at the age of twelve, he entered the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Lyon, where he studied with Pierre Revoil and Alexis Grognard (1752-1840) 
In 1816, he was exempted from military service for being his family's only surviving son  The following year, he had his first exhibit at the Salon, where one of his paintings was purchased by Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 
At the age of 28, he and Victor Orsel went to Paris to work in the studios of Pierre-Narcisse Guérin  Shortly after, Guérin was named Director of the Villa Medici and Bonnefond accompanied him to Rome 
While in Italy, he also visited Campania and Tuscany and made the acquaintance of several German painters of the Nazarene movement, including Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Joseph Anton Koch and Johann Friedrich Overbeck 
In 1830, Victor Prunelle, the Mayor of Lyon, offered him the directorship of the École des Beaux-arts  He accepted, replacing Revoil, and held that position for thirty years  He created a school of engraving, operated by Victor Vibert (1799-1860), and the École produced seventeen laureates of the Prix de Rome between 1831 and 1860  In 1834, he was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor  His own work continued to be in the Italian style until 1840, when he turned to painting portraits of the local bourgeoisie 
He died of what was described as "blood congestion" after a long period of illness 

Selected paintings
Notes
Passage 5:
Jean Edelinck
Jan, or Jean Edelinck (c 1640 – 1680), was a Flemish engraver who worked in Paris 

Life
He was born in Antwerp, the brother of Gerard Edelinck  He was probably younger than Gerard, though his date of birth is unknown  He preceded his brother to Paris  Joseph Strutt, writing in the late 18th century, compared his work unfavourably to Gerard's, saying that, although he closely imitated his style, "he never equalled him, either in drawing or the execution of the mechanical part of his plates "He died in Paris in 1680 

Works
Edelinck made several engravings of the statues in the gardens at Versailles, of which Strutt said "they do him great credit, though the effect is cold, and the extremities rather heavy"  He also made plates after a portrait of the anatomist  Isbrandus de Diemerbroeck by Romeyn de Hooghe, and The Deluge by Alessandro Turchi  The latter was finished after his death by his youngest brother, Gaspard François Edelinck 
Passage 6:
Jean-Claude Dague
Jean-Claude Dague, born Jean-Claude Dagouassat in 1937, is a French film director 

Biography
After having directed four films, Jean-Claude Dague's production company was almost bankrupt  He then attempted a hold-up in Bry-sur-Marne in 1971, but was easily caught with his two partners, having used his own car to flee  The two partners were actor René Chapotot and stuntman Germain Roig  Dague then spent eight years in prison, and wrote about it in a book, Le Dénommé, of which he made a film in 1990 

Filmography
Director1968 : Le Bal des voyous
1969 : Poussez pas grand-père dans les cactus
1970 : Désirella
1971 : L'Homme qui vient de la nuit
1990 : Le Dénommé
1999 : La Paix pour les Enfants du MondeActor1966 : Espions à l'affûtScreenwriter1991 : La Dernière Saison
Passage 7:
Jean-Claude Lauzon
Jean-Claude Lauzon (September 29, 1953 – August 10, 1997) was a Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter  Born to a working class family in Montreal, Quebec, Lauzon dropped out of high school and worked various jobs before studying film at the Université du Québec à Montréal  His two feature-length films, Night Zoo (1987) and Léolo (1992), established him as one of the most important Canadian directors of his generation  American film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lauzon is so motivated by his resentments and desires that everything he creates is pressed into the cause and filled with passion "His film Léolo is widely considered to be one of the best Canadian films of all time  It was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, and was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest films that were released between March 3, 1923—when the first issue of Time was published—and early 2005, when the list was compiled Lauzon's career was cut short by his death in a plane crash in 1997 at the age of 43 

Early life
Born to a working class family in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Lauzon worked a variety of odd jobs after dropping out of high school  He went on to study film at the Université du Québec à Montréal at the behest of Andre Petrowski, a member of the National Film Board of Canada 

Career
While studying at the Université du Québec à Montréal, Lauzon began experimenting with 16mm film stock  His first short film, titled Super Maire, won the Norman McLaren Grand Prize at the Canadian Student Film Festival in 1979  His second short film, titled Piwi, which he started working on while spending time at the American Film Institute in Los Angeles, won the Jury Prize at the Montreal World Film Festival in 1981 In 1983, Lauzon wrote the first draft for his debut feature, Night Zoo, but spent most of the 1980s directing television commercials in Quebec and earning his pilot's licence  He eventually directed the film, making his feature-length film debut, and the film premiered in the Director's Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival, where it was warmly received by most critics  The Globe and Mail’s Jay Scott wrote that “more than anything, Zoo is a movie of extremes; few films in the history of the cinema have wandered so successfully all over so much of the emotional map ” The film went on to win a record-breaking 13 Genie Awards in 1988, and won the Golden Reel Award for being the highest-grossing Canadian film of that year Lauzon achieved further success and acclaim with his second feature-length film, Léolo, which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival  Léolo won three Genie Awards and was a box office success in Canada and across Europe, but failed to make much of an impact in the U S  upon release  Léolo has been called one of the best Canadian films of all time by various media outlets  It was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest films that were released between March 3, 1923—when the first issue of Time was published—and early 2005, when the list was compiled After the success of his first two films, Lauzon focused on directing commercials for television and spent most of his time in northern Quebec flying his Cessna 180 Skywagon, fishing, and hunting 

Artistry
Playback wrote that Lauzon's films were "substantially autobiographical in nature"  Collaborators described the director as "an extremely creative and intense personality for whom making films was painful " American film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lauzon is so motivated by his resentments and desires that everything he creates is pressed into the cause and filled with passion "

Death
Lauzon was preparing his third feature-length film when he died, along with his girlfriend, Canadian actress Marie-Soleil Tougas, in a plane crash  On August 10, 1997, the Cessna 180 Skywagon that Lauzon was piloting flew into a mountainside in strong winds and rain near Kuujjuaq, Quebec while returning from a fishing trip  Lauzon was 43 years old when he died  He was buried in a private ceremony 

Filmography
Super Maire (1979), short film
Piwi (1981), short film
Night Zoo also known as Un zoo la nuit (1987), feature film
Léolo (1992), feature film
Passage 8:
Silvi Jan
Silvi Jan (Hebrew: סילבי ז'אן; born 27 October 1973) an Israeli former footballer who played as a striker  With 29 goals, she is the all-time Israel national team top goalscorer 

Club career
Jan played school football in Netanya, and was part of the boys' football team of Shorashim school  As there was no women's league, Jan tried to find an active team in Europe, eventually signing with Kolbotn I L  in Norway  In 1999, with the establishment of the Israeli Women's League, Jan returned to Israel and signed with Hapoel Tel Aviv 
Jan played at Hapoel Tel Aviv for four seasons, until the team folded, winning the league and cup in 2000–01  After Hapoel Tel Aviv folded, Jan signed with Maccabi Holon, where she played until her retirement in 2007  With Maccabi Holon Jan won the league 4 times and the cup 5 times 
In January 2009, Jan returned to league action and joined ASA Tel Aviv University  On 21 February 2012, in a league match against her former club, Maccabi Holon, Jan scored her 1000th goal in all club and national team competitions  Jan played at ASA Tel Aviv until her retirement in May 2012  With ASA Tel Aviv Jan Jan won three championships and two cups  Jan scored a total of 1,010 goals in all competitions 

International career
Silvi Jan has been a striker for the Israel national team for many years, appearing in 23 matches and scoring 29 goals  Jan made her debut against Romania on 2 November 1997, and scored her debut goal against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8 April 2008, one of four she scored on the day 
Her last international goal was also scored against Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a match played on 23 November 2006, in which Israel won 5–2  Jan made her last international appearance against Poland on 10 May 2007 

International goals
Personal life
Jan came out as a lesbian in December 2017  She got engaged to her partner in November the following year 
In September 2018  Jan was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 

Honours
Hapoel Tel Aviv

Ligat Nashim: 2000–01
Israeli Women's Cup: 2000–01Haccabi Holon

Ligat Nashim: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Israeli Women's Cup: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07ASA Tel Aviv University

Ligat Nashim: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Israeli Women's Cup: 2010–11, 2011–12Individual

Ligat Nashim top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Israeli Women's Cup top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2006–07, 2011–12
Passage 9:
Jean-Claude Casadesus
Jean-Claude Probst (born 7 December 1935), known professional as Jean-Claude Casadesus, is a French conductor 

Biography
Casadesus was born in Paris on 7 December 1935, the son of actress Gisèle Casadesus and her husband Lucien Pascal   He began his career as a percussionist before studying composition and conducting with Pierre Dervaux and Pierre Boulez 
In 1969 he was hired as assistant conductor at the Paris Opéra and the Opéra-Comique   In 1971 he co-founded the Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire with Pierre Dervaux, and acted as Dervaux's deputy there until 1976   In 1976 he became principal conductor of the Orchestre national de Lille, performing concerts locally and internationally   He directed the French Youth Orchestra in 2007 

Personal life
Jean-Claude has been married twice and has three children, his only daughter Caroline (b  30 October 1962) is an opera singer and his first born son Sebastian Copeland (b  3 April 1964) is a film director whose mother is Pénélope Copeland, his second son Olivier (b  2 September 1970) is an actor whose mother is Anne Sevestre 

Distinctions
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
Commandeur de l'Ordre national du Mérite
Commandeur des Arts et Lettres
Commandeur de l'Ordre d'Orange-Nassau
Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold de Belgique
Chevalier des Palmes AcadémiquesIn 2004, the Victoires de la musique classique awarded him a victory of honour 

Discography with l'Orchestre National de Lille
Richard Wagner, Ouvertures et monologues célèbres, Le Vaisseau Fantôme, Tännhauser, Les Maîtres chanteurs de Nuremberg, La Walkyrie, avec José van Dam, Label Forlane
Darius Milhaud, La Création du monde, Le Bœuf sur le toit, Suite Provençale, L'Homme et son Désir, Label Naxos
Serge Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky (Cantata), Lieutenant Kijé (Suite), Label Naxos
Hector Berlioz, La Damnation de Faust, Label Naxos
Hector Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Label Harmonia Mundi
Joseph Canteloube, Chants d'Auvergne, Label Naxos
Gustav Mahler, Symphonies, Label Forlane
Georges Bizet, Clovis et Clotilde - Te Deum, Label Naxos - Abeille Musique, 2010

Bibliography
Le plus court chemin d'un cœur à l'autre, Jean-Claude Casadesus, Éditions Stock
Passage 10:
Charles Wheatstone
Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS FRSE (; 6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique)  However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy 

Life
Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood, Gloucestershire  His father, W  Wheatstone, was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute  Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London  One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs  Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress  From another he ran away, but was captured at Windsor, not far from the theatre of his practical telegraph  As a boy he was very shy and sensitive, liking well to retire into an attic, without any other company than his own thoughts 

When he was about fourteen years old he was apprenticed to his uncle and namesake, a maker and seller of musical instruments at 436 Strand, London; but he showed little taste for handicraft or business, and loved better to study books  His father encouraged him in this, and finally took him out of the uncle's charge 
At the age of fifteen, Wheatstone translated French poetry, and wrote two songs, one of which was given to his uncle, who published it without knowing it as his nephew's composition  Some lines of his on the lyre became the motto of an engraving by Bartolozzi  He often visited an old book-stall in the vicinity of Pall Mall, which was then a dilapidated and unpaved thoroughfare  Most of his pocket-money was spent in purchasing the books which had taken his fancy, whether fairy tales, history, or science 
One day, to the surprise of the bookseller, he coveted a volume on the discoveries of Volta in electricity, but not having the price, he saved his pennies and secured the volume  It was written in French, and so he was obliged to save again, until he could buy a dictionary  Then he began to read the volume, and, with the help of his elder brother, William, to repeat the experiments described in it, with a home-made battery, in the scullery behind his father's house  In constructing the battery, the boy philosophers ran short of money to procure the requisite copper-plates  They had only a few copper coins left  A happy thought occurred to Charles, who was the leading spirit in these researches, 'We must use the pennies themselves,' said he, and the battery was soon complete 
At Christchurch, Marylebone, on 12 February 1847, Wheatstone was married to Emma West  She was the daughter of a Taunton tradesman, and of handsome appearance  She died in 1866, leaving a family of five young children to his care  His domestic life was quiet and uneventful 
Though silent and reserved in public, Wheatstone was a clear and voluble talker in private, if taken on his favourite studies, and his small but active person, his plain but intelligent countenance, was full of animation  Sir Henry Taylor tells us that he once observed Wheatstone at an evening party in Oxford earnestly holding forth to Lord Palmerston on the capabilities of his telegraph  'You don't say so!' exclaimed the statesman  'I must get you to tell that to the Lord Chancellor ' And so saying, he fastened the electrician on Lord Westbury, and effected his escape  A reminiscence of this interview may have prompted Palmerston to remark that a time was coming when a minister might be asked in Parliament if war had broken out in India, and would reply, 'Wait a minute; I'll just telegraph to the Governor-General, and let you know '

Wheatstone was knighted in 1868, after his completion of the automatic telegraph  He had previously been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour  Some thirty-four distinctions and diplomas of home or foreign societies bore witness to his scientific reputation  Since 1836 he had been a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1859 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1873 a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences  The same year he was awarded the Ampere Medal by the French Society for the Encouragement of National Industry  In 1875 he was created an honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers  He was a D C L  of Oxford and an LL D  of Cambridge 
While on a visit to Paris during the autumn of 1875, and engaged in perfecting his receiving instrument for submarine cables, he caught a cold, which produced inflammation of the lungs, an illness from which he died in Paris, on 19 October 1875 aged 73  A memorial service was held in the Anglican Chapel, Paris, and attended by a deputation of the Academy  His remains were taken to his home in Park Crescent, London, (marked by a blue plaque today) and buried in Kensal Green Cemetery 

Music instruments and acoustics
In September 1821, Wheatstone brought himself into public notice by exhibiting the 'Enchanted Lyre,' or 'Acoucryptophone,' at a music shop at Pall Mall and in the Adelaide Gallery  It consisted of a mimic lyre hung from the ceiling by a cord, and emitting the strains of several instruments – the piano, harp, and dulcimer  In reality it was a mere sounding box, and the cord was a steel rod that conveyed the vibrations of the music from the several instruments which were played out of sight and ear-shot  At this period Wheatstone made numerous experiments on sound and its transmission  Some of his results are preserved in Thomson's Annals of Philosophy for 1823 
He recognised that sound is propagated by waves or oscillations of the atmosphere, as light was then believed to be by undulations of the luminiferous ether  Water, and solid bodies, such as glass, or metal, or sonorous wood, convey the modulations with high velocity, and he conceived the plan of transmitting sound-signals, music, or speech to long distances by this means  He estimated that sound would travel 200 miles per second (320 km/s) through solid rods, and proposed to telegraph from London to Edinburgh in this way  He even called his arrangement a 'telephone ' (Robert Hooke, in his Micrographia, published in 1667, writes: 'I can assure the reader that I have, by the help of a distended wire, propagated the sound to a very considerable distance in an instant, or with as seemingly quick a motion as that of light ' Nor was it essential the wire should be straight; it might be bent into angles  This property is the basis of the mechanical or lover's telephone, said to have been known to the Chinese many centuries ago  Hooke also considered the possibility of finding a way to quicken our powers of hearing )
A writer in the Repository of Arts for 1 September 1821, in referring to the 'Enchanted Lyre,' beholds the prospect of an opera being performed at the King's Theatre, and enjoyed at the Hanover Square Rooms, or even at the Horns Tavern, Kennington  The vibrations are to travel through underground conductors, like to gas in pipes 

And if music be capable of being thus conducted,' he observes, 'perhaps the words of speech may be susceptible of the same means of propagation  The eloquence of counsel, the debates of Parliament, instead of being read the next day only, – But we shall lose ourselves in the pursuit of this curious subject Besides transmitting sounds to a distance, Wheatstone devised a simple instrument for augmenting feeble sounds, to which he gave the name of 'Microphone ' It consisted of two slender rods, which conveyed the mechanical vibrations to both ears, and is quite different from the electrical microphone of Professor Hughes 
In 1823, his uncle, the musical instrument maker, died, and Wheatstone, with his elder brother, William, took over the business  Charles had no great liking for the commercial part, but his ingenuity found a vent in making improvements on the existing instruments, and in devising philosophical toys  He also invented instruments of his own  One of the most famous was the Wheatstone concertina  It was a six sided instrument with 64 keys  These keys provided for simple chromatic fingerings  The English Concertina became increasingly famous throughout his lifetime, however it didn't reach its peak of popularity until the early 20th century 
In 1827, Wheatstone introduced his 'kaleidophone', a device for rendering the vibrations of a sounding body apparent to the eye  It consists of a metal rod, carrying at its end a silvered bead, which reflects a 'spot' of light  As the rod vibrates the spot is seen to describe complicated figures in the air, like a spark whirled about in the darkness  His photometer was probably suggested by this appliance  It enables two lights to be compared by the relative brightness of their reflections in a silvered bead, which describes a narrow ellipse, so as to draw the spots into parallel lines 
In 1828, Wheatstone improved the German wind instrument, called the Mundharmonika, until it became the popular concertina, patented on 19 December 1829  The portable harmonium is another of his inventions, which gained a prize medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851  He also improved the speaking machine of De Kempelen, and endorsed the opinion of Sir David Brewster, that before the end of this century a singing and talking apparatus would be among the conquests of science 
In 1834, Wheatstone, who had won a name for himself, was appointed to the Chair of Experimental Physics in King's College London  His first course of lectures on sound were a complete failure, due to his abhorrence of public speaking  In the rostrum he was tongue-tied and incapable, sometimes turning his back on the audience and mumbling to the diagrams on the wall  In the laboratory he felt himself at home, and ever after confined his duties mostly to demonstration 

Velocity of electricity
He achieved renown by a great experiment made in 1834 – the measurement of the velocity of electricity in a wire  He cut the wire at the middle, to form a gap which a spark might leap across, and connected its ends to the poles of a Leyden jar filled with electricity  Three sparks were thus produced, one at each end of the wire, and another at the middle  He mounted a tiny mirror on the works of a watch, so that it revolved at a high velocity, and observed the reflections of his three sparks in it  The points of the wire were so arranged that if the sparks were instantaneous, their reflections would appear in one straight line; but the middle one was seen to lag behind the others, because it was an instant later  The electricity had taken a certain time to travel from the ends of the wire to the middle  This time was found by measuring the amount of lag, and comparing it with the known velocity of the mirror  Having got the time, he had only to compare that with the length of half the wire, and he could find the velocity of electricity  His results gave a calculated velocity of 288,000 miles per second, i e  faster than what we now know to be the speed of light (299,792 458 kilometres per second (186,000 mi/s)), but were nonetheless an interesting approximation It was already appreciated by some scientists that the "velocity" of electricity was dependent on the properties of the conductor and its surroundings  Francis Ronalds had observed signal retardation in his buried electric telegraph cable (but not his airborne line) in 1816 and outlined its cause to be induction  Wheatstone witnessed these experiments as a youth, which were apparently a stimulus for his own research in telegraphy  Decades later, after the telegraph had been commercialised, Michael Faraday described how the velocity of an electric field in a submarine wire, coated with insulator and surrounded with water, is only 144,000 miles per second (232,000 km/s), or still less 
Wheatstone's device of the revolving mirror was afterwards employed by Léon Foucault and Hippolyte Fizeau to measure the relative speeds of light in air versus water, and later to measure the speed of light 

Spectroscopy
Wheatstone and others also contributed to early spectroscopy through the discovery and exploitation of spectral emission lines As John Munro wrote in 1891, "In 1835, at the Dublin meeting of the British Association, Wheatstone showed that when metals were volatilised in the electric spark, their light, examined through a prism, revealed certain rays which were characteristic of them  Thus the kind of metals which formed the sparking points could be determined by analysing the light of the spark  This suggestion has been of great service in spectrum analysis, and as applied by Robert Bunsen, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, and others, has led to the discovery of several new elements, such as rubidium and thallium, as well as increasing our knowledge of the heavenly bodies "

Telegraph
Wheatstone abandoned his idea of transmitting intelligence by the mechanical vibration of rods, and took up the electric telegraph  In 1835 he lectured on the system of Baron Schilling, and declared that the means were already known by which an electric telegraph could be made of great service to the world  He made experiments with a plan of his own, and not only proposed to lay an experimental line across the Thames, but to establish it on the London and Birmingham Railway  Before these plans were carried out, however, he received a visit from William 
Cooke at his house in Conduit Street on 27 February 1837, which had an important influence on his future 

Cooperation with Cooke
Cooke was an officer in the Madras Army, who, being home on leave, was attending some lectures on anatomy at the University of Heidelberg, where, on 6 March 1836, he witnessed a demonstration with the telegraph of professor Georg Munke, and was so impressed with its importance, that he forsook his medical studies and devoted all his efforts to the work of introducing the telegraph  He returned to London soon after, and was able to exhibit a telegraph with three needles in January 1837  Feeling his want of scientific knowledge, he consulted Michael Faraday and Peter Roget (then secretary of the Royal Society): Roget sent him to Wheatstone 
At a second interview, Cooke told Wheatstone of his intention to bring out a working telegraph, and explained his method  Wheatstone, according to his own statement, remarked to Cooke that the method would not act, and produced his own experimental telegraph  Finally, Cooke proposed that they should enter into a partnership, but Wheatstone was at first reluctant to comply  He was a well-known man of science, and had meant to publish his results without seeking to make capital of them  Cooke, on the other hand, declared that his sole object was to make a fortune from the scheme  In May they agreed to join their forces, Wheatstone contributing the scientific, and Cooke the administrative talent  The deed of partnership was dated 19 November 1837  A joint patent was taken out for their inventions, including the five-needle telegraph of Wheatstone, and an alarm worked by a relay, in which the current, by dipping a needle into mercury, completed a local circuit, and released the detent of a clockwork 
The five-needle telegraph, which was mainly, if not entirely, due to Wheatstone, was similar to that of Schilling, and based on the principle enunciated by Ampère – that is to say, the current was sent into the line by completing the circuit of the battery with a make and break key, and at the other end it passed through a coil of wire surrounding a magnetic needle free to turn round its centre  According as one pole of the battery or the other was applied to the line by means of the key, the current deflected the needle to one side or the other  There were five separate circuits actuating five different needles  The latter were pivoted in rows across the middle of a dial shaped like a diamond, and having the letters of the alphabet arranged upon it in such a way that a letter was literally pointed out by the current deflecting two of the needles towards it 

Early installations
An experimental line, with a sixth return wire, was run between the Euston terminus and Camden Town station of the London and North Western Railway on 25 July 1837  The actual distance was only one and a half-miles (2 4 km), but spare wire had been inserted in the circuit to increase its length  It was late in the evening before the trial took place  Cooke was in charge at Camden Town, while Robert Stephenson and other gentlemen looked on; and Wheatstone sat at his instrument in a dingy little room, lit by a tallow candle, near the booking-office at Euston  Wheatstone sent the first message, to which Cooke replied: and "never" said Wheatstone, "did I feel such a tumultuous sensation before, as when, all alone in the still room, I heard the needles click, and as I spelled the words, I felt all the magnitude of the invention pronounced to be practicable beyond cavil or dispute "
In spite of this trial, however, the directors of the railway treated the 'new-fangled' invention with indifference, and requested its removal  In July 1839, however, it was favoured by the Great Western Railway, and a line erected from the Paddington station terminus to West Drayton railway station, a distance of thirteen miles (21 km)  Part of the wire was laid underground at first, but subsequently all of it was raised on posts along the line  Their circuit was eventually extended to Slough in 1841, and was publicly exhibited at Paddington as a marvel of science, which could transmit fifty signals a distance of 280,000 miles per minute (7,500 km/s)  The price of admission was a shilling (£0 05), and in 1844 one fascinated observer recorded the following:

"It is perfect from the terminus of the Great Western as far as Slough – that is, eighteen miles; the wires being in some places underground in tubes, and in others high up in the air, which last, he says, is by far the best plan  We asked if the weather did not affect the wires, but he said not; a violent thunderstorm might ring a bell, but no more  We were taken into a small room (we being Mrs Drummond, Miss Philips, Harry Codrington and myself – and afterwards the Milmans and Mr Rich) where were several wooden cases containing different sorts of telegraphs  In one sort every word was spelt, and as each letter was placed in turn in a particular position, the machinery caused the electric fluid to run down the line, where it made the letter show itself at Slough, by what machinery he could not undertake to explain  After each word came a  sign from Slough, signifying "I understand", coming certainly in less  than one second from the end of the word      Another prints the messages it brings, so that if no-one attended to the bell,    the message would not be lost  This is effected by the electrical fluid causing a little hammer to strike the letter which presents itself, the letter which is raised hits some manifold writing paper (a new invention, black paper which, if pressed, leaves an indelible black mark), by which means the impression is left on white paper beneath  This was the most ingenious of all, and apparently Mr  Wheatstone's favourite; he was very good-natured in explaining but understands it so well himself that he cannot feel how little we know about it, and goes too fast for such ignorant folk to follow him in everything  Mrs Drummond told me he is wonderful for the rapidity with which he thinks and his power of invention; he invents so many things that he cannot put half his ideas into execution, but leaves them to be picked up and used by others, who get the credit of them "

Public attention and success
The public took to the new invention after the capture of the murderer John Tawell, who in 1845, had become the first person to be arrested as the result of telecommunications technology  In the same year, Wheatstone introduced two improved forms of the apparatus, namely, the 'single' and the 'double' needle instruments, in which the signals were made by the successive deflections of the needles  Of these, the single-needle instrument, requiring only one wire, is still in use The development of the telegraph may be gathered from two facts  In 1855, the death of the Emperor Nicholas at St  Petersburg, about one o'clock in the afternoon, was announced in the House of Lords a few hours later  The result of The Oaks of 1890 was received in New York fifteen seconds after the horses passed the winning-post 

Differences with Cooke
In 1841 a difference arose between Cooke and Wheatstone as to the share of each in the honour of inventing the telegraph  The question was submitted to the arbitration of the famous engineer, Marc Isambard Brunel, on behalf of Cooke, and Professor Daniell, of King's College, the inventor of the Daniell cell, on the part of Wheatstone  They awarded to Cooke the credit of having introduced the telegraph as a useful undertaking which promised to be of national importance, and to Wheatstone that of having by his researches prepared the public to receive it  They concluded with the words: 'It is to the united labours of two gentlemen so well qualified for mutual assistance that we must attribute the rapid progress which this important invention has made during five years since they have been associated ' The decision, however vague, pronounces the needle telegraph a joint production  If it had mainly been invented by Wheatstone, it was chiefly introduced by Cooke  Their respective shares in the undertaking might be compared to that of an author and his publisher, but for the fact that Cooke himself had a share in the actual work of invention 

Further work on telegraphs
From 1836–7 Wheatstone had thought a good deal about submarine telegraphs, and in 1840 he gave evidence before the Railway Committee of the House of Commons on the feasibility of the proposed line from Dover to Calais  He had even designed the machinery for making and laying the cable  In the autumn of 1844, with the assistance of J  D  Llewellyn, he submerged a length of insulated wire in Swansea Bay, and signalled through it from a boat to the Mumbles Lighthouse  Next year he suggested the use of gutta-percha for the coating of the intended wire across the English Channel 
In 1840 Wheatstone had patented an alphabetical telegraph, or, 'Wheatstone A B C instrument,' which moved with a step-by-step motion, and showed the letters of the message upon a dial  The same principle was used in his type-printing telegraph, patented in 1841  This was the first apparatus which printed a telegram in type  It was worked by two circuits, and as the type revolved a hammer, actuated by the current, pressed the required letter on the paper 
The introduction of the telegraph had so far advanced that, on 2 September 1845, the Electric Telegraph Company was registered, and Wheatstone, by his deed of partnership with Cooke, received a sum of £33,000 for the use of their joint inventions 
In 1859 Wheatstone was appointed by the Board of Trade to report on the subject of the Atlantic cables, and in 1864 he was one of the experts who advised the Atlantic Telegraph Company on the construction of the successful lines of 1865 and 1866 
In 1870 the electric telegraph lines of the United Kingdom, worked by different companies, were transferred to the Post Office, and placed under Government control 
Wheatstone further invented the automatic transmitter, in which the signals of the message are first punched out on a strip of paper (punched tape), which is then passed through the sending-key, and controls the signal currents  By substituting a mechanism for the hand in sending the message, he was able to telegraph about 100 words a minute, or five times the ordinary rate  In the Postal Telegraph service this apparatus is employed for sending Press telegrams, and it has recently been so much improved, that messages are now sent from London to Bristol at a speed of 600 words a minute, and even of 400 words a minute between London and Aberdeen  On the night of 8 April 1886, when Gladstone introduced his Bill for Home Rule in Ireland, no fewer than 1,500,000 words were dispatched from the central station at St  Martin's-le-Grand by 100 Wheatstone transmitters  The plan of sending messages by a running strip of paper which actuates the key was originally patented by Alexander Bain in 1846; but Wheatstone, aided by Augustus Stroh, an accomplished mechanician, and an able experimenter, was the first to bring the idea into successful operation  This system is often referred to as the Wheatstone Perforator and is the forerunner of the stock market ticker tape 

Optics
Stereopsis was first described by Wheatstone in 1838  In 1840 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his explanation of binocular vision, a research which led him to make stereoscopic drawings and construct the stereoscope  He showed that our impression of solidity is gained by the combination in the mind of two separate pictures of an object taken by both of our eyes from different points of view  Thus, in the stereoscope, an arrangement of lenses or mirrors, two photographs of the same object taken from different points are so combined as to make the object stand out with a solid aspect  Sir David Brewster improved the stereoscope by dispensing with the mirrors, and bringing it into its existing form with lenses 
The 'pseudoscope' (Wheatstone coined the term from the Greek ψευδίς σκοπειν) was introduced in 1852, and is in some sort the reverse of the stereoscope, since it causes a solid object to seem hollow, and a nearer one to be farther off; thus, a bust appears to be a mask, and a tree growing outside of a window looks as if it were growing inside the room  Its purpose was to test his theory of stereo vision and for investigations into what would now be called experimental psychology 

Measuring time
In 1840, Wheatstone introduced his chronoscope, for measuring minute intervals of time, which was used in determining the speed of a bullet or the passage of a star  In this apparatus an electric current actuated an electro-magnet, which noted the instant of an occurrence by means of a pencil on a moving paper  It is said to have been capable of distinguishing 1/7300 part of a second (137 microsecond), and the time a body took to fall from a height of one inch (25 mm) 
On 26 November 1840, he exhibited his electro-magnetic clock in the library of the Royal Society, and propounded a plan for distributing the correct time from a standard clock to a number of local timepieces  The circuits of these were to be electrified by a key or contact-maker actuated by the arbour of the standard, and their hands corrected by electro-magnetism  The following January Alexander Bain took out a patent for an electro-magnetic clock, and he subsequently charged Wheatstone with appropriating his ideas  It appears that Bain worked as a mechanist to Wheatstone from August to December 1840, and he asserted that he had communicated the idea of an electric clock to Wheatstone during that period; but Wheatstone maintained that he had experimented in that direction during May  Bain further accused Wheatstone of stealing his idea of the electro-magnetic printing telegraph; but Wheatstone showed that the instrument was only a modification of his own electro-magnetic telegraph 
In 1840, Alexander Bain mentioned to the Mechanics Magazine editor his financial problems  The editor introduced him to Sir Charles Wheatstone  Bain demonstrated his models to Wheatstone, who, when asked for his opinion, said "Oh, I shouldn't bother to develop these things any further! There's no future in them " Three months later Wheatstone demonstrated an electric clock to the Royal Society, claiming it was his own invention  However, Bain had already applied for a patent for it  Wheatstone tried to block Bain's patents, but failed  When Wheatstone organised an Act of Parliament to set up the Electric Telegraph Company, the House of Lords summoned Bain to give evidence, and eventually compelled the company to pay Bain £10,000 and give him a job as manager, causing Wheatstone to resign 

Polar clock
One of Wheatstone's most ingenious devices was the 'Polar clock,' exhibited at the meeting of the British Association in 1848  It is based on the fact discovered by Sir David Brewster, that the light of the sky is polarised in a plane at an angle of ninety degrees from the position of the sun  It follows that by discovering that plane of polarisation, and measuring its azimuth with respect to the north, the position of the sun, although beneath the horizon, could be determined, and the apparent solar time obtained 
The clock consisted of a spyglass, having a Nicol (double-image) prism for an eyepiece, and a thin plate of selenite for an object-glass  When the tube was directed to the North Pole—that is, parallel to the Earth's axis—and the prism of the eyepiece turned until no colour was seen, the angle of turning, as shown by an index moving with the prism over a graduated limb, gave the hour of day  The device is of little service in a country where watches are reliable; but it formed part of the equipment of the 1875–1876 North Polar expedition commanded by Captain Nares 

Wheatstone bridge
In 1843 Wheatstone communicated an important paper to the Royal Society, entitled 'An Account of Several New Processes for Determining the Constants of a Voltaic Circuit ' It contained an exposition of the well known balance for measuring the electrical resistance of a conductor, which still goes by the name of Wheatstone's Bridge or balance, although it was first devised by Samuel Hunter Christie, of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, who published it in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833  The method was neglected until Wheatstone brought it into notice His paper abounds with simple and practical formulae for the calculation of currents and resistances by the law of Ohm  He introduced a unit of resistance, namely, a foot of copper wire weighing one hundred grains (6 5 g), and showed how it might be applied to measure the length of wire by its resistance  He was awarded a medal for his paper by the Society  The same year he invented an apparatus which enabled the reading of a thermometer or a barometer to be registered at a distance by means of an electric contact made by the mercury  A sound telegraph, in which the signals were given by the strokes of a bell, was also patented by Cooke and Wheatstone in May of that year 

Cryptography
Wheatstone's remarkable ingenuity was also displayed in the invention of ciphers  He was responsible for the then unusual Playfair cipher, named after his friend Lord Playfair  It was used by the militaries of several nations through at least World War I, and is known to have been used during World War II by British intelligence services It was initially resistant to cryptanalysis, but methods were eventually developed to break it  He also became involved in the interpretation of cipher manuscripts in the British Museum  He devised a cryptograph or machine for turning a message into cipher which could only be interpreted by putting the cipher into a corresponding machine adjusted to decrypt it 
As an amateur mathematician, Wheatstone published a mathematical proof in 1854 (see Cube (algebra)) 

Electrical generators
In 1840, Wheatstone brought out his magneto-electric machine for generating continuous currents 
On 4 February 1867, he published the principle of reaction in the dynamo-electric machine by a paper to the Royal Society; but Mr  C  W  Siemens had communicated the identical discovery ten days earlier, and both papers were read on the same day 
It afterwards appeared that Werner von Siemens, Samuel Alfred Varley, and Wheatstone had independently arrived at the principle within a few months of each other  Varley patented it on 24 December 1866; Siemens called attention to it on 17 January 1867; and Wheatstone exhibited it in action at the Royal Society on the above date 

Disputes over invention
Wheatstone was involved in various disputes with other scientists throughout his life regarding his role in different technologies and appeared at times to take more credit than he was due  As well as William Fothergill Cooke, Alexander Bain and David Brewster, mentioned above, these also included Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory  Wheatstone was erroneously believed by many to have created the atmospheric electricity observing apparatus that Ronalds invented and developed at the observatory in the 1840s and also to have installed the first automatic recording meteorological instruments there (see for example, Howarth, p158) 

Personal life
Wheatstone married Emma West, spinster, a daughter of John Hooke West, deceased, at Christ Church, Marylebone, on 12 February 1847  The marriage was by licence 

See also
William Fothergill Cooke
Oliver Heaviside
Context 2: Passage 1:
Vadim Vlasov
Vadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod 
He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov 
Passage 2:
Roman Smishko
Roman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper 
He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko 

Career
He played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes 
Passage 3:
Markus Weissenberger
Markus Weissenberger  (born 8 March 1975) is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder 
He is a younger brother of former Austria international player Thomas Weissenberger 

Club career
Weissenberger played for Eintracht Frankfurt, TSV 1860 Munich, Arminia Bielefeld, LASK 
In the Eintracht squad he was, in the attacking midfield, often only a backup for Alexander Meier and predominantly gets few short time appearances 
He returned to LASK in summer 2008 on a free transfer 

International career
Weissenberger made his debut for the Austria national team in an August 1999 friendly match against Sweden, coming on as a substitute for Mario Haas  He missed out on Euro 2008, after coming back late from a knee injury 
He earned 29 caps, scoring one goal, until August 2008 

International goal
Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first 

Career statistics
International
Honours
Eintracht Frankfurt

DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2005–06
Passage 4:
Altuğ Çelikbilek
Altuğ Çelikbilek (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈaɫtuː ˈtʃelicbilec]; born 7 September 1996) is a Turkish professional tennis player 
Çelikbilek has a career high ATP singles ranking of World No  154 achieved on 21 February 2022  He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No  224, achieved on 25 July 2022  Çelikbilek has won 2 ATP Challengers and 5 ITF singles titles and 11 ITF doubles titles  He is currently the No  1 Turkish player 

Professional career
He made his Grand Slam debut at the 2021 French Open as a qualifier 
Çelikbilek has represented Turkey at Davis Cup, where he has a win–loss record of 5–7 

ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 11 (8–3)
Doubles: 27 (12–15)
Passage 5:
Alan Chipp
Alan Chipp (born 9 January 1937) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL)  He is a younger brother of politician Don Chipp 

Notes
External links
Alan Chipp's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Alan Chipp at AustralianFootball com
Passage 6:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020
Passage 7:
Anton Shunto
Anton Shunto (Belarusian: Антон Шунто; Russian: Антон Шунто; born 31 May 1988) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Zhodino-Yuzhnoye He is a younger brother of Denis Shunto, who is a founder and former president of Krumkachy Minsk 

Career
Shunto started his career with FC Krumkachy Minsk 
Passage 8:
Guy Arvely Dolsin
Guy Arvely Dolsin (born January 15, 1957 in Toamasina) is a Malagasy politician   He is a member of the Senate of Madagascar for Boeny, and is a member of the Tiako I Madagasikara party 
Passage 9:
Zoran Švonja
Zoran Švonja (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Швоња; born 4 October 1996) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder for  Mladost Novi Sad  He is the younger brother of footballer Goran Švonja 

Club career
From 2016 to 2018, he played for OFK Bačka 
Passage 10:
Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev 

Honours
Zhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001
Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Year of The Rabbit
The Year of the Rabbit (Spanish: El año del conejo) is a 1987 Argentine comedy drama film directed by Fernando Ayala and written by Oscar Viale  Starring Gerardo Romano, the film had its premiere on August 13, 1987 

Synopsis
In his mid-50s, a man reassesses his family and work life 

Main cast
Luisina Brando
Federico Luppi
Gerardo Romano
Ulises Dumont
Juan Carlos Dual
Ludovica Squirru
Katja Alemán
Andrea Barbieri
Raúl Rizzo
Emilio Vidal

Other cast
Luis Alday
Martín Andrade
Olga Bruno
Ana María Colombo
Adrián Cuneo
Manuel Cuneo
Cristina Czetto
Sandra Domínguez
Héctor Ezcurra
Daniel Galarza
Maruja Pibernat
Nilda Raggi
Felisa Rocha
Enrique Sabattini
Carlos Santamaría
Carlos Silva
Alejandra Sirlin
Jorge Varas
Hebe Castro Zinny

External links
The Year of the Rabbit at IMDb
Passage 2:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 3:
Elliot Silverstein
Elliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director  He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977)  His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964) 

Career
Elliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century  The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin 
The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire 
Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt 
While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated  Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more  His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America 

Awards
In 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou 
He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou) 
In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris In 1985, he won the Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America 
In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award 

Personal life
Silverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce  His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968  His second marriage was to Alana King  During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy 
He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles  Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects 

Filmography
Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)
Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)
Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)
Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)
Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)
Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)
The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)
The Car (1977)
Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)
A Man Called Horse (1970)
The Happening (1967)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)
The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)
Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)
The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)
Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)
Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)
Dr  Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)
The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)
Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)
Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)
Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)
Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)
Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)
The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)
Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)
Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)
Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)
Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)
Passage 4:
Fernando Ayala
Fernando Ayala (2 July 1920 – 11 September 1997) was an Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer of the classic era  He is widely considered one of the most important Argentine film directors and producers in the history of the cinema of Argentina 
Ayala initially began as a trainee assistant director in 1942, in El Viaje, and within two years he had become an assistant director  By 1949 he had obtained his first job as director, and from 1958 he also served as producer for the films he directed and some others  Between 1950 and 1987 he was involved in the direction and production of well over 40 films, such as Ayer fue primavera in 1955 and Argentinísima and Argentinísima II in 1972 and 1973 respectively  In 1963 he was a member of the jury at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival  His 1983 film The Deal was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Diploma 

Filmography
Director
Passage 5:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 6:
Drew Esocoff
Drew Esocoff (born c  1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football 

Early life
Esocoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University  While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his students was Todd Bowles 

Career
Esocoff has worked for ESPN and ABC, serving as director for Monday Night Football, SportsCenter, and the NBA Finals, as well as five Super Bowls  Since 2006, he has served as director for NBC Sunday Night Football 
As of 2015, Esocoff has won 11 Emmy Awards 
Passage 7:
Jack Arnold (director)
Jack Arnold (born John Arnold Waks; October 14, 1916 – March 17, 1992) was an American actor and film and television director, best known as one of the leading filmmakers of 1950s science fiction films  His most notable films are It Came from Outer Space (1953), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Tarantula (1955), and The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957) 

Early years
Jack Arnold was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Russian immigrants : 53  As a child he read a lot of science fiction, which laid the foundations for his genre films of the 1950s 
He hoped to become a professional actor and in his late teens he enrolled in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, where his classmates included Hume Cronyn, Betty Field and Garson Kanin  After graduating he worked as a vaudeville dancer and, in 1935, began getting roles in Broadway plays  He was acting in My Sister Eileen when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and he immediately enlisted as a cadet for pilot training : 53 While Arnold intended to become a pilot, a shortage of planes meant he was temporarily placed in the Signal Corps, where he took a crash course in cinematography  He then became a cameraman and learned the techniques of filmmaking by assisting Robert Flaherty on various military films  After eight months with Flaherty he became a pilot in the Air Corps : 53  While stationed at Truax Airfield at New Rochelle, New York, he met Betty, who would later become his wife 

Career
Following the end of World War II and the end of Arnold's term of service, he formed a partnership with an air squadron buddy, Lee Goodman, to form a film production company  Their new company, called Promotional Films Company, made fundraising films for various non-profit organizations  He also continued acting on stage during this period, in plays including a revival of The Front Page, and played opposite Bela Lugosi and Elaine Stritch in Three Indelicate Ladies : 54 

By 1950, after his documentary films had received more exposure, he was commissioned to produce and direct With These Hands, a documentary about working conditions of the early 20th century  It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Arnold directed a number of 1950s science fiction films  The best known of these, It Came from Outer Space (1953), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Tarantula (1955), and The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957) are noted for their atmospheric black-and-white cinematography and sophisticated scripts  The Incredible Shrinking Man is considered his "masterpiece," a fantasy film with few equals in intelligence and sophistication, notes author John Baxter  While all the films display a "sheer virtuosity of style and clarity of vision "Arnold's main collaborator at Universal Studios was producer William Alland  Revenge of the Creature (1955) was Clint Eastwood's debut film 
Arnold also made some non-sci-fi films, mostly Westerns   His best Western is often considered to be No Name on the Bullet (1959), about a town frightened to hysteria by the arrival of a gunman who never reveals who he is after or why   The film was shot in color and CinemaScope and was later restored from the original negative for airing on the "Grit" digital broadcast channel 
He also worked as the director of The Mouse That Roared (1959), in which Peter Sellers played three roles, one of them in drag  His later films included Hello Down There (1969), Black Eye (1974), the British sex comedy The Bunny Caper aka Sex Play (1974), Boss Nigger (1975) and The Swiss Conspiracy (1976) 
Arnold began his television career in 1955 with several episodes of Science Fiction Theater  He went on to direct the long-running television series Perry Mason and Peter Gunn  He also directed episodes of such television shows as Nanny and the Professor, Alias Smith and Jones, The Fall Guy, The Brady Bunch, Gilligan's Island, Wonder Woman, Ellery Queen, Mr  Terrific, Mr  Lucky, and The San Pedro Beach Bums, as well as the TV movie Marilyn: The Untold Story (1980) 

Death and legacy
Arnold died of arteriosclerosis in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 75  Later that year, the UCLA Film Archive held a tribute "Jack Arnold: The Incredible Thinking Man" film festival which screened a number of his films  The Archive also produced and screened a bio-documentary about his life, The Incredible Thinking Man 

Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Monster on the Campus
Monster on the Campus (a k a  Monster in the Night and Stranger on the Campus) is a 1958 American black-and-white science fiction/horror film from Universal-International, produced by Joseph Gershenson, directed by Jack Arnold, from a script by David Duncan, that stars Arthur Franz, Joanna Cook Moore, Nancy Walters, Troy Donahue, and Whit Bissell  The film was theatrically released as a double feature with the British horror film Blood of the Vampire 
The film's storyline tells of a university science professor who accidentally comes into contact with the irradiated blood of a coelacanth, which causes him to "regress" to being a primitive caveman 

Plot
Dr  Donald Blake, a science professor at Dunsford University, receives a coelacanth  A student, Jimmy, asks Blake if the fish is really a million years old  Blake replies, "It's the species that's old  No change in millions of years  See, the coelacanth is a living fossil, immune to the forces of evolution"  Blake teaches his students that man is the only creature that can decide whether to evolve or devolve and that "unless we learn to control the instincts we've inherited from our ape-like ancestors, the race is doomed "
Inside the lab, Blake scratches himself on the teeth of the partially-thawed coelacanth, accidentally sticking his bloody hand into the water-filled container which held the fish  Molly Riordan, the assistant to Dr  Cole Oliver, is with Blake and offers him a ride home  Blake says he does not feel well and passes out when they get to Molly's car 
A person or persons unknown attacks Molly at Blake's home  Madeline Howard, Blake's fiancée and daughter of Dr  Gilbert Howard, president of the university, arrives and finds the home in shambles and Blake moaning on the ground  Madeline calls the police after seeing the corpse of Molly hanging by her hair in a tree 
Detective Lt  Mike Stevens and Detective Sgt  Eddie Daniels find a "deformed" handprint on a window and Blake's tie clasp in Molly's dead hand  They take Blake downtown when he admits that he cannot remember anything after getting into Molly's car 
Concluding that someone holding a grudge is trying to implicate Blake in Molly's murder, Stevens releases him  He assigns Daniels as Blake's bodyguard and tells Blake that Molly's autopsy showed she died of fright 
In his lab, Blake shoos away a dragonfly that lands on the coelacanth  The dragonfly later returns, now two feet in length  Blake and Jimmy try to catch the giant insect with a net when it lands on the coelacanth again  Blake stabs the dragonfly  While examining its body, he does not notice its blood has dripped into his pipe  Lighting up and smoking, he immediately feels ill  As the dragonfly shrinks back to its standard size, a large, hairy hand reaches out and squashes the insect  Then Blake's lab is trashed, and Jimmy's visiting girlfriend is killed  The police find huge footprints near her body and conclude they are from the same source 
Blake learns that the coelacanth has blood plasma preserved by gamma rays  If it gets into the bloodstream of an animal or person, it causes them to revert to a more primitive state temporarily  He realizes that he might have received a dose of the irradiated plasma  If so, then Blake has been reverting to a troglodyte with large hands, feet, dark skin, heavy body hair, and prominent brow ridges 
He decides to take some days off at Dr  Howard's remote cabin  Blake plans to learn whether he is the beast  He rigs the cabin with cameras on trip wires and injects himself with coelacanth plasma  His caveman self wrecks the room, trips the camera's wires, and is photographed  He grabs an axe and leaves 
While driving to the cabin, Madeline runs off the road and crashes when the caveman appears in her headlights  A local forest ranger arrives and calls the Dunsford police for help  The caveman carries the unconscious Madeline into the forest, with the ranger in pursuit 
Waking up, Madeline struggles with the beast  The ranger shoots the caveman when she breaks free  The caveman then kills the ranger with his axe and collapses  Blake, once again himself, returns to the cabin and develops a photo, showing it to Madeline 
Lt  Stevens, Detective Sgt  Powell and Dr  Howard arrive at the cabin  Blake tells them that he not only knows who the murderer is, but where to find him  Out in the woods, he explains to Howard what his experiment proved and injects himself with coelacanth plasma  Again transformed into the caveman, he chases Howard, forcing the two detectives to shoot him  As the beast lies dying, he slowly transforms back into Blake 

Cast
Arthur Franz as Dr  Donald Blake
Joanna Moore as Madeline Howard
Judson Pratt as Lt  Mike Stevens
Nancy Walters as Sylvia Lockwood
Troy Donahue as Jimmy Flanders
Phil Harvey as Sgt  Powell
Helen Westcott as Nurse Molly Riordan
Alexander Lockwood as Dr  Gilbert Howard
Whit Bissell as Dr  Oliver Cole
Ross Elliott as Sgt  Eddie Daniels
Anne Anderson as Student (uncredited)
Louis Cavalier as Student (uncredited)
Richard H  Cutting as Forest Ranger Tom Edwards (uncredited)
Hank Patterson as Night Watchman Mr  Townsend (uncredited)
Ronnie Rondell Jr  as Student (uncredited)
Eddie Parker as the Monster (uncredited)

Production
Production took place between April and May 1958  The on-campus scenes of Dunsford University were filmed at Occidental College in Eagle Rock, a suburb of Los Angeles, California The working title of the film was Monster in the Night  Although Universal music director Joseph Gershenson had received executive producer credit on some films of the 1940s, Monster on the Campus marked the first film for which he received sole credit as producer  This was the film debut of Nancy Walters  Arthur Franz only played Prof  Donald Blake  Once the makeup transformation scenes were over, stuntman Eddie Parker did every scene as the monster Science fiction film critic Bill Warren writes that director Jack Arnold said in an interview with Cinefastastique magazine (Vol 4 No 2, 1975) that the film was shot in 12 days, and that Arnold told Photon magazine (No 26, 1975), "I didn't really hate it, but I didn't think it was up to the standards of the other films that I have done" 

Reception
Monster on the Campus had a wide international release  Its U S  premiere was in Bismarck, North Dakota on 17 December 1958, followed by Finland on 1 May 1959, West Germany on 22 January 1960, France on 27 January 1960, and Mexico on 3 March 1960  The film was also released in the UK, Belgium, Greece, Italy, the Soviet Union, Argentina, and Brazil  In the UK, it was given an "X" certificate by the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), which meant at the time that the film could not be exhibited to people under age 16  In 2016, BBFC reclassified the DVD of Monster on the Campus  It now has a PG rating According to Warren, there were few reviews of Monster on the Campus when it first came out because it was the "bottom half of a double-bill with the more colorful Blood of the Vampire"  He quotes a few contemporary reviews  It was called "'a pretty fair shocker'" in Daily Variety  Jack Moffitt, in The Hollywood Reporter, said the film emphasized the "'human rather than the monstrous side of this modern 'Dr  Jekyll' story"  The Monthly Film Reporter, however, called it "'depressing,'" even though it had been "'tailored for the horror market '"BoxOffice magazine in its issue of 19 January 1959 showed positive reviews from most of the publications listed in its "Review Digest"  BoxOffice, Film Daily, and The Hollywood Reporter all rated it as "very good"; Harrison's Report and Variety rated it "good"; Parents' Magazine gave it a "fair" rating; and the New York Daily News had not reviewed the film The reviewing division of the Catholic News Service evaluated Monster on the Campus in 1958 for its "artistic merit and moral suitability"  This resulted in The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) giving the film a rating of "A-III," which meant it was suitable for adults, although USCCB cautioned that it contained "stylized violence with some intense menace" Many of the more recent reviews have centered on the monster/caveman/ape-man makeup  Warren writes, "The mask is unconvincing, with tiny shell-like teeth and a built-in scowl; it resembles similar Universal-International over-the-head masks of the period, as seen in Abbott and Costello Meet Dr  Jekyll and Mr  Hyde, Tarantula and other outings"  Bryan Senn notes that keeping the monster off-camera until near the end of the film is a good idea, as it adds a "bit of build-up and mystery", but doing so "only makes the rubbery mask and hirsute padded shoulders (making him look like a simian linebacker) that much more disappointing when finally revealed" But reviews have noted more than just makeup  Phil Hardy writes that "cinematographer [Russel] Metty and special effects man [Clifford] Stine make the most of the ape-man's path of destruction through the campus but the script lacks any sparkle"  Senn calls the film "visually flat, with the 'action' taking place in labs, offices and cabins, and with exteriors consisting of one back-lot hillside"  And Warren says that the film is "hampered by trivial locations and drab sets  The film has no arresting images  The best [Arnold] can come up with is a swift glance the ape-man gives a mirror before smashing it and one shot of a woman dangling by her hair from a tree"  In summary, he calls the film "routine, unimaginative and foolish     Jack Arnold's worst science fiction film" But not every reviewer disliked Monster on the Campus  Critic Ken Hanke wrote that "part of the charm of this little movie is that the monster is so hokey  No, it's not classic horror, but it's a good bit of fun"  He gave the film a score of 4 5 out of 5 stars Popularity with the public is harder to judge  The film holds a 5 8/10 from 1,111 votes on the Internet Movie Database and a low 22% from 270 viewers at the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes 

Academic interest
Monster on the Campus has attracted a fair amount of academic interest  Prof  Cyndy Hendershot in 2001 wrote that the film examines "issues of conformity and individuality" through a "metaphor of monstrous transformation"  Hendershot says that while Blake the professor represents conformity, his caveman self is a representation of individuality  But he cannot be conformist and individualistic at the same time  His employer, Dunsfield University, "conspires to stamp out individuality that does not follow the direction of the organization as a whole"  That is, "while Monster on the Campus adopts the typical sf/horror plot of the mad scientist versus the blind authorities", the film "frames the issue specifically within the world of the organization man"  According to Hendershot, a man such as Blake - driven from within toward individualism and not at all a good organization man who willingly submits to conformity imposed on him from the outside - cannot win  His personal goal of knowledge for the sake of knowledge is not that of the university, which seems more interested in the publicity that owning a rare coelacanth will bring  "But, if the film condemns the other-directed society as stifling scientific knowledge, it equally condemns Blake's rampant inner-directed man  It reveals, in fact, that the individual within is a beast" Also in 2001, Hendershot looked at Monster on the Campus as an exploration of a "wide variety of issues related to the emergence of teen culture in Fifties America"  Specifically, her focus is on juvenile deliquency, which she says "provoked feelings of intense horror" in adults at the time  The Dunsfield Police, for example, "suspect the teenagers on campus of being guilty" of the murders of Molly and Daniels, yet the "true criminal is located at the heart of adult authority on campus"  However, unlike many films in which young people are the villains, Monster on the Campus inverts things, so that "only the students emerge as having any clear moral sense about the horrors that are occurring on campus"  In other words, "the kids in Monster on the Campus are fine; it's the adults that have to be watched, as they may transform into monsters at any moment" Prof  Patrick Gonder looks at the film in racial terms  He writes that Monster on the Campus was released just a few years after the 1954 US Supreme Court decision in Brown v  Board of Education  In that light, he says, "the monster on the campus is the demonized black male student, threatening to contaminate the purity of white women and cause the reversal of white evolutionary potential  The Caveman is imaged as a racist caricature of the African American: bestial, violent and corrosive to the tenets of white society"  However, Gonder goes on to point out that the "creature and the professor are one and the same: several times, Blake comments on how the beast is 'within' him"  And at the end of the film Blake solves his problem: he "does not turn himself in but instead organizes his own lynch mob by purposefully (for the first time) transforming himself into the Caveman, thus forcing the police officers to shoot him" 

Home media
Monster on the Campus had its U S  VHS release in 1994  Universal Pictures released Monster on the Campus as part of a DVD boxed set called The Classic Sci-Fi Ultimate Collection, which features four other Universal films: The Incredible Shrinking Man, The Mole People, The Monolith Monsters, and Tarantula  Shout Factory released the film on Blu-ray in a package including the trailer and subtitles on 25 June 2019 

Popular culture
Monster on the Campus has been referenced in a number of other films and television programs  Among other examples, it was shown on Svengoolie in 1981 and 2013; scenes from it were used in the films Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and American Grindhouse (2010); and it was mentioned in the Canadian comedy Ding et Dong le film (1990) In music, The Modern Airline, a neo-New Wave band from Brooklyn, New York, released a song titled "Monster on the Campus" in 2017 
Passage 9:
G  Marthandan
G  Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema  His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus

Early life
G  Marthandan was born to M  S  Gopalan Nair and P  Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala  He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery 

Career
After completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995  His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998  He worked as an associate director for 18 years He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role  His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles  Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes 

Filmography
As director
As associate director
As actor
TV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episode

Awards
Ramu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)
JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)
Passage 10:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)



ground_truth: Charles Wheatstone

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is younger, Guy Arvely Dolsin or Altuğ Çelikbilek?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 2:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 3:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 4:
Jail Yatra (1947 film)
Jail Yatra is an Indian Hindi-language drama film released in 1947  It was directed by Gajanan Jagirdar 

Cast
Raj Kapoor
Kamini Kaushal
Ramlal
Badri Prasad
Bikram Kapoor

Music
"Duniya Sari Jail Re" - Ninu Majumdar
"Piya Milne Naveli" - Raj Kapoor
"O Gori Kahan 7hali" - Meena Kapoor, Ninu Majumdar
Passage 5:
Song Yoon-ah
Song Yoon-ah (Korean: 송윤아, born June 7, 1973) is a South Korean actress  She is best known for starring in the film Jail Breakers (2002), as well as the television dramas Hotelier (2001), On Air (2008), Mama (2014), The K2 (2016), and Secret Mother (2018) 

Early life
Song Yoon-ah was born in Seoul, but spent her childhood in Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang Province  She has two elder brothers, the first one is a doctor  While studying Cultural Anthropology as a freshman at Hanyang University, she was recommended by an older schoolmate to a modeling agency  Song made her entertainment debut when she won three awards at the KBS Super Talent Contest in 1995, and began appearing in magazine advertisements and as an extra on TV shows 

Career
In 1998, Song rose to fame as the antagonist in Mister Q, playing the head of the design department in an underwear company who bullies the heroine; the trendy drama was a big hit, with a peak viewership rating of 45 3%  Over the next few years, Song became well known for her roles in TV dramas such as Paper Crane (1998), The Boss (1999), and Hotelier (2001) Her first few films did not make a significant impression at the box office  But in late 2002, Song starred in one of the bigger commercial hits of the year, Jail Breakers with actors Sol Kyung-gu and Cha Seung-won  Her energetic performance in Kim Sang-jin's comedy was recognized with Best Supporting Actress trophies from the Blue Dragon Film Awards, the Chunsa Film Art Awards, and the Grand Bell Awards  Song next played an anthropologist from the National Institute of Scientific Investigation in the 2004 horror film Face In 2006, she reunited onscreen with Sol Kyung-gu in Lost in Love, a low-key melodrama directed by Choo Chang-min about two college friends who drift apart and reconnect over the course of ten years  Arang followed, in which Song played a detective on the trail of a serial killer; this was her first time to get top billing over a male costar (rookie actor Lee Dong-wook)  But like Face, her previous project in the horror genre, Arang was a commercial and critical failure  Song returned to television with My Beloved Sister, in the title role of a graduate art student who grew up wealthy but must suddenly take on the responsibilities as head of the family and take care of her younger brothers after their father goes bankrupt then disappears Her next hit drama came in 2008 with On Air, a behind-the-scenes look at the Korean entertainment industry  Song was cast in the role of scribe Kim Eun-sook's alter ego, a successful, acerbic screenwriter who clashes egos with a top actress (played by Kim Ha-neul) while falling for a TV director (played by Park Yong-ha)  Then in the 2009 thriller Secret, Song played the wife of a homicide detective—she becomes the prime suspect in a brutal murder he's investigating, while in the 2010 tearjerker Wedding Dress, her character is a widowed designer who is diagnosed with cancer and begins sewing the ultimate parting gift, a special dress for her young daughter's wedding, which she will never get to see After getting married in 2009 and giving birth in 2010, Song went on a five-year hiatus from acting  She became an adjunct professor and part-time lecturer at Seoul Arts College in 2010, as a faculty member of the Department of Performing Arts and the Department of Broadcasting, Entertainment and Visual Arts  Apart from occasional stints as an awards ceremony host (she hosted the Korean Film Awards from 2003 to 2010), in 2011 she also joined the cooking show Food Essay on cable channel Olive, and served as a judge on the first season of talent-reality show Korea's Got Talent Song made her acting comeback in the 2014 drama series Mama, which revolved around a terminally ill single mother's quest to find a loving family for her son before her impending death, leading to her befriending the current wife of a former lover  Her performance won Best Television Actress at the 51st Baeksang Arts Awards In 2016, Song played a villain in action drama The K2 In 2017, she returned to the big screen and acted as a war correspondent in VR film Nine Days  The film is planned to exhibit in Sundance Film Festival, Cannes Film Festival and Venice Film Festival  The same year, she was cast in the film Stone, her first feature film in 7 years  And the film has invited to the 23rd Busan International Film Festival 
In 2018, Song was cast in SBS mystery family drama Secret Mother Song then starred in JTBC's 2020 pre-produced 19+ age-restricted series Graceful Friends Song was cast in Channel A's series for the first time with melodrama mystery Show Window: The Queen's House 

Personal life
Song married actor Sol Kyung-gu on May 28, 2009 in a Catholic church in Bangbae-dong followed by a reception at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Seoul  Both graduates of Hanyang University, they acted opposite each other in Jail Breakers (2002) and Lost in Love (2006)  Their son Sol Seung-yoon was born on August 3, 2010 In 2014, Song filed a defamation suit against 57 netizens who spread online rumors that she began having an extramarital affair with Sol in 2002 while he was still married to his first wife and was the cause of their divorce in 2006  Sol and Song have denied these rumors, stating that their relationship started in 2007 

Philanthropy
On February 13, 2023, Song donated 50 million won to help 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, by donating money through Korea's UNICEF Committee with participation in the Emergency Relief for Children Victims of the Earthquake in Turkey and Syria' programme along with Sol Kyung-gu 

Filmography
Film
Television series
Television show
Web shows
Hosting
Discography
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Jail Yatra
Jail Yatra may refer to:

Jail Yatra (1981 film), an Indian Bollywood film
Jail Yatra (1947 film), an Indian Hindi-language drama film
Passage 7:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 8:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company



ground_truth: Altuğ Çelikbilek

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died first, The Year Of The Rabbit or Monster On The Campus?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 9:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Bhappi Sonie
Bhappi Sonie (31 July 1928 – 5 September 2001) was an Indian film director and producer, in Hindi cinema  He is best known for Shammi Kapoor and Dharmendra hit films, Janwar (1965) and Brahmachari (1968), and also won Filmfare Award for Best Film He started his career, assisting Raj Khosla in Milap (1955), C I D  (1956) and Solva Saal (1958), before making his directorial debut with Ek Phool Char Kaante starring Sunil Dutt and Waheeda Rehman He died on 5 September 2001, while undergoing a heart bypass surgery at Nanavati Hospital, in Mumbai, at the age of 73 

Filmography



ground_truth: Monster On The Campus