prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Tiger In The Smoke or Contragolpe?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Traces of Smoke
Traces of Smoke or  Rooksporen  is a 1992 Dutch drama film directed by Frans van de Staak 

Cast
Marlies Heuer	    	De vrouw
Peter Blok	    	De vragensteller
Joop Admiraal
Rein Bloem
Sacha Bulthuis
Carine Crutzen
Hildegard Draayer
René Eljon
Andrea den Haring
Hans Hausdörfer
Thom Hoffman
Ineke Holzhaus
Ingrid Kuipers
Willem Kwakkelstein
Johan Leysen
Colla Marsman
Tessa du Mee
Wim Meuwissen
Titus Muizelaar
Frieda Pittoors
Lineke Rijxman
Hanneke Stark
Catherine ten Bruggencate
Huub van der Lubbe
Manouk van der Meulen
Anke Van't Hof
Hilt de Vos
Nico de Vries

External links
Rooksporen at IMDb
Passage 2:
Contragolpe
Contragolpe is a 1979 Argentine drama film directed by Alejandro Doria 

Cast
Marcelo Alfaro	    	Gigolo 1
Enrique Alonso
Alberto Argibay
Raúl Aubel
Aldo Barbero
Sergio Bellotti
Héctor Bidonde
Luisina Brando
Rodolfo Brindisi
Cecilia Cenci
Marta Cerain
Martín Coria	    	Detenido
Lito Cruz	    	Juan de Dios Tolosa / Carmelo Di Prisco
Felice D'Amore
Héctor da Rosa
Ricardo Fassan
Ana María Giunta
Adela Gleijer
Jorge Marrale
Daniel Miglioranza
Gloria Necon
Julio Pelieri
Ignacio Quirós
Gigi Rua
Tina Serrano
Juan Manuel Tenuta
Osvaldo Terranova
Beatriz Thibaudin

External links
Contragolpe at IMDb
Passage 3:
Zeng Chao
Zeng Chao (Chinese: 曾超; pinyin: Zēng Chāo; Mandarin pronunciation: [tsə́ŋ ʈʂʰáʊ]; born 23 January 1993) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League 

Club career
Zeng Chao started his football career when he joined Shandong Luneng's youth academy with Liu Binbin in 2005  He played for China League Two side Shandong Youth in 2011 and 2012  Failing to promote to the first team, Zeng transferred to Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F in 2014  He was loaned to China League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave for half season in July 2014  He played 14 matches and scored 2 goals in the 2014 season as Guangdong Sunray Cave avoided to relegate to the third tier  
Zeng was promoted to Guangzhou R&F's first team squad in July 2015  He made his Super League debut on 23 April 2016 against Jiangsu Suning, coming on for Tang Miao in the 80th minute  He scored his Super League goal two minutes after the substitution, which ensured Guangzhou R&F tied with Jiangsu Suning 1–1  He scored three goals in 22 league appearances in the 2016 season and extended his contract with the club for five years on 7 November 2016 Zeng transferred to his hometown club Meizhou Meixian Techand who newly promoted to China League One on 1 January 2018  On 10 March 2018, he made his debut for the club in the season's opener against Yanbian Funde  On 7 November 2018, he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw against Shaanxi Chang'an Athletic in the first leg of 2018 China League One Relegation play-offs 

Career statistics
As of 31 December 2020 
Passage 4:
Alexis Ramos
Alexis Ramos (born 13 April 1989) is an Argentine footballer 

Club career
Born in San Carlos de Bolívar, Ramos began playing football in the youth system of local side Aldosivi  He played with the club's senior side for one and one-half seasons before embarking on an extended spell in the Argentine regional leagues with Concepción Fútbol Club, Ferro Carril Oeste de General Pico, Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay, Estudiantes de Río Cuarto, Independiente de Chivilcoy, General Paz Juniors and Huracán de Goya After a spell playing for A D  Isidro Metapán in El Salvador, Ramos played for El Tanque Sisley in the 2017 Uruguayan Primera División  After El Tanque Sisley withdrew from the 2018 league, he joined Venezuelan Primera División side Metropolitanos F C Alexis Ramos made his debut in Cambodia League in 2019 For Angkor Tiger 
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Alejandro Doria
Alejandro Doria (November 1, 1936 – June 17, 2009) was a noted Argentine cinema and television director 

Life and work
Born in Buenos Aires in 1936, he first worked for Argentine television in 1965 as a writer for a local variety show, Show rambler 
He first directed professionally for Adorable Professor Aldao, a 1968 romantic comedy series  
Doria's contract to direct the 1969 season of a top-rated sitcom, Nuestra galleguita (Our Galician Girl), secured his career in Argentine /television, and he directed numerous series during the early 1970s and was a guest producer several times for Alta Comedia, a comedy showcase Doria first directed for the cinema in 1974  The political satire by José Dominiani, Proceso a la infamia (Infamy on Trial), ran afoul of the newly appointed National Film Rater, Miguel Paulino Tato, however  Unable to work professionally for four years, Doria obtained his film's release in 1978, though the new, heavily edited version was panned by its audiences and director, alike  In demand following his long absence, Doria directed two thrillers in 1979: a film adaptation of Marco Denevi's Contragolpe (Retribution), and of Aída Bortnik's La isla  Collaborating with Bortnik on La isla's screenplay, the psychological thriller earned Doria a special mention at the Montreal World Film Festival  He wrote and directed one of the few well-known horror titles in Argentine film, Los miedos (Fears), in 1980, and in 1982, directed a film adaptation of Silvina Bullrich's best-selling Los Pasajeros del jardín (Wanderers in the Garden) - Bullrich's nostalgic, autobiographical look at her happy and all-too-brief second marriage The return of democracy in Argentina in 1983 was accompanied by a revival in local film and theatre production  Doria and Uruguayan screenwriter Jacobo Langsner wrote a script based on a concept created by another Uruguayan artist, veteran leading lady China Zorrilla  Their drama, Darse cuenta (Realization), was a critical and commercial success in 1984 Doria and Langsner were then reunited for the making of Esperando la carroza (Waiting for the Hearse)  The 1985 black comedy looked at a typical Argentine family and their struggles with each other and their mischievous, nonagenarian matriarch  The film became a cult classic, though another director's sequel written by Langsner and released in 2009 was unsuccessful Doria and Langsner then turned to recent history in Argentina with Sofia  The 1987 tragedy dealt with a chance encounter and a May–December love affair amid the oppressive Dirty War against dissidents  The harrowing portrayal, however, received little notice  Doria returned to the family comedy genre in 1990 with Cien veces no debo (I Don't Owe 100 Times Over) - a comedy of errors revolving around bad news for a neurotic, middle-class family  Doria then returned to television, directing a number of soap operas and a segment in an episodic homage to the victims of the 1994 AMIA bombing (the worst terrorist attack in Argentine history) 
His reputation as a leading filmmaker in Argentine cinema was restored with the 2006 release of Las manos (The Hands) a bio-pic on the life of Father Mario Pantaleo, an Argentine priest who incurred the Vatican's wrath following reports he possessed healing hands  The drama earned numerous prizes in Argentina and in prestigious international film festivals, notably the Huelva Latin American Film Festival and Cartagena Film Festival  Doria more recently directed Doce horas (12 Hours) and Tuya (Yours), titles scheduled for release in 2010  Pneumonia cost the filmmaker his life on June 17, 2009, however, at age 72 

Filmography
Proceso a la infamia - 1974
Contragolpe - 1979
The Island (La Isla) - 1979
Fears (Los Miedos) - 1980
Los Pasajeros del jardín - 1982
State of Reality (Darse cuenta) - 1984
Waiting for the Hearse (Esperando la carroza) - 1985
Sofía - 1987
I Don't Owe 100 Times (Cien veces no debo) - 1990
18-J - 2004
The Hands (Las manos) - 2006
Passage 7:
Tiger in the Smoke
Tiger in the Smoke is a 1956 British crime film directed by Roy Ward Baker (billed as Roy Baker) and starring Donald Sinden, Muriel Pavlow, Tony Wright, Bernard Miles and Christopher Rhodes  It is based on the 1952 novel The Tiger in the Smoke by Margery Allingham, although the film omits the principal character of Albert Campion  The film is set in a noirish smog-shrouded London and briefly in Brittany, France, and combines the genres of mystery, thriller, crime and drama  The cinematography was by Geoffrey Unsworth Except for the omission of Campion, the film follows the plot of the book very closely  It was shot at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art director Jack Maxsted 

Plot
Having been sent a picture of her husband, a war hero reported missing in action in France, Meg Elgin, now engaged to her fiancé Geoffrey Leavitt, is led to believe he is still alive and arranges a meeting at a London railway station  When she arrives there with the police accompanying her, she catches sight of a man in the distance wearing an old coat of her husband's  When he is pursued and captured, he turns out to be Duds Morrison, a former soldier and out-of-work actor recently let out of prison  He refuses to tell them anything, and having nothing they can charge him with, the police release him 
His interest aroused by the pictures sent to Meg, Leavitt follows Morrison and tries to question him about his sudden appearance masquerading as Meg’s dead husband  Morrison again refuses to talk, and tries to flee from Leavitt into an alley, but he is set upon by a group of street musicians who beat him to death, and also take Leavitt as a prisoner 
The musicians are ex-commandos and former comrades of Morrison, with whom they had served on a raid in Brittany in the war  The commander of the raid had been Meg's husband, Major Elgin  The men had been led to believe that Elgin knew about secreted treasure in a house in Brittany which he owned before the war, and they are desperate to get their hands on it  They want to find their former sergeant, named Jack Havoc, who has recently escaped from prison, committed several murders, and who they believe knows where the treasure is  They had attacked Morrison because they suspected he was an accomplice of Havoc, and then captured Leavitt believing he was Havoc 
Still wearing their old uniforms, they have spent the past few years carving out a living as street musicians, begging from passers by  Realising that releasing Leavitt might open them to being charged for the murder of Morrison, they bind him up and keep him as a prisoner  He is rescued later by a beat constable, sent by the CID to investigate the squat while the musicians are out  
Leavitt returns to Meg and together they head to Brittany to find the treasure, having learned of its location from a message left by Major Elgin  Havoc, having united with his former comrades and also learned of the treasure's location, also travels to France, where he angrily discovers that when Major Elgin had spoken of his ‘priceless’ treasure, he had been referring to its artistic beauty rather than its monetary worth: it is a small statue of the Madonna  He is apprehended in a confrontation on the nearby cliffs with Leavitt and the French police 

Cast
Production
Roy Ward Baker was offered the job of directing by producer Leslie Parkin, who worked with him on Morning Departure  Marjorie Allingham was one of Baker's favourite authors  As screenwriter Änthony Pelissier was also writing a television special,  Baker helped write the script  He later said Allingham "was a very bizarre writer  Her books appear to be very realistic and straightforward detective stories, thrillers and suspense  But she's not like Dorothy Sayers, she's right off on her own and there's a sort of bizarreness which is very difficult to catch  I didn't get it  I think I got some of it occasionally where a number of the character were just plain daft "Baker felt the film "was a failure " He felt "One of the problems with the picture is that the central character doesn't appear until at least a third of the way through  It should be a man with an overwhelming personality, not macho but real strength, real evil and he is a determined villain "Baker felt this role should have been played by someone like Jack Hawkins or Stanley Baker but John Davis insisted they use Tony Wright  He elaborated

Sometimes people get picked up for a part, a star part, in a good movie, and they’re just not right for it, and they can’t do it, and it ruins them for the rest of their lives  It blows it completely for them  Tony Wright did do, in fact, a lot of work after that, but he never really caught on as a major personality   It’s too bad, and it wrecked the film, and it wrecked this poor man’s career 

Reception
Variety called it "An intriguing, nearly plausible  Screenplay has been made    With a sterling cast, and not over complicated plot, the result is good 
general entertainment      Tony Wright is making his mark in the cold killer type of roles and this  one fits him like a glove "Baker said "it was an unsuccessful picture but it really was quite an important picture in my own development" as "it did me a lot of good in the studio     even during the making it did attract quite a lot of attention and publicity so it was more important than you would think given it was not a successful film  But there were a lot of things in it which were well done and well brought off "
Passage 8:
Li Jianhua (footballer)
Li Jianhua (Chinese: 李健华; pinyin: Lǐ Jiànhuá; Jyutping: Lei5 Gin6waa4) is a retired Chinese footballer who last played as a defender for Guangdong South China Tiger in the China League One 

Club career
He started his career in the 2002 season, quickly establishing himself with 21 appearances and scoring 1 goal in his debut season  Becoming a regular with the Shenzhen Shangqingyin team his highest achievement came in the 2004 Chinese Super League season when Shenzhen won the title, he continued to remain with the team for several further seasons despite them unable to build on their achievements, even flirting with relegation in the 2007 China Super League season  In the beginning of the 2009 season, he transferred to Guangzhou Pharmaceutical F C , which was later named Guangzhou Evergrande 
Along with his teammates Jiang Ning and Wu Pingfeng, Li transferred to Guangzhou Evergrande's opponent Guangzhou R&F in January 2013  He left Guangzhou R&F at the end of 2015 and played for amateur team Shenzhen Baoxin in 2016  On 9 November 2016, Li was signed by his hometown club Meixian Hakka in the China League Two 

International career
Li Jianhua would make his debut against Mexico on 16 April 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 1-0 friendly loss  He would make another substitute appearance for China against El Salvador for another friendly on 23 April 2008, which ended in a 2-2 draw 

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 3 November 2018 

Honours
Club
Shenzhen Jianlibao

Chinese Super League:  2004Guangzhou Evergrande

Chinese Super League: 2011, 2012
China League One:  2010
Chinese FA Cup: 2012
Chinese FA Super Cup: 2012
Passage 9:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 10:
Roy Ward Baker
Roy Ward Baker (born Roy Horace Baker; 19 December 1916 – 5 October 2010) was an English film director  His best known film is A Night to Remember (1958) which won a Golden Globe for Best English-Language Foreign Film in 1959  His later career included many horror films and television shows 

Early life and career
Born in London where his father was a Billingsgate fish merchant, Baker was educated at a Lycée in Rouen, France, and at the City of London School 

Career
From 1934 to 1939, Baker worked for Gainsborough Pictures, a British film production company based in the Islington district of London  His first jobs were menial, making tea for crew members, for example, but by 1938 he had risen to the level of assistant director on Alfred Hitchcock's The Lady Vanishes (1938) 
He served in the Army during the Second World War, transferring to the Army Kinematograph Unit in 1943 to make better use of his skills as a production manager and director on documentaries  One of his superiors at the time was novelist Eric Ambler, who insisted on Baker being given his first big break directing The October Man, from an Ambler screenplay, in 1947  Ambler also adapted Walter Lord's A Night to Remember for Baker's 1958 screen version  His next two films, The Weaker Sex (1948) and Paper Orchid (1949) were popular but overshadowed by the success of Morning Departure (1950), also featuring John Mills 
Morning Departure drew international attention to Baker's talent and prompted Darryl Zanuck, production head of 20th Century Fox, to invite him to Hollywood, though his first film for the company - I'll Never Forget You - was made in the UK  During the early 1950s, Baker worked for three years at Fox where he directed Marilyn Monroe in Don't Bother to Knock (1952) and Robert Ryan in the 3D film noir Inferno (1953)  He returned to the UK in 1953 and continued to work on films He worked for television during the 1960s and early 1970s  He directed episodes of The Avengers, The Saint, The Persuaders!,  The Champions, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) - all of them adventure series created with an eye on the American market  His experience of working with low budgets in television made him well suited to his next career move into cheaply produced but lavish-looking British horror films  He directed, among others, Quatermass and the Pit (1967) The Vampire Lovers (1970) and Scars of Dracula (1970) for Hammer, and Asylum (1972) and The Vault of Horror (1973) for Amicus  He also directed Bette Davis in the black comedy The Anniversary (1968), and co-directed (with renowned Hong Kong director Chang Cheh) the Hammer-Shaw Brothers Studio collaboration The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires 
In the latter part of the 1970s he returned to television, and throughout the 1980s continued to work on shows such as Minder  He retired in 1992 
In 2000, Baker published his memoirs, Director's Cut: A Memoir of 60 Years in Film, and in 2002 sold his production files and letters at auction 
He contributed interviews to several DVD extras, such as the extras included with The Saint and Randall & Hopkirk - Deceased  and took part in the 2007 BBC 2 documentary series British Film Forever, and in Mark Gatiss's October 2010 BBC 4 series, A History of Horror, in which he gave his final recorded interview 

Personal life
Ward was married to Muriel Bradford from 1940 to 1944  In 1948, he married Joan Dixon, with whom he had a son  They divorced in 1984 

Death
Baker died on 5 October 2010, aged 93 

Partial filmography
Context 2: Passage 1:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 2:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 3:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 4:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Passage 5:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 6:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 7:
This Time (Waylon Jennings song)
"This Time" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Waylon Jennings  It is the title track from the album This Time and was released in April 1974 as the album's first single  The song reached No  1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1974 and was his first of fourteen country No  1 hits 

Chart performance
Passage 8:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 9:
Waylon Jennings
Waylon Arnold Jennings (born Wayland Arnold Jennings; June 15, 1937 – February 13, 2002) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor  He pioneered the Outlaw Movement in country music 
Jennings started playing guitar at the age of eight and performed at age fourteen on KVOW radio, after which he formed his first band, The Texas Longhorns  Jennings left high school at age sixteen, determined to become a musician, and worked as a performer and DJ on KVOW, KDAV, KYTI, KLLL, in Coolidge, Arizona, and Phoenix  In 1958, Buddy Holly arranged Jennings's first recording session, and hired him to play bass  Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight in 1959 that crashed and killed Holly, J  P  "The Big Bopper" Richardson and Ritchie Valens 
Jennings then formed a rockabilly club band, The Waylors, which became the house band at "JD's", a club in Scottsdale, Arizona  He recorded for independent label Trend Records and A&M Records, but did not achieve success until moving to RCA Victor, when he acquired Neil Reshen as his manager, who negotiated significantly better touring and recording contracts  After he gained creative control from RCA Records, he released the critically acclaimed albums Lonesome, On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes, followed by the hit albums Dreaming My Dreams and Are You Ready for the Country 
During the 1970s, Jennings drove outlaw country  With Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser and Jessi Colter he recorded country music's first platinum album, Wanted! The Outlaws  It was followed by Ol' Waylon and the hit song "Luckenbach, Texas"  He was featured on the 1978 album White Mansions, performed by various artists documenting the lives of Confederates during the Civil War  He appeared in films and television series, including Sesame Street, and a stint as the balladeer for The Dukes of Hazzard, composing and singing the show's theme song and providing narration for the show  By the early 1980s, Jennings struggled with cocaine addiction, which he overcame in 1984  Later, he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen with Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, and Johnny Cash, which released three albums between 1985 and 1995  During that period, Jennings released the successful album Will the Wolf Survive 
Jennings toured less after 1997 to spend more time with his family  Between 1999 and 2001, his appearances were limited by health problems  In 2001, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame  In 2007, he was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music 

Early life
Wayland Jennings was born on June 15, 1937, on the J W  Bittner farm, near Littlefield, Texas  He was the son of Lorene Beatrice (née Shipley, 1920–2006) and William Albert Jennings (1915–1968)  The Jennings family line descended from Irish and Black-Dutch  The Shipley line descended from his great-grandfather, a farmer and lawman from Tennessee, with Jennings adding that "along the way, a lot of Indian blood mixed in," including Cherokee and Comanche families The name on Jennings's birth certificate was Wayland  It was changed after a Baptist preacher visited his parents and congratulated his mother for naming him after the Wayland Baptist University in Plainview, Texas  Lorene Jennings, who was Church of Christ and had been unaware of the college, changed the spelling to Waylon  Jennings later expressed in his autobiography, "I didn't like Waylon  It sounded so corny and hillbilly, but it's been good to me, and I'm pretty well at peace with it now " After working as a laborer on the Bittner farm, Jennings's father moved the family to Littlefield and established a retail creamery 

Career
Beginnings in music
When Jennings was 8, his mother taught him to play guitar with the tune "Thirty Pieces of Silver"  Jennings used to practice with his relatives' instruments until his mother bought him a used Stella guitar, and later ordered a Harmony Patrician  Early influences included Bob Wills, Floyd Tillman, Ernest Tubb, Hank Williams, Carl Smith, and Elvis Presley Beginning with performing at family gatherings, Jennings played his first public concert at the Youth Center with Anthony Bonanno, followed by appearances at the local Jaycees and Lions Clubs  He won a talent show at Channel 13, in Lubbock, singing "Hey Joe"  He later made frequent performances at the Palace Theater in Littlefield, during local talent night At the age of 14, Jennings auditioned for a spot on KVOW in Littlefield, Texas  Owner J B  McShan, along with Emil Macha, recorded Jennings's performance  McShan liked his style and hired him for a weekly 30-minute program  Following his performance on the show, Jennings formed his own band  He asked Macha to play bass for him and gathered other friends and acquaintances to form The Texas Longhorns  The style of the band—a mixture of Country and Western and Bluegrass music—was often not well received 

After several disciplinary infractions, 16-year-old Jennings was convinced to drop out of Littlefield High School by the superintendent  Upon leaving school, he worked for his father in the family store, while he also took temporary jobs  Jennings felt that music would turn into his career  The next year he, along with The Texas Longhorns, recorded demo versions of the songs "Stranger in My Home" and "There'll Be a New Day" at KFYO radio in Lubbock  Meanwhile, he drove a truck for the Thomas Land Lumber Company, and a cement truck for the Roberts Lumber Company  Tired of the owner, Jennings quit after a minor driving accident  Jennings, and other local musicians, often performed at country radio station KDAV   During this time he met Buddy Holly at a Lubbock restaurant  The two often met during local shows, and Jennings began to attend Holly's performances on KDAV's Sunday Party In addition to performing on air for KVOW, Jennings started to work as a DJ in 1956 and moved to Lubbock  His program ran from 4:00 in the afternoon to 10:00 in the evening, filled with two hours of country classics, two of current country and two of mixed recordings  The latter included early rock-and-roll stars such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard  The owner reprimanded Jennings for his selection, and after playing two Little Richard records in a row Jennings was fired During his time at KVOW Jennings was visited by DJ Sky Corbin of KLVT in Levelland  Corbin was impressed with his voice, and decided to visit Jennings at the station after hearing him sing a jingle to the tune of Hank Snow's "I'm Moving On"  Jennings expressed his struggle to live on a $50-a-week salary  Corbin invited Jennings to visit KLVT, where he eventually took Corbin's position when it opened  The Corbin family later purchased KLLL, in Lubbock  They changed the format of the station to country, becoming the main competition of KDAV  The Corbins hired Jennings as the station's first DJ 

Jennings produced commercials and created jingles with the rest of the DJs  As their popularity increased, the DJs made public appearances  Jennings's events included live performances  During one performance, Holly's father, L O  Holley, approached them with his son's latest record and asked them to play it at the station  L O  mentioned his son's intention to start producing artists himself, and Corbin recommended Jennings  After returning from his tour of England Buddy Holly visited KLLL Holly took Jennings as his first artist  He outfitted him with new clothes, and worked with him to improve his image  He arranged a session for Jennings at Norman Petty's recording studios in Clovis, New Mexico  On September 10, Jennings recorded the songs "Jole Blon" and "When Sin Stops (Love Begins)" with Holly and Tommy Allsup on guitars and saxophonist King Curtis  Holly then hired Jennings to play bass for him during his "Winter Dance Party Tour" 

Winter Dance Party Tour
Before the tour, Holly vacationed with his wife in Lubbock and visited Jennings's radio station in December 1958  Jennings and Sky Corbin performed the hand claps to Holly's tune "You're the One"  Jennings and Holly soon left for New York City, arriving on January 15, 1959  Jennings stayed at Holly's apartment by Washington Square Park prior to a meeting scheduled at the headquarters of the General Artists Corporation, that organized the tour  They later took a train to Chicago to join the band 

The Winter Dance Party tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959  The amount of travel created logistical problems, as the distance between venues had not been considered when scheduling each performance  Adding to the problem, the unheated tour buses twice broke down in freezing weather, leading to drummer Carl Bunch being hospitalized for frostbite on his toes  Holly made the decision to find another means of transportation Before their performance at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered a four-seat Beechcraft Bonanza airplane from Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, Iowa, for himself, Jennings, and Tommy Allsup, to avoid the long bus trip to their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota  Following the Clear Lake show (which ended around midnight), Allsup lost a coin toss and gave up his seat on the charter plane to Ritchie Valens, while Jennings voluntarily gave up his seat to J  P  Richardson, known as The Big Bopper, who was suffering from the flu and complaining about how cold and uncomfortable the tour bus was for a man of his size When Holly learned that his bandmates had given up their seats on the plane and had chosen to take the bus rather than fly, a friendly banter between Holly and Jennings ensued, and it would come back to haunt Jennings for decades to follow: Holly jokingly told Jennings, "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up!" Jennings jokingly replied, "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes!" Less than an hour and a half later, shortly after 1:00 am on February 3, 1959, Holly's charter plane crashed into a cornfield outside Mason City, instantly killing all on board Later that morning, Jennings's family heard on the radio that "Buddy Holly and his band had been killed " After calling his family, Jennings called Sky Corbin at KLLL from Fargo to confirm that he had not been aboard the plane  The General Artists Corporation promised to pay for first-class tickets for Jennings and the band to attend Holly's funeral in Lubbock in exchange for them playing that night in Moorhead  After the first show, they were initially denied their payment by the venue, but after Jennings's persistence, they were paid  The flights were never paid for, and Jennings and Allsup continued the tour for two more weeks, featuring Jennings as the lead singer  They were paid less than half of the original agreed salary, and upon returning to New York, Jennings put Holly's guitar and amplifier in a locker in Grand Central Terminal and mailed the keys to Maria Elena Holly  Then he returned to Lubbock In the early 1960s, Jennings wrote and recorded "The Stage (Stars in Heaven)", a tribute to Valens, the Big Bopper and Holly, as well as Eddie Cochran, a young musician who died in a road accident a year after the plane crash 
For decades afterward, Jennings repeatedly stated that he felt responsible for the crash that killed Holly  This sense of guilt precipitated bouts of substance abuse through much of his career "Jole Blon" was released on Brunswick in March 1959 with limited success  Now unemployed, Jennings returned to KLLL  Deeply affected by the death of Holly, Jennings's performance at the station worsened  He left the station after he was denied a raise, and later worked briefly for the competition, KDAV 

Phoenix
Due to his father-in-law's illness, Jennings had to shuttle between Arizona and Texas  While his family lived back in Littlefield, Jennings found a job briefly at KOYL in Odessa, Texas  He moved with his family to Coolidge, Arizona, where his wife Maxine's sister lived  He found a job performing at the Galloping Goose bar, where he was heard by Earl Perrin, who offered him a spot on KCKY  Jennings also played during the intermission at drive-in theaters and in bars  After a successful performance at the Cross Keys Club in Phoenix, he was approached by two contractors (Paul Pristo and Dean Coffman) who were building a club in Scottsdale for James (Jimmy) D  Musil, called JD's  Musil engaged Jennings as his main artist and designed the club around his act Jennings formed his backing band, The Waylors, with bassist Paul Foster, guitarist Jerry Gropp, and drummer Richie Albright  The band soon earned a strong local fan base at JD's, where Jennings developed his rock-influenced style of country music that defined him on his later career 

In 1961, Jennings signed a recording contract with Trend Records, and experienced moderate success with his single, "Another Blue Day"  His friend Don Bowman took demos of Jennings to Jerry Moss, who at the time was starting A&M Records with associate Herb Alpert  In July 1963 Jennings signed a contract with A&M that granted him 5% of record sales  At A&M, he recorded "Love Denied" backed with "Rave On", and Ian Tyson's "Four Strong Winds" backed with "Just to Satisfy You"  He followed up by recording demos of "The Twelfth of Never", "Kisses Sweeter than Wine", and "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right", and also produced the single "Sing the Girls a Song, Bill", backed with "The Race Is On"  The singles were released between April and October 1964 Jennings's records found little success at A&M, because the label was releasing mostly folk music rather than country at the time  He had a few regional hits around Phoenix, due to local radio airplay with  "Four Strong Winds" and "Just To Satisfy You", which was co-written with Bowman  Meanwhile, he recorded an album on BAT records produced by James Musil and engineered by Jack Miller, called "JD's Waylon Jennings" on the front of the album, and "Waylon Jennings at JD's" on the back side  After 500 copies were sold at the club another 500 were pressed by the Sounds label  He also played lead guitar for Patsy Montana on a 1964 album Singer Bobby Bare heard Jennings's "Just to Satisfy You" on his car radio while passing through Phoenix, and recorded it and "Four Strong Winds"  After stopping in Phoenix to attend a Jennings performance at JD's, Bare called Chet Atkins, head of the RCA Victor studios in Nashville, and suggested he sign Jennings  Unsure after being offered a deal with RCA if he should quit his gig at JD's and relocate to Nashville, he sought the advice of RCA artist and friend Willie Nelson, who had attended one of Jennings' shows  Upon hearing how well financially Jennings was doing at JD's Nelson suggested he stay in Phoenix Jennings then asked Herb Alpert to release him from his contract with A&M, which Alpert did  Later, after Jennings became successful, A&M compiled all of his singles and unreleased recordings and issued them as an album, Don't Think Twice  Atkins formally signed Jennings to RCA Victor in 1965  In August Jennings made his first appearance on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart with "That's the Chance I'll Have to Take" 

The Nashville Sound
In 1966, Jennings released his debut RCA Victor album Folk-Country, followed by Leavin' Town and Nashville Rebel  Leavin' Town resulted in significant chart success as the first two singles "Anita, You're Dreaming" and "Time to Bum Again" both peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart  The album's third single, a cover of Gordon Lightfoot's "(That's What You Get) For Lovin' Me", peaked at no  9, Jennings's first top 10 single  Nashville Rebel was the soundtrack to an independent film, The Nashville Rebel, starring Jennings  The single "Green River" charted on Billboard country singles at no  11 

In 1967, Jennings released a hit single, "Just to Satisfy You"  During an interview, Jennings remarked that the song was a "pretty good example" of the influence of his work with Buddy Holly and rockabilly music  Jennings produced mid-chart albums that sold well, including 1967's Just to Satisfy You, which included the hit single  Jennings's singles enjoyed success  "The Chokin' Kind" peaked at number eight on Billboard's Hot Country Singles in 1967, while "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line" hit number two the following year  In 1969, his collaboration with The Kimberlys on the single "MacArthur Park" earned a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group  His single "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" reached number three at the Hot Country Singles chart by the end of the year During this time, Jennings rented an apartment in Nashville with singer Johnny Cash  Jennings and Cash were both managed by "Lucky" Moeller's booking agency Moeller Talent, Inc  The tours organized by the agency were unproductive, with the artists being booked to venues located far from each other in close dates  After paying for the accommodation and travel expenditures, Jennings was frequently forced to request advances from the agency or RCA Victor to make the next venue  While playing 300 days on the road, Jennings's debt increased, and along with it his consumption of amphetamine  He believed himself to be "trapped on the circuit" In 1972, Jennings released Ladies Love Outlaws  The single that headlined the album became a hit for Jennings, and was his first approach to outlaw country  Jennings was accustomed to performing and recording with his own band, The Waylors, a practice that was not encouraged by powerful Nashville producers, who favored the Nashville sound produced by a roster of experienced local studio musicians  The music style publicized as "Countrypolitan" was characterized by orchestral arrangements and the absence of most traditional country music instruments  The producers did not let Jennings play his own guitar or select material to record  Jennings felt limited by Nashville's lack of artistic freedom 

Outlaw Country
By 1972, after the release of Ladies Love Outlaws, his recording contract was nearing an end  Upon contracting hepatitis, Jennings was hospitalized  Sick and frustrated with the Nashville music industry, he was considering retirement  Albright visited him and convinced him to continue, suggesting he hire Neil Reshen as his new manager  Meanwhile, Jennings requested a $25,000 royalty advance from RCA Records to cover his living expenses during his recovery  The same day he met Reshen, RCA sent Jerry Bradley to offer Jennings $5,000 as a bonus for signing a new 5% royalty deal with RCA, the same terms he had accepted in 1965  After reviewing the offer with Reshen, he rejected it and hired Reshen 

Reshen started to renegotiate Jennings's recording and touring contracts  At a meeting in a Nashville airport Jennings introduced Reshen to Willie Nelson  By the end of the meeting Reshen had become Nelson's manager as well  Jennings's new deal included a $75,000 advance and artistic control  Reshen advised Jennings to keep the beard that he had grown in the hospital, to match the image of Outlaw Country By 1973 Nelson found success with Atlantic Records  Now based in Austin, Texas, he began to attract rock and roll fans to his shows, which gained him notice in its press  Atlantic Records made a bid to sign Jennings, but Nelson's rise to popularity persuaded RCA to renegotiate with him before losing another potential star In 1973, Jennings released Lonesome, On'ry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes, the first albums recorded and released under his creative control  This heralded a major turning point for Jennings, resulting in his most critically and commercially successful years  More hit albums followed with This Time and The Ramblin' Man, both released in 1974  The title tracks of both albums topped the Billboard Country singles chart, with the self-penned "This Time" becoming Jennings's first no  1 single  Dreaming My Dreams, released in 1975, included the no  1 single "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way", and became his first album to be certified gold by the RIAA; it was also the first of six consecutive solo studio albums to be certified gold or higher  In 1976 Jennings released Are You Ready for the Country  Jennings wanted Los Angeles producer Ken Mansfield to produce the record, but RCA initially balked  Jennings and The Waylors traveled to Los Angeles and recorded with Mansfield at Jennings's own expense  A month later, Jennings returned to Nashville and presented the master tape to Chet Atkins, who, after listening to it, decided to release it  The album reached number 1 Billboard's country albums three times the same year, topping the charts for 10 weeks  It was named Country album of the year in 1976 by Record World magazine and was certified gold by the RIAA 

In 1976, RCA released the compilation album Wanted! The Outlaws, with Jennings, Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser, and Jennings's wife, Jessi Colter  The album was the first Country music album certified platinum  The following year, RCA issued Ol' Waylon, an album that produced a hit duet with Nelson, "Luckenbach, Texas"  The album Waylon and Willie followed in 1978, producing the hit single "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys"  Jennings released I've Always Been Crazy, also in 1978  The same year, at the peak of his success, Jennings began to feel limited by the outlaw movement  Jennings referred to the overexploitation of the image in the song "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand?", claiming that the movement had become a "self-fulfilling prophecy"  In 1979, RCA released Jennings first Greatest Hits compilation, which was certified gold the same year, and quintuple platinum in 2002 Also in 1979, Jennings joined the cast of the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard as the Balladeer, the narrator  The only episode to feature him as an actor was "Welcome, Waylon Jennings", during the seventh season  Jennings played himself, presented as an old friend of the Duke family  For the show he also wrote and sang the theme song "Good Ol' Boys", which became the biggest hit of his career  Released as a single in promotion with the show, it became Jennings's 12th single to reach number one on the Billboard Country Singles chart  It was also a crossover hit, peaking at no  21 on the Billboard Hot 100 

Later years
In the mid-1980s, Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, and Jennings formed a successful group called The Highwaymen  Aside from his work with The Highwaymen, Jennings released a gold album WWII (1982) with Willie Nelson In 1985, Jennings joined with USA for Africa to record "We Are the World", but he left the studio because of a dispute over the song's lyrics that were to be sung in Swahili  By this time, his sales had decreased  After the release of Sweet Mother Texas, Jennings signed with MCA Records  His debut release with the label, Will the Wolf Survive (1985), peaked at number one in Billboard's Country albums in 1986  Jennings's initial success tailed off, and in 1990, he signed with Epic Records  His first release, The Eagle, became his final top 10 album Also in 1985, he made a cameo appearance in the live-action children's film Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird  In the movie, he plays a turkey farm truck driver who gives Big Bird a lift  He also sings one of the film's songs, entitled "Ain't No Road Too Long"  In 1993, in collaboration with Rincom Children's Entertainment, Jennings recorded an album of children's songs, Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt, which included "Shooter's Theme", a tribute to his 14-year-old with the theme of "a friend of mine" As his record sales and radio play declined through the 1990s, Jennings continued to draw large crowds to his live performances  in 1994 Jennings made a small appearance in the movie Maverick, with Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner 
In 1996, Jennings released his album, Right for the Time  In 1997, after the Lollapalooza tour, he decreased his tour schedule to focus on his family  In 1998, Jennings teamed up with Bare, Jerry Reed, and Mel Tillis to form the Old Dogs  The group recorded a double album of songs by Shel Silverstein In mid-1999, Jennings assembled what he referred to as his "hand-picked dream team" and formed Waylon & The Waymore Blues Band  Consisting primarily of former Waylors, the 13-member group performed concerts from 1999 to 2001  As his health declined, Jennings decided to end his touring career  In January 2000, Jennings recorded what became his final album at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium, Never Say Die: Live 

Music style and image
Jennings's music was characterized by his powerful rough-edged singing voice, phrasing and texture 
He was also recognized for his "spanky-twang" guitar style  To create his sound, he used a pronounced 'phaser' effect (see 'Modulation Effects': below) plus a mixture of thumb and fingers during the rhythmic parts, while using picks for the lead runs  He combined hammer-on and pull-off riffs, with eventual upper-fret double stops and modulation effects  Jennings played a 1953 Fender Telecaster, a used guitar that was a gift from The Waylors  Jennings's bandmates adorned his guitar with a distinctive leather cover that featured a black background with a white floral work  Jennings further customized it by filing down the frets to lower the strings on the neck to obtain the slapping sound  Among his other guitars, Jennings used a 1950 Fender Broadcaster from the mid-1970s, until he gave it to guitarist Reggie Young in 1993  The leather covers of his guitars were carved by leather artist Terry Lankford Jennings's signature image was characterized by his long hair and beard, and black hat and black leather vest he wore during his appearances 

Personal life
Jennings was married four times and had six children  He married Maxine Caroll Lawrence in 1956 at age 18, with whom he had four children: Terry Vance (1957–2019), Julie Rae (1958–2014), Buddy Dean (born 1960), and Deana  Jennings married Lynne Jones on December 10, 1962, adopting a child, Tomi Lynne  They divorced in 1967  He married Barbara Elizabeth Rood the same year  He composed the song "This Time" about the trials and tribulations of his marriages and divorces 
Jennings married country singer Jessi Colter in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 26, 1969  Colter had a daughter, Jennifer, from her previous marriage to Duane Eddy  The couple had a son born in 1979, Waylon Albright, known as Shooter Jennings  In the early 1980s, Colter and Jennings nearly divorced due to his abuse of drugs and alcohol  In 1997, after he stopped touring, Jennings earned a GED at age 60 to set an example about the importance of education to his son, Shooter 

Addiction and recovery
Jennings started to consume amphetamines while he lived with Johnny Cash during the mid-1960s  Jennings later stated, "Pills were the artificial energy on which Nashville ran around the clock "In 1977, Jennings was arrested by federal agents for conspiracy and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute  A private courier warned the Drug Enforcement Administration about the package sent to Jennings by a New York colleague that contained 27 grams of cocaine  The DEA and the police searched Jennings's recording studio but found no evidence because, while they were waiting for a search warrant, Jennings disposed of the drug  The charges were later dropped and Jennings was released  The episode was recounted in Jennings's song "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand" During the early 1980s, his cocaine addiction intensified  Jennings claimed to have spent $1,500 (equivalent to $4,800 in 2022) a day on his habit, draining his personal finances and leaving him bankrupt with debt up to $2 5 million  Though he insisted on repaying the debt and did additional tours to do so, his work became less focused and his tours deteriorated  Jennings leased a home in the Phoenix area and spent a month detoxing himself, intending to start using cocaine again in a more controlled fashion afterward  In 1984, he quit cocaine  He claimed that his son Shooter was his main inspiration to finally do so 

Illness and death
Decades of excessive smoking and drug use took a large toll on Jennings' health in addition to obesity and a poor diet, which resulted in his developing Type II diabetes  In 1988, four years after quitting cocaine, he ended his six-pack-a-day smoking habit  That same year, he underwent heart bypass surgery  By 2000, his diabetes worsened, and the pain reduced his mobility to the point where he was forced to end most touring  That same year, he underwent surgery to improve his left leg's blood circulation  In December 2001, his left foot was amputated at a hospital in Phoenix On February 13, 2002, Jennings died in his sleep from complications of diabetes at his home in Chandler, Arizona, aged 64  He was buried in the City of Mesa Cemetery in nearby Mesa  At his memorial service on February 15, Jessi Colter sang "Storms Never Last" 

Legacy
Between 1965 and 1991, ninety-six Jennings singles appeared on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart and sixteen topped it  Between 1966 and 1995 fifty-four of his albums charted on Billboard's Top Country Albums, with eleven reaching Number 1 

Littlefield, Texas, renamed one of its major roads, Tenth Street, to Waylon Jennings Boulevard 
He was inducted to the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999 In October 2001, Jennings was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, but he was unable to attend the ceremony due to the pain caused by his diabetes  On July 6, 2006, Jennings was inducted to Guitar Center's RockWalk in Hollywood, California  Jessi Colter attended the ceremony along with Kris Kristofferson, who was inducted on the same day  On June 20, 2007, Jennings was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music  During the ceremony, Ray Scott sang "Rainy Day Woman" and the award was accepted by Buddy Jennings Jennings's music had an influence on numerous artists, including Hank Williams Jr , The Marshall Tucker Band, Travis Tritt, Steve Earle, Waylon, Eric Church, Cody Jinks, Jamey Johnson, John Anderson, his son, Shooter Jennings, Sturgill Simpson, and Hank Williams III In 2008, the posthumous album Waylon Forever was released, which consisted of songs recorded with his then-16-year-old son, Shooter  In 2012, the three-volume Waylon: The Music Inside was released, featuring covers of Jennings's songs by different artists  Also released the same year was Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings, a set of 12 songs recorded by Jennings and bassist Robby Turner before Jennings' death in 2002   The songs initially featured only Jennings' guitar and vocals, with Turner on bass; further accompaniment was to be added later  Turner completed the recordings in 2012 with the help of former Waylors  The Jennings family approved the release  Meanwhile, it launched a new business focused on his estate  Shooter Jennings arranged deals for a clothing line, launched a renewed website, and started talks with different producers on a biographical film 

Discography
Filmography
Awards
See also
Jerry "Bo" Coleman
Outlaw Country
List of country musicians
List of best-selling music artists
Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame



ground_truth: Contragolpe

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the performer of song This Time (Waylon Jennings Song)?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
The Fabulous Senorita
The Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by R  G  Springsteen and starring Estelita Rodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva  The film came at the tail-end of a cycle of Latin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno 

Plot
Cast
Estelita Rodriguez as Estelita Rodriguez
Robert Clarke as Jerry Taylor
Nestor Paiva as José Rodriguez
Marvin Kaplan as Clifford Van Kunkle
Rita Moreno as Manuela Rodríguez
Leon Belasco as Señor Gonzales
Tito Renaldo as Pedro Sanchez
Tom Powers as Delaney
Emory Parnell as Dean Bradshaw
Olin Howland as Justice of the Peace
Vito Scotti as Esteban Gonzales
Martin Garralaga as Police Captain Garcia
Nita Del Rey as Felice
Joan Blake as Betty
Frances Dominguez as Amelia
Betty Farrington as Janitress
Norman Field as Dr  Campbell
Clark Howat as Davis
Frank Kreig as Cab Driver
Dorothy Neumann as Mrs  Black
Elizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the Peace
Charles Sullivan as Cab Driver
Arthur Walsh as Pete
Passage 2:
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol
Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol (When the River Kabani Turned Red) is a 1975 Malayalam feature film directed by P  A  Backer, produced by Pavithran, and starring T  V  Chandran, Shalini, Raveendran and J  Siddiqui  This leftist political drama film came out during the Emergency period  It was the directorial debut of P  A  Backer, who won that year's awards for Best Director and Second Best Film at the Kerala State Film Awards  Pavithran, who later directed many critically acclaimed Malayalam films produced the film  T  V  Chandran, who also later went on to direct a bevy of award-winning films in Malayalam and Tamil, played the lead role  After certain post-production controversies, the film debuted in theatres on 16 July 1976 

Cast
Production and release
The principal production started in June 1975  The day when shoot of the film commenced in Bangalore, Emergency was declared in India The film was screened at several film festivals in 1975  It was not given the censor certificate for the theme it dealt with for more than a year  It released in theatres during the Emergency period itself, on 16 July 1976 The English title of the film is When the River Kabani Turned Red 

Awards
Kerala State Film AwardsSecond Best Film - P  A  Backer (director), Pavithran (producer)
Best Director - P  A  Backer
Passage 3:
The Drover's Wife
The Drover's Wife is a 1945 painting by Australian artist Russell Drysdale  The painting depicts a flat, barren landscape with a woman in a plain dress in the foreground  The drover with his horses and wagon are in the background  The painting has been described as "an allegory of the white Australian people's relationship with this ancient land " Henry Lawson's 1892 short story "The Drover's Wife" is widely seen as an inspiration for the painting, although Drysdale denies that The painting is now part of the collection of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra 
Passage 4:
The Drover's Sweetheart
The Drover's Sweetheart is a 1911 film from the team of Agnes and John Gavin It was the first film they made for their own production company after leaving Stanley Crick and Herbert Finlay on 19 July 1911 and seems to have been made at Gavin's new studios at Waverly Very little is known about the movie, which is considered a lost film  It is not certain if it was ever even released commercially The film was supposed to be followed by another from Gavin called The Lubra's Revenge but is unclear if this was made 
Passage 5:
Operation Leopard
La légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed in French Guiana  The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978  It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain Pierre Sergent  He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980  Coutard shot the film in a documentary style 

Plot
The film is based on true events  In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters from Katanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt  They took 3,000 civilians as hostages  Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed  The rebels appeared to be unpredictable and are reported to have threatened to annihilate all civilians 
Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's head of state, urged Belgium, France and the United States to help  France sent the Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, which were flown from Corsica to Kolwezi  Following their arrival, they secured the perimeter, in co-operation with Belgian soldiers from Zaire, and then started to evacuate the civilians  Within two days more than 2,000 Europeans and about 3,000 African citizens were saved  The film strives to depict the events in a dramatised form, concentrating on the Europeans' plight 

Production
The late Jean Seberg had filmed scenes on location for the film, but her death caused her to be replaced by another French American actress, Mimsy Farmer, who reshot Seberg's scenes 

Cast
Bruno Cremer: Pierre Delbart
Jacques Perrin:Ambassador Berthier
Laurent Malet: Phillipe Denrémont
Pierre Vaneck: Colonel Grasser
Mimsy Farmer: Annie Devrindt
Giuliano Gemma: Adjudant Fédérico
Robert Etcheverry : Colonel Dubourg
Jean-Claude Bouillon : Maurois
Passage 6:
My Little Eye
My Little Eye is a 2002 British horror film directed by Marc Evans about five adults who agree to spend six months together in an isolated mansion while being filmed at all times  The idea for the film came from reality television shows such as Big Brother  The title refers to the guessing game I spy 

Plot
Five contestants, Matt (Sean Cw Johnson), Emma (Laura Regan), Charlie (Jennifer Sky), Danny (Stephen O'Reilly) and Rex (Kris Lemche), agree to take part in a reality webcast, where they must spend six months in a house to win $1 million  If anyone leaves, then no one wins the money  Nearing the end of the six months, tension between the contestants rises after Emma finds strange messages she believes are from a man from her past and the food packages arrive containing a letter that claims Danny's grandfather has died, and a gun with five bullets 
One night, a man named Travis Patterson (Bradley Cooper) arrives, claiming he is lost in the woods and that his GPS has died  Despite claiming to be an internet programmer, he claims to not recognize any of the contestants or ever having heard of the show  Later that night, Travis has sex with Charlie, and then secretly talks directly into a camera, to communicate with whoever is watching them  The next morning, Travis leaves and Danny discovers his backpack outside covered in blood and shredded to pieces  The contestants assume he was attacked by an animal but Rex believes Travis works for the people running their show and that it is all a trick to make them leave the house and forfeit the prize money 
Emma discovers her underwear among Danny’s belongings and confronts him, unaware that Travis planted them there the previous night  Danny denies it and attempts to make peace by giving her a crudely carved wooden cat, which Emma and Charlie ridicule, while Danny overhears 
The next morning, the group finds Danny has committed suicide by hanging himself from the staircase balcony with a rope  The guests finally decide to leave, but after being unable to contact anyone via radio, decide to wait until the next morning  Rex uses the GPS unit from Travis' bag and his laptop to gain access to the internet to find out more about the show but is unable to find any evidence of their show online 
Rex is only able to find a heavily encrypted beta site, that requires a $50,000 fee to access, and displays a web page with their pictures and betting odds  The group decides they will leave the next morning, though Rex and Emma go up to the roof to set off a flare  While Charlie and Matt remain in the house, Matt asks a camera if he should kill her, before suffocating her with a plastic bag 
Later, while Emma is sleeping, Rex comes downstairs and is decapitated with an axe by Matt  Matt awakens Emma and brings her up to the attic, telling her he is being chased and the others are dead  He then makes advances on Emma, who refuses, and attempts to rape her, before she stabs him in the back and runs off 
Emma runs outside and finds a police officer, who handcuffs her inside the car and enters the house  An injured Matt then crawls out, begging the cop to let him kill Emma, since he spent six months in the house with her  Realizing they are working together, Emma escapes the car and tries to run but is shot in the back with a rifle by the cop 
Matt and the cop sit in the kitchen discussing the setup they created with Travis for their high paying clients who want to witness the murders  When the cop says there are always "five suckers" to play the game with, Matt corrects him to four, and is then shot in the head  The cop then leaves, talking to Travis over the radio, while Emma is seen locked in a small room, unable to escape  As she collapses screaming, the cameras filming all shut off, one by one 

Cast
Sean Cw Johnson as Matt
Kris Lemche as Rex
Stephen O'Reilly as Danny
Laura Regan as Emma
Jennifer Sky as Charlie
Nick Mennell as The Cop
Bradley Cooper as Travis Patterson

Home media
My Little Eye is available on DVD from MCA/Universal Home Video with most of the special features available on the Region 2 Special Edition including a filmmakers' commentary and deleted scenes  There is an audio mode "Conversations of the Company (Eavesdropping Audio Track)" which allows the viewer to listen to the radio conversations between the members of the company: Travis and "the cop"  However, during this mode, the viewer cannot hear all of the dialogue of the cast in the scene  A UK release contains a 'Special Mode' where viewers see the film from the perspective of an internet subscriber, and more extra features become unlocked as the film goes on  You can watch other things going on in 'the house' in real time to what's happening in the film 

Reception
The film received polarized but positive reviews and holds 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 5 2/10 

See also
List of films featuring surveillance
Passage 7:
Life Is What You Make It (film)
Life Is What You Make It is a 2017 documentary film which explores the life of award-winning Filipino theatre producer Jhett Tolentino from his migration into the United States and his entry into theatre production in New York  The film came with a soundtrack album entitled Life Is What You Make It: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 

Soundtrack
The song "Life Is What You Make It" served as the documentary's main theme  The song won the Silver Medal at the Global Music Awards in San Diego and was nominated Song of the Year at the Josie Awards in Nashville, Tennessee in 2017 

Accolades
See also
Broadway theatre
Here Lies Love (musical)
National Artist of the Philippines
Musical theatre
Passage 8:
Pigsty (film)
Pigsty (Italian: Porcile) is a 1969 Italian film, written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud, Marco Ferreri, Ugo Tognazzi, Pierre Clémenti, Alberto Lionello, Franco Citti and Anne Wiazemsky 

Plot
The film features two parallel stories



ground_truth: Jessi Colter

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Maria Isabel De Alcântara, Countess Of Iguaçu's mother?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos
Domitila (or Domitília) de Castro do Canto e Melo (27 December 1797 — 3 November 1867), 1st Viscountess with designation as a Grandee, then 1st Marchioness of Santos, was a Brazilian noblewoman and the long-term mistress and favorite of Emperor Pedro I 

Life
Birth and family
Daughter of João de Castro do Canto e Melo, 1st Viscount of Castro and Escolástica Bonifácia de Oliveira e Toledo Ribas, Domitila belonged to a traditional São Paulo noble family: she was the granddaughter of Colonel Carlos José Ribas, great-grandfather of Simão de Toledo Piza, patriarch of this family in São Paulo  Born on 27 December 1797, she was baptized three months later, on 7 March 1798 in the Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Sé) in São Paulo  According to her baptismal record, her godfather was Ensign José Duarte e Câmara 
The Brigadier João de Castro Canto e Melo was born in the Terceira Island in the Azores, and died in Rio de Janeiro in 1826  He was the son of João Batista do Canto e Melo and Isabel Ricketts, and descended from Pero Anes do Canto, from Terceira Island  He passed to Portugal, setting up a cadet square at the age of 15 on 1 January 1768, named Standard-Bearer on 17 October 1773  He was 21 when, in 1774, he went to Rio de Janeiro and months later to São Paulo  He was transferred to the Santos Infantry line Regiment, promoted to Ensign in 1775 and to Lieutenant in the same year, to Adjudant in 1778; he was Captain in 1798, Major in the same year, and in 1815 Lieutenant Colonel  Later, after his daughter's love with the emperor, he was made Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber and still received the noble title of Viscount of Castro on 12 October 1825 Domitila's full siblings were:
João de Castro do Canto e Melo (March 1786 – 11 September 1853), 2nd Viscount of Castro, Field Marshal and Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber; married with Inocência Laura Vieira de Azambuja, with whom he had issue 
José de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 17 October 1787 – died ca  1842), Brigadier of the Brazilian Army  Soldier at the age of five on 1 July 1792, Standard-Bearer in 1801, Ensign in 1807, Lieutenant in 1815, Commander of the Cavalry Squad of the Legion of São Paulo and in the Battle of Itupuraí, in the 1816 campaign  Captain in 1818, Sergeant Major of the 2nd Line Cavalry Regiment of Vila de Curitiba, then São Paulo Province, in 1824  Colonel of the Army Staff in 1827  He was licensed due to health reasons in 1829  Brigadier retired from the Army  Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber, dismissed in 1842  Knight of the Military Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz in 1824 and was promoted to Commander in the same order in 1827  Officer of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1827; married with his niece Francisca Pinto Coelho de Mendonça e Castro, with whom he had issue 
Maria de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized February 1790; died in infancy) 
Pedro de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 26 May 1791; died in infancy) 
Maria Benedita de Castro do Canto e Melo (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857), married to Boaventura Delfim Pereira, Baron of Sorocaba, with whom she had issue; her second son Rodrigo Delfim Pereira, although recognized by her husband, was in fact an illegitimate son of Emperor Pedro I, her sister's lover 
Ana Cândida de Castro do Canto e Melo (January 1795 – 27 May 1834), married to Carlos Maria de Oliva, Veador of the Imperial Chamber and Colonel of the Army, with whom she had issue 
Fortunata de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 12 January 1797; died in infancy) 
Francisco de Castro do Canto e Melo (5 April 1799 – 21 June 1869), Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber, Major retired of the Army; married firstly with Francisca Leite Penteado and secondly with Lina Pereira de Castro  He had issue from his second marriage 
Jeronimo de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 13 September 1803; died in infancy) In addition, Domitila had an older illegitimate half-sister, Maria Eufrásia de Castro, born from her father's earlier relationship (in fact, betrothal later terminated) with Teresa Braseiro 

First Marriage
On 13 January 1813, Domitila, at the age of fifteen, married an officer from the second squad of the Corps of Dragons in the city of Vila Rica (now Ouro Preto), Ensign Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça (26 February 1790 – 5 November 1833), cited by several historians as a violent man, who beat and raped her, and from whom she divorced on 21 May 1824 After the wedding in São Paulo, Felício and Domitila left for Vila Rica  Three children were born from the marriage:

Due to her husband's mistreatment, Domitila obtained permission from his family in São Paulo to return to her father's home with her children  He arrived back in São Paulo at the end of 1816  Felício managed to transfer his post in the army from Vila Rica to Santos and settled in São Paulo, trying to reconcile with his wife and in 1818 they returned to live together  However, given his drinking and gambling problems, it did not take long for Felício to return with his old behavior, and began the beatings and death threats to his wife  On the morning of 6 March 1819, Felício surprised Domitila next to the Santa Luiza fountain and stabbed her twice, one stab caught in the thigh and the other in the belly  Felício was arrested and taken to Santos, next to his barracks, from where he left for Rio de Janeiro  Domitila spent two months between life and death  When she recovered from her injuries, she had to fight legally against her father-in-law, who wanted to take the couple's children to educate them in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais  Domitila asked for Felício's legal separation but only obtained it five years later, when she was already the Emperor's mistress  Domitila's detractors would accuse her after being assaulted because she betrayed Felício, when in reality, through documentation and witnesses in the divorce process, he had tried to kill her to sell the land that both, with the death of his mother, had jointly inherited in Minas Gerais 

Imperial Mistress
Domitila met Dom Pedro de Alcântara, Prince-Regent of Brazil days before the Proclamation of the Independence on 29 August 1822  The Prince-Regent was returning from a visit to Santos when he received, on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook, in São Paulo, two missives (one from his wife, Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria and another from José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva) that informed him about the decisions of the Portuguese Courts, in which Dom Pedro stopped being Prince-Regent and received orders to return to the continent  Outraged by this "interference with his acts as ruler", and influenced by whose defended the break with the metropolis, especially by José Bonifácio de Andrada, he decided to separate the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 

Domitila was not the only lover of Dom Pedro, but she was the most important and the one with whom he had the longest relationship  Before his marriage, the Prince-Regent had been involved with a French ballerina, named Noémi Thierry, with whom he had a son  During his relationship with Domitila he had other parallel ones, such as Adèle Bonpland (wife of French naturalist Aimé Bonpland) and the dressmaker Clemence Saisset (whose husband had a store on Rua do Ouvidor), with whom he had a son  In addition to these liaisons, Domitila's own sister, Maria Benedita de Castro do Canto e Melo, Baroness of Sorocaba, also had a son with Dom Pedro 
In 1823, the now Emperor Pedro I installed Domitila at the Barão de Ubá street (today the Estácio neighborhood) which was her first residence in Rio de Janeiro  One year later, and thanks to the support of her lover, Domitila was able to have her first marriage nullified  In 1826, she received as a gift the "Casa Amarela", as her mansion became known, at number 293 of the current Avenida D  Pedro II, near Quinta da Boa Vista, in São Cristóvão (where the Museum of the First Reign now operates)  The Emperor bought the house from Dr  Teodoro Ferreira de Aguiar and ordered a renovation in a neoclassical style to the architect Pierre Joseph Pézerat  The internal mural paintings are the work of Francisco Pedro do Amaral, while the internal and external bas-reliefs by Zéphyrin Ferrez Domitila was being elevated by her lover little by little  In 1824 she was created Baroness of Santos; on 4 April 1825 she was appointed Lady-in-waiting of Empress Maria Leopoldina, on 12 October of the same year was created Viscountess of Santos with designation as a Grandee and, on 12 October 1826 she was finally created Marchioness of Santos  Besides all this titles, on 4 April 1827 the Emperor invested his mistress with the Order of Saint Isabel, who was solely granted "to women of irreproachable conduct"  Although Domitila was not born in that city, the Emperor, in an attempt to attack de Andrada brothers, born in Santos, would have given the titles to his mistress  José Bonifácio de Andrada, upon learning of this fact in his exile in France, wrote to his friend Counselor Drummond: "Who would dream that the michela (prostitute) Domitila would be Viscountess of the homeland of the Andradas! What a brazen insult!"  Domitila's family also received several imperial benefits: Her father became Viscount of Castro, her brother Francisco became the Emperor's Field Assistant and the rest of her siblings received Hidalgo precedence  Domitila's brother-in-law, Boaventura Delfim Pereira (husband of Maria Benedita), was made Baron of Sorocaba 
From her relationship with Emperor Pedro I, Domitila had five children:

Empress Maria Leopoldina died in 1826 due to complications caused by a miscarriage, amidst rumours who blame Domitila of the illness and death of the beloved Empress  The Marchioness of Santos' popularity, which was no longer the best, worsened, with her house in São Cristóvão being stoned and her brother-in-law, a butler of the Empress, received two shots  Her right to preside over medical appointments of the Empress, as her lady-in-waiting, was denied, and ministers and officials of the palace suggested that she should not continue to attend court 

  
Emperor Pedro I ended his relationship with Domitila in 1829 due to his second marriage with Amélie of Leuchtenberg  Already since 1827 he had been looking for a noble blood bride but the sufferings caused to his late wife by him and the scandalous link with the Marchioness of Santos were seen with horror by European courts and several princesses refused to marry the Emperor 
The Austrian ambassador to Rio de Janeiro, Baron Wenzel Philipp von Mareschal, wrote to Vienna about the future marriage of the Emperor and the banishment of the mistress: "Emperor D  Pedro was eventually convinced that the presence of the Lady of Santos would always be inopportune and that a simple change of residence would not satisfy anyone; he insisted on the sale of her properties, the which I heard was already provided and on her departure to São Paulo in eight or ten days" 
The Emperor bought the properties of the Marchioness of Santos in Rio de Janeiro for 240 contos (240 insurance policy of the Public Debt from the Amortization Box, of 1 contos de réis), returning to Domitila "in banknotes of São Paulo" of the amount of 14 contos de réis, two contos for the Amortization Box with which she had presented it, an allowance of 1 conto de réis per month put at your order, "at par or in banknotes"  Regarding the residence bought from the former mistress, Mareschal says: "It will serve the young Queen and her court"  It was Dona Maria da Glória, future Queen Maria II of Portugal; that is why it would later be known as the Queen's Palace, as effectively Dona Maria da Glória settled there, albeit for a short period  Later was bought by the Viscount of Mauá and around 1900 the residence was acquired by the doctor Abel Parente, the protagonist of one of the biggest scandals in Rio de Janeiro, in 1910  It became the Museum of the First Reign in the late 1980s until 2011 when it was deactivated and the restoration and adaptation of the space began to receive the Fashion Museum - Casa da Marquesa de Santos 

Second Marriage
Since 1833 Domitila began to cohabitated with the Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar (4 October 1794 – 7 October1857), with whom she officially married in the city of Sorocaba on 14 June 1842  Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was not only a politician but a wealthy Sorocaban farmer: the base of his fortune was the trade in mules, but in time he ended up diversifying his business with sugar farms, cattle and horse breeding  The Tobian coat was created by him  Nicknamed the "Reizinho de São Paulo" (Little King of São Paulo) thanks to his fortune, he held the position of President of the Province of São Paulo for two terms and was elected Provincial Deputy for São Paulo  He ran twice for the position of Senator of the Empire, but his name was never chosen by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil  In 1842, as one of the main leaders of the Liberal Revolution, after his marriage to the Marchioness of Santos and the eminent invasion of Sorocaba by the troops of Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, fled to the south where he was captured  Taken to Rio de Janeiro, he was incarcerated in the Fortress of Laje, located on a rock in the middle of Guanabara Bay  Domitila, on hearing of his arrest, arrived to the Imperial court where, by means of a representant, she pleaded to the Emperor that she could live with her husband in the Fortress of Laje to take care of his health, which was granted 
In 1844, Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was given an amnesty and the couple returned to São Paulo, where they were received with a great party  Rafael Tobias de Aguiar died on board the Vapor Piratininga on 7 October 1857 when on his way to Rio de Janeiro in search of medical help  He was accompanied by his wife and one of the couple's children  Domitila's relationship with Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was the longest one of hers, lasting 24 years, during which the couple had six children, of which 4 managed to reach adulthood:

The Solar da Marquesa de Santos
On her return to São Paulo after the end of her relationship with Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, Domitila acquired in 1834 a vast mansion on the old Rua do Carmo, currently Rua Roberto Simonsen in the city center  The first owner of the property was Brigadier José Pinto de Morais Leme according to documentation from 1802  Previously, on the site, there were two houses that were renovated and gave rise to a single building  Domitila was the owner of these house from 1834 until her death in 1867 
The property became the center of São Paulo society, animated by masquerade balls and literary evening parties given by the Marchioness of Santos  In 1880, the house was put up for auction and was acquired by the local Diocese, who transformed the Manor into the Episcopal Palace  The House today belongs to the City Hall of São Paulo, which has the Museum of the City installed there  Its historical importance is great not only because his link to Domitila but because the property is the only urban remnant built using the technique known as rammed earth still existing in the historic center of the city 

Later years and death
After being widowed, the Marchioness of Santos became devout and charitable, seeking to help the helpless, protecting the miserable and hungry, caring for the sick and students of the Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco, in the center of the city of São Paulo 
Domitila de Castro do Canto e Melo, Marchioness of Santos died of enterocolitis in her residence in the Rua do Carmo, now Roberto Simonsen, near the Pátio do Colégio, on 3 November 1867 aged 69  She was buried in the Cemitério da Consolação, whose original chapel was built with a donation made by Domitila by the amount of 2 contos de réis Despite information circulating that the cemetery's land was donated by the Marchioness of Santos, this version is incorrect  In fact, the cemetery was built, partly on land in the public domain and partly on land acquired from Marciano Pires de Oliveira for 200, 000 réis, which donated another part  After the inauguration, the area was enlarged with land expropriated by councilor Ramalho and Joaquim Floriano Wanderley 
Her grave in the Cemitério da Consolação, as well the two other plots she bought adjoining her gravesite —where her younger brother Francisco de Castro do Canto e Melo, her son Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça e Castro, and, after a recent discovery, her daughter the Countess of Iguaçu, were also buried—, were all recovered in the 1980s by the Italian accordionist Mario Zan, one of Domitila's most famous and fervent admirers; he took care of the deposit for the maintenance of the gravesites for years and when he died in 2006 he was buried in a tomb in front of the Marchioness  Even after his death, Mario Zan continues, in a way, to pay for the maintenance of Domitila's gravesite, because according to his will, the copyrights of his music were destined to this purpose 
Domitila's grave always receives fresh flowers from people who continue to consider her a popular saint  Among the legends is that she protects the prostitutes of the city and, due to having achieved a good marriage and restructuring worthily after her scandalous relationship with Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, she became an inspiration for girls who wanted to marry well  In her grave headstone there are plaques from devotees thanking her for some grace 

Ancestry
Representations in culture
Movies
In the silent film O Grito do Ipiranga (1917), Domitila was portrayed by Luíza Lambertini 
In the Argentine film Embrujo (1941), with direction and argumentation by Enrique Susini 
In the film Independência ou Morte (1972), Domitila was portrayed by Glória Menezes 

Theater
In Viriato Correia's play A Marquesa de Santos (1938), the Marchioness of Santos was portrayed by Dulcina de Moraes 
At the revue No Paço da Marquesa (1950), with the Vedette Virgínia Lane in the role of Domitila 
In the play O Imperador Galante (1954), written by Raimundo Magalhães Júnior, with Domitila being again portrayed by Dulcina de Moraes 
In the play Um grito de liberdade (1972), by Sérgio Viotti, with actress Nize Silva in the role of Domitila 
In the play Pedro e Domitila (1984), written by Ênio Gonçalves, Domitila was portrayed by Taya Perez 
In the monologue Marquesa de Santos: verso & reverso (2019), written by Paulo Rezzutti, Domitila was portrayed by Beth Araújo 

Radio
Dramatization of A Marquesa de Santos, by writer Paulo Setúbal by Rádio Nacional Rio de Janeiro, in 1946 
D  Pedro e a Marquesa de Santos, written by broadcaster Cassiano Gabus Mendes, was aired by Rádio Record, São Paulo, on 7 September 1950 

Television
In the televised play A Marquesa de Santos, aired on 12 February 12, 1962 on the program Teatro Nove, on TV Excelsior, Channel 9, São Paulo, the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Cleyde Yáconis 
In the soap opera Helena (1987), the Marchioness was portrayed by Norma Suely 
In the mini-series Marquesa de Santos (1984) on Rede Manchete, the Marchioness was portrayed by Maitê Proença 
In the miniseries Entre o Amor e a Espada (2001), by TVE Brasil, the Marchioness was portrayed by Rejane Santos 
In the Rede Globo miniseries O Quinto dos Infernos (2002), the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Luana Piovani 
In Rede Globo's soap opera Novo Mundo (2017), the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Agatha Moreira 

Opera
Marquesa de Santos (1948), composed by João Batista de Siqueira  Opera piece in three acts with libretto by Joaquim Ribeiro 
Chalaça (1973), by conductor Francisco Mignone 
Domitila (2000), with music and libretto by Rio de Janeiro composer João Guilherme Ripper, inspired by the love letters exchanged between Dom Pedro I and Domitila  The soprano Maíra Lauter portrayed Domitila 

Rock
The album "Caso Real" (2015) by the rock band Lítera that was inspired by the love affair between the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and the Marquesa de Santos, through the book "Titília e o Demonão – Cartas Inéditas de Dom Pedro I à Marquesa de Santos", by the writer Paulo Rezzutti 

Sambas plots
Os amores célebres do Brasil (1966), from Acadêmicos do Salgueiro 
A Favorita do Imperador (1964), from Imperatriz Leopoldinense 
A flecha do cupido me pegou (1981), from Caprichosos de Pilares 
Mulheres que Brilham – a força feminina no progresso social e cultural do país (2012), from Vai-Vai 
Paixões proibidas e outros amores (2014), from Nenê de Vila Matilde 

Notes
Passage 2:
Maria Isabel de Alcântara, Countess of Iguaçu
Maria Isabel de Alcântara Bourbon (28 February 1830 – 5 September 1896) was the third daughter (fifth child) of emperor Pedro I of Brazil and his mistress, Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos 
Maria Isabel received the same name as her second sister, the Duchess of Ceará, who died in 1828 at only two months old  She was never given any titles by her father due to his marriage to Amélie of Leuchtenberg  Still, Pedro I acknowledged her as his daughter in his will but gave her no share of his state, except asking for his widow to aid in her education and upbringing  He had wished that she be given a good European education like her oldest sister, the Duchess of Goiás  However, the Marchioness declined to send the girl to Europe On 2 September 1848, at the age of eighteen, Maria Isabel married Pedro Caldeira Brant, the Count of Iguaçu, son of Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena  At their wedding, Maria Isabel became the second Countess of Iguaçu  The couple had seven children: 

Isabel dos Santos
Luís de Alcantâra Caldeira Brant, married Maria Luísa Pereira de Brito
Pedro de Alcântara Caldeira Brant
Deulinda dos Santos, married Claudiano dos Santos
Maria Teresa Caldeira Brant, married Charles Collins
Isabel Maria dos Santos, married Antônio Dias Paes Leme
José Severiano de AlcântaraShe died on 5 September 1896, at sixty-six years of age, in São Paulo 
Passage 3:
Maria Isabel Barreno
Maria Isabel Barreno de Faria Martins GOIH (10 July 1939 – 3 September 2016) was a Portuguese writer, essayist, journalist and sculptor  She was one of the authors of the book Novas Cartas Portugesas (New Portuguese Letters), together with Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa  The authors, known as the "Three Marias," were arrested, jailed and prosecuted under Portuguese censorship laws in 1972, during the last years of the Estado Novo dictatorship  The book and their trial inspired protests in Portugal and attracted international attention from European and American women's liberation groups in the years leading up to the Carnation Revolution 

Biography
Born in Lisbon in the freguesia of Socorro, her parents moved to Areeiro, where she spent her childhood and adolescence  She studied College of Letters at the Universidade de Lisboa, where she graduated in Historico-Philosophical Sciences 
After graduation, she took a job working for the Instituto de Investigação Industrial  She dedicated herself to the cause of feminism, taking part in the Portuguese feminist movement together with the writers Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, the "Three Marias" (Três Marias) 
On 8 March  2004, she was made a Grand Official in the Ordem do Infante D  Henrique Barreno died on 3 September 2016 at the age of 77 
The sketch shown here is not a portrait of Barreno but of Maria Fatima Velho da Costa  A 1975 photo of the Three Marias published in The Economist shows Isabel Barreno on the right  
A late-life photo of her appears with her obituary on a Portuguese government site, cig gov pt 

Works
Adaptação do Trabalhador de Origem Rural ao Meio Industrial Urbano (1966)
A Condição da Mulher Portuguesa (1968) (collaboration)
De Noite as Árvores São Negras (1968)
Os Outros Legítimos Superiores (1970)
Novas Cartas Portuguesas (1971) (co-authored with Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa)
A Morte da Mãe (1972)
A Imagem da Mulher na Imprensa (1976)
Inventário de Ana (1982)
Contos Analógicos (1983)
Sinos do Universo (1984)
Contos (1985)
Célia e Celina (1985)
O Outro Desbotado (1986)
O Falso Neutro (1989)
O Direito ao Presente (1990)
Crónica do Tempo (1991) – winner of the Fernando Namora Prize
O enviado (1991)
O Chão Salgado (1992)
Os Sensos Incomuns (1993) – winner of the Prémio P E N  Clube Português de Ficção, and the Grande Prémio de Conto Camilo Castelo Branco
O Senhor das Ilhas (1994)
As Vésperas Esquecidas (1999)
Passage 4:
Maria Isabel of Braganza
Maria Isabel of Braganza (Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga; 19 May 1797 – 26 December 1818) was a Portuguese infanta who became Queen of Spain as the second wife of King Ferdinand VII 

Early years
Maria Isabel, born Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga, was born to John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain on 19 May 1797  She was born as their third child and second daughter  The marriage between her father and mother was unhappy, Carlota Joaquina attempting to have King John VI deemed insane In 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal, and the royal family unwillingly fled to Brazil  Maria Isabel’s mother Carlota sent her eldest surviving son, Pedro, to join his father and grandmother onboard the ship Principe Real whilst Carlota and the rest of her children would board the Affonso d’Albuquerque Upon their arrival, Carlota and her children were forced to shave their heads and wear white muslin hats 

Upbringing
Maria Isabel and her siblings were carefully educated by her mother liberally  Maria Isabel was noted to be kind, balanced and shy, and was much like her father within her personality 

Marriage
On 20 March 1816, Queen Maria I of Portugal perished  Due to this, Maria Isabel’s father John became the King of Portugal and Brazil  On 22 February 1816 marriage contracts between Ferdinand VII of Spain and Maria Isabel were officially signed; they would soon marry 29 September 1816  Ferdinand was 32 years old and Maria Isabel was 19 
Towards the end 1816 Maria Isabel and Ferdinand were married, and then settled in Madrid  There, Maria Isabel was then quickly pregnant  Maria Isabel gave birth to a daughter, who they named María Luisa Isabel, on 21 August 1817  María Luisa Isabel died four-five months later 

Death
Maria Isabel was pregnant soon after the birth of María Luisa Isabel, but the birth was indeed a difficult one: the baby was in breech and the physicians soon found that the child had died  Maria Isabel stopped breathing soon thereafter and the doctors thought she was dead  
Maria Isabel’s sister protested against the doctors' thoughts on presuming her dead  The king, however, ordered a fatal caesarean  When they started cutting her stomach to extract the dead fetus, she suddenly shouted in pain and collapsed on her bed, bleeding heavily  She died soon afterwards on 26 December 1818 in the Palace of Aranjuez, and was buried at the Escorial — the royal site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial 

Legacy
Queen Maria Isabel's dedication and affection for art led her to gather many treasures from the past and create a royal museum, which would end up being the beginnings of Museo del Prado  It opened on 19 November 1819, a year after the queen's death 

Issue
Ancestors
Honours and arms
Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
Dame of the Order of Saint Isabel

See also
Napoleonic Wars
Passage 5:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 6:
Anne Yelverton
Anne Yelverton (1628–1698) was Countess of Manchester and Countess of Halifax 

Biography
Anne Yelverton was born in 1628  She was the daughter of Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet, and Anne Twysden  She married Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, son of Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, and Lady Anne Rich, on 27 June 1655  They had five sons and four daughters:
Hon  Edward Montagu
Hon  Henry Montagu
Lady Anne Montagu (c  1667–1720), married James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 
Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester (c  1656–1722)
Lady Elizabeth Montagu (c  1682)
Lady Catherine Montagu, married Samuel Edwin
Hon  Robert Montagu (d  1693)
Hon  Heneage Montagu (1675–1698)
Lady Eleanor Montague,   (1647-1695) Married to Anthony Haggard (1646-1755) Marriage about 1682 Berkshire, England, United Kingdom Her first husband, Robert Montagu, died in 1683  Her second marriage was to Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, son of Hon  George Montagu (the half-brother of Robert Montagu's father, Edward) and Elizabeth Irby, circa 12 May 1688  This marriage was childless, and the Halifax title passed to Charles Montagu's nephew, George Montagu, by special remainder, on the former's death in 1715  Anne Yelverton died on 21 July 1698 
Passage 7:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 8:
Maria Isabel Guerra
Maria Isabel Guerra (born 8 July 1955) is a Brazilian former butterfly and medley swimmer  She competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics  She was a soccer player, rocked soccer skillzz 
Passage 9:
Maribel Martín
María Isabel Martín Martínez (1 November 1954 in Madrid, Spain), better known as Maribel Martín, is a Spanish actress 

Career
She made her acting debut at age seven in the film Tres de la Cruz Roja (1961),a film directed by Fernando Palacios  She had a career as a child actress in films like: La gran familia (1962), by Fernando Palacios and El Camino (1963) directed by Ana Mariscal 
At the end of the 1960s, she took more important roles in films like: The House That Screamed (1969) by Narciso Ibáñez Serrador and La Cera Virgen (1971) directed by Jose Maria Forque  She had her first starring role in The Blood Spattered Bride under the direction of Vicente Aranda  During the 1970s she concentrated her work in the theater and television  Among her films of this period are: Los Viajes Escolares (1973) directed by Jaime Chávarri; La Espada Negra (1976) film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta Campana del Infierno (1973) by Claudio Guerin 
After her starring role in Últimas tardes con Teresa (1983) directed by  Gonzalo Herralde, she created the production company Ganesh Films with actor Julian Mateos and from then on she has taken roles in some of their production: The Holy Innocents (1984), by Mario Camus and Moon Child (1989), a film directed by Agusti Villaronga  Her most recent film is Engendro (2005) under the direction of Luis Cabeza 

Selected filmography
La gran familia (1962)
The House That Screamed (1969)
The Blood Spattered Bride (1972)
The Bell from Hell (1973)
The Great House (1975)
Forget the Drums (1975)
Fortunata y Jacinta  (1980)
Últimas tardes con Teresa (1983)
The Holy Innocents (1984)
Moon Child (1989)
Passage 10:
Isabel Bacardit
Maria Isabel Preñanosa Bacardit (born 1960 in Barcelona) is a Spanish painter 

Biography
Isabel Bacardit was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1960  She starts her artistic education at the School of Arts of Poblenou, with Miquel Simó as her teacher, then moves on to the Escola d’Arts Aplicades i Oficis Artistics (Llotja) in Barcelona 
Starting as an abstract painter, she paints on materials she finds in the street: cardboard, wood, etc  Inspired by urban images, she paints using pigments mixed with sawdust and paper-paste to achieve densities and textures  Her compositions are based on primary colours 
In 1984 she is selected for the Fifth Biennale of Barcelona- Young Contemporary Painting  In 1985 she takes part in the First Exhibition of Young Art in Madrid and in the First Biennale of Young Cultural Productions of the European Mediterranean  In 1986 she is again selected for the Second Exhibition of Young Art in Madrid 
With the unexpected death of her partner, the painter Xavier Vidal i Banchs in 1984, Bacardit changes the theme of her work, taking inspiration now from the accidental changes of life  She creates a series of works based on The Disasters of War by Goya and paints proceeding from photographs of accidents taken from newspapers  She also changes her palette, turning to dark and earthen colours 
In 1986, due to the works in preparation for the 1992 Olympics, her paintings reflect the transformation of Barcelona, taking machines and diggers as her main motives 
In 1987 she illustrates the poem Helicón by Bruno Montané Krebs  She travels to Berlin, where she resides for a year  Here her themes are the signs of war, still visible on the buildings in the divided city  She exhibits in the gallery Vendemmia with the title "This is my Silence" 
In 1988 she moves to Mallorca, where she comes in contact with the theatre works of the Polish author Tadeusz Kantor  She creates the portfolio "The right to live in peace", with paintings inspired by the theatre of this author 
In 1989 she takes up residence in Santa Coloma de Farnés (Spain)  In the midst of nature she changes her themes dramatically  Her work finds inspiration in the landscape, light and silence  She leaves her work on the theme of death, with its dense materiality, behind, moving towards watercolours and transparencies 
In 1990 she lives in Rio de Janeiro, where she works with organisations for the welfare of street children, gives painting classes and establishes her studio in the gallery Maria Teresa Vieira  In Salvador de Bahia she exhibits a series of erotic drawings at the University of Fine Arts 
In 1991 she arrives in Chile  She exhibits in the gallery Buchi in Santiago de Chile and lives in Valparaiso  She collaborates with various artists: Edgard del Canto (painter), Alma Martinoia (painter), Ivo Vergara (painter), Cristina Correa (painter), Teresa Olivera (actress), Hernan Varela (stained glass artist) and Víctor Barrientos Ormazábal (actor and theatre director)  With them, she founds the theatre company "Theatre only for Fools" 
She begins her series "Earth, Air, Water and Fire"  On request of the cultural centre Las Condes of Santiago de Chile she builds a large scale sculpture out of papier-mache  and acrylics: "Bird Woman" which is dedicated to the flamenco dancer Carmen Amaya  For the theatre company "Theatre of Silence" she creates the life size puppets of the play "Taca taca mon amour" by Mauricio Celedón In 1994 she returns to Barcelona  She abandons abstract painting and returns to the figurative  In this period stand out:

The installation "Since ever, until when, since ever" for the "Meeting of Street Artists" in Granada 
An Exhibition in the civic centre Can Felipa with the collective "Art by Women", with works based on the theme of the female reproductive organs and birth 
The installation "Shoe-house Zapata"
Poeto-musical actions with Lucho Hermosilla, Steven Forster and Gaspar Lucas with the poem Altazor by Vicente Huidobro In 1996 she travels to Mexico  She meets Ofelia Medina and makes contact with the Zapatista communities in Chiapas, where she becomes strongly influenced by elements of indigenous symbolism and spirituality 
In 1997 she returns to Barcelona  In collaboration with Primitiva Reverter, Judit Bacardit, Montserrat Baqués, Mercè Candó, Caty Fernández and Aina Reverter she initiates the publication of the magazine Adiosas  With the same artists she exhibits in the gallery Espai22a 
In 1998 she works with the Dutch travelling theatre company "Azart Ship of Fools"  She travels and acts on the boat of the company and creates masks and part of the costumes for the work The Pilgrim at the End of the World 
In 1999 she establishes herself in Vilarnadal (Girona, Spain), where she lives for six years in an old mill  She paints and cultivates the earth 
In 2002 she exhibits, together with her sister, the sculptor Judit Bacardit, in the information centre of the Parc dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà and in the exhibition rooms of the Caixa Girona in Roses 
In 2003 they exhibit again at this location  She participates in the European meeting of woman artists "In Via" in Switzerland 
In 2004 she creates the stage design and decorations for the programme "The Ship of Fools" for the local television in Amsterdam 
Since 2005 she lives in Barcelona 

Notes



ground_truth: November 3, 1867