prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of the director of film Gunsmoke (Film)?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 2:
S  N  Mathur
S N  Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980  He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab 
Passage 3:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 4:
Nathan Juran
Naftuli Hertz "Nathan" Juran (September 1, 1907 – October 23, 2002) was an Austrian-born film art director, and later film and television director  As an art director, he won the Oscar for Best Art Direction in 1942 for How Green Was My Valley, along with  Richard Day and Thomas Little  His work on The Razor's Edge in 1946 also received an Academy nomination  In the 1950s, he began to direct, and was known for science fiction and fantasy films such as Attack of the 50 Foot Woman  He was also the brother of quality guru Joseph M  Juran 

Life and career
Early life
Juran was born to a Jewish family in Gura Humorului, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Romania) In 1912, he emigrated to America with his family, settling in Minneapolis  He earned a bachelor's degree in Architecture from the University of Minnesota  He also spent a summer studying at the École des Beaux-Arts before earning a master's degree in Architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  He passed the architect's exam and set up his own office as an architect 

Art department
With the construction industry at a standstill due to the Great Depression, Juran moved to Los Angeles  He sought architecture work at the studios and got a job doing a drawing of the Brooklyn Bridge for RKO Radio Pictures  He managed to get a permanent job as a draftsman in the art department  He was an assistant art director on Quality Street (1937) 
Juaran later moved to MGM, where he assisted in designing Juliet's bedroom in Romeo and Juliet (1936)  He then joined 20th Century Fox, assisting art department head Richard Day on How Green Was My Valley (1941) Fox liked his work and put Juran under contract  His early credits as art director included Charley's American Aunt (1941), and Belle Starr (1941), and he and Day won an Oscar for their work on Valley Juran also worked on I Wake Up Screaming (1941), A Gentleman at Heart (1942), Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942), The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe (1942), Dr  Renault's Secret (1942), It's Everybody's War (1942, a short), and That Other Woman (1942) 
Juran enlisted in the Navy during the Second World War in July 1942 and was assigned to first the Office of Strategic Services and then to the Royal Air Force Intelligence Center After the war, Juran returned to Fox, winning an Oscar nomination for his work on The Razor's Edge (1946) 
Juran accepted a seven-year contract to be head of the art department for Enterprise Productions  While there he was credited on The Other Love (1947) and Body and Soul (1947)  When Enterprise collapsed, Juran did Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948) for Harold Hecht and Tulsa (1948) for Walter Wanger 

Universal
Juran then signed a long-term contract with Universal, where he was the art director on Free for All (1949), Undertow (1949), Winchester '73 (1950), Deported (1950), Harvey (1950), Bright Victory (1951), Thunder on the Hill (1951), Reunion in Reno (1951), Cave of Outlaws (1951), The Strange Door (1951), Meet Danny Wilson (1951), Bend of the River (1952) and Untamed Frontier (1952) 

Director
Juran was assigned as art department head for The Black Castle (1952), when director Joseph Pevney dropped out shortly before filming  Juran was asked to take over as director two weeks prior to filming Universal was happy with Juran's work and signed him to a one-year directing contract  He made an Audie Murphy Western Gunsmoke (1952), and a Ronald Reagan Western Law and Order (1953), then did The Golden Blade (1953), an "Eastern" with Rock Hudson and Tumbleweed (1953) with Murphy 
Juran went to Italy in 1954 to direct a swashbuckler, Knights of the Queen (1954), based on The Three Musketeers  He then directed some episodes of a TV series based on the movie 
Juran returned to Hollywood to direct an independent film, Highway Dragnet (1954) based on a story by Roger Corman  After The Big Moment (1954) at Paramount he went back to Universal to do Drums Across the River (1954) with Murphy Juran directed episodes of Fury (1954), Crossroads and My Friend Flicka on TV, and The Crooked Web (1955) for Sam Katzman at Columbia 

Science fiction and fantasy
Juran's first science fiction film was The Deadly Mantis (1957) at Universal  He followed this with Hellcats of the Navy (1957) starring Ronald Reagan and his wife (who was billed as Nancy Davis)  It was his first film for producer Charles H  Schneer  Schneer hired Juran for 20 Million Miles to Earth (1957) with special effects by Ray Harryhausen  This film established Juran in the science fiction and fantasy genres 
Schneer hired him to do another movie with Harryhausen, The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1957)  It was a commercial and critical success  Instead of continuing with A features, he accepted two jobs "for the money", in his own words: The Brain from Planet Arous (1957) then Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1957)  Both became cult classics  He was unhappy with how Arous turned out and arranged for his billing to be "Nathan Hertz" 
Juran did a Western for Schneer, Good Day for a Hanging (1958) and, for TV, episodes of Frances Langford Presents, World of Giants, and Men Into Space (1960) 
Juran got back into features with a motion picture he wrote himself, Jack the Giant Killer (1962) for producer Edward Small  He then did Flight of the Lost Balloon (1961), which was released first, an adventure heavily influenced by Jules Verne, which he co-wrote and directed  Around this time he provided the stories for, but did not direct, Doctor Blood's Coffin (1961) and Boy Who Caught a Crook (1961) and wrote a draft of Son of Captain Blood Jurana did some second unit directing on MGM's Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)  Schneer hired Juran to direct Siege of the Saxons (1963) and First Men in the Moon (1964) (based on the novel by H  G  Wells with effects by Harryhausen)   He did an imperial adventure for Schneer, East of Sudan (1964) and directed second unit on Cyrano et d'Artagnan (1964) 

Television
Juran turned to television in 1959  He directed episodes of A Man Called Shenandoah and Daniel Boone, and episodes of all four of Irwin Allen's 1960s science fiction series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, The Time Tunnel and Land of the Giants 

Last films
He did a feature for Schneer, Land Raiders (1970), a Western, before an operation for cancer prompted him to retire in 1970  Juran returned from retirement to direct The Boy Who Cried Werewolf (1973) with his old Sinbad star, Kerwin Mathews  He then returned to his first career, architecture In 1999, he was honored with the Lifetime Career Award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, USA 
He died at the age of 95 in Palos Verdes, California, US 

Partial filmography
As art director
How Green Was My Valley (1942)
The Razor's Edge (1946)As director
The Black Castle (1952)
Law and Order (1953)
Gunsmoke (1953)
The Golden Blade (1953)
Tumbleweed (1953)
Drums Across the River (1954)
Highway Dragnet (1954)
The Crooked Web (1955)
The Deadly Mantis (1957)
20 Million Miles to Earth (1957)
Hellcats of the Navy (1957)
The Brain from Planet Arous (1957)
The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958)
Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)
Good Day for a Hanging  (1959)
Flight of the Lost Balloon (1961)
Boy Who Caught a Crook (1961)
Jack the Giant Killer (1962)
Siege of the Saxons (1963)
First Men in the Moon (1964)
East of Sudan (1964)
Land Raiders (1970)
The Boy Who Cried Werewolf (1973)
Passage 5:
Gunsmoke (film)
Gunsmoke is a 1953 American Western film directed by Nathan Juran and starring Audie Murphy, Susan Cabot, and Paul Kelly  The film has no connection to the contemporary radio and later TV series of the same name  The film was based on the 1951 novel Roughshod by Norman A  Fox 

Plot
Murphy stars as Reb Kittridge, a wandering hired gun who is hired to get the deeds of the last remaining ranch not owned by local boss Matt Telford  That last ranch is owned by Dan Saxon   Though Reb has not yet accepted the job he is ambushed by Saxon's ramrod, ranch foreman Curly Mather, who kills his horse   Once in town, he is challenged to a gun fight by Saxon, but shoots Saxon in his gun hand instead of with a killing shot 
Saxon, a former wild outlaw who has settled down, senses Reb has good in him and when he hears Reb's goal in life is to own his own ranch he loses the deed of the ranch to Reb in a card draw   It is obvious he does this on purpose since he earlier won a similar contest by outdrawing his opponent's king 
Reb takes over the ranch and moving its cattle herd to a railhead for sale to the workers   Telford hires Reb's fellow gunslinger and sometime friend, Johnny Lake to stop the herd and Reb   Reb has also fallen in love with Rita, the rancher's daughter, who currently is in love with Mather 

Cast
Audie Murphy as Reb Kittridge
Susan Cabot as Rita Saxon
Paul Kelly as Dan Saxon
Charles Drake as Johnny Lake
Mary Castle as Cora Dufrayne
Jack Kelly as Curly Mather
Jesse White as Professor
Donald Randolph as Matt Telford
William Reynolds as Brazos
Chubby Johnson as Doc Farrell

Production
The movie started filming in June 1952 under the title of Roughshod  It was the first of three Westerns Murphy made with Nathan Juran over two years  Filming took place in Big Bear Lake, California 
Passage 6:
Deon Dyer
Deon Joseph Dyer (born October 2, 1977),  nicknamed "Gunsmoke", is a former American football fullback in the National Football League (NFL)  He was originally drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fourth round of the 2000 NFL Draft  He played college football at the North Carolina 
Deon began working as a high school football coach at Pine Crest School, yet he left to pursue other options in 2014  
He now works at Deep Creek High School 
Passage 7:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 8:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
Dana Blankstein
Dana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School  She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019   Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television  She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur 

Biography
Dana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein  She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv 
Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors  During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners   She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found  Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007 

Film and academic career
After her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality  The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities 
Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012)  From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television 
In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab  In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem 

Filmography
Tel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)
Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)
Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)
Passage 10:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Paul De Weert
Paul De Weert (born 27 November 1945) is a Belgian rower  He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics 
Passage 2:
Paul de Longpré
Paul de Longpré (1855–1911), was a French painter of flowers, who worked mainly in the United States 

Early life
Paul de Longpré was born in Lyon, France, in 1855, and was an entirely self-taught artist  From age 12, he practiced successfully in Paris as a painter of fans  In 1876, at 21, he first exhibited at the Paris Salon  Having lost his money by the failure of a Paris bank, he moved in 1890 to New York City and in 1896 held an exhibition of flower paintings which secured him instant recognition 

Life in Hollywood
De Longpré arrived in Los Angeles, Southern California with his family in 1899  Daeida Wilcox, with husband H  H  Wilcox the founders of Hollywood, was so eager to attract culture to the town that she gave him her homesite for his estate, three lots on Cahuenga on the north of Prospect (later Hollywood Boulevard), in exchange for three of his paintings In 1901, Canadian architect Louis Bourgeois designed a landmark residence for the 3 acres (1 2 ha) estate, in the Mission Revival style  The house included an art gallery to sell prints of de Longpré's paintings, and was surrounded by the expansive "Le Roi de Fleur" flower gardens  Estate tours became a popular tourist destination off an exclusive Balloon Route trolley spur of the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad, that later became a Pacific Electric Redcar line, and with print sales additional sources of income for de Longpré Paul de Longpré is listed in the 1900 US Census, Los Angeles City Ward 5, Precincts 38 B and 73 A, with his wife Josephine and daughters Blance, Alice, and Pauline  His occupation is listed as Artist, but the last name is misspelled as De Lonpre, It indicates Paul, Josephine, Blance, and Alice were born in France, and Pauline was born in New York City  The architect Louis Bourgeois also taught French to de Longpré's daughters, and later married his daughter Alice Paul de Longpré died at home in Los Angeles at age 56, on 29 June 1911 Afterwards, the family moved back to France  The increased property values in rapidly developing Hollywood resulted in demolition of the gardens by 1924, and the house in 1927 

Works
De Longpré only painted specimens of flowers  With a delicacy of touch and feeling for color he united scientific knowledge and art  He also knew how to give expression to the subtle essence of the flowers  Painting floral scenes almost exclusively in watercolors, in the 1900s de Longpre found inspiration in the 4,000 rose bushes he planted on his Hollywood estate  The finest of his paintings include Double Peach Blossoms and White Fringed Poppies (1902) – both widely known through popular reproductions 

Legacy
In present-day Hollywood, the street De Longpre Avenue, and De Longpre Park on it are both named for him 
Passage 3:
Paul de Scherff
Paul de Scherff (14 July 1820 – 22 July 1894) was a Luxembourgian politician 
De Scherff was born in Frankfurt to F  H  W  von Scherff-Arnoldi, who was minister plenipotentiary of the King-Grand Duke to the German Federal Diet   After studying law, Paul de Scherff came to Luxembourg  For six years he was avocat géneral, and later became president of the superior court, at the age of 34  From 24 June 1856 to 11 November 1858 he was Administrateur général (Minister) for Public Works and Railways in the Simons Ministry  From 1869 to 1871, and then again from 1886 to 1892 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre, and was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1869 until 1872 When the walls of the fortress of Luxembourg were demolished in the 1870s and 1880s, Paul de Scherff was working in the ministry of public works, where he dealt with the building of the municipal parks 
He married Marie Pescatore on 14 September 1842, daughter of Constantin Jos  Antoine Pescatore and niece of Theodore Pescatore   De Scherff was a practising member of the Reformed Church 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Paul de Cordon
Paul de Cordon (born in 1908 in Toulouse - died in 1998 in Paris) was a French photographer known for his photographs of the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon  He was also recognized for his portraits and his nudes for which he was, in 1964, considered one of the greatest photographers in the world together with Guy Bourdin and Lucien Clergue  He produced portraits of many personalities such as Johnny Hallyday, Gilbert Bécaud, Mireille Darc, Jacques Brel, Fernand Raynaud, Anna Karina, Samy Davis Jr , Jeanne Moreau, Steve McQueen and his long-time friends, Daniel Sorano and Jacques Dufilho as well as Gonzague Saint Bris with whom he was very close  and who nicknamed him “The Toulouse-Lautrec of photography’’  In 1961 he participated alongside Edouard Boubat, Agnès Varda, Man Ray, Frank Horvat, William Klein and Robert Doisneau in the mythical exhibition "Metamorphosis and invention of a face" around the portrait of Anne- Marie Edvina  He was also an equestrian, fashion and advertising photographer, notably for Nikon and Beaulieu  He collaborated with Europe 1 in the years 1960/70  Paul de Cordon even tried his hand at television by co-presenting the Cirques du Monde program with Jean Richard on channel A2  His works are present in prestigious collections such as those of the National Library of France (BNF), the Rodin museum and W M  Hunt 

Early years
Paul de Cordon was born in Toulouse  His father, Comte Pierre de Cordon, was a cavalry officer; his mother, Marthe de Boyer-Montegut, a cultivated, book-loving woman, was the daughter of Paul de Boyer- Montégut, who, for many years, was mayor of Cugnaux, near Toulouse, where he owned the château de Maurens 
It was in Maurens that Paul de Cordon, as a child, spent his holidays and it was there that he discovered horses which were to become one of the great passions of his life  His grandfather Boyer-Montegut was what was the French call, a “Homme de cheval’’ whose four-in-hand teams were renowned in Toulouse and across the region  As a child, he also lived for several years in Mainz (Germany), where his father was stationed after the First World War  It was around this time that he started taking pictures with a small camera, a gift from his parents  He learned the basic techniques from an old German photographer during long hours spent in his shop 
It was also in Germany where his attraction to the circus was born  The large travelling circuses, like Althoff, then crisscrossed the country with quality shows and numerous animals 
As a teenager, he was a boarder in a Paris school  He was then able to discover a very intense artistic and cultural life thanks to his aunt, the Marquise du Crozet, his mother's elder sister  He attended performances by Serge de Diaghilev's Ballets Russes which, after the war, came on tour every year to Paris  He went to the theater and visited exhibitions with his first cousin, Aimar du Crozet, who was much older than him and took him "under his wing" to serve as his guide to the Paris of the 1920s  Aimar du Crozet also had a passion for horses and races  He was the owner of Master Bob, who won the 1924 Paris Grand Steeple Chase * and who became so famous an athlete that he is mentioned by Ernest Hemingway at the start of his book ‘’Death in the Afternoon’’ 
After his studies Paul de Cordon enlisted in the 18th Dragons cavalry regiment  More than a true military vocation, it was once again the love of horses that motivated him 
At that time almost all the cavalry regiments were mounted and each maintained and trained horses to enter in show jumping events and steeple chases, in which both officers and noncommissioned officers participated  In the 1930s, he thus took part in dozens of races on tracks in France and across Europe 
After the 18th Dragons he was assigned to the 2nd Hussards, in Tarbes, the “Chamborant’’, where he continued his favorite activities; training and riding horses  By an amusing coincidence, his great-grandmother on his mother’s side was Louise de Séganville, daughter of Colonel Baron de Séganville who had been the regiment’s commanding officer between 1813 and 1815 
It was at the 2nd Hussards that he had two encounters that would mean a lot in his life  He befriended Jacques Dufilho who, after interrupting his studies in dental prosthesis, had signed an eighteen-month enlistment contract  * Dufilho will become one of his dearest friends when they meet again after the war  There he also meets Jean Devaivre who completed his military service at “Chamborant’’  Jean Devaivre then went to work in cinema and became a great director, it was he who enabled Paul de Cordon, after the war, to embark on a new life 
Devaivre was not only a cineaste but also an authentic character actor: working during the occupation for the German group Continental Films in Paris, he was at the same time a very active member of the French resistance  His exploits include flying from the Nevers region to London clandestinely after having made the journey from Paris to Nevers in the afternoon    by bicycle  Bertrand Tavernier's film “Laissez-passer’’ is directly inspired by his life, as recounted in his autobiography, “Action’’ 
In 1939, the 2nd Hussards broke up into reconnaissance groups which took part in the 1940 battles on the Ardennes front, * Paul de Cordon participated in these actions in a mounted squadron and was taken prisoner by the Germans  He ended his captivity in the fortress of Colditz where he was liberated by the US military on April 16, 1945 
In 1945 he married Dilette de Rigaud de Vaudreuil and they had three children  He remained in the army for a few more months and was assigned to the Cadre Noir in Saumur 

Second life
After a few months in Saumur, he decided to leave the army  In 1947 Jean Devaivre who had just directed “La dame d’onze heure" with Paul Meurisse, a film of astonishing modernity, offered him a job as his assistant and Paul de Cordon accepted 
He was Devaivre’s first assistant director for “La ferme des sept péchés" ( he was also the stuntman for scenes on horseback) and for "Vendetta en Camargue" where he reunited with Jacques Dufilho  At that time, in addition to being a stuntman he was also an acrobatic and burlesque dancer 
At the beginning of the 1950s, Paul de Cordon decided to become a professional photographer  He set up a studio in Paris and started developing relations with various clients in the press, advertising agencies, fashion designers, show business    
He also began to develop a large-scale personal project on the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon cabaret  He spent many nights with his camera at Medrano, at the Bouglione brothers' Cirque d’Hiver and at the Crazy Horse Saloon  Until the 1990s he also traveled the world to visit
circuses and bring back photos  Over these years, he has developed close ties with the great dynasties of the circus ring : Schumann, Rancy, Knie, Gruss, Bouglione, Houcke, Medrano, Fratellini etc     In all these families the horse occupied a central role in their performances  This equestrian culture and Paul de Cordon’s experience as a horseman facilitated and consolidated links with all these artists and strengthened their mutual confidence and friendship  His taste for spectacle, ballets and theater helped him to appreciate and better understand the work represented by all these artists  During these years, in addition to his work as a photographer, Paul de Cordon wrote a lot about the circus and this is how the Swiss magazine “L’Année Hippique" often published his articles on horses and circus equestrians 

Circus instants
"Faced with this obstinate pursuit of the perfect gesture, I understood that I was living there what I had always sought: a circus moment"  “Instants de Cirque’’ is the title of Paul de Cordon's most famous book, which brings together a selection of images taken over more than thirty years and which he considered particularly representative  The book was edited by Bernard de Fallois who was also a circus lover and an admirer of Paul de Cordon's photos 
This book, published in 1977 by Le Chêne, allows us, with hindsight, to better understand the originality and peculiarity of Paul de Cordon’s photos  The circus is a subject that has greatly inspired photographers attracted by the spectacular and flashy nature of the circus ring  But there is no flashiness in the photos that appear there, they are intimate, shrouded in mystery, charged with a secret emotion  A photo of Gilbert Houcke with his tiger Prince illustrates their peculiarity well: there is no circus ring nor lights, we are backstage, the tamer wears a worn bathrobe, there is a sort of semi-darkness which brings out the eye of the tiger and his outstretched paw, claws extended, which he offers to the caress of the human hand  Few images make you feel with as much force the reciprocal respect and the affection that there can be between a wild beast and his tamer but also the formidable danger, the courage it takes to face it and the amount of work and humility that represent a successful act  This photo may not be what people call a circus photo, but it illustrates what Paul de Cordon called the “instant de cirque’’  Paul de Cordon had a great admiration for tamers and loved wild animals  He liked to enter their cages, accompanied by the tamer of course  He also
chose to include on the jacket of his book, a photo of himself with the lionesses of Georges Marck, wearing the uniform of the 2nd Hussards  The photo was shot by his brother, Benoît de Cordon 
Paul de Cordon was passionately fond of the circus, but he did not like being labeled as a circus photographer because the documentary aspect often linked to that genre and most often sought after by circophiles, was of no interest to him  What he was interested in and what he wanted to express in his photos was, he said, “the peculiarity of an artist, the very core of his art’’  He had an exceptional talent for capturing what others didn't always see, which is probably why so many circus performers wanted to be photographed by him 

Crazy Horse Saloon
Paul de Cordon met Alain Bernardin at the very beginning of the Crazy Horse Saloon The old coal cellar on the avenue George V had just been converted into a micro cabaret  The former antique dealer who invented the most cerebral strip show in the world and the recently converted cavalry officer shared a common aversion for rules and conventions and were both attracted to show business and pretty women  The friendship between them that lasted many years was punctuated with sulking  They both had a touch of dandyism and a taste for beautiful fabrics and bespoke suits which led them to share a Russian tailor before he emigrated to Hollywood to dress movie stars  Paul de Cordon took hundreds of photos at the Paris cabaret which illustrate the long history of the place   There are also many images shot in the dressing rooms  They are more intimate, devoid of any sort of voyeurism and translate the total confidence of the dancers This part of his work is less well known as it reveals a different face of his talent 

Portraits
Paul de Cordon is not considered a portrait photographer and yet, one realizes when looking at his work, that he also excelled in this particular art as evidenced by portraits of his friends the Gruss brothers, Alexis and André, of the clown Pipo and of Jean Houcke  His striking portrait of the actor Jacques Dufilho, in a black leather coat captures all the austerity and intelligence of this comedian  His portraits of pop stars are of interest in that they totally ignore the canons of the yé-yé aesthetic
imposed by the iconic music magazine « Salut les copains » (Hello mates) 
Paul de Cordon worked regularly for advertising, fashion, and the press 
In advertising he worked for Nikon and Beaulieu shooting their ads and catalogues for several years 
In the press he began working for horse magazines  During the 60’s he did many jobs for the music press and for record companies including photos of pop groups, yé-yé stars, or even latin music groups (Chaussettes noires, Johnny Hallyday, Hugues Aufray, Françoise Hardy, Sylvie Vartan and los Machucambos) 
He was also involved in fashion photography and participated for several years in the July fashion show marathons when Paris studios were overbooked for night photoshoots 

3 zebras
In the contemporary world, images are everywhere, and some photos are more famous than their photographers  Everyone knows “Le baîser de l’hôtel de Ville’’ by Robert Doisneau, “Death of a republican soldier’’ by Robert Capa, or “Dovima and the elephants" by Avedon  Paul de Cordon most famous photo, undoubtedly, is “Three zebras’’ which has been presented in all his exhibitions and appears, of course, in Instants de Cirque although it was not shot in a circus but at the Amsterdam Zoo in 1957  This photo was published worldwide, including in the American edition of Life in March 1962 
Paul de Cordon died in March 1998 in Paris, two years before his wife, Dilette, who had accompanied him to circuses around the world  They are buried in Verneuil in the Nièvre  Paul de Cordon is the grandfather of Pierre-Elie de Pibrac, a photographer known in
particular for his work on the Paris Opera  Photos from his book “In Situ’’ (2014) have been exhibited in France and around the world  It was thanks to his grandfather with whom he was very close, that Pierre-Elie de Pibrac developed his vocation for photography 

Books by Paul de Cordon
Girls of the Crazy Horse Saloon Verlagspresse 1971
Instants de Cirque Edition du chêne 1977
Le Cadre Noir Julliard 1981
Passage 5:
Paul De Keyser
Paul De Keyser (born 7 February 1957) is a former Belgian racing cyclist  He rode in the 1980 Tour de France 
Passage 6:
Catherine I of Russia
Catherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr  Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr  Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O S  5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O S  6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727 

Life as a servant
The life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself  Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life  Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o s  5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska  Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents  In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt  Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer  It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect  Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf
Context 3: Passage 1:
Henry Krause
Henry J  "Red" Krause, Jr  (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins   He played college football at St  Louis University 
Passage 2:
Abd al-Muttalib
Shayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: شَيْبَة إبْن هَاشِم; c  497–578), better known as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب, lit  'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation  He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

Early life
His father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81  the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca  They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm  His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah)  Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born : 81 His real name was "Shaiba" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-Ḥamd ("The white streak of praise") : 81–82  After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care  Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent  Muṭṭalib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca  Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go  Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib ("servant of Muttalib") : 85–86

Chieftain of Hashim clan
When Muṭṭalib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan  Following his uncle Al-Muṭṭalib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people  He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them : 61 
'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib and Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba  Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib  Addressing Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, he said:
Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate  You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe 

Discovery of Zam Zam Well
'Abdul-Muṭṭalib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila  There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca  The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-Ḥārith stood guard until they gave up their protests  After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar  It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well  So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition  They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost  There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out  One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others  So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Muṭṭalib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed  It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well  Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred : 86–89 : 62–65

The Year of the Elephant
According to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there : 21  The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral  Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca : 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26  and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE 
When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba  A man from the Ḥimyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed  "Abdul-Muṭṭalib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba  Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib to meet him and discuss matters  When 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House ": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks  Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way : 26–27  This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:

Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?
Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?

And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up 
Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier  A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of ʽAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʽani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father 

Sacrificing his son Abdullah
Al-Harith was 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well : 64  When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba  Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow  The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah  The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead  'Abdul-Muṭṭalib agreed to consult a "sorceress with a familiar spirit"  She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels  If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place  When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels  'Abdul-Muṭṭalib confirmed this by repeating the test three times  Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared : 66–68

Family
Wives
Abd al-Muttalib had six known wives 

Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe 
Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe 
Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe 
Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe 
Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe 
Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe 

Children
According to Ibn Hisham, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib had ten sons and six daughters : 707–708 note 97  However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons : 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:

Al-Ḥārith : 708  He was the firstborn and he died before his father : 99 
Quthum : 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham By Fatima bint Amr:

Al-Zubayr : 707  He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour : 99  He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters : 101 : 34–35 
Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707  father of the future Caliph Ali  He later became chief of the Hashim clan 
Abdullah, the father of Muhammad : 99 : 707 
Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707  the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman : 32 
Barra,: 100 : 707  the mother of Abu Salama : 33 
Arwa : 100 : 707 
Atika,: 100 : 707  a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira : 31 
Umayma,: 100 : 707  the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh : 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:

Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab : 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:

Ḥamza,: 707  the first big leader of Islam  He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh  He was martyred at Uhud : 100 
Ṣafīyya : 100 : 707 
Al-Muqawwim : 707  He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra) 
Hajl : 707  He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita By Natīlah bint Khubāb:

al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707  ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs 
Ḍirār,: 707  who died before Islam : 100 
Jahl, died before Islam
Imran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:

Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq : 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham 
Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam 
Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam : 100 
Al-Mughira,: 100  who had the byname al-Ghaydaq 

The family tree and some of his important descendants
Death
Abdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Muḥammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah  One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died  So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah  They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca  But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death  She was buried over there  From then, Muhammad became an orphan  Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much  Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad  But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE 
Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia 

See also
Family tree of Muhammad
Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim
Sahaba
Passage 3:
Mark Getty
Sir Mark Harris Getty  (born 9 July 1960) is an Irish businessman who is the co-founder and chairman of Getty Images 

Life and career
A member of the prominent Getty family, he is the younger son of John Paul Getty Jr  and his first wife, Gail Harris  Getty was born in Rome, Italy  He attended Taunton School in England and later studied Philosophy and Politics at St Catherine's College, Oxford Getty began his career at securities firm Kidder, Peabody & Co  in New York City and then joined Hambros Bank Ltd in London  In 1993, he drove his family's founding investment in andBeyond, the world's leading ecotourism business, and still acts as chairman of the business In 1994, he co-founded the photographic agency Getty Images with Jonathan Klein  Getty Images is the world's leading supplier of imagery for the media, corporate, and advertising sectors  In 2003, he inherited Wormsley Park from his father  In 2008, Getty became chairman of the trustees of the National Gallery in London, a post he held until 2016  In 2017, Getty became chairman of the British School at Rome 
Passage 4:
John Paul Getty Jr 
Sir Paul Getty  (; born Eugene Paul Getty; 7 September 1932 – 17 April 2003), known widely as John Paul Getty Jr , was a British philanthropist and book collector  He was the third of five sons born to J  Paul Getty (1892–1976), one of the richest men in the world at the time  His mother was J  Paul Getty's fourth wife, Ann Rork  The Getty family's wealth was the result of the oil business founded by George Franklin Getty  One of his sons, Mark Getty, co-founded the visual media company Getty Images 
At birth, he was given the name Eugene Paul Getty, but in later life, he adopted other names, including Paul Getty, John Paul Getty, Jean Paul Getty Jr  and John Paul Getty II  In 1973, his son John Paul Getty III was held captive in Italy, as J  Paul Getty refused to pay a ransom  In 1986, he was awarded an honorary knighthood for services to causes ranging from cricket, to art and to the Conservative Party  His honorary knighthood would eventually become substantive upon the required acquisition of British citizenship  A long-time Anglophile, he became a British citizen in 1997  In 1998, he changed his name by deed poll when he renounced the first name Eugene and wished to be known as Sir Paul Getty KBE 

Early life
John Paul Jr  was born on board ship in the waters near Genoa, Italy, on 7 September 1932, while his parents Ann and J  Paul Getty were travelling  His birth was registered at La Spezia with the name Eugenio Paul Getty, when the Italian notary misheard the name John  He would legally alter his name with the Italian authorities to John Paul in 1958 He was initially raised in Los Angeles, California, United States  His parents' marriage was troubled by J  Paul's long absences abroad and his emotional distance  Ann Getty divorced J  Paul Getty Sr  in 1936 in Reno, Nevada, claiming emotional cruelty and neglect  She was awarded $1,000 per month in child support for each of her sons, Paul Jr  and Gordon In 1938, Ann married her third husband, Joseph Stanton McInerney, and the family moved to San Francisco  Paul Jr  attended St  Ignatius College Preparatory and the University of San Francisco, both Jesuit schools  Throughout his adolescence, he showed a great interest in reading and music, encouraged by his mother  In 1950 he was drafted to serve in the Korean War, spending the duration working at the American headquarters in Seoul, South Korea  After he was discharged he met Abigail Harris, the daughter of a prominent San Franciscan federal judge, and the two were married in early 1956  His first child, John Paul Getty III was born in November 1956  The following year he approached his brother Gordon, vice-president of the Getty subsidiary Tidewater Petroleum, asking for a job  His brother gave him a job pumping gas at a Tidewater gas station in Marin County  After a year, his father, whom he had not seen in 12 years, was favourably impressed enough to invite his family and him to Paris, where he offered Paul Jr  a job as president of Getty Oil's Italian subsidiary, Getty Oil Italiana, in Rome



ground_truth: Gura Humorului

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Paul De Scherff or Lyudmyla Olyanovska?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children  According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian  In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman   No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life 
Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son  At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg  When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow 
There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress  She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev  It is not known whether she was his mistress, or household maid   She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia  Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him  Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife  It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance 
It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely  In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta  In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter  In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna)  She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions 

Marriage and family life
Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg  They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709) 
Peter had moved the capital to St  Petersburg in 1703  While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple  The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter  As a person she was very energetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful  She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so 
Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711  There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great  Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat 
Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy  In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St  Petersburg on 9 February 1712   She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich  Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina  When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherine became Empress  The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding 

Issue
Catherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna and Elizabeth:

Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancy
Paul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancy
Catherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)
Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15 May 1728)
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)
Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)
Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June 1715)
Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)

Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)
Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)
Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)
Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)

Siblings
Upon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titles of Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia 

Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: Симон Гейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov 
Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the Counts Efimovsky 
Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, a Russian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration 
Fryderyk Skowroński, renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without having children by either of them 

Reign as empress regnant
Catherine was crowned in 1724  The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's former mistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona  He served as Catherine's secretary  Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia  Catherine had a great deal of influence over who could gain access to her husband  Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter  Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both  Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled  He and Catherine did not speak for several months  Rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, but there is no evidence for this 
Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor  Catherine represented the interests of the "new men", commoners who had been brought to positions of great power by Peter based on competence  A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats  For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup was arranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia  Supporting evidence was "produced" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both "new men" with motivation to see Catherine take over  The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council 
Catherine viewed the deposed empress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St  Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner 

Death
Catherine I died two years after Peter I, on 17 May 1727 at age 43, in St  Petersburg, where she was buried at St  Peter and St  Paul Fortress  Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise 
Before her death she recognized Peter II, the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor 

Assessment and legacy
Catherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia   At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 men and supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe   However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annual revenue   Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure   For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers   However, on this single issue, the reduction of military expenses, Catherine was able to have her way   The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands of one party, and thus was an executive innovation  In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against Great Britain 
Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St  Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital  She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bears her name 
The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name 
She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning "Catherine's Valley"), its adjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia  The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution of the President 
In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious   The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret 

See also
Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
Rulers of Russia family tree

Notes
Passage 7:
Lyudmyla Olyanovska
Lyudmyla Olyanovska (Ukrainian: Людмила Оляновська; born 20 February 1993, in Kyiv) is a Ukrainian race walker 

Career
She won the bronze medal in the 20 kilometer racewalking event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China 
In 2014, she won the silver medal in the 20 kilometres racewalking event at the 2014 European Championships in Athletics 
In February 2017, she was disqualified for doping rules violation for four years since 30 November 2015 until 29 November 2019 

National records
She holds three national records in racewalking:
Passage 8:
Antoine Pescatore
Constantin-Joseph-Antoine Pescatore, known as Antoine Pescatore, was born on 16 December 1787 in Luxembourg City, and died on 31 October 1858 in Sandweiler  He was a businessman and politician 
From 1817 to 1820, he was mayor of the city of Luxembourg From 1842 to 1848 he was a member of the Assembly of Estates, and from 1854 to 1856 was a member of the Chamber of Deputies In 1845 he became a founding member of the Société pour la recherche et la conservation des monuments historiques dans le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg 
His daughter Marie Pescatore (1819-1894) married Paul de Scherff 
Passage 9:
Paul de Maleingreau
Paul Constant Eugène de Maleingreau (23 November 1887 - 9 January 1956) was a Belgian composer and organist 

Biography
Paul Constant Eugène Malengreau was born in  Trélon, Nord, France  He later changed his surname to "de Maleingreau"  From 1905 to 1912 he studied at the Brussels Conservatory where his principal teachers were Alfons Desmet, Paul Gilson and Edgar Tinel  He began teaching at the Conservatory in 1913 and was professor of organ (succeeding Desmet) from 1929 until 1953   His pupils included Pierre Froidebise, Charles Koenig, Robert Kohnen, Marcel Druart, Paul Sprimont and Herman Roelstraete 
In 1921 and 1922 he was the first to play Bach’s complete organ works in Brussels 
Gregorian plainsong forms the basis of most of Malengreau’s compositions, and indeed part of his output is intended for the liturgy  He also wrote programme music, his organ symphonies being inspired by paintings by Rogier van der Weyden and the van Eyck brothers  While the chromaticism and cyclic treatment of themes reveal the influence of Franck, certain harmonic progressions are typical of Impressionist music 
He was a member of the Libre Académie, and died in Brussels in 1956 

Selected works
Publication dates and publishers in parentheses where known 

Organ
Op  2  Élévation (1912, Hérelle)
Op  3 no  1 Post partum Virgo inviolata permansisti (Hérelle, Fortemps)
Op  3 no  2 Ego sum panis vivus (Hérelle, Fortemps)
Op  10 Opus sacrum: In nativitate Domini (1920, Chester)
Op  14 Suite (1919, Durand)
Op  18 nos 1 & 2 Offrande musicale (1920, Chester)
Op  18 no  3 Toccata (1920, Chester)
Op  19 Symphonie de Noël (1920, Chester)
Op  20 Symphonie de la Passion (1923, Senart)
Op  22 Opus sacrum II: In feriis Quadragesimae (1923, Senart)
Op  23 Triptyque pour la Noël (1923, Salabert)
Op  24 Symphonie de l’Agneau mystique (1926, Leduc)
Op  25 Préludes à l’introit pour orgue sans pédale (1924, Senart)
Op  26 no  4 Noël parisienne
Op  27 Élévations liturgiques (1935, Herelle-Philippo)
Op  30 Messe du jour de Noël (1938, Philippo)
Op  31 Messe de pâques (Hérelle-Philippo)
Op  35 Méditation pour le temps pascal: Quoniam ipsius est mare (1939, Hérelle)
Op  60 Préludes de carème (1952, Oxford)
Op  65 Suite mariale (1939, Oxford)
Op  71 Suite: Four paraphrases on hymns to the Virgin (1937, Oxford)
Op  103 Diptyque de la Toussaint (1952, Fischer)

Piano
Op  7 Prélude-Chorale et fugue (1920, Chester)
Op  8 No  1 Cygnes de neige sur des lacs de Lapis-Lazuli (F  Lauweryns)
Op  9 Suite pour piano (1920, Chester)
Op  12 Sonatine pour piano (1917, Lauweryns)
Op  17 Les angelus du printemps : suite pittoresque pour piano (1920, Chester)
Suite enfantine  (1934, Senart)

Chamber
Op  15 Sonate pour violoncelle et piano (1919, Durand)
Passage 10:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 



ground_truth: Lyudmyla Olyanovska

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandfather of Mark Getty?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Marriages
His first marriage was to Abigail "Gail" Harris, a former water polo champion  They divorced in 1964, having had four children including John Paul Getty III and Mark Getty 
His second marriage was to the Dutch actress, model and style icon Talitha Pol, stepdaughter of painter Augustus John's daughter Poppet, on 10 December 1966  The two posed for an iconic photograph on a roof-top in Marrakesh, Morocco in January 1969  The photo, taken by Patrick Lichfield, shows Talitha Getty crouched down leaning on a wall and her husband in the background in a hooded djellaba and sunglasses  The photo appeared in American Vogue and again in the September 1999 issue of American Vogue and is part of the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London  Two and a half years after the photo was taken, Talitha died of a heroin overdose on 11 July 1971  She was survived by her son with Getty, Tara Gabriel Gramophone Galaxy Getty (born June 1968), an ecological conservationist in Africa  In 1994, he married for the third time to Victoria Holdsworth 

Personal problems
After he married Talitha in 1966, the couple became immersed in the counterculture of the 1960s, living between Rome, Italy, and Marrakesh, Morocco  During a trip to Thailand, the couple developed serious heroin addictions  When Getty Sr , who abhorred taking drugs of any kind, heard of his son's addiction, he insisted on his becoming sober  Paul Jr  refused and tendered his resignation from Getty Oil Italiana  The couple lived off his income from the family trust, which amounted to $100,000 a year  In 1969, he and Talitha separated as she decided to focus on becoming sober  He purchased No  16 Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, London, where the Victorian artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti had lived in the 1860s, for Talitha and their son, Tara, to live in, while he remained in Rome 

Death of Talitha
After living apart for several years, Talitha, who was sober at the time, asked Paul Jr  for a divorce in early 1971  Still in love with his wife, he insisted that she come to Rome and try for a reconciliation  When her lawyer advised her that divorce proceedings would be easier if she could show that she had attempted reconciliation with Paul, she left for Rome on 9 July  On the morning of 11 July 1971, she was found dead in the Getty apartment in Piazza d'Aracoeli  The autopsy ruled that she had alcohol and barbiturates in her system, but rumours flared up that she had suffered a heroin relapse while spending time with Getty, who was still embroiled in his addiction In December 1971, Italian authorities announced that an inquest would be held into Talitha's death the following March  They requested Getty meet with investigators to describe the circumstances surrounding her death  Afraid his own drug addiction would result in his being indicted and potentially imprisoned, Getty left for England  He ignored a subsequent request by an Italian judge to return to Italy for the inquest  Neither an arrest warrant nor an extradition request was ever issued since Getty was not a suspect in Talitha's death, but he never returned to Italy for fear of being detained 

Son's kidnapping
After his second wife's death, Getty became reclusive for a time and his heroin addiction worsened, fueled by guilt over his wife's death 
In Rome on 10 July 1973, 'Ndrangheta kidnappers abducted Getty's 16-year-old son, John Paul Getty III, and demanded a $17 million (equivalent to $112 million in 2022) payment for his safe return  However, the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather  Getty Jr  asked his father J  Paul Getty for the money, but was refused, arguing that his 13 other grandchildren could also become kidnap targets if he paid In November 1973, an envelope containing a lock of hair and a human ear arrived at a daily newspaper  The second demand had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike  The demand threatened that Paul would be further mutilated unless the victims paid $3 2 million  The demand stated "This is Paul's ear  If we don't get some money within 10 days, then the other ear will arrive  In other words, he will arrive in little bits "When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million, J  Paul Getty agreed to pay no more than $2 2 million (equivalent to $14 5 million in 2022), the maximum that would be tax-deductible  He lent Getty Jr  the remaining $800,000 at four percent interest  Getty's grandson was found alive on 15 December 1973, in a Lauria filling station, in the province of Potenza, shortly after the ransom was paid   Nine people associated with 'Ndrangheta were later arrested for the kidnapping, but only two were convicted  Getty III was permanently affected by the trauma and became a drug addict  After a stroke brought on by a cocktail of drugs and alcohol in 1981, Getty III was rendered speechless, nearly blind and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life  He died on 5 February 2011, at the age of 54 Nine of the kidnappers were apprehended, including Girolamo Piromalli and Saverio Mammoliti, high-ranking members of the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia organization in Calabria  Two of the kidnappers were convicted and sent to prison; the others were acquitted for lack of evidence, including the 'Ndrangheta bosses  Most of the ransom money was never recovered 

Later life
Following his father's death in 1976, Getty spent the next decade suffering from depression and checked himself into The London Clinic in 1984  While there, he received a visit from Margaret Thatcher, who at the time was Prime Minister, to thank him for large donations to the National Gallery  During a low period in the 1970s, Getty was cheered up by former England cricketer and later president of the MCC, Gubby Allen, having previously been introduced to the game by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones Paul III struggled with PTSD from his kidnapping and with alcohol and drugs  In April 1981, he suffered a drug overdose which left him paralyzed and almost blind  The following November, his mother Gail sued her ex-husband for $25,000 per month to support their son's medical expenses  Despite earning more than $20 million a year from his family trust, Paul II refused to pay for the treatment, leaving his brother, Gordon, to pay his nephew's expenses  The litigation judge who allowed the case to go to trial scolded Paul Jr : "Mr  Getty should be ashamed of himself spending far more money on court obligations than living up to his moral duties " Claiming that he doubted the severity of his son's debilitation, Getty sent his lawyer to Los Angeles to confirm it and finally agreed to pay the costs 

Wormsley Park
During his nine-month stint in The London Clinic, Getty purchased a dilapidated country estate west of London, Wormsley Park, on the advice of his close friend Christopher Gibbs  After his release in March 1986, he devoted himself to remodeling the 18th-century mansion and restoring the 3,000 acres of parkland  This included the creation of a deer park, the reforestation of 1,500 acres of beechwood forest, and the dredging of a man-made four-acre lake with water tapped from an aquifer 400 feet below ground  Along with the restoration of the Georgian mansion house, Getty added a castle-like addition made of local flint built to house his extensive library, an indoor heated pool, and a replica of The Oval cricket ground  To house his disabled son, he had an accessible cottage built near the pool, from where he could do his water rehabilitation exercises  The six-year project cost an estimated £60 million At Wormsley, Getty hosted his estranged family and improved his relations with his children and ex-wife  To inaugurate his professional cricket ground, Getty hosted a match in September 1992 captained by Imran Khan and Bob Wyatt, with the Prime Minister, John Major and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother as his guests of honour  His eponymous cricket eleven comprised cricketing stars of both past and present assembled by his honorary cricket managers, Brian Johnston (1992–1993) and Colin Ingleby-Mackenzie (1994–2006) 

Philanthropy
Getty donated more than £140m to artistic and cultural causes from which the National Gallery received £50m  He was appointed Knight of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1987, but as a foreign national could not use the title "Sir"  In December 1997, Getty was granted British citizenship and renounced his US nationality  The Queen reportedly commented: "Now you can use your title  Isn't that nice?"Getty served as president of Surrey County Cricket Club and gave money to Lord's Cricket Ground to build a new stand  He combined his loves of cricket and books when he purchased the ownership of Wisden, the famous publishers of the cricketing almanack  Getty built an extraordinary library at Wormsley, collecting such treasures as a first edition of Chaucer, Ben Jonson's annotated copy of Spenser, and Shakespeare Folios  He was a notable member of the exclusive Roxburghe Club, famous among book collectors His personal fortune was estimated at £1 6 billion  His donations included support for the National Gallery, the British Museum, the British Film Institute, Hereford Cathedral, St Paul's Cathedral, the Imperial War Museum, and St  James Catholic Church  Some of his donations, including contributions toward the purchases of Canova's The Three Graces by The National Galleries of Scotland and the Madonna of the Pinks by Raphael, foiled acquisition efforts by the J  Paul Getty Museum endowed by his father  In June 2001, Getty gave £5 million to the Conservative Party  He endowed a £20 million charitable trust to support the arts, conservation and social welfare 

Death
Getty died at age 70 on 17 April 2003, having been admitted for treatment to The London Clinic for a chest infection 

Media portrayals
Getty Jr  is portrayed by Andrew Buchan in the action film All the Money in the World and by Michael Esper  in the television series Trust, both of which dramatize Getty III's kidnapping 
Passage 5:
Fred Le Deux
Frederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL)  He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins 

Early life
Le Deux grew up in Nagambie and attended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching 

Football
While a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club  He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school 

Family
Le Deux's daughter Jennifer was married to former Geelong player Jack Hawkins  Jennifer died in 2015  Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong 
Passage 6:
John Mackay (poet)
John Mackay (Scottish Gaelic: Iain (Dall) MacAoidh; 1656–1754), known as Am Pìobaire Dall (The Blind Piper), was a Scottish Gaelic poet and composer, and the grandfather of William Ross 
Passage 7:
Zhao Shoushan
Zhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: 赵寿山; traditional Chinese: 趙壽山; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician  He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji 

Career
Zhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894  After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi 

External links
(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006 
Passage 8:
Kaya Alp
Kaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: قایا الپ, lit  'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah  He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I  He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp  He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks 
Passage 9:
Lyon Cohen
Lyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist  He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen 

Biography
Cohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868  He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871  He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal  In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L  Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W  R  Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co , a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co  in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd   The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada  The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism  In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69 

Philanthropy
Cohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada  Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal  He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada 

Personal life
Cohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891  She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School  They had three sons and one daughter:

Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:
Esther Cohen and
singer/poet Leonard Cohen 
Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;
Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, and
Sylvia Lillian Cohen 
Passage 10:
John Westley
Rev  John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister  He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism) 

Life
John Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev  Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland  He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B A  on 23 January 1655, and M A  on 4 July 1657  After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset  Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent  He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662  After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678 

Family
He married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller  White, the "Patriarch of Dorchester", married a sister of Cornelius Burges  Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659)  Their second son was Rev  Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley  A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters 

Notes
Additional sources
Matthews, A  G , "Calamy Revised", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)"  Dictionary of National Biography  London: Smith, Elder & Co  1885–1900 



ground_truth: Jean Paul Getty