prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country the performer of song I Believe In Your Sweet Love is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bonnie Tyler
Gaynor Sullivan  (née Hopkins; born 8 June 1951), known professionally as Bonnie Tyler, is a Welsh singer who is known for her distinctive husky voice  Tyler came to prominence with the release of her 1977 album The World Starts Tonight and its singles "Lost in France" and "More Than a Lover"  Her 1977 single "It's a Heartache" reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, and number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 
In the 1980s, Tyler ventured into rock music with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman  He wrote Tyler's biggest hit "Total Eclipse of the Heart", the lead single from her 1983 UK chart-topping album Faster Than the Speed of Night  Steinman also wrote Tyler's other major 1980s hit "Holding Out for a Hero"  She had success in mainland Europe during the 1990s with Dieter Bohlen, who wrote and produced her hit "Bitterblue"  In 2003, Tyler re-recorded "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with singer Kareen Antonn  Their bilingual duet, titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)", topped the French charts 
Rocks and Honey was released in 2013 and features the single "Believe in Me", which she performed representing the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden  After reuniting with the producer David Mackay, she released Between the Earth and the Stars (2019) and The Best Is Yet to Come (2021) 
Her work has earned her three Grammy Award nominations and three Brit Award nominations (including twice for British Female Solo Artist), among other accolades  In 2022 she was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to music 

Early life
Tyler was born Gaynor Hopkins in Skewen, Wales, to a coal miner father Glyndŵr and mother Elsie Hopkins  She grew up in a four-bedroom council house with three sisters and two brothers  Her siblings had varied music tastes, exposing her to artists such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and the Beatles  Hopkins and her family were deeply religious Protestants  Her first public performance took place in a chapel as a child, singing the Anglican hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful" Leaving school with no formal qualifications, Hopkins began working in a grocery shop  In 1969, she entered a local talent contest, and after coming in second place, was inspired to pursue a career in singing  Responding to a newspaper advertisement, she found work as a backing singer for Bobby Wayne & the Dixies before forming her own soul band called Imagination  It was around this time that she changed her name to Sherene Davis, to avoid being confused with Welsh folk singer Mary Hopkin 

Career
1975–1978: The World Starts Tonight and Natural Force
In 1975, Davis was spotted singing with her band in the Townsman Club, Swansea, by talent scout Roger Bell, who invited her to London to record a demo track  After many months had passed, she received a phone call from RCA Records, offering her a recording contract  They also recommended that she change her name again  After compiling a list of surnames and first names from a newspaper, Davis found a new name in "Bonnie Tyler" Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe became her managers, songwriters and producers  "My! My! Honeycomb" was released as her debut single in April 1976, and failed to impact any charts worldwide  RCA increased their promotional efforts for the release of Tyler's second single, "Lost in France", arranging for her to meet with a party of journalists at a French château  The single had no immediate impact upon its release in September 1976, but became a Top 10 single by the end of the year  Tyler's next single "More Than a Lover" was favoured by some critics, and she performed the song on the BBC's Top of the Pops on 31 March 1977  The song peaked at number 27 in the UK Despite producing two popular singles, Tyler's debut album, The World Starts Tonight, proved unsuccessful in Europe, except in Sweden, where it climbed to number 2 "It's a Heartache" saw Tyler return to prominence again in 1978, reaching number 4 in the United Kingdom  The song also became her first hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 Her second studio album Natural Force, released in the same year, was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) with sales of over half a million copies  "Here Am I" was released as a third single in the spring of 1978, but the song failed to sustain her success in the United Kingdom and the United States, though it charted in other European countries 

1979–1981: Diamond Cut and Goodbye to the Island
Tyler's third studio album, Diamond Cut, was released in 1979  Most of the songs were again written and produced by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe Diamond Cut was a hit in Norway and Sweden, but it only charted on the Billboard 200 at number 145  AllMusic declared the album to be the high point of Tyler's early career, "and a dynamite showcase for Tyler's inimitable voice"  Record Mirror rated the album three stars out of five, stating that "only a minority of the material [was] holding her back", and that the album is "essential listening" for Country music fans "Two singles were released from Diamond Cut; those were "My Guns Are Loaded" and "Too Good to Last"  Tyler also released "(The World Is Full of) Married Men", which was used as the theme song for the film of the same name  Tyler appears in the film singing the song during the title sequence  It peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1979  Record Mirror criticised the song; its reviewer wrote: "Bonnie stops chewing gravel for a minute or two   " and continued with "she ends up sandpapering my eardrums again  Ouch "Tyler's first tour of Japan took place in 1979  During her visit, she represented the United Kingdom in the World Popular Song Festival held in Tokyo  Tyler won the competition with the song "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", written by Scott and Wolfe  "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released in 1979, and listed as a single of the week in 1979 by Record Mirror upon its release Both singles featured on Tyler's final studio album with RCA  Goodbye to the Island was released in 1981, recorded in the Algarve, Portugal  AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five, with other critics predicting that Tyler was "doomed to be a one-hit wonder"  Phil Hendricks from Cherry Records said that Tyler "[proved] time and time again that she was one of those rare artists who was able to take the odd chart flop on the chin and bounce back having suffered little collateral damage "

1982–1989: The CBS Years
After her contract with RCA expired, Tyler signed with CBS/Columbia  A&R man Muff Winwood asked Tyler to scout a new producer  She considered Phil Collins, Jeff Lynne and Alan Tarney, but Jim Steinman was her first choice  "I'm a huge fan of his records, especially his solo album, and when my manager and I were discussing my comeback we both agreed that I had to sound the best or nobody would take me seriously " Steinman initially declined, but reconsidered after Tyler sent him demos of the rock material she was hoping to record After their initial meeting, Tyler returned to Steinman's apartment in New York a few weeks later where he performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Rory Dodd  Steinman described the song as "a Wagnerian-like onslaught of sound and emotion", and a "showpiece" for Tyler's voice  Her fifth album was recorded at the Power Station in New York, with members of the E Street Band, Rick Derringer on guitar, Rory Dodd and Eric Troyer on backing vocals, and Steinman as producer "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was released in the UK on 11 February 1983  It became one of the best-selling singles of all time with over six million units sold  Her fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night, debuted at no  1 on the UK Albums Chart and no  3 on the Cashbox and 4 on the Billboard 200, selling over one million copies in the United States  Tyler's commercial success led to several award nominations, including two Grammys, two AMAs and a BRIT Award  Tyler was named Best Recording Artist at the Variety Club of Great Britain Awards, and she received a Goldene Europa Tyler also found success through some of her soundtrack recordings in the mid-80s  In 1984, she released "Holding Out for a Hero" from the Footloose soundtrack  In the following year, her recording of "Here She Comes" for Giorgio Moroder's restoration of the 1927 film Metropolis earned Tyler a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance  Tyler also declined an offer to record the theme for the James Bond spin-off Never Say Never Again 
In 1986, Tyler released her sixth studio album, Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire  In another collaboration with Jim Steinman, the album also featured songs written by Desmond Child and Bryan Adams and a cover of "Band of Gold" by Freda Payne  "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)" became the album's most successful single, selling over 250,000 units in France  The music video, directed by Steinman and Stuart Orme, received six nominations at the Billboard Video Music Conference In 1987, Tyler collaborated with Mike Oldfield on the title track to his album Islands  In the following year, Tyler played Polly Garter in George Martin's album Under Milk Wood, a radio drama by Dylan Thomas  The music was composed by Elton John, and features vocal contributions from Tom Jones, Anthony Hopkins and Mary Hopkin Tyler asked Desmond Child to produce her seventh album, Hide Your Heart, which came out on 9 May 1988  The album featured collaborations with Michael Bolton, Albert Hammond and Diane Warren  The album's singles, "Hide Your Heart", "Save Up All Your Tears" and "The Best" became major hits for other artists 

1990–2000: Success in continental Europe
In 1990, Tyler signed to Hansa/BMG Ariola and began working with various producers for her eighth studio album  She collaborated with Dieter Bohlen, Giorgio Moroder, Nik Kershaw and Roy Bittan  "We used so many producers in efforts to capture many different moods for many different territories, because we believed in the international crossover potential of Tyler," stated David Brunner, A&R manager for Hansa Bitterblue was released on 11 November 1991  In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Tomas Mureika noted that the album marked a "much more mainstream and less bombastic" direction in Tyler's career  The title track was released a month ahead of the album and became a top 40 hit in several European countries  It was named ‘Catchy Song of the Year' at the RSH-Gold Awards  In the following year, "Bitterblue" was released as a promotional single in the United States where it was met with criticism  Billboard wrote that "bombastic production, with a rush of bagpipes and a choir of chirping children at the forefront, overpower Tyler's distinctive raspy voice "While Bitterblue was never released in the UK or US, the album was a commercial success in mainland Europe  It topped the charts in Austria and Norway, achieving 4× Platinum status in the latter country with eleven weeks at no  1 Tyler's subsequent albums, Angel Heart (1992) and Silhouette in Red (1993), were also successful in mainland Europe  Both albums featured a greater share of songs written and produced by Dieter Bohlen  Tyler was named Best International Singer at the Goldene Europa Awards in 1993, and Best Pop/Rock Singer at the ECHO Awards in 1994 In 1995, Tyler moved to EastWest Records and released Free Spirit  The album featured collaborations with a variety of producers including Humberto Gatica, David Foster and Jim Steinman  The lead single, a cover of Air Supply's "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)", reached no  45 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1996  The album was re-released in March 1996 featuring a cover of "Limelight" by the Alan Parsons Project  The track was used as a theme for the German team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia Tyler's twelfth studio album, All in One Voice, was released in 1998  Much of the album was recorded with Jimmy Smyth in Dublin, and Harold Faltermeyer in Hamburg In 1998, Tyler appeared on Rick Wakeman's orchestral album Return to the Centre of the Earth on the song "Is Anybody There?"  The album also included narration from Star Trek actor Patrick Stewart and vocals from Ozzy Osbourne, Katrina Leskanich and Justin Hayward 

2001–2003: Greatest Hits and Heart Strings
On 14 September 2001, Tyler released Greatest Hits, a compilation album containing seventeen tracks  The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 18, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 60,000 units  Greatest Hits reached the Top 10 in a further five European countries In 2002, Tyler began working on her thirteenth studio album, Heart Strings  EMI approached her with the idea of recording a cover album with an orchestra and Tyler's band  She selected thirteen songs by artists such as U2, The Beatles and Bruce Springsteen  The songs were arranged by composers Nick Ingman and Karl Jenkins, and performed by the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra Heart Strings was released on 18 March 2003, and was followed by a tour in Germany  The album charted in Europe, reaching the Top 50 in five countries 

2004–2005: Success in France
In 2003, vocalist Kareen Antonn invited Tyler to re-record "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a bilingual duet in French and English  The new version was re-titled "Si demain    (Turn Around)" and released in December 2003  It went to no  1 in Belgium and France, where it held the top position for ten weeks, selling over 500,000 units  The success of the single was considered to be Tyler's comeback in France, and received overwhelmingly positive reviews from music critics Tyler's fourteenth studio album Simply Believe was released in April 2004  It featured seven new songs and various re-recordings and covers  Tyler and Antonn recorded "Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)" as a second bilingual duet  It peaked at number 12 in France  Tyler co-wrote the title track of the album, and two additional songs, with producer Jean Lahcene  Simply Believe spent 23 weeks on the French Album Charts and peaked at number 18 
Tyler released her fifteenth studio album Wings in the spring of 2005  It was recorded in Paris, and featured twelve new songs, two of which were also recorded in French, and new versions of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache"  Tyler promoted the album with an extensive tour of Europe, including a televised performance at the Sopot International Song Festival in Poland, and recorded concerts at La Cigale in Paris and at the Fiestas del Pilar in Zaragoza, Spain  Footage from all three concerts appeared on Tyler's live DVD Bonnie on Tour which was released in 2006  Wings was issued in the UK in 2006 under the title Celebrate  Tyler also received the Lifetime Achievement Steiger Award in 2005 

2006–2011: From the Heart: Greatest Hits and Best of 3 CD
In 2006, Tyler made her first appearance on US television in years when she performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with actress Lucy Lawless on Celebrity Duets  In the following year she recorded a new version of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with punk band BabyPinkStar and released From the Heart: Greatest Hits, which reached number 2 in Ireland and number 31 in the UK 
In April 2009, Tyler joined Welsh male voice choir Only Men Aloud! on their UK tour to perform "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  They recorded the song for their second studio album Band of Brothers, which was released in October  In the same year, she also recorded the title song for Mal Pope's new musical Cappuccino Girls, and performed the song at the opening night in Swansea's Grand Theatre  Tyler also made a cameo on Hollyoaks Later to sing "Holding Out for a Hero" in a dream sequence with Carmel McQueen (Gemma Merna) In 2010, Tyler appeared in a television advertisement for MasterCard singing a parody of "Total Eclipse of the Heart"  She released "Something Going On" with Country singer Wayne Warner and a new version of "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)" with Matt Pétrin in July and August respectively  In October, she toured with Robin Gibb in Australia and New Zealand 

In 2011, Tyler appeared on Swedish TV show Kvällen är din ("The Evening Is Yours" in English), singing "Total Eclipse of the Heart" with Swedish singer Niklas Paulström  Tyler also performed "It's a Heartache"  She also made a guest appearance in the music video "Newport (Ymerodraeth State of Mind)", a parody of the Jay-Z and Alicia Keys song "Empire State of Mind" for the BBC's Comic Relief charity  Also in 2011, Tyler won an award at the BMI London Awards for "It's a Heartache" gaining over 3 million airplays on US television and radio since it was first recorded in 1977  She also appeared on the Ukrainian version of X Factor as one of the three British guests, alongside Kylie Minogue and Cher Lloyd  She performed "It's a Heartache", "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero"  In December 2011, a portrait of Tyler by Rolf Harris, owned by Cathy Sims, was valued at £50,000 on BBC's Antiques Roadshow In September 2011, Tyler released a new compilation titled Best of 3 CD, which charted at number 36 in France  The album featured a cover of "Eternal Flame" by The Bangles, which was recorded as a duet with Laura Zen in French and English and released as a single 

2012–2018: Rocks and Honey and the Eurovision Song Contest
In early 2012, Tyler began working on her sixteenth album, Rocks and Honey  She travelled to Nashville, Tennessee in search of material for the album  It was recorded at the Blackbird Studios in Nashville, and produced by David Huff  Tyler sent the album to the BBC ahead of its release for feedback  After hearing the third track "Believe in Me", they asked Tyler to represent the United Kingdom with the song at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  Although she was initially reluctant, Tyler accepted, describing Eurovision as "great publicity for my album" Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's entrant on 7 March 2013, and was met with a mixed reaction  "Believe in Me" was released on 13 March, and peaked at number 93 in the United Kingdom  As a member of the "Big Five", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to the Eurovision Grand Final on 18 May  Tyler finished in 19th place with 23 points  Reacting to the results, Tyler stated, "I did the best that I could do with a great song", adding, "I'm so glad and so happy that I did it because it was an incredible experience  It was like the Grammy awards all over again "Following the Eurovision Song Contest, Tyler became the first representative for the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio Award  She received the accolades for Best Song and Best Female Singer Rocks and Honey was released on 6 May 2013 in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 52 on the UK Albums Chart  The album was titled in reference to the contrast between Tyler and Vince Gill's voice on their duet "What You Need from Me", which was likened to "rocks and honey"  "This Is Gonna Hurt" and "Love Is the Knife" were released as the second and third singles in August and September 2013 respectively, though both songs failed to chart In 2014, Tyler released "Miserere" on Rhydian Roberts's album One Day like This, and "Fortune" on Spike's album 100% Pure Frankie Miller In June 2015, Tyler appeared on Die schönsten Disney Songs aller Zeiten, a one-off televised celebration of popular Disney songs in Germany  She performed "Circle of Life" from The Lion King  In September 2015, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Holding Out for a Hero" on Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, Nicole Scherzinger and Alec Baldwin In 2016, Tyler featured on Frankie Miller's album Double Take  In March 2017, Tyler released a new single titled "Love's Holding On" with German metal band Axel Rudi Pell In August 2017, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas with American dance-rock band DNCE to mark the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017  The song received an increase of 31,000 online downloads, which led to a placement of number 13 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart  In November, she released a new compilation titled Remixes and Rarities  The album debuted numerous tracks from her back catalogue that had not previously been released on CD In March 2018, Tyler embarked on a 22-date tour of Germany and Austria to celebrate the 40th anniversary of "It's a Heartache", with Sharron Levy as support 

2019–present: Recent albums
In February 2019, Tyler released "Hold On" as the lead single from her seventeenth studio album, Between the Earth and the Stars  The album followed in March 2019 and peaked at no  34 on the UK Albums Chart  It was recorded with David Mackay, who produced Tyler's first two albums in the 1970s  Between the Earth and the Stars features three duets with Rod Stewart, Francis Rossi and Cliff Richard  Tyler embarked on a 23-date tour of Europe to support the album in April 2019, culminating with an appearance at BBC Proms in the Park in Hyde Park, London, and a headline concert at the London Palladium in September  Her show at L'Olympia in Paris was filmed and released through Canal+ In August 2019, Cherry Red Records released a box set compiling Tyler's first four studio albums  Classic Pop magazine described The RCA Years as "a thoroughly-researched 4CD-set"  In November 2019, Tyler made a guest appearance at Ben Zucker's concert at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, Berlin to sing "It's a Heartache"  Their duet features on his live album, Wer Sagt das?! Zugabe!, released in May 2020 In December 2019, Tyler released a new version of her 2005 song "Streets of Stone" for The World's Big Sleep Out, an international homeless charity event  On 14 December 2019, she performed at the Vatican's annual Concerto di Natale in the presence of Pope Francis In May 2020, Tyler released "Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)" with Lorraine Crosby as a charity single in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust  It reached no  64 on the UK Downloads Chart  Her latest studio album, The Best Is Yet to Come, followed in February 2021 
On 2 September 2022, Tyler and Mike Batt released their duet "Into the Sunset" as a digital single  The track was originally released on the soundtrack to The Dreamstone in 1990  In October 2022, Tyler performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" live with the cast of Tanz der Vampire in Stuttgart to mark the musical's 25th anniversary In November 2022, Tyler embarked on her first ever tour of South America, with eight dates in Brazil, and one date in Uruguay  Speaking with El País, Tyler stated that she hopes to release another studio album in 2023 

Artistry
Influences
Born into a musical family, Tyler grew up listening to a wide range of musical genres  One of Tyler's earliest musical memories was listening to her mother singing opera music in the family home  Tyler attended church until she was sixteen years old  Her first ever performance was singing "All Things Bright and Beautiful" in church  She was also exposed to the music of Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Beatles and other 1960s bands due to her siblings' musical tastes  Frankie Miller was the first live act that Tyler saw, and she later recorded duets with him Tyler's two biggest influences from a young age were Janis Joplin and Tina Turner  She cites "River Deep – Mountain High" as being her all-time favourite song  Other artists that influenced Tyler in her youth include Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Meat Loaf, Joe Cocker, Dusty Springfield and Tommy Steele  She has also expressed admiration for contemporary artists such as Guns N' Roses, Anastacia, Toni Braxton, Duffy, and Eminem  She has also expressed interest in collaborating with Adele, whom she describes as "a great song writer, singer and performer "

Vocal style
Tyler's music contains elements of country, rock, pop, blues and Celtic  Her voice has been likened to Rod Stewart and Kim Carnes as a result of her vocal cord nodule operation in the 1970s, sometimes even being referred to as "the female Rod Stewart", and, after her collaborations with Jim Steinman, "the female Meat Loaf"  Soon after her operation, when recording her second album, Natural Force, the studio band complimented Tyler's changed voice  Reviewers from AllMusic have described Tyler's voice as "inimitable", "wonderfully gritty", and an "effective instrument" for drawing notice to her first managers, Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe In a review of Rocks and Honey, OMH Media described Tyler's vocals as being "good for only one thing and that's belting out gravelly vocals," suggesting that she sounds like Johnny Cash in his later years when she "tries to restrain [her voice] " With reference to her modern voice, The Yorkshire Times wrote that Tyler's vocals have "still got what it takes to make you tingle " Jim Steinman told People magazine that he wrote "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a "showpiece for [Tyler's] voice " AllMusic said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics "

Songwriting
Though songwriting has never been a significant part of Tyler's career, she has co-written a handful of B-Sides and other tracks  "Gonna Get Better", a B-Side to the 1980 Japanese single "Sayonara Tokyo", was written with her brother, Paul Hopkins In 2001, Tyler co-wrote four songs with Gary Pickford-Hopkins on his GPH album, and duetted with him on the track "Loving You Means Leaving You"  Tyler was also involved in writing several tracks for her 2005 album Wings, including its singles "Louise" and "Celebrate" 

Philanthropy
Tyler has featured in three charity supergroups  In 1986, she joined the Anti-Heroin Project to record "It's a Live-In World"  The proceeds were donated to the Phoenix House Charities who funded heroin recovery centres in the UK 
In the following year, Tyler featured as a chorus vocalist in the British-American charity group Ferry Aid, who released a cover of "Let It Be" by the Beatles  Proceeds were donated to a charity supporting the victims of the Zeebrugge Disaster  The single sold over 500,000 copies in the UK where it topped the charts for three weeks  In 1990, Tyler joined Rock Against Repatriation to record a cover of "Sailing"  It was a protest song in response to the repatriation of Vietnamese boat people who fled to Hong Kong  The single peaked at no  89 on the UK Singles Chart Since the 1990s, Tyler has been a patron of the Bobath Children's Therapy Centre in Cardiff, Wales, who provide care for children with cerebral palsy  In 2013, she campaigned for Bobath to be recognised at the Pride of Britain Awards  Tyler is also an ambassador for the Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales  In January 2005, Tyler performed at the Rock for Asia benefit concert in Ingolstadt, Germany, raising funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  The event was recorded and released on DVD  In 2007, Tyler recorded "I Don't Know How to Love Him" for Over the Rainbow, a charity album conceptualised by Anneka Rice on the television show Challenge Anneka  The album reached no  1 on the UK Compilation Chart, with proceeds going to the Association of Children's Hospices On 1 November 2009, Tyler performed as the headline act at the Pinktober Women in Rock concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In the following year, she co-headlined at a benefit concert alongside Leo Sayer raising funds for Variety, the Children's Charity, in New Zealand  In 2012, Tyler was named patron of the AAG animal charity association in Guia, Portugal  Tyler re-recorded "Holding Out for a Hero" for the 2013 Children in Need appeal  In 2014, she endorsed the BUAV's campaign to make it mandatory for animals in testing laboratories to be re-homed  In 2020, Tyler contributed to a cover of "Don't Answer Me" by the Alan Parsons Project to raise funds for Bergamo, an Italian city that was deeply impacted by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic 

Personal life
In July 1973, Tyler married Robert Sullivan  He is a property developer and 1972 Olympic judo competitor  They have no children; Tyler miscarried when she was aged 39  Tyler and her family are Protestant Since 1988, Tyler and her husband have owned a five-bedroom home in Albufeira, Portugal in the Algarve  Tyler had recorded one of her albums there in the late 1970s, and the couple spend much of the year there  In 2005, Tyler was filmed in the Algarve for the Polish entertainment TV show Zacisze gwiazd, which explores the houses of actors and musicians Tyler and Sullivan have invested in property  As of a 1999 interview, they owned farmland in Portugal and New Zealand, 22 houses in Berkshire and London, and 65 stables offering horse boarding services  In a 2013 interview, Tyler stated that the farm in New Zealand had been converted to a dairy farm twelve years after they purchased the land  In the same interview, she stated that she and Sullivan also own a quarry 

Discography
Studio albums
The World Starts Tonight (1977)
Natural Force (1978)
Diamond Cut (1979)
Goodbye to the Island (1981)
Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983)
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire (1986)
Hide Your Heart (1988) also known as Notes From America
Bitterblue (1991)
Angel Heart (1992)
Silhouette in Red (1993)
Free Spirit (1995)
All in One Voice (1998)
Heart Strings (2003) also known as Heart & Soul
Simply Believe (2004)
Wings (2005) also known as Celebrate
Rocks and Honey (2013)
Between the Earth and the Stars (2019)
The Best Is Yet to Come (2021)

Honours, awards and recognition
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "It's a Heartache" have estimated sales of over 6 million units each, and are among the best-selling singles of all time Tyler's 1976 breakthrough with "Lost in France" led to her nomination for Best British Female Newcomer at the 1977 Brit Awards  In the 1980s, she received nominations for two more Brit Awards, and three Grammy Awards  In 2013, she was presented with the Gold Badge award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) In 1979, Tyler won the 10th World Popular Song Festival with "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", representing the United Kingdom  Tyler also became the first and only representative of the United Kingdom to receive a Eurovision Song Contest Radio award in 2013  She was also one of the first western artists to tour the Soviet Union In addition to her music awards, Tyler has received local honours in Wales; including being named freeman of Neath Port Talbot in 2011, and an honorary degree and doctorate from Swansea University in 2013  She is also an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama  In 2016, she was honoured by the Lord Mayor of Swansea for Services to Music Tyler was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to music 

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Passage 2:
Sweet Love
Sweet Love may refer to:

"Sweet Love" (Anita Baker song), 1985
"Sweet Love" (Company of Strangers song), 1992
"Sweet Love" (Chris Brown song), 2012
"Sweet Love" (Commodores song), 1976
Passage 3:
Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)
"Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)" is a song written by Johnny MacRae and Bob Morrison, and recorded by American country music artist George Jones   It was released in January 1983 as the first single from his album Shine On  The song peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart  "Shine On" was Jones' sixth Top 10 solo hit in less than three years  The song also displayed some of the pop elements that producer Billy Sherrill would introduce into George's sound over the course of his next few albums 

Chart performance
Passage 4:
O Valencia!
"O Valencia!" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife 
The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy  It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers  The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang  At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's "sworn enemy") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer 

Track listing
The 7" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with "Culling of the Fold" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing "After the Bombs" as the B-side 

Music videos
For the "O Valencia!" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage  Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment "Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now" and accused the band of stealing the idea  The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of "O Valencia!", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2  The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of "the Boss", plan an escape to an unknown location  At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the "Valencia" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape  Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads "Office"  The letters have all burnt out except for the "O", creating the title of the song  The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers  Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis)  They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan  Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him  The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca  They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch  After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection  2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe  The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town  Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick 
The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums)  The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for "Sixteen Military Wives"  The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket 
Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage 
Passage 5:
I Believe in Your Sweet Love
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler  It was released as a standalone single in November 1979, and Tyler later re-recorded it for her fourth studio album, Goodbye to the Island (1981)  The song was written by Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe, who co-produced the track with Hugh Murphy 
The song was a hit in Canada, where it reached number 27 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart  Record Mirror nominated it as a single of the week upon its release 

Background
Tyler's success was in decline (except in Scandinavian countries) after she failed to match the success of her 1978 single "It's a Heartache" with subsequent releases  Diamond Cut (1979) only reached number 145 in the United States, and its most successful singles "Too Good to Last" and "My Guns Are Loaded" only saw regional success in mainland Europe and Canada 
Tyler released two singles in late 1979: "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean", which saw her win the World Popular Song Festival in Japan; and "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" 
"I Believe in Your Sweet Love" was also released on Tyler's album Lost in France: The Early Years (2005) 

Music video
The video was filmed in Beaulieu Palace House in Brockenhurst, United Kingdom 

Charts
External links
Lyrics to this song at Genius
Passage 6:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Passage 7:
I Believe in Everything (song)
"I Believe in Everything" is a song by John Entwistle  "I Believe in Everything" was released as a single in 1971  The B-side was "My Size"  The song also appears on Entwistle's debut solo album, Smash Your Head Against the Wall  When Entwistle was asked about the song in comparison to the rest of the album, he said:

I've been saying a lot of stuff that I didn't really believe in  I sort of wrote it for the heads, really, the people thinking, "ah, so that's where Entwistle's brain's at, he really sort of believes in the devil and hell and all that sort of business " So I wrote a number that touches on reincarnation, then goes into the absurd, with Father Christmas and the whole bit and right at the end just to prevent the heads from thinking that I did believe in everything like I was saying, 'cause they always seem to believe that you actually believe in your own words  I believe in some of them but not all of them, so I just wrote the joke in to throw them off, and it's done it 
The song ends with a chorus of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" 

Personnel
John Entwistle – vocals, bass
Dave "Cyrano" Langston – guitar
Jerry Shirley – drums
Keith Moon – backing vocals
Passage 8:
Believe in Me (Bonnie Tyler song)
"Believe in Me" is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey (2013)  American songwriter Desmond Child composed the song with British songwriters Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide  It was released as the album's lead single on 13 March 2013  The song was written to "uplift the world", and was completed by Child whilst having dinner with Tyler 
The song was recorded in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee  The lyrics depict Tyler telling a lover who does not believe in love or religion to just believe in her  "Believe in Me" was selected as the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom  To comply with the song duration rules, the album version was cut to three minutes and three seconds for radio play and for live performance  The photograph used for the cover art was taken by Tyler's nephew, Andrew Hopkins  Following the Eurovision Song Contest, the song peaked at No  93 in the United Kingdom, but did not chart elsewhere 
"Believe in Me" received mixed reviews from music critics, and the song was largely blamed for Tyler's mediocre final score in the Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final  Despite the single's chart placing and result at Eurovision, both Tyler and the single won categories in the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards; the first time a UK representative has won in a category in the ESC Radio's history 

Background and release
Tyler had been working on her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey since 2008  She recorded the album in the Blackbird Studios, Nashville, Tennessee, and released the album on 8 March 2013 in Europe, one day after Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest  The official release of "Believe in Me" followed a week later, released on 13 March by Celtic Swan Recordings in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 15 March in Europe  At her appearance on The One Show Tyler explained that the song had already been written before the BBC suggested it as the Eurovision entry when she sent a demo of Rocks and Honey to them  The song has also been added to the SingStar store as a karaoke track  A remix single of the song by Blutonium Boy & Matty Menk was released on 13 May by Celtic Swan Recordings The music video was published on the BBC's official YouTube channel on 6 March 2013  The video was shot in East Sussex in a beach hut and on a nearby beach  Alongside the music video film crew there was a second crew that filmed a 'making-of' video  The BBC published the film in late March 

Composition
Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide's involvement in composing "Believe in Me" is unknown, though when it was announced that the song would represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, Bonnie Tyler told The Telegraph that Child finished composing the song at dinner 

"When I got to Nashville, I was looking for songs around the publishers, and got in touch with Desmond and he said "come up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll give you some songs " He'd already recorded some of these demos, but I said "I really love these two songs " And he said "But "Believe in Me" isn't finished yet  I tell you what, come back up for dinner tomorrow night and I'll finish writing it then," which is what he did  I'll never forget that night, we got there and Bob Ezrin was there, the producer of The Wall for Pink Floyd  After dinner [Child] wrote the second verse "
Welsh singer Paul Child conducted an interview with Desmond Child in Nashville in April 2013 to discuss his work with Bonnie Tyler, both with "Believe in Me" and in the beginnings when he wrote her hit single "If You Were a Woman" in the 1980s  Paul Child drew similarities between the lyrical and rhythmic structure of "Believe in Me" and the Labelle song "Lady Marmalade", specifically with the lines "Voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)?" and "[   ] and you laugh at the thought of putting your faith in stuff, like love"  Desmond stated that they (Child, Christy and Braide) wanted to write a song that would "uplift the world, and we're so thrilled that Bonnie sang it and that it got chosen to represent the UK "

Reception
Critical response
Upon its initial release, the song received mixed reviews from music critics  UKMIX described the song as "quite blissful with a smooth vocal delivery and some pretty nice lyrics," but despite not being able to fault the song, the reviewer was unsure that the song was the right choice for the Eurovision Song Contest and predicted that Tyler would suffer the same criticism that Engelbert Humperdinck received the previous year  Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the song two stars out of five, stating that the song is a "polar opposite to the slew of Euro-club bangers entering this year's contest," but applauded Tyler for entering the Eurovision Song Contest with the contrasting song  The Guardian held a poll on their website asking the public if they expected Tyler to be successful at Eurovision  The results were fairly even with 46% predicting that Tyler would win and 54% voting that they didn't expect Tyler to win  Ann Gripper from the Daily Mirror described the song as "heartfelt," and went on to say that Tyler "can still sing " She criticised the songwriters' choice of "above" and "stuff" as the first rhyming lyrics, but noted the line "you never see the rainbow, you just curse the rain" as an improvement, and an opportunity to "have some fun with the staging on finals night in Malmo " Gripper concluded by saying that it "doesn't get into your head like (2012 Sweden winning song) "Euphoria"," and stated that unless the staging is "spectacular", the song won't be remembered by voting time 

Commercial performance
Commercially, the song reached minor success on record charts  On 19 May 2013, "Believe in Me" scored the highest Eurovision-related new entry on that week's Top 100 UK Singles Chart, despite finishing 19th in the contest  The song climbed up to No  86 in the UK mid-week charts following its debut at No  93, but dropped out of the Top 100 by the following week 

Accolades
Bonnie Tyler won Best Song (with 12 6% of the vote) and Best Female Singer (with 16 9% of the vote) at the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards, and became the first representative of the United Kingdom to receive an award from ESC Radio since its initiation in 2006 

Eurovision Song Contest 2013
Tyler was selected by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013  The first rehearsal took place on 12 May, the second on 15 May and the performance in front of the jury on 17 May 2013  Tyler's final performance of "Believe in Me" took place on 18 May during the Grand Final, with Anthony Goldsbrough (guitar and backing vocals), Michael Gazzard (guitar and backing vocals), Hayley Sanderson (guitar and backing vocals), Kristen Cummings (keyboards and backing vocals) and Grant Mugent-Kershaw (drums)  The song was staged with Tyler standing by a microphone stand with her backing group before walking down the catwalk onto a rising platform The song finished in 19th place with points from Ireland (7), Malta (5), Spain (4), Romania (3), Switzerland (2), Sweden (1) and Slovenia (1), a total of 23 points 

Reaction to the Eurovision results
Several journalists and singers have made public their views on the song and the result  Irish entrant and three-time winner of Eurovision Johnny Logan complimented Tyler, but argued that the song wasn't strong enough  He continued, "If you're going to win Eurovision, to go through some of the incredible voting I've noticed over the last few years, you have to have something that's going to stand out above everything else  Otherwise you're just going to hope to pick up 10 or 11 votes " Similarly, Nathan Moore agreed that the song was not strong enough, but said "It was a great idea to get Bonnie involved, there's a lot of love for Bonnie out there " Mick Dalley (of Yahoo! News) agreed that "although Tyler herself was on form, singing beautifully and rousing the crowd with her podiumed finale, "Believe in Me" was simply not good enough as a song" 1997 UK winner Katrina Leskanich (of Katrina and the Waves) stated that she was underwhelmed by Denmark's entry, and expected Tyler to have scored higher than she did  British journalist Dave Goodman acknowledged that Tyler's entry was an improvement on the previous year, though argued that it was a combination of a poor position in the running order and the song that kept the UK from scoring higher During promotion for Rocks and Honey in France, Bonnie Tyler spoke out against the Eurovision Song Contest's incidents  After being asked if she believes the contest is rigged, she replied, "I think so "
"The next day after the Eurovision, the Russians were complaining to Azerbaijan, "why didn't you give us the ten points we paid for?" Excuse me! "We paid for?" Is this a competition?     I don't care about that  We [United Kingdom] haven't won for sixteen years, and I didn't expect to win  It's too bad that politics come in to it, it should be a songwriting competition, not who lives next door to you "
The Daily Mail claimed that Tyler overheard the conversation of Russians complaining to Azerbaijanis and spread the rumour; Tyler challenged this and said that she had seen it on Sky News 

Performances and promotion
Tyler first performed the song in Berlin, Germany where she featured as a guest on the Rock Meets Classic Tour in February to March 2013  Tyler was still involved with the tour when it was announced that she would be representing the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in May, and after appearing on The One Show in London, she returned to Germany to begin promoting "Believe in Me"  On 19 April, she stopped off at the Cologne Cathedral and the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Berlin for a photo shoot and unveiled wax figurines of the members of ABBA  On 28 April, the Leute Heute (German TV show) film team published a video from visiting Tyler's house a few weeks before to interview her on her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest  At mid-day, Tyler was interviewed and then performed an acoustic version of the song on BBC Radio 2's Weekend Wogan with her Eurovision group  Her final television appearance in the UK was on 3 May, when she performed "Believe in Me" on The Graham Norton Show After arriving in Malmö on 10 May, Tyler was received positively by the press and by the other Eurovision entrants  Particular support came from Finland's entrant Krista Siegfrids and Malta's entrant Gianluca Bezzina  Before the voting concluded, the UK received 2 more points from Switzerland and the Lithuanian spokesperson spoke "I love you, Bonnie Tyler" despite the UK not scoring any Lithuanian votes 

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single 

Track listings and formats
Germany Maxi CD single"Believe in Me" (Radio edit) – 3:01
"Believe in Me" (Album version) – 3:57
"Stubborn" – 3:46UK Digital download"Believe in Me" (Eurovision edit) – 3:01

Charts
Release history
Passage 9:
I Believe in Love (Bonnie Guitar song)
"I Believe in Love" is a song written by Boudleaux Bryant and recorded by American country artist, Bonnie Guitar 
The song was recorded in January 1968 and officially released as a single in April  "I Believe in Love" peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, becoming her third and final top ten on any Billboard list  The single also became Guitar's final major hit as a musical artist  Additionally, "I Believe in Love" reached a peak of number thirty on the Canadian RPM Country Songs chart in August 1968  It became her final chart appearance on the latter chart  The single was later issued on Guitar's album for Dot Records, also entitled I Believe in Love 

Chart performance
Passage 10:
Bernie Bonvoisin
Bernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁnaʁ bɔ̃vwazɛ̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁni bɔ̃vwazɛ̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director  He is best known for having been the singer of Trust 
He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song "Ride On" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott 

External links
Bernie Bonvoisin at IMDb
Context 2: Passage 1:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 2:
Olav Aaraas
Olav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director 
He was born in Fredrikstad  From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History  In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St  Olav 
Passage 3:
Jesse E  Hobson
Jesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955  Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation 

Early life and education
Hobson was born in Marshall, Indiana  He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology  Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children 

Career
Awards and memberships
Hobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948 
Passage 4:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Passage 5:
Rubén Duarte Casillas
Rubén Duarte Casillas (born 1 April 1967) is a Mexican football manager and former player 

External links
Rubén Duarte Casillas at Liga MX (archive) (in Spanish)
Rubén Duarte – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo com (archive) (in Spanish)
Rubén Duarte coach profile at Soccerway
Passage 6:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 7:
Elmer Bäck
Elmer Bäck (born 18 October 1981) is a Finnish actor who is best known for starring in a 2015 Peter Greenaway film Eisenstein in Guanajuato  He has been in theatrical productions, in movies and on television in Finland, and is part of the theatre group Nya Rampen, based in Berlin, Germany 

Personal life
Bäck is a Swedish-speaking Finn  He married Brenda, a Mexican costume designer, in 2017  They had met during the production of Eisenstein in Guanajuato 

Selected filmography
Missä kuljimme kerran (2011)
Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015)
The Last Ones (2020)
Passage 8:
Peter Greenaway
Peter Greenaway,  (born 5 April 1942) is a British film director, screenwriter and artist  His films are noted for the distinct influence of Renaissance and Baroque painting, and Flemish painting in particular  Common traits in his films are the scenic composition and illumination and the contrasts of costume and nudity, nature and architecture, furniture and people, sexual pleasure and painful death 

Early life
Greenaway was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales, to a teacher mother and a builder's merchant father  Greenaway's family had relocated to Wales prior to his birth to escape the Nazi bombings of London  They returned to the London area at the end of World War II and settled in Woodford, then part of Essex  He attended Churchfields Junior School and later Forest School in nearby Walthamstow 
At an early age Greenaway decided on becoming a painter  He became interested in European cinema, focusing first on the films of Ingmar Bergman, and then on the French nouvelle vague filmmakers such as Jean-Luc Godard and, most especially, Alain Resnais  Greenaway has said that Resnais's Last Year in Marienbad (1961) had been the most important influence upon his own filmmaking (and he himself established a close working relationship with that film's cinematographer Sacha Vierny)  He now lives in Amsterdam 

Career
1962–1999
In 1962, Greenaway began studies at Walthamstow College of Art, where a fellow student was musician Ian Dury (later cast in The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover)  Greenaway trained as a muralist for three years; he made his first film, Death of Sentiment, a churchyard furniture essay filmed in four large London cemeteries  In 1965, he joined the Central Office of Information (COI), where he went on to work for fifteen years as a film editor and director  In that time he made a series of experimental films, starting with Train (1966), footage of the last steam trains at Waterloo station (situated behind the COI), edited to a musique concrète composition  Tree (1966) is a homage to the embattled tree growing in concrete outside the Royal Festival Hall on the South Bank in London  By the late 1970s he was confident and ambitious, and made Vertical Features Remake and A Walk Through H  The former is an examination of various arithmetical editing structures, and the latter is a journey through the maps of a fictitious country 
In 1980, Greenaway delivered The Falls (his first feature-length film) – a mammoth, fantastical, absurdist encyclopaedia of flight-associated material all relating to ninety-two victims of what is referred to as the Violent Unknown Event (VUE)  In the 1980s his cinema flowered in his best-known films, The Draughtsman's Contract (1982), A Zed & Two Noughts (1985), The Belly of an Architect (1987), Drowning by Numbers (1988), and his most successful film, The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)  Greenaway's most familiar musical collaborator during this period is composer Michael Nyman, who has scored several films 
In 1989, Greenaway collaborated with artist Tom Phillips on a television serial A TV Dante, dramatising the first few cantos of Dante's Inferno  In the 1990s he presented Prospero's Books (1991), the controversial The Baby of Mâcon (1993), The Pillow Book (1996), and 8½ Women (1999) 
In the early 1990s Greenaway wrote ten opera libretti known as the Death of a Composer series, dealing with the commonalities of the deaths of ten composers from Anton Webern to John Lennon; however, the other composers are fictitious, and one is a character from The Falls  In 1995, Louis Andriessen completed the sixth libretto, Rosa – A Horse Drama  He is currently professor of cinema studies at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland 

2000–present
Greenaway presented the ambitious The Tulse Luper Suitcases, a multimedia project that resulted in three films, a website, two books, a touring exhibition, and a shorter feature which reworked the material of the first three films 
He also contributed to Visions of Europe, a short film collection by different European Union directors; his British entry is The European Showerbath  Nightwatching and Rembrandt's J'Accuse are two films on Rembrandt, released respectively in 2007 and 2008  Nightwatching is the first feature in the series "Dutch Masters", with the second project titled as Goltzius and the Pelican Company On 17 June 2005, Greenaway appeared for his first VJ performance during an art club evening in Amsterdam, Netherlands, with music by DJ Serge Dodwell (aka Radar), as a backdrop, 'VJ' Greenaway used for his set a special system consisting of a large plasma screen with laser controlled touchscreen to project the ninety-two Tulse Luper stories on the twelve screens of "Club 11", mixing the images live  This was later reprised at the Optronica festival, London 
On 12 October 2007, he created the multimedia installation Peopling the Palaces at Venaria Reale at the Royal Palace of Venaria, which animated the Palace with 100 videoprojectors Greenaway was interviewed for Clive Meyer's Critical Cinema: Beyond the Theory of Practice (2011), and voiced strong criticisms of film theory as distinct from discussions of other media: "Are you sufficiently happy with cinema as a thinking medium if you are only talking to one person?"On 3 May 2016, he received a Honoris Causa doctorate from the University of San Martín, Argentina 

Nine Classical Paintings Revisited
In 2006, Greenaway began a series of digital video installations, Nine Classical Paintings Revisited, with his exploration of Rembrandt's Night Watch in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam  On 30 June 2008, after much negotiation, Greenaway staged a one-night performance 'remixing' da Vinci's The Last Supper in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan to a select audience of dignitaries  The performance consisted of superimposing digital imagery and projections onto the painting with music from the composer Marco Robino 

		
Greenaway exhibited his digital exploration of The Wedding at Cana by Paolo Veronese as part of the 2009 Venice Biennial  An arts writer for The New York Times called it "possibly the best unmanned art history lecture you'll ever experience," while acknowledging that some viewers might respond to it as "mediocre art, Disneyfied kitsch or a flamboyant denigration of site-specific video installation " The 50-minute presentation, set to a soundtrack, incorporates closeup images of faces from the painting along with animated diagrams revealing compositional relations among the figures  These images are projected onto and around the replica of the painting that now stands at the original site, within the Palladian architecture of the Benedictine refectory on San Giorgio Maggiore  The soundtrack features music and imagined dialogue scripted by Greenaway for the 126 "wedding guests, servants, onlookers and wedding crashers" depicted in the painting, consisting of small talk and banal chatter that culminates in reaction to the miraculous transformation of water to wine, according to the Gospels the first miracle performed by Jesus  Picasso's Guernica, Seurat's Grande Jatte, works by Jackson Pollock and Claude Monet, Velázquez's Las Meninas and Michelangelo's The Last Judgment are possible series subjects 

Films
Features
The Falls (1980)
The Draughtsman's Contract (1982)
A Zed & Two Noughts (1985)
The Belly of an Architect (1987)
Drowning by Numbers (1988)
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)
Prospero's Books (1991)
The Baby of Mâcon (1993)
The Pillow Book (1996)
8½ Women (1999)
The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 1: The Moab Story (2003)
The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 2: Vaux to the Sea (2004)
The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 3: From Sark to the Finish (2004)
A Life in Suitcases (edited version of The Tulse Luper Suitcases series) (2005)
Nightwatching (2007)
Goltzius and the Pelican Company (2012)
Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015)
Walking to Paris (upcoming)

Shorts
Death of Sentiment (1962)
Tree (1966)
Train (1966)
Revolution (1967)
5 Postcards from Capital Cities (1967)
Intervals (1969)
Erosion (1971)
H Is for House (1973)
Windows (1975)
Water Wrackets (1975)
Water (1975)
Goole by Numbers (1976)
Dear Phone (1978)
Vertical Features Remake (1978)
A Walk Through H: The Reincarnation of an Ornithologist (1978)
1–100 (1978)
Making a Splash (1984)
Inside Rooms: 26 Bathrooms, London & Oxfordshire (1985)
Hubert Bals Handshake (1989)
Rosa: La monnaie de munt (1992)
Peter Greenaway (1995) - segment of Lumière and Company
The Bridge Celebration (1997)
The Man in the Bath (2001)
European Showerbath (2004) - segment of Visions of Europe
Castle Amerongen (2011)
Just in Time (2013) - segment of 3x3D

Documentaries and mockumentaries
Eddie Kid (1978)
Cut Above the Rest (1978)
Zandra Rhodes (1979)
Women Artists (1979)
Leeds Castle (1979)
Lacock Village (1980)
Country Diary (1980)
Terence Conran (1981)
Four American Composers (1983)
The Coastline (also known as The Sea in their Blood) (1983)
Fear of Drowning (1988)
The Reitdiep Journeys (2001)
Rembrandt's J'Accuse (2008)
The Marriage (2009)
Atomic Bombs on the Planet Earth (2011)

Television
Act of God (1980)
Death in the Seine (French TV, 1988)
A TV Dante (mini-series, 1989)
M Is for Man, Music, Mozart (1991)
A Walk Through Prospero's Library (1992)
Darwin (French TV, 1993)
The Death of a Composer: Rosa, a Horse Drama (1999)

Exhibitions
The Physical Self, Museum Boymans van Beuningen, Rotterdam (1991)
Le bruit des nuages (as curator), Louvre Museum, Paris (1992)
100 Objects to represent the World (1992) at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and the Hofburg Imperial Palace Vienna 
Stairs 1 Geneva (1995)
Flyga över vatten/Flying over water, Malmö Konsthall (16/9 2000 – 14/1 2001)
Peopling the Palaces at Venaria Reale, Palace of Venaria (2007)
Heavy Water, Chelouche Gallery, Tel Aviv (2011)
Sex & The Sea, Maritiem Museum, Rotterdam (2013)
The Towers/Lucca Hubris, Lucca (2013)
Passage 9:
Luis Alberti (actor)
Luis Alberti (born 30 October 1981) is a Mexican actor  He studied acting at La Casa del Teatro, and stood out in the film Eisenstein in Guanajuato, 
and later in the Mexican film Encarnación  On television  it was highlighted by series as Rosario Tijeras (2016–2017), and El César (2017), and more recently for playing the Mexican singer José Guadalupe Esparza, in the biographical series Bronco: The Series 

Filmography
Films roles
Television roles
Passage 10:
Eisenstein in Guanajuato
Eisenstein in Guanajuato is a 2015 biographical romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Peter Greenaway  Starring Elmer Bäck as Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein, alongside Stelio Savante, Lisa Owen, Maya Zapata, Luis Alberti, Jakob Öhrman, Rasmus Slätis, and Raino Ranta, the film is an international co-production between companies in the Netherlands, Mexico, Belgium, Finland and France 

Cast
Release
Eisenstein in Guanajuato premiered at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in the main competition section on 11 February 2015  The film was voted to the bottom place by the Screen International's critics’ jury and subsequently ignored by the official jury The film opened theatrically 18 June in the Netherlands, 8 July in France, 4 September in Finland, and 22 January 2016 in Mexico  It was granted a very limited theatrical release in the United States on 5 February 2016 

Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 55% score based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10  The site's consensus states: "Eisenstein in Guanajuato is certainly bold, but its provocations aren't always enough to overcome a lack of depth and clear narrative purpose " Metacritic reports a 60 out of 100 rating based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" Critic and author David Robinson praised Greenaway's "   own post-modern pictorialism still as ingenious, flashy and painstakingly wrought in his seventies " He also criticised the film heavily for its salaciousness and many historical inaccuracies, stating that of Eisenstein's wife Pera Atasheva and his many friends, confidants and colleagues: "None of these would recognise the Eisenstein they knew in Greenaway’s Guanajuato "

See also
List of LGBT-related films of 2015
Context 3: Passage 1:
Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers
Major General Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers (c  1628 – 14 September 1694) was an English nobleman and soldier 
He was the first son of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers by his wife Catherine, daughter of William Parker, 13th Baron Morley  His father was closely involved in the English Civil War on the Royalist side from 1641  Consequently, he lost his castles at Halton and Rocksavage and their contents were confiscated 
About 1647, he married firstly Elizabeth (b  1627), illegitimate daughter of Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland by his mistress Martha Jeanes  Their children included: Thomas, who married Charlotte, daughter of Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby; Richard, who succeeded as 4th Earl Rivers; Elizabeth; and Annabella  They also had other children who died young He was widely believed to be a Roman Catholic, and during the Popish Plot he was denounced by informers, but the evidence was so flimsy that no charges were ever brought against him 
About 1684, he married secondly Arabella, daughter of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey  They had no issue He died at his house in Great Queen Street in the Parish of St Giles in the Fields, Middlesex  A memorial to him by William Stanton was installed in St Michaels Church, Macclesfield Documented evidence exists in the form of a pamphlet which details a murder by a Thomas Savage of St Giles in the Fields  It is likely the Thomas in question is the son of the 3rd Earl Rivers, or a family relation 
Passage 2:
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey PC FRS (8 November 1630 – 8 May 1701), styled Lord Willoughby de Eresby from 1642 to 1666, was an English nobleman 
He was the son of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey and Martha Cokayne  He travelled on the Continent, in France and Italy from 1647 to 1652, attending the University of Padua in 1651  In 1654, he married Mary Massingberd, who died in the late 1650s, after bearing him one daughter:
Lady Arabella Bertie (d  28 February 1716), married Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers Before 1660, he married again to Elizabeth Wharton (d  1669), daughter of Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, by whom he had five children:
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1660–1723)
Rt  Hon  Peregrine Bertie (c  1663–1711)
Hon  Philip Bertie (c  1664–1728), married Elizabeth Brabazon, daughter of William Brabazon, 3rd Earl of Meath, without issue
Hon  Norris Bertie (c  1666 – 27 August 1691)
Hon  Albemarle Bertie (c  1668–1742)He contested Boston in 1661 and was returned to the Cavalier Parliament, in which he sat until he succeeded his father as Earl of Lindsey and Lord Great Chamberlain in 1666  In about 1670, he married a third time, to Lady Elizabeth Pope, daughter of Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe and widow of Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet  By her he had two children:
Hon  Charles Bertie (c  1683–1727)
Lady Elizabeth Bertie, died unmarriedLindsey had inherited an electoral interest at Stamford, on which his brother Peregrine had been returned since 1665  In a 1677 by-election, Lindsey treated the voters lavishly and secured the election of his candidate against that of the 4th Earl of Exeter, heretofore the predominant interest in the borough  For a brief period, both Peregrine and their younger brother Charles Bertie sat for the borough, but the Exclusion crisis in 1679 temporarily destroyed Lindsey's influence and both were turned out  Lindsey's brothers regained both seats at the 1685 election, but in 1689, he compromised with the 5th Earl of Exeter and each chose one member, Lindsey's brother Charles holding the seat until 1711  In 1694, he put in his younger son Philip at a by-election alongside Charles, but the Exeter interest put up a candidate again in 1698 and Philip did not stand 
Passage 3:
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey KG (16 December 1582 – 24 October 1642), previously (from 1601 to 1626) 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby was an English peer, soldier and courtier 

Early life
Robert Bertie was the son of Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (b  12 October 1555 – d  25 June 1601) and Mary de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding  Queen Elizabeth I was his godmother, and two of her favourite earls (Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex), whose Christian name he bore, were his godfathers 
He had been part of Essex's expedition to Cádiz, and had afterwards served in the Netherlands, under Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange  He was even given temporary command of English forces during the Siege of Rheinberg in the summer of 1601  The long Continental wars throughout the peaceful reign of King James I had been treated by the English nobility as schools of arms, as a few campaigns were considered a graceful finish to a gentleman's education He succeeded his father as Baron Willoughby de Eresby in 1601  He was later created Earl of Lindsey on 22 November 1626 and took his title from the northern of the three parts of Lincolnshire, the old Kingdom of Lindsey 

The entrepreneur
The Lindsey Level in The Fens, between the River Glen and The Haven, at Boston, Lincolnshire, was named after the first Earl Lindsey as he was the principal adventurer in its drainage  The drainage work was declared complete in 1638 but the project was neglected with the onset of the Civil War so that the land fell back into its old state  When it was drained again, more than a hundred years later, it was called the Black Sluice Level  There is more information under the article Twenty, Lincolnshire 

The English Civil War
As soon as Lord Lindsey had begun to fear that the disputes between the King, Charles I and Parliament must end in war, he had begun to exercise and train his tenantry in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire, of whom he had formed a regiment of infantry 

First Siege of Hull
Lord Lindsey accompanied the King in April 1642 as part of a party who tried to negotiate a handover of the magazine at Hull for the King's military use  This handover was turned down by the pro-Parliamentary governor, Sir John Hotham, who expelled the party, causing it to withdraw with the King to York  Early in July, the King returned from York with a force of 3,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, intent on besieging the city, now garrisoned by reinforcing Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Meldrum, returning to York while leaving Lord Lindsey in command through the siege   Meldrum ordered some effective sorties out of the city, the last of which, on 27 July, blew up the arsenal Lindsey's troops had set up at Anlaby, west of Hull  Lindsey's force, whose cavalry were unsupported by the infantry who had withdrawn to Beverley, gave up the siege after this loss of their munitions and retreated back to York, lifting the siege 

Battle of Edgehill
As Lord Lindsey was a most experienced soldier of 59 years of age at the start of the English Civil War, King Charles I had appointed him General-in-chief of the Royalists for the Battle of Edgehill  However, the King had imprudently exempted the cavalry from Lindsey's command, its general, the King's nephew Prince Rupert of the Rhine, taking orders only from the King  Rupert was only 22 years old, and although an experienced soldier who had fought in the Thirty Years' War, he had not yet learnt that cavalry should also be used in support of infantry and not just against the enemy's cavalry 
With Lindsey was his son Montagu Bertie, Lord Willoughby who had seen some service against the Spaniards in the Netherlands, and after his return had been made a captain in the Lifeguards, and a Gentleman of the Bedchamber  Anthony van Dyck has left portraits of the father and the son; the one a bald-headed, alert, precise-looking old warrior, with the cuirass and gauntlets of earlier warfare; the other, the very model of a cavalier, tall, easy, and graceful, with a gentle reflective face, and wearing the long lovelocks and deep-point lace collar and cuffs characteristic of Queen Henrietta's Court 
At eight o'clock, on the morning of 23 October 1642 King Charles was riding along the ridge of Edge Hill, and looking down into the Vale of the Red Horse, a fair meadow land, here and there broken by hedges and copses  His troops were mustering around him, and in the valley he could see with his telescope the various Parliamentary regiments, as they poured out of the town of Kineton, and took up their positions in three lines  "I never saw the rebels in a body before," he said, as he gazed sadly at the subjects arrayed against him  "I shall give them battle  God, and the prayers of good men to Him, assist the justice of my cause " The whole of his forces were not assembled till two o'clock in the afternoon, for the gentlemen who had become officers found it no easy matter to call their farmers and retainers together, and marshal them into any sort of order 
Lord Lindsey, who was an old comrade of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, who was by then the commander of the Parliamentarian forces, knew that he would follow the tactics they had both together studied in Holland, little thinking that one day they should be arrayed one against the other in their own native England  He had a high opinion of Essex's generalship, and insisted that the situation of the Royal army required the utmost caution  Rupert, on the other hand, had seen the swift fiery charges of the fierce troopers of the Thirty Years' War, and was backed up by Patrick Ruthven, Lord Ruthven, one of the many Scots who had won honour under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden  A sudden charge of the Royal horse would, Rupert argued, sweep the Roundheads from the field, and the foot would have nothing to do but to follow up the victory  The King, sad enough at having to fight at all with his subjects, and never having seen a battle, seemed entirely bewildered between the ardent words of his spirited nephew and the grave replies of the well-seasoned old Earl  Eventually the King, willing at least not to irritate Rupert, desired that Ruthven should array the troops in the Swedish fashion 
It was a greater affront to the General-in-chief than the king was likely to understand, but it could not shake the old soldier's loyalty  He gravely resigned the empty title of General, which only made confusion worse confounded, and rode away to act as colonel of his own Lincolnshire regiment, pitying his master's perplexity, and resolved that no private pique should hinder him from doing his duty  His regiment was of foot soldiers, and was just opposite to the standard of the Earl of Essex 
In the afternoon the Royal forces marched down the hill  Prince Rupert's charge was fully successful  No one even waited to cross swords with his troopers, but all the Roundhead horse galloped headlong off the field, hotly pursued by the Royalists  However, the main body of the army stood firm, and for some time the battle was nearly equal, until a large troop of Parliamentary cavalry who had been kept in reserve, wheeled round and fell upon the Royal forces just when their scanty supply of ammunition was exhausted  Step by step, however, they retreated bravely, and Rupert, who had returned from his charge, sought in vain to collect his scattered troopers, so as to fall again on the Roundheads  Some were plundering, some chasing the Roundheads, and none could be got together 

Death
Lord Lindsey was shot through the thigh bone, and fell  He was instantly surrounded by Roundhead cavalry; but his son, Lord Willoughby, seeing his danger, flung himself alone among them, forced his way forward, and raised his father in his arm, unheeding his own safety  The throng of Roundheads around called to him to surrender, and, hastily giving up his sword, he carried the Earl into the nearest shed, and laid him on a heap of straw, vainly striving to staunch the blood under watch of a Roundhead guard 
It was a bitterly cold night, and the frosty wind came howling through the darkness  Lord Lindsey himself murmured, "If it please God I should survive, I never will fight in the same field with boys again!"–no doubt deeming that young Rupert had wrought all the mischief  His thoughts were all on the cause, his son's all on him  It proved impossible to stop his wounds bleeding and gradually the old man's strength ebbed away 
Toward midnight the Earl's old comrade Essex had news of his condition, and sent some officers to enquire for him, and promise speedy surgical attendance  Lindsey was still full of spirit, and spoke to them so strongly of their broken faith, and of the sin of disloyalty and rebellion, that they slunk away one by one out of the hut, and dissuaded Essex from coming himself to see his old friend, as he had intended  The surgeon, however, arrived, but too late, Lindsey was already so much exhausted by cold and loss of blood, that he died early in the morning of 24 October 1642, as he was being carried through the gates of Warwick Castle where other Royalist prisoners were being kept  His son, despite King Charles' best efforts to obtain his exchange, remained a prisoner of the Parliamentary side for about a year  Lindsey is buried in St Michael and All Angels Church, Edenham, Lincolnshire Lord Lindsey should not be confused with Ludovic Lindsay, 16th Earl of Crawford, who also fought for the King at the Battle of Edgehill



ground_truth: United Kingdom

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the director of film Eisenstein In Guanajuato born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Marriage and issue
In 1605, Lindsey married Elizabeth Montagu (d  30 November 1654, sister of Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton)  They had thirteen children:

Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey (1608–1666)
Hon  Sir Roger Bertie (d  15 October 1654), married Ursula Lawley, daughter of Sir Edward Lawley
Hon  Robert Bertie (1 January 1619 – 1708), married firstly Alice Barnard, secondly Elizabeth Bennet, and thirdly Mary Halsey
Hon  Sir Peregrine Bertie, married Anne Hardeby
Capt  Hon  Francis Bertie (d  1641), killed in Ireland
Capt  Hon  Henry Bertie (d  1643), killed at the First Battle of Newbury
Hon  Vere Bertie, died unmarried
Hon  Edward Bertie (17 October 1624 – 25 December 1686)
Lady Katherine Bertie, married about 1631 Sir William Paston, 1st Baronet, one son, Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth
Lady Elizabeth Bertie (d  28 February 1684), married in 1661 Sir Miles Stapleton
Lady Anne Bertie (d  1660), died unmarried
Lady Mary Bertie, married firstly Rev  John Hewett (d  1658), and secondly Sir Abraham Shipman
Lady Sophia Bertie, married Sir Richard ChaworthThe office of Lord Great Chamberlain descended through to him following the death of his cousin Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, as being the closest heir male 

Notes
Passage 4:
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, KG, PC (1608 – 25 July 1666), was an English soldier, courtier, and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1626  He was created Baron Willoughby de Eresby by writ of acceleration in 1640 and inherited the peerage of Earl of Lindsey in 1642  He fought in the Royalist army in the English Civil War 

Early life
Bertie was born in Grimsthorpe Castle, Grimsthorpe, the eldest son of Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, and his wife Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton  After a brief term at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1623, Bertie then served as Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire in 1624 and Stamford from 1625 to 1626, when, upon his father's elevation to an earldom, he assumed the style of Lord Willoughby de Eresby 
At some point during his early life, he was also Captain of a cavalry troop in the Low Countries  He rose in favour with King Charles I and was appointed a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, High Steward of Boston, and Steward, Warden and Chief Ranger of Waltham Forest in 1634 In 1639, Willoughby raised The King's Life Guard of Foot, composed of four companies, for service in the First Bishops' War and was given a Captaincy in the regiment  The following year, he was appointed High Steward of the Honour of Bolingbroke and the Manor of Sutton  When the Long Parliament was convened on 3 November 1640, he was summoned to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration as Baron Willoughby de Eresby  In October 1641, Lord Willoughby and four companions, including Endymion Porter, visited Scotland  Their sight-seeing was recorded in an anonymous poem, A Scottish Journie 

English Civil War
Both Lord Willoughby and his father supported the King and raised a regiment of cavalry in Lincolnshire on his behalf  Lord Willoughby commanded the Life Guards at Edgehill, where his father was mortally wounded by a shot through the thigh  Willoughby surrendered to the Parliamentarians in order to attend his father, whom he now succeeded as Earl of Lindsey and Lord Great Chamberlain  He was imprisoned in Warwick Castle, where he wrote a defiant declaration and justification of his loyalty to the King  He was not released until a prisoner exchange in July 1643, whereupon he rejoined the King at Oxford and was appointed a Privy Counsellor in December  As colonel of the King's Life Guards of Foot and subsequently lieutenant-general of the Life Guards "and all the foot", he fought at the First Battle of Newbury, Cropredy Bridge, Lostwithiel, Second Battle of Newbury, and was wounded at Naseby  In addition to his military services for the King, Lindsey frequently acted as a commissioner to treat with Parliament and persistently urged reconciliation  The King additionally honored Lindsey with the post of Gentleman of the Bedchamber from 1643 until 1649, and Steward, Keeper and Ranger of Woodstock in 1644 Lindsey was present at the surrender of Oxford in June 1646, attended the King in 1647, and finally served as a commissioner for the Treaty of Newport in 1648  He continued to attend the King during his trial and accompanied the King's body to its burial at Windsor  Lindsey paid heavily for his allegiance, compounding for his estates in December 1646 at £4360 (later reduced to £2100), a sum he did not pay off until 1651 

Commonwealth and Restoration
After the execution of the King, Lindsey retired into private life, and although his movements were carefully monitored by the Council of State, particularly during the Penruddock uprising and Booth's rebellion, he apparently took no part in the Royalist movement After the Restoration, Lindsey was re-appointed to the Privy Council, admitted as Lord Great Chamberlain, and appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire  He was made a Knight of the Garter on 1 April 1661 and officiated as Lord Great Chamberlain at the coronation of Charles II on 23 April 1661  In 1662, the office of Earl Marshal was placed in commission and he was named one of the commissioners  Lindsey died in 1666 at Campden House, Kensington, the home of his son-in-law, and was buried at Grimsthorpe 

Family
Bertie married firstly, on 18 April 1627, Martha Ramsay (née Cockayne), Dowager Countess of Holderness and daughter of Sir William Cockayne, at the Church of St Peter-le-Poor in the City of London  They had eight children:
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey (1630–1701)
Hon  Peregrine Bertie (ca  1634–1701)
Hon  Richard Bertie (ca  1635 – 19 January 1685/6)
Hon  Vere Bertie (d  13 February 1680)
Hon  Charles Bertie (ca  1640–1711)
Lady Elizabeth Bertie (d  1683), married the 3rd Viscount Campden and had issue
Lady Bridget Bertie (1629 – 7 January 1704), married the 1st Duke of Leeds and had issue
Lady Catherine Bertie, married Robert DormerMartha died in July 1641, and Bertie married secondly, sometime between 1646 and 1653, Bridget Wray, Baroness Norris, daughter of Edward Wray and Elizabeth Norris  This second marriage produced four children:
James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon (1653–1699)
Hon  Edward Bertie
Hon  Henry Bertie (ca 1656–1734)
Lady Mary Bertie (1655–1709), married Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon, no issue
Passage 5:
Elizabeth Noel, Viscountess Campden
Elizabeth Noel, Viscountess Campden (1640 – July 1683), formerly Lady Elizabeth Bertie, was the fourth wife of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden, and the mother of nine of his children 
Lady Elizabeth was the daughter of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, and his first wife, Martha Ramsay (née Cockayne), Dowager Countess of Holderness  Her siblings included Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey, Hon  Peregrine Bertie, Hon  Richard Bertie, Hon  Vere Bertie and Hon  Charles Bertie, as well as two sisters 
Elizabeth married Viscount Campden on 6 July 1655, when she was 15 and he was in his forties; he had been widowed three times, and had at least four surviving children, including his heir, Edward  Elizabeth's children by Campden were:
Baptist Noel, MP, who married Susannah Fanshaw and was the father of Baptist Noel, 3rd Earl of Gainsborough
John Noel (1659–1718), who married Elizabeth Sherard and had children
Martha Penelope Noel, who married a Mr Dormer
Catherine Noel (1657-1724 or 1733) who married, as his third wife, John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, and had childrenA portrait of Viscountess Campden was painted by Sir Peter Lely  She outlived her husband by a year, and is buried with him at the Church of St Peter and St Paul, in Exton, Rutland 
Passage 6:
Albemarle Bertie (MP)
Albemarle Bertie (c  1668–1742), of Swinstead, Lincolnshire, was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1705 and 1741 
The fifth son of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey and his wife Elizabeth Wharton, he successfully contested Lincolnshire for the Whigs at the 1705 English general election  At the 1708 British general election, he stood down at Lincolnshire to make way for his nephew, Lord Willoughby de Eresby and was returned instead for Cockermouth on the interest of his uncle, the 1st Earl of Wharton  He was probably the candidate put up by the Wharton interest at Appleby at the 1710 British general election, who withdrew before the poll expressing a desire to sit no longer in Parliament Bertie stood for Lincolnshire again at a by-election in 1721, but was defeated  At the 1734 British general election, he was returned for Boston by his nephew, now the 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, but stood down again at the 1741 British general election and died the following year 
Passage 7:
Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet
Sir Francis Henry Lee, 4th Baronet (17 January 1639 – 4 December 1667) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1667 
Lee was the son of Sir Francis Henry Lee, 2nd Baronet, of Quarrendon, Buckinghamshire, and his wife Hon  Anne St  John, daughter of Sir John St John, 1st Baronet of Lydiard Tregoze, later Countess of Rochester  In 1659 he succeeded his brother Henry in the baronetcy In 1660, Lee was elected Member of Parliament for Malmesbury in the Convention Parliament  He was re-elected MP for Malmesbury in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1667Lee lived at Ditchley, Oxfordshire, and died at the age of 28 
Lee married Lady Elizabeth Pope, daughter of Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe (later third wife of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey)  His son Edward succeeded to the baronetcy and was later ennobled as Earl of Lichfield 
Passage 8:
Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, PC (17 October 1756  – 8 July 1779), styled Lord Robert Bertie until 1758 and Marquess of Lindsey between 1758 and 1778, was a British peer  He was born in Grimsthorpe, the second son of the General Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (died 1778), and Mary Panton (died 1793)
On the death of his elder brother, Peregrine Thomas Bertie, Marquess of Lindsey, on 12 December 1758, he inherited the courtesy title of Marquess of Lindsey  He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge About 1777, he served as a volunteer in North America  A lieutenant in the 7th Regiment of Foot, on 20 January 1778, he was promoted to a captaincy in the 15th Regiment of Foot On his father's death on 12 August 1778, he succeeded as 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 4th Marquess of Lindsey, 7th Earl of Lindsey, 20th Baron Willoughby de Eresby and Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain  He was the last to hold the Lord Great Chamberlainship as an undivided office  On 12 February 1779 he was invested as Privy Counsellor and was Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire 
He never married and died in Grimsthorpe on 8 July 1779 from scarlet fever  At the time of his death he was engaged to Lady Anna Waldegrave, daughter of James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, and Maria Walpole, the illegitimate granddaughter of Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister  Lady Waldegrave, after her husband's death, married in secret Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, a younger brother of King George III, a marriage which outraged the King and led to the passing of the Royal Marriages Act 1772  After his death, his fiancée married Lord Hugh Seymour



ground_truth: Newport, Wales

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Robert Bertie, 3Rd Earl Of Lindsey's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He was buried on 22 July 1779 in Edenham  On his death, the Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlainship and the Barony Willoughby de Eresby fell into abeyance between his two sisters, all other titles of his passed to his uncle  An illegitimate daughter of the 4th duke, Susan, was married to Banastre Tarleton; but there were no children 
Passage 9:
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven PC (20 October 1660 – 26 July 1723), styled 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby between 1666 and 1701, and known as 4th Earl of Lindsey between 1701 and 1706, and as 1st Marquess of Lindsey between 1706 and 1715, was a British statesman and nobleman 

Early life
Bertie was the eldest son of Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey and, his second wife, the Hon  Elizabeth Wharton  Among his younger brothers were Hon  Peregrine Bertie (the Vice Chamberlain to King William III and to Queen Anne, Teller of the Exchequer), Hon  Philip Bertie (Auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall, who married Lady Elizabeth Brabazon, eldest daughter of William Brabazon, 3rd Earl of Meath), Hon  Norris Bertie (a Lt  of the Royal Navy), and Hon  Albemarle Bertie (MP who also served as Auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall  Among his sisters were Lady Jane Bertie (wife of Maj -Gen  Edward Mathew, Governor of Grenada), Lady Caroline Bertie (second wife of Capt  George Dewar)  From his father's first marriage to Mary (née Massingberd) Berkeley (widow of Hon  George Berkeley and second daughter John Massingberd, Treasurer of the East India Company), he had an elder half-sister, Lady Arabella Bertie (second wife Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers) His paternal grandparents were Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, and the former Martha Cokayne  Among his large extended family were uncles Peregrine, Richard, Vere, and Charles Bertie, and aunts Lady Elizabeth (wife of the 3rd Viscount Campden) and Lady Bridget (wife of the 1st Duke of Leeds)  His mother was the only child of Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton and the former Elizabeth Wandesford (daughter of Sir Rowland Wandesford of Pickhill, an attorney of the Court of Wards and Liveries) 

Career
Lord Willoughby entered Parliament as Member of Parliament for Boston in 1685, and sat in the Loyal Parliament, from 1685 to 1687, and the Convention Parliament from 1689 to 1690  He was commissioned captain of an independent troop of horse raised to suppress the Monmouth Rebellion on 20 June 1685   In 1688, Bertie took part in the northern rising led by his kinsman, the Earl of Danby, in favour of William of Orange  He was rewarded with the chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1689, a post which enabled him to secure a seat at Preston at the general election of 1690 In 1690, he was returned for Preston, but was soon forced to leave the House of Commons for the House of Lords after receiving a writ of acceleration as Baron Willoughby de Eresby  Lord Willougby inherited the earldom of Lindsey on his father's death in 1701, and was invested a Privy Counsellor one month later; along with the Earldom of Lindsey, he also inherited the offices of Lord Great Chamberlain and Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, both of which he would hold until his death and would pass onto his son, the 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven Lord Lindsey, as he was now styled, was then created Marquess of Lindsey in 1706, and was finally created Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1715, with a special remainder failing the heirs male of his body, to the heirs male of the body of his father, Robert, late Earl of Lindsey, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Philip, Lord Wharton  Also in 1715, he temporarily served as a Lord Justice In 1715, he employed Sir John Vanbrugh to design a baroque front to his house at Grimsthorpe to celebrate his ennoblement as first Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven 

Personal life
On 30 July 1678, Lord Willoughby married Mary Wynn (d  1689), a Welsh heiress and direct descendant of the princely house of Aberffraw  She was the daughter, and sole heiress, of Sir Richard Wynn, 4th Baronet of Gwydyr Estate and the former Sarah Myddelton (daughter of Sir Thomas Myddelton of Chirk Castle)  They had five children, including:
Robert Bertie, Lord Willoughby (1683–1704), who died while studying at the Wolfenbüttel Ritter-Akademie
Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1686–1742), who married Jane Brownlow, third daughter of Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet 
Lady Elizabeth Bertie, who died unmarried 
Lady Eleanor Bertie, who died unmarried 
Lady Mary Bertie, who died unmarried After the death of his first wife in 1689, he married Albinia Farington on 6 July 1705  She was a daughter of Maj -Gen  William Farington of Chislehurst and the former Theodosia Betenson (sister and co-heiress of Sir Edward Betenson, 1st Baronet)  Together, they were the parents of:
Lord Vere Bertie (d  1768), an MP for Boston who married Ann Casey, illegitimate daughter of Sir Cecil Wray, 11th Baronet, in 1736 
Capt  Lord Montagu Bertie (d  1753), who married Elizabeth Piers, daughter of William Piers, MP in 1758 
Capt  Lord Thomas Bertie (1720–1749)
Lt -Gen  Lord Robert Bertie (1721–1782), the Governor of Cork who married Hon  Mary (née Blundell) Raymond, widow of Robert Raymond, 2nd Baron Raymond and third daughter of Montague Blundell, 1st Viscount Blundell, in 1762 
Lady Louisa Bertie, who married Thomas Bludworth, Gentleman of the Horse to the Prince of Wales and a Groom of the Bedchamber, in 1736 Lord Ancaster died in July 1723, aged 62, an established but relatively unheralded statesman  He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Peregrine  His widow remarried to James Douglas and died in 1745 

Descendants
Through his son Lord Vere, he was a grandfather of Albinia Bertie (wife of George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire) and Louisa Bertie (wife of Lt -Gen  Hon  Sir Charles Stuart, Governor of Minorca and fourth son of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute) Through his son Lord Montagu, he was a grandfather of Augusta Bertie, who married John Fane, 9th Earl of Westmorland 
Passage 10:
Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey
Lieutenant-General Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey (17 September 1744 – 18 September 1818) was a British nobleman and general 

Early life
Bertie was born on 17 September 1744  He was the son of Peregrine Bertie, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn (1709–1779) and the former Elizabeth Payne  He had two sisters, Louisa Bertie (wife of Fletcher Richardson of Cartmel) and Henrietta Bertie (wife of George Edmonds of Peterborough) His paternal grandparents were the former Mary Narbonne (daughter and heiress of John Narbonne of Great Stukeley) and Charles Bertie, MP for Stamford (a son of the Hon  Charles Bertie, also an MP for Stamford, Envoy to Denmark and Secretary to the Treasury who was the fifth son of Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey)  His maternal grandfather was Edward Payne of Tottenham Wick 

Military career
In 1762, he was commissioned an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards  He became lieutenant and captain in that regiment in 1769, captain and lieutenant colonel in 1776, and colonel in 1781  He became 3rd Major of the regiment 12 March 1789 and 2nd Major on 8 August 1792 In 1793, he was promoted major-general, and was appointed colonel of the newly formed 81st Regiment of Foot on 19 September with instructions to recruit volunteers for it  In 1794, he obtained a colonelcy of an existing regiment, the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot, instead  Bertie was promoted lieutenant-general in 1798 and general in 1803  In 1804, the Duke of York recommended him for the colonelcy of the 77th Regiment of Foot, then part of the Indian establishment, noting that "the difference of emolument is of great consequence" to Bertie  In 1808, he became commander of the 89th Regiment of Foot after John Whitelocke was cashiered and dismissed from the service Bertie retired from active service in 1809 upon inheriting the title of Earl of Lindsey from his third cousin on 8 February 1809  The earldom had been held by Robert Bertie, 1st Marquess of Lindsey from 1706 until 1715 when he was he was created the 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven  The Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven held the earldom until the dukedom became extinct on the death of Brownlow Bertie, 5th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1809, and the earldom passed to Bertie 

Political career
In 1801, he was nominated as Member of Parliament for Stamford, where the Bertie family had once held an electoral interest, by the Marquess of Exeter, then pre-eminent in the borough  He held the seat until succeeding to his peerage in 1809, but demonstrated little activity in Parliament  Lindsey inherited the Irish title of Viscount Cullen by special remainder in 1810, but never claimed it nor was acknowledged in the title  In 1814, he was appointed Governor of Blackness Castle, and in March 1818, of Charlemont Fort 

Personal life
On 7 May 1794, Bertie was married to Eliza Maria (née Clay) Scrope, the widow of Thomas Scrope of Coleby and a daughter of William Clay of Burridge Hill, Nottinghamshire  They had no children before her death in July 1806 On 18 November 1809 (when he was the Earl of Lindsey), he married Charlotte Susannah Elizabeth Layard (1780–1858), the daughter of the Very Reverend Charles Layard, Dean of Bristol  Together, Charlotte and Bertie were the parents of three children:
Lady Charlotte Bertie (1812–1895), a prominent linguist who married John Josiah Guest, 1st Baronet in 1833  After his death in ⁠1852, she married Charles Schreiber, MP for Cheltenham and Poole 
George Augustus Frederick Albemarle Bertie, 10th Earl of Lindsey (1814–1877), who died unmarried 
Montagu Peregrine Bertie, 11th Earl of Lindsey (1815–1899), who married Felicia Elizabeth Welby, the second daughter of Rev  John Earle Welby, Rector of Hareston (and son of Sir William Earle Welby, 1st Baronet) and Felicia Eliza Hole (a daughter of Rev  George Hole, Bishop of Norwich), in 1854 Lord Lindsey died on 18 September 1818  After his death, his two sons, in turn, succeeded to his titles  After his death, Lady Lindsey married the Rev  William Peter Pegus and was the mother of Maria Antoinetta Pegus (who married Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly) before her death on 28 November 1858 

Descendants
Through his daughter, Lady Charlotte, he was a grandfather of Charlotte Maria Guest (wife of Richard Du Cane); Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (who married Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill, a daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough); Katharine Gwladys Guest (wife of the Rev  Frederick Cecil Alderson); Thomas Merthyr Guest (who married Lady Theodora Grosvenor, a daughter of Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster);Montague John Guest (who never married); Augustus Frederick Guest (who died unmarried aged 21); Arthur Edward Guest (who married Adeline Mary Chapman); Mary Enid Evelyn Guest (wife of her cousin, Sir Austen Henry Layard); Constance Rhiannon Guest (wife of Hon  Charles Eliot, youngest son of Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans); and Blanche Vere Guest (wife of Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough) Through his youngest son, he was a grandfather of Montague Bertie, 12th Earl of Lindsey (1861–1938), who married Millicent Emma Cox (the eldest daughter of Dr  James Charles Cox), and served as aide-de-camp to the Governor of New South Wales from 1885 to 1888 



ground_truth: 25 July 1666