prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are H. H. Hunnewell and Bob Flanigan (Singer) of the same nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
H  H  Hunnewell
Horatio Hollis Hunnewell (July 27, 1810 – May 20, 1902) was an American railroad financier, philanthropist, amateur botanist, and one of the most prominent horticulturists in America in the nineteenth century  Hunnewell was a partner in the private banking firm of Welles & Co  Paris, France controlled by his in-laws, which specialized in trade finance between the two countries  Practicing horticulture for nearly six decades on his estate in Wellesley, Massachusetts, he was perhaps the first person to cultivate and popularize rhododendrons in the United States 

Early life
Hunnewell was born on July 27, 1810 in Watertown, Massachusetts   He was a son of Susanna (née Cooke) Hunnewell and Dr  Walter Hunnewell, who graduated from Harvard College in 1787, in the same class with John Quincy Adams His paternal grandparents were Revolutionary War soldier Richard Hunnewell and Eunice (née Thompson) Hunnewell, and his maternal grandparents were Phineas Cooke and Abigail (née Durant) Cooke 

Career
Hunnewell was a director of the Illinois Central Railroad from 1862 to 1871  He was a railroad entrepreneur in Kansas beginning in the 1860s, and president of the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad and Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Railroad around 1880   At the time of his death he was a director of 12 railroads and numerous mining, real estate, and other ventures 

Philanthropy
H  H  Hunnewell made a donation in 1873 that helped Asa Gray revise and complete his Flora of North America  He also funded the conifer collection at Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, and donated the Arboretum's administration building (now Hunnewell Building) in 1892 
Hunnewell was a friend and neighbor of Henry Fowle Durant (1822-1881), who founded Wellesley College on Lake Waban directly across from Hunnewell's estate  Hunnewell made a donation to the College for Eliot Dormitory in 1887, and endowed the College's Chair of Botany in 1901 The town of Wellesley's greatest benefactor, Hunnewell built and donated the Wellesley Town Hall and Free Library building (completed 1885), along with 10 acres of adjoining parkland  The Wellesley Free Library has since moved to a new building  He was also a frequent donor, often anonymously, to many town causes  According to a resident at the time, "When leaving here for his winter home (in Boston), Hunnewell would go to our old Town Clerk, Solomon Flagg, and say to him, 'Be sure and not allow anyone to suffer during cold weather  Send them whatever they need and I will pay the bill ' Hunnewell and Flagg were the only ones that knew whose was the helping hand "

Personal life
In 1835, he was married to Isabella Pratt Welles (1812–1888), a daughter of Samuel Welles  She was the half sister of Samuel Welles de Lavalette
fr Together, they had nine children, including:
Hollis Hunnewell (1836–1884), who married Louisa Bronson (1843–1890), sister of Frederic Bronson 
Francis Welles Hunnewell (1838–1917), who married Gertrude Gouverneur Sturgis (1862–1890), daughter of John Hubbard Sturgis 
Susan Hunnewell (1842–1843), who died in infancy 
Walter W  Hunnewell (1844–1921), who married Jane Appleton Peele (1848–1893), daughter of Jonathan Willard Peele, in 1873 
Isabella Pratt Hunnewell (1849–1934), who married Robert Gould Shaw (1850–1931), cousin of Robert Gould Shaw 
Jane Welles Hunnewell (1851–1936), who married Francis Williams Sargent (1848–1920), grandparents of Governor Francis Sargent He died at home in Wellesley, Massachusetts on May 20, 1902, at age 91  Hunnewell was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, among his family 

Estate and arboretum
Starting in 1870, Hunnewell built country homes adjoining his own for seven of his nine children  These estates and adjacent farmland, with one exception still owned by his descendants, form the Hunnewell Estates Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 
Both the town of Wellesley (founded 1881) and Wellesley College (chartered 1870) are named for Hunnewell's estate, "Wellesley", which he named for the family of his wife  The H  H  Hunnewell estate includes a prominent 1851 house designed by Arthur Gilman with attached conservatory and gate lodges of 1865-1866 designed by Gridley J F  Bryant, a pinetum of 325 specimen conifers, a complex of specialty greenhouses, and the first topiary garden  - the 'Italian Garden' - in America, all of which are still standing 
The estate is part of the Hunnewell Estates Historic District, which includes the estates of many of his descendants  During the first part of the 20th century there were 20 contiguous estates for him and his family in Wellesley  Among other miscellaneous activities, Hunnewell owned the home in which Horatio Alger's father lived until his death, now called the Horatio Alger House in Natick, Massachusetts  Oliver Bacon had built this house about 1824, and sold it in 1869 to Hunnewell  In 1909, Hunnewell deeded the property to the First Unitarian Church of South Natick as a parsonage 

Legacy
The railroad towns of Hunnewell, Kansas, and Hunnewell, Missouri, were named in his honor  The Wellesley College Botanic Gardens has a distinct Hunnewell Arboretum, named in his honor, across the lake  Rhododendron hunnewellianum also honors him  Along with Nathaniel Thayer, Jr, Hunnewell is credited with bringing the game of Real Tennis (a precursor to modern lawn tennis) to America  The game was thought to have first been played in 1876 when Hunnewell and Thayer, who had played the game in England, brought an English professional, Ted Hunt, home with them from Oxford  They built a court on the corner of Buckingham and Dartmouth Streets in the Back Bay section of Boston and put Hunt in charge of it  When the land the court sat on was acquired by the New York & New Haven Railroad towards the end of the century, Hunnewell reorganized the club in a new building at the corner of Hereford and Boylston streets forming the Tennis and Racquet Club of Boston
Passage 2:
Bob Flanigan (singer)
Robert Lee Flanigan (August 22, 1926 – May 15, 2011) was an American tenor vocalist and founding member of The Four Freshmen, a jazz vocal group 
The Four Freshmen originated in early 1948 when brothers Ross and Don Barbour, then at Butler University's Arthur Jordan Conservatory in Indianapolis, Indiana, formed a barbershop quartet called Hal's Harmonizers  Flanigan was a cousin of the Barbours and joined The Harmonizers beginning on September 20, 1948, becoming their lead vocalist  He also played trombone and double bass 
In 1950, The Four Freshmen got a break when band leader Stan Kenton heard the quartet in Dayton, Ohio, and arranged for an audition with his label, Capitol Records, which signed The Four later that year  In 1952, they released their first hit single "It's a Blue World"  Further hits included "Mood Indigo" in 1954, "Day by Day" in 1955, and "Graduation Day" in 1956 
Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, The Four Freshmen released a number of recordings, made film and television appearances, and performed in concert  The group eventually lost their mainstream following with the advent of the British pop bands of the 1960s  The group continued to perform under the management of Flanigan, who maintained rights to The Four Freshmen name and was responsible for the group's changing cast of performers  Flanigan retired as a performer in 1992, but continued his involvement with the group for several more years 
He died of congestive heart failure at his home in Las Vegas, on May 15, 2011, aged 84 
Passage 3:
Munnawar Masoom
Munnawar Masoom is an Indian singer of qawwali 

Early life
Munnawar Masoom was born in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 

Career
Munnawar Masoom is popular for his song Husne Muhabbat ka ada  He is known for his intense, powerful, energetic style and his rendering of pieces of the celebrated Sufi mystic poet Amir Khusrow  He draws the audience closer, with renditions of lyrics by Amir Khusro and Sufi Kalam, explaining the meaning of the poetry behind a devotee's yearning for god 
He performed on Idea Jalsa on Doordarshan, Times festival and Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh organised by Pandit Jasraj Also he has performed with Kailash Kher

Awards and recognition
Munnawar Masoom was given the title, Fakr-e-Madhya Pradesh by Government of Madhya Pradesh 
Passage 4:
Alexander Wesselsky
Alexander "Alexx" Wesselsky (born 18 November 1968) is a German singer  He is the lead vocalist of Neue Deutsche Härte band Eisbrecher and previously performed with Megaherz from 1993 to 2003 

Biography
In 1985, Dale Arden became Wesselsky's first band, where he performed as lead singer and bassist alongside his best friend Bill Parsons in the early 1980s at a local bar 

Megaherz: 1993–2003
Wesselsky joined Megaherz in 1993 as one of the founding members, writing lyrics and composing, as well as singing  Wesselsky has had moderate success during his time with Megaherz, his albums Himmelfahrt, released in 2000 and Herzwerk II, released in 2002, both charted in the Media Control Charts at No  78  His most successful single during his time with Megaherz, Freiflug, was released in 1999 and hit the German alternative charts at No  7 
Wesselsky left the band officially on 1 January 2003, and was replaced by Mathias Eisholz  In addition to Megaherz, since 1999 he has been working as a studio singer and lyricist writer for several independent projects (among others, a platinum production) 

Eisbrecher: 2003–present
He joined Noel Pix in late 2002 to form Eisbrecher  Success for Wesselsky continued through Eisbrecher with the 2004 album of the same name, released in January, as it hit the alternative charts in Germany at No  13 
Eisbrecher's 2006 album, Antikörper, was released in October and hit the Media Control Charts at No  85  Their next single "Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein?", released in July 2008, hit the alternative charts at No  3  The studio album Sünde was released in August 2008 and entered the Media Control Charts at a high No  18  On 16 April 2010, Eisbrecher released their next album, Eiszeit, which hit Germany's chart at No  5  Their following release, Die Hölle muss warten, was released on 3 February 2012 and charted No  3 on the German main charts  Schock was released on 21 January 2015 and charted at No  2 on the German main charts 
Both Die Hölle muss warten and Schock achieved gold status in 2016, after both sold more than 100,000 units respectively  His latest effort, Sturmfahrt, became his first album to hit No  1 on the main German chart 
In addition to his studio musical career, Wesselsky has performed with his bands at many European music festivals, including Hurricane, Nova Rock, Wacken, M'era Luna, Wave-Gotik-Treffen, Hellfest, Graspop Metal Meeting, and Summer Breeze 

Television
Aside from his musical career, Wesselsky has also presented a television show since 2006, on the German TV channel DMAX, where he acts as a used car broker for an applicant  His screen nickname for the show is Der Checker ("The Checker")  Once he has found a suitable vehicle within the applicant's budget, the car is repaired and tuned at co-presenter's Lina van de Mars's workshop, and is then handed over to the new owner  In 2009, Wesselsky hosted a reality TV show called Schrauber-Showdown  In May 2010, he appeared as himself on the German TV talkshow Kölner Treff 

Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Megaherz

1997: "Gott sein" (To Be God)
1998: "Liebestöter" (Passion Killer)
1998: "Rock Me Amadeus"
1999: "Freiflug" (Free Flight) (#7 in German alternative charts)
2000: "Himmelfahrt" (Ascension)Eisbrecher

2003: "Mein Blut" (My Blood)
2003: "Fanatica"
2006: "Leider" (Unfortunately)
2006: "Leider/Vergissmeinnicht" (US limited double-single)
2006: "Vergissmeinnicht" (Forget Me Not)
2008: "Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein?" (Can Love be a Sin?)
2010: "Eiszeit" (Ice Age) (#84 in Germany)
2012: "Verrückt" (Insane) (#46 in Germany)
2012: "Die Hölle muss warten" (Hell Has to Wait)
2012: "Miststück 2012" (Sonofabitch)
2013: "10 Jahre Eisbrecher" (10 Years of Eisbrecher)
2014: "Zwischen uns" (Between Us)
2015: "1000 Narben" (1,000 Scars)
2015: "Rot wie die Liebe" (Red Like Love)
2017: "Was ist hier los?" (What's Going on Here?)
2018: "Das Gesetz" (The Law)

EPs
Megaherz

2007: Freiflug EP: The Early Years (1996–2000)
2008: Mann von Welt EP

Compilation albums
Megaherz

2001: Querschnitt
2009: Totgesagte leben länger (tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14)Eisbrecher

2011: Eiskalt (#69 in Germany)
2018: Ewiges Eis (#6 in Germany)
2020: Schicksalsmelodien (#4 in Germany)

Music videos
1999: "Freiflug" (Free Flight)
2004: "Schwarze Witwe" (Black Widow)
2005: "Herz steht still" (Heart Stands Still)
2006: "Willkommen im Nichts" (Welcome to Nothing)
2006: "Vergissmeinnicht" (Forget Me Not)
2010: "Eiszeit" (Ice Age)
2011: "Verrückt" (Insane)
2012: "Die Hölle muss warten" (Hell Has to Wait)
2012: "Miststück 2012" (Sonofabitch 2012)
2014: "Zwischen uns" (Between Us)
2015: "Rot wie die Liebe" (Red Like Love)
2017: "Was ist hier los?" (What's Going on Here?)
2018: "Das Gesetz" (The Law)
2020: "Stossgebet" (Quick Prayer)
2020: "Skandal im Sperrbezirk" (Scandal in Prostitution-free Area)
2020: "Out of the Dark"
2021: "FAKK"
2021: "Im Guten, im Bösen" (The Good, The Bad)

Appearances
IFF (vocals) – Königin der Nacht
2012 – Lord of the Lost (vocals) – Eure Siege
2019 – Hamatom (vocals)
Passage 5:
Ramana Vieira
Ramana Vieira is a contemporary American singer of the traditional Portuguese Fado 

Early life
Vieira was born just east of San Francisco, California in San Leandro   Her parents had immigrated to the United States from Portugal, where her grandfather was a well-known musician and composer from Madeira  She grew up listening to American pop music and Broadway musicals, along with the traditional Portuguese music from her parents' homeland  She attended local San Leandro schools, then studied the performing arts at the American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco  Vieira said that as a young singer she had no interest in performing fado until she visited Portugal when she was 16 years old  In Portugal, Vieira connected with her roots and found that fado ignited her passion   She began to study intensively with local fado musicians and had the opportunity to perform 

Career
Vieira recorded her debut album, Sem Ti (Without You) in 2000  In 2004, she self-released a CD titled Despi a Alma (I Undressed My Soul)  The album included the song Para Amar which was included in a video montage for the 2006 Winter Olympics  Vieira was among the performers who sang at the 2008 MusiCares Person of the Year ceremony  In 2009, she released the album Lagrimas De Rainha (Tears of a Queen), which (according to Vieira's press releases), reached number 43 on the World Music Radio charts  In 2015, Vieira released (Fado da Vida), of which several tracks have been nominated at the International Portuguese Music Awards (IPMA)   In 2015 she had two nominations: Nem As Paredes Confesso was nominated for Best Fado Performance; and Cabo Verde, which Vieira composed herself was nominated for Best World Music Performance  In 2016, the International Portuguese Music Awards nominated Ai Mouraria for Best Fado Performance 

Discography
Sem Ti (Without You), 2000, Simply Smokin' Records
Despi a Alma (I Undressed My Soul), 2004, Ramana Vieira
Lágrimas De Rainha (Tears of a Queen), 2009, Pacific Coast Records
Fado da Vida (Fado/Destiny of Life), 2015, Stillumiounous Productions
Lágrimas de Rainha, 2017, Stillumiounous Productions
Passage 6:
Mandi Perkins
Mandi Perkins is a Canadian songwriter and lead singer of the band of Verona 

Biography
Mandi Perkins was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  She attended UC Berkeley where she graduated with a degree in English literature  Following graduation, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in music while attending law school Perkins toured the country and performed regularly on the Sunset Strip, Silverlake and in Echo Park at such venues as The Roxy, The Viper Room, The Satellite, The Echo and The Troubadour   She completed her first independent full length album, bleeding the line    , in 2007 with producer Warren Huart She then began working with music producer Jeff Rosen, who introduced her to executives at Sony Music, which signed her to a record deal  Mandi immediately began work on her major label debut album, Alice in No Man's Land  All the lyrics on Alice in No Man's Land were written by Perkins and the album was produced by Warren Huart and mixed by Michael Brauer  After the collapse of the RCA Victor label and the firing of her label head, Alice in No Man's Land only saw a limited digital release 
In the first half of 2009, Perkins played the South by Southwest festival and did a club tour in the United States  Perkins asked for a release from her contract with Sony in June 2009 and started a new band named of Verona in July 2011 

Discography
Passage 7:
Teeter Sperber
Teeter Sperber is an American singer-songwriter  She was the lead singer of Ley Royal Scam, and the lead singer of the electropop group Ladybirds  She has also appeared on two Fairmont albums 

Background
In 2005, Sperber fronted the band Ley Royal Scam, a pop-act that included keyboardist Tyler Pursel  That year they played the Bamboozle festival, opening several shows for Taking Back Sunday  Ley Royal Scam self-released two demos, titled Pregnancy Scare and Sophomore Slump  The band separated later that year, leaving Pursel to pursue work touring as keyboardist with rap rock group Gym Class Heroes After the separation of Ley Royal Scam, Sperber relocated to Oregon for "introspection and recharging", but was contacted in 2006 by former bandmate Pursel who was working on the East Coast of the United States, to appear on an upcoming project  Initially, Sperber was asked to sing for one track, but subsequent work led them to write and record together exclusively for the project, making Sperber the lead singer of Ladybirds  Pursel and Sperber met at a Creep Records basement studio in Pennsylvania to finish the recording of Regional Community Theater in January 2007  It was released by Creep Records on September 18, 2007, and was digitally reissued by Mint 400 Records on July 5, 2011  The album received mixed to positive reviews from critics 
Prior to joining Ley Royal Scam, Sperber worked at a summer snowboard camp  Transitioning into music, she did A&R and publicist work for Virgin Records, and worked for MerchDirect  In 2007, she sang on the Intramural song "Impairment Begins with the First Drink", from the album This Is a Landslide by former Desaparecidos guitarist Denver Dalley  Later that year, Sperber was also a guest vocalist on the Fairmont album Wait & Hope, and again in their 2008 release Transcendence  In 2011, Sperber and Neil Sabatino of Fairmont joined to record as Mergers & Acquisitions, releasing an electro-pop EP, Grape Soda 

Discography
Albums
Regional Community Theater (2007) as Ladybirds
Grape Soda (2011) as Mergers and Acquisitions

EPs
Pregnancy Scare (2005) as Ley Royal Scam
Sophomore Slump (2005) as Ley Royal Scam

Songs
"Impairment Begins with the First Drink" (2007) by Intramural with Denver Dalley
Passage 8:
Timir Biswas
Timir Biswas (Bengali: তিমির বিশ্বাস; born 20 November 1982) is an Indian playback singer of both Bengali and Hindi films   He also the lead singer of the band Fakira  He originates from Sreepally, Asansol, West Bengal and belongs to a Bengali family 

Early life
Timir was born on 20 November 1982 to parents Swapan Biswas and Sukla Biswas  His father Swapan Biswas is a theatre actor and a bank employee  Timir completed his education from Subhas Pally Vidya Niketan and then joined Raghunathpur College, Purulia with economics 
Timir has never taken any formal training in music  When he was four to five years old he used to sing the ad jingles shown on television  On seeing this his mother took him to her Guruji, but Timir's singing was not encouraged  It was said that he could never sing with such a voice Then on the first day of college, he first sang publicly when he was asked to do so by some of his seniors  Everyone liked it  And then this became a daily routine  From then he started singing  He has learnt music by listening to songs  He used to go to many music persons with his compositions and lyrics but no one encouraged him  Then he got a chance to open a gig for a concert of Nachiketa Chakraborty  His performance was praised by Nachiketa  Then he formed and joined the band Muzik Street  After few small gigs, they got selected for Band-e-mataram  Chandrabindoo's Anindya and Upal were the mentor of Muzik Street in the event  Later Upal called up Timir to sing for the film 033  Since then, he took up music as a profession 

Muzik Street
Timir was one of the founding members of the Asansol-based band Muzik Street  He initially played the keyboard, and later as a vocalist  Later he left the band and shifted to Kolkata  Muzik Street brought the band revolution in Asansol  Timir, for his unique voice got noticed by several music directors  It was during this time that he did his first solo playback under the music direction of Chandrabindoo for the song "Onnyo Kothao Chol" of the movie 033  Later he got his wide fame and popularity when under the music direction of Jeet Ganguly, he along with Rana Mazumdar sang the title track of the movie "Dui Prithibi"  Thereafter he got numerous offers for playback 

Fakira
After leaving Muzik Street, Timir shifted to Kolkata owing to the various offers for playback and other solo works as it was difficult for him to continue working from Asansol  There he met with one of his friend from Asansol, guitarist, composer and a member of the band Desh, Chayan Chakraborty  Their alike interest in Folk Music led them into working more with folk songs  Gradually Abhinaba, Kunaal and the famous percussionist, drummer Bunty joined them to form the band Fakira  They are currently working with Bengali folks and has plans to work on root music round the globe 
The current line up is :

Timir Biswas: Vocals and Keyboard
Chayan Chakraborty: Guitar and Backing Vocals
Apurba Das: Guitar
Kunaal Biswas: Bass and Backing Vocals
Avirup Das (Bunty): Drums and PercussionAfter visiting various ashrams and akhras they have started their research in folk songs and have blended them with elements of rock  Some of their folk arrangements has already gained immense popularity online  Some of them are Chander Gaye Chand, Nizamuddin Auliya, Tyangra, Golemale Pirit, Somoy Gele Shadhon, and Bhromor Koyo Giya  They have toured Bangladesh to feature in an Eid Special 4-hour-long episode of Air Wick Phono Live Studio Concert in ETV  Other than this they have performed at various college fests and other notable social events  Timir, Chayan and Abhinaba have also worked for music of the 4th Bell Theaters production 15 Minutes To Fame & Nobel Chor  In 2013 October, Fakira went international and performed at Hartford, Columbus, Tampa and Chicago In July 2015, Fakira featured in Caller Gaan in Desh TV, a popular TV channel of Bangladesh 

Itorpona
Fakira released their debut album Itorpona on 6 September 2014 at Story, Elgin Road, Kolkata marked by the gracious presence of Sayani Datta, Sujoyprasad Chattopadhyay, Satrajit Sen, Aakash Fakir and Armaan Fakir  The album released under the banner of Inreco and Major 7th consists of 8 tracks written by Lalon Fakir, Radharomon, Hasan and others  The song titled Somoy Gele Shadhon is a tribute to Pink Floyd and is a bridge between Lalon and Pink Floyd  Itorpona has won the Special Jury Award in Mirchi Music Awards Bangla, 2015  The album contains the following tracks:

Bhromor Koyo Giya
Paal Tule De
Itorpona
Somoy Gele Shadhon
Chander Gaye Chand Legeche
Nizammuddin Auliya
Opaar
Sob Loke Koy Lalon

Hare Krishno
The band has recently announced on social media that they have started working on their second album which is to be titled Hare Krishno  Recordings have reportedly begun for the album at Yash Raj Film Studios Mumbai 
Also, the band is coming up with two singles - Krishno Premer Pora Deho and Ami Shudhu Roinu baki which will be releasing soon  As per the band, the recordings have been done  As of now, the post production works are being carried out 

Playback & Television
Timir because of his unique quality of voice, got noted by music directors quite early  Jeet Ganguly in an interview said that Timir is the Bryan Adams of Bengal  After "onnyo kothao chol" from 033, music by Chandrabindoo and "Dui Prithibi" from Dui Prithibi, Music by Jeet Ganguly, Timir has also sung for music directors like Indradeep Dasgupta, Joy Sarkar  He has recently made his Bollywood debut in the film 'Khajoor Pe Atke' directed by Harsh ChhayaTimir Biswas has also been featured in Zee Bangla Cinema Song connection and has been accredited for the maximum number of songs in the show 

Timir Biswas Live (TBL)
On 17 June 2015 Timir for the first time went solo on stage  On the eve of the anniversary celebration of 4th Bell Theaters, the theatre group organized the show Timir Biswas Live (TBL) at Gyan Manch  It was the first time where Timir performed his playback numbers live in a concert  The show witnessed many popular faces of the Bengali film and music industry viz  Chaitali Dasgupta, Ujjaini, Satadal and Gabu  Praises showered in for Timir post the show  
Henceforth TBL has been immensely popular and has performed in numerous concerts in college fests etc 
Timir Biswas Live features:

Timir Biswas - Vocals & Guitar
Chayan Chakraborty - Lead Guitar
Sagar Chatterjee - Lead Guitar
Mohul Chakraborty (Dodo) - Bass Guitar
Rahul - Keyboard
Appu - Drums

Ondho Premik
Timir, after posting a series of 17 social media posts containing couplets of lyrics, announced that Ondho Premik his first Solo album would be coming soon to the audience  On 3 August, Timir revealed the details about the album on social media  Ondho Premik as  cited by Timir is supposed to contain 6 love stories in form of 6 songs  The lyrics are penned by Rajib Chakraborty  Ashu-Abhishek composed the music for the album 
Ashu-Abhishek (a well known music director duo) and Timir have known each other for four years and have worked on various projects including Zee Bangla Song Connection, but almost all of them were client based  However, all of them had an urge to work on an album independently, with their own understanding and expression of music  However, things kept on getting pushed and nothing was actually taking shape  They had initially arranged many sittings to discuss the same, but little did anything fruitful turn out 
The entire team of Ondho Premik first got together for a show called Poetry on Celluloid hosted by a popular RJ of Kolkata, Raja Das  They created a song titled Bhalobashar Jawr (penned by Rajib Chakraborty) for that show  With this song, they realized that Bhalobashar Jawr was the kind of songs that they actually wanted to work on  With this, the decision to work on an album together, was taken unanimously  They decided to meet at Rajib's place 
As usual, like the earlier meetings, Ashu and Timir were not aware of what was going to take shape from this meeting  Abhishek was out of town when this meeting took place  However, at the meeting they find out that Rajib has already written 8 songs for the album and all of them were production ready content  At this point of time, other members of the team became serious and work on the album began 
Yet Ondho Premik was not progressing ahead as Ashu-Abhishek were stuck in their other projects  Finally one fine night, accompanied by heavy downpour, the duo created the first track of the album Bandhobi Mon  Henceforth, after various sittings, planning etc  the team finally hit the studios on 25 August 2016 and finished recording on 6 September 2016  The Drums have been played by a friend of Ashu, Vinayak Mahadevan and was recorded by Jonathan at The Sound House Studio in California  The album was recorded at Sonic Solutions (vocals) and Post Production (music), Kolkata  The album was mixed by a close friend of Timir, Shubhodeep, in Mumbai 
The album released (first time for a Bengali album to pre-release on digital media) on digital platforms on 15 October 2016 through a Facebook live session  The album (released by Inreco) release will be held at Princeton Club on 27 October accompanied by a special performance by Fakira  The album consists of the following six tracks:
Chole Bole Koushole
Ondho Premik
Bandhobimon
Niruddesh
Bhalobashar Jwor
Ekshow AathOn 19 November 2016 the Music video for Ondho Premik was released on YouTube by Indian Records Video Channel  The video, produced in association with the 4th Bell Theaters, has already garnered more than 50,000 views  The video directed by Aniruddha Dasgupta and edited and colored by Alok Chowdhury, features Timir, Ashu, Abhishek, Rajib, Chayan, Sagar, Prarthita, Mahua, Aritra, Ritwick, Satyaki, Asim, Shreya, Dipanwita and Kallol  The post production activities were carried out by Kolkata Videos 

YouTube Covers
Timir featured in a number of covers which released on YouTube under the banners of Kolkata Videos HD, 12 Keys Studio etc  His first cover of the song Pyar Deewana Hota Hai from film Kati Patang was released in 2014 by Kolkata Videos HD  The video was eventually re-released by Saregama India Ltd  Hindi music channel "Saregama GenY"  Other covers include Iktara (12 Keys Studio), O meri Jaan (12 Keys Studio), Ei meghla dine ekla (Kolkata Videos HD), etc 

Director and Story Teller
The knack of story telling lingered within Timir since his childhood days  According to Timir, his inspiration for storytelling is his father  Timir ventured into Direction and Story Telling with the musical short film Kichudin - a  song penned by Soumik Das (who also happens to be the DOP for the film) and sung by Timir  Kichudin talks about love and life in old age homes  Timir's father Swapan Biswas plays a pivotal role in the film Following the success of Kichudin, Timir directed another music video/ musical short film for a cover version of the Rabinra Sangeet Tumi Robe Nirobe sung by Timir himself with Rahul Sarkar on the Keys  The entire footage for the film was shot on Timir's iPhone while the band was in Jalpaiguri Timir's third venture is the Musical Short Film for the song Ami Jani Tumi Thik by the band Bad Trip  Timir has written the story and directed film  The film talks about getting over our mistakes and starting out afresh  Timir's father Swapan Biswas has played the role of the protagonists father in the film 

Theater
Timir's father Swapan Biswas has been associated with theater for more than 35 years  He has performed in numerous shows in Asansol and various parts of West Bengal, Delhi etc  Timir, watching his father perform was intrigued by this form of art and had developed a liking for the art as early as his toddler age  Timir too has been associated with theater and stage plays since his childhood  Timir is associated with one of the most famous theater groups of Kolkata, called 4th Bell Theaters for more than 4 years  For numerous plays viz  Noble Chor, 15 Minutes to Fame, Fan staged by the group, Timir has been an active member in producing the music  Timir has also performed on stage for many of the plays 

Discography
DirectorMuzik Street

Fakira (Live)

PlaybackFilms

Television and others

Awards
Special Award for Nabagato Kantho, 91 9 Friends FM Sangeet Samman 2013Special Jury Award for Itorpona, Mirchi Music Awards Bangla, 2015
Passage 9:
Chris Shinn
Chris Shinn (born August 1, 1974) is an American singer, songwriter and musician  From March 2012 to December 2016, he was the lead singer of the band Live  He was previously the lead singer of the band Unified Theory  He is the son of former Charlotte Hornets owner, George Shinn 

Unified Theory
Beginnings
Unified Theory began to form in early 1998  After the initial idea to continue Blind Melon with a new lead vocalist did not work out, Smith and Thorn decided to start a new band  Thorn discovered Shinn on a scouting mission in Los Angeles 

"Chris has an exceptional voice  I was blown away," says Thorn, "You have to like people you're working with  We wanted someone with personality and a voice  He's a fun guy and I was completely floored by his songs "
Unified Theory was originally called Luma, they issued a four-track CD through their website in 1999  After they were signed to Universal Records later that year, they changed their name to Unified Theory after the theory Albert Einstein was working on when he died 

Debut and demise
In August 2000 the band issued their self-titled debut album  While working on tracks for a second album, delays set the band back, and Krusen grew somewhat frustrated and left to join Nickelback's first major North American tour as a touring musician, leading to Unified Theory's eventual breakup 

Brief Reformation & Reunion Show
The band have since announced plans to release a new album consisting of the recorded material for the second album (some of which has never been heard) as well as songs from the Luma period  No timetable has been set for this release  Unified Theory has recently filmed a music video for the song "15 Hits", a song set to be released on their upcoming album  The group played a reunion show on August 4, 2010 at the King King in Hollywood 

Live
On March 12, 2012, it was revealed that Chris would be the new lead singer of the rock band Live  He played the band's dress rehearsal show to a hometown crowd at the Strand-Capitol Theater in York, PA, on March 12, 2012  He toured with the band and performed on the band's 2014 album The Turn 
On December 12, 2016, Live announced that original lead singer Ed Kowalczyk had returned to the band, though no reference was made to Shinn in the announcement  All references to his tenure in the band have been removed from the band's website and The Turn is absent from the discography 

Discography
Singles
Passage 10:
Martin Rolinski
Martin Andrzej Rolinski (born June 23, 1982) is a Swedish singer of Polish origin and was the lead singer of the Swedish synthpop band Bodies Without Organs (now known as BWO) 

Popstars
Rolinski started his music career in 2002 when he made a bet with his friends to go on an audition for Popstars, a TV reality show searching for new artists  He made it to the final group, but was eliminated in the middle of the season 

Career
However, after Popstars in 2002, Martin worked with Anders Hansson, who was in contact with Alexander Bard  Through Hansson, Rolinski got in touch with Bard, and Roliński subsequently became the lead singer of Bard's new band Bodies Without Organs together with Marina Schiptjenko and Bard himself 

Melodifestivalen 2013
Martin took part in Melodifestivalen 2013 in a bid to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest  He sang "In and Out of Love" in the third Semi-final held 16 February 2013  Finishing 3rd/4th, he qualified to the "Second Chance" round on 2 March 2013  He lost his duel against Robin Stjernberg and his song "You", and was eliminated from the contest  Despite this, his song charted the following week in Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart at number 37 

Personal life
He was raised in Gothenburg, Sweden, with both parents originating from Poland  He is their only child and speaks fluent Polish  Martin studied automation and mechatronics at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg  He married his fiancée, Katarina Jansson, on September 20, 2008  Together they have two daughters, Isabella (born 2009) and Maya (born 2012) 

Discography
Singles
Context 2: Passage 1:
Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany
Elisabeth of Carinthia (also known as Elisabeth of Tyrol; c  1262 – 28 October 1312), was a Duchess of Austria from 1282 and Queen of the Romans from 1298 until 1308, by marriage to King Albert I of Habsburg 

Life
Born in Munich, Bavaria, Elisabeth was the eldest daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia-Tyrol, and Elizabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany, widow of the late Hohenstaufen King Conrad IV of Germany  
Elizabeth thus was a half-sister of Conradin, King of Jerusalem and Duke of Swabia  Elizabeth was in fact better connected to powerful German rulers than her future husband: a descendant of earlier monarchs, for example Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, she was also a niece of the Bavarian dukes, Austria's important neighbors 

Duchess and Queen
Elisabeth was married in Vienna on 20 December 1274 to Count Albert I of Habsburg, eldest son and heir of the newly elected Rudolf I, King of the Romans, thus becoming daughter-in-law of the King of the Romans and Emperor-to-be  After Rudolf had defeated his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he invested his son Albert with the duchies of Austria and Styria at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg on 17 December 1282 Albert initially had to share the rule with his younger brother Rudolf II, who nevertheless had to waive his rights according to the Treaty of Rheinfelden the next year  Duke Albert and Elizabeth solidified their rule in what was to become the Habsburg "hereditary lands", also with the help of Elizabeth's father Meinhard, who in his turn was created Duke of Carinthia by King Rudolf I in 1286 Elizabeth was described as shrewd and enterprising, in possession of some commercial talents  The construction of the Saline plant in Salzkammergut goes back to her suggestion  
Upon the death of Albert's father in 1291, the princes elected Count Adolf of Nassau German king, while Duke Albert himself became entangled in internal struggles with the Austrian nobility  Not until Adolf's deposition in 1298, Elizabeth's husband was finally elected King of the Romans on 23 June 1298  Two weeks later, Adolf was defeated and killed in the Battle of Göllheim  In 1299, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of the Romans in Nuremberg 

Later life
On 1 May 1308 her husband was murdered by his nephew John "the Parricide" near Windisch, Swabia (in modern-day Switzerland)  After Albert's assassination, Elizabeth had the Poor Clare monastery of Königsfelden erected at the site, where she died on 28 October 1312 and was also buried  Today her mortal remains rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia 

Issue
Elizabeth's and Albert's children were:

Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau) 
married in Graz ca  1295 to Margrave Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (ca  1275 – 1308);
married in Breslau 1310 to Duke Heinrich VI of Breslau (1294-1335) 
Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden)
married in Vienna on 13 February 1296 to King Andrew III of Hungary (ca  1265-1301) 
Rudolf III (ca  1282 – 4 July 1307), married but line extinct  He predeceased his father 
married on 25 May 1300 to Duchess Blanche of France (ca  1282 – 1305);
married in Prague on 16 October 1306 to Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (1288 – 1335) 
Elisabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353) 
married in 1304 to Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (1282 – 1328) 
Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330) 
married on 11 May 1315 to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany (1305 – 1330) but line extinct 
Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg) 
married in 1315 to Catherine of Savoy (1284 – 1336) 
Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples) 
married in 1316 to Charles, Duke of Calabria (1328 – 1298) 
Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna) 
married in Vienna on 15 February 1324 to Joanna of Pfirt (ca  1300 – 1351) 
Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur) 
married Countess Elizabeth of Virneburg but line extinct 
Meinhard (1300 – 1301) 
Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna) 
married on 15 May 1325 to Elizabeth of Bavaria, Duchess of Austria (ca  1306 – 1330);
married on 16 February 1335 to Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (1323 – 1338) 
Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329) 
married in Baden 26 March 1319 to Count Ludwig VI of Öttingen 
Passage 2:
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336) was born in St Clement's, Oxford to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, a daughter of Edward I of England 
After his father's death at the Battle of Boroughbridge, the family lands were forfeited  It was not until after the fall of the Despensers that John was permitted to succeed to his inherited position as Earl of Hereford and Essex, hereditary Constable of England, and Lord of Brecknock 

Marriages
He married firstly, in 1325, to Alice FitzAlan (died 1326), daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and secondly to Margaret Basset (died 1355)  After the marriage, it was discovered that the couple were related to the fourth degree of consanguinity and they were forced to live apart  An appeal to Pope John XXII resulted on 19 February 1331 in a papal commission to the bishops of Lichfield and London to hold an enquiry into the case  However, Roger Northburgh, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, failed to act and the case was still pending when the Pope issued a further demand for an enquiry in 1334 

Death
He did not play much of a public role, despite his high titles and offices, most likely because he had some sort of incapacity  His younger brothers were often deputed to fulfil his duties as Constable  He died at Kirkby Thore, Westmorland and was interred in Stratford Langthorne Abbey, London 


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Edward I of England
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307  Concurrently, he was Lord of Ireland, and from 1254 to 1306, he ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king  Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward  The eldest son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign  In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford  After reconciliation with his father, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War  After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265  Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward left to join the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270  He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death  Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey 
Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law  Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of several feudal liberties  The law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law, but the King's attention was increasingly drawn toward military affairs  After suppressing a minor conflict in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second one in 1282–83 by conquering Wales  He then established English rule, built castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people  After the death of the heir to the Scottish throne, Edward was invited to arbitrate a succession dispute  He claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland and invaded the country, and the ensuing First Scottish War of Independence continued after his death  Simultaneously, Edward found himself at war with France (a Scottish ally) after King Philip IV confiscated the Duchy of Gascony  The duchy was eventually recovered but the conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland  By the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and this met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition  When the King died in 1307, he left to his son Edward II a war with Scotland and other financial and political burdens 
Edward's temperamental nature and height made him an intimidating figure and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries, although he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith  Modern historians are divided in their assessment of Edward; some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, but others have criticised his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility  Edward is credited with many accomplishments, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III and establishing Parliament as a permanent institution, which allowed for a functional system for raising taxes and reforming the law through statutes  At the same time, he is also often condemned for his wars against Scotland and for expelling the Jews from England in 1290 

Early years, 1239–1263
Childhood and marriage
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence  Edward, an Anglo-Saxon name, was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint  Edward's birth was widely celebrated at the royal court and throughout England, and he was baptised three days later at Westminster Abbey  He was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward until his accession to the throne in 1272  Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall  Henry of Almain remained a close companion of the prince for the rest of his life  Edward was placed in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246  Edward received an education typical of an aristocratic boy his age, including in military studies, although the details of his upbringing are unknown There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251  Nonetheless, he grew up to become a strong, athletic, and imposing man  At 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) he towered over most of his contemporaries, hence his epithet "Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins"  The historian Michael Prestwich states that his "long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman  In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white  The regularity of his features was marred by a drooping left eyelid     His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive "In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English-held province of Gascony induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile  They were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile  As part of the marriage agreement, Alfonso X gave up his claims to Gascony, and Edward received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year  The marriage eventually led to the English acquisition of Ponthieu in 1279 upon Eleanor's inheritance of the county  Henry made sizeable endowments to Edward in 1254, including Gascony; most of Ireland, which was granted to Edward with the stipulation that it would never be separated from the English crown; and much land in Wales and England, including the Earldom of Chester  They offered Edward little independence for Henry retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, and benefited from most of the income from those lands  Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had been appointed as royal lieutenant of Gascony the year before and drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province  Around the end of November, Edward and Eleanor left Castile and entered Gascony, where they were warmly received by the populace  Here, Edward styled himself as "ruling Gascony as prince and lord", a move that the historian J  S  Hamilton states was a show of his blooming political independence From 1254 to 1257, Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the Savoyards, the most notable of whom was Peter II of Savoy, the Queen's uncle  After 1257, Edward became increasingly close to the Lusignan faction – the half-brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as William de Valence  This association was significant because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, who would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement  Edward's ties to his Lusignan kinsmen were viewed unfavourably by contemporaries, including the chronicler Matthew Paris, who circulated tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward's inner circle, which raised questions about his personal qualities 

Early ambitions
Edward showed independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony in their conflict with the Colomb family  This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions  In May 1258, a group of magnates drew up a document for reform of the King's government – the so-called Provisions of Oxford – largely directed against the Lusignans  Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions  The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, and Edward's attitude gradually changed  In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester and on 15 October announced that he supported the barons' goals, and their leader, the Earl of Leicester The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic: the Earl of Leicester was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony  When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination  He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, and his father believed that Edward was considering a coup d'état  When Henry returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall and Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury, the two were eventually reconciled  Edward was sent abroad to France, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled there Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters  The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, but Edward's forces were besieged in northern Wales and achieved only limited results  Around the same time, Leicester, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement  As the King seemed ready to give in to the barons' demands, Edward began to take control of the situation  From his previously unpredictable and equivocating attitude, he changed to one of firm devotion to protection of his father's royal rights  He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – including Henry of Almain and John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels  Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France an agreement was made between the two parties  This Mise of Amiens was largely favourable to the royalist side and would cause further conflict 

Civil war and crusades, 1264–1273
Second Barons' War
The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by the Earl of Leicester fought against those who remained loyal to the King  Edward initiated the armed conflict by capturing the rebel-held city of Gloucester  When Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the baronial forces, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl  Edward later broke the terms of the agreement  He then captured Northampton from Simon de Montfort the Younger before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands  The baronial and royalist forces met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264  Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of the Earl of Leicester's forces  Unwisely, he pursued the scattered enemy, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated  By the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Leicester 
Edward remained in captivity until March 1265, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance  In Hereford, he escaped on 28 May while out riding and joined up with Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the King's side  The Earl of Leicester's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with little effort  Meanwhile, Leicester had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon  Edward made a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the Earl of Leicester  The two forces then met at the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265  The Earl of Leicester stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy  During the summer campaign he began to learn from his mistakes and gained the respect and admiration of contemporaries through actions such as showing clemency towards his enemies  The war did not end with the Earl of Leicester's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning  At Christmas, he came to terms with Simon the Younger and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports  A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth in October 1266  In April it seemed as if the Earl of Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement  Around this time, Edward was made steward of England and began to exercise influence in the government  He was also appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1265  Despite this, he was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars  His main focus was on planning his forthcoming crusade 

Crusade and accession
Edward pledged himself to undertake a crusade in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund Crouchback and cousin Henry of Almain  Some of Edward's former adversaries, such as John de Vescy and the 7th Earl of Gloucester, similarly committed themselves, although some, like Gloucester, did not ultimately participate  With the country pacified, the greatest impediment to the project was acquiring sufficient finances  King Louis IX of France, who was the leader of the crusade, provided a loan of about £17,500  This was not enough, and the rest had to be raised through a direct tax on the laity, which had not been levied since 1237  In May 1270, Parliament granted a tax of one-twentieth of all movable property; in exchange the King agreed to reconfirm the Magna Carta, and to impose restrictions on Jewish money lending  On 20 August Edward sailed from Dover for France  Historians have not determined the size of his accompanying force with any certainty, but it was probably fewer than 1000 men, including around 225 knights Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre in Palestine, but King Louis and his brother Charles of Anjou, the king of Sicily, decided to attack the emirate of Tunis to establish a stronghold in North Africa  The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, killed Louis himself  By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the Emir, and there was little to do but return to Sicily  Further military action was postponed until the following spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded both Charles and Philip III, Louis' successor, from any further campaigning  Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre The Christian situation in the Holy Land was precarious  Jerusalem had been reconquered by the Muslims in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Kingdom of Jerusalem  The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were threatening Acre  Though Edward's men were an important addition to the garrison, they stood little chance against Baibars' superior forces, and an initial raid at nearby St Georges-de-Lebeyne in June was largely futile  An embassy to the Ilkhan Abaqa of the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which distracted Baibars' forces  The Mongol invasion ultimately failed  In November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but this was unsuccessful  The situation in Acre grew desperate, and in May 1272 Hugh III of Cyprus, who was the nominal king of Jerusalem, signed a ten-year truce with Baibars  Edward was initially defiant, but in June 1272 he was the victim of an assassination attempt by a member of the Syrian Order of Assassins, supposedly ordered by Baibars  Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and was severely weakened over the following months  This finally persuaded Edward to abandon the campaign It was not until 24 September 1272 that Edward left Acre  Shortly after arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November  Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards  This was due partly to his still-poor health, but also to a lack of urgency  The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king after his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary  In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell  Edward passed through Italy and France, visiting Pope Gregory X and paying homage to Philip III in Paris for his French domains  Edward travelled by way of Savoy to receive homage from his uncle Count Philip I for castles in the Alps held by a treaty of 1246 Edward then journeyed to Gascony to order its affairs and put down a revolt headed by Gaston de Béarn  While there, he launched an investigation into his feudal possessions, which, as Hamilton puts it, reflects "Edward's keen interest in administrative efficiency     [and] reinforced Edward's position as lord in Aquitaine and strengthened the bonds of loyalty between the king-duke and his subjects"  Around the same time, the King organised political alliances with the kingdoms in Iberia  His four-year-old daughter Eleanor was promised in marriage to Alfonso, the heir to the Kingdom of Aragon, and Edward's heir Henry was betrothed to Joan, heiress to the Kingdom of Navarre  Neither union would come to fruition  Only on 2 August 1274 did Edward return to England, landing at Dover  The thirty-five-year-old king held his coronation on 19 August at Westminster Abbey, alongside Queen Eleanor  Immediately after being anointed and crowned by Robert Kilwardby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward removed his crown, saying that he did not intend to wear it again until he had recovered all the crown lands that his father had surrendered during his reign 

Early reign, 1274–1296
Conquest of Wales
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons' War  The 1267 Treaty of Montgomery recognised his ownership of land he had conquered in the Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad and his title of Prince of Wales  Armed conflicts nevertheless continued, in particular with certain dissatisfied Marcher Lords, such as the Earl of Gloucester, Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford  Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys, after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn, defected to the English in 1274  Citing ongoing hostilities and Edward's harbouring of his enemies, Llywelyn refused to do homage to the King  For Edward, a further provocation came from Llywelyn's planned marriage to Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort the Elder In November 1276, Edward declared war  Initial operations were launched under the captaincy of Mortimer, Edward's brother Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick  Support for Llywelyn was weak among his own countrymen  In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500, of whom 9,000 were Welshmen  The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender  By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales When war broke out again in 1282, it was an entirely different undertaking  For the Welsh, this war was over national identity, enjoying wide support, provoked particularly by attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects  For Edward, it became a war of conquest rather than simply a punitive expedition, like the former campaign  The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277  Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success  In June, Gloucester was defeated at the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr  On 6 November, while John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, was conducting peace negotiations, Edward's commander of Anglesey, Luke de Tany, decided to carry out a surprise attack  A pontoon bridge had been built to the mainland, but shortly after Tany and his men crossed over, they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Moel-y-don  The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge  The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor the following autumn; Edward ordered Dafydd's head to be publicly exhibited on London Bridge  Further rebellions occurred in 1287–88 and, more seriously, in 1294, under the leadership of Madog ap Llywelyn, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd  This last conflict demanded the King's own attention, but in both cases the rebellions were put down 
By the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan, the principality of Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs  English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes  After 1277, and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a project of English settlement of Wales, creating new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan  Their new residents were English migrants, the local Welsh being banned from living inside them, and many were protected by extensive walls An extensive project of castle-building was also initiated, under the direction of James of Saint George, a prestigious architect whom Edward had met in Savoy on his return from the crusade  These included the Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech castles, intended to act both as fortresses and royal palaces for the King  His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern architectural influences  Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design  The castles drew on imagery associated with the Byzantine Empire and King Arthur in an attempt to build legitimacy for his new regime, and they made a clear statement about Edward's intention to rule Wales permanently In 1284, King Edward had his son Edward (later Edward II) born at Caernarfon Castle, probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales  David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this widely reported account  In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales, when the King granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales  The King seems to have hoped that this would help in the pacification of the region, and that it would give his son more financial independence 

Diplomacy and war on the Continent
Edward never again went on crusade after his return to England in 1274, but he maintained an intention to do so, and in 1287 took a vow to go on another Crusade  This intention guided much of his foreign policy, until at least 1291  To stage a European-wide crusade, it was essential to prevent conflict between the sovereigns on the Continent  A major obstacle to this was represented by the conflict between the French Capetian House of Anjou ruling southern Italy and the Kingdom of Aragon in Spain  In 1282, the citizens of Palermo rose up against Charles of Anjou and turned for help to Peter III of Aragon, in what has become known as the Sicilian Vespers  In the war that followed, Charles of Anjou's son, Charles of Salerno, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese  The French began planning an attack on Aragon, raising the prospect of a large-scale European war  To Edward, it was imperative that such a war be avoided, and in Paris in 1286 he brokered a truce between France and Aragon that helped secure Charles's release  As far as the crusades were concerned, Edward's efforts proved ineffective  A devastating blow to his plans came in 1291, when the Mamluks captured Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land Edward had long been deeply involved in the affairs of his own Duchy of Gascony  In 1278 he assigned an investigating commission to his trusted associates Otto de Grandson and the chancellor Robert Burnell, which caused the replacement of the seneschal Luke de Tany  In 1286, Edward visited the region himself and stayed for almost three years  The perennial problem was the status of Gascony within the Kingdom of France, and Edward's role as the French king's vassal  On his diplomatic mission in 1286, Edward had paid homage to the new king, Philip IV, but in 1294 Philip declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him in Paris to discuss the recent conflict between English, Gascon, and French sailors that had resulted in several French ships being captured, along with the sacking of the French port of La Rochelle Correspondence between Edward and the Mongol court of the east continued during this time  Diplomatic channels between the two had begun during Edward's time on crusade, regarding a possible alliance to retake the Holy Land for Europe  Edward received Mongol envoys at his court in Gascony while there in 1287, and one of their leaders, Rabban Bar Sauma, recorded an extant account of the interaction  Other embassies arrived in Europe in 1289 and 1290, the former relaying Ilkhan Abaqa's offer to join forces with the crusaders and supply them with horses  Edward responded favourably, declaring his intent to embark on a journey to the east once he obtained papal approval  Although this would not materialise, the King's decision to send Geoffrey of Langley as his ambassador to the Mongols revealed that he was seriously considering the prospective Mongol alliance Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290  The couple loved each other, and like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their marriage  He was deeply affected by her death, and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night  As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV's half-sister Margaret, but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war  Edward made alliances with the German king, the counts of Flanders and Guelders, and the Burgundians, who would attack France from the north  The alliances proved volatile and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time, both in Wales and Scotland  It was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders, at which time his allies there had already suffered defeat  The support from Germany never materialised, and Edward was forced to seek peace  His marriage to Margaret in 1299 ended the war, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English  French possession of Gascony would not end until 1303, at which point it was partially returned to the English crown 

Great Cause
The relationship between England and Scotland by the 1280s was one of relatively harmonious coexistence  The issue of homage did not reach the same level of controversy as it did in Wales; in 1278 King Alexander III of Scotland paid homage to Edward, who was his brother-in-law, but apparently only for the lands he held in England  Problems arose only with the Scottish succession crisis of the early 1290s  When Alexander died in 1286, he left as heir to the Scottish throne Margaret, his three-year-old granddaughter and sole surviving descendant  By the Treaty of Birgham, it was agreed that Margaret should marry King Edward's six-year-old son Edward of Carnarvon, though Scotland would remain free of English overlordship  Margaret, by now seven years of age, sailed from Norway for Scotland in the autumn of 1290, but fell ill on the way and died in Orkney  This left the country without an obvious heir, and led to the succession dispute known to history as the Great Cause Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title, the foremost competitors were John Balliol and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale  The Scottish magnates made a request to Edward to conduct the proceedings and administer the outcome, but not to arbitrate in the dispute  The actual decision would be made by 104 auditors – 40 appointed by Balliol, 40 by Brus and the remaining 24 selected by Edward from senior members of the Scottish political community  At Birgham, with the prospect of a personal union between the two realms, the question of suzerainty had not been of great importance to Edward
Context 3: Passage 1:
Black King (comics)
Black King, in comics, may refer to:

Marvel Comics characters, members of Hellfire Club, in various branches at various times  The title also gives its owner complete ownership of the club 
Sebastian Shaw (comics), as originally introduced in X-Men comics
Blackheart, part of Selene's reformed group
Sunspot (comics), replaced Sebastian Shaw when he became Lord Imperial
DC Comics characters, who are members of Checkmate:
Amanda Waller, former organizer of Suicide Squad
Maxwell Lord, former organizer of the Justice League

See also
Black King (disambiguation)
White King (comics)
Black Queen (comics)
Passage 2:
The Black King (film)
The Black King is a comedy-drama 1932 race film chronicling the rise and fall of a fictionalized charismatic leader of a back-to-Africa movement, modeled on the life of Marcus Garvey  The film was directed by Bud Pollard 

Themes
The Black King chronicles the rise and fall of a fictionalized charismatic leader of a back-to-Africa movement, satirizing the life of Marcus Garvey  The film explores numerous critiques of Garvey's movement, including the lack of knowledge about Africa, the presumptuousness in making plans for future development and government in Africa without consultation of people already there, and conflicts between lighter skinned and darker skinned African Americans  While Garvey was a primarily a political leader with religious opinions, his counterpart in the film was primarily a preacher and religious leader  The film was intended to resonate with the audience's pre-existing disillusionment with Garvey 

History
The Black King was written as a stage play by Donald Heywood and plans were publicly announced to produce it on Broadway directed by Russian choreographer Léonide Massine  This never took place  Instead, Heywood's story was adapted by Morris M  Levinson and it was produced as a film by Southland Pictures under white director Bud Pollard in 1932  The film was re-released in the 1940s under the title, Harlem Big Shot 

Cast
A B  DeComathiere as Charcoal Johnson
Vivianne Baber as Mary Lou Lawton
Knolly Mitchell as Sug
Dan Micahels as Brother Longtree
Mike Jackson as Brother Lawton
James Dunmore as Nappy
Harry Gray as Deacon Jones
Mary Jane Watkins as Mrs  Bottoms
Freeman Fairley as Mob Leader
Ishmay Andrews as Mrs  Ashfoot
Trixie Smith as Delta
Lorenzo Tucker as Carmichael

Reception
Daniel J  Leab, a 1975 commentator, rates it well as entertainment, saying it has "a more carefully plotted storyline than most other black genre films of its time"  Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1988 that despite the film's small budget, the film has "considerable scope and energy     largely due to a dynamic, brutally comic burlesque of     [lead actor] A  B  Comathiere" 

Citations
Passage 3:
Indradhanura Chhai
Indradhanura Chhai is a 1993 Indian Oriya film directed by Susant Misra  This film reflects  the traditional structures of social and family life of a small town in India are growing strongly affected by the progressive urbanization of the country   Three generations of women see their perception of human nature to evolve, as their personal relationships   In their loneliness, they face problems of tradition, culture, religion and manage gender relations   Gradual urbanization and its consequences affect the traditional, social and family structures in a growing small town in India   The story explores the multidimensional conflicts of three women of different generations, their changing perceptions about human nature and personal relationships   Their lonely moments are highlighted in the context of the inexorable flow of time amidst issues of tradition, culture, religion and man-woman relationships



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What nationality is Elizabeth Of Rhuddlan's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Now he insisted that, if he were to settle the contest, he had to be fully recognised as Scotland's feudal overlord  The Scots were reluctant to make such a concession, and replied that since the country had no king, no one had the authority to make this decision  This problem was circumvented when the competitors agreed that the realm would be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir had been found  After a lengthy hearing, a decision was made in favour of John Balliol on 17 November 1292 Even after Balliol's accession, Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland  Against the objections of the Scots, he agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum  A further provocation came in a case brought by Macduff, son of Malcolm II, Earl of Fife, in which Edward demanded that Balliol appear in person before the English Parliament to answer the charges  This the Scottish King did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in the war against France  This was unacceptable; the Scots instead formed an alliance with France and launched an unsuccessful attack on Carlisle  Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in a particularly bloody attack  At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed  Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone – and brought it to Westminster, placing it in what became known as King Edward's Chair; he deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country  The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would be only temporary 

Government and law
Character as king
Edward had a reputation for a fierce and sometimes unpredictable temper, and he could be intimidating; one story tells of how the Dean of St Paul's, wishing to confront Edward over the high level of taxation in 1295, fell down and died once he was in the King's presence, and one 14th-century chronicler attributed the death of Archbishop Thomas of York to the King's harsh conduct towards him  When Edward of Caernarfon demanded an earldom for his favourite Piers Gaveston, the King erupted in anger and supposedly tore out handfuls of his son's hair  Some of his contemporaries considered Edward frightening, particularly in his early days  The Song of Lewes in 1264 described him as a leopard, an animal regarded as particularly powerful and unpredictable  At times, Edward exhibited a gentler disposition, and was known to be devoted to his large family  He was close to his daughters, and frequently lavished expensive gifts on them whenever they visited court Despite his harsh disposition, Edward's contemporaries considered him an able, even an ideal, king  Though not loved by his subjects, he was feared and respected, as reflected in the fact that there were no armed rebellions in England during his reign  Edward met contemporary expectations of kingship in his role as an able, determined soldier and in his embodiment of shared chivalric ideals  In religious observance he also fulfilled the expectations of his age: he attended chapel regularly, gave alms generously and showed a fervent devotion to the Virgin Mary and Saint Thomas Becket  Like his father, Edward was a keen participant in the tradition of the royal touch, which had the supposed effect of curing those who were touched from scrofula  Contemporary records suggest that the King touched upwards of a thousand people each year  Despite his personal piety, Edward was frequently in conflict with the Archbishops of Canterbury who served during his reign  Relations with the Papacy were at times no better, Edward coming into conflict with Rome over the issue of ecclesiastical taxation Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign  In 1278 he visited Glastonbury Abbey to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, recovering "Arthur's crown" from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales; his castle-building campaign in Wales drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location  He held "Round Table" events in 1284 and 1302, involving tournaments and feasting, and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur  In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests, including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour 

Administration and the law
Soon after assuming the throne, Edward set about restoring order and re-establishing royal authority after the troubled reign of his father  To accomplish this, he immediately ordered an extensive change of administrative personnel  The most important of these was the designation of Robert Burnell as chancellor in 1274, a man who would remain in the post until 1292 as one of the King's closest associates  The same year as Burnell's appointment, Edward replaced most local officials, such as the escheators and sheriffs  This last measure was taken in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England, that would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers  The second purpose of the inquest was to establish what land and rights the Crown had lost during the reign of Henry III The inquest produced a set of census documents called the Hundred Rolls  These have been likened to the 11th-century Domesday Book, and they formed the basis for the later legal inquiries called the Quo warranto proceedings  The purpose of these inquiries was to establish by what warrant (Latin: Quo warranto) liberties were held  If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty, then it was the Crown's opinion – based on the writings of the influential thirteenth-century legal scholar Henry de Bracton – that the liberty should revert to the King  Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285 codified the existing law in England  By enacting the Statute of Gloucester in 1278 the King challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general eyres (royal justices to go on tour throughout the land) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto to be heard by such eyres This caused great consternation among the aristocracy, who insisted that long use in itself constituted licence  A compromise was eventually reached in 1290, whereby a liberty was considered legitimate as long as it could be shown to have been exercised since the coronation of Richard the Lionheart in 1189  Royal gains from the Quo warranto proceedings were insignificant as few liberties were returned to the King, but he had nevertheless won a significant victory by establishing the principle that all liberties emanated from the Crown The 1290 statute of Quo warranto was only one part of a wider legislative reform, which was one of the most important contributions of Edward's reign  This era of legislative action had started already at the time of the baronial reform movement; the Statute of Marlborough (1267) contained elements both of the Provisions of Oxford and the Dictum of Kenilworth  The compilation of the Hundred Rolls was followed shortly after by the issue of Westminster I (1275), which asserted the royal prerogative and outlined restrictions on liberties  The Statutes of Mortmain (1279) addressed the issue of land grants to the Church  The first clause of Westminster II (1285), known as De donis conditionalibus, dealt with family settlement of land, and entails  The Statute of Merchants (1285) established firm rules for the recovery of debts, and the Statute of Winchester (1285) dealt with security and peacekeeping on a local level by bolstering the existing police system  Quia emptores (1290) – issued along with Quo warranto – set out to remedy land ownership disputes resulting from alienation of land by subinfeudation  The age of the great statutes largely ended with the death of Robert Burnell in 1292 

Finances, the expulsion of Jews, and Parliament
Edward's reign saw an overhaul of the coinage system, which was in a poor state by 1279  Compared to the coinage already circulating at the time of Edward's accession, the new coins issued proved to be of superior quality  In addition to minting pennies, halfpences and farthings, a new denomination called the groat (which proved to be unsuccessful) was introduced  The coinmaking process itself was also improved  The moneyer William Turnemire introduced a novel method of minting coins that involved cutting blank coins from a silver rod, in contrast with the old practice of stamping them out from sheets; this technique proved to be efficient  The practice of minting coins with the moneyer's name on them became obsolete under Edward's rule because England's mint administration became far more centralised under the Crown's authority  During this time, English coins were frequently counterfeited on the Continent, especially the Low Countries, and despite a ban in 1283, English coinage was secretly exported to the European continent  In August 1280, Edward forbade the usage of the old long cross coinage, which forced the populace to switch to the newly minted versions  Records indicate that the coinage overhaul successfully provided England with a stable currency 
Edward's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation  There were several ways through which the King could raise money for war, including customs duties, money borrowing and lay subsidies, which were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen who held such assets  In 1275, Edward negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community that secured a permanent duty on wool, England's primary export  In 1303, a similar agreement was reached with foreign merchants, in return for certain rights and privileges  The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the Riccardi, a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy  This was in return for their service as moneylenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars  When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt  After this, the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown Another source of crown income was represented by the English Jews  The Jews were the King's personal property, and he was free to tax them at will  By 1280, the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown, but they could still be used in political bargaining  Their loan-with-interest business – a practice forbidden to Christians – had made many people indebted to them and caused general popular resentment  In 1275, Edward had issued the Statute of the Jewry, which outlawed loan with interest and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions; in 1279, in the context of a crack-down on coin-clippers, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households in England and had around 300 of them executed  In 1280, he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons, preached by Dominican friars, with the hope of persuading them to convert, but these exhortations were not followed  The final attack on the Jews in England came in the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, whereby Edward formally expelled all Jews from England  This not only generated revenues through royal appropriation of Jewish loans and property, but it also gave Edward the political capital to negotiate a substantial lay subsidy in the 1290 Parliament  The expulsion, which was reversed in the 1650s, followed a precedent set by other European rulers, including Philip II of France, John I, Duke of Brittany and Louis IX of France Edward held Parliament on a regular basis throughout his reign  In 1295, a significant change occurred  For this Parliament, as well as the secular and ecclesiastical lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned  The representation of commons in Parliament was nothing new; what was new was the authority under which these representatives were summoned  Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates, it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority (plena potestas) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament  The King now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population  Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign, Edward collected nine  This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments, and historians have named the assembly the "Model Parliament", a term first introduced by the English historian William Stubbs 

Later reign, 1297–1307
Constitutional crisis
The incessant warfare of the 1290s put a great financial demand on Edward's subjects  Whereas the King had levied only three lay subsidies until 1294, four such taxes were granted in the years 1294–1297, raising over £200,000  Along with this came the burden of prises, seizure of wool and hides, and the unpopular additional duty on wool, dubbed the maltolt ("unjustly taken")  The fiscal demands on the King's subjects caused resentment, which eventually led to serious political opposition  The initial resistance was caused not by the lay taxes, but by clerical subsidies  In 1294, Edward made a demand of a grant of one-half of all clerical revenues  There was some resistance, but the King responded by threatening opponents with outlawry, and the grant was eventually made  At the time, Robert Winchelsey, the designated Archbishop of Canterbury, was in Italy to receive consecration  Winchelsey returned in January 1295 and had to consent to another grant in November of that year  In 1296, his position changed when he received the papal bull Clericis laicos  This bull prohibited the clergy from paying taxes to lay authorities without explicit consent from the Pope  When the clergy, with reference to the bull, refused to pay, Edward responded with outlawry  Winchelsey was presented with a dilemma between loyalty to the King and upholding the papal bull, and he responded by leaving it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit  By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency  This allowed Edward to collect considerable sums by taxing the English clergy 

Opposition from the laity took longer to surface  This resistance focused on two things: the King's right to demand military service and his right to levy taxes  At the Salisbury Parliament of February 1297, the Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, objected to a royal summons of military service  Bigod argued that the military obligation only extended to service alongside the King; if the King intended to sail to Flanders, he could not send his subjects to Gascony  In July, Bigod and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, drew up a series of complaints known as the Remonstrances, in which objections to the extortionate level of taxation were voiced  Undeterred, Edward requested another lay subsidy  This one was particularly provocative, because the King had sought consent from only a small group of magnates, rather than from representatives of the communities in Parliament  While Edward was in Winchelsea, preparing for the campaign in Flanders, Bigod and de Bohun arrived at the Exchequer to prevent the collection of the tax  As the King left the country with a greatly reduced force, the kingdom seemed to be on the verge of civil war  The English defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge resolved the situation  The renewed threat to the homeland gave king and magnates common cause  Edward signed the Confirmatio cartarum – a confirmation of the Magna Carta and its accompanying Charter of the Forest – and the nobility agreed to serve with the King on a campaign in Scotland Edward's problems with the opposition did not end with the Scottish campaign  Over the following years he would be held to the promises he had made, in particular that of upholding the Charter of the Forest  In the Parliament of 1301, the King was forced to order an assessment of the royal forests, but in 1305 he obtained a papal bull that freed him from this concession  Ultimately, it was a change in personnel that spelt the end of the opposition against Edward  De Bohun died late in 1298, after returning from the Scottish campaign  In 1302 Bigod arrived at an agreement with the King that was beneficial for both: Bigod, who had no children, made Edward his heir, in return for a generous annual grant  Edward finally got his revenge on Winchelsey, who had been opposed to the King's policy of clerical taxation, in 1305, when Clement V was elected pope  Clement was a Gascon sympathetic to the King, and on Edward's instigation had Winchelsey suspended from office 

Return to Scotland
Edward believed that he had completed the conquest of Scotland when he left the country in 1296, but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of Andrew de Moray in the north and William Wallace in the south  On 11 September 1297, a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray at the Battle of Stirling Bridge  The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately  Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north  On 22 July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the Battle of Falkirk  Edward underestimated the gravity of the ever-changing military condition in the north and was not able to take advantage of the momentum; the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle  Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups The Scots appealed to Pope Boniface VIII to assert a papal claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English  His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward's behalf by the Barons' Letter of 1301  The English managed to subdue the country by other means: in 1303, a peace agreement was reached between England and France, effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance  Robert the Bruce, the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291, had sided with the English in the winter of 1301–02  By 1304, most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward, and this year the English also managed to re-take Stirling Castle  A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir John de Menteith and turned over to the English, who had him taken to London where he was publicly executed  With Scotland largely under English control, Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country The situation changed again on 10 February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn, and a few weeks later, on 25 March, was crowned King of Scotland  Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this campaign took the English by surprise  Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy, while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales  The English initially met with success; on 19 June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the Battle of Methven  Bruce was forced into hiding, and the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles Edward acted with unusual brutality against Bruce's family, allies, and supporters  His sister, Mary, was imprisoned in a cage at Roxburgh Castle for four years  Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, who had crowned Bruce, was held in a cage at Berwick Castle  His younger brother Neil was executed by being hanged, drawn, and quartered; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward's forces who had been seeking his wife, daughter and sisters  Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations, but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects  This brutality, though, rather than helping to subdue the Scots, had the opposite effect, and rallied growing support for Bruce 

Death and burial
In February 1307, Bruce resumed his efforts and started gathering men, and in May he defeated Valence at the Battle of Loudoun Hill  Edward, who had rallied somewhat, now moved north himself  He developed dysentery on the way, and his condition deteriorated  On 6 July he encamped at Burgh by Sands, just south of the Scottish border  When his servants came the next morning to lift him up so that he could eat, the King died in their arms Several stories emerged about Edward's deathbed wishes; according to one tradition, he requested that his heart be carried to the Holy Land, along with an army to fight the infidels  A more dubious story tells of how he wished for his bones to be carried along on future expeditions against the Scots  Another account of his deathbed scene is more credible; according to one chronicle, Edward gathered around him Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln; Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick; Aymer de Valence; and Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford, and charged them with looking after his son Edward  In particular they should make sure that Piers Gaveston, whom he had banished earlier that year, was not allowed to return to the country  This wish the son ignored, and had his favourite recalled from exile almost immediately  The new king, Edward II, remained in the north until August, but then abandoned the campaign and headed south, partially due to financial limitations  He was crowned king on 25 February 1308 
Edward I's body was brought south, lying in state at Waltham Abbey, before being buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October  There are few records of the funeral, which cost £473  Edward's tomb was an unusually plain sarcophagus of Purbeck marble, without the customary royal effigy, possibly the result of the shortage of royal funds  The Society of Antiquaries of London opened the tomb in 1774, finding that the body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years, and took the opportunity to determine the King's original height  Traces of the Latin inscription Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308  Pactum Serva ("Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots, 1308  Keep the Troth") can still be seen painted on the side of the tomb, referring to his vow to avenge the rebellion of Robert Bruce  This resulted in Edward being given the epithet the "Hammer of the Scots" by historians, but is not contemporary in origin, having been added by the Abbot John Feckenham in the 16th century 

Legacy
The first histories of Edward in the 16th and 17th centuries drew primarily on the works of the chroniclers, and made little use of the official records of the period  They limited themselves to general comments on Edward's significance as a monarch, and echoed the chroniclers' praise for his accomplishments  During the 17th century, the lawyer Edward Coke wrote extensively about Edward's legislation, terming the King the "English Justinian" after the renowned Byzantine lawmaker Justinian I  Later in the century, historians used the available record evidence to address the role of Parliament and kingship under Edward, drawing comparisons between his reign and the political strife of their own century  Eighteenth-century historians established a picture of Edward as an able, if ruthless, monarch, conditioned by the circumstances of his own time The influential Victorian historian William Stubbs instead suggested that Edward had actively shaped national history, forming English laws and institutions, and helping England to develop a parliamentary and constitutional monarchy  His strengths and weaknesses as a ruler were considered to be emblematic of the English people as a whole  Stubbs's student, Thomas Tout, initially adopted the same perspective, but after extensive research into Edward's royal household, and backed by the research of his contemporaries into the early Parliaments of the period, he changed his mind  Tout came to view Edward as a self-interested, conservative leader, using the parliamentary system as "the shrewd device of an autocrat, anxious to use the mass of the people as a check upon his hereditary foes among the greater baronage "Historians in the 20th and 21st centuries have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign  Most have concluded this was a highly significant period in English medieval history, some going further and describing Edward as one of the great medieval kings, although most also agree that his final years were less successful than his early decades in power  G  Templeman argued in his 1950 historiographical essay that "it is generally recognized that Edward I deserves a high place in the history of medieval England"  More recently, Michael Prestwich argued that "Edward was a formidable king; his reign, with both its successes and its disappointments, a great one," and he was "without doubt one of the greatest rulers of his time", and John Gillingham suggests that "no king of England had a greater impact on the peoples of Britain than Edward I" and that "modern historians of the English state     have always recognized Edward I's reign as pivotal " Fred Cazel similarly comments that "no-one can doubt the greatness of the reign"  Most recently, Andrew Spencer has agreed with Prestwich, arguing that Edward's reign "was indeed     a great one", and Caroline Burt states that "Edward I was without a doubt one of the greatest kings to rule England" Three major academic narratives of Edward have been produced during this period  F  M  Powicke's volumes, published in 1947 and 1953, forming the standard works on Edward for several decades, were largely positive in praising the achievements of his reign, and in particular his focus on justice and the law  In 1988, Michael Prestwich produced an authoritative biography of the King, focusing on his political career, still portraying him in sympathetic terms, but highlighting some of the consequences of his failed policies  Marc Morris's biography followed in 2008, drawing out more of the detail of Edward's personality, and generally taking a harsher view of his weaknesses and less pleasant characteristics, pointing out that modern analysts of Edward's reign denounce the King for his policies against the Jewish community in England  Considerable academic debate has taken place around the character of Edward's kingship, his political skills, and in particular his management of his earls, and the degree to which this was collaborative or repressive in nature There is a great difference between English and Scottish historiography on King Edward  G  W  S  Barrow, in his biography of Robert the Bruce, accused Edward of ruthlessly exploiting the leaderless state of Scotland to obtain a feudal superiority over the kingdom followed by his determination to reduce it to nothing more than an English possession  Modern commentators have conflicting opinions on whether Edward's conquest of Wales was warranted  Contemporary English historians were firmly in favour of the King's campaigns there  Morris takes the position that the poor condition of Wales would have allowed England to dominate it at some point or another, whether by direct conquest or through natural deterioration 

Family
First marriage
By his first wife Eleanor of Castile, Edward had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen  Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one son outlived his father, becoming King Edward II (r  1307–1327)  Edward's children with Eleanor were:
Katherine (1261 or 1263–1264)
Joan (1265–1265)
John (1266–1271)
Henry (1268–1274)
Eleanor (1269–1298)
Unnamed daughter (1271–1271 or 1272)
Joan (1272–1307)
Alphonso (1273–1284)
Margaret (1275–1333)
Berengaria (1276–1277 or 1278)
Unnamed child (1278–1278)
Mary (1278–1332)
Elizabeth (1282–1316)
Edward II (1284–1327)

Second marriage
By Margaret of France, Edward had two sons, both of whom lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child  His progeny by Margaret of France were:
Thomas (1300–1338)
Edmund (1301–1330)
Eleanor (1306–1311)A genealogy in the Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that John Botetourt may have been Edward's illegitimate son, but the claim is unsubstantiated 

Genealogical table
See also
List of earls in the reign of Edward I of England
Savoyard knights in the service of Edward I

Notes
Passage 4:
Elizabeth of Celje
Elizabeth of Celje  (1441 – 1455), also Elizabeth of Cilli, was the first wife of Matthias Corvinus, the future King of Hungary 

Family background
Elizabeth was born to Ulrich II, Count of Celje and his wife Catherine Branković, daughter of the Serb despot George Branković  Her father was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with extensive domains in both the Empire and in the Kingdom of Hungary, centered in Lower Styria, Carniola, and Slavonia  Her mother was the sister of Mara Branković, a favorite wife of the Ottoman sultan Murad II 
Elizabeth was most likely born in Celje, the family seat  She seems to have had a twin sister, called Catherine, who died as a child  Elizabeth was baptised in the Eastern Orthodox faith of her mother, an arrangement that aroused consternation in the Roman Catholic milieu of Celje 
Both of her brothers, Hermann IV and George, died by 1452  Thereafter she remained her parents' sole child, and the last offspring of the House of Celje 

Betrothal
Elizabeth was initially betrothed to John of Gorizia, son of count Henry IV of Gorizia, who was living in Celje under the tutelage of her father  However, it was later decided she would marry into the Hunyadi family 
Elizabeth's father and maternal grandfather were long-time opponents of John Hunyadi, as the houses of Celje and Hunyadi were competing for influence in the Kingdom of Hungary since the early 1440s  In June 1448, the two parties reached an agreement on the division of spheres of interest, sealed by Elizabeth's betrothal to Ladislaus, John Hunyadi's firstborn son In the autumn of the same year, Hunyadi was defeated by the Ottomans at Kosovo; captured by George Branković during his retreat, he was forced to return several estates to him  With the help of the pope, Hunyadi had the disvantageous agreement dissolved; as a consequence, the settlement with the Celjes was called off, as well  Under pressure from the estates, protracted negotiations ensued  In August 1451, a settlement was reached in Smederevo  This time, it was agreed that Elizabeth would marry John's second-born son, Matthias  The wedding was set to 6 December 1453, with the stipulation that should the marriage fail to materialize because any fault attributable to Branković, the latter’s castles and other estates in Hungary would be transferred to Hunyadi and his sons It was John Hunyadi himself, however, to call off the wedding few months before it was to take place  In the fall of 1453, in fact, Elizabeth's father fell out of favor with king Ladislaus, and Hunyadi took advantage of the situation to dissolve the alliance with the Celjes which limited his autonomy of action in Hungary  By February 1455, however, Ulrich was back in power, and George Branković was instrumental in renewing the alliance between his son-in-law and Hunyadi in order to secure a common front against the Ottoman threat 

Marriage and death
Following a renewal of the Celje-Hunyadi alliance, Elizabeth was married to Matthias in the spring of 1455, after having converted to Catholicism  By this time, Ulrich of Celje had remained without sons, with his wife approaching forty: Matthias thus became his most likely heir  He was sent to the royal court in Buda where Ulrich now resided as regent, while Elizabeth settled in the Hunyadis' estates; the two young spouses thus served mostly as hostages between their respective families In the winter of 1455, Elizabeth fell seriously ill  The famous preacher John Capistran organized public prayers for her recovery  However, she died before the end of the year at the Hunyadi court in Transylvania  With her death, Ulrich of Celje remained childless, and the last link between the Hunyadi and Celje families was cut 

Ancestry
Notes


== Sources ==
Passage 5:
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile  Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age 

First marriage
In April 1285 there were negotiations with Floris V for Elizabeth's betrothal to his son John I, Count of Holland  The offer was accepted and John was sent to England to be educated  On 8 January 1297 Elizabeth was married to John at Ipswich  In attendance at the marriage were Elizabeth's sister Margaret, her father, Edward I of England, her brother Edward, and Humphrey de Bohun  After the wedding Elizabeth was expected to go to Holland with her husband, but did not wish to go, leaving her husband to go alone  It is recorded that while in Ipswich the King, in some outburst, threw his daughter's coronet into the fire  A great ruby and a great  emerald, stones supplied by Adam the Goldsmith, were lost as a result After some time travelling England, it was decided Elizabeth should follow her husband  Her father accompanied her, travelling through the Southern Netherlands between Antwerp, Mechelen, Leuven and Brussels, before ending up in Ghent  There they remained for a few months, spending Christmas with her two sisters Eleanor and Margaret  On 10 November 1299, John died of dysentery, though there were rumours of his murder  No children had been born from the marriage 

Second marriage
On her return trip to England, Elizabeth went through Brabant to see her sister Margaret  When she arrived in England, she met her stepmother Margaret, whom Edward had married while Elizabeth was in Holland  On 14 November 1302 Elizabeth was married to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, 3rd of Essex, also Constable of England, at Westminster Abbey In August 1304, she was pregnant and travelled from Linlithgow Palace in Scotland to Knaresborough Castle  She gave birth to her second son, Humphrey de Bohun, in September, assisted by a holy relic of the girdle of the Virgin, brought especially from Westminster Abbey  Humphrey died about six weeks later and was buried at Westminster Abbey with his sister Margaret 

Issue
The children of Elizabeth and Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford were:

Margaret de Bohun (born 1302 – died 7 Feb  1304) 
Humphrey de Bohun (born c  Oct  1303 – died c  Oct  1304) 
Lady Eleanor de Bohun (17 October 1304 – 1363)
John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336)
Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford (6 December c  1309 – 1361)
Margaret de Bohun, 2nd Countess of Devon (3 April 1311 – 1391)
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (1312–1360) 
Edward de Bohun (1312–1334), twin of William
Agnes, Married Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley, son of John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley
Eneas de Bohun, (1314 – after 1322); he is mentioned in his father's will
Isabel de Bohun (born and died 5 May 1316)

Later life
During Christmas 1315, Elizabeth, who was pregnant with her eleventh child, was visited by her sister-in-law, Queen Isabella of France  On 5 May 1316 she went into labour, giving birth to her daughter Isabella  Both Elizabeth and her daughter Isabella died shortly after the birth 
Elizabeth was interred at Waltham Abbey, Essex, together with her infant daughter & other members of the de Bohun family 

Ancestry
Passage 6:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016



ground_truth: England

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Indradhanura Chhai or The Death Of Black King?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Synopsis
The film looks at the lives of three women living in Bhubaneshwar  Vijaya's husband died a few days after their wedding and she is trying to cope with her feelings for a kind, local teacher  Her friend, Sonia, is caught between modernity and traditional notions of female virtue while Aunt Nila has difficulty in facing up to getting old 

Cast
Robin Das as Pratap
Vijayani Mishra as  Vijaya
Sonia Mohapatra  as Sonia
Surya Mohanty as Sales Representative
Deba Das as Deb
Muktabala Rautray as Widow
Anjana Chowdhury

Crew
Susant Misra - Director
Susant Misra - Story & Screenplay
Jugala Debata -   Producer
Chakradhar Sahu - Editor
Devdas Chhotray - Dialogue
Jugala Debata - Director of Photography
Vikash Das - Music
Asim Basu - Art Director
Himanshu Shekhar Khatur - Sound

Music
Vikash Das has arranged music for this film

Review
Susant Mishra's Indradhanura Chhai (Shadows of the Rainbow ) shows how urbanization and the consequent rise of modern consumerism have affected the traditional social and family structures in Bhubaneswar  Against the backdrop of this changing cityscape, Indradhanura Chhai explores the multidimensional conflicts of its characters, their changing perceptions about human nature and personal relationships  With hypnotic visual rhythms, Susant Mishra shows the lives of three women living in the modernizing town of Bhubaneswar, its skyline dominated by magnificent temple architecture 

Awards & participation
Sochi International Film Festival, Russia( 1995) -Grand Prix for the Best Feature Film
National Film Awards, India(1994) -Special Jury award
Cannes Film Festival, (1995) - Official Selection in Un Certain Regard
Orissa State Film Awards, (1994) - Best Direction, Best Dialogues & Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress and Special Jury Award
Cairo International Film Festival
Rotterdam International Film Festival
Moscow International Film Festival
International Film Festival for Nouveau Cinema, Montreal
Festival at Institute Lumiere, Paris
Screened as the Closing Film of the Indomania "100 Years of Indian Cinema" Celebration in Paris
1st Bhubaneswar Film Festival
Passage 4:
The Death of the West (disambiguation)
The Death of the West is a 2001 book by paleoconservative commentator Patrick J  Buchanan 
The Death of the West may also refer to:

Death of the West (album), a 2002 Babylon Whores album
The Death of the West (album), a 1994 Sol Invictus album
Passage 5:
Kayra
Kayra or Kaira (Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰖𐰺𐰀) is the creator god in Turkic mythology  He is the god who planted the tree of life called Ulukayın  Kayra is described as both father and mother, and resides in the 17th layer of heaven He is the supreme god of the pantheon and the son of sky deity named Tengri  This son, Kara Han (the black king or ruler of the land – Kara may mean land, earth, black or in a sense strong, powerful), left his father's home in the heaven and went to live in the underworld  On occasion, identified as Kara-Khan (black king), he was the primordial god and his father was the ancordial god called Tengri 

Etymology
The name of this deity is found in several forms, as is that of his opponent  "Kayra-Khan" may be translated as "merciful king", while the form "Kara Han" signifies "black king"  For this reason, authority on Turkic Mythology Deniz Karakurt, considers Kara-Han and Kayra-Han to be two different deities  Furthermore, the Turkish word kara can mean both black and land, with the result that Kara Han can mean not only 'Black (Dark) Ruler' but also 'Ruler of the Land' 

God of Creation
In ancient Turkic  belief known as Altai myth of creation, Tangri (God) Kara Han is neither male nor female nor even human in form, but a pure-white goose that flies constantly over an endless expanse of water (time), the benign creator of all that is, including the other, lesser gods  Among all Altai people the dualistic division is most clear (Ulgen and Erlik), and the highest god, Tengre Kaira Khan, is a good power  But before Ak Ana appears to urge it to create, Kara-han becomes anxious, creation occurring in a context of loneliness, turmoil and fear: the water becomes turbulent, but it reassures itself that it "need not fear" (the implication of such self-reassurance being that it is indeed afraid)  Supreme being in the universe it created, Kara-han is the ruler of the three realms of air, water and land, seated on the seventeenth level of the universe, from which it determines the fate of its creation  After creating the universe it planted the nine-boughed tree of life, from the branches of which came the ancestors of humans  Thus emerged the nine races (nine clans) 
It has three sons: Ulgan, Mergen and Kyzaghan 
A Tuvinian / Soyoth legend, told as follows: The giant turtle which supported the earth moved, which caused the cosmic ocean to begin flooding the earth  An old man who had guessed something like this would happen, built a raft  Boarded it with his family, and he was saved  When the waters receded, the raft was left on a high wooded mountain, where, it is said, it remains today  After the flood Kaira-Khan created everything around the world  Among other things, he taught people how to make Araq (some kind of liquor) 

See also
Bai-Ulgan
Turul
Passage 6:
Black King
Black King may refer to:

The black king (chess)
A black king (playing card), either the King of Spades or the King of Clubs
Black King (comics), a number of comics characters
Black King, a character in Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror
Black King (Ultra monster), a kaiju from Return of Ultraman
Lampropeltis getula, the Black King Snake
The Black King (film), a 1932 race film starring A B  DeComathiere
Dub, King of Scotland, King of Alba, occasionally referred to as The Black King

See also
Black Is King, a 2020 film and visual album by Beyoncé
Passage 7:
The Death of Black King
The Death of Black King (Czech: Smrt černého krále) is a 1971 Czechoslovak film  The film starred Vlastimil Brodský, Jaroslav Marvan, Josef Vinklář, Josef Kemr, Stanislav Fišer, etc 
Passage 8:
The Death of Nelson
The Death of Nelson may refer to any of the following paintings depicting the death of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson:

The Death of Nelson (West painting), an 1806 work by Benjamin West
The Death of Nelson, 21 October 1805, an 1807 work by Arthur William Devis
The Death of Nelson (Maclise painting), an 1859–64 work by Daniel Maclise
Passage 9:
The Death of Tragedy
The Death of Tragedy may refer to:

The Death of Tragedy (Abney Park album) (2005)
The Death of Tragedy (Tragedy Khadafi album) (2007)
The Death of Tragedy, a 1961 work of literary criticism by George Steiner



ground_truth: The Death Of Black King