prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film came out earlier, Alkohol or Night Of Dark Shadows?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
House of Dark Shadows
House of Dark Shadows is a 1970 American feature-length horror film directed by Dan Curtis, based on his Dark Shadows television series (ABC, 1966–1971)  In this film expansion, vampire Barnabas Collins (Jonathan Frid) searches for a cure for vampirism so he can marry a woman who resembles his long-lost fiancée Josette (Kathryn Leigh Scott) 
Filming took place at Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, with additional footage at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery  Curtis followed this film one year later with Night of Dark Shadows, another expansion of the Shadows franchise, dealing with the witch Angelique 

Plot
Willie Loomis, the Collins family handyman, is searching for old treasure in the family mausoleum when he accidentally frees Barnabas Collins, a 175-year-old vampire who enslaves him  Upon his release, he attacks Daphne Budd, the secretary to Collinwood's matriarch, Elizabeth Collins Stoddard  She is discovered by Jeff Clark, who takes her back to the house where Dr  Julia Hoffman attends to her 
Later, Barnabas introduces himself to the family under the guise of a "cousin from England"  Elizabeth and the others are intrigued by Barnabas and take an instant liking to him  However, Elizabeth's daughter Carolyn Stoddard and Professor T  Eliot Stokes, a friend of the family, are incredulous  Barnabas insists on moving into the Old House and hosting a ball in honor of the family  But on the night of the ball, Carolyn is bitten by Barnabas while she is getting ready 
Later on at the ball, he is introduced to young David Collins' governess and Jeff's girlfriend, Maggie Evans, and is instantly smitten with her, as she bears a striking resemblance to his long-lost fiancée, Josette du Pres  Maggie is thinking about leaving Collinwood, but Barnabas persuades her to stay  Back at the Old House, he tells Willie about Josette and how she took her own life on the night they were to be married  Carolyn overhears and threatens to expose him out of jealousy  Enraged, Barnabas delivers a deadly bite to Carolyn, much to Willie's horror  A shaken Willie takes Carolyn back home; she slowly walks to the doorway, but she is soon discovered slumped in the doorway—dead—by the maid, Mrs  Johnson 
Funeral services are held for Carolyn, and she is buried in the Collins family mausoleum  Dr  Hoffman upon analyzing samples of Carolyn's blood, recognizes a trace of elements of the same unknown virus that was present in Daphne Budd's blood sample  Thereafter, Professor Stokes confers with Julia and tells her that he suspects that the recent attacks in Collinsport may have been caused by a vampire 
Meanwhile, Carolyn rises as a vampire and attacks David  Stokes and Julia try to explain, but Elizabeth and Roger refuse to listen  Carolyn's former fiancé Todd encounters her, and she bites him  After he is taken back to Collinwood, the family realize that Stokes and Julia were correct about the vampires  Todd again sneaks out in search of Carolyn, but she is cornered and staked, instantly killing her 
Julia eventually discovers that Barnabas is the vampire responsible  Thus, she visits him at the Old House and convinces him that she can use her methods to make him human and he reluctantly agrees  Julia gives him injections which allow him to walk in the daylight  Over time, Barnabas and Maggie begin to spend time together while Jeff is away in Boston  Stokes confronts Julia about helping Barnabas—and realizes she is in love with him—and reminds her that he is in love with Maggie  Overcome with jealousy, Julia gives Barnabas an injection which causes him to age rapidly  Out of rage, he strangles her to death  A terrified Maggie witnesses this and tries to flee, but is caught and bitten by Barnabas before she can escape, and he vows to come back for her  Jeff soon returns, and he is informed of the family history by Stokes and Roger and that Barnabas intends to make Maggie his bride  That night, Barnabas bites Maggie again, rejuvenating him, and then abducts her 
Jeff and the others pursue them; however, Roger and Stokes are killed (both turned into vampires who Jeff kills)  Jeff eventually finds Maggie at an old church in a trance and in Josette's wedding gown  Willie warns him against trying to stop Barnabas and knocks him out  Willie leads Maggie out of the room to where Barnabas is waiting for her  He lays her down on an altar and is about to bite her when Jeff wakes up and shoots at him, but Willie, running to stop Barnabas, moves in the way, and is hit by Jeff's crossbow bolt  Barnabas lures Jeff out of his hiding place and forces him to be a witness by placing him in a trance  However, as Barnabas attempts to bite Maggie, he screams in pain as he's struck in his back  Turning around, he's shocked then enraged to discover that it was Willie—in his final act of redemption—who stabbed him with the crossbow bolt  Barnabas strangles the mortally wounded Willie, but Loomis' attack breaks Jeff out of Barnabas's trance long enough for Jeff to finish driving the bolt through the vampire's back, ultimately bursting through his bloody chest  Maggie, now revived, is rescued by Jeff, both briefly observing the bodies of the presumably dead vampire and Willie Loomis before departing the ruined chapel 
In a post-credits scene, Barnabas's body transforms into a bat and then vanishes 

Cast
Production
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis began pitching the idea of a film based on his gothic soap opera sometime in 1968   The project was finally given the greenlight at MGM by company president James Aubrey in 1970  Curtis decided to use the original Barnabas storyline as the basis for the film, but with a modified conclusion 
The film was shot in six weeks for a budget of $750,000   Principal shooting took place at several historic locations, including the Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, where the production had to work around the scheduled public tours of the house  Additional footage was shot at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery; parts of the locales appeared on the Dark Shadows series as well  Some interior scenes were shot at the Lockwood–Mathews Mansion in Norwalk, Connecticut  Along with the original cast, Dan Curtis added other actors to the cast: Jerry Lacy, who notably played Reverend Trask in the 1795 storyline; Terry Crawford and Michael Stroka, who did the Dark Shadows 1890s segments; Don Briscoe, who played cursed brothers Chris and Tom Jennings; Dennis Patrick, who played Paul Stoddard and Jason McGuire; and George DiCenzo, who did more behind-the-scenes work on the last two years of the show 
Unrestricted by TV's censors, the film is far more graphically violent than its television counterpart, with dripping vampire bites and bloody deaths   The film was released at the height of the TV show's popularity to great commercial success 
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis's original idea had been to edit together footage from the original TV series into a feature-length film, an idea which was quickly abandoned  The TV series was still in production while the film was being made  Some characters had to be temporarily written out of the show so that the actors would be available to appear in the movie   Barnabas, for example, was trapped in his coffin on the TV show by a failed writer who wanted to use the vampire's life story as the basis for a novel 
Kathryn Leigh Scott was absent from 30 episodes (986 to 1015); Jonathan Frid was absent from 28 episodes (983 to 1010); Grayson Hall was absent from 21 episodes (986 to 1006); John Karlen was absent from 21 episodes (990 to 1010); Nancy Barrett was absent from 20 episodes (991 to 1010): Louis Edmonds was absent from 17 episodes (991 to 1008); Don Briscoe was absent from 15 episodes (986 to 1000); Joan Bennett was absent from 15 episodes (991 to 1006); and David Henesy was absent from 9 episodes (993 to 1001) 
The preview version of the film included a scene where young David Collins pretends to hang himself  It was removed because there were concerns some children might "try this at home"  No copies of this footage are known to exist  Another scene that was shown in some theaters has Jeff testing out the crossbow before pursuing Barnabas 
A paperback novelization of the film by Marilyn Ross (who had written a series of novels based on the TV show) was published in October 1970   The novel is based on the original script, and contains some scenes which were either cut from the movie or were never filmed 

Sequel
The second film was originally supposed to bring back Barnabas, and was to be called Curse of Dark Shadows (according to Famous Monsters of Filmland)  Before pre-production could begin, however, the series had gone off the air, and Jonathan Frid, fearing being typecast as Barnabas, had moved on to other things  Instead, Night of Dark Shadows was made, focusing on Collinwood after new heir Quentin Collins (David Selby) takes over  Elizabeth Collins Stoddard (played by Joan Bennett in the series and the first film) gets a brief mention in the film, but is not present 

Availability
House of Dark Shadows has been released on VHS, and as a two-sided laserdisc (the laserdisc packaged with Night of Dark Shadows, which is out of print)  It is also available on iTunes, on the PlayStation 3 Movie Network (Digital DVD quality), and for rental at Amazon Unbox, now called Prime Video 
Warner Home Video announced the re-release of both films on DVD in 2012; House of Dark Shadows was released for the first time alongside Night of Dark Shadows on DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2012 

See also
List of American films of 1970
Dark Shadows (film)
Vampire film
Passage 2:
Dark Shadows (disambiguation)
Dark Shadows is an American supernatural daytime TV series which originally aired from 1966 to 1971 
Dark Shadows may refer to:

Television
Dark Shadows, the original daytime TV series, which aired from 1966 to 1971
Dark Shadows (1991 TV series), adaptation of the original 1966 series
Dark Shadows (2004), pilot for a proposed adaptation of the 1966 series
"Dark Shadows" (Mad Men), 2012 episode of Mad Men

Film
House of Dark Shadows, 1970 film adaptation of the 1966 series
Curse of Dark Shadows, 1971 proposed sequel to the 1970 film
Night of Dark Shadows, 1971 film inspired by the 1966 series
Dark Shadows (film), 2012 film adaptation of the 1966 series

Radio
Dark Shadows (Return to Collinwood), based on a stageplay
Dark Shadows (Big Finish Productions)

Other
Dark Shadows (1944), an American crime drama short film starring Henry O'Neill; unrelated to the later supernatural TV series
Passage 3:
Night of Terror (disambiguation)
Night of Terror  is a 1933 horror film 
Night of Terror or A Night of Terror may also refer to:

Night of Terror - November 14, 1917, a night at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia, in which suffragist prisoners were beaten and abused
Montreal's night of terror a 1969 unrest in Montreal, Quebec during a Montreal police strike
A Night of Terror (1911 film), directed by Edwin S  Porter
A Night of Terror, alternative title for Love from a Stranger (1937 film)
Night of Terror (1972 TV film), starring Martin Balsam, Catherine Burns, Chuck Connors & Donna Mills
Night of Terror (2006 film), directed by William Tannen
"Night of Terror", an instrumental by Clint Mansell from the Black Swan soundtrack (2010)

See also
Riot (1996 film),  directed by Joseph Merhi released in the United States as Night of Terror
Night Terror (disambiguation)
Rats: Night of Terror
Terror by Night
A Night of Terror (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
House of Dark Shadows
House of Dark Shadows is a 1970 American feature-length horror film directed by Dan Curtis, based on his Dark Shadows television series (ABC, 1966–1971)  In this film expansion, vampire Barnabas Collins (Jonathan Frid) searches for a cure for vampirism so he can marry a woman who resembles his long-lost fiancée Josette (Kathryn Leigh Scott) 
Filming took place at Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, with additional footage at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery  Curtis followed this film one year later with Night of Dark Shadows, another expansion of the Shadows franchise, dealing with the witch Angelique 

Plot
Willie Loomis, the Collins family handyman, is searching for old treasure in the family mausoleum when he accidentally frees Barnabas Collins, a 175-year-old vampire who enslaves him  Upon his release, he attacks Daphne Budd, the secretary to Collinwood's matriarch, Elizabeth Collins Stoddard  She is discovered by Jeff Clark, who takes her back to the house where Dr  Julia Hoffman attends to her 
Later, Barnabas introduces himself to the family under the guise of a "cousin from England"  Elizabeth and the others are intrigued by Barnabas and take an instant liking to him  However, Elizabeth's daughter Carolyn Stoddard and Professor T  Eliot Stokes, a friend of the family, are incredulous  Barnabas insists on moving into the Old House and hosting a ball in honor of the family  But on the night of the ball, Carolyn is bitten by Barnabas while she is getting ready 
Later on at the ball, he is introduced to young David Collins' governess and Jeff's girlfriend, Maggie Evans, and is instantly smitten with her, as she bears a striking resemblance to his long-lost fiancée, Josette du Pres  Maggie is thinking about leaving Collinwood, but Barnabas persuades her to stay  Back at the Old House, he tells Willie about Josette and how she took her own life on the night they were to be married  Carolyn overhears and threatens to expose him out of jealousy  Enraged, Barnabas delivers a deadly bite to Carolyn, much to Willie's horror  A shaken Willie takes Carolyn back home; she slowly walks to the doorway, but she is soon discovered slumped in the doorway—dead—by the maid, Mrs  Johnson 
Funeral services are held for Carolyn, and she is buried in the Collins family mausoleum  Dr  Hoffman upon analyzing samples of Carolyn's blood, recognizes a trace of elements of the same unknown virus that was present in Daphne Budd's blood sample  Thereafter, Professor Stokes confers with Julia and tells her that he suspects that the recent attacks in Collinsport may have been caused by a vampire 
Meanwhile, Carolyn rises as a vampire and attacks David  Stokes and Julia try to explain, but Elizabeth and Roger refuse to listen  Carolyn's former fiancé Todd encounters her, and she bites him  After he is taken back to Collinwood, the family realize that Stokes and Julia were correct about the vampires  Todd again sneaks out in search of Carolyn, but she is cornered and staked, instantly killing her 
Julia eventually discovers that Barnabas is the vampire responsible  Thus, she visits him at the Old House and convinces him that she can use her methods to make him human and he reluctantly agrees  Julia gives him injections which allow him to walk in the daylight  Over time, Barnabas and Maggie begin to spend time together while Jeff is away in Boston  Stokes confronts Julia about helping Barnabas—and realizes she is in love with him—and reminds her that he is in love with Maggie  Overcome with jealousy, Julia gives Barnabas an injection which causes him to age rapidly  Out of rage, he strangles her to death  A terrified Maggie witnesses this and tries to flee, but is caught and bitten by Barnabas before she can escape, and he vows to come back for her  Jeff soon returns, and he is informed of the family history by Stokes and Roger and that Barnabas intends to make Maggie his bride  That night, Barnabas bites Maggie again, rejuvenating him, and then abducts her 
Jeff and the others pursue them; however, Roger and Stokes are killed (both turned into vampires who Jeff kills)  Jeff eventually finds Maggie at an old church in a trance and in Josette's wedding gown  Willie warns him against trying to stop Barnabas and knocks him out  Willie leads Maggie out of the room to where Barnabas is waiting for her  He lays her down on an altar and is about to bite her when Jeff wakes up and shoots at him, but Willie, running to stop Barnabas, moves in the way, and is hit by Jeff's crossbow bolt  Barnabas lures Jeff out of his hiding place and forces him to be a witness by placing him in a trance  However, as Barnabas attempts to bite Maggie, he screams in pain as he's struck in his back  Turning around, he's shocked then enraged to discover that it was Willie—in his final act of redemption—who stabbed him with the crossbow bolt  Barnabas strangles the mortally wounded Willie, but Loomis' attack breaks Jeff out of Barnabas's trance long enough for Jeff to finish driving the bolt through the vampire's back, ultimately bursting through his bloody chest  Maggie, now revived, is rescued by Jeff, both briefly observing the bodies of the presumably dead vampire and Willie Loomis before departing the ruined chapel 
In a post-credits scene, Barnabas's body transforms into a bat and then vanishes 

Cast
Production
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis began pitching the idea of a film based on his gothic soap opera sometime in 1968   The project was finally given the greenlight at MGM by company president James Aubrey in 1970  Curtis decided to use the original Barnabas storyline as the basis for the film, but with a modified conclusion 
The film was shot in six weeks for a budget of $750,000   Principal shooting took place at several historic locations, including the Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, where the production had to work around the scheduled public tours of the house  Additional footage was shot at nearby Sleepy Hollow Cemetery; parts of the locales appeared on the Dark Shadows series as well  Some interior scenes were shot at the Lockwood–Mathews Mansion in Norwalk, Connecticut  Along with the original cast, Dan Curtis added other actors to the cast: Jerry Lacy, who notably played Reverend Trask in the 1795 storyline; Terry Crawford and Michael Stroka, who did the Dark Shadows 1890s segments; Don Briscoe, who played cursed brothers Chris and Tom Jennings; Dennis Patrick, who played Paul Stoddard and Jason McGuire; and George DiCenzo, who did more behind-the-scenes work on the last two years of the show 
Unrestricted by TV's censors, the film is far more graphically violent than its television counterpart, with dripping vampire bites and bloody deaths   The film was released at the height of the TV show's popularity to great commercial success 
Dark Shadows producer Dan Curtis's original idea had been to edit together footage from the original TV series into a feature-length film, an idea which was quickly abandoned  The TV series was still in production while the film was being made  Some characters had to be temporarily written out of the show so that the actors would be available to appear in the movie   Barnabas, for example, was trapped in his coffin on the TV show by a failed writer who wanted to use the vampire's life story as the basis for a novel 
Kathryn Leigh Scott was absent from 30 episodes (986 to 1015); Jonathan Frid was absent from 28 episodes (983 to 1010); Grayson Hall was absent from 21 episodes (986 to 1006); John Karlen was absent from 21 episodes (990 to 1010); Nancy Barrett was absent from 20 episodes (991 to 1010): Louis Edmonds was absent from 17 episodes (991 to 1008); Don Briscoe was absent from 15 episodes (986 to 1000); Joan Bennett was absent from 15 episodes (991 to 1006); and David Henesy was absent from 9 episodes (993 to 1001) 
The preview version of the film included a scene where young David Collins pretends to hang himself  It was removed because there were concerns some children might "try this at home"  No copies of this footage are known to exist  Another scene that was shown in some theaters has Jeff testing out the crossbow before pursuing Barnabas 
A paperback novelization of the film by Marilyn Ross (who had written a series of novels based on the TV show) was published in October 1970   The novel is based on the original script, and contains some scenes which were either cut from the movie or were never filmed 

Sequel
The second film was originally supposed to bring back Barnabas, and was to be called Curse of Dark Shadows (according to Famous Monsters of Filmland)  Before pre-production could begin, however, the series had gone off the air, and Jonathan Frid, fearing being typecast as Barnabas, had moved on to other things  Instead, Night of Dark Shadows was made, focusing on Collinwood after new heir Quentin Collins (David Selby) takes over  Elizabeth Collins Stoddard (played by Joan Bennett in the series and the first film) gets a brief mention in the film, but is not present 

Availability
House of Dark Shadows has been released on VHS, and as a two-sided laserdisc (the laserdisc packaged with Night of Dark Shadows, which is out of print)  It is also available on iTunes, on the PlayStation 3 Movie Network (Digital DVD quality), and for rental at Amazon Unbox, now called Prime Video 
Warner Home Video announced the re-release of both films on DVD in 2012; House of Dark Shadows was released for the first time alongside Night of Dark Shadows on DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2012 

See also
List of American films of 1970
Dark Shadows (film)
Vampire film
Passage 5:
Dark Shadows: The House of Despair
Dark Shadows: The House of Despair is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running American horror soap opera series Dark Shadows 

Plot
Quentin Collins returns to his home to find an unwanted guest   

Cast
Quentin Collins – David Selby
Angelique – Lara Parker
Willie Loomis – John Karlen
Maggie Evans – Kathryn Leigh Scott
Ed Griffin – Jamison Selby
Susan Griffin – Ursula Burton
Mr Strix – Andrew Collins
Voice – Steven Wickham
Voice – Kellie Ryan
Patron – Scott Alan Woodard

External links
Dark Shadows: The House of Despair
Passage 6:
Night of Dark Shadows
Night of Dark Shadows is a 1971 horror film by Dan Curtis  It is the sequel to House of Dark Shadows  It centers on the story of Quentin Collins and his bride Tracy at the Collinwood Mansion in Collinsport, Maine 
David Selby, Lara Parker, John Karlen, Kate Jackson, Grayson Hall, and Nancy Barrett star 
Night of Dark Shadows was not as successful as House of Dark Shadows 
This film marked the feature film debut of David Selby and Kate Jackson 

Plot
Handsome young artist Quentin Collins arrives at his newly inherited estate of Collinwood with his beautiful wife Tracy  They meet the housekeeper Carlotta Drake and the caretaker Gerard Stiles  Quentin happens upon a 19th-century portrait of a blonde woman with captivating green eyes that seem to mesmerize him  Carlotta informs him that the woman is Angelique, who had lived there over 100 years earlier  The Collins' friends Alex and Claire Jenkins, who have co-written several successful horror novels, move into a cottage on the estate 
Quentin soon begins to be troubled by startling visions and haunting dreams about one of his ancestors, Charles Collins, and his ancestor's mistress Angelique—who had been hanged as a witch in a past century  Carlotta eventually reveals to Quentin that she is the reincarnation of Sarah Castle, a little girl who had lived at Collinwood over 150 years ago, and that Quentin himself is the reincarnation of Charles Collins  Charles had had an affair with Angelique, wife of his brother Gabriel, resulting in her being hanged—and Charles being sealed alive in the family crypt with Angelique's corpse 
On a trip to New York, the Jenkinses discover a painting of Charles Collins, which bears an uncanny resemblance to Quentin  Convinced that their friends are in grave danger, the couple hurry home to Collinwood, where they are attacked by the ghost of Angelique 
Meanwhile, Quentin has become possessed by the spirit of Charles Collins, and attempts to drown Tracy in a disused swimming pool on the estate  Alex and Claire arrive in time to revive her, but Quentin, having no memory of his actions, refuses to believe their wild tale 
Carlotta and Gerard conspire to eliminate Quentin's loved ones   Quentin, seeing the scratches on his wrist where Tracy had tried to fend him off, realizes the truth of Alex's warning and rushes to rescue his friends   Gerard has managed to take Tracy prisoner (despite his having been shot in the face by Claire), and Quentin fights with him high atop a train trestle   As Gerard slashes Quentin's cheek with a knife, creating a gash in his left cheek that looks remarkably like the one Charles Collins had, Tracy rushes to try to save her husband  She strikes Gerard with a nearby plank, knocking him off Quentin and onto the edge of the trestle  He teeters on the edge for a moment, then plunges to his death after Tracy pushes him 
The group rush back to Collinwood to confront Carlotta  As they arrive, she jumps from the top of the house when she sees the ghostly Angelique beckon her from below 
In the end, the two couples prepare to leave Collinwood forever  Alex and Claire leave first, with Quentin and Tracy following  However, instead of driving away, Quentin returns to the house, saying he intends to retrieve some canvases   When he fails to come back, Tracy follows, only to find him now completely possessed by Charles Collins  Angelique enters the room, reborn in the flesh  The camera freezes on Tracy's face as she begins to scream, as Quentin and Angelique advance on her   A UPI news wire shown at the end reveals that Alex and Claire Jenkins have been killed in a car accident  Witnesses reported seeing a ghostly fog filling the car as it veered off the road 

Cast
David Selby as Quentin Collins and Charles Collins
Grayson Hall as Carlotta Drake
John Karlen as Alex Jenkins
Nancy Barrett as Claire Jenkins
Lara Parker as Angelique Collins
Kate Jackson as Tracy Collins
James Storm as Gerard Stiles
Diana Millay as Laura Collins
Christopher Pennock as Gabriel Collins
Thayer David as Reverend Strack
Monica Rich as Sarah Castle
Clarice Blackburn as Mrs  Castle

Production
After the success of House of Dark Shadows (the 1970 feature film version of Dan Curtis's gothic soap opera Dark Shadows), MGM was ready to back a follow-up film in 1971  Curtis originally wanted to do a direct sequel and revive the vampire Barnabas Collins  Actor Jonathan Frid, however, refused to play the role again for fear of being typecast  Realizing it would be a mistake to recast the popular character, Curtis worked with writer Sam Hall to concoct an all-new storyline 
On March 29, 1971, filming began on Curse of Dark Shadows, later retitled Night of Dark Shadows for its release  Without the headaches of producing the television series concurrently, the production crew was able to achieve a far more polished product than that of the previous year  In order to give the production some authenticity, spiritualist Hans Holzer was employed as an advisor to the production, though his actual contribution to the finished product proved minimal 
The story was very loosely based on the "parallel-time" sequence of the TV series and centered on the show's other popular male lead, Quentin Collins, played by David Selby  Night of Dark Shadows was shot in six weeks on a budget of $900,000 and released in 1971, after the show had left the air  It was not unsuccessful but was less successful than its predecessor 
Hall's script, developed in conjunction with Curtis, was a wistful tale of gothic romance and supernatural reincarnation, bolstered by credible performances from David Selby, Kate Jackson, and Grayson Hall  When filming completed without major problems, Curtis set about editing the final film, which proved far denser and more complex than House of Dark Shadows 
One reason often cited for the film's lack of performance is that MGM forced Curtis to cut over 35 minutes from his finished film, and gave him only 24 hours to do the job  Thus, the film went from approximately 129 minutes to about 94 minutes, which, according to some, caused the film to lose its coherence 
Much of the excised footage was recovered in 1999, but was without sound  This material consists of 16 never-before-seen sequences, extending over a dozen existing scenes, reinstating the darker mood and restoring the original structure and continuity  Highlights of the discovery include flashback between the doomed lovers Charles and Angelique, two new scenes featuring menacing groundskeeper Gerard Stiles, several romantic interludes between Quentin and Tracy, a candlelit "exorcism" sequence in the gallery (the film's original climax), and the "hanging" sequence, as well as several other scenes with intensity on par with an R-rated film 

Home media
Night of Dark Shadows and House of Dark Shadows were released on VHS on September 1, 1998, and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 30, 2012 by Warner Home Video 

See also
List of American films of 1971
Passage 7:
Dark Shadows: Kingdom of the Dead
Dark Shadows: Kingdom of the Dead is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running American horror soap opera series Dark Shadows 

Cast
David Selby – Quentin Collins
Lara Parker – Angelique Bouchard Collins
Kathryn Leigh Scott – Maggie Evans
John Karlen – Willie Loomis
Jerry Lacy – Reverend
Andrew Collins – Barnabas Collins
David Warner – Seraph
Ursula Burton – Susan Griffin
Jamison Selby – Ed Griffin
Lysette Anthony – Doctor Rankin
Alec Newman – Orderly
James Storm – Sheriff Haggerty
Nancy Barrett – Carolyn Stoddard
Marie Wallace – Mrs Griffin
Lizzie Hopley – Street Walker
Richard Halpern – Announcer
Eric Wallace – Conductor

External links
Dark Shadows - 2 0 Kingdom Of The Dead Box Set
Passage 8:
Alkohol
Alkohol (English: Alcohol) is a 1919 German silent drama film directed by Ewald André Dupont and Alfred Lind and starring Wilhelm Diegelmann, Ernst Rückert, and Georg H  Schnell  The film was begun by Lind but finished by Dupont  It was his first major melodrama, and represented a breakthrough in his career  The film's theme and setting foreshadow much of his later work  It was one in a series of "Enlightenment films" examining social issues, which were produced around the time  It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin 

Synopsis
A middle-class man falls in love with a woman from a more ordinary background, and they end up working in a variety act where they sink into alcoholism  He then kills another man who he mistakenly believes is a rival 

Cast
Wilhelm Diegelmann
Ernst Rückert
Georg H  Schnell
Emil Birron
Jean Moreau
Auguste Pünkösdy
Ferry Sikla
Toni Tetzlaff
Hanni Weisse
Maria Zelenka
Passage 9:
Nightstand (disambiguation)
A nightstand is a small bedside table 
Nightstand or Night stand may also refer to:

Nightstand (album), by Tancred, 2018
Night Stand with Dick Dietrick, a 1990s American television comedy show
"Nightstand", a song by K  Michelle from More Issues Than Vogue, 2016

See also
One-night stand
Passage 10:
The Night of Nights
The Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and Roland Young The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times  Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and Pork Chop Hill 

Background
Milestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front 

Plot
Dan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadway theater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business   When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter by getting drunk   When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit   The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they have been suspended  At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni   Despondent, he in left the business and went into seclusion 
Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway   He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part of Toni   Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback 

Cast
Reception
Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had "been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly " In noting that the plot centered on "the theatre and some of the curious folk who inhabit it", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was "an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presented with honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr  O'Brien, Mr  Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention " The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being produced within the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, "seemed to be the most awful tripe "
Context 2: Passage 1:
Lyse Lafontaine
Lyse Lafontaine (born 1942) is a Canadian film producer known for working with directors Jean-Claude Lauzon and Xavier Dolan  She works at Lyla Films in Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

Early life
Born to La Presse reporter Gaston Lafontaine, Lyse studied literature at the Université de Montréal and earned her degree  She married Stéphane Venne and managed the rock band Offenbach in 1972  She became a stage manager on the 1974 film The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, and married her second husband, moving to The Bahamas for two years before returning to Canada 

Career
In 1976, Lafontaine served as location manager for the film The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane, starring Jodie Foster  Lafontaine met Lauzon when he was pitching his screenplay for Léolo (1992), which other producers had rejected  It became the first film she produced, with Aimée Danis, for which they were nominated for the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture  While in Italy during filming, Lauzon gave Lafontaine a letter thanking her for her ineptitude in business, which he considered necessary to make a film with feeling  She kept it as a cherished keepsake Working with Dolan, she produced Laurence Anyways (2012) and served as an associate producer for Mommy (2014)  Dolan's Laurence Anyways was inspired by Lafontaine's ex-boyfriend Luc Baillairgé, the father of her son Mikaël, who had a small part in Léolo  With Dolan, she personally traveled to London in 2017 to work on his The Death and Life of John F  Donovan In 2015, Lafontaine produced La Passion d’Augustine with François Tremblay, winning the Québec Cinéma Award for Best Film  On 1 June 2017 at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards, she was awarded the Iris Hommage for 30 years of contributions to Quebec cinema 

Filmography
Her films include:
Passage 2:
Jean-Claude Lutanie
Jean-Claude Lutanie is a French writer 

Biography
Jean-Claude Lutanie was born in Poitiers, France in 1951  In the 1970s and 80s, he entered into social protest and contestation, but early on, broke off from any movement in particular  In 1981, he publishes Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980 anonymously, followed by Une lecture paranoïaque-critique de La Maison Tellier (Guy de Maupassant) in 1993  Lutanie’s university research focused on the work of Jean-Pierre Brisset  He taught French in Tebessa, Algeria, from 1985 to 1987, before teaching as Professor of Literature and History in a pre-professional high school in La Rochelle until his death, in 2006 

Bibliography
Harangue des Ciompi à Florence  Rééditée à l'usage des prolétaires de Longwy, (poster, Toulouse, c  1979, anonymous, no publisher, 60 × 39 cm)
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, (poster, Toulouse, 1981, anonymous, no publisher, 65 × 45 cm)
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, (1981, anonymous, no publisher, re-published in 2011 by Editions Lutanie)
Une lecture paranoïaque-critique de La Maison Tellier (Guy de Maupassant), Le Veilleur Éditeur, 1993

Articles
"Introduction to Jean-Claude Lutanie" by Rachel Valinsky in The Third Rail #7


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Johannes Crucius
Johannes Crucius, or Jean de la Croix (1560 – 1625), was a Dutch theologian 

Biography
He was born in Lille, France, as the son of Jacobus de la Croix, a Walloon preacher of Middelburg, among other cities  He was the brother of Jacobus Crucius  Crucius studied in Geneva and on 28 September 1586 he matriculated at the Heidelberg University a year after Franciscus Gomarus, along with the students Abrahamus Vandermylen of Dordrecht, Meinardus ab Idzaerda of Friesland, and Andreas ab Hiddema of Friesland  He then matriculated at Leiden in 1589 and the following year he was selected to succeed Jean Taffin as Walloon preacher at the Waalse Kerk, Haarlem, where he is buried He married Elisabeth Stoock and their first child was baptised 7 June 1591  Their son Jacobus became a doctor, and their sons Nicolaas (1595-1643) and Johannes (1598-1666) became preachers like their father  From 1592, Crucius was the representative of the Wallonian church at the Walloon Synod in Middelburg and in 1618 & 1619 he was their representative at the Synod of Dort  He is known for his translations of religious works From Latin and Dutch into French, most notably by Antonius Walaeus 
He died in Haarlem 
Passage 4:
Jean-Claude Bonnefond
Claude Bonnefond, or Jean-Claude Bonnefond (27 March 1796, Lyon - 27 June 1860, Lyon) was a French painter and lithographer; noted for his portrayals of peasant life  His work was heavily influenced by a visit to Italy 

Biography
His father was a baker who died shortly after Jean-Claude was born  His mother remarried in 1797, to another baker who was an associate of her first husband  An elder brother died in military service  In 1808, at the age of twelve, he entered the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Lyon, where he studied with Pierre Revoil and Alexis Grognard (1752-1840) 
In 1816, he was exempted from military service for being his family's only surviving son  The following year, he had his first exhibit at the Salon, where one of his paintings was purchased by Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 
At the age of 28, he and Victor Orsel went to Paris to work in the studios of Pierre-Narcisse Guérin  Shortly after, Guérin was named Director of the Villa Medici and Bonnefond accompanied him to Rome 
While in Italy, he also visited Campania and Tuscany and made the acquaintance of several German painters of the Nazarene movement, including Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Joseph Anton Koch and Johann Friedrich Overbeck 
In 1830, Victor Prunelle, the Mayor of Lyon, offered him the directorship of the École des Beaux-arts  He accepted, replacing Revoil, and held that position for thirty years  He created a school of engraving, operated by Victor Vibert (1799-1860), and the École produced seventeen laureates of the Prix de Rome between 1831 and 1860  In 1834, he was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor  His own work continued to be in the Italian style until 1840, when he turned to painting portraits of the local bourgeoisie 
He died of what was described as "blood congestion" after a long period of illness 

Selected paintings
Notes
Passage 5:
Jean Edelinck
Jan, or Jean Edelinck (c 1640 – 1680), was a Flemish engraver who worked in Paris 

Life
He was born in Antwerp, the brother of Gerard Edelinck  He was probably younger than Gerard, though his date of birth is unknown  He preceded his brother to Paris  Joseph Strutt, writing in the late 18th century, compared his work unfavourably to Gerard's, saying that, although he closely imitated his style, "he never equalled him, either in drawing or the execution of the mechanical part of his plates "He died in Paris in 1680 

Works
Edelinck made several engravings of the statues in the gardens at Versailles, of which Strutt said "they do him great credit, though the effect is cold, and the extremities rather heavy"  He also made plates after a portrait of the anatomist  Isbrandus de Diemerbroeck by Romeyn de Hooghe, and The Deluge by Alessandro Turchi  The latter was finished after his death by his youngest brother, Gaspard François Edelinck 
Passage 6:
Jean-Claude Dague
Jean-Claude Dague, born Jean-Claude Dagouassat in 1937, is a French film director 

Biography
After having directed four films, Jean-Claude Dague's production company was almost bankrupt  He then attempted a hold-up in Bry-sur-Marne in 1971, but was easily caught with his two partners, having used his own car to flee  The two partners were actor René Chapotot and stuntman Germain Roig  Dague then spent eight years in prison, and wrote about it in a book, Le Dénommé, of which he made a film in 1990 

Filmography
Director1968 : Le Bal des voyous
1969 : Poussez pas grand-père dans les cactus
1970 : Désirella
1971 : L'Homme qui vient de la nuit
1990 : Le Dénommé
1999 : La Paix pour les Enfants du MondeActor1966 : Espions à l'affûtScreenwriter1991 : La Dernière Saison
Passage 7:
Jean-Claude Lauzon
Jean-Claude Lauzon (September 29, 1953 – August 10, 1997) was a Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter  Born to a working class family in Montreal, Quebec, Lauzon dropped out of high school and worked various jobs before studying film at the Université du Québec à Montréal  His two feature-length films, Night Zoo (1987) and Léolo (1992), established him as one of the most important Canadian directors of his generation  American film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lauzon is so motivated by his resentments and desires that everything he creates is pressed into the cause and filled with passion "His film Léolo is widely considered to be one of the best Canadian films of all time  It was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, and was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest films that were released between March 3, 1923—when the first issue of Time was published—and early 2005, when the list was compiled Lauzon's career was cut short by his death in a plane crash in 1997 at the age of 43 

Early life
Born to a working class family in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Lauzon worked a variety of odd jobs after dropping out of high school  He went on to study film at the Université du Québec à Montréal at the behest of Andre Petrowski, a member of the National Film Board of Canada 

Career
While studying at the Université du Québec à Montréal, Lauzon began experimenting with 16mm film stock  His first short film, titled Super Maire, won the Norman McLaren Grand Prize at the Canadian Student Film Festival in 1979  His second short film, titled Piwi, which he started working on while spending time at the American Film Institute in Los Angeles, won the Jury Prize at the Montreal World Film Festival in 1981 In 1983, Lauzon wrote the first draft for his debut feature, Night Zoo, but spent most of the 1980s directing television commercials in Quebec and earning his pilot's licence  He eventually directed the film, making his feature-length film debut, and the film premiered in the Director's Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival, where it was warmly received by most critics  The Globe and Mail’s Jay Scott wrote that “more than anything, Zoo is a movie of extremes; few films in the history of the cinema have wandered so successfully all over so much of the emotional map ” The film went on to win a record-breaking 13 Genie Awards in 1988, and won the Golden Reel Award for being the highest-grossing Canadian film of that year Lauzon achieved further success and acclaim with his second feature-length film, Léolo, which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival  Léolo won three Genie Awards and was a box office success in Canada and across Europe, but failed to make much of an impact in the U S  upon release  Léolo has been called one of the best Canadian films of all time by various media outlets  It was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest films that were released between March 3, 1923—when the first issue of Time was published—and early 2005, when the list was compiled After the success of his first two films, Lauzon focused on directing commercials for television and spent most of his time in northern Quebec flying his Cessna 180 Skywagon, fishing, and hunting 

Artistry
Playback wrote that Lauzon's films were "substantially autobiographical in nature"  Collaborators described the director as "an extremely creative and intense personality for whom making films was painful " American film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Lauzon is so motivated by his resentments and desires that everything he creates is pressed into the cause and filled with passion "

Death
Lauzon was preparing his third feature-length film when he died, along with his girlfriend, Canadian actress Marie-Soleil Tougas, in a plane crash  On August 10, 1997, the Cessna 180 Skywagon that Lauzon was piloting flew into a mountainside in strong winds and rain near Kuujjuaq, Quebec while returning from a fishing trip  Lauzon was 43 years old when he died  He was buried in a private ceremony 

Filmography
Super Maire (1979), short film
Piwi (1981), short film
Night Zoo also known as Un zoo la nuit (1987), feature film
Léolo (1992), feature film
Passage 8:
Silvi Jan
Silvi Jan (Hebrew: סילבי ז'אן; born 27 October 1973) an Israeli former footballer who played as a striker  With 29 goals, she is the all-time Israel national team top goalscorer 

Club career
Jan played school football in Netanya, and was part of the boys' football team of Shorashim school  As there was no women's league, Jan tried to find an active team in Europe, eventually signing with Kolbotn I L  in Norway  In 1999, with the establishment of the Israeli Women's League, Jan returned to Israel and signed with Hapoel Tel Aviv 
Jan played at Hapoel Tel Aviv for four seasons, until the team folded, winning the league and cup in 2000–01  After Hapoel Tel Aviv folded, Jan signed with Maccabi Holon, where she played until her retirement in 2007  With Maccabi Holon Jan won the league 4 times and the cup 5 times 
In January 2009, Jan returned to league action and joined ASA Tel Aviv University  On 21 February 2012, in a league match against her former club, Maccabi Holon, Jan scored her 1000th goal in all club and national team competitions  Jan played at ASA Tel Aviv until her retirement in May 2012  With ASA Tel Aviv Jan Jan won three championships and two cups  Jan scored a total of 1,010 goals in all competitions 

International career
Silvi Jan has been a striker for the Israel national team for many years, appearing in 23 matches and scoring 29 goals  Jan made her debut against Romania on 2 November 1997, and scored her debut goal against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8 April 2008, one of four she scored on the day 
Her last international goal was also scored against Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a match played on 23 November 2006, in which Israel won 5–2  Jan made her last international appearance against Poland on 10 May 2007 

International goals
Personal life
Jan came out as a lesbian in December 2017  She got engaged to her partner in November the following year 
In September 2018  Jan was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 

Honours
Hapoel Tel Aviv

Ligat Nashim: 2000–01
Israeli Women's Cup: 2000–01Haccabi Holon

Ligat Nashim: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Israeli Women's Cup: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07ASA Tel Aviv University

Ligat Nashim: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Israeli Women's Cup: 2010–11, 2011–12Individual

Ligat Nashim top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Israeli Women's Cup top goalscorer: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2006–07, 2011–12
Passage 9:
Jean-Claude Casadesus
Jean-Claude Probst (born 7 December 1935), known professional as Jean-Claude Casadesus, is a French conductor 

Biography
Casadesus was born in Paris on 7 December 1935, the son of actress Gisèle Casadesus and her husband Lucien Pascal   He began his career as a percussionist before studying composition and conducting with Pierre Dervaux and Pierre Boulez 
In 1969 he was hired as assistant conductor at the Paris Opéra and the Opéra-Comique   In 1971 he co-founded the Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire with Pierre Dervaux, and acted as Dervaux's deputy there until 1976   In 1976 he became principal conductor of the Orchestre national de Lille, performing concerts locally and internationally   He directed the French Youth Orchestra in 2007 

Personal life
Jean-Claude has been married twice and has three children, his only daughter Caroline (b  30 October 1962) is an opera singer and his first born son Sebastian Copeland (b  3 April 1964) is a film director whose mother is Pénélope Copeland, his second son Olivier (b  2 September 1970) is an actor whose mother is Anne Sevestre 

Distinctions
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
Commandeur de l'Ordre national du Mérite
Commandeur des Arts et Lettres
Commandeur de l'Ordre d'Orange-Nassau
Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold de Belgique
Chevalier des Palmes AcadémiquesIn 2004, the Victoires de la musique classique awarded him a victory of honour 

Discography with l'Orchestre National de Lille
Richard Wagner, Ouvertures et monologues célèbres, Le Vaisseau Fantôme, Tännhauser, Les Maîtres chanteurs de Nuremberg, La Walkyrie, avec José van Dam, Label Forlane
Darius Milhaud, La Création du monde, Le Bœuf sur le toit, Suite Provençale, L'Homme et son Désir, Label Naxos
Serge Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky (Cantata), Lieutenant Kijé (Suite), Label Naxos
Hector Berlioz, La Damnation de Faust, Label Naxos
Hector Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Label Harmonia Mundi
Joseph Canteloube, Chants d'Auvergne, Label Naxos
Gustav Mahler, Symphonies, Label Forlane
Georges Bizet, Clovis et Clotilde - Te Deum, Label Naxos - Abeille Musique, 2010

Bibliography
Le plus court chemin d'un cœur à l'autre, Jean-Claude Casadesus, Éditions Stock
Passage 10:
Charles Wheatstone
Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS FRSE (; 6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique)  However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy 

Life
Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood, Gloucestershire  His father, W  Wheatstone, was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute  Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London  One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs  Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress  From another he ran away, but was captured at Windsor, not far from the theatre of his practical telegraph  As a boy he was very shy and sensitive, liking well to retire into an attic, without any other company than his own thoughts 

When he was about fourteen years old he was apprenticed to his uncle and namesake, a maker and seller of musical instruments at 436 Strand, London; but he showed little taste for handicraft or business, and loved better to study books  His father encouraged him in this, and finally took him out of the uncle's charge 
At the age of fifteen, Wheatstone translated French poetry, and wrote two songs, one of which was given to his uncle, who published it without knowing it as his nephew's composition  Some lines of his on the lyre became the motto of an engraving by Bartolozzi  He often visited an old book-stall in the vicinity of Pall Mall, which was then a dilapidated and unpaved thoroughfare  Most of his pocket-money was spent in purchasing the books which had taken his fancy, whether fairy tales, history, or science 
One day, to the surprise of the bookseller, he coveted a volume on the discoveries of Volta in electricity, but not having the price, he saved his pennies and secured the volume  It was written in French, and so he was obliged to save again, until he could buy a dictionary  Then he began to read the volume, and, with the help of his elder brother, William, to repeat the experiments described in it, with a home-made battery, in the scullery behind his father's house  In constructing the battery, the boy philosophers ran short of money to procure the requisite copper-plates  They had only a few copper coins left  A happy thought occurred to Charles, who was the leading spirit in these researches, 'We must use the pennies themselves,' said he, and the battery was soon complete 
At Christchurch, Marylebone, on 12 February 1847, Wheatstone was married to Emma West  She was the daughter of a Taunton tradesman, and of handsome appearance  She died in 1866, leaving a family of five young children to his care  His domestic life was quiet and uneventful 
Though silent and reserved in public, Wheatstone was a clear and voluble talker in private, if taken on his favourite studies, and his small but active person, his plain but intelligent countenance, was full of animation  Sir Henry Taylor tells us that he once observed Wheatstone at an evening party in Oxford earnestly holding forth to Lord Palmerston on the capabilities of his telegraph  'You don't say so!' exclaimed the statesman  'I must get you to tell that to the Lord Chancellor ' And so saying, he fastened the electrician on Lord Westbury, and effected his escape  A reminiscence of this interview may have prompted Palmerston to remark that a time was coming when a minister might be asked in Parliament if war had broken out in India, and would reply, 'Wait a minute; I'll just telegraph to the Governor-General, and let you know '

Wheatstone was knighted in 1868, after his completion of the automatic telegraph  He had previously been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour  Some thirty-four distinctions and diplomas of home or foreign societies bore witness to his scientific reputation  Since 1836 he had been a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1859 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1873 a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences  The same year he was awarded the Ampere Medal by the French Society for the Encouragement of National Industry  In 1875 he was created an honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers  He was a D C L  of Oxford and an LL D  of Cambridge 
While on a visit to Paris during the autumn of 1875, and engaged in perfecting his receiving instrument for submarine cables, he caught a cold, which produced inflammation of the lungs, an illness from which he died in Paris, on 19 October 1875 aged 73  A memorial service was held in the Anglican Chapel, Paris, and attended by a deputation of the Academy  His remains were taken to his home in Park Crescent, London, (marked by a blue plaque today) and buried in Kensal Green Cemetery 

Music instruments and acoustics
In September 1821, Wheatstone brought himself into public notice by exhibiting the 'Enchanted Lyre,' or 'Acoucryptophone,' at a music shop at Pall Mall and in the Adelaide Gallery  It consisted of a mimic lyre hung from the ceiling by a cord, and emitting the strains of several instruments – the piano, harp, and dulcimer  In reality it was a mere sounding box, and the cord was a steel rod that conveyed the vibrations of the music from the several instruments which were played out of sight and ear-shot  At this period Wheatstone made numerous experiments on sound and its transmission  Some of his results are preserved in Thomson's Annals of Philosophy for 1823 
He recognised that sound is propagated by waves or oscillations of the atmosphere, as light was then believed to be by undulations of the luminiferous ether  Water, and solid bodies, such as glass, or metal, or sonorous wood, convey the modulations with high velocity, and he conceived the plan of transmitting sound-signals, music, or speech to long distances by this means  He estimated that sound would travel 200 miles per second (320 km/s) through solid rods, and proposed to telegraph from London to Edinburgh in this way  He even called his arrangement a 'telephone ' (Robert Hooke, in his Micrographia, published in 1667, writes: 'I can assure the reader that I have, by the help of a distended wire, propagated the sound to a very considerable distance in an instant, or with as seemingly quick a motion as that of light ' Nor was it essential the wire should be straight; it might be bent into angles  This property is the basis of the mechanical or lover's telephone, said to have been known to the Chinese many centuries ago  Hooke also considered the possibility of finding a way to quicken our powers of hearing )
A writer in the Repository of Arts for 1 September 1821, in referring to the 'Enchanted Lyre,' beholds the prospect of an opera being performed at the King's Theatre, and enjoyed at the Hanover Square Rooms, or even at the Horns Tavern, Kennington  The vibrations are to travel through underground conductors, like to gas in pipes 

And if music be capable of being thus conducted,' he observes, 'perhaps the words of speech may be susceptible of the same means of propagation  The eloquence of counsel, the debates of Parliament, instead of being read the next day only, – But we shall lose ourselves in the pursuit of this curious subject Besides transmitting sounds to a distance, Wheatstone devised a simple instrument for augmenting feeble sounds, to which he gave the name of 'Microphone ' It consisted of two slender rods, which conveyed the mechanical vibrations to both ears, and is quite different from the electrical microphone of Professor Hughes 
In 1823, his uncle, the musical instrument maker, died, and Wheatstone, with his elder brother, William, took over the business  Charles had no great liking for the commercial part, but his ingenuity found a vent in making improvements on the existing instruments, and in devising philosophical toys  He also invented instruments of his own  One of the most famous was the Wheatstone concertina  It was a six sided instrument with 64 keys  These keys provided for simple chromatic fingerings  The English Concertina became increasingly famous throughout his lifetime, however it didn't reach its peak of popularity until the early 20th century 
In 1827, Wheatstone introduced his 'kaleidophone', a device for rendering the vibrations of a sounding body apparent to the eye  It consists of a metal rod, carrying at its end a silvered bead, which reflects a 'spot' of light  As the rod vibrates the spot is seen to describe complicated figures in the air, like a spark whirled about in the darkness  His photometer was probably suggested by this appliance  It enables two lights to be compared by the relative brightness of their reflections in a silvered bead, which describes a narrow ellipse, so as to draw the spots into parallel lines 
In 1828, Wheatstone improved the German wind instrument, called the Mundharmonika, until it became the popular concertina, patented on 19 December 1829  The portable harmonium is another of his inventions, which gained a prize medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851  He also improved the speaking machine of De Kempelen, and endorsed the opinion of Sir David Brewster, that before the end of this century a singing and talking apparatus would be among the conquests of science 
In 1834, Wheatstone, who had won a name for himself, was appointed to the Chair of Experimental Physics in King's College London  His first course of lectures on sound were a complete failure, due to his abhorrence of public speaking  In the rostrum he was tongue-tied and incapable, sometimes turning his back on the audience and mumbling to the diagrams on the wall  In the laboratory he felt himself at home, and ever after confined his duties mostly to demonstration 

Velocity of electricity
He achieved renown by a great experiment made in 1834 – the measurement of the velocity of electricity in a wire  He cut the wire at the middle, to form a gap which a spark might leap across, and connected its ends to the poles of a Leyden jar filled with electricity  Three sparks were thus produced, one at each end of the wire, and another at the middle  He mounted a tiny mirror on the works of a watch, so that it revolved at a high velocity, and observed the reflections of his three sparks in it  The points of the wire were so arranged that if the sparks were instantaneous, their reflections would appear in one straight line; but the middle one was seen to lag behind the others, because it was an instant later  The electricity had taken a certain time to travel from the ends of the wire to the middle  This time was found by measuring the amount of lag, and comparing it with the known velocity of the mirror  Having got the time, he had only to compare that with the length of half the wire, and he could find the velocity of electricity  His results gave a calculated velocity of 288,000 miles per second, i e  faster than what we now know to be the speed of light (299,792 458 kilometres per second (186,000 mi/s)), but were nonetheless an interesting approximation It was already appreciated by some scientists that the "velocity" of electricity was dependent on the properties of the conductor and its surroundings  Francis Ronalds had observed signal retardation in his buried electric telegraph cable (but not his airborne line) in 1816 and outlined its cause to be induction  Wheatstone witnessed these experiments as a youth, which were apparently a stimulus for his own research in telegraphy  Decades later, after the telegraph had been commercialised, Michael Faraday described how the velocity of an electric field in a submarine wire, coated with insulator and surrounded with water, is only 144,000 miles per second (232,000 km/s), or still less 
Wheatstone's device of the revolving mirror was afterwards employed by Léon Foucault and Hippolyte Fizeau to measure the relative speeds of light in air versus water, and later to measure the speed of light 

Spectroscopy
Wheatstone and others also contributed to early spectroscopy through the discovery and exploitation of spectral emission lines As John Munro wrote in 1891, "In 1835, at the Dublin meeting of the British Association, Wheatstone showed that when metals were volatilised in the electric spark, their light, examined through a prism, revealed certain rays which were characteristic of them  Thus the kind of metals which formed the sparking points could be determined by analysing the light of the spark  This suggestion has been of great service in spectrum analysis, and as applied by Robert Bunsen, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, and others, has led to the discovery of several new elements, such as rubidium and thallium, as well as increasing our knowledge of the heavenly bodies "

Telegraph
Wheatstone abandoned his idea of transmitting intelligence by the mechanical vibration of rods, and took up the electric telegraph  In 1835 he lectured on the system of Baron Schilling, and declared that the means were already known by which an electric telegraph could be made of great service to the world  He made experiments with a plan of his own, and not only proposed to lay an experimental line across the Thames, but to establish it on the London and Birmingham Railway  Before these plans were carried out, however, he received a visit from William 
Cooke at his house in Conduit Street on 27 February 1837, which had an important influence on his future 

Cooperation with Cooke
Cooke was an officer in the Madras Army, who, being home on leave, was attending some lectures on anatomy at the University of Heidelberg, where, on 6 March 1836, he witnessed a demonstration with the telegraph of professor Georg Munke, and was so impressed with its importance, that he forsook his medical studies and devoted all his efforts to the work of introducing the telegraph  He returned to London soon after, and was able to exhibit a telegraph with three needles in January 1837  Feeling his want of scientific knowledge, he consulted Michael Faraday and Peter Roget (then secretary of the Royal Society): Roget sent him to Wheatstone 
At a second interview, Cooke told Wheatstone of his intention to bring out a working telegraph, and explained his method  Wheatstone, according to his own statement, remarked to Cooke that the method would not act, and produced his own experimental telegraph  Finally, Cooke proposed that they should enter into a partnership, but Wheatstone was at first reluctant to comply  He was a well-known man of science, and had meant to publish his results without seeking to make capital of them  Cooke, on the other hand, declared that his sole object was to make a fortune from the scheme  In May they agreed to join their forces, Wheatstone contributing the scientific, and Cooke the administrative talent  The deed of partnership was dated 19 November 1837  A joint patent was taken out for their inventions, including the five-needle telegraph of Wheatstone, and an alarm worked by a relay, in which the current, by dipping a needle into mercury, completed a local circuit, and released the detent of a clockwork 
The five-needle telegraph, which was mainly, if not entirely, due to Wheatstone, was similar to that of Schilling, and based on the principle enunciated by Ampère – that is to say, the current was sent into the line by completing the circuit of the battery with a make and break key, and at the other end it passed through a coil of wire surrounding a magnetic needle free to turn round its centre  According as one pole of the battery or the other was applied to the line by means of the key, the current deflected the needle to one side or the other  There were five separate circuits actuating five different needles  The latter were pivoted in rows across the middle of a dial shaped like a diamond, and having the letters of the alphabet arranged upon it in such a way that a letter was literally pointed out by the current deflecting two of the needles towards it 

Early installations
An experimental line, with a sixth return wire, was run between the Euston terminus and Camden Town station of the London and North Western Railway on 25 July 1837  The actual distance was only one and a half-miles (2 4 km), but spare wire had been inserted in the circuit to increase its length  It was late in the evening before the trial took place  Cooke was in charge at Camden Town, while Robert Stephenson and other gentlemen looked on; and Wheatstone sat at his instrument in a dingy little room, lit by a tallow candle, near the booking-office at Euston  Wheatstone sent the first message, to which Cooke replied: and "never" said Wheatstone, "did I feel such a tumultuous sensation before, as when, all alone in the still room, I heard the needles click, and as I spelled the words, I felt all the magnitude of the invention pronounced to be practicable beyond cavil or dispute "
In spite of this trial, however, the directors of the railway treated the 'new-fangled' invention with indifference, and requested its removal  In July 1839, however, it was favoured by the Great Western Railway, and a line erected from the Paddington station terminus to West Drayton railway station, a distance of thirteen miles (21 km)  Part of the wire was laid underground at first, but subsequently all of it was raised on posts along the line  Their circuit was eventually extended to Slough in 1841, and was publicly exhibited at Paddington as a marvel of science, which could transmit fifty signals a distance of 280,000 miles per minute (7,500 km/s)  The price of admission was a shilling (£0 05), and in 1844 one fascinated observer recorded the following:

"It is perfect from the terminus of the Great Western as far as Slough – that is, eighteen miles; the wires being in some places underground in tubes, and in others high up in the air, which last, he says, is by far the best plan  We asked if the weather did not affect the wires, but he said not; a violent thunderstorm might ring a bell, but no more  We were taken into a small room (we being Mrs Drummond, Miss Philips, Harry Codrington and myself – and afterwards the Milmans and Mr Rich) where were several wooden cases containing different sorts of telegraphs  In one sort every word was spelt, and as each letter was placed in turn in a particular position, the machinery caused the electric fluid to run down the line, where it made the letter show itself at Slough, by what machinery he could not undertake to explain  After each word came a  sign from Slough, signifying "I understand", coming certainly in less  than one second from the end of the word      Another prints the messages it brings, so that if no-one attended to the bell,    the message would not be lost  This is effected by the electrical fluid causing a little hammer to strike the letter which presents itself, the letter which is raised hits some manifold writing paper (a new invention, black paper which, if pressed, leaves an indelible black mark), by which means the impression is left on white paper beneath  This was the most ingenious of all, and apparently Mr  Wheatstone's favourite; he was very good-natured in explaining but understands it so well himself that he cannot feel how little we know about it, and goes too fast for such ignorant folk to follow him in everything  Mrs Drummond told me he is wonderful for the rapidity with which he thinks and his power of invention; he invents so many things that he cannot put half his ideas into execution, but leaves them to be picked up and used by others, who get the credit of them "

Public attention and success
The public took to the new invention after the capture of the murderer John Tawell, who in 1845, had become the first person to be arrested as the result of telecommunications technology  In the same year, Wheatstone introduced two improved forms of the apparatus, namely, the 'single' and the 'double' needle instruments, in which the signals were made by the successive deflections of the needles  Of these, the single-needle instrument, requiring only one wire, is still in use The development of the telegraph may be gathered from two facts  In 1855, the death of the Emperor Nicholas at St  Petersburg, about one o'clock in the afternoon, was announced in the House of Lords a few hours later  The result of The Oaks of 1890 was received in New York fifteen seconds after the horses passed the winning-post 

Differences with Cooke
In 1841 a difference arose between Cooke and Wheatstone as to the share of each in the honour of inventing the telegraph  The question was submitted to the arbitration of the famous engineer, Marc Isambard Brunel, on behalf of Cooke, and Professor Daniell, of King's College, the inventor of the Daniell cell, on the part of Wheatstone  They awarded to Cooke the credit of having introduced the telegraph as a useful undertaking which promised to be of national importance, and to Wheatstone that of having by his researches prepared the public to receive it  They concluded with the words: 'It is to the united labours of two gentlemen so well qualified for mutual assistance that we must attribute the rapid progress which this important invention has made during five years since they have been associated ' The decision, however vague, pronounces the needle telegraph a joint production  If it had mainly been invented by Wheatstone, it was chiefly introduced by Cooke  Their respective shares in the undertaking might be compared to that of an author and his publisher, but for the fact that Cooke himself had a share in the actual work of invention 

Further work on telegraphs
From 1836–7 Wheatstone had thought a good deal about submarine telegraphs, and in 1840 he gave evidence before the Railway Committee of the House of Commons on the feasibility of the proposed line from Dover to Calais  He had even designed the machinery for making and laying the cable  In the autumn of 1844, with the assistance of J  D  Llewellyn, he submerged a length of insulated wire in Swansea Bay, and signalled through it from a boat to the Mumbles Lighthouse  Next year he suggested the use of gutta-percha for the coating of the intended wire across the English Channel 
In 1840 Wheatstone had patented an alphabetical telegraph, or, 'Wheatstone A B C instrument,' which moved with a step-by-step motion, and showed the letters of the message upon a dial  The same principle was used in his type-printing telegraph, patented in 1841  This was the first apparatus which printed a telegram in type  It was worked by two circuits, and as the type revolved a hammer, actuated by the current, pressed the required letter on the paper 
The introduction of the telegraph had so far advanced that, on 2 September 1845, the Electric Telegraph Company was registered, and Wheatstone, by his deed of partnership with Cooke, received a sum of £33,000 for the use of their joint inventions 
In 1859 Wheatstone was appointed by the Board of Trade to report on the subject of the Atlantic cables, and in 1864 he was one of the experts who advised the Atlantic Telegraph Company on the construction of the successful lines of 1865 and 1866 
In 1870 the electric telegraph lines of the United Kingdom, worked by different companies, were transferred to the Post Office, and placed under Government control 
Wheatstone further invented the automatic transmitter, in which the signals of the message are first punched out on a strip of paper (punched tape), which is then passed through the sending-key, and controls the signal currents  By substituting a mechanism for the hand in sending the message, he was able to telegraph about 100 words a minute, or five times the ordinary rate  In the Postal Telegraph service this apparatus is employed for sending Press telegrams, and it has recently been so much improved, that messages are now sent from London to Bristol at a speed of 600 words a minute, and even of 400 words a minute between London and Aberdeen  On the night of 8 April 1886, when Gladstone introduced his Bill for Home Rule in Ireland, no fewer than 1,500,000 words were dispatched from the central station at St  Martin's-le-Grand by 100 Wheatstone transmitters  The plan of sending messages by a running strip of paper which actuates the key was originally patented by Alexander Bain in 1846; but Wheatstone, aided by Augustus Stroh, an accomplished mechanician, and an able experimenter, was the first to bring the idea into successful operation  This system is often referred to as the Wheatstone Perforator and is the forerunner of the stock market ticker tape 

Optics
Stereopsis was first described by Wheatstone in 1838  In 1840 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society for his explanation of binocular vision, a research which led him to make stereoscopic drawings and construct the stereoscope  He showed that our impression of solidity is gained by the combination in the mind of two separate pictures of an object taken by both of our eyes from different points of view  Thus, in the stereoscope, an arrangement of lenses or mirrors, two photographs of the same object taken from different points are so combined as to make the object stand out with a solid aspect  Sir David Brewster improved the stereoscope by dispensing with the mirrors, and bringing it into its existing form with lenses 
The 'pseudoscope' (Wheatstone coined the term from the Greek ψευδίς σκοπειν) was introduced in 1852, and is in some sort the reverse of the stereoscope, since it causes a solid object to seem hollow, and a nearer one to be farther off; thus, a bust appears to be a mask, and a tree growing outside of a window looks as if it were growing inside the room  Its purpose was to test his theory of stereo vision and for investigations into what would now be called experimental psychology 

Measuring time
In 1840, Wheatstone introduced his chronoscope, for measuring minute intervals of time, which was used in determining the speed of a bullet or the passage of a star  In this apparatus an electric current actuated an electro-magnet, which noted the instant of an occurrence by means of a pencil on a moving paper  It is said to have been capable of distinguishing 1/7300 part of a second (137 microsecond), and the time a body took to fall from a height of one inch (25 mm) 
On 26 November 1840, he exhibited his electro-magnetic clock in the library of the Royal Society, and propounded a plan for distributing the correct time from a standard clock to a number of local timepieces  The circuits of these were to be electrified by a key or contact-maker actuated by the arbour of the standard, and their hands corrected by electro-magnetism  The following January Alexander Bain took out a patent for an electro-magnetic clock, and he subsequently charged Wheatstone with appropriating his ideas  It appears that Bain worked as a mechanist to Wheatstone from August to December 1840, and he asserted that he had communicated the idea of an electric clock to Wheatstone during that period; but Wheatstone maintained that he had experimented in that direction during May  Bain further accused Wheatstone of stealing his idea of the electro-magnetic printing telegraph; but Wheatstone showed that the instrument was only a modification of his own electro-magnetic telegraph 
In 1840, Alexander Bain mentioned to the Mechanics Magazine editor his financial problems  The editor introduced him to Sir Charles Wheatstone  Bain demonstrated his models to Wheatstone, who, when asked for his opinion, said "Oh, I shouldn't bother to develop these things any further! There's no future in them " Three months later Wheatstone demonstrated an electric clock to the Royal Society, claiming it was his own invention  However, Bain had already applied for a patent for it  Wheatstone tried to block Bain's patents, but failed  When Wheatstone organised an Act of Parliament to set up the Electric Telegraph Company, the House of Lords summoned Bain to give evidence, and eventually compelled the company to pay Bain £10,000 and give him a job as manager, causing Wheatstone to resign 

Polar clock
One of Wheatstone's most ingenious devices was the 'Polar clock,' exhibited at the meeting of the British Association in 1848  It is based on the fact discovered by Sir David Brewster, that the light of the sky is polarised in a plane at an angle of ninety degrees from the position of the sun  It follows that by discovering that plane of polarisation, and measuring its azimuth with respect to the north, the position of the sun, although beneath the horizon, could be determined, and the apparent solar time obtained 
The clock consisted of a spyglass, having a Nicol (double-image) prism for an eyepiece, and a thin plate of selenite for an object-glass  When the tube was directed to the North Pole—that is, parallel to the Earth's axis—and the prism of the eyepiece turned until no colour was seen, the angle of turning, as shown by an index moving with the prism over a graduated limb, gave the hour of day  The device is of little service in a country where watches are reliable; but it formed part of the equipment of the 1875–1876 North Polar expedition commanded by Captain Nares 

Wheatstone bridge
In 1843 Wheatstone communicated an important paper to the Royal Society, entitled 'An Account of Several New Processes for Determining the Constants of a Voltaic Circuit ' It contained an exposition of the well known balance for measuring the electrical resistance of a conductor, which still goes by the name of Wheatstone's Bridge or balance, although it was first devised by Samuel Hunter Christie, of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, who published it in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833  The method was neglected until Wheatstone brought it into notice His paper abounds with simple and practical formulae for the calculation of currents and resistances by the law of Ohm  He introduced a unit of resistance, namely, a foot of copper wire weighing one hundred grains (6 5 g), and showed how it might be applied to measure the length of wire by its resistance  He was awarded a medal for his paper by the Society  The same year he invented an apparatus which enabled the reading of a thermometer or a barometer to be registered at a distance by means of an electric contact made by the mercury  A sound telegraph, in which the signals were given by the strokes of a bell, was also patented by Cooke and Wheatstone in May of that year 

Cryptography
Wheatstone's remarkable ingenuity was also displayed in the invention of ciphers  He was responsible for the then unusual Playfair cipher, named after his friend Lord Playfair  It was used by the militaries of several nations through at least World War I, and is known to have been used during World War II by British intelligence services It was initially resistant to cryptanalysis, but methods were eventually developed to break it  He also became involved in the interpretation of cipher manuscripts in the British Museum  He devised a cryptograph or machine for turning a message into cipher which could only be interpreted by putting the cipher into a corresponding machine adjusted to decrypt it 
As an amateur mathematician, Wheatstone published a mathematical proof in 1854 (see Cube (algebra)) 

Electrical generators
In 1840, Wheatstone brought out his magneto-electric machine for generating continuous currents 
On 4 February 1867, he published the principle of reaction in the dynamo-electric machine by a paper to the Royal Society; but Mr  C  W  Siemens had communicated the identical discovery ten days earlier, and both papers were read on the same day 
It afterwards appeared that Werner von Siemens, Samuel Alfred Varley, and Wheatstone had independently arrived at the principle within a few months of each other  Varley patented it on 24 December 1866; Siemens called attention to it on 17 January 1867; and Wheatstone exhibited it in action at the Royal Society on the above date 

Disputes over invention
Wheatstone was involved in various disputes with other scientists throughout his life regarding his role in different technologies and appeared at times to take more credit than he was due  As well as William Fothergill Cooke, Alexander Bain and David Brewster, mentioned above, these also included Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory  Wheatstone was erroneously believed by many to have created the atmospheric electricity observing apparatus that Ronalds invented and developed at the observatory in the 1840s and also to have installed the first automatic recording meteorological instruments there (see for example, Howarth, p158) 

Personal life
Wheatstone married Emma West, spinster, a daughter of John Hooke West, deceased, at Christ Church, Marylebone, on 12 February 1847  The marriage was by licence 

See also
William Fothergill Cooke
Oliver Heaviside



ground_truth: Alkohol

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who lived longer, Charles Wheatstone or Jean-Claude Lauzon?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Duke Ding of Qi
Duke Ding of Qi (Chinese: 齊丁公; pinyin: Qí Dīng Gōng; reigned c  10th century BC) was the second recorded ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Qi during the Western Zhou Dynasty   His personal name was Lü Ji (呂伋) and ancestral name was Jiang (姜) According to classical Chinese texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian and Zuo Zhuan, Duke Ding succeeded his father Lü Shang, Duke Tai of Qi, who was said to have been a centenarian   Duke Ding supposedly served King Kang of Zhou along with other major vassal state rulers including Xiong Yi, viscount of Chu, Count Kang of Wey (衞康伯), Xie, Marquis of Jin and Boqin, Duke of Lu   However, most modern historians believe Duke Ding was in fact the fifth-generation descendant of Duke Tai, and he could not have served King Kang of Zhou After Duke Ding died, he was succeeded by his son Duke Yǐ of Qi 

Family
Wives:

The mother of Crown Prince Dexing and Prince DeSons:

Prince Heng (公子衡), the progenitor of the Nie (聶) lineage
Served as the Minister of War of Wey
Fourth son, Crown Prince Dexing (世子德興), the progenitor of the Cui lineage and the father of Count Mu of Cui (崔穆伯)
Prince De (公子得; d  933 BC), ruled as Duke Yǐ of Qi from 974–933 BC
A son who ruled as the Count of Yi (懿)

Ancestry
Passage 2:
Tjuyu
Thuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya  She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun 

Biography
Thuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt  She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min  She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes   She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty   She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s 

Children
Yuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III  The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals 
Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun  However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim 

Tomb
Thuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905  It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson  The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M  Davis  Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb  It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them  Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall  Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus  Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin 

Mummy
Thuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages  These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil  The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar  The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith  He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1 495 metres (4 90 ft) in height, with white hair  Both of her earlobes had two piercings  Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs  Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen  When Dr  Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals  Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone  Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old  Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen  Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat  Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars  Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays  The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees  No cause of death could be determined  Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191 

Archaeological items pertaining to Thuya
Passage 3:
King Cheng of Zhou
King Cheng of Zhou (Chinese: 周成王; pinyin: Zhōu Chéng Wáng; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Ch‘êng2 Wang2), personal name Ji Song (姬誦), was the second king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty  The dates of his reign are 1042–1021 BCE or 1042/35–1006 BCE  His parents were King Wu of Zhou and Queen Yi Jiang (邑姜) King Cheng was young when he ascended the throne  His uncle, Duke of Zhou, fearing that Shang forces might rise again under the possible weak rule of a young ruler, became the regent and supervised government affairs for several years  Duke of Zhou established the eastern capital at Luoyang, and later defeated a rebellion by Cheng's uncles Cai Shu, Guan Shu and Huo Shu King Cheng later stabilized the Zhou dynasty's border by defeating several barbarian tribes along with the Duke of Zhou 

Family
Queens:

Wang Si, of the Si clan (王姒 姒姓), the mother of Crown Prince ZhaoSons:

Crown Prince Zhao (太子釗; 1040–996 BC), ruled as King Kang of Zhou from 1020 to 996 BC

Ancestry
See also
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors
Passage 4:
King Kang of Zhou
King Kang of Zhou, personal name Ji Zhao, was the third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and son of King Cheng of Zhou  The dates of his reign are 1020–996 BC or 1005–978 BC King Kang followed his father's policy and expanded the Zhou territory in the North and in the West  He also repressed a rebellion in the east  Life prospered in the Zhou Dynasty under Kang’s rule 
His was succeeded by his son King Zhao of Zhou 

Family
Queens:

Wang Jiang, of the Jiang clan (王姜 姜姓), the mother of Crown Prince XiaSons:

Crown Prince Xia (太子瑕; 1027–977 BC), ruled as King Zhao of Zhou from 995–977 BC

Ancestry
See also
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors
Passage 5:
King Ding of Zhou
King Ding of Zhou (Chinese: 周定王; pinyin: Zhōu Dìng Wáng), personal name Ji Yu, was the twenty-first king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the ninth of Eastern Zhou  He was a son of King Qing of Zhou and brother of King Kuang of Zhou He sent an official named Wangsun Man to present gifts to the Chu army  He met Prince Zhuang 

Family
Spouse:

Queen Ding of Zhou, of the Jiang clan of Qi (周定後 姜姓), possibly a daughter of Duke Hui of Qi; married in 603 BCSons:

Prince Yi (王子夷; d  572 BC), ruled as King Jian of Zhou from 585–572 BC

Ancestry
See also
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors


== Sources ==
Passage 6:
Hubba bint Hulail
Hubba bint Hulail (Arabic: حبة بنت هليل) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

Biography
Hubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: كَـعْـبَـة, 'Cube')  She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her  Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him 
Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf  Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah  Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar  He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: عـيـن, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah 

Family
Qusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah  They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah  Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome 
Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way  Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah  She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah 

Family tree
* indicates that the marriage order is disputed
Note that direct lineage is marked in bold 

See also
Family tree of Muhammad
List of notable Hijazis
Passage 7:
Duke of Shao
Shi, Duke of Shao (died c  1000 BCE), born Ji Shi, posthumous name Kang (康), also known as Lord of Shao or Duke of Shao, Duke Kang of Shao, and Grand Protector Shi, was a high-ranking minister of the early Zhou dynasty  He was a member of the royal clan  After King Wu of Zhou's death, Lord Shao supported the Duke of Zhou in his regency and helped suppress the Rebellion of the Three Guards  He remained a major figure at court for decades 

Royal kin
The earliest biography of Lord Shao, in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, states merely that he was a member of same ancestral temple kinship group as the house of Zhou  Wang Chong's Lunheng calls him the elder brother of the Duke of Zhou  Huangfu Mi states Lord Shao was the son of King Wen of Zhou by a concubine  Modern scholarship has not significantly modified this view



ground_truth: Charles Wheatstone

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandmother of King Kang Of Zhou?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Edward Shaughnessy called Lord Shao half-brother to the Duke of Zhou in a 1989 paper  Maria Khayutina, writing in 2015, reads the Gu Ming (顧命) chapter of the Shangshu as ordering the lineages who visit the ailing King Cheng of Zhou by their seniority rank within the Ji ancestral temple  With Shao in the first position, prior to the lineages founded by the sons of King Wen she reasons this lineage was founded earlier 

Early career
For his role in the Zhou conquest of Shang, King Wu created Lord Shao the regional lord of Yan, but he never went to his lands, sending a son to mind them in his stead  Lord Shao was also appointed as the Grand Protector (太保), one of the Three Ducal Ministers, the highest ministerial positions in the capital  The Duke of Zhou was another 
Two years after the conquest, before Zhou power had been completely consolidated, King Wu was dead  His son was considered too young to be fit to rule, and the Duke of Zhou unilaterally took power  The preceding Shang dynasty had handled succession by distributed agnatic seniority, a pattern which followed would have put the Duke of Zhou next in line for the throne  An illegally excavated manuscript version of a chapter of Shangshu, part of the Tsinghua bamboo slips, allows for the reading that the Duke of Zhou had performed a sacrifice to the ancestral spirits to divine whether he was their chosen successor to the ailing King Wu  The traditional reading interprets this passage to indicate the Duke of Zhou offering his life if the king's could be spared  In both readings, this ceremony is suggested by the other two Ducal Ministers Traditionally, the Duke of Zhou is considered to have assumed regency rather than kingship  In any case, the son of the vanquished Shang king and affiliated groups, possibly aided by Zhou royal brothers, took the opportunity to rebel in an action called the Rebellion of the Three Guards  Lord Shao allied with the Duke of Zhou, and after three years the rebellion was suppressed 

Sharing power
With the violence quelled, King Wu's son, now three years less young, along with the victorious Lord Shao and Duke of Zhou, entered into a triple alliance, sharing power delicately between them  Lord Shao was given power over the lands to the west of the twin capitals Feng and Hao, on the Wei river in present day Xi'an, Shaanxi  This included his lineage's power base near the predynastic Zhou capital of Xishan; the Duke of Zhou was given control over the lands to the east   It was during this timeframe Lord Shao went to survey the site of the new capital city Luoyi (present day Luoyang, Henan), which would control both the strategic ford which had facilitated the Zhou conquest in the first place, as well as the pass through the mountains to the Zhou homeland  The portents were also auspicious, and Lord Shao had rammed earth city wall constructed in a month's time Multiple episodes carried by the Shangshu relate to this period of time, and two in particular relate to each other and the power struggle at court  Jun Shi (君奭), a piece of persuasive writing from the Duke of Zhou to Lord Shao is one, and the other is Shao Gao (召誥), mostly by Lord Shao 
The language is archaic, and admits multiple readings  The traditional reading takes into account a cryptic statement that Lord Shao was unhappy at court to read Jun Shi as a plea from Lord Shao to remain in his position and help coadminister government affairs until the new king is ready  Shao Gao is then read as an exhortation to the new king to do a good job An alternative reading pits the two chapters against one another, with Lord Shao highlighting how the Mandate of Heaven flows only to the eldest son, and the Duke of Zhou calling upon a panoply of worthy ministers of yore to support his platform of how crucial capable ministers are to good government, quoting Lord Shao's own words back at him about how the two of them would work together, asserting that heaven's mandate had come jointly to the Zhou as a group, and ending with an impassioned plea where he addresses Lord Shao as his brother Although the two texts are clearly closely related, which is the response to the other is debated  And whether they are read from a traditional or revisionist viewpoint, regardless of the personal, political, or philosophical motives behind either man's words, soon thereafter the young King Cheng stepped fully into his authority, and the Duke of Zhou disappeared from the political scene for the remainder of his life 

Longevity
Lord Shao served four generations of Zhou kings: King Wen, King Wu, King Cheng, and King Kang  He features prominently in the later Shangshu chapter Gu Ming, which describes the inauguration ritual of King Kang  In it, Lord Shao can be seen to command great respect at court  He is listed first in each enumeration of participants, gives orders to other functionaries to help prepare for the proceedings, performs ritual actions rivaled only by the new king and the Master Ritualist, and reads the command of accession to the king Wang Chong's Lunheng claims that Lord Shao lived over a hundred years, and epigraphic records securely dateable to the middle years of King Kang's reign tend to support rather than refute this claim The Classic of Poetry ode "The Sweet Pears" (甘棠) is said to have been composed in his honour 
Passage 8:
King An of Zhou
King An of Zhou (Chinese: 周安王; pinyin: Zhōu Ān Wáng), personal name Ji Jiao, was the thirty-third king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the twenty-first of the Eastern Zhou He succeeded his father King Weilie of Zhou on the throne of China in 401 BC and reigned until his death in 376 BC  After he died, his son King Lie of Zhou ruled over China  His other son was King Xian of Zhou 

Family
Sons:

Prince Xi (王子喜; d  369 BC), ruled as King Lie of Zhou from 375–369 BC
Prince Bian (王子扁; d  321 BC), ruled as King Xian of Zhou from 368–321 BC

Ancestry
See also
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors
Passage 9:
Shu Yu of Tang
Shu Yu of Tang (Chinese: 唐叔虞; pinyin: Táng Shū Yú; lit  'Yu, [Royal] Uncle of Tang'), ancestral name (姓): Ji (姬) given name (名): Yu (虞),  and Ziyu (子於), was the founder of the State of Tang during the early Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BC) of ancient China  The State of Tang would later be renamed Jin by Shu Yu's son and successor, Xie  He was the son of King Wu of Zhou and Yi Jiang and the younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou Shortly after the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou died  His son, Prince Song, ascended the throne and became King Cheng of Zhou  Since he was very young and too inexperienced to run the newly founded dynasty, his uncle, the Duke of Zhou, served as regent and handled all political affairs until King Cheng of Zhou became old enough to rule  In the year that King Cheng of Zhou ascended the throne, the people of a land called Tang (唐) rebelled, so the Duke of Zhou conquered them 
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, one day, King Cheng of Zhou was playing with his younger brother, Prince Yu  King Cheng of Zhou suddenly picked up a parasol tree leaf and gave it to Prince Yu  Then he said playfully," Let this be a proof that I will make you a feudal lord " Prince Yu happily got the leaf and he then told this to the Duke of Zhou  The Duke of Zhou thought that whatever the young King Cheng of Zhou said should not be taken lightly since he was the king 
The Duke of Zhou approached the young king and asked him if it were true  The young king said that he was just joking with his brother  Then the Duke of Zhou replied, "A sovereign must not joke about the things he says and do as what he has said " The young king thought it was reasonable and gave the recent conquered called Tang land, west of modern Yicheng County in Shanxi, to his brother, Prince Yu 
Shu Yu's son and successor, Xie, moved the capital Jiang nearer to the Jin River and renamed the state Jin 
Jinci was a shrine in Taiyuan dedicated to Shu Yu  It is a major historical and cultural site protected at the national level in People's republic of China 

See also
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors
Passage 10:
King Kang of Chu
King Kang of Chu (Chinese: 楚康王; pinyin: Chǔ Kāng Wáng, died 545 BC) was from 559 to 545 BC the king of Chu, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China   Born Xiong Zhao (Chinese: 熊招), he succeeded his father King Gong of Chu   His reign was marked by constant wars with Jin, Chu's traditional enemy, and Wu, its new enemy   He ruled for 15 years and was succeeded by his son, Jia'ao, who would four years later be murdered by King Kang's younger brother King Ling of Chu 

Battle of Yongpu
When King Kang's father King Gong died in 560 BC, Chu's enemy Wu seized the opportunity to invade Chu   Chief military commander Zigeng (子庚) and general Yang Youji (养由基) led the Chu army to repel the invaders   After the initial fight Zigeng feigned defeat   The Wu army chased the retreating Chu army to Yongpu (庸浦, in present-day Wuwei County, Anhui Province), where they fell into an ambush and were soundly defeated   Prince Dang, the commander of the Wu army, was captured 

Battle of Zhanban
In 557 BC, just three years after the Battle of Yongpu, Chu fought the last major battle with its traditional enemy Jin at Zhanban (湛阪, in present-day Pingdingshan, Henan Province)   Chu was defeated and lost all of its territory north of Fangcheng, the Great Wall of Chu  The Battle of Zhanban marked the end of the eight-decade-long Jin-Chu rivalry, as a weakened Chu would be consumed by numerous wars with its new enemy Wu, culminating in the 506 BC Battle of Boju, when the Wu army would capture and destroy the Chu capital Ying   Meanwhile, Jin was increasingly riven by internal strife that would ultimately lead to its partition into the new states of Han, Zhao, and Wei 

Conquest of Shujiu
In 549 BC Duke Ping of Jin attacked the Chu ally Qi   To help Qi, Chu attacked the Jin ally Zheng   King Zhufan of Wu seized the opportunity and induced the Chu vassal state Shujiu (舒鸠, in present-day Shucheng County, Anhui Province) to switch its allegiance to Wu   The next year, Chu prime minister Qu Jian (屈建, also known as Zimu) and general Zijiang (子彊) led an army to punish Shujiu, again ambushing and routing the Wu army   Chu then annexed Shujiu 

Battle of Chaocheng
In 548 BC, soon after Wu's defeat at Shujiu, King Zhufan personally led an army to again invade Chu, attacking the Chu city Chaocheng (巢城)   Greatly outnumbered by the Wu army, Chu general Niu Chen (牛臣) pretended to give up Chaocheng and left the city gate wide open   When the unsuspecting Zhufan entered the city, Niu Chen shot and killed him with an arrow   The Wu army fell into chaos and was again defeated   Zhufan's brother Yuji succeeded him as king of Wu 

Succession
King Kang was the eldest of King Gong's five sons, four of whom would ascend the throne   When King Kang died in 545 BC after 15 years of reign he was succeeded by his son Xiong Yuan (posthumous title Jia'ao) and King Kang's younger brother Prince Wei served as the prime minister   Four years later, Prince Wei murdered Jia'ao and his two sons when he was ill, and usurped the throne   Prince Wei was later given the pejorative posthumous title King Ling of Chu In 529 BC when King Ling was on an expedition against the State of Xu, his three younger brothers staged a coup d'etat and killed his son Crown Prince Lu   Xiong Bi, the third brother, ascended the throne (posthumous title Zi'ao), and the fourth brother Prince Zixi became the prime minister   When news of the coup reached King Ling's troops they abandoned him en masse, and in desperation King Ling killed himself However, Xiong Qiji, the fifth brother, concealed the truth about King Ling's death from Zi'ao and Zixi   Instead, he pretended to be defeated by King Ling and said the king would soon return to the capital   Zi'ao and Zixi were so fearful that they both committed suicide; Zi'ao had been king for less than twenty days   Prince Qiji then ascended the throne and would come to be known as King Ping of Chu 

Family tree



ground_truth: Yi Jiang