prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Tiger In The Smoke or Contragolpe?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Traces of Smoke
Traces of Smoke or  Rooksporen  is a 1992 Dutch drama film directed by Frans van de Staak 

Cast
Marlies Heuer	    	De vrouw
Peter Blok	    	De vragensteller
Joop Admiraal
Rein Bloem
Sacha Bulthuis
Carine Crutzen
Hildegard Draayer
René Eljon
Andrea den Haring
Hans Hausdörfer
Thom Hoffman
Ineke Holzhaus
Ingrid Kuipers
Willem Kwakkelstein
Johan Leysen
Colla Marsman
Tessa du Mee
Wim Meuwissen
Titus Muizelaar
Frieda Pittoors
Lineke Rijxman
Hanneke Stark
Catherine ten Bruggencate
Huub van der Lubbe
Manouk van der Meulen
Anke Van't Hof
Hilt de Vos
Nico de Vries

External links
Rooksporen at IMDb
Passage 2:
Contragolpe
Contragolpe is a 1979 Argentine drama film directed by Alejandro Doria 

Cast
Marcelo Alfaro	    	Gigolo 1
Enrique Alonso
Alberto Argibay
Raúl Aubel
Aldo Barbero
Sergio Bellotti
Héctor Bidonde
Luisina Brando
Rodolfo Brindisi
Cecilia Cenci
Marta Cerain
Martín Coria	    	Detenido
Lito Cruz	    	Juan de Dios Tolosa / Carmelo Di Prisco
Felice D'Amore
Héctor da Rosa
Ricardo Fassan
Ana María Giunta
Adela Gleijer
Jorge Marrale
Daniel Miglioranza
Gloria Necon
Julio Pelieri
Ignacio Quirós
Gigi Rua
Tina Serrano
Juan Manuel Tenuta
Osvaldo Terranova
Beatriz Thibaudin

External links
Contragolpe at IMDb
Passage 3:
Zeng Chao
Zeng Chao (Chinese: 曾超; pinyin: Zēng Chāo; Mandarin pronunciation: [tsə́ŋ ʈʂʰáʊ]; born 23 January 1993) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Guangzhou R&F in the Chinese Super League 

Club career
Zeng Chao started his football career when he joined Shandong Luneng's youth academy with Liu Binbin in 2005  He played for China League Two side Shandong Youth in 2011 and 2012  Failing to promote to the first team, Zeng transferred to Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F in 2014  He was loaned to China League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave for half season in July 2014  He played 14 matches and scored 2 goals in the 2014 season as Guangdong Sunray Cave avoided to relegate to the third tier  
Zeng was promoted to Guangzhou R&F's first team squad in July 2015  He made his Super League debut on 23 April 2016 against Jiangsu Suning, coming on for Tang Miao in the 80th minute  He scored his Super League goal two minutes after the substitution, which ensured Guangzhou R&F tied with Jiangsu Suning 1–1  He scored three goals in 22 league appearances in the 2016 season and extended his contract with the club for five years on 7 November 2016 Zeng transferred to his hometown club Meizhou Meixian Techand who newly promoted to China League One on 1 January 2018  On 10 March 2018, he made his debut for the club in the season's opener against Yanbian Funde  On 7 November 2018, he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw against Shaanxi Chang'an Athletic in the first leg of 2018 China League One Relegation play-offs 

Career statistics
As of 31 December 2020 
Passage 4:
Alexis Ramos
Alexis Ramos (born 13 April 1989) is an Argentine footballer 

Club career
Born in San Carlos de Bolívar, Ramos began playing football in the youth system of local side Aldosivi  He played with the club's senior side for one and one-half seasons before embarking on an extended spell in the Argentine regional leagues with Concepción Fútbol Club, Ferro Carril Oeste de General Pico, Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay, Estudiantes de Río Cuarto, Independiente de Chivilcoy, General Paz Juniors and Huracán de Goya After a spell playing for A D  Isidro Metapán in El Salvador, Ramos played for El Tanque Sisley in the 2017 Uruguayan Primera División  After El Tanque Sisley withdrew from the 2018 league, he joined Venezuelan Primera División side Metropolitanos F C Alexis Ramos made his debut in Cambodia League in 2019 For Angkor Tiger 
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
Alejandro Doria
Alejandro Doria (November 1, 1936 – June 17, 2009) was a noted Argentine cinema and television director 

Life and work
Born in Buenos Aires in 1936, he first worked for Argentine television in 1965 as a writer for a local variety show, Show rambler 
He first directed professionally for Adorable Professor Aldao, a 1968 romantic comedy series  
Doria's contract to direct the 1969 season of a top-rated sitcom, Nuestra galleguita (Our Galician Girl), secured his career in Argentine /television, and he directed numerous series during the early 1970s and was a guest producer several times for Alta Comedia, a comedy showcase Doria first directed for the cinema in 1974  The political satire by José Dominiani, Proceso a la infamia (Infamy on Trial), ran afoul of the newly appointed National Film Rater, Miguel Paulino Tato, however  Unable to work professionally for four years, Doria obtained his film's release in 1978, though the new, heavily edited version was panned by its audiences and director, alike  In demand following his long absence, Doria directed two thrillers in 1979: a film adaptation of Marco Denevi's Contragolpe (Retribution), and of Aída Bortnik's La isla  Collaborating with Bortnik on La isla's screenplay, the psychological thriller earned Doria a special mention at the Montreal World Film Festival  He wrote and directed one of the few well-known horror titles in Argentine film, Los miedos (Fears), in 1980, and in 1982, directed a film adaptation of Silvina Bullrich's best-selling Los Pasajeros del jardín (Wanderers in the Garden) - Bullrich's nostalgic, autobiographical look at her happy and all-too-brief second marriage The return of democracy in Argentina in 1983 was accompanied by a revival in local film and theatre production  Doria and Uruguayan screenwriter Jacobo Langsner wrote a script based on a concept created by another Uruguayan artist, veteran leading lady China Zorrilla  Their drama, Darse cuenta (Realization), was a critical and commercial success in 1984 Doria and Langsner were then reunited for the making of Esperando la carroza (Waiting for the Hearse)  The 1985 black comedy looked at a typical Argentine family and their struggles with each other and their mischievous, nonagenarian matriarch  The film became a cult classic, though another director's sequel written by Langsner and released in 2009 was unsuccessful Doria and Langsner then turned to recent history in Argentina with Sofia  The 1987 tragedy dealt with a chance encounter and a May–December love affair amid the oppressive Dirty War against dissidents  The harrowing portrayal, however, received little notice  Doria returned to the family comedy genre in 1990 with Cien veces no debo (I Don't Owe 100 Times Over) - a comedy of errors revolving around bad news for a neurotic, middle-class family  Doria then returned to television, directing a number of soap operas and a segment in an episodic homage to the victims of the 1994 AMIA bombing (the worst terrorist attack in Argentine history) 
His reputation as a leading filmmaker in Argentine cinema was restored with the 2006 release of Las manos (The Hands) a bio-pic on the life of Father Mario Pantaleo, an Argentine priest who incurred the Vatican's wrath following reports he possessed healing hands  The drama earned numerous prizes in Argentina and in prestigious international film festivals, notably the Huelva Latin American Film Festival and Cartagena Film Festival  Doria more recently directed Doce horas (12 Hours) and Tuya (Yours), titles scheduled for release in 2010  Pneumonia cost the filmmaker his life on June 17, 2009, however, at age 72 

Filmography
Proceso a la infamia - 1974
Contragolpe - 1979
The Island (La Isla) - 1979
Fears (Los Miedos) - 1980
Los Pasajeros del jardín - 1982
State of Reality (Darse cuenta) - 1984
Waiting for the Hearse (Esperando la carroza) - 1985
Sofía - 1987
I Don't Owe 100 Times (Cien veces no debo) - 1990
18-J - 2004
The Hands (Las manos) - 2006
Passage 7:
Tiger in the Smoke
Tiger in the Smoke is a 1956 British crime film directed by Roy Ward Baker (billed as Roy Baker) and starring Donald Sinden, Muriel Pavlow, Tony Wright, Bernard Miles and Christopher Rhodes  It is based on the 1952 novel The Tiger in the Smoke by Margery Allingham, although the film omits the principal character of Albert Campion  The film is set in a noirish smog-shrouded London and briefly in Brittany, France, and combines the genres of mystery, thriller, crime and drama  The cinematography was by Geoffrey Unsworth Except for the omission of Campion, the film follows the plot of the book very closely  It was shot at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art director Jack Maxsted 

Plot
Having been sent a picture of her husband, a war hero reported missing in action in France, Meg Elgin, now engaged to her fiancé Geoffrey Leavitt, is led to believe he is still alive and arranges a meeting at a London railway station  When she arrives there with the police accompanying her, she catches sight of a man in the distance wearing an old coat of her husband's  When he is pursued and captured, he turns out to be Duds Morrison, a former soldier and out-of-work actor recently let out of prison  He refuses to tell them anything, and having nothing they can charge him with, the police release him 
His interest aroused by the pictures sent to Meg, Leavitt follows Morrison and tries to question him about his sudden appearance masquerading as Meg’s dead husband  Morrison again refuses to talk, and tries to flee from Leavitt into an alley, but he is set upon by a group of street musicians who beat him to death, and also take Leavitt as a prisoner 
The musicians are ex-commandos and former comrades of Morrison, with whom they had served on a raid in Brittany in the war  The commander of the raid had been Meg's husband, Major Elgin  The men had been led to believe that Elgin knew about secreted treasure in a house in Brittany which he owned before the war, and they are desperate to get their hands on it  They want to find their former sergeant, named Jack Havoc, who has recently escaped from prison, committed several murders, and who they believe knows where the treasure is  They had attacked Morrison because they suspected he was an accomplice of Havoc, and then captured Leavitt believing he was Havoc 
Still wearing their old uniforms, they have spent the past few years carving out a living as street musicians, begging from passers by  Realising that releasing Leavitt might open them to being charged for the murder of Morrison, they bind him up and keep him as a prisoner  He is rescued later by a beat constable, sent by the CID to investigate the squat while the musicians are out  
Leavitt returns to Meg and together they head to Brittany to find the treasure, having learned of its location from a message left by Major Elgin  Havoc, having united with his former comrades and also learned of the treasure's location, also travels to France, where he angrily discovers that when Major Elgin had spoken of his ‘priceless’ treasure, he had been referring to its artistic beauty rather than its monetary worth: it is a small statue of the Madonna  He is apprehended in a confrontation on the nearby cliffs with Leavitt and the French police 

Cast
Production
Roy Ward Baker was offered the job of directing by producer Leslie Parkin, who worked with him on Morning Departure  Marjorie Allingham was one of Baker's favourite authors  As screenwriter Änthony Pelissier was also writing a television special,  Baker helped write the script  He later said Allingham "was a very bizarre writer  Her books appear to be very realistic and straightforward detective stories, thrillers and suspense  But she's not like Dorothy Sayers, she's right off on her own and there's a sort of bizarreness which is very difficult to catch  I didn't get it  I think I got some of it occasionally where a number of the character were just plain daft "Baker felt the film "was a failure " He felt "One of the problems with the picture is that the central character doesn't appear until at least a third of the way through  It should be a man with an overwhelming personality, not macho but real strength, real evil and he is a determined villain "Baker felt this role should have been played by someone like Jack Hawkins or Stanley Baker but John Davis insisted they use Tony Wright  He elaborated

Sometimes people get picked up for a part, a star part, in a good movie, and they’re just not right for it, and they can’t do it, and it ruins them for the rest of their lives  It blows it completely for them  Tony Wright did do, in fact, a lot of work after that, but he never really caught on as a major personality   It’s too bad, and it wrecked the film, and it wrecked this poor man’s career 

Reception
Variety called it "An intriguing, nearly plausible  Screenplay has been made    With a sterling cast, and not over complicated plot, the result is good 
general entertainment      Tony Wright is making his mark in the cold killer type of roles and this  one fits him like a glove "Baker said "it was an unsuccessful picture but it really was quite an important picture in my own development" as "it did me a lot of good in the studio     even during the making it did attract quite a lot of attention and publicity so it was more important than you would think given it was not a successful film  But there were a lot of things in it which were well done and well brought off "
Passage 8:
Li Jianhua (footballer)
Li Jianhua (Chinese: 李健华; pinyin: Lǐ Jiànhuá; Jyutping: Lei5 Gin6waa4) is a retired Chinese footballer who last played as a defender for Guangdong South China Tiger in the China League One 

Club career
He started his career in the 2002 season, quickly establishing himself with 21 appearances and scoring 1 goal in his debut season  Becoming a regular with the Shenzhen Shangqingyin team his highest achievement came in the 2004 Chinese Super League season when Shenzhen won the title, he continued to remain with the team for several further seasons despite them unable to build on their achievements, even flirting with relegation in the 2007 China Super League season  In the beginning of the 2009 season, he transferred to Guangzhou Pharmaceutical F C , which was later named Guangzhou Evergrande 
Along with his teammates Jiang Ning and Wu Pingfeng, Li transferred to Guangzhou Evergrande's opponent Guangzhou R&F in January 2013  He left Guangzhou R&F at the end of 2015 and played for amateur team Shenzhen Baoxin in 2016  On 9 November 2016, Li was signed by his hometown club Meixian Hakka in the China League Two 

International career
Li Jianhua would make his debut against Mexico on 16 April 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 1-0 friendly loss  He would make another substitute appearance for China against El Salvador for another friendly on 23 April 2008, which ended in a 2-2 draw 

Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 3 November 2018 

Honours
Club
Shenzhen Jianlibao

Chinese Super League:  2004Guangzhou Evergrande

Chinese Super League: 2011, 2012
China League One:  2010
Chinese FA Cup: 2012
Chinese FA Super Cup: 2012
Passage 9:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 10:
Roy Ward Baker
Roy Ward Baker (born Roy Horace Baker; 19 December 1916 – 5 October 2010) was an English film director  His best known film is A Night to Remember (1958) which won a Golden Globe for Best English-Language Foreign Film in 1959  His later career included many horror films and television shows 

Early life and career
Born in London where his father was a Billingsgate fish merchant, Baker was educated at a Lycée in Rouen, France, and at the City of London School 

Career
From 1934 to 1939, Baker worked for Gainsborough Pictures, a British film production company based in the Islington district of London  His first jobs were menial, making tea for crew members, for example, but by 1938 he had risen to the level of assistant director on Alfred Hitchcock's The Lady Vanishes (1938) 
He served in the Army during the Second World War, transferring to the Army Kinematograph Unit in 1943 to make better use of his skills as a production manager and director on documentaries  One of his superiors at the time was novelist Eric Ambler, who insisted on Baker being given his first big break directing The October Man, from an Ambler screenplay, in 1947  Ambler also adapted Walter Lord's A Night to Remember for Baker's 1958 screen version  His next two films, The Weaker Sex (1948) and Paper Orchid (1949) were popular but overshadowed by the success of Morning Departure (1950), also featuring John Mills 
Morning Departure drew international attention to Baker's talent and prompted Darryl Zanuck, production head of 20th Century Fox, to invite him to Hollywood, though his first film for the company - I'll Never Forget You - was made in the UK  During the early 1950s, Baker worked for three years at Fox where he directed Marilyn Monroe in Don't Bother to Knock (1952) and Robert Ryan in the 3D film noir Inferno (1953)  He returned to the UK in 1953 and continued to work on films He worked for television during the 1960s and early 1970s  He directed episodes of The Avengers, The Saint, The Persuaders!,  The Champions, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) - all of them adventure series created with an eye on the American market  His experience of working with low budgets in television made him well suited to his next career move into cheaply produced but lavish-looking British horror films  He directed, among others, Quatermass and the Pit (1967) The Vampire Lovers (1970) and Scars of Dracula (1970) for Hammer, and Asylum (1972) and The Vault of Horror (1973) for Amicus  He also directed Bette Davis in the black comedy The Anniversary (1968), and co-directed (with renowned Hong Kong director Chang Cheh) the Hammer-Shaw Brothers Studio collaboration The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires 
In the latter part of the 1970s he returned to television, and throughout the 1980s continued to work on shows such as Minder  He retired in 1992 
In 2000, Baker published his memoirs, Director's Cut: A Memoir of 60 Years in Film, and in 2002 sold his production files and letters at auction 
He contributed interviews to several DVD extras, such as the extras included with The Saint and Randall & Hopkirk - Deceased  and took part in the 2007 BBC 2 documentary series British Film Forever, and in Mark Gatiss's October 2010 BBC 4 series, A History of Horror, in which he gave his final recorded interview 

Personal life
Ward was married to Muriel Bradford from 1940 to 1944  In 1948, he married Joan Dixon, with whom he had a son  They divorced in 1984 

Death
Baker died on 5 October 2010, aged 93 

Partial filmography
Context 2: Passage 1:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 2:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 3:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Passage 4:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 5:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 6:
Soldier (1998 American film)
Soldier is a 1998 American science fiction action film directed by Paul W  S  Anderson, written by David Webb Peoples, and starring Kurt Russell, Jason Scott Lee, Jason Isaacs, Connie Nielsen, Sean Pertwee and Gary Busey  The film tells the story of a highly skilled and emotionally distant soldier who is left for dead, befriends a group of refugees, then faces his former superiors who are determined to eliminate them 
The film was released worldwide on October 23, 1998  Upon its release, Soldier received generally negative reviews, although many praised the action sequences and Russell's performance  The film was a box-office bomb, grossing $14 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million 

Plot
In 1996, as part of a new military training program, a group of orphaned infants are selected shortly after birth and raised as highly disciplined soldiers with no understanding of anything but military routine  They are trained to be ruthless professionals, and anyone considered physically or mentally unworthy is executed  The survivors are turned into ultimate fighting machines, but have no understanding of the outside world 
In 2036, Sgt  Todd 3465 is a hardened veteran and one of the original 1996 infants, but his unit is about to be replaced by a superior one, with the original unit likely to be deactivated  Colonel Mekum, leader of the original project, introduces a new group of genetically engineered soldiers, designed with superior physical attributes and a complete lack of emotion, except complete aggression 
Captain Church, the commander of Todd's unit, insists on testing the new soldiers' abilities against his own  One new soldier, Caine 607, easily defeats three of the original soldiers, but Todd gouges out Caine's eye before falling from a great height; the body of a dead soldier cushions his fall, and he is knocked unconscious  Mekum orders their bodies disposed of like garbage, declaring them obsolete, while the remaining older soldiers are demoted to menial support roles 
Dumped on Arcadia 234, a waste disposal planet, Todd limps toward a colony whose residents crash-landed there years earlier; as they were believed dead, no rescue missions have been attempted  Todd is sheltered by Mace and his wife Sandra  Though they try to make him welcome, Todd has difficulty adapting to the community due to his extreme conditioning and their conflict-free lives  While Todd develops a silent rapport with their mute son, Nathan, who had been traumatized by a snakebite as an infant, he soon begins to experience flashbacks from his time as a soldier and mistakes one of the colonists for an enemy, nearly killing him  To make matters worse, in a later conflict with a coiled snake, Todd forces Nathan to face it down and strike back to protect himself  His parents disapprove of the lesson, unsure of how to deal with Todd 
Fearful, the colonists expel Todd from the community  Experiencing strong emotion for the first time, Todd appears confused when he is overcome by loss and cries for the first time  A short time later, Mace and Sandra are almost bitten by a snake while they sleep, but they are saved by Nathan, who uses Todd's technique  Now understanding the value of Todd's lesson, they seek him to reintegrate him into the community, but the others resist 
The new genetically engineered soldiers arrive on the garbage planet, and, since the world is listed as uninhabited, Colonel Mekum decides to use the colonists' community as the target in a training exercise  The soldiers spot Mace and kill him just after he finds Todd  Though out-manned and outgunned, Todd's years of battle experience and superior knowledge of the planet allow him to return to the colony and kill the advance squad  Nervous that an unknown enemy force may be confronting them, Colonel Mekum orders the soldiers to withdraw and return with heavy artillery  Using guerrilla tactics, Todd outmaneuvers and defeats all of the remaining soldiers, including Caine 607, whom he defeats in vicious hand-to-hand combat 
Panicking, Mekum orders the transport ship's crew, composed of Todd's old squad, to set up and activate a portable doomsday device powerful enough to destroy the planet  He orders the ship to lift off, leaving the squad behind  When Captain Church objects, Mekum shoots him in cold blood  Before they can take off as planned, Todd appears, and his old comrades silently side with him over the army that has discarded them, and take over the ship  They leave Mekum and his aides on the planet and evacuate the remaining colonists  In an attempt to disarm the device, Mekum accidentally sets it off, killing him and his aides  Todd pilots the ship from Arcadia just ahead of the shockwave and sets course for the Trinity Moons, the colonists' original destination  He picks up Nathan and points to their new destination, while looking out upon the galaxy 

Cast
Production
Development and writing
The script was 15 years old at the time of production Kurt Russell spoke only 104 words in the entire movie despite being in 85% of the scenes  During the first week of shooting he broke his left ankle, then the top of his right foot four days later, so the entire production needed to be rescheduled  The filmmakers first shot scenes involving Russell lying down, followed by scenes of Russell sitting, Russell standing but not moving, and so on 

Release
Home media
Soldier  was released on VHS and DVD on March 2, 1999, and on Blu-ray on July 26, 2011 

Reception
Box office
Soldier grossed $14 6 million in the United States 

Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 15% approval rating based on 53 reviews and an average rating of 3 8/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "A boring genre film and a waste of a good set " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle commented that "the action is handled fairly well, but it's routine, and there's no satisfaction in seeing Todd waste men who are no more bloodthirsty than he is " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly criticized the film's overuse of genre clichés, saying "any cliché you can dream up for a futuristic action movie, any familiar big-budget epic you can think to rip off, Soldier has gotten there first " Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune described the film as "a big, clanging, brutal actioner in which we search the murk in vain for the sparks of humanity the moviemakers keep promising us " Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader found the film to be enjoyable, calling Russell's performance "persuasive" and saying "this appealing formulaic action adventure displays a lot of conviction in its not-too-flashy action scenes and a little levity in the gradual socialization of Russell's character " Similarly, Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a rating of 3 5 out of 5 and called it "a potent comic-book-style action-adventure "

Connection with Blade Runner franchise
Soldier was written by David Peoples, who co-wrote the script for the 1982 film Blade Runner  He considers Soldier to be a "spin-off sidequel"-spiritual successor to Blade Runner, seeing both films as existing in a shared fictional universe  The film obliquely refers to various elements of stories written by Philip K  Dick (who wrote the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, on which Blade Runner is based), or film adaptations thereof  A Spinner from Blade Runner can be seen in the wreckage on the junk planet in the film and Russell’s character is shown to have fought in the battles referenced in Roy Batty’s (Rutger Hauer) dying monologue: the Shoulder of Orion and Tannhäuser Gate 
Passage 7:
Paul W  S  Anderson
Paul William Scott Anderson (born 4 March 1965) is an English filmmaker who regularly works in science fiction films and video game adaptations 
Anderson made his feature film debut with the British independent film Shopping (1994), and found commercial success with his second film, the Hollywood-produced Mortal Kombat (1995), based on the first couple of video games of the same name by Midway Games  He is best known as the creative voice behind the first six films of the Resident Evil film series (2002–2016), which stars Milla Jovovich (whom he married in 2009), and is based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  The series's first six films, of which Anderson directed four, have collectively grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the most commercially successful video game adaptation of all time  Other of Anderson's notable films are Event Horizon (1997), an initial critical and commercial disappointment that found renewed appreciation on home media; Alien vs  Predator (2004), based on the crossover concept of the same name between the Alien and Predator franchises; and Death Race (2008), a remake/prequel to 1975's Death Race 2000 
Anderson and producer Jeremy Bolt founded Impact Pictures in 1992, under which most of Anderson's films have been made 

Early life
Anderson was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, England  At the age of nine, he started making films with a Super-8 camera  After attending Newlands Preparatory School, Gosforth and Newcastle's Royal Grammar School, he became the youngest person ever to graduate from the University of Warwick, with a B A  in film and literature 

Career
Anderson began his professional career as a writer on the British crime drama film comedy series El C I D , which ran for three series, from 1990 to 1992, and starred Alfred Molina in its first two  He met producer Jeremy Bolt and they founded Impact Pictures in 1992, looking to raise money for Anderson's feature film debut as director, from an action crime drama script of his own, called Shopping  After much trouble securing funding, Shopping, which stars Sean Pertwee, Jude Law (in his first feature film role) and Sadie Frost, was released in the United Kingdom in 1994  The censors of the British Board of Film Classification were not happy with the film's violence of and delayed its release for months  When it was eventually released, critics panned it and some cinemas decided to ban it for promoting an "irresponsible" outlook  In the United States it received only an edited, direct-to-video release two years later  Anderson credits Shopping for inspiring Channel Four Films, who had financed it, to also finance the more successful Shallow Grave and Trainspotting films by Danny Boyle, which in turn, he believes, made critics reassess his film in more positive light in later years, as one of the first in a new wave of British films concerning its youth  Shopping is Anderson's one and only British film, as he grew up watching American and mainland European movies, never imagining himself a British filmmaker  When Shopping was accepted in the Sundance Film Festival, American studios noticed its impressive look and style despite its relatively small $2 million budget, which led to opportunies in Hollywood for Anderson 

Mortal Kombat and commercial success
Anderson directed the fantasy martial arts video game adaptation Mortal Kombat in 1995  Using a script written by Kevin Droney, the film was based on the first entry in the video game franchise by Midway Games, Mortal Kombat, although elements and characters were borrowed from the original game's sequel, Mortal Kombat II  The film featured an ensemble cast, including Robin Shou as Liu Kang and Christopher Lambert as Raiden  Anderson became interested in the project because he often played the game at arcades  The production company decided to hire him based on the accomplished visual flair of Shopping, which was filmed on a very low budget  Anderson, who at the time knew nothing about visual effects or fight scenes, had to study every book on visual effects that he could find, and learned about filming the fight scenes while they were being shot, often consulting those who were experienced in fight choreography on set, such as Shou  The film underwent extensive reshoots in order to add additional fights based on feedback from test screenings, which were attended by fans of the video game franchise  The production company decided to release Mortal Kombat in August 1995, in the hope that the film would become a summer blockbuster  Previous video game adaptations, such as Super Mario Bros , Double Dragon, and Street Fighter had received particularly negative reviews; although Street Fighter was a commercial success, Double Dragon failed to break even, while Super Mario Bros  became a notorious box-office bomb  Mortal Kombat was better received by critics, who gave it a mixed to negative reception  Critics praised the atmosphere, visuals, and fighting sequences, but criticized the plot, dialogue, and acting  It fared better with audiences and fans of the video games, and scored a high A− on a CinemaScore poll  As a result, it spent three weeks as the highest-grossing film at the US box office, and earned over $122 million worldwide, produced on a budget of $18 million  It proved a major success for Anderson, and has been recognised one of the first financially successful film adaptations of a video game  Anderson and most cast members, including Lambert, declined to return for the sequel, Mortal Kombat: Annihilation, which, when released, was critically panned and underperformed at the box office 

Event Horizon, Soldier and The Sight
The success of Mortal Kombat gave Anderson free rein to choose his next project, the science fiction action film Soldier, written by Blade Runner screenwriter David Peoples  Peoples' script—and eventually the film itself—contains references to his work on Blade Runner, and can be considered to be taking place in the same universe, as a sidequel or standalone sequel of sorts  Kurt Russell became attached to star, but decided to take some time off to build up his body, as required by the role, which delayed the production  In the meantime, Anderson directed the 1997 science fiction horror film Event Horizon, written by Philip Eisner and starring Laurence Fishburne and Sam Neill  Despite praise for its visuals and production design, it was not well received by critics or audiences (D+ on a Cinemascore poll), and failed to break even, which Anderson blamed on a tight post-production schedule and studio-enforced cuts  It later sold well on home video and gained a small cult following  Plans to complete a director's cut restoring the deleted footage were abandoned when it was discovered that most of it had been lost or degraded  Soldier was eventually completed and released in 1998, but was a critical and commercial disaster, making less than $15 million in the US, on a budget of $60 million, and releasing straight-to-video in several other markets  Anderson has expressed his regret that the planned location shoots had to be changed to studio soundstages due to the El Niño hurricane, which ended up compromising the film's look  He also verbalized his disappointment with Warner Bros , whom he believes tried to market the film to the same male teen audience as Mortal Kombat, rather than to grown-up audiences, including women After his last two films' poor performances, Anderson was forced to put his planned remake of the cult film Death Race 2000 on hold, and he set about writing and directing the 2000 supernatural mystery drama TV film The Sight, starring Andrew McCarthy  It was meant as a pilot for a potential series, but despite achieving high ratings  it was not picked up  Anderson made his earlier films as "Paul Anderson", the name he registered with the Directors Guild of America, but with The Sight he began crediting himself as "Paul W  S  Anderson", as filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson had registered himself with the Writers Guild of America as "Paul Anderson", making it impossible for either of them to both write and direct films as "Paul Anderson" 

Resident Evil, Alien vs  Predator and Death Race
Anderson returned to cinema screens in 2002 with Resident Evil, a science fiction action horror film loosely based on the Capcom video game series of the same name  Anderson came up with the idea of adapting the games after playing the first couple of them for days in his apartment  Because Constantin Film, who had acquired the rights to the series, were not willing to spend more money than they already had on failed attempts (including a script by George A  Romero), Anderson convinced them to write the script, titled The Undead, on spec  If they liked it, he would sell it to them as a Resident Evil film; if not, he would take it elsewhere and try to make it unrelated to the games  He saw the film as a prequel of sorts to the first game in the series, and as such did not include any of the games' characters, a fact criticized by fans  Instead, it stars Milla Jovovich as an original character, Alice  Jovovich is the only actor that reprised her role in all of the series' six films  In comparison to Anderson's previous two films, Resident Evil was produced on a moderate budget of $33 million and became a commercial success with a little over $100 million at the box office  It also performed strongly on home media  Critically, Resident Evil was not received well, although, similarly to Mortal Kombat, some reviews characterized it as one of the better attempts at adapting a video game  It received the "fair" rating of B by audiences on a Cinemascore poll  Its relative popularity made Capcom put homages to it in video games Resident Evil 4 and Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles  Anderson did not direct, but he wrote, produced, and was otherwise heavily involved with the making of two sequels, Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), which completed the first of the eventual two trilogies of Resident Evil films  In these two sequels, Anderson began to introduce characters from the games, albeit in supporting roles compared to Alice  Both films received similarly negative reviews to the first, but were even bigger commercial successes Anderson's next project was Alien vs  Predator, based on the crossover concept of the same name of the Alien and Predator franchises, popularized by a series of Dark Horse comics and hinted at in Predator 2  A film version had been stuck in development hell for several years, despite the franchise's crossing into every other form of media, from books to comics to video games  Anderson directed the film from a script of his own, and it was released in 2004  It received negative reviews, and a B on a Cinemascore poll by audiences  It was a big commercial success, however, grossing somewhat over $170 million on a $60 million budget  A sequel was made, Aliens vs  Predator: Requiem, in which Anderson was not involved, and which failed to match Anderson's film's commercial or even critical performance, a fact that Anderson has used to defend his film After completing Alien vs  Predator, Anderson resumed work on his planned remake of Death Race 2000, which was released as Death Race in 2008  The science fiction action thriller stars Jason Statham, and Anderson directed it based on his own screenplay  He refers to it as more of a prequel than a remake on the commentary of the home video releases  It received an average reception by critics, and scored a solid B+ on a Cinemascore poll  It grossed little over $75 million on a budget of $45 million, failing to prove a commercial success on the level of Anderson's previous two films  Anderson wrote and produced two straight-to-video prequels, Death Race 2 (2011) and Death Race 3: Inferno (2013), set before the events of the 2008 film  He later wrote and executive-produced Death Race: Beyond Anarchy (2018), a sequel to the first film  
The Resident Evil productions were criticized for unsafe filming and using shell companies to avoid liability  During the filming of Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016), crew member Ricardo Cornelius died when he was caught beneath a Humvee sliding off of a rotating platform  Stunt-woman Olivia Jackson lost most of an arm and was partially paralyzed when she collided with a camera crane during the filming of a motorcycle stunt in rain and freezing conditions  It was determined that she was wearing inadequate safety equipment, and that the stunt's timing had been changed without her knowledge  During the filming of Resident Evil: Retribution (2012), twelve extras were hospitalized with leg, neck, and back wounds after falling from a collapsing high-wheeled platform 

Resident Evil, The Three Musketeers and Pompeii
In 2010, Anderson wrote and directed the first installment in a second trilogy of Resident Evil films, titled Resident Evil: Afterlife  The film continues the storyline from where that last one ended  Anderson envisioned the new trilogy as a way to make use of a new stylistic approach, using slow motion and 3D  Anderson filmed in native 3D, using the Sony F35 camera, mounted on the Fusion Camera System, which was previously used in Avatar  Despite negative reviews by critics, and a lukewarm B in a Cinemascore poll by audiences, the film grossed $300 million on a budget of $60 million, making over $150 million that the previously most successful film in the franchise, Resident Evil: Extinction 
Anderson's next film was the 2011 3D romantic action adventure film The Three Musketeers, from a screenplay by Andrew Davies and Alex Litvak based on the novel of the same name  Matthew Macfadyen, Ray Stevenson, Luke Evans and Logan Lerman respectively star as the characters from the novel Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and d'Artagnan, while Milla Jovovich plays Milady de Winter  Furthermore, Christoph Waltz stars as Cardinal Richelieu, Orlando Bloom plays the Duke of Buckingham and Mads Mikkelsen appears as Captain Rochefort  The film failed to impress critics who reviewed it negatively, and scored a B on a Cinemascore poll  Commercially it did not perform very well, grossing around $132–140 million on a reported budget that ranges between $75 and 90 million Anderson wrote and directed the fifth installment in the Resident Evil film franchise, Resident Evil: Retribution, in 2012  Anderson brought back several actors from the original trilogy of films to play alternate versions of their characters  The film received generally negative reviews, and a C+ on a Cinemascore poll, the series' lowest  Produced with a budget of $65 million, it grossed $240 million on the box office which is $60 million lower than the previous film's gross, but still overall larger than the grosses of each films of the original trilogy In 2014 his 3D historical disaster romance film named Pompeii was released  Inspired by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 that destroyed Pompeii, a city of the Roman Empire, the film was written by Janet Scott Batchler, Lee Batchler and Michael Robert Johnson and stars Kit Harington, Emily Browning, Carrie-Anne Moss, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Jessica Lucas, with Jared Harris, and Kiefer Sutherland  The film was generally negatively received by critics, and was rated a B on a Cinemascore poll  Pompeii was a modest box office success on the box office, grossing $108–118 million on a reported budget between $80 and 100 million In late 2016 in Japan, and early 2017 in the rest of the world, Anderson's Resident Evil: The Final Chapter was released, which according to both him and Jovovich is the last Resident Evil film they will be involved with  Anderson designed the film "to come full circle", provide answers to some of the series' mysteries, and provide closure for the character of Alice  He decided to abandon the previous two films' stylistic approach of using slow motion in favor of a more fast and gritty feeling, and he also decided to convert the film in 3D in post, instead of filming with 3D cameras  His first daughter with Jovovich, Ever Gabo Anderson, was cast in a double role, as both a young version of Alice, and the character of Red Queen introduced in the original film  The film received average to negative reviews, slightly better than the previous installments, and more along the lines of the original film  It was rated B by audiences on a Cinemascore poll, which is the highest rating in the series, and shared with the first and second films  The film grossed $312 million, on a budget of $40 million, in large part due to a record $94 3 million opening in China, making it Anderson's highest-grossing film 

Monster Hunter
In December 2020, Anderson directed Monster Hunter, based on Capcom's Monster Hunter video-game franchise  It was released in December 2020 following delays relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a disappointing gross of $43 million against a $60 million budget  It received mixed to negative reviews 

Future projects
Anderson is set to write and direct an adaptation of George R R  Martin's short story, In The Lost Lands  Peter V  Brett's fantasy novel The Warded Man was optioned for film production by Anderson and longtime producing partner Jeremy Bolt, but a 2016 update of Brett's website stated that they were no longer involved in the project 

Personal life
Anderson began dating Resident Evil star Milla Jovovich in 2002 after the film  He proposed to her in 2003, and they were "engaged on-and-off for four years" before becoming a couple again early in 2007  On 3 November 2007, Jovovich gave birth to their first child, daughter Ever Anderson, in Los Angeles, California  They married on 22 August 2009  Their second child, a daughter, Dashiel, was born in April 2015  In August 2019, Jovovich revealed that they were expecting a third daughter, Osian, after losing her pregnancy two years prior  Their third daughter was born in February 2020 

Filmography
Film
Also cameo appearance in The Shot (short film, 2011) 
Producer

The Dark (2005)
DOA: Dead or Alive (2006)
Pandorum (2009)Executive producer

Here Are the Young Men (2020)
Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021)

Direct-to-video
Television
Commercial
Doom 3 "Warnings" (2005) 
Volkswagen "Bus", "Chase", "Explosion" (2014) 

Reception
Critical reception to Anderson's films has been negative  While Mortal Kombat and some of the Resident Evil films commonly feature on lists about the best film adaptations of video games, such lists mention that films of the genre are, at best, lackluster  Anderson has repeatedly stated he considers himself a "populist filmmaker", who only cares about whether his movies entertain the audience and make them cheer in the cinema, rather than their reception by professional critics 
Passage 8:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 9:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Context 3: Passage 1:
Thomas Scott (diver)
Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver 

Boxing
He competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England 

Personal life
He was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games 
Passage 2:
Victor Duleep Singh
Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 July 1866 – 7 June 1918) was the eldest son of Maharani Bamba Müller and Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of Lahore, and of the Sikh Empire, and the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 

Biography
Victor Duleep Singh was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Lady Anne Blanche Alice Coventry whom he would later marry  In 1887 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, with a special Cadetship and left it the following December to be commissioned as Lieutenant into the 1st (Royal) Dragoons  

In 1889 Singh was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in British North America  In December, he was rumoured to be engaged to marry Jeanne Turnure, daughter of Lawrence Turnure, a New York City banker, after staying at the Turnure house in Newport, Rhode Island, the previous summer; the rumour was however denied by the banker  In February the following year, Singh took a three-month leave of absence from the army to meet his father in Paris, when rumours of unpaid creditors in Halifax became current for the first time  He continued to serve in the Royal Dragoons until he resigned his commission in 1898 On the death of his father, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, on 23 October 1893, Victor succeeded him as Head of the Royal House of the Punjab On 4 January 1898, Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh married Lady Anne Coventry, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Coventry, who was eight years younger than himself  The marriage created a sensation: it was the first time an Indian prince had married an English noblewoman, and the marriage was made possible primarily due to the intervention of the Prince of Wales (subsequently King Edward VII)  The wedding took place at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, London, where Queen Victoria was also represented  Although Queen Victoria gave the couple her blessing, she allegedly told Lady Anne to never have children with the Prince  The marriage remained childless Singh was declared bankrupt on 4 September 1902, with debts totaling £117,900 (approximately £12 8 million in today's value), despite his £8,250 annual allowance and his wife's income of £2,500  The bankruptcy was attributed to bad investments and to gambling, something that plagued him for the rest of his life He died, without legitimate issue, aged 51, on 7 June 1918, and was buried at the Anglican Cemetery above Monte Carlo  Beside him is the grave of his wife who died aged 82, on 2 July 1956 

Honours
National dynastic honours
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

National honours
United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Frederick Duleep Singh
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh, MVO, TD, FSA (23 January 1868 – 15 August 1926), also known as Prince Freddy, was a younger son of Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 

Early life
Prince Frederick was born in London as the third son (the second surviving after the oldest son died on the first day after his birth) of Sir Duleep Singh and Bamba Müller, the former Maharaja and Maharani Duleep of Lahore  
He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge where he read History (B A  1890; M A  1894)  At Cambridge, he was a member of the Pitt Club He was deeply interested in archaeology, contributing articles to various periodicals and became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries  He wrote Portraits in Norfolk Houses (1929, two volumes) alongside Rev  Edmund Farrer, and with Farrer and his friend Charles Partridge compiled and published Portraits in Suffolk Houses  He was East Anglia representative of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and reported on about 50 historic building cases for it 

Career
He lived at Old Buckenham Hall and for 20 years, at Blo' Norton Hall near Thetford  He was a staunch monarchist, possibly due to his father's good relationship with Queen Victoria, even hanging a portrait of republican Oliver Cromwell upside-down in his lavatory at Blo' Norton  His collection of Jacobite and Stuart relics (and the Cromwell painting) were presented to Inverness Museum  He gave to the town of Thetford the timber-framed Ancient House (now a museum) together with his collection of portraits 

Military
Prince Frederick served with Yeomanry regiments from 1893 to 1919 

Appointed Second Lieutenant: – Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry – 12 August 1893 
Promoted Lieutenant: 21 July 1894 
Promoted Captain: 19 August 1898 In July 1901, Prince Frederick transferred to the Norfolk Yeomanry from the Suffolk Yeomanry and was promoted to the rank of major  He resigned his commission in 1909 but rejoined the Norfolk Yeomanry in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I and was on active service in France for two years and with the General Staff 

Honours
Punjabi
House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Propitious Star of Punjab
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

British
United Kingdom: Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 1901
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Territorial Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the 1914 Star Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the Victory Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 5:
Ranjit Singh
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839), popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century  He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye  He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10  After his father died, he fought several wars to expel the Afghans in his teenage years and was proclaimed as the "Maharaja of Punjab" at age 21  His empire grew in the Punjab region under his leadership through 1839 Prior to his rise, the Punjab region had numerous warring misls (confederacies), twelve of which were under Sikh rulers and one Muslim  Ranjit Singh successfully absorbed and united the Sikh misls and took over other local kingdoms to create the Sikh Empire  He repeatedly defeated invasions by outside armies, particularly those arriving from Afghanistan, and established friendly relations with the British Ranjit Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity  His Khalsa army and government included Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, including the rebuilding of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar as well as other major gurudwaras, including Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Bihar and Hazur Sahib Nanded, Maharashtra under his sponsorship  Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh 

Early years
Ranjit Singh was born in a Jat Sikh family on 13 November 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in Gujranwala, Punjab region (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)  His mother Raj Kaur was the daughter of Jat Sikh Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind  Upon his birth, he was named Buddh Singh after his ancestor who was first in line to take Amrit Sanchaar  The child's name was changed to Ranjit (literally, "victor in battle") Singh ("lion") by his father to commemorate his army's victory over the Chattha chieftain Pir Muhammad 

Ranjit Singh contracted smallpox as an infant, which resulted in the loss of sight in his left eye and a pockmarked face  He was short in stature, never schooled, and did not learn to read or write anything beyond the Gurmukhi alphabet  However, he was trained at home in horse riding, musketry and other martial arts At age 12, his father died  He then inherited his father's Sukerchakia Misl estates and was raised by his mother Raj Kaur, who, along with Lakhpat Rai, also managed the estates  The first attempt on his life was made when he was 13, by Hashmat Khan, but Ranjit Singh prevailed and killed the assailant instead  At age 18, his mother died and Lakhpat Rai was assassinated, and thereon he was helped by his mother-in-law from his first marriage 

Personal life
Wives
In 1789, Ranjit Singh married his first wife Mehtab Kaur, the muklawa happened in 1796  She was the only daughter of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya and his wife Sada Kaur, and the granddaughter of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, the founder of the Kanhaiya Misl  This marriage was pre-arranged in an attempt to reconcile warring Sikh misls, wherein Mehtab Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in 1786  However, the marriage failed, with Mehtab Kaur never forgiving the fact that her father had been killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father and she mainly lived with her mother after marriage  The separation became complete when Ranjit Singh married Datar Kaur of the Nakai Misl in 1797 and she turned into Ranjit's most beloved wife  Mehtab Kaur had three sons, Ishar Singh who was born in 1804 and twins Sher Singh and Tara Singh born in 1807  According to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, she was the only one to bear the title of Maharani  She died in 1813, after suffering from a failing health 
His second marriage was to, Datar Kaur (Born Raj Kaur) the youngest child and only daughter of Ran Singh Nakai, the third ruler of the Nakai Misl and his wife Karmo Kaur  They were betrothed in childhood by Datar Kaur's eldest brother, Sardar Bhagwan Singh, who briefly became the chief of the Nakai Misl, and Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh  They were married in 1797; this marriage was a happy one  Ranjit Singh always treated Raj Kaur with love and respect  Since Raj Kaur was also the name of Ranjit Singh's mother, she was renamed Datar Kaur  In 1801, she gave birth to their son and heir apparent, Kharak Singh  Datar Kaur bore Ranjit Singh two other sons, Rattan Singh and Fateh Singh  Like his first marriage, the second marriage also brought him strategic military alliance  She was exceptionally intelligent and assisted him in affairs of the State  During the expedition to Multan in 1818, she was given command alongside her son, Kharak Singh  Throughout her life she remained Ranjit Singh's favorite  and for no other did he have greater respect for than Datar Kaur, who he affectionately called Mai Nakain   Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort  During a hunting trip with Ranjit Singh, she fell ill and died on 20 June 1838 
Ratan Kaur and Daya Kaur were wives of Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujrat (a misl north of Lahore, not to be confused the state of Gujarat)  After Sahib Singh's death, Ranjit Singh took them under his protection in 1811 by marrying them via the rite of chādar andāzī, in which a cloth sheet was unfurled over each of their heads  The same with Roop Kaur, Gulab Kaur, Saman Kaur, and Lakshmi Kaur,  looked after Duleep Singh when his mother Jind Kaur was exiled  Ratan Kaur had a son Multana Singh in 1819, and Daya Kaur had two sons Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh in 1821 Jind Kaur, the final spouse of Ranjit Singh  Her father, Manna Singh Aulakh, extolled her virtues to Ranjit Singh, who was concerned about the frail health of his only heir Kharak Singh  The Maharaja married her in 1835 by 'sending his arrow and sword to her village'  On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to Duleep Singh, who became the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire His other wives included, Mehtab Devi of Kangara also called Guddan or Katochan and Raj Banso, daughters of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra 
He was also married to Rani Har Devi of Atalgarh, Rani Aso Sircar and Rani Jag Deo According to the diaries, that Duleep Singh kept towards the end of his life, that these women presented the Maharaja with four daughters  Dr  Priya Atwal notes that the daughters could be adopted  Ranjit Singh was also married to Jind Bani or Jind Kulan, daughter of Muhammad Pathan from Mankera and Gul Bano, daughter of Malik Akhtar from Amritsar 
Ranjit Singh married many times, in various ceremonies, and had twenty wives  Sir Lepel Griffin, however, provides a list of just sixteen wives and their pension list  Most of his marriages were performed through chādar andāz  Some scholars note that the information on Ranjit Singh's marriages is unclear, and there is evidence that he had many concubines  Dr  Priya Atwal presents an official list of Ranjit Singh's thirty wives  The women married through chādar andāzī were noted as concubines and were known as the lesser title of Rani (queen)  While Mehtab Kaur and Datar Kaur officially bore the title of Maharani (high queen), Datar Kaur officially became the Maharani after the death of Mehtab Kaur in 1813  Throughout her life was referred to as Sarkar Rani  After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's youngest widow Jind Kaur  According to Khushwant Singh in an 1889 interview with the French journal Le Voltaire, his son Dalip (Duleep) Singh remarked, "I am the son of one of my father's forty-six wives " Dr  Priya Atwal notes that Ranjit Singh and his heirs entered a total of 46 marriages  But Ranjit Singh was known not be a "rash sensualist" and commanded unusual respect in the eyes of others  Faqir Sayyid Vaḥiduddin states: "If there was one thing in which Ranjit Singh failed to excel or even equal the average monarch of oriental history, it was the size of his harem " George Keene noted, "In hundreds and in thousands the orderly crowds stream on  Not a bough is broken of a wayside tree, not a rude remark to a woman" 

Punishment by the Akal Takht
In 1802, Ranjit Singh married Moran Sarkar, a Muslim nautch girl  This action, and other non-Sikh activities of the Maharaja, upset orthodox Sikhs, including the Nihangs, whose leader Akali Phula Singh was the Jathedar of the Akal Takht  When Ranjit Singh visited Amritsar, he was called outside the Akal Takht, where he was made to apologise for his mistakes  Akali Phula Singh took Ranjit Singh to a tamarind tree in front of the Akal Takht and prepared to punish him by flogging  Then Akali Phula Singh asked the nearby Sikh pilgrims whether they approved of Ranjit Singh's apology  The pilgrims responded with Sat Sri Akal and Ranjit Singh was released and forgiven  An alternative holds that Ranjit went to visit Moran on his arrival in Amritsar before paying his respects at Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara, which upset orthodox Sikhs and hence was punished by Akali Phula Singh  Iqbal Qaiser and Manveen Sandhu make alternative accounts on the relationship between Moran and the Maharaja; the former stating they never married, while the latter state that they married  Court chronicler, Sohan Lal Suri makes no mention Moran's marriage to the Maharaja or coins being struck in her name  Bibi Moran spent the rest of life in Pathankot  Duleep Singh makes a list of his father's queens which also does not mention Bibi Moran 

Issue
Kharak Singh (22 February 1801 – 5 November 1840) was the eldest and the favorite of Ranjit Singh from his second and favorite wife, Datar Kaur  He succeeded his father as the Maharaja 
Ishar Singh son of his first wife, Mehtab Kaur  This prince died in infancy in 1805 
Rattan Singh (1805–1845) was born to Maharani Datar Kaur  He was granted the Jagatpur Bajaj estate as his jagir 
Sher Singh (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was elder of the twins of Mehtab Kaur  He briefly became the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 
Tara Singh (4 December 1807 – 1859) younger of the twins born of Mehtab Kaur 
Multana Singh (1819–1846) son of Ratan Kaur 
Kashmira Singh (1821–1844) son of Daya Kaur 
Pashaura Singh (1821–1845) younger son of Daya Kaur 
Duleep Singh (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  Ranji Singh's youngest son, the only child of Jind Kaur According to the pedigree table and Duleep Singh's diaries that he kept towards the end of his life mention another son Fateh Singh was born to Mai Nakain, who died in infancy  According to Henry Edward only Datar Kaur and Jind Kaur's sons are Ranjit Singh's biological sons It is said that Ishar Singh was not the biological son of Mehtab Kaur and Ranjit Singh, but only procured by Mehtab Kaur and presented to Ranjit Singh who accepted him as his son  Tara Singh and Sher Singh had similar rumors, it is said that Sher Singh was the son of a chintz weaver, Nahala and Tara Singh was the son of Manki, a servant in the household of Sada Kaur  Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported,
"Though reported to be the Maharaja's son, Sher Singh's father has never thoroughly acknowledged him, though his mother always insisted on his being so  A brother of Sher, Tara Singh by the same mother, has been even worse treated than himself, not being permitted to appear at court, and no office given him, either of profit or honour " Five Years in India, Volume 1
Henry Edward Fane, London, 1842Multana Singh, Kashmira Singh and Pashaura Singh were sons of the two widows of Sahib Singh, Daya Kaur and Ratan Kaur, that Ranjit Singh took under his protection and married  These sons, are said to be, not biologically born to the queens and only procured and later presented to and accepted by Ranjit Singh as his sons 

Establishment of the Sikh Empire
Historical context
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and declined in its ability to tax or govern most of the Indian subcontinent  In the northwestern region, particularly the Punjab, the creation of the Khalsa community of Sikh warriors by Guru Gobind Singh accelerated the decay and fragmentation of the Mughal power in the region  Raiding Afghans attacked the Indus river valleys but met resistance from both organised armies of the Khalsa Sikhs as well as irregular Khalsa militias based in villages  The Sikhs had appointed their own zamindars, replacing the previous Muslim revenue collectors, which provided resources to feed and strengthen the warriors aligned with Sikh interests  Meanwhile, colonial traders and the East India Company had begun operations in India on its eastern and western coasts By the second half of the 18th century, the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and parts of north India) were a collection of fourteen small warring regions  Of the fourteen, twelve were Sikh-controlled misls (confederacies), one named Kasur (near Lahore) was Muslim controlled, and one in the southeast was led by an Englishman named George Thomas  This region constituted the fertile and productive valleys of the five rivers – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej  The Sikh misls were all under the control of the Khalsa fraternity of Sikh warriors, but they were not united and constantly warred with each other over revenue collection, disagreements, and local priorities; however, in the event of external invasion such as from the Muslim armies of Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan, they would usually unite Towards the end of 18th century, the five most powerful misls were those of Sukkarchakkia, Kanhayas, Nakkais, Ahluwalias and Bhangi Sikhs  Ranjit Singh belonged to the first, and through marriage had a reliable alliance with Kanhayas and Nakkais  Among the smaller misls, some such as the Phulkias misl had switched loyalties in the late 18th century and supported the Afghan army invasion against their Khalsa brethren  The Kasur region, ruled by Muslim, always supported the Afghan invasion forces and joined them in plundering Sikh misls during the war 

Military campaigns
Rise to fame, early conquests
Ranjit Singh's fame grew in 1797, at age 17, when the Afghan Muslim ruler Shah Zaman, of the Ahmad Shah Abdali dynasty, attempted to annex Panjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers  The battle was fought in the territory that fell in Ranjit Singh controlled misl, whose regional knowledge and warrior expertise helped resist the invading army  This victory gained him recognition  In 1798, the Afghan ruler sent in another army, which Ranjit Singh did not resist  He let them enter Lahore, then encircled them with his army, blocked off all food and supplies, burnt all crops and food sources that could have supported the Afghan army  Much of the Afghan army retreated back to Afghanistan In 1799, Raja Ranjit Singh's army of 25,000 Khalsa, supported by another 25,000 Khalsa led by his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur of Kanhaiya misl, in a joint operation attacked the region controlled by Bhangi Sikhs centered around Lahore  The rulers escaped, marking Lahore as the first major conquest of Ranjit Singh  The Sufi Muslim and Hindu population of Lahore welcomed the rule of Ranjit Singh  In 1800, the ruler of Jammu region ceded control of his region to Ranjit Singh In 1801, Ranjit Singh proclaimed himself as the "Maharaja of Punjab", and agreed to a formal investiture ceremony, which was carried out by Baba Sahib Singh Bedi – a descendant of Guru Nanak  On the day of his coronation, prayers were performed across mosques, temples and gurudwaras in his territories for his long life  Ranjit Singh called his rule as "Sarkar Khalsa", and his court as "Darbar Khalsa"  He ordered new coins to be issued in the name of Guru Nanak named the "NanakShahi" ("of the Emperor Nanak") 

Expansion
In 1802, Ranjit Singh, aged 22, took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl, paid homage at the Harmandir Sahib temple, which had previously been attacked and desecrated by the invading Afghan army, and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold 

On 1 January 1806, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with the British officials of the East India Company, in which he agreed that his Sikh forces would not attempt to expand south of the Sutlej river, and the Company agreed that it would not attempt to militarily cross the Sutlej river into the Sikh territory In 1807, Ranjit Singh's forces attacked the Muslim ruled Kasur and, after a month of fierce fighting in the Battle of Kasur defeated the Afghan chief Qutb-ud-Din, thus expanding his empire northwest towards Afghanistan  He took Multan in 1818, and the whole Bari Doab came under his rule with that conquest  In 1819, he successfully defeated the Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers and annexed Srinagar and Kashmir, stretching his rule into the north and the Jhelum valley, beyond the foothills of the Himalayas The most significant encounters between the Sikhs in the command of the Maharaja and the Afghans were in 1813, 1823, 1834 and in 1837  In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general Dewan Mokham Chand led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of Shah Mahmud led by Fateh Khan Barakzai  The Afghans lost their stronghold at Attock in that battle 
In 1813–14, Ranjit Singh's first attempt to expand into Kashmir was foiled by Afghan forces led by Azim Khan, due to a heavy downpour, the spread of cholera, and poor food supply to his troops In 1818, Darbar's forces led by Kharak Singh and Misr Dewan Chand occupied Multan, killing Muzaffar Khan and defeating his forces, leading to the end of Afghan influence in the Punjab In July 1818, an army from the Punjab defeated Jabbar Khan, a younger brother of governor of Kashmir Azim Khan, and acquired Kashmir, along with a yearly revenue of Rs seventy lacs  Dewan Moti Ram was appointed governor of Kashmir 

In 1823, Yusufzai Pashtuns fought the army of Ranjit Sing north of the Kabul River In 1834, Mohammed Azim Khan once again marched towards Peshawar with an army of 25,000 Khattak and Yasufzai tribesmen in the name of jihad, to fight against infidels  The Maharaja defeated the forces  Yar Mohammad was pardoned and was reinvested as governor of Peshawar with an annual revenue of Rs one lac ten thousand to Lahore Darbar In 1837, the Battle of Jamrud, became the last confrontation between the Sikhs led by him and the Afghans, which displayed the extent of the western boundaries of the Sikh Empire On 25 November 1838, the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh, the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the Dal Khalsa to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India  In 1838, he agreed to a treaty with the British viceroy Lord Auckland to restore Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne in Kabul  In pursuance of this agreement, the British army of the Indus entered Afghanistan from the south, while Ranjit Singh's troops went through the Khyber Pass and took part in the victory parade in Kabul 

Geography of the Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire, also known as the Sikh Raj and Sarkar-a-Khalsa, was in the Punjab region, the name of which means "the land of the five rivers"  The five rivers are the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum, all of which are tributaries of the river Indus The geographical reach of the Sikh Empire under Singh included all lands north of Sutlej river, and south of the high valleys of the northwestern Himalayas  The major towns at time included Srinagar, Attock, Peshawar, Bannu, Rawalpindi, Jammu, Gujrat, Sialkot, Kangra, Amritsar, Lahore and Multan Muslims formed around 70%, Hindus formed around 24%, and Sikhs formed around 6–7% of the total population living in Singh's empire: 2694

Governance
Ranjit Singh allowed men from different religions and races to serve in his army and his government in various positions of authority  His army included a few Europeans, such as the Frenchman Jean-François Allard, though Singh maintained a policy of refraining from recruiting Britons into his service, aware of British designs on the Indian subcontinent  Despite his recruitment policies, he did maintain a diplomatic channel with the British; in 1828, he sent gifts to George IV and in 1831, he sent a mission to Simla to confer with the British Governor General, William Bentinck; while in 1838, he cooperated with them in removing the hostile Islamic Emir in Afghanistan 

Religious policies
As consistent with many Punjabis of that time, Ranjit Singh was a secular king and followed the Sikh path  His policies were based on respect for all communities, Hindu, Sikh and Muslim  A devoted Sikh, Ranjit Singh restored and built historic Sikh Gurdwaras – most famously, the Harmandir Sahib, and used to celebrate his victories by offering thanks at the Harmandir  He also joined the Hindus in their temples out of respect for their sentiments  The veneration of cows was promoted and cow slaughter was punishable by death under his rule  He ordered his soldiers to neither loot nor molest civilians He built several gurdwaras, Hindu temples and even mosques, and one in particular was Mai Moran Masjid, built on the behest of his beloved Muslim wife, Moran Sarkar  The Sikhs led by Singh never razed places of worship to the ground belonging to the enemy  However, he did convert Muslim mosques into other uses  For example, Ranjit Singh's army desecrated Lahore's Badshahi Mosque and converted it into an ammunition store, and horse stables  Lahore's Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) was converted into "Moti Mandir" (Pearl Temple) by the Sikh army, and Sonehri Mosque were converted into a Sikh Gurdwara, but upon the request of Sufi Fakir (Satar Shah Bukhari), Ranjit Singh restored the latter back to a mosque  Lahore's Begum Shahi Mosque was also used as a gunpowder factory, earning it the nickname Barudkhana Wali Masjid, or "Gunpowder Mosque "Singh's sovereignty was accepted by Afghan and Punjabi Muslims, who fought under his banner against the Afghan forces of Nadir Shah and later of Azim Khan  His court was ecumenical in composition: his prime minister, Dhian Singh, was a Hindu (Dogra); his foreign minister, Fakir Azizuddin, was a Muslim; and his finance minister, Dina Nath, was also a Hindu (Brahmin)  Artillery commanders such as Mian Ghausa were also Muslims  There were no forced conversions in his time  His wives Bibi Mohran, Gilbahar Begum retained their faith and so did his Hindu wives  He also employed and surrounded himself with astrologers and soothsayers in his court Ranjit Singh had also abolished the gurmata and provided significant patronage to the Udasi and Nirmala sect, leading to their prominence and control of Sikh religious affairs 

Administration
Khalsa Army
The army under Ranjit Singh was not limited to the Sikh community  The soldiers and troop officers included Sikhs, but also included Hindus, Muslims and Europeans  Hindu Brahmins and people of all creeds and castes served his army, while the composition in his government also reflected a religious diversity  His army included Polish, Russian, Spanish, Prussian and French officers  In 1835, as his relationship with the British warmed up, he hired a British officer named Foulkes However, the Khalsa army of Ranjit Singh reflected regional population, and as he grew his army, he dramatically increased the Rajputs and the Sikhs who became the predominant members of his army  In the Doaba region his army was composed of the Jat Sikhs, in Jammu and northern Indian hills it was Hindu Rajputs, while relatively more Muslims served his army in the Jhelum river area closer to Afghanistan than other major Panjab rivers 

Reforms
Ranjit Singh changed and improved the training and organisation of his army  He reorganised responsibility and set performance standards in logistical efficiency in troop deployment, manoeuvre, and marksmanship  He reformed the staffing to emphasise steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla warfare, improved the equipment and methods of war  The military system of Ranjit Singh combined the best of both old and new ideas  He strengthened the infantry and the artillery  He paid the members of the standing army from treasury, instead of the Mughal method of paying an army with local feudal levies While Ranjit Singh introduced reforms in terms of training and equipment of his military, he failed to reform the old Jagirs (Ijra) system of Mughal middlemen  The Jagirs system of state revenue collection involved certain individuals with political connections or inheritance promising a tribute (nazarana) to the ruler and thereby gaining administrative control over certain villages, with the right to force collect customs, excise and land tax at inconsistent and subjective rates from the peasants and merchants; they would keep a part of collected revenue and deliver the promised tribute value to the state  These Jagirs maintained independent armed militia to extort taxes from the peasants and merchants, and the militia prone to violence  This system of inconsistent taxation with arbitrary extortion by militia, continued the Mughal tradition of ill treatment of peasants and merchants throughout the Sikh Empire, and is evidenced by the complaints filed to Ranjit Singh by East India Company officials attempting to trade within different parts of the Sikh Empire According to historical records, states Sunit Singh, Ranjit Singh's reforms focused on military that would allow new conquests, but not towards taxation system to end abuse, nor about introducing uniform laws in his state or improving internal trade and empowering the peasants and merchants  This failure to reform the Jagirs-based taxation system and economy, in part led to a succession power struggle and a series of threats, internal divisions among Sikhs, major assassinations and coups in the Sikh Empire in the years immediately after the death of Ranjit Singh; an easy annexation of the remains of the Sikh Empire into British India followed, with the colonial officials offering the Jagirs better terms and the right to keep the system intact 

Infrastructure investments
Ranjit Singh ensured that Panjab manufactured and was self-sufficient in all weapons, equipment and munitions his army needed  His government invested in infrastructure in the 1800s and thereafter, established raw materials mines, cannon foundries, gunpowder and arm factories  Some of these operations were owned by the state, others operated by private Sikh operatives However, Ranjit Singh did not make major investments in other infrastructure such as irrigation canals to improve the productivity of land and roads  The prosperity in his Empire, in contrast to the Mughal-Sikh wars era, largely came from the improvement in the security situation, reduction in violence, reopened trade routes and greater freedom to conduct commerce 

Muslim accounts
The mid 19th-century Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced the Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's Empire and governance  According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals  The initial momentum for the Empire building in these accounts is stated to be Ranjit Singh led Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury" According to Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ranjit Singh's rule led to further persecution of Muslims in Kashmir, expanding the previously selective persecution of Shia Muslims and Hindus by Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers between 1752 and 1819 before Kashmir became part of his Sikh Empire  Bikramjit Hasrat describes Ranjit Singh as a "benevolent despot" 
The Muslim accounts of Ranjit Singh's rule were questioned by Sikh historians of the same era  For example, Ratan Singh Bhangu in 1841 wrote that these accounts were not accurate, and according to Anne Murphy, he remarked, "when would a Musalman praise the Sikhs?" In contrast, the colonial era British military officer Hugh Pearse in 1898 criticised Ranjit Singh's rule, as one founded on "violence, treachery and blood"  Sohan Seetal disagrees with this account and states that Ranjit Singh had encouraged his army to respond with a "tit for tat" against the enemy, violence for violence, blood for blood, plunder for plunder 

Decline
Singh made his empire and the Sikhs a strong political force, for which he is deeply admired and revered in Sikhism  After his death, empire failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire began to decline  The British and Sikh Empire fought two Anglo-Sikh wars with the second ending the reign of Sikh Empire  Sikhism itself did not decline Clive Dewey has argued that the decline of the empire after Singh's death owes much to the jagir-based economic and taxation system which he inherited from the Mughals and retained  After his death, a fight to control the tax spoils emerged, leading to a power struggle among the nobles and his family from different wives  This struggle ended with a rapid series of palace coups and assassinations of his descendants, and eventually the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British 

Death and legacy
Death
In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver  According to the chronicles of Ranjit Singh's court historians and the Europeans who visited him, Ranjit Singh took to alcohol and opium, habits that intensified in the later decades of his life  However, he neither smoked nor ate beef, and required all officials in his court, regardless of their religion, to adhere to these restrictions as part of their employment contract   He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839  Four of his Hindu wives- Mehtab Devi (Guddan Sahiba), daughter of Raja Sansar Chand, Rani Har Devi, the daughter of Chaudhri Ram, a Saleria rajput, Rani Raj Devi, daughter of Padma Rajput and Rani Rajno Kanwar, daughter of Sand Bhari along with seven Hindu concubines with royal titles committed sati by voluntarily placing themselves onto his funeral pyre as an act of devotion Singh is remembered for uniting Sikhs and founding the prosperous Sikh Empire  He is also remembered for his conquests and building a well-trained, self-sufficient Khalsa army to protect the empire  He amassed considerable wealth, including gaining the possession of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan, which he left to Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha in 1839 

Gurdwaras
Perhaps Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the Harmandir Sahib, the most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, which is now known popularly as the "Golden Temple"  Much of the present decoration at the Harmandir Sahib, in the form of gilding and marblework, was introduced under the patronage of Singh, who also sponsored protective walls and water supply system to strengthen security and operations related to the temple  He also directed construction of two of the most sacred Sikh temples, being the birthplace and place of assassination of Guru Gobind Singh – Takht Sri Patna Sahib and Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, respectively – whom he much admired  The nine-storey tower of Gurdwara Baba Atal was constructed during his reign 

Memorials and museums
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan, marks the place where Singh was cremated, and four of his queens and seven concubines committed sati 
On 20 August 2003, a 22-foot-tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the Parliament of India 
A museum at Ram Bagh Palace in Amritsar contains objects related to Singh, including arms and armour, paintings, coins, manuscripts, and jewellery  Singh had spent much time at the palace in which it is situated, where a garden was laid out in 1818 
On 27 June 2019, a nine-feet bronze statue of Singh was unveiled at the Haveli Maharani Jindan, Lahore Fort at his 180th death anniversary  It has been vandalised several times since, specifically by members of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 

Crafts
In 1783, Ranjit Singh established a crafts colony of Thatheras near Amritsar and encouraged skilled metal crafters from Kashmir to settle in Jandiala Guru  In the year 2014, this traditional craft of making brass and copper products got enlisted on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO  The Government of Punjab is now working under Project Virasat to revive this craft 

Awards
In 2020, Ranjit Singh was named as "Greatest Leader of All Time" in a poll conducted by 'BBC World Histories Magazine' 

In popular culture
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a documentary film directed by Prem Prakash covers his rise to power and his reign  It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division 
In 2010, a TV series titled Maharaja Ranjit Singh aired on DD National based on his life which was produced by Raj Babbar's Babbar Films Private Limited  He was portrayed by Ejlal Ali Khan
Maharaja: The Story of Ranjit Singh (2010) is an Indian Punjabi-language animated film directed by Amarjit Virdi 
A teenage Ranjit was portrayed by Damanpreet Singh in the 2017 TV series titled Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh  It aired on Life OK produced by Contiloe Entertainment 

See also
Baradari of Ranjit Singh
History of Punjab
Charat Singh
Hari Singh Nalwa
List of generals of Ranjit Singh
Koh-i-Noor
Battle of Balakot

Notes
Passage 6:
Duleep Singh
Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, GCSI (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), or Sir Dalip Singh, and later in life nicknamed the "Black Prince of Perthshire", was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire  He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's youngest son, the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur He was placed in power in September 1843, at the age of five, with his mother ruling on his behalf, and after their defeat in the Anglo-Sikh War, under a British Resident  He was subsequently deposed by the British Crown, and thereafter exiled to Britain at age 15 where he was befriended by Queen Victoria, who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja: "Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful"  The Queen was godmother to several of his children  He died at 55, living most of his final years in the United Kingdom His mother had effectively ruled when he was very young and he managed to meet her again on 16 January 1861, in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom  During the last two years of her life, his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule  In June 1861, he was one of the first 25 Knights in the Order of the Star of India 

Early years
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, Duleep Singh lived quietly with his mother, Jind Kaur Aulakh, at Jammu ruled by Gulab Singh, under the protection of the Vizier, Raja Dhian Singh  He and his mother were recalled to Lahore in 1843 after the assassinations of Maharaja Sher Singh and Dhian Singh, and on 16 September, at the age of five, Duleep Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, with Maharani Jind Kaur as Regent 
On 13 December 1845 the British East India Company declared war on the Sikhs and, after winning the First Anglo-Sikh War, retained the Maharaja as nominal ruler, but replaced the Maharani by a Council of Regency and later imprisoned and exiled her  Over thirteen years passed before Duleep Singh was permitted to see his mother again 
After the close of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849, he was deposed at the age of ten and was put into the care of Dr John Login and sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh on 21 December 1849, with tight restrictions on who he was allowed to meet  No Indians, except trusted servants, could meet him in private  As a matter of British policy, he was to be culturally anglicised in every possible aspect  His health was reportedly poor and he was often sent to the hill station of Landour near Mussoorie in the Lower Himalaya for convalescence, at the time about 4 days' journey  He would remain for weeks at a time in Landour at a grand hilltop building called The Castle, which had been lavishly furnished to accommodate him 

Conversion to Christianity
In 1853, under the tutelage of his long-time retainer Bhajan Lal (himself a Christian convert), he converted to Christianity at Fatehgarh with the approval of the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie  His conversion remains controversial, and it occurred before he turned 15  He later had serious doubts and regrets regarding this decision and reconverted to Sikhism in 1886 He was also heavily and continuously exposed to Christian texts under the tutelage of the devout Sir John Spencer Login  His two closest childhood friends were both English Anglican missionaries  In May 1854 he was sent into exile in Britain 

Life in exile
London
Duleep Singh arrived in England in late 1854 and was introduced to the British court  Queen Victoria showered affection upon the turbaned Maharaja, as did the Prince Consort  Duleep Singh was initially lodged at Claridge's Hotel in London before the East India Company took over a house in Wimbledon and then eventually another house in Roehampton which became his home for three years  He was also invited by the Queen to stay with the Royal Family at Osborne, where she sketched him playing with her children and Prince Albert photographed him, while the court artist, Winterhalter, made his portrait He eventually got bored with Roehampton and expressed a wish to go back to India but it was suggested by the East India Company Board he take a tour of the European continent which he did with Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login  He was a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, from 1855 until his death 

Castle Menzies
On his return from Continental Europe in 1855 he was given an annual pension of £25,000 a year (approximately £2,500,000 in today's value) provided he "remain obedient to the British Government," and was officially under ward of Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login, who leased Castle Menzies in Perthshire, Scotland, for him  He spent the rest of his teens there, but at 19 he demanded to be in charge of his household  Eventually, he was given this and an increase in his annual pension 
In 1859 Lt Col James Oliphant was installed as Equerry to the Maharaja at the recommendation of Sir John Login  Oliphant was to be a possible replacement should anything happen to the Maharaja's most trusted friend Sir John Login (who did indeed die four years later in 1863) In the 1860s, Singh moved from Castle Menzies to Grandtully Castle 

Mulgrave Castle
From 1858 to 1862 Duleep Singh rented Mulgrave Castle, near Whitby 

Sir Samuel White Baker
While Sir Samuel White Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh  In 1858–1859, the two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest  On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube  The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market  There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, destined for the Ottoman Pasha of Vidin  Baker was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants  The two ran away in a carriage together and eventually, as Florence Baker, she became Baker's lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed 

Reunion with his mother
When he was 18, Singh wrote to his mother in Kathmandu, suggesting that she should join him in Great Britain, but his letter was intercepted by the British authorities in India and did not reach her  He then sent a courier, Pundit Nehemiah Goreh, who was also intercepted and forbidden to contact the Maharani  Duleep Singh then decided to go himself  Under cover of a letter from Login he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, who reported that the Maharani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her ' The British government decided she was no longer a threat and she was allowed to join her son on 16 January 1861 at Spence's Hotel in Calcutta and return with him to England 

Auchlyne and Aberfeldy
In 1858 the lease of Castle Menzies expired and Duleep Singh rented the house at Auchlyne from the Earl of Breadalbane  He was known for a lavish lifestyle, shooting parties, and a love of dressing in Highland costume and soon had the nickname "the Black Prince of Perthshire"  (At the same time, he was known to have gradually developed a sense of regret for his circumstances in exile, including some inner turmoil about his conversion to Christianity and his forced departure from the Punjab)  His mother stayed in Perthshire with him for a short time, before he rented the Grandtully Estate, near Aberfeldy  Following the death of his mother and Sir John Login in 1863, he returned to England 

Elveden Estate
Maharaja Duleep Singh (as he became in June 1861) bought (or the India Office purchased for him) a 17,000 acres (69 km2) country estate at Elveden on the border between Norfolk and Suffolk, close to Thetford, in 1863  He enjoyed living in Elveden Hall and the surrounding area and restored the church, cottages, and school  He transformed the run-down estate into an efficient game preserve and it was here that he gained his reputation as the fourth best shot in England The house was remodelled into a quasi-oriental palace where he lived the life of a British aristocrat  Maharaja Duleep Singh was accused of running up large expenses and the estate was sold after his death to pay his debts  Today, Elveden is owned by The 4th Earl of Iveagh, the head of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family of brewing fame; it remains an operating farm and private hunting estate 

Re-initiated into Sikhism
In 1864, Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller in Cairo and established his family home at Elveden Hall in Suffolk  He eventually became disaffected and embittered with the British, and he reverted to Sikhism 
While in exile, he sought to learn more about Sikhism and was eager to return to India  Though previous efforts were thwarted by his handlers, he re-established contact with his cousin Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who on 28 September 1884 left Amritsar for England along with his sons Narinder Singh and Gurdit Singh and a Sikh granthi (priest), Pratap Singh Giani  He also brought a list of properties held by Sir Duleep Singh in India  All this renewed his connection with Sikhism The British Government decided in 1886 against his return to India or his re-embracing Sikhism  Despite protests from the India Office, he set sail for 'home' on 30 March 1886  However, he was intercepted and arrested in Aden, then part of Aden Settlement, where the writ of the Viceroy of India began  He could not be stopped from an informal re-conversion ceremony in Aden, far less grand and symbolic than it would have been in India, done by emissaries sent by Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who was earlier planning the Pahaul ceremony at Bombay  Sir Duleep was forced to return to Europe 

Death
Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris in 1893 at the age of 55, having seen India after the age of fifteen during only two brief, tightly controlled visits in 1860 (to bring his mother to England) and in 1863 (to cremate his mother's body) 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's wish for his body to be returned to India was not honoured, in fear of unrest, given the symbolic value the funeral of the son of the Lion of the Punjab might have caused and the growing resentment of British rule  His body was brought back to be buried according to Christian rites, under the supervision of the India Office, in Elveden Church beside the grave of his wife Maharani Bamba, and his son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh  The graves are located on the west side of the Church 

A life-size bronze statue of the Maharaja, showing him on a horse, was unveiled by the then Prince of Wales in 1999 at Butten Island in Thetford, a town which benefited from his and his sons' generosity In an auction at Bonhams, London, on 19 April 2007, the 74 cm high white marble portrait bust of Maharaja Duleep Singh by Victorian sculptor John Gibson, R A , in Rome in 1859 fetched £1 7 million (£1 5 million plus premium and tax) A film titled Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice, was made in 2007, directed by P S  Narula 

Heraldry
The Maharaja and his family used a coat of arms which was drawn up by Prince Albert, despite not being registered at the College of Arms  It contained a coronet, lions, and a shield with a cross, along with the motto "Prodesse quam conspicii" ("to do good rather than be conspicuous") 

Family
Sir Duleep Singh married twice, first to Bamba Müller in 1864, and then to Ada Douglas Wetherill (1869-1930) in 1889  He had eight children in total 
He had seven children from his marriage to Bamba  Their first child and male heir died aged one day in 1865  The others were:

Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 Jan 1866-7 Jun 1918)
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh (23 Jan 1868-15 Aug 1926)
Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh (29 Sep 1869-10 Mar 1957)
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh (27 Oct 1871-8 Nov 1942)
Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (8 Aug 1876-22 Aug 1948)
Prince Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh (1879-1 May 1893)He also had two children from his marriage to Wetherill:

Princess Pauline Alexandra Duleep Singh (26 Dec 1887-10 Apr 1941)
Princess Ada Irene Beryl Duleep Singh (25 Oct 1889-14 Sep 1926)All the eight children died without legitimate issue, ending the direct line of the Sikh Royalty There is a memorial at Eton College in England to Princes Victor and Frederick, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh's two sons who studied at Eton in the 1870s 

Maharani Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba Müller was an Arabic-speaking, part-Ethiopian, part-German woman, whose father was a German banker and whose mother was an Abyssinian Coptic Christian slave  She and Sir Duleep met in Cairo in 1863 on his return from scattering his mother's ashes in India; they were married in Alexandria, Egypt, on 7 June 1864  The Maharani died in London on 18 September 1887 

Ada Douglas Wetherill
Ada Douglas Wetherill (born 15 January 1869 in Kennington, Surrey, the daughter of a civil engineer) had been Duleep's mistress before he decided to return to India with his family, and upon being stopped in Aden by the British authorities he abandoned his family and moved to Paris, where she joined him  They married in Paris on 28 April 1889  She stayed with him through his years in Paris and also travelled with him to St  Petersburg, Russia, where he failed to persuade the Czar of the benefits of invading India through the north and reinstalling him as ruler  She died in Sussex on 6 August 1930 
Queen Victoria and Maharaja Duleep Singh reconciled their differences before he died  Out of loyalty to Maharani Bamba, the Queen refused to receive Ada, whom she suspected had been involved with the Maharaja before Maharani Bamba's death in 1887 

Miscellany
In 1854, Madame Blavatsky, the founder of the  Theosophical Society, met her Master Morya in England, who was in her words, "in the company of a dethroned native prince"  This "native prince" according to general consent was Sir Duleep Singh 
He was a member of the Freemasons and was admitted into the lodge in 1861 On 21 October 1893, the day before Sir Duleep Singh's death, Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the eldest son of Sir Duleep Singh, had visions of his father looking at him through a picture frame 
Duleep Singh remembered his servant James Cawood who died in 1865 with a gravestone in Killin cemetery, Killin, Scotland A 2017 film, The Black Prince, by the Indian-born film director Kavi Raz told the story of Duleep and his relationship with Queen Victoria 
Maharaja Duleep Singh's character is featured in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed: Syndicate game  He is featured as a young Duleep Singh, which based on his real-life struggle as an exiled ruler in Victorian London 

Further reading
Sikh History in 10 Volumes, by Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer  Published by Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2009–2012 
Sir John Login And Duleep Singh, by Lady Lena Login  W  H  Allen & Co , London  1890 
Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence, by Dhuleep Singh, Ganda Singh  Published by Punjabi University, 1977 
Sikh Portraits by European Artists,, by Aijazuddin, F S  Sotheby Parke Bernet, London and Oxford U  Press, Karachi and New Delhi, 1979 
The Duleep Singh's: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah, by Peter Bance (Bhupinder Singh Bance)  Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-3488-3
The Maharajah's Box: An Imperial Story of Conspiracy, Love and a Guru's Prophecy, by Campbell, Christy  HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-653078-8 The Maharaja's Box
Queen Victoria's Maharajah, Duleep Singh, 1838–93, by Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand  1980  ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7
Duleep Singh: The Maharaja of Punjab and the Raj, by Rishi Ranjan Chakrabarty  Published by D S  Samara, 1988  ISBN 0-9514957-0-4 
Maharaja Duleep Singh: The Last Sovereign Ruler of the Punjab, by Prithipal Singh Kapur  Published by Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Dharam Parchar Committee, 1995 
Maharaja Duleep Singh, Fighter for Freedom, by Baldev Singh Baddan  Published by National Book Shop, 1998  ISBN 81-7116-210-X 
 Maharaja Daleep Singh, by Balihar Singh Randhawa  Sikh Literary & Cultural Stall, 1998  ISBN 1-900860-01-5 
The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative, by Surjit Singh Jeet  Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 1999 
The Annexation of the Punjaub, and the Maharajah Duleep Singh, by Thomas Evans Bell  Adamant Media Corporation, 2001  ISBN 0-543-92432-7 
Maharaja Dalip Singh Cheated Out, by Avtar Singh Gill  Jaswant Printers  2007
The Exile, by Navtej Sarna  Penguin, 2008  ISBN 978-0-670-08208-7 
Sovereign, Squire & Rebel: Maharajah Duleep Singh and the heirs of a Lost Kingdom, by Peter Bance, Coronet House Publishing, London, 2009
The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Capt  Amarinder Singh, ISBN 978-8174367792
Passage 7:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 8:
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)
William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer 

Career
During his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War  He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921  After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park  He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition  He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances 
Passage 9:
Bamba Müller
Maharani Bamba, Lady Singh (Bamba Müller; 6 July 1848 – 18 September 1887)  Brought up by Christian missionaries, she married Maharaja Duleep Singh and became Maharani Bamba, wife of the last Maharaja of Lahore  Her transformation from illegitimate girl, born to a German father and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother, living in a Cairo mission to a Maharani living a life of luxury with the "Black Prince of Perthshire" has been compared to the "Cinderella" story 

Biography
Bamba Müller was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker with the company Todd Müller and Co , by his mistress of Abyssinian descent called Sofia  The name Bamba was Arabic for pink  Her father already had a wife and he therefore placed his illegitimate daughter in the care of missionaries in Cairo  Her father had requested and paid for her education, and remained in contact with the missionaries  Müller became an enthusiastic and charismatic member of the Christian community and was the only female in a select group of communicants at the American Presbyterian Mission school in Cairo 

The prince
Duleep Singh was the last ruler of the Sikh Empire, being dethroned by the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Sikh War  In 1863, Singh was being supervised in Britain where he was a friend of Queen Victoria and kept a large social circle  He was known as the "Black Prince of Perthshire" around his home in Scotland  Singh was given money by the East India Company administration on condition that he complied with the demands of the British government  Duleep had been taken to Britain when a child and raised as a Christian  This was after he had been persuaded to agree to the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company  The treaty also included handing the Koh-i-Nor diamond as well, which became part of the Crown Jewels  Singh was separated from his mother, Maharani Jindan Kaur  His mother remained in India, although eventually she was allowed to rejoin her son in England  Duleep collected her after special permission was given  Duleep was allowed by the East India Company to visit India for the second time to bury his mother after she died in Britain, although the body remained at Kensal Green Cemetery for nearly a year whilst this was negotiated upon  His mother's ashes were not allowed to be buried in Lahore (the main city of the Punjab), but had to be placed in a memorial in Bombay instead 

The proposal
On his return from Bombay Duleep passed through Cairo and visited the missionaries there on 10 February 1864  He visited again a few days later and was taken around the girls' school, where he first met Bamba Müller, who was an instructor  She was the only girl there who had committed herself to a Christian life  On each visit Duleep made presents to the mission of several hundreds of pounds 
Duleep Singh wrote to the teachers at the missionary school at the end of the month in the hope that they would recommend a wife for him as he was to live in Britain and he wanted a Christian wife of Eastern origin  Queen Victoria had told Duleep that he should marry an Indian princess who had been educated in England, but he desired a girl with less sophistication  The final proposal had to be done via an intermediary as Duleep did not speak Arabic, Müller's only language   The missionaries discussed this proposal with Müller  She was unsure whether to accept the proposal offered via the missionaries  Her first ambition was to rise to teach children in a missionary school  Her father was consulted but he left the choice to his daughter  Müller eventually made her decision after praying for guidance  She decided that the marriage was God's call for her to widen her ambitions  Singh made a substantial contribution of one thousand pounds to the school and married Müller on 7 June 1864 in the British Consulate in Alexandria, Egypt  The ceremony was described as brief, with few witnesses  Both of them wore European dress though Duleep wore a turban  Bamba wore simple jewellery including pearls  She had a short sleeved, moire, antique dress, orange blossoms in her hair, and a veil  The Prince made his vows in English, whilst Bamba spoke in Arabic 

Family and death
The couple had three sons and three daughters whom they brought up at Elveden Hall in Suffolk, England  Her six children were: Victor Albert Jay (1866–1918), Frederick Victor (1868–1926), Bamba Sophia Jindan  (1869–1957), Catherina Hilda (1871–1942), Sophia Alexandra (1876–1948), and Albert Edward Alexander (1879–1893) 
Victor and Frederick both joined the British Army whilst Frederick became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London  One of her daughters, Bamba Sophia Jindan, returned to Lahore as the wife of a Dr Sutherland  She was known as Princess Bamba Sutherland 
In 1886 her husband resolved to return to India  On his way there he was arrested in Aden and forced to return to Europe  Bamba died on 18 September 1887 and was buried  at Elveden  The cause of death was reported as "comprehensive renal failure brought on by an acute case of diabetes, made worse by her drinking (of alcohol)" Bamba's husband went on to marry again in 1889 to Ada Douglas Wetherill and had two more children 
Her son Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh died aged thirteen in Hastings on 1 May 1893 and was buried next to his mother  When Bamba's husband died, his body was brought back to England and buried with his wife and son at Elveden 



ground_truth: Contragolpe

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Soldier (1998 American Film)?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575), was a Danish princess and a Duchess consort of Mecklenburg  She was the daughter of king Frederick I of Denmark and Sophie of Pomerania  She was married to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch in 1573 
Dorothea was raised with her maternal grand parents in Pomerania as a child, but spent her adult life at the Danish royal court and with her mother in Kiel  She took part in the entourage of her niece Anne of Denmark at the latter's wedding in Saxony in 1548, but otherwise she lived a discreet life  She died two years after her marriage, and her sister Elizabeth of Denmark had a monument erected over her grave 

Ancestry
Passage 2:
Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Marie of Mecklenburg, born sometime between 1363 and 1367, but probably by 1365, dead after 13 May 1402, was a duchess of Pomerania  She was the daughter of Duke Henry III of Mecklenburg (death 1383) and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark (death 1370), elder sister of Queen Margrete I of Denmark 

History
She married 1380, before March 23, with Duke Wartislaw VII of Pomerania(fallen 1394 or 1395) and together they had one son and a daughter:

Bogusław (born about 1382, dead 1459), better known as the Kalmar Union King Eric of Pomerania; and,
Catherine (born about 1390, dead 1426), married to Count palatine John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (born about 1383, dead 1443) Maria was also possibly the heir to her aunt, the Nordic Union Queen Margaret I of Denmark 

See also
House of Knýtlinga
Passage 3:
Frederick I of Denmark
Frederick I (Danish and Norwegian: Frederik; German: Friedrich; Swedish: Fredrik; 7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was King of Denmark and Norway  He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation  As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such   Therefore, he was styled  King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway  Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick, which has continued up to the reign of the current monarch, Margrethe II 

Background
Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426–81) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430–95)   Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King John of Denmark  In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer Dithmarschen  A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the Kalmar Union for which his brother briefly was king  In addition, numerous German mercenaries took part  The expedition failed miserably, however, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, where one-third of all knights of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives 

Reign
When his brother, King John died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew Christian II  In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524  It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish  After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at Gottorp, a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in Agder, Jutland and Scania who demanded the restoration of Christian II  The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when Søren Norby, the governor (statholder) of Gotland, invaded Blekinge in an attempt to restore Christian II to power  He raised 8000 men who besieged Kärnan (Helsingborgs slott), a castle in Helsingborg   Frederick's general, Johann Rantzau, moved his army to Scania and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525 
Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teaching throughout Denmark   In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (værner) of Roman Catholicism in Denmark   In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Roman Catholic dioceses in the country  Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach  For example, he ordered that Lutherans and Roman Catholics share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the Bible in the  Danish language  In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer Hans Tausen was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal chaplain to give him immunity Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of Franciscan houses and monasteries in 28 Danish cities  He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Roman Catholic nobles During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Protestants and Roman Catholics  In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country  Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral  Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde) 

Family and children
On 10 April 1502, Frederick married Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia  The couple had two children:

Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559)
Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), married 1 July 1526 to Albert, Duke of Prussia Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old  Four years later on 9 October 1518 at Kiel, Frederick married Sophie of Pomerania (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania  Sophie and Frederick had six children:

John II of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (28 June 1521 – 2 October 1580)
Elizabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586), married:
on 26 August 1543 to Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
on 14 February 1556 to Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
Adolf of Denmark, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586)
Anna of Denmark (1527 – 4 June 1535)
Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575), married on 27 October 1573 to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch 
Frederick of Denmark (13 April 1532 – 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim and Bishop of Schleswig 
Passage 4:
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (14 August 1663 – 3 August 1749) was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern 
Born in Güstrow, she was the sixth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survived to adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 14 May 1683, Christine married Louis Christian, Count of Stolberg-Gedern (1652–1710) as his second wife  Between 1684 and 1705 she had 23 children in 19 pregnancies (including 4 sets of twins)  From them, only 11 survive to adulthood:
Gustav Adolph, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684) 
A daughter (born and died Gedern, 17 January 1684), twin of Gustav Adolph 
Gustav Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 10 March 1685 - Gedern, 14 June 1689) 
Fredericka Charlotte (Gedern, 3 April 1686 - Laubach, 10 January 1739), married on 8 December 1709 to Frederick Ernest, Count of Solms-Laubach 
Emilie Auguste (Gedern, 11 May 1687 - Rossla, 30 June 1730), married on 1 October 1709 to Jost Christian, Count of Stolberg-Rossla (her first-cousin) 
Christiana Louise (Gedern, 6 April 1688 - Gedern, 11 August 1691) 
Albertine Antonie (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 16 August 1691) 
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 15 April 1689 - Gedern, 6 August 1691), twin of Albertine Antonie 
Gustave Magdalene (Gedern, 6 April 1690 - Gedern, 22 March 1691) 
Christian Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (Gedern, 2 April 1691 - Wernigerode, 25 October 1771) 
Christine Eleonore (Gedern, 12 September 1692 - Büdingen, 30 January 1745), married on 8 August 1708 to Ernest Casimir I, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Büdingen 
Frederick Charles, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (Gedern, 11 October 1693 - Gedern, 28 September 1767) 
Ernestine Wilhelmine (Gedern, 29 January 1695 - Wächtersbach, 7 May 1759), married on 7 December 1725 to Ferdinand Maximilian, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach 
Fredericka Louise (Gedern, 20 January 1696 - Gedern, 24 April 1697) 
Louis Adolph (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Gedern, 6 January 1698) 
Henry August, Count of Stolberg-Schwarza (Gedern, 17 June 1697 - Schwarza, 14 September 1748), twin of Louis Adolph 
Sophie Christiane (Gedern, 17 August 1698 - Gedern, 14 June 1771), unmarried 
Ferdinande Henriette (Gedern, 2 October 1699 - Schönberg, Odenwald, 31 January 1750), married on 15 December 1719 to George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg  Through her, Christine was the great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 
Rudolph Lebrecht (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 6 April 1702) 
Louis Christian (Gedern, 17 September 1701 - Gedern, 22 November 1701), twin of Rudolph Lebrecht 
Auguste Marie (Gedern, 28 November 1702 - Herford, 3 July 1768), a nun in Herford, created Princess in 1742 
Caroline Adolphine (Gedern, 27 April 1704 - Gedern, 10 February 1707) 
Philippina Louise (Gedern, 20 October 1705 - Philippseich, 1 November 1744), married on 2 April 1725 to William Maurice II, Count of Isenburg-Philippseich 
Passage 5:
Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (3 September 1668 – 25 August 1738), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg (during 1692-1731) and Saxe-Merseburg (during 1731-1738) 
Born in Güstrow, she was the tenth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp



ground_truth: Milla

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Duleep Singh's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 29 March 1692, Elisabeth married Prince Henry of Saxe-Merseburg, fourth surviving son of Duke Christian I  Two years later (1694), Henry received the town of Spremberg as his appanage, and took his residence there 
The marriage produced three children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Maurice, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Spremberg (Spremberg, 29 October 1694 - Spremberg, 11 April 1695) 
Christiana Fredericka (Spremberg, 17 May 1697 - Spremberg, 21 August 1722) [1]
Gustava Magdalena (Spremberg, 2 October 1699 - Spremberg, 3 October 1699) Elisabeth became Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg in 1731 after her husband inherited the main domains of the family as their last surviving male member  She died in Doberlug in 1738, aged 69, having survived her husband for one month  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 
Passage 6:
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1 January 1570 – 15 August 1649) was a daughter of Duke William "the younger" of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his wife, Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg She married Count Palatine Charles I of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld   They had four children:

George William (1591–1669), Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
Sophia (1593–1676), married Kraft VII of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (1582–1641)
Frederick (1594–1626), canon at Strasbourg
Christian I (1598–1654), Count Palatine and Duke of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler
Passage 7:
Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (24 August 1758 – 29 November 1794) was born a Princess and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and by marriage Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway 

Life
Born in Schwerin, she was the only daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, second son of Christian Louis II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld  Her only sibling was Frederick, who was about two years older 

Life in Denmark
On 21 October 1774 in Copenhagen, she married Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway, the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and his second wife Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who was the regent in Denmark between 1772 and 1784  She was sixteen years old when she was married 
Sophia Frederica, known as Sofie Frederikke af Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Denmark, was described as jolly, charming and intelligent   She had a hard time in the beginning adapting to her new, stiffer environment, but became quite popular    During the first ten years of her marriage (1774-1784), she gave birth to three daughters, the eldest two were stillborn and the third lived only five months; it was only in 1786 when she had the first of her living children, the future King Christian VIII 
It is said she was disappointed when she met her husband for the first time, but they came to be fond of each other, although they both supposedly took lovers; her husband had a mistress, her companion Caja Hviid, while the father of Sophia Frederica's children was rumored to be her husband's adjutant, Frederik von Blücher  It was said that the harmony of their marriage was based on mutual understanding    The harmonious friendship between the spouses created a fear that Sophia Frederica's influence over her husband would lead to her interfering in politics She died in Sorgenfri Palace 

Issue
Sophia Frederica and Prince Frederick had the following children: 

Stillborn daughter (19 September 1781) 
Stillborn daughter (17 February 1783) 
Princess Juliana Marie (2 May 1784 - 28 October 1784), died in infancy 
Prince Christian Frederick (18 September 1786 - 20 January 1848), future King Christian Frederick of Norway and Christian VIII of Denmark 
Princess Juliane Sophie (18 February 1788 - 9 May 1850), married in 1812 to Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld; they had no issue 
Princess Louise Charlotte (30 October 1789 - 28 March 1864), married in 1810 to Prince William of Hesse-Cassel; they had issue 
Hereditary Prince Ferdinand (22 November 1792 - 29 June 1863), married in 1829 to Princess Caroline of Denmark; they had no issue 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia
Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), was a Duchess of Prussia by marriage to Duke Albert, Duke of Prussia  She was the daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and Anna of Brandenburg 

Life
After her father's accession to the throne in 1523 a marriage was suggested to the English claimant to the throne, Duke Richard of Suffolk, who was supported by King Francis of France, but without success 
In 1525, she received a proposal from the newly made Duke of Prussia  The marriage was arranged by her father's German chancellor Wolfgang von Utenhof  The wedding was conducted 12 February 1526 and Dorothea arrived with a large entourage in Königsberg in June 
Dorothea had a very good relationship with Albert and this contributed to a good and active contact between Denmark and Prussia which continued during her brother's reign and until her death  
Dorothea and her spouse corresponded with her brother, the king of Denmark, and acted as his political advisors  Dorothea and Albert were present at the coronation of Christian III of Denmark in Copenhagen in 1537; they also acted as foster-parents of her nephew Duke Hans of Denmark in 1536–1542 
The Königsberg Cathedral has a monument of her 

Issue
Anna Sophia (11 June 1527 – 6 February 1591), married John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
Katharina (b  and d  24 February 1528) 
Frederick Albert (5 December 1529 – 1 January 1530) 
Lucia Dorothea (8 April 1531 – 1 February 1532) 
Lucia (3 February 1537 – May 1539) 
Albert (b  and d  March 1539) 
Passage 9:
Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Elisabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586) was Danish princess and a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and later of Mecklenburg-Güstrow through marriage  She was the elder daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second spouse Sophie of Pomerania 

Biography
Elizabeth was raised at the royal Danish court of her half brother and described as an extraordinary beauty  In 1542 she was engaged, and on 26 August 1543 Elizabeth was married to Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4 July 1509 – 28 January 1550)  This marriage was childless  She returned to Denmark in 1551 and stayed there until her second marriage in 1556 
Secondly, she married on 14 February 1556 Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and had the only daughter Sophie, who married King Frederick II of Denmark in 1572  Her relationship to Ulrich is described as a happy one 
Elizabeth made frequent visits to the Danish royal court, and also to her former sister in law queen dowager Dorothea  After her daughter became Queen of Denmark in 1572, her visits to Denmark became longer  She is described as kind, sensible, religious and practical  She was also active in Mecklenburg-Güstrow: she reconstructed the churches in Güstrow and Doberan and protected hospitals and convents  She died on return from one of her visits to Denmark 

Legacy
Elizabeth's granddaughter Anne of Denmark married King James I of England  Thus every British monarch since has been her direct descendant, the present King Charles III being king of 15 independent nations 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Hedwig Eleonore; 12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Born in Güstrow, she was the eighth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 1 December 1686, Hedwig married Prince August of Saxe-Merseburg, second surviving son of Duke Christian I  Five years later (1691), August received the town of Zörbig as his appanage, and took his residence there 
They had eight children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Christiane Magdalene (Zörbig, 11 March 1687 - Merseburg, 21 March 1689) 
Stillborn daughter (Alt-Stargard, Mecklenburg, 30 December 1689) 
Caroline Auguste (Zörbig, 10 March 1691 - Zörbig, 23 September 1743) 
Hedwig Eleonore (Zörbig, 26 February 1693 - Zörbig, 31 August 1693) 
Gustav Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 28 October 1694 - Zörbig, 24 May 1695) 
August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 26 February 1696 - Zörbig, 26 March 1696) 
Stillborn twin sons (1707) Hedwig died in Zörbig aged 69  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 

See also
BWV Anh  16



ground_truth: 27 June 1839