prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of the performer of song Ruleta (Inna Song)?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Inna
Elena Alexandra Apostoleanu (born 16 October 1986), known professionally as Inna (stylized in all caps), is a Romanian singer and songwriter  Born in Mangalia and raised in Neptun, she studied political science at Ovidius University before meeting the Romanian trio Play & Win and pursuing a music career  She adopted the stage name "Alessandra" and a pop-rock style in 2008; later that year, she changed her stage name to "Inna" and began releasing house music  "Hot" (2008), her debut single, was a commercial success worldwide and topped the Romanian and Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart, among others  Her debut studio album of the same name followed in August 2009 and was certified Gold and Platinum  It featured several other successful singles in Europe, including "Amazing" (2009), the singer's second number-one single in Romania 
Inna's second album, I Am the Club Rocker (2011), yielded global success for the single "Sun Is Up" (2010)  The track won the Eurodanceweb Award, making Inna the first and only Romanian artist to win the award  In 2011, it was announced Inna was the highest-paid Romanian and Eastern European artist  Her follow-up studio album, Party Never Ends (2013), was nominated for two consecutive years for Best Album at the Romanian Music Awards and reached the top ten in Mexico  It featured "More than Friends", a moderate European hit in collaboration with Daddy Yankee  In 2014, Inna signed with Atlantic Records and released the commercially successful "Cola Song" with J Balvin, which was used to promote that year's FIFA World Cup 
Inna's fourth and eponymous studio album was released in October 2015 and included "Diggy Down", her third number-one single in Romania  Beginning in 2017, Inna has been a coach on the talent show Vocea României Junior alongside Andra and Marius Moga  In the same year, she also released her fifth album Nirvana, whose singles found chart success in European countries such as Romania and Turkey  She signed a record deal with Roc Nation in 2018 to release her sixth studio album Yo in May 2019  Entirely envisioned by Inna, the Spanish-language effort marks a change in direction for her, as she approaches experimental and gypsy-influenced music styles  Her first single outside the Yo era, "Bebe", reached number one in Romania in March 2020  The singer also attained success in various Eastern European territories with "Flashbacks" (2021) and "Up" (2021), with the former being the lead single from her seventh studio album, Heartbreaker, released in November 2020  Inna's eighth record, Champagne Problems, followed as a two-part release in January and March 2022 
With global album sales of four million copies from her first three studio albums, Inna is the best-selling Romanian artist  She has received several awards and nominations, including the Balkan Music Awards, European Border Breakers Award, MTV Europe Music Awards and the Romanian Music Awards  Inna is a human rights activist, participating in campaigns against domestic violence and in support of children's rights 

Life and career
1986–2007: Early life and career beginnings
Elena Alexandra Apostoleanu was born on 16 October 1986 in Mangalia, Romania, to Giorgic and Maria Apostoleanu  She was raised in Neptun, where her father worked as a sea rescuer and her mother as a dancer and singer  As a child, Inna competed as a swimmer and became interested in football and basketball as well as music  She listened to a variety of musical styles as a teenager, including electro house and europop, and to artists such as Beyoncé, Christina Aguilera, Celine Dion and Whitney Houston  Inna attended the sole, now dissolved, elementary school in Neptun  Following this, the singer enrolled at Colegiul Economic (Economy College) in Mangalia, later studying political science at Ovidius University in Constanța  She also took singing lessons and participated in music festivals  An early foray into the music industry was an unsuccessful audition for the Romanian band A S I A When Inna worked in an office, her manager heard her singing and contacted the production team Play & Win with whom she recorded several songs  Adopting the stage name Alessandra in 2008, she entered "Goodbye" and "Sorry" to represent Romania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008; neither was selected  The singer performed "Goodbye" live on the primetime TV show, Teo!, her first televised appearance  Later that year, she changed her stage name to Inna since it was easy to memorize and was the name her grandfather called her when she was young  Early in her career, Inna released pop-rock songs, but switched to "commercial" minimal-infused house music after changing her stage name  In a News of the World interview, Inna cited Swedish House Mafia, The Black Eyed Peas and Jessie J as inspirations  Others include Pink, Houston and Dion 

2008–2011: Hot and I Am the Club Rocker
Inna's debut single, "Hot", was sent to Romanian radio stations in August 2008  It topped the Romanian charts that winter, prompting her to be booked at Romanian nightclubs  The track was also commercially successful throughout Europe, and topped Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart in early 2010  "Love" (2009) was released as Inna's second single, reaching number four in Romania  The singer received the first nominations of her career at the 2009 Eska Music Awards in Poland for "Hot"  Her Romanian label, Roton, signed a contract with the American label Ultra Records in April 2009 Inna collaborated with Romanian musician Bogdan Croitoru on her follow-up single, "Déjà Vu" (2009), which they released under pseudonyms (Bob Taylor and Anni) before revealing their true identities after a period of speculation  The single was as commercially successful as its predecessors  Inna had her second number-one hit in Romania with "Amazing", her fourth single, in 2009  The song was originally written by Play & Win for Romanian singer Anca Badiu, who later complained they had "stolen" it  Inna's debut studio album, Hot, was released in August 2009 and also included the last single "10 Minutes" (2010)  The record was commercially successful and was certified Gold in Romania and Platinum in France  As of December 2011, it had sold 500,000 copies worldwide  Inna was the Best Romanian Act at the 2009 and 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards, the first Romanian artist to win the award in two consecutive years  In 2010, she was also nominated for Best European Act 
Inna's sixth single, "Sun Is Up", was released in October 2010 and peaked at number two on the Romanian Top 100  It did well in a number of other European countries, earning Gold in Switzerland and Italy and Silver in the United Kingdom  "Sun Is Up" won the Eurodanceweb Award in 2010, the first time Romania had won the award  That year, Inna also received a career award at the Zece Pentru România Awards  She released her second studio album, I Am the Club Rocker, in September 2011, which also included the single "Club Rocker" that received a remix with American rapper Flo Rida  Featuring europop, dance-pop, techno and house music, the record was honored as one of the year's best albums by her label Roton and was certified Gold in Poland  The album was promoted by the I Am the Club Rocker Tour (2011–12) of Europe and the United States  During Mexican dates, Inna did several interviews and radio appearances  She had her first major Romanian concert at the Arenele Romane (Roman Arena) in Bucharest, where she arrived by helicopter "like a diva" Titled "Club Rocker" (2011), the second single from I Am the Club Rocker was moderately successful  It was the subject of a lawsuit when Spanish singer Robert Ramirez sued Play & Win for copying the refrain of his song, "A Minute of Life"; Play & Win won the court case in 2018  Three subsequent singles, "Un Momento" (2011), "Endless" (2011) and "Wow" (2012), were released from the album  "Endless" peaked at number five on the Romanian Top 100, while "Wow" reached the top ten  According to Libertatea, Inna became the highest-paid Romanian and Eastern European artist in 2011 

2012–2016: Party Never Ends and Inna
Televiziunea Română (TVR) approached Inna in early 2012 to represent Romania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, but she turned the offer down due to scheduling conflicts  In the same year, she released the single "Caliente", which she dedicated to her Mexican fans, and "Tu și eu", which received heavy airplay in Romania and peaked at number five there  This was followed by another top ten hit, "Inndia" (2012)  On New Year's Eve, Inna presented a concert at Meydan Racecourse in Dubai She released her third studio album, Party Never Ends, in March 2013, featuring the commercially successful singles "More than Friends" (2013) with Daddy Yankee and "In Your Eyes" (2013) with Yandel  "More than Friends" was controversial, since its writers were accused of plagiarizing Pitbull, Akon and David Rush's "Everybody Fucks" (2012)  Party Never Ends peaked at number ten in Mexico, and was nominated for Best Album at the 2013 and 2014 Romanian Music Awards  In March 2013, Inna was the guest singer on "P O H U I " by the Moldovan music project Carla's Dreams, which reached number three in Romania  In late 2013, Inna contributed to Pitbull's "All the Things" on his EP, Meltdown "Cola Song", a collaboration with J Balvin released under Atlantic Records in April 2014, was successful in Europe, and was certified Platinum by Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE)  It promoted the FIFA World Cup 2014, and was used in the dance video game Just Dance 2017  In 2014, Inna collaborated a second time with Pitbull on "Good Time", and was featured on Romanian rapper Puya's "Strigă!", which peaked at number two in Romania  She released her fourth, eponymous studio album in October 2015  Another version of the album, Body and the Sun, was released in Japan in July 2015  One of the singles released from the record was "Diggy Down" (2014), her third number-one hit in Romania  Based on airplay, it won the Best Dance award at the Media Music Awards  Inna's next single, "Bop Bop" (2015), peaked at number two in Romania, and "Rendez Vous" (2016) was certified Gold in Poland  Also in 2015, Inna was the Best Romanian Act and was nominated for Best European Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards  Alexandra Stan's "We Wanna", with Inna and Daddy Yankee, was a moderate hit  Inna also contributed uncredited vocals to Carla's Dreams "Te rog", which went on to reach number one in Romania 

2016–2021: Nirvana, Yo and Heartbreaker
In August 2016, Inna was the opening act at the Untold Festival  She also became a member of the supergroup G Girls, with whom she released two singles ("Call the Police" and "Milk and Honey")  In early 2017, Inna was announced as a coach on Vocea României Junior with Andra and Marius Moga, and in the May of the same year her YouTube channel surpassed two billion total views  The singer's fifth studio album, Nirvana, was released in December 2017  Singles featured on the record included "Gimme Gimme" (2017), "Ruleta" (2017) and "Nirvana" (2017), which attained commercial success in several European countries including Romania and Turkey  "Ruleta" and "Nirvana" peaked at numbers three and two in her native country, respectively  Another pair of top ten singles in Romania, "Nota de plată" and "Pentru că", followed in late 2017 and 2018 with Moldovan group the Motans Inna released her sixth studio album, Yo, in May 2019  Containing songs written solely in Spanish, Inna took entire creative control over the record and worked extensively with Romanian producer David Ciente  She described Yo's material as experimental and gypsy-influenced, a departure from her previous work  "Ra" was released as the record's lead single in September 2018  It was promoted by several public appearances in Mexico and the United States—including the 2018 Telehit Awards and 19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards—as well as by Inna's inclusion in magazines such as Rolling Stone and Vogue México y Latinoamérica  The singer also signed a record deal with Jay-Z's record label Roc Nation  "Iguana", her follow-up single, went on to reach number four in Romania  In August, Inna launched her digital magazine titled InnaMag The non-album release "Bebe" with Ugandan artist Vinka peaked at number one on the native Airplay 100 in March 2020, and was the first in a string of singles that sonically returned to a more EDM sound but also encompassed deep house influences  As of 2020, Inna has been a juror for Pro TV's The Masked Singer Romania show  The singer released her seventh studio album, Heartbreaker, on 27 November 2020, which she created during a three-week period with Romanian songwriters and producers such as Sebastian Barac, Marcel Botezan, Ciente and Alexandru Cotoi at a mansion from which she uploaded daily YouTube vlogs to document the progress made; the vlogs constituted the first season of Inna's Dance Queen's House series  In January 2021, Inna's single "Read My Lips" (2020) featuring Colombian singer Farina reached number ten in Romania, and by May, Heartbreaker's lead single "Flashbacks" had peaked at number one in Russia and within the top ten in Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria and the Commonwealth of Independent States  "Cool Me Down" with Gromee, and "It Don't Matter" with Alok and Sofi Tukker also became hits in selected territories  Inna participated as Alok's special guest at the Untold Festival in September 2021, held at Cluj Arena 

2021–present: Champagne Problems and Just Dance
In October 2021, Inna released the non-album single "Up", whose chart success in countries such as Bulgaria, Poland and Russia peaked in early 2022  The track, eventually receiving a remix with Jamaican rapper Sean Paul, also became Inna's fifth number-one in Romania, topping Uniunea Producătorilor de Fonograme din România's (UPFR) airplay ranking  Champagne Problems, the singer's eighth studio album, was issued in two parts in January and March 2022, as the result of the second season of Dance Queen's House  In June 2022, Inna's single "Tare" with the Motans reached the summit of the Romanian airplay chart  Her ninth studio album, Just Dance, was released in 2023 in two parts 

Philanthropy and awards
In late November 2011, Inna joined the anti-domestic violence campaign Durerea nu este iubire (Pain is Not Love) empowering women to stand up to abuse, and signed a petition asking the Romanian government to strengthen a domestic violence law  An activist for children's rights in Romania, she endorsed the 2012 UNICEF No More Invisible Children campaign  Inna began the Bring the Sun Into My Life campaign to increase public awareness of violence against women  She also recorded "Tu tens la força" ("You Have the Power"), a Catalan language cover version of Gala's "Freed from Desire" (1996), for the 2015 Marató de TV3 telethon  Inna participated in Cartoon Network Romania's anti-bullying CN Clubul Prieteniei (CN Friendship Club) in 2016, and recorded a new opening theme for the Romanian-language version of The Powerpuff Girls That year, she and other Romanian celebrities signed an open letter supporting the LGBT community in response to a Romanian Orthodox Church-backed action to amend the constitutional definition of a family  This had been criticized by Romanian and international human-rights groups as curtailing LGBT rights  In March 2022, Inna performed at the We Are One benefit concert in Bucharest, whose aim was to raise funds for Ukraine upon its 2022 invasion by Russia Inna was called "one of Romania's biggest exports" by The Guardian, based on her sales and popularity  She has also received a number of awards and nominations, including five Balkan Music Awards, a European Border Breakers Award, three MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Romanian Act and thirteen Romanian Music Awards  By March 2016, Inna had sold four million copies of her first three studio albums  In 2015, Antena 3 reported that Inna was Romania's best-selling artist abroad 

Personal life
Inna dated her manager Lucian Ștefan for ten years until 2013  In the same year, she began a relationship with the American photographer John Perez, with whom she collaborated on several occasions  Inna began dating Romanian rapper Deliric in 2020  He proposed to her in January 2023  As of March 2017, Inna resided with her mother and grandmother in a villa she bought in Bucharest  She also lives in Barcelona  In May 2018, the singer was hospitalized after collapsing on an unstable stage during her tour in Turkey; the tour was not affected by the event  Inna is multilingual, speaking Romanian, English, Spanish, "a little bit of French" and "a few words in Italian, Arabic, and Russian"; she added that it "help[s] connect easily to different countries and people  It's amazing how music brings us together "

Discography
Studio albums
Hot (2009)
I Am the Club Rocker (2011)
Party Never Ends (2013)
Inna (2015)
Nirvana (2017)
Yo (2019)
Heartbreaker (2020)
Champagne Problems (2022)
Just Dance (2023)
Passage 2:
O Valencia!
"O Valencia!" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife 
The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy  It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers  The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang  At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's "sworn enemy") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer 

Track listing
The 7" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with "Culling of the Fold" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing "After the Bombs" as the B-side 

Music videos
For the "O Valencia!" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage  Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment "Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now" and accused the band of stealing the idea  The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of "O Valencia!", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2  The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of "the Boss", plan an escape to an unknown location  At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the "Valencia" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape  Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads "Office"  The letters have all burnt out except for the "O", creating the title of the song  The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers  Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis)  They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan  Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him  The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca  They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch  After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection  2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe  The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town  Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick 
The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums)  The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for "Sixteen Military Wives"  The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket 
Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage 
Passage 3:
Ruleta (Inna song)
"Ruleta" (English: "Roulette") is a song recorded by Romanian singer Inna, featuring collaborative vocals by Romanian performer Erik, for her fifth studio album, Nirvana (2017)  It was made available for digital download and streaming on 21 June 2017 by Global Records as the album's second single  The track was written by Inna, Erik, Marius Dia and Breyan Isaac, while production was handled by Sebastian Barac, Marcel Botezan and David Ciente  "Ruleta" features lyrics in English and Spanish  It is an EDM and reggaeton-influenced song, with touches of Indian and Caribbean music 
Music critics were positive towards the recording, praising its summery style and noting its commercial appeal  An accompanying music video for "Ruleta" was shot by Barna Nemethi at the Domeniul Greaca resort in Romania  It mainly portrays Inna and other people dancing to the song at a tennis court  Uploaded onto the singer's YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release, it became trending on the platform worldwide  Commercially, the song reached the top five in Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey 

Background and composition
"Ruleta" was written by Inna, Erik, Marius Dia and Breyan Isaac, while production was handled by Sebastian Barac, Marcel Botezan and David Ciente  The track features lyrics in both English and Spanish language; some of them include: "Una vida ganaste en la ruleta, con tu movimiento gáname"  Originally, the single release of "Me Gusta" was expected by Jonathan Currinn of CelebMix, with the singer performing it live for Romanian radio station Radio ZU in April 2017  However, "Ruleta" was made available for digital download and streaming on 21 June 2017 by Global Records instead  Musically, it is an EDM and reggaeton-influenced track, containing touches of Indian and Caribbean music  When asked by a Direct Lyrics interviewer to describe the lyrics and sound of "Ruleta", Inna said, "It's summerish, it's cool, it's fun and I dare to say    it's catchy and addictive!"

Reception
Upon its release, "Ruleta" received positive reviews from music critics  Currinn from CelebMix wrote, "this new song has Inna proving that she's multilingual", and compared the style of "Ruleta" to her "Heaven" (2016)  Kevin Apaza, writing for Direct Lyrics thought, "summer doesn't officially start until Romanian pop queen Inna releases her summer single", further calling it "brilliant" and "club-ready"  An editor of Bihoreanul praised the "attractive" rhythms of "Ruleta" and noted its potential commercial success in Romania Commercially, the song debuted at number 32 on Romania's Airplay 100 for the week ending 9 July 2017 as the highest new entry, marking one of Inna's highest debuts on the chart  In late August 2017, "Ruleta" reached its peak position at number three, becoming the singer's highest charting single since "Bop Bop" (2015), which peaked at number two  The track also opened at number 39 on the French Club 40 chart for the week ending 15 July 2017 and rose up to number 26 on the following week  "Ruleta" further charted in other countries, most notably reaching number two in Bulgaria 

Music video
An accompanying music video for "Ruleta" was shot at the Domeniul Greaca resort in Romania by Barna Nemethi, with Marius Apopei serving as the director of photography  Inna recalled the experience, "Actually, I was super chill in that day, super relaxed, just going with the flow  Most of the times, I'm kind of stressed out, because I want everything to be perfect  Not too many funny stuff, just having fun "The clip was uploaded onto her official YouTube channel on 21 June 2017, where it gathered over seven million views in one week, and later 11 million views in 11 days  The video thus became trending on the platform in Romania, Austria, Israel, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Turkey, Norway, Finland, Ireland, Russia, Mexico, Italy, France, Venezuela, Canada, Peru, Ecuador and Chile  The visual features the singer and a huge crowd of background dancers and other people performing to the song at a tennis court, a night bar, a pool and around a bonfire  Inna wears a white hoodie along with an animal print waistcoat, while Erik also makes appearance sporting a yellow-blue jacket, black shorts and sunglasses  Alex Stănescu from InfoMusic called the music video "summery" 

Live performances and other usage
To promote the single, Inna and Erick performed a stripped-down version at Romanian radio stations Kiss FM and Radio ZU on 30 June 2017  Both performances had the same concept, featuring them singing, interspersed with background dancers and two children performing choreography during instrumental parts  Currinn from CelebMix applauded the appearances for Inna's vocal delivery, the singers' chemistry and the dance breaks  Another performance followed on Pro FM in late July 2017, as well as on O Ses Türkiye in December 2018  For Romanian reality talent show Te cunosc de undeva!, Lidia Buble impersonated Inna and delivered a performance of "Ruleta"  On 8 December 2017, Inna made an appearance on the seventh season of Romanian reality singing competition Vocea României to perform the song along with "Nirvana" (2017)  An alternative version of the song titled "La roulette" was released in February 2018, featuring French disc jockey DJ Sem and French singer Matt Houston  This version was registered on the Wallonian Ultratip chart 

Track listing
Digital download"Ruleta" (featuring Erick) – 3:18

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Adevărul 
Elena Alexandra Apostoleanu – lead vocals, composer
Erik Tchatchoua – featured artist, composer
Sebastian Barac – producer
Marcel Botezan – producer
David Ciente – producer
Marius Dia – composer
Breyan Isaac – composer

Charts
Release history
Passage 4:
Panda (Astro song)
Astro is the first album of long duration (after the EP Le disc of Astrou) of Chilean indie band Astro, released in 2011  The first single from the album was "Ciervos" and followed "Colombo", "Panda" and "Manglares" 
This album was chosen by National Public Radio among the 50 discs of 2012 

Track listing
All tracks written by Andrés Nusser, except where noted 

Ciervos (Deer)
Coco (Coconut)
Colombo
Druida de las nubes (Druid of the clouds)
Panda
Miu-Miu
Manglares (Mangroves)
Mira, está nevando en las pirámides (Look, it's snowing in the pyramids)
Volteretas (Tumbles)
Pepa
Nueces de Bangladesh (Nuts of Bangladesh)
Miu-Miu reaparece (Miu-Miu reappears)

Personnel
Astro

Andrés Nusser – vocals, guitar
Octavio Caviares – drums
Lego Moustache – keyboards, percussion
Zeta Moustache – keyboards, bassProduction

Andrés Nusser – producer, recording and mixing
Chalo González – mixing and mastering
Cristóbal Carvajal – recording
Ignacio Soto – recording
Passage 5:
Caspar Babypants
Caspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of the United States of America 

History
Ballew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for Early Parent Support titled "PEPS Sing A Long!" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle  Her art inspired Ballew to consider making music that "sounded like her art looked" as he has said  Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the public domain to interpret and make his own  The first album, Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009 
Ballew began to perform solo as Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009  Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedy improvisor, heard the album and offered to play as his live percussionist   Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe as a keyboard player  "Frederick Babyshirt" and "Ronald Babyshoes" were the Caspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012  Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants has exclusively performed solo  The reasons for the change were to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very young children and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated  
Ballew has made two albums of Beatles covers as Caspar Babypants  Baby Beatles! came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015 
Ballew runs the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces, records, and masters the albums himself  Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon 
Caspar Babypants has released a total of 17 albums  The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1, 2020  His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album  All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle 
"FUN FAVORITES!" and "HAPPY HITS!" are two vinyl-only collections of hit songs that Caspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years 

Discography
AlbumsPEPS (2002)
Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, Fysah Thomas
More Please! (Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe
This Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Krist Novoselic, Charlie Hope
Sing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England, Rachel Loshak
Hot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)
I Found You! (Released 12/18/12) Special guests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John Richards
Baby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)
Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)
Night Night! (Released 03/17/15)
Beatles Baby! (Released 09/18/2015)
Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)
Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)
Jump For Joy! (Released 08/18/17)
Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)
Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)
Best Beatles! (Released 03/29/19)
Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)
Bug Out! (released 05/1/20)
Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)
Easy Breezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released 2010) – Compilation of various artists
Songs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on Alouette
Shake It Up, Shake It Off (released 2012) – Compilation of various artists
Keep Hoping Machine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artists
Apple Apple – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on Monkey Love
Simpatico – Rennee and Friends (released 2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not Afraid
Sundrops – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog Kid
Passage 6:
Jim Bob
James Robert Morrison, known as Jim Bob, is a British musician and author  He was the singer of indie punk band Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine 

Biography
Jim Bob played in various bands during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including Jamie Wednesday, who were performing between 1984 and 1987  In 1987 Jamie Wednesday split up just before a gig at the London Astoria  Morrison and Les "Fruitbat" Carter filled in, playing along to a backing tape, and Carter USM was born  Jim Bob and Les Carter had known each other since the late 1970s, when their bands The Ballpoints (featuring Jim on vocals) and Dead Clergy (Les on bass and vocals) used to rehearse at the same studio behind Streatham station  When The Ballpoints' bassist quit at the end of 1980, Carter joined the band, who than went on to play several gigs under the name Peter Pan's Playground 
He was a member of Carter USM  The band split up in 1997  Since Carter USM, Jim Bob has released two albums and three singles with his disco-pop-punk group Jim's Super Stereoworld, seven solo albums as Jim Bob or James Robert Morrison, and played various live shows both with his band and solo   In 2001, he joined his old Carter bandmate Fruitbat on stage once again, as part of the group Who's The Daddy Now? 
In 2005, Cherry Red released a DVD of a live solo acoustic performance, titled Live From London, featuring songs from his solo career as well as many Carter USM tracks  This was followed by a concept album, School, released in March 2006 
A best-of album was released in the autumn of 2006, accompanied by a UK tour  This was originally intended as a download-only release, but a physical CD was produced  The album was accompanied by a free CD of Jim Bob and Jim's Super Stereoworld rarities  The cover design was re-worked by Jim Bob from an image by Jim Connolly 
The album A Humpty Dumpty Thing was released in November 2007 by Cherry Red Records  The album came with a Jim Bob-penned-mini novel, "Word Count"  A single from the album, "Battling The Bottle", was released with Jim Bob's re-working of the children's song "The Wheels on the Bus" on the B-side 
Jim Bob's next solo record, Goffam, was a semi-concept album about a city in the grip of crime, deserted by its superheroes  He toured the UK in April and September 2009 promoting the album 
In December 2009 Jim Bob performed his 2004 song "Angelstrike!" as part of the shows The Return of 9 Lessons and Carols for Godless People for two nights at the Bloomsbury Theatre and at Hammersmith Apollo  This was broadcast on BBC4 television under the title 'Nerdstack' 
His debut novel Storage Stories was released  on the day of a UK general election, 6 May 2010, by Ten Forty Books  This was followed by three novels with major publishers: Driving Jarvis Ham, The Extra Ordinary Life of Frank Derrick, Age 81 and Frank Derrick's Holiday of a Lifetime 
Jim Bob's autobiography, Goodnight Jim Bob – On The Road With Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine, was published by Cherry Red Books in 2004  The sequel, Jim Bob from Carter, was published by Cherry Red Books on 23 March 2019  The double novel A Godawful Small Affair and Harvey King Unboxes His Family, written under the name J B  Morrison, was published by Cherry Red Books in March 2020 
The 26-second song "2020 WTF!" was released in March 2020 on Cherry Red Records  It was the first single from Jim Bob's August 2020 album, Pop Up Jim Bob  The second single, "Jo's Got Papercuts", followed in June, and a third, "If it Ain't Broke", was released in July 
The album Pop Up Jim Bob was released on Cherry Red Records on 14 August 2020  Entering the official UK album chart at number 26, it was Jim Bob's first top-30 LP since Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine 
Jim Bob's 13th solo album, Who Do We Hate Today, was released on Cherry Red Records on 20 August 2021 and reached 34 in the UK album charts, his second top-40 solo LP 

Solo discography
All releases credited as Jim Bob unless otherwise stated  See Carter USM and Jamie Wednesday for those bands' discographies 

Albums
Jim's Super Stereoworld, 2001 (Jim's Super Stereoworld)
JR, 2001 (James Robert Morrison)
Big Flash Car on a Saturday Night, 2002 (Jim's Super Stereoworld)
Goodnight Jim Bob, 2003
Angelstrike!, 2004
School, 2006
Best of Jim Bob, 2006
A Humpty Dumpty Thing, November 2007
Goffam, April 2009
What I Think About When I Think About You, November 2013
Jim Bob Sings Again, November 2016
Pop Up Jim Bob, August 2020 
Who Do We Hate Today, August 2021
The Essential Jim Bob, November 2022
Thanks for Reaching Out, June 2023

Singles
Jim's Super Stereoworld – "Bonkers in the Nut", 1999
Jim's Super Stereoworld – "Could U B The 1 I Waited 4", 1999
Jim's Super Stereoworld – "Bubblegum EP", 2002
"Dumb and Dumber", March 2005
"Battling The Bottle (Fighting The Flab, At War with the World)", November 2007
"The Man Behind the Counter of the Science Fiction Superstore", Marc 2009
"Our Heroes", June 2009
"Dream Come True", September 2013
"Breaking News", October 2013
"2020 WTF!", April 2020

Other releases
Acoustic Party 7A Free CD recorded by Morrison at home and given away to the first 10 people to visit the T-shirt stall and ask for Marc or Neil on the October 2003 tour

Stolen from Westlife25 readers of Morrison's book won a copy of the CD 'Stolen From Westlife' – 8 cover versions recorded by Morrison – after answering some questions posed by the author on page 95 

BuskerA free CD recorded by Morrison and containing six acoustic covers, the CD is currently being issued only to members of Morrison's "street team"  The CD includes a cover of a track originally written and recorded by his former Carter bandmate Les Carter 

DVDs
Live From London, 2005A DVD featuring a live acoustic performance of Jim Bob songs and Carter USM songs   Bonus features include an interview with Morrison, Morrison reading excerpts from his autobiography and the video for the Jim's Super Stereoworld song "Bubblegum" 

NATIONAL TREASURE – Live at the Shepherd’s Bush Empire , July 2019

Bibliography
Non-fiction

Goodnight Jim Bob (2006) – On the Road With Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine Jim Bob's autobiographic tale of his time on tour with Carter USM  Published by Cherry Red Books 
Jim Bob from Carter: In the Shadow of my Former Self (2019) Published by Cherry Red BooksFiction

Storage Stories (2010) – Jim Bob's debut novel, which took six years to write  described as a darkly comic rollercoaster ride full of thrills, spills and warm sick on the back of the neck  Published by 1040 Books 
Driving Jarvis Ham (2012) – Jim Bob's second novel, following the life of the awkward character of Jarvis Ham, from the perspective of his oldest friend  A brilliantly witty story of unconventional, unwavering, and regularly exasperating friendship  Published by The Friday Club/HarperCollins 
The Extra Ordinary Life of Frank Derrick, Age 81 (June 2014) – Under the name J B  Morrison  Published by Pan Macmillan 
Frank Derrick's Holiday Of A Lifetime (2015) Published by Pan Macmillan
A Godawful Small Affair b/w Harvey King Unboxes His Family (2020) – Under the name J B  Morrison  Published by Cherry Red Books
Passage 7:
Kristian Leontiou
Kristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer  Formerly a solo artist, he is the lead singer of indie rock band One eskimO 

Early life
Kristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent  He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in and around London whilst concentrating on music when he had any free time   In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor  At the time, Leontiou was dubbed "the new Dido" by some media outlets  His debut single "Story of My Life" was released in June 2004 and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart  His second single "Shining" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies 
Leontiou toured the album in November 2004 taking him to the US to work with L A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group   Unhappy with the direction his career was going, on a flight back from the US in 2004 he decided to take his music in a new direction   Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song "Hope & Glory" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’   It was this release that saw him unleash the One eskimO moniker   It was through working with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of "Astronauts" from the One eskimO project  Being more than impressed by what he heard, Rollo opened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album 
It was at this time that he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, a drummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album  They recorded the album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recorded live then headed back to Rollo's studio to add the cinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album 
Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's "Hometime" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA  The funds from the advert were then used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO  He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions) along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchford and Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, the first animation produced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008 
In 2008 Leontiou started a new management venture with ATC Music  By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures in London   Now with all animation complete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009 
Leontiou released a cover version of Tracy Chapman's "Fast Car", which was originally released as a single in 2005  Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, due to there being no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time  On 24 April 2011, the song entered the singles chart at number 88 due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April 2011 

Discography
Albums
Singles
Notes
A  - Originally released as a single in April 2005, Leontiou's version of "Fast Car" did not chart until 2011 in the UK 

Also featured on
Now That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate Love Collection (Shining)
Summerland OST (The Crying)
Passage 8:
Astrid North
Astrid North (Astrid Karina North Radmann; 24 August 1973, West Berlin – 25 June 2019, Berlin) was a German soul singer and songwriter  She was the singer of the German band Cultured Pearls, with whom she released five Albums  As guest singer of the band Soulounge she published three albums 

Career
North had her first experiences as a singer with her student band Colorful Dimension in Berlin  In March 1992 she met B  La (Bela Braukmann) and Tex Super (Peter Hinderthür) who then studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg and who were looking for a singer for their band Cultured Pearls  The trio entered the German charts with four singles and four albums 

In 1994 North sang for the dance-pop band Big Light on their hit single Trouble Is  In 1996 she was a guest on the side project Little Red Riding Hood by Fury in the Slaughterhouse brothers Kai and Thorsten Wingenfelder which resulted in the release of the single Life's Too Short from the eponymous album The song Sleepy Eyes, texted and sung by North, appears in the soundtrack of the movie Tor zum Himmel (2003) by director Veit Helmer  In 2003 she appeared at the festival Das Fest in Karlsruhe and sang alongside her own songs a cover version of the Aerosmith hit Walk This Way together with the German singer Sasha  North also toured with the American singer Gabriel Gordon After the end of her band Cultured Pearls in 2003 North moved 2004 to New York City to write new songs, work with a number of different musicians and to experiment with her music In 2005 she joined the charity project Home, which produced an album for the benefit of the orphans from the Beluga School for Life in Thailand which have been affected by the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 and the subsequent tsunami  Beside the orphans themselves also the following artists have been involved, guitarist Henning Rümenapp (Guano Apes), Kai Wingenfelder (Fury in the Slaughterhouse), Maya Saban and others  With Bobby Hebb Astrid North recorded a new version of his classic hit Sunny  It was the first time Hebb sung this song as duett and it appeared on his last album That's All I Wanna Know 
North sang in 2006 My Ride, Spring Is Near and No One Can Tell on the album The Ride by Basic Jazz Lounge, a project by jazz trumpeter Joo Kraus  In addition, she worked as a workshop lecturer of the Popkurs at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg 
In spring 2010 North performed as the opening act of the Fakebling-Tour of Miss Platnum  The magazine Der Spiegel described her as one of the "leading ladies of the local soul scene"  On 20 July 2012 her solo debut album North was released 
On 16 September 2016 Astrid North released her second solo album, Precious Ruby, dedicated to her grandmother Precious Ruby North  North used crowdfunding to finance the album  The first single published from this album was the song Miss Lucy  In 2016 she also started her concert series North-Lichter in Berlin's Bar jeder Vernunft to which she invited singers such as Katharina Franck, Elke Brauweiler, Lizzy Scharnofske, Mia Diekow, Lisa Bassenge or Iris Romen 

Life
Astrid North was born in West Berlin, West Germany to Sondria North and Wolf-Dieter Radmann  She commuted between her birth city and her family in Houston, Texas until she was nine years old  In the USA she lived mainly with her grandparents and her time there significantly shaped her musical development Besides her music career Astrid North worked also as lecturer in Hamburg at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater and as yoga teacher  North was the mother of two children, her daughter was born in 2001 and her son in 2006  Her sister Ondria North works as make-up artist and hair stylist in the German film industry 
She died in June 2019 at the age of 45 years from pancreatic cancer 

Discography
with Cultured PearlsAlbums

1996: Sing Dela Sing (German chart position 92, 3 weeks)
1997: Space Age Honeymoon (German chart position 54, 6 weeks)
1999: Liquefied Days (German chart position 19, 9 weeks)
2002: Life on a Tuesday (German chart position 74, 1 week)Singles

1996: Tic Toc (1996) (German chart position 65, 10 weeks)
1997: Sugar Sugar Honey (German chart position 72, 9 weeks)
1998: Silverball (German chart position 99, 2 weeks)
1999: Kissing the Sheets (German chart position 87, 9 weeks)with Soulounge

2003: The Essence of the Live Event – Volume One
2004: Home
2006: Say It AllSolo

2005: Sunny (Single, Bobby Hebb feat  Astrid North)
2012: North (Album, 20  Juli 2012)
2013: North Live (Album, live recordings from different venues in Germany)
2016: Sunny (Compilation, Bobby Hebb feat  Astrid North)
2016: Precious Ruby (Album, 16  September 2016)as guest singer

1994: Trouble Is – Big Light (Single)
1996: Life's Too Short – Little Red Riding Hood (Single)
2006: Basic Jazz Lounge: The Ride – Joo Kraus (Album)
Passage 9:
Bernie Bonvoisin
Bernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁnaʁ bɔ̃vwazɛ̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: ​[bɛʁni bɔ̃vwazɛ̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director  He is best known for having been the singer of Trust 
He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song "Ride On" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott 

External links
Bernie Bonvoisin at IMDb
Passage 10:
Billy Milano
Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician  He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M O D , and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death  Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret  Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker  Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax 

Discography
Stormtroopers of Death albums
Stormtroopers of Death videos
Method of Destruction (M O D )
Mastery
Context 2: Passage 1:
Drew Esocoff
Drew Esocoff (born c  1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football 

Early life
Esocoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University  While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his students was Todd Bowles 

Career
Esocoff has worked for ESPN and ABC, serving as director for Monday Night Football, SportsCenter, and the NBA Finals, as well as five Super Bowls  Since 2006, he has served as director for NBC Sunday Night Football 
As of 2015, Esocoff has won 11 Emmy Awards 
Passage 2:
G  Marthandan
G  Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema  His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus

Early life
G  Marthandan was born to M  S  Gopalan Nair and P  Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala  He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery 

Career
After completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995  His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998  He worked as an associate director for 18 years He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role  His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles  Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes 

Filmography
As director
As associate director
As actor
TV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episode

Awards
Ramu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)
JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)
Passage 3:
Abhishek Saxena
Abhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu  The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role  Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film  This film was screened in cinemas in 2014 

Life and background
Abhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena  Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014  His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena 
Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017 

Career
Abhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad  He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017  Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate" 
In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta 
 Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut  Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people  The idea germinated from there "
Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus 
In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language 

Filmography
As Director
Passage 4:
Mayor Muthanna
Mayor Muthanna is a 1969 Indian Kannada-language film directed by Siddalingaiah  The film stars Rajkumar and Bharathi  The film was Siddalingaiah's debut as a director and actor Dwarkish's first independent production venture who had earlier co- produced the 1966 movie Mamatheya Bandhana with 2 other people under Thunga Pictures  The sub-plot of the film regarding the salvaging of the sub-standard grain was inspired by the 1886 novel The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy  The movie was remade in Telugu in 1974 as Chairman Chalamayya starring Chalam 

Cast
Soundtrack
The music of the film was composed by the duo Rajan–Nagendra, with lyrics penned by Chi  Udaya Shankar 
Passage 5:
Ben Palmer
Ben Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director 
His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020)  Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015) 

Biography
Palmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness  He attended Chetwynde School His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis  Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively 

Filmography
Bo' Selecta! (2002–06)
Comedy Lab (2004–2010)
Bo! in the USA (2006)
The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Comedy Showcase (2012)
Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)
Them from That Thing (2012)
Bad Sugar (2012)
Chickens (2013)
London Irish (2013)
Man Up (2015)
SunTrap (2015)
BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)
Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)
Back (2017)
Comedy Playhouse (2017)
Urban Myths (2017–19)
Click & Collect (2018)
Semi-Detached (2019)
Breeders (2020)
Passage 6:
The Market of Souls
The Market of Souls is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by Joe De Grasse and written by John Lynch and C  Gardner Sullivan  The film stars Dorothy Dalton, Holmes Herbert, Philo McCullough, Dorcas Mathews, Donald McDonald, and George Williams  The film was released on September 7, 1919, by Paramount Pictures 

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Helen Armes (Dalton), a nurse, comes to New York City from Albany to visit her married brother  She arrives on New Year's Eve and is immediately added to a cabaret party being made up to include her brother's wife and Lyle Bane (McCullough), a wealthy bachelor  At the cabaret she meets his brother Temple Bane (Herbert), a woman-hater who begins to believe in her  When she wearies of the performance, Lyle takes her home, lures her into his apartment, and attempts familiarities  She escapes but is judged guilty by her sister-in-law, so she leaves at once and goes to the nurse headquarters  Temple arrives and, after being told a lie about Helen's character and the incident, fights with his brother and receives a blow that blinds him  Helen is assigned to his case and she nurses him back to his sight  Being ignorant of her identity, Temple asks Helen for her hand in marriage  When he regains his sight, he then denounces her  She is about to leave when Lyle Bane, who has been reported killed in France while in the American Expeditionary Forces, appears in a supernatural form and tells the truth about the incident in the apartment  Temple and Helen reconcile, and Lyle disappears, with it concluded that he did not return in the flesh but only as a spirit 

Cast
Dorothy Dalton as Helen Armes
Holmes Herbert as Temple Bane
Philo McCullough as Lyle Bane
Dorcas Mathews as Evelyn Howell
Donald McDonald as Herbert Howell
George Williams as Dr  Rodney Nevins

Preservation
A print of the film is held in the Gosfilmofond collection in Moscow 
Passage 7:
S  Siddalingaiah
Siddalingaiah (15 December 1936 – 12 March 2015) was an Indian film director, scriptwriter and producer who worked mainly in the Kannada films  He was well known for his distinct film-making style, and the industry knew him as a master of social themes and rural subject matter  He was one of the most commercially successful directors in the Kannada industry  He began his film career in 1964 as a director with Mayor Muthanna (1969)  In a career that spanned 30 years, he directed over 20 films His most well-known films usually starred matinee idol Rajkumar  They have collaborated 7 times  His most popular works include Bangaarada Manushya, Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu, Nyayave Devaru, Biligiriya Banadalli, Doorada Betta and Bhoolokadalli Yamaraja  In 1993, he was awarded the Puttanna Kanagal Award for his contribution to the Kannada film industry as a director 

Family and early life
Siddalingaiah joined the film industry as both a floor and a spot boy for Navajyothi studios  He became an assistant for director Shanker Singh and later worked as junior actor and assistant as the protégé of B  Vittalacharya 
Siddalingaiah's son Murali was an actor in Tamil films  Murali died on the morning of 8 September 2010 in Chennai due to a massive heart attack  His grandson Atharvaa started his acting career in Baana Kaathadi in 2010 

Career
Siddalingaiah directed Mayor Muthanna in 1969 starring Rajkumar, Bharathi and Dwarakish in his film debut  He cast the same lead pair in Baalu Belagithu, Namma Samsara, Thayi Devaru and Bangaarada Manushya 
After Bangaarda Manushya, he worked with other actors including Vishnuvardhan, Ananth Nag, Lokesh and Srinivasa Murthy  He introduced his son Murali in the 1983 romantic drama Prema Parva  He also directed a Tamil film Puthir in 1986 with Murali as the lead actor  His last film, Prema Prema Prema, was released in 1999 after which he retired from directing 

Death
Siddalingaiah died on 14 March 2015 in Bangalore where he had been hospitalized for treatment of H1N1 influenza 

Filmography
Passage 8:
Joseph De Grasse
Joseph Louis De Grasse (May 4, 1873 – May 25, 1940) was a Canadian film director  Born in Bathurst, New Brunswick, he was the elder brother of actor Sam De Grasse 

Biography
Joseph De Grasse had studied and was a first-class graduate of accounting and he began his career as a journalist, but soon became enamored with the theater and took work as a stage actor  In 1903, he quit his full-time job as the City of Boston's bookkeeper to pursue acting  In 1910, he acted in his first motion picture and although he would appear as an actor in 13 films, and write 2 screenplays, his real interest was in directing 
While working in Hollywood for Universal Pictures, De Grasse met and married one of the few female directors working at the time, Ida May Park (1879–1954)  In 1915, he became a founding member of the Motion Picture Directors Association, a forerunner to today's Directors Guild of America 
During his career he directed a total of 86 films  In 1924, actor Lon Chaney said of the De Grasses:

Joe and Sam De Grasses are two of the most talented personalities in today's film industry  Joe, a very skilled actor, is also the consummate director, firm in his demands yet gentle in his way of dealing with many different temperaments to be found in the movie industry  Sam is the only actor I know who can horrify an audience without make-up and without grotesque posturing and playing to the camera  He is the only actor I know who pulls teeth on the set in between takes  A rare pair, they have given the industry not one but two dimensions 
Joseph De Grasse died in Eagle Rock, California; he collapsed on a street while walking, and was taken to hospital where he was pronounced dead  The cause of his death was a heart attack 

Filmography
Director
Actor
The Place Beyond the Winds (1916) - Anton Farwell
Triumph (1917) - Man at Theatre (uncredited)
After the War (1918)
So Big (1924) - Simeon Peake
The Cowboy Kid (1928) - John Grover
The Drunkard (1935) - Mr  Miller
The Dawn Rider (1935) - Dad Mason
The Adventures of Frank Merriwell (1936, Serial) - Dr  Cummings (uncredited) (final film role)

Preservation
The three surviving reels of De Grasse's film Triumph were restored by the Academy Film Archive in 2012 

See also
Other Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood
Passage 9:
The Market of Vain Desire
The Market of Vain Desire a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Reginald Barker  It stars Henry B  Warner and Clara Williams Prints of the film still exist and are preserved at the Library of Congress and with a private collector  The Market of Desire is now in the public domain 

Cast
Henry B  Warner as John Armstrong
Clara Williams as Helen Badgley
Charles Miller as Count Bernard d'Montaigne
Gertrude Claire as Mrs  Bladglley
Leona Hutton as Belle
Passage 10:
The Ship of Souls (film)
The Ship of Souls or Ship of Souls is a 1925 American silent 3-D Western drama film, directed by Charles Miller  It was based on the Western novel The Ship of Souls by Emerson Hough, which was published after his death  It was produced by Max O  Miller, who created the 3-D process used in the film 

Plot
Langley Barnes (Bert Lytell) goes to the North Country after being abandoned by his wife  There he falls in love with Christine Garth (Lillian Rich), and even though he is not legally divorced, marries Christine  Captain Churchill (Cyril Chadwick) is posted to the area to build a radio transmitter, and after returning to the United States, marries Langley's wife, who has now obtained a divorce  After Churchill alerts Barnes with a radio transmission, Langley remarries Christine in a legal ceremony 

Cast
Preservation
With no prints of The Ship of Souls located in any film archives, it is a lost film 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Fernando Flaínez
Fernando Flaínez (fl  c  1002  – c  1049) was a powerful magnate from the Kingdom of León, member of the aristocratic lineage of the Flaínez  His parents were Flaín Muñoz and his wife Justa Fernández, daughter of  count Fernando Bermúdez de Cea  He was the paternal grandfather of Jimena Díaz, wife of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar El Cid, and the direct ancestor of the important medieval noble lineage of the Osorios   He married Elvira Peláez, daughter of Pelayo Rodríguez and Gotina Fernández de Cea, with whom he had at least seven children: Flaín, Oveco, Justa, Pedro, Pelayo, Muño and Diego  He was the tenente of Aguilar and documented with the title of count as of 1028   Jointly with his son, Flaín Fernández, he governed the city of León until 1038 when the kingdom was already under the control of King Sancho III of Pamplona 

Biographical sketch
He first appears in medieval charters in 999 when, jointly with his brother Munio, confirmed a donation by the Bishop of León to the Monastery of Sahagún   On 26 February 1020, he and his wife accompanied by several of his children founded the Monastery of San Martín de Pereda in Valle de Valdeburón which was subsequently incorporated in the Monastery of Benevívere  In this document, he mentions that he had inherited several of the properties being donated from Fredenando Uermudiz et Flanio Moniz,  his grandfather and father, respectively 
As a loyal vassal of King Alfonso V of León, he appears constantly confirming royal charters and was honored with the title of count at the end of the reign of Alfonso and at least from 1028  After the death of Alfonso V and the succession to the throne by Bermudo III of León, Fernando supported his first cousin King Sancho III of Navarre, although, at first, he accompanied the young monarch as evidenced in a donation made by Bermudo III in November 1028 to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela where he appears with other magnates confirming the royal charter  His presence in the curia regis of King Bermudo III was infrequent from 1029 until 1035 and this absence could be attributed to his involvement — active or behind the scenes — in the assassination of García Sánchez, Count of Castile in 1029 when García went to the city of León to meet Sancha, his promised bride and future wife of King Ferdinand I of León He was back at the court of Bermudo III to whom he remained faithful until the king was killed in the Battle of Tamarón in 1037  Fernando Flaínez did not hand over the capital of the Kingdom of León to Ferdinand I until 1038 and kept all his honors and estates until his death, after 1049, the last year in which he appears in the charters of the Monastery of Sahagún 

Marriage and issue
He married his first cousin, Elvira Peláez, daughter of Count Pelayo Rodríguez and Countess Gotina Fernández, another daughter of Fernando Bermúdez de Cea, and as such, also a sister of Queen Jimena and of Justa Fernández, Fernando's mother  They were the parents of the following children, all except Justa born before February 1020, the date on which they appear confirming the donation made by their parents: 

Flaín Fernández (died before 1065), a count, husband of Toda Fernández and father of Martín Flaínez, ancestors of the Osorio;
Oveco Fernández, married to Onecca Gutiérrez;
Pedro Fernández
Pelayo Fernández (died after June 1049), royal alférez in 1039 and in 1050 and count as from 1043  He could have been the father of Flaín Peláez;
Munio Fernández (died after June 1049), also a count, married Elvira Peláez, daughter of Count Pelayo Froilaz the Deacon and Aldonza Ordóñez, daughter of the infantes Ordoño Ramírez and his wife Cristina Bermúdez  They were the parents of Countess Aldonza Muñoz, the wife of Count Vela Ovéquiz  He last appears in June 1049 with his brother Pelayo;
Diego Fernández, the father of Jimena Díaz, wife of El Cid;
Justa Fernández, named after her paternal grandmother, Justa was the second wife of Count Ansur Díaz and step-mother of powerful count Pedro Ansúrez On 29 September 1047, Justa and her husband founded the Monastery of San Román 

Notes
Passage 2:
Guillermo Fernández de Soto
Guillermo John Roque Fernández de Soto Valderrama (born 27 September 1953) is a Colombian lawyer and diplomat, who has served as Secretary General of the Andean Community of Nations, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia, Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and designated-Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotenciary, Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations in New York 

Biography
Ambassador Fernandez de Soto holds a degree in law and economic sciences from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and a Postgraduate degree in Socio-Economic Sciences from the same institution  He has had extensive experience in the field of international relations, Colombian diplomacy, academia, and in the professional practice in civil, commercial and international law 

Career
Early in his career, he worked as a Senior Specialist of the Organization of American States (OAS) Inter American Commission on Human Rights in Washington DC  He also served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia (1985 – 1986) He worked in the Secretariat of the United Nations for the Commission of Truth in the peace process of El Salvador  Also, he worked for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for the preparation of the Special Economic Cooperation Plan for Central America 
In the commercial field, he was the President of the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá (CCB) and held other positions such as President of the Ibero-American Association of Chambers of Commerce (AICO), General Director of the Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission, President of the Colombian Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris (ICC), President of the Colombian Committee of the Economic Council of the Pacific Basin (PBEC) 
As well, he served as Member and Executive Secretary of the presidential Commission for the Colombo-Venezuelan border integration body 1988-1998 
He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, a period during which he was also President of the Andean Council of Foreign Ministers and President of the United Nations Security Council (August, 2001)  Later, he was Secretary General of the Andean Community until 2004 
He also served as Ambassador of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2004-2008), Permanent Representative of Colombia to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Vice-President of the Tenth Conference of States Parties to the OPCW  In addition, he was the Representative of Colombia before the Administrative Council of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and Representative of Colombia before the Common Fund for Commodities 
Ambassador Fernández de Soto served as International Arbitrator in various disputes from Commercial and Administrative Law matters  He was also Co-agent before the International Court of Justice in the case of Aerial Spraying (Ecuador v  Colombia) and in the case of the Territorialand Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v  Colombia)  He was a member of the Inter-American Judicial Committee of the OAS and its president in 2011- 2012 
He was also President of the Colombian Council of International Relations (CORI)  Most recently, he served as Corporate Director for Europe at CAF, the Development Bank of Latin America based in Madrid, Spain (2012-2018) 
In the Academy, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations of the Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Executive Director of the International Studies Center “Interamerican Forum”  He has also participated in several academic publications as author and editor, and his articles have been published in several newspapers and magazines in Colombia 

Ambassador to the United Nations
He was appointed in September 2018 by the President of the Republic of Colombia as Ambassador to the United Nations  In 2019 he assumed the Presidency of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission  The Peacebuilding Support Office was established in 2005 as an advisory body to Member States and its role is to contribute to the maintenance of peace through international support for peacebuilding initiatives in different areas and regions of the world [1]
During his presidency, Fernandez de Soto visited Sierrea Leona, Loberia, Côte d'Ivoire and the African Union where he was able to witness the Commission's progress in peacebuilding  In January 2020 he handed over the presidency to the government of Canada while Colombia continues as vice president 

Decorations
National Order of Merit (Grand Officer) - France
Order of José Cecilio del Valle (Grand Cross) - Honduras
Order of Francisco de Miranda (First Class) - Venezuela
Order of the Liberator (Grand Cordon) - Venezuela
Order of the Liberator General San Martin (Grand Cross) - Argentina
Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (Grand Cross) - Chile
Order of the Merit of Chile (Grand Cross) - Chile
Order of the Sun (Grand Cross) - Peru
Order of Isabella the Catholic (Grand Cross) - Spain
Order of Simón Bolívar (Grand Cross) - Bolivia
Order of Honorato Vásquez (Grand Cross) -Ecuador
Order of the Aztec Eagle (Grand Band) - Mexico
Order of Boyacá (Grand Cross) - Colombia
Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Grand Cross) -Panama
Order of Orange-Nassau (Grand Cross) - Netherlands

External links
Photo of Guillermo Fernández de Soto
Passage 3:
Diego Fernández de Oviedo
Diego Fernández (fl  1020 – c  1046), also known as Diego Fernández de Oviedo, was a member of one of the most noble lineages of the Kingdom of León as the son of Fernando Flaínez and Elvira Peláez, daughter of count Pelayo Rodríguez  He was the second cousin of King Ferdinand I since both shared the same great-grandfather, Count Fernando Bermúdez de Cea  Distinguished with the title of Count at an early age, Diego was the father of Jimena Díaz, wife of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar El Cid 

Marriages and issue
Count Diego first married Elvira Ovéquiz, daughter of Count Oveco Sánchez and Countess Elo, who gave him two daughters: 

Onneca Mayor Díaz the wife of Gundemaro Iohannes (Ibáñez)
Aurovita Díaz, married to Munio Godestéiz,most probably the Muño Gustioz mentioned in the Cantar de Mio Cid who would have been the brother-in-law of Jimena Díaz who fought along with El Cid and accompanied Jimena during her widowhood His second wife, probably named Cristina, was a daughter of Fernando Gundemáriz and granddaughter of Gundemaro Pinióliz  The documented offspring of this marriage were:

Rodrigo Díaz, count in Asturias, who, according to the charters in the Monastery of San Juan de Corias, could have married a Gontrodo with whom he had two daughters, Sancha a Mayor Rodríguez 
Fernando Díaz,  one of the most powerful magnates of his period, who first married Godo Gonzalez Salvadórez and then Enderquina Muñoz, daughter of Count Munio González 
Jimena Díaz, the wife of El Cid 

Notes
Passage 4:
Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala
Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala (c  1394 – 1431), also known as Mariana de Ayala Córdoba y Toledo, was the fourth Lady of Casarrubios del Monte in the province of Toledo   She was the daughter of Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Carrillo, first Lord of Baena, and Inés Ayala y Toledo, third Lady of Casarrubios del Monte 

Life
Mariana married Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, Admiral of Castile and Lord of Medina de Rioseco around July 1425   They had one daughter, Juana Enríquez (1425–1468), who married  John II of Aragon 
Passage 5:
Diego Fernández de la Cueva, 1st Viscount of Huelma
Diego Fernández de la Cueva, 1st Viscount of Huelma (died 26 November 1473) was a Spanish nobleman 

Biography
Diego Fernández de la Cueva was born in Úbeda, Andalusia, Crown of Castille  He was a merchant and banker of King Henry IV of Castile, who granted him the title of 1st Viscount of Huelma 
He was related to or perhaps a descendant of Juan Sánchez de la Cueva, a nobleman from Úbeda, Regedor or Veinte y Quatro (24) of Úbeda in 1367, who rose pennant for the usurper Henry, Count of Trastamara, bribed by his generous promises  He was also a relative and a contemporary of another Diego de la Cueva, Alcalde of Caltinovo, married to María Cortés, whose daughter María Cortés married Rodrigo or Ruy Fernández de Monroy, paternal grandparents of Hernán Cortés 
He married Maior Alfonso de Mercado from Úbeda and had two sons  King Enrique IV, in his second year as King, travelled to Úbeda and stayed with Diego  When he left this house, he took Diego's second oldest son, Beltrán, with him to stay at Court to show his gratitude to Diego  (Diego offered Beltrán after Enrique asked for Diego's oldest son, whom Diego wanted to keep close by) 

See also
Henry IV of Castile
Beltrán de la Cueva
War of the Castilian Succession

Notes
Passage 6:
Diego Fernández de Cevallos
Diego Fernández de Cevallos Ramos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo feɾˈnandes ðe seˈβaʝos]; born 16 March 1941) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the conservative National Action Party (PAN)  He was a  presidential candidate in the 1994 election and President of the Mexican Senate 

Life and career
Fernández de Cevallos was born in Mexico City, the son of José Fernández de Cevallos Martínez and Beatriz Ramos Íñigo  He received a bachelor's degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and took several courses in economics at the Ibero-American University, where he also worked as a professor of criminal and commercial law 
He joined the conservative National Action Party (PAN) in 1959 and led its parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies (during the 55th legislature) and in the Senate (2003–06)  In 1994 he ran for president representing his party and lost against the PRI candidate, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León 
Outside politics, Fernández de Cevallos runs an influential law firm specialized in criminal, civil and commercial law  He was married only by the religious rite to Claudia Gutiérrez Navarrete  Currently he lives with his partner Liliana de León Maldonado 
At 80 years of age Fernández de Cevallos decided to join social media in order to persuade young people to adopt conservative values  President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) responded to Fernández de Cevallos' criticisms of his government by showing a video of a debate they had in 2000 

Abduction
Fernández de Cevallos was abducted from one of his properties, located in Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, on 14 May 2010  His abandoned vehicle was found nearby, with signs of a violent struggle  Fernandez de Cevallos' kidnappers demanded $100 million in exchange for his release, but decreased the amount  He was released from this abduction on December 20, 2010 in exchange for an amount that hasn't been officially disclosed by him or his family 

See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases
Passage 7:
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando (– Monleón, aft  February 2, 1487) was a Spanish military and nobleman 

Life
Diego Fernández de Cáceres y Ovando was a son of Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres y Mogollón, who granted a will at Cáceres in 1443, and wife Leonor Alfón de Ovando, daughter of Fernando Alfón de Ovando and wife Teresa Alfón (seventh grandparents in male line of the conqueror of the castle of Brindis, Italian city and sea port in the Adriatic, formerly called Brundisium and currently Brindisi, Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi, and his brother Alonso Pablo de Ovando y Solís Rol de La Cerda, 2nd Marqués de Brindis), and paternal grandson of Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres and wife Juana González 
He was the 1st Lord of the Manor House del Alcázar Viejo, which place was granted de jure by Henry IV of Castile by Royal Cedule of July 16, 1473, famous Captain of the aforementioned King and of the Catholic Monarchs since 1475, Alcalde of Benquerencia and Monleón, where he passed on in 1487, having tested on February 2 
He was firstly married to Isabel Flores de las Varillas, Dame of Queen Isabel I of Castile, daughter of Rodrigo Flores de las Varillas, a distant relative of Hernán Cortés, and wife María Estebán Tejado de Paredes 
He grew up and learned the military art at the house of the Infant Lord King John II of Navarre and his services are historical 
They had at least two sons, first born Diego de Cáceres y Ovando and Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres 
He was the ascendant of the Marqueses de Leganés (Mesía, on June 22, 1627, Grandees of Spain in 1640), Loriana (Velázquez-Dávila, December 19, 1591) and La Puebla de Ovanda (Velázquez-Dávila, March 10, 1627), Vizcondes de Penapardo, Condes de La Gomera with a Coat of Arms of de Herrera (de Herrera, 1487, also Señores de las Islas Canarias), de Oliva de Gaytan with a Coat of Arms of de Galarza (de Galarza, May 18, 1649), Fuenterubia, etc 
Passage 8:
Diego Fernández de Villalán
Diego Fernández de Villalán (died 7 Jul 1556) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the fourth Bishop of Almería (1523–1556) 

Biography
Diego Fernández de Villalán was ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor  On 17 July 1523, he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Adrian VI as Bishop of Almería  He served as Bishop of Almería until his death on 7 July 1556 
Passage 9:
Diego Fernández de Ovando
Fray Diego Fernández de Ovando was a Spanish military and nobleman 

Life
Diego Fernández de Ovando was a son of Fernando Fernández de Ovando, second son, and wife Francisca de Ulloa, and paternal grandson of Fernando Fernández de Ovando, 1st Count of Torrelaguna and 1st Count of Uceda, and wife Ora Blázquez Trillo, Lady of Talamanca 
He was a Professed Knight of the Habit of Alcántara, Commander of Lares at the time of Master Don Nuno Chamiço elected in 1338 
He had a natural son, Fernando Alfón de Ovando 

Sources
Cunha, Fernando de Castro Pereira Mouzinho de Albuquerque e (1906-1998), Instrumentário Genealógico - Linhagens Milenárias  MCMXCV, p  401
Passage 10:
Diego Fernández
Diego Fernández (c  1520 – c  1581) was a Spanish adventurer and historian of the 16th century 

Biography
Born at Palencia, he was educated for the church, but about 1545 he embarked for Peru, where he served in the royal army under Alonzo de Alvarado  Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, marquess of Cañete, who became viceroy of Peru in 1555, bestowed on Fernandez the office of chronicler of Peru; and in this capacity he wrote a narrative of the insurrection of Francisco Hernandez Giron, of the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, and of the administration of Pedro de la Gasca  The whole work, under the title Primera y segunda parte de la Historia del Piru, was published at Seville in 1571 and was dedicated to King Philip II  It is written in a clear and intelligible style, and with more art than is usual in the compositions of the time  It gives copious details, and, as he had access to the correspondence and official documents of the Spanish leaders, it is, although necessarily possessing bias, the fullest and most authentic record existing of the events it relates A notice of the work will be found in William H  Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru (new ed , London, 1902) 

See also
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Fray Martín de Murúa



ground_truth: Mangalia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died earlier, Mayor Muthanna or The Market Of Souls?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Lyon Cohen
Lyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist  He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen 

Biography
Cohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868  He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871  He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal  In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L  Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W  R  Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co , a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co  in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd   The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada  The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism  In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69 

Philanthropy
Cohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada  Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal  He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada 

Personal life
Cohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891  She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School  They had three sons and one daughter:

Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:
Esther Cohen and
singer/poet Leonard Cohen 
Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;
Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, and
Sylvia Lillian Cohen 
Passage 2:
Trịnh Cương
Trịnh Cương (Hán tự: 鄭棡; 9 July 1686 – 20 December 1729) was the lord who ruled Tonkin from 1709 to 1729 (his title as ruler was An Đô Vương)  Trịnh Cương was born to Trịnh Bính, a grandson of the former lord Trịnh Căn  He belonged to the line of Trịnh lords who had ruled parts of Vietnam since 1545  Like his great-grandfather and predecessor, Trịnh Căn, his reign was mostly devoted to administrative reforms 

Biography
Trịnh Cương ruled Việt Nam during a time of external peace but growing internal strife  He enacted many governmental reforms in both financial matters and judicial rules  His main concern was the growing problem of landless peasants  Unlike the Nguyễn lords who were constantly expanding their territory south, the Trịnh lords had little room for expansion  Hence, the land supply was essentially fixed but the population kept growing 
Trịnh Cương tried various legislative means to solve the problem  He tried to limit private land holdings  He tried to redistribute the communal fields of the small villages  Nothing really worked and the problem became very serious over the succeeding decades  According to historian R  H  Bruce Lockhart, the governmental reforms enacted by Trịnh Cương and his great-grandfather, Trịnh Căn, made the government more effective but, they also made the government more of a burden to the people  This had the effect of increasing the hatred felt by the people towards the Trịnh rulers in Hanoi 
Trịnh Cương passed an edict forbidding people to practice Christianity in 1712  Like previous efforts to suppress Christianity, this had little real effect in Vietnam  However, he tried to offer the people an alternative, and he had many Buddhist pagodas constructed during his rule 
As far as the Lê dynasty was concerned, the emperor, Lê Dụ Tông, ruled throughout Trịnh Cương's lifetime  The two men died within a few months of each other in 1729 

Sources
Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4  1988  Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 
Annam and its Minor Currency Chapter 16 (downloaded May 2006)

See also
Trịnh lords
Lê dynasty
Passage 3:
Kaya Alp
Kaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: قایا الپ, lit  'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah  He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I  He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp  He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks 
Passage 4:
Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm
Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm (Hán tự: 阮氏玉琰, 1721–1784), posthumous name Từ Trạch (慈澤), was a consort of lord Trịnh Doanh 

Biography
Lady Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm was born in 1721 at Linh Đường village, Linh Đàm commune, Thanh Trì district, Southern of Phụng Thiên prefect  She was commended to Trịnh clan's palace by her father who was Duke Nguyễn Văn Luân (阮文倫, 1686–1739)  She became a concubine of prince Trịnh Doanh and was granted the title Hoa Dung (花容) 
Passage 5:
Zhao Shoushan
Zhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: 赵寿山; traditional Chinese: 趙壽山; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician  He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji 

Career
Zhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894  After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi 

External links
(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006 
Passage 6:
Trịnh Doanh
Trịnh Doanh (4 December 1720 – 15 February 1767) ruled northern Vietnam (Tonkin) from 1740 to 1767 (he ruled with the title Minh Đô Vương)  Trịnh Doanh was the third son of Trịnh Cương, and belonged to the line of Trịnh lords who ruled northern Vietnam  His rule was spent putting down rebellions against Trịnh rule 

Trịnh Doanh took over from his brother, Trịnh Giang, who, through financial mismanagement and bad behavior, provoked a wave of revolts against his rule  This was a time of increasing peasant revolts in both the north and the south under the Nguyễn lords  In the north, some of the revolts were apparently led by members of the royal Lê family  The rebellions which broke out in Tonkin during this period, were almost without number  Princes belonging to the royal family, generals, civil mandarins, common people, and out-casts from the hills, all rose in the provinces against the tyranny of the Trịnh, as well as for their personal interests  Chapter 16 (continued) 
Despite the many revolts, Trịnh Doanh defeated them all and passed the rule of Vietnam to his son, Trịnh Sâm 
As far as the Lê dynasty was concerned, there was just one emperor, Lê Hien Tông (1740–1786), who occupied the royal throne in Hanoi 

See also
Lê dynasty

Sources
Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volumes 4  1988  Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 
Annam and its Minor Currency Chapter 16 (downloaded May 2006)
Passage 7:
Henry Krause
Henry J  "Red" Krause, Jr  (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins   He played college football at St  Louis University 
Passage 8:
Abd al-Muttalib
Shayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: شَيْبَة إبْن هَاشِم; c  497–578), better known as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب, lit  'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation  He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

Early life
His father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81  the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca  They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm  His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah)  Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born : 81 His real name was "Shaiba" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-Ḥamd ("The white streak of praise") : 81–82  After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care  Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent  Muṭṭalib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca  Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go  Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib ("servant of Muttalib") : 85–86

Chieftain of Hashim clan
When Muṭṭalib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan  Following his uncle Al-Muṭṭalib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people  He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them : 61 
'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib and Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba  Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib  Addressing Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, he said:
Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate  You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe 

Discovery of Zam Zam Well
'Abdul-Muṭṭalib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila  There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca  The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-Ḥārith stood guard until they gave up their protests  After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar  It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well  So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition  They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost  There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out  One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others  So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Muṭṭalib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed  It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well  Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred : 86–89 : 62–65

The Year of the Elephant
According to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there



ground_truth: The Market Of Souls

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the paternal grandfather of Diego Fernández De Oviedo?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: : 21  The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral  Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca : 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26  and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE 
When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba  A man from the Ḥimyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed  "Abdul-Muṭṭalib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba  Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib to meet him and discuss matters  When 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House ": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks  Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way : 26–27  This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:

Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?
Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?

And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up 
Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier  A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of ʽAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʽani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father 

Sacrificing his son Abdullah
Al-Harith was 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well : 64  When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba  Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow  The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah  The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead  'Abdul-Muṭṭalib agreed to consult a "sorceress with a familiar spirit"  She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels  If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place  When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels  'Abdul-Muṭṭalib confirmed this by repeating the test three times  Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared : 66–68

Family
Wives
Abd al-Muttalib had six known wives 

Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe 
Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe 
Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe 
Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe 
Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe 
Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe 

Children
According to Ibn Hisham, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib had ten sons and six daughters : 707–708 note 97  However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons : 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:

Al-Ḥārith : 708  He was the firstborn and he died before his father : 99 
Quthum : 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham By Fatima bint Amr:

Al-Zubayr : 707  He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour : 99  He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters : 101 : 34–35 
Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707  father of the future Caliph Ali  He later became chief of the Hashim clan 
Abdullah, the father of Muhammad : 99 : 707 
Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707  the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman : 32 
Barra,: 100 : 707  the mother of Abu Salama : 33 
Arwa : 100 : 707 
Atika,: 100 : 707  a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira : 31 
Umayma,: 100 : 707  the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh : 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:

Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab : 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:

Ḥamza,: 707  the first big leader of Islam  He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh  He was martyred at Uhud : 100 
Ṣafīyya : 100 : 707 
Al-Muqawwim : 707  He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra) 
Hajl : 707  He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita By Natīlah bint Khubāb:

al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707  ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs 
Ḍirār,: 707  who died before Islam : 100 
Jahl, died before Islam
Imran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:

Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq : 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham 
Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam 
Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam : 100 
Al-Mughira,: 100  who had the byname al-Ghaydaq 

The family tree and some of his important descendants
Death
Abdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Muḥammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah  One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died  So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah  They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca  But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death  She was buried over there  From then, Muhammad became an orphan  Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much  Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad  But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE 
Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia 

See also
Family tree of Muhammad
Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim
Sahaba
Passage 9:
Fred Le Deux
Frederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL)  He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins 

Early life
Le Deux grew up in Nagambie and attended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching 

Football
While a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club  He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school 

Family
Le Deux's daughter Jennifer was married to former Geelong player Jack Hawkins  Jennifer died in 2015  Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong 
Passage 10:
John Westley
Rev  John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister  He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism) 

Life
John Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev  Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland  He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B A  on 23 January 1655, and M A  on 4 July 1657  After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset  Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent  He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662  After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678 

Family
He married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller  White, the "Patriarch of Dorchester", married a sister of Cornelius Burges  Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659)  Their second son was Rev  Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley  A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters 

Notes
Additional sources
Matthews, A  G , "Calamy Revised", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)"  Dictionary of National Biography  London: Smith, Elder & Co  1885–1900 



ground_truth: Flaín Muñoz