prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the husband of Maude Smith born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
James Randall Marsh
James Randall Marsh (1896–1966) was an American artist and the husband of Anne Steele Marsh 

Biography
Marsh was born in 1896 in Paris, France  He was the son of Frederick Dana Marsh and Alice Randall Marsh  He was the brother of the painter Reginald Marsh He married Anne Steele in 1925 and the couple settled in Essex Fells, New Jersey  There Marsh set up a metal forge which he used to create industrial and residential lighting fixtures  In 1948, the Marshes relocated to Pittstown, New Jersey where James continued operating a forge, expanding the operation to include decorative metal work  His work was mainly in the American Arts and Craft style 

In 1952, Marsh was instrumental in establishing the Hunterdon Art Museum  When an 1836 stone mill became available for sale, Marsh and his neighbors decided to turn it into an art center, with Marsh providing most of the purchase price  The museum, with workshops, is still in operation and the building is listed as Dunham's Mill on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey In 1964, he purchased the M  C  Mulligan & Sons Quarry, also listed on the NRHP, and donated it to the Clinton Historical Museum, now known as the Red Mill Museum Village  On October 9, 1965, the James Randall Marsh Historical Park was dedicated at the museum Marsh died on January 20, 1966, in Flemington 
Passage 2:
John A  McDougald
John Angus "Bud" McDougald  (March 14, 1908 – March 15, 1978) was a leading Canadian businessman and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses  In 1975, journalist Peter Newman wrote that, "He may well be the least known and most admired member of the [Canadian] business Establishment  Without question, he is the most powerful "
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he was universally known by the nickname, "Bud"  The son of a wealthy investment banker, after working as a stockbroker for Dominion Securities, in 1945 Bud McDougald teamed up with E  P  Taylor to establish Taylor, McDougald and Company Ltd  which would lead to his rise in the Taylor-controlled holding company, Argus Corporation  While McDougald would become involved in the sport of Thoroughbred racing, E  P  Taylor would devote much of his time to building his very successful Windfields Farm  That situation saw McDougald rise within the business to where he was appointed chairman of the board of directors and president of Argus  He was largely responsible for making it one of Canada's dominant business conglomerates that had controlling interest in Dominion Stores, Hollinger Mines, Massey Ferguson, Standard Broadcasting, Crown Trust and Domtar 
McDougald was one of the major biographies in Peter C  Newman's 1975 book, The Canadian Establishment 
McDougald died in Palm Beach, Florida in 1978  Two months after his death his widow and sister-in-law signed documents that gave Conrad Black control of Ravelston Corporation which in turn controlled Argus Corporation 

Thoroughbred racing
Introduced to the sport by E  P  Taylor, McDougald was a founding member of the Jockey Club of Canada  He and his wife owned a number of Thoroughbred racehorses, the most successful of which was Nijinsky's Secret 
Passage 3:
Stan Rice
Stanley Travis Rice Jr  (November 7, 1942 – December 9, 2002) was an American poet and artist  He was the husband of author Anne Rice 

Biography
Rice was born in Dallas, Texas, in 1942  He met his future wife Anne O'Brien in high school  They briefly attended North Texas State University together, before marrying in 1961 and moving to San Francisco in 1962, to enroll at San Francisco State University, where they both earned their bachelor's and master's degrees 
Rice was a professor of English and Creative Writing at San Francisco State University  In 1977, he received the Academy of American Poets' Edgar Allan Poe Award for Whiteboy, and in subsequent years was also the recipient of the Joseph Henry Jackson Award, as well as a writing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts  Rice retired after 22 years as Chairman of the Creative Writing program as well as Assistant Director of the Poetry Center in 1989 It was the death of his and Anne's first child, daughter Michele (1966–1972), at age six of leukemia, which led to Stan Rice becoming a published author  His first book of poems, based on his daughter's illness and death, was titled Some Lamb, and was published in 1975  He encouraged his wife to quit her work as a waitress, cook and theater usher in order to devote herself full-time to her writing, and both eventually encouraged their son, novelist Christopher Rice, to become a published author as well 

Rice, his wife and his son moved to Garden District, New Orleans, in 1988, where he eventually opened the Stan Rice Gallery  In 1989, they purchased the Brevard-Rice House, 1239 First Street, built in 1857 for Albert Hamilton Brevard 
Stan Rice's paintings are represented in the collections of the Ogden Museum of Southern Art and the New Orleans Museum of Art  He had a one-person show at the James W  Palmer Gallery, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York  The Art Galleries of Southeastern Louisiana presented an exhibition of selected paintings in March 2005  Prospective plans are underway to present exhibitions of Rice's paintings at various locations in Mexico In Prism of the Night, Anne Rice said of Stan: "He's a model to me of a man who doesn't look to heaven or hell to justify his feelings about life itself  His capacity for action is admirable  Very early on he said to me, 'What more could you ask for than life itself'?"
Poet Deborah Garrison was Rice's editor at Alfred A  Knopf for his 2002 collection, Red to the Rind, which was dedicated to novelist son Christopher, in whose success as a writer his father greatly rejoiced  Garrison said of Rice: "Stan really attempted to kind of stare down the world, and I admire that "Knopf's Victoria Wilson, who edited Anne's novels and worked with Stan Rice on his 1997 book, Paintings, was particularly impressed by his refusal to sell his artworks, saying, "The great thing about Stan is that he refused to play the game as a painter, and he refused to play the game as a poet "

Personal life
Rice was an atheist 

Death
Stan Rice died of brain cancer at age 60, on December 9, 2002, in New Orleans where he lived and was survived by Anne and Christopher, as well as his mother, Margaret; a brother, Larry; and two sisters, Nancy and Cynthia 
Rice is entombed in Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans 

Poetry collections
Some Lamb (1975)
Whiteboy (1976) (earned the Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Academy of American Poets)
Body of Work (1983)
Singing Yet: New and Selected Poems (1992)
Fear Itself (1997)
The Radiance of Pigs (1999)
Red to the Rind (2002)
False Prophet (2003) (Posthumous)

Poetry video recordings
Two series of recordings – one from 1973 at San Francisco State University and the other from 1996 at the poet's New Orleans home by filmmaker Blair Murphy – capturing Stan Rice reading several of his poems are on the YouTube site dedicated to the poet 

Other books
Paintings (1997)

Footnotes
Notes
Passage 4:
Maude Smith
Hedley Maude Smith, later McDougald (May 9, 1905 – November 17, 1996), was a Canadian pairs skater, who was also known as "Jim" or "Jay"  Together with Jack Eastwood she placed tenth at the 1928 Winter Olympics and sixth-seventh at the world championships in 1928, 1930 and 1932  The pair finished second at the national championships in 1929 and 1933 and third in 1934 Smith was married to the prominent Canadian businessman John A  McDougald  She had a younger sister Cecil, who also competed at the 1928 Olympics  Their mother, Maude Delano-Osborne, won the 1892 Canadian tennis championship 
Passage 5:
Alan Pownall
Stephen Alan Fletcher Pownall (born 30 December 1984) is an English singer-songwriter and the husband of actress Gabriella Wilde 

Music
The son of Orlando Pownall, QC, he grew up in Richmond-upon-Thames and was educated at Windlesham House School, Marlborough College and Shiplake College  Originally interested in fashion, he worked for French designer Roland Mouret for two years, where he was advised to study in Milan  He went on to study fashion design but dropped out a year later in 2006 to pursue a music career in London 
After meeting Adele at one of her early gigs, he told her that he was making music and she should look it up  To his surprise, he was contacted via his MySpace profile and asked to support her on her first British tour  As he only had a four-song set, he wrote a lot of his material whilst on tour  He also toured with Paloma Faith, Lissie, Marina and the Diamonds, Noah and the Whale and Florence and the Machine 
He shared a flat in London with fellow singer/songwriter Jay Jay Pistolet (who would go on to become the front man of The Vaccines)  He later moved in with Marcus Mumford and Winston Marshall from Mumford and Sons, who he supposedly introduced to Ted Dwane In one interview he claims to be "all but deaf in right ear "Pownall's debut EP was released on 5 April 2010 through Mercury Records and his album True Love Stories was released on 25 June 2010  They parted company shortly after the release in late 2010, with Pownall taking a two and a half year break from music 
Pownall and   formed the electro-pop duo Pale in late 2012, with Pownall as the singer  Pale has supported The Vaccines and Sky Ferreira on tour   They worked with Jas Shaw of Simian Mobile Disco to produce their first two singles, released through the independent label 37 Adventures  As of November 2017, their Facebook and Soundcloud pages show that Pale has been dormant since releasing an EP, The Comeback, in 2014 Since 2019, Pownall has been releasing and performing under the pseudonym Alan Power 

Personal life
On 13 September 2014, Pownall married actress Gabriella Wilde  The couple's first son, Sasha Blue Pownall, was born on 3 February 2014  In 2016, Wilde gave birth to their second son, Shiloh Silva Pownall  Gabriella has since given birth to their third son Skye in 2019 

Discography
Studio album
Passage 6:
Stan Marks
Stan Marks is an Australian writer and journalist  He is the husband of Holocaust survivor Eva Marks 

Life
Born in London, Marks moved to Australia aged two  He became a reporter on rural daily papers and then on the State's evening The Herald (Melbourne), reporting and acting as a critic in the Melbourne and Sydney offices  He worked in London, Canada and in New York City for Australian journals  Back in Australia, Stan Marks became Public Relations and Publicity Supervisor for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, looking after television, radio and concerts, including publicity for Isaac Stern, Yehudi Menuhin, Igor Stravinsky, Daniel Barenboim, Maureen Forrester and international orchestras for Radio Australia and the magazine TVTimes  Later he became Public Relations and Publicity Manager for the Australian Tourist Commission, writing articles for newspapers and journals at home and abroad  Marks was also the editor of the Centre News magazine of the Jewish Holocaust Museum and Research Centre for over 16 years He is the author of 14 books, published in Australia, England, United States, Israel and Denmark  He originated and co-wrote MS, a cartoon strip dealing with male-female relationships, which appeared daily in Australian and New Zealand newspapers  Marks wrote the play VIVE LA DIFFERENCE
about male-female relations in the 21st century 
Stan Marks has given radio talks over BBC, CBC (Canada) and Australian Broadcasting Commission and to numerous groups, schools and organisations on many topics, particularly humour in all its forms  He has written much in Australia and overseas about fostering understanding and combating racism, hatred and prejudice, often advocating one united world   He wrote the first article (in the London Stage weekly) suggesting a British Commonwealth Arts Festival and then in various journals world wide  He also was first to suggest an Olympics Arts Festival as a way of possibly bringing the nations closer  A believer in bringing age-youth closer, including advocating, in the New York Times and other journals,  a Youth Council at the United Nations and also later an Australian organization to help young and old to better understand each other and work together 

Merits
Order of Australia for community activities, 2007
Glen Eira Citizen of the Year for community activities
B'nai B'rith Merit award for services to the community

Works
God gave you one face (1966)
Animal Olympics (1972)
Rarua lives in Papua New Guinea (1973)
Malvern sketchbook (1980)
Out & About In Melbourne (1988)
St Kilda heritage sketch book (1995)
Reflections, 20 years 1984-2004 : Jewish Holocaust Museum and Research Centre Melbourne (2004)
Passage 7:
Andrew Upton
Andrew Upton is an Australian playwright, screenwriter, and director  He has adapted the works of Gorky, Chekhov, Ibsen, and others for London's Royal National Theatre and the Sydney Theatre Company  He wrote the original play Riflemind (2007), which premiered at the Sydney Theatre Company to favourable reviews, with Hugo Weaving starring and Philip Seymour Hoffman directing the London production 
Upton and his wife, the actor Cate Blanchett, are the co-founders of the film production company, Dirty Films, under which Upton served as a producer for the Australian film Little Fish (2005)  Upton and Blanchett became joint artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company from 2008 until 2012 

Early life and education
Upton attended The King's School, Parramatta and University of Sydney 

Career
As a playwright, Upton created adaptations of Hedda Gabler, The Cherry Orchard, Cyrano de Bergerac, Don Juan (with Marion Potts), Uncle Vanya, The Maids, Children of the Sun and Platonov for the Sydney Theatre Company (STC) and Maxim Gorky's The Philistines for the Royal National Theatre in London Upton's original play Riflemind opened with Hugo Weaving, playing an ageing rock star planning a comeback, at the Sydney Theatre Company on 5 October 2007, and received a  favourable review in Variety (magazine)  The London production of Riflemind, directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman, opened in 2008, but closed as a result of the financial pressure of the Global Financial Crisis after receiving poor popular press reviews In 2008, Upton and wife Cate Blanchett became joint artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company for what became a five-year term Upton and Blanchett formed a film production company, Dirty Films, whose projects include the films Bangers (1999) and Little Fish (2006)  Upton wrote, produced and directed the short, Bangers, which starred Blanchett  Upton shares writing credits for the feature film Gone (2007) Upton wrote the libretto to Alan John's opera Through the Looking Glass, which premiered with the Victorian Opera in Melbourne in May 2008 Upton acted in one of Julian Rosenfeldt's thirteen-part art film, Manifesto (2015) 

Awards and recognition
In June, 2014, Upton was recognised with the Rotary Professional Excellence Award, an award instituted "to honour a person who has demonstrated consistent professional excellence in his or her chosen vocation by contributing to the benefit of the wider community beyond their typical workplace role" 

Personal life
Upton and Blanchett met in Australia in the mid-1990s and married on 29 December 1997  The couple have three sons and one daughter, the latter adopted in 2015  The couple's children appeared with Upton in segment 11 of the 2015 film Manifesto Upton and Blanchett purchased a house in East Sussex, England, in early 2016 
Passage 8:
Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat
Devisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat (c  1934 – 24 February 2023) was an Indian agriculturist and politician who served as the first gentleman of India as the husband of President Pratibha Patil  He also served as the first gentleman of Rajasthan and also as mayor of Amravati  He was a member of the Indian National Congress 

Early life
Devisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat, who was then a lecturer in chemistry, married Pratibha Patil on 7 July 1965  The couple had a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician Shekhawat was awarded a PhD from the University of Mumbai in 1972  Prior to his wife's elevation to her presidential role, he had been principal of a college operated by his wife's Vidya Bharati Shikshan Sanstha foundation and also a First Mayor of Amravati (1991–1992)  Like his wife, he was a member of the Indian National Congress party  He was also an agriculturalist and a former member of the Legislative Assembly, being elected for the period 1985–1990 from the Amravati constituency in the Maharashtra state legislature  He lost his deposit in the 1995 contest for that constituency Various accusations against Shekhawat and Patil emerged after the latter was nominated for the office of president  Among these was the case of Kisan Dhage, a teacher in a school run by Vidya Prasarak Shikshan Mandal in Buldana district, who committed suicide in November 1998  He left a note saying that he was committing suicide because he was tired of the mental harassment caused by Shekhawat, who was chairman of the institution, and four others  When the police registered the case as "accidental death", Dhage's wife appealed to the Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) in Jalgaon Jamod, a tehsil in Buldana district  The JMFC ordered the police to start criminal proceedings  Shekhawat petitioned the courts seeking dismissal of charges of abetting Dhage's suicide  Two lower courts turned down this plea and by June 2007 the issue was pending in the Bombay High Court  A judge at that court dismissed the charges against Shekhawat in 2009 on the grounds that there was no proof of direct involvement, although one of his co-accused remained subject to the proceedings In 2009, a court ruled that Shekhawat had colluded with five relatives and local officials to illegally transfer into his ownership 2 5 acres (1 0 ha) of land in Chandrapur belonging to a Dalit farmer  This was one of several allegations of corruption and irregularities to emerge during Patil's presidency in relation to her and her family 

First Gentleman of Rajasthan (2004–2007)
Upon Shekhawat's wife's succession as governor of Rajasthan, he moved into Raj Bhavan, Jaipur succeeding as the first gentleman of Rajasthan for 3 years 

First Gentleman of India (2007–2012)
On 25 July 2007 Shekhawat became the first first gentleman of India upon his wife's succession as the twelfth — and first woman — President of India for a full five-year term 

Death
Shekhawat died on 24 February 2023 at the age of 89 
Passage 9:
Lapidoth
Lapidoth (Hebrew: לַפִּידוֹת Lapīḏōṯ, "torches") was the husband of Deborah the fourth Judge of Israel  Lapidoth is also a Hebrew male given name 
Passage 10:
Jon Leach
Jonathan Leach (born April 18, 1973) is a former professional tennis player from the United States  He is the husband of Lindsay Davenport 

Professional career
Leach, an All-American player at USC, made his Grand Slam debut at the 1991 US Open when he partnered David Witt in the men's doubles  He competed in the doubles at Indian Wells in 1992 with Brian MacPhie and before exiting in the second round they defeated a seeded pairing of Luke Jensen and Laurie Warder  A doubles specialist, his only singles appearance came at Indian Wells in 1994  With Brett Hansen-Dent as his partner, Leach made the second round of the 1995 US Open, with a win over Dutch players Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink  At the 1996 US Open, his third and final appearance at the tournament, Leach partnered with his brother Rick  He also played in the mixed doubles, with Amy Frazier  His only doubles title on the ATP Challenger Tour came at Weiden, Germany in 1996 

Personal life
The son of former USC tennis coach Dick Leach, he was brought up in California and went to Laguna Beach High School  Leach married tennis player Lindsay Davenport in Hawaii on April 25, 2003  Their first child, a son named Jagger, was born in 2007  They have had a further three children, all daughters  An investment banker, Leach is also involved in coaching and worked with young American player Madison Keys in the 2015 season  His elder brother, Rick Leach, was also a professional tennis player, who won five Grand Slam doubles titles and reached number one in the world for doubles 

Challenger titles
Doubles: (1)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rumbi Katedza
Rumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974 

Early life and education
She did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe  Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995  In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film  She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University 

Work and filmography
Katedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows  From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe)  From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival  Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series  In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namely

Tariro (2008);
Big House, Small House (2009);
The Axe and the Tree (2011);
The Team (2011)
Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:

Danai (2002);
Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);
Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);
Asylum (2007);
Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts  She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe  She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry 
Passage 2:
Sam the Man
Sam the Man is a 2001 American film directed by Gary Winick and starring Fisher Stevens 

Plot
A writer having difficulty completing his second novel goes on a journey of self-discovery 

Cast
External links
Sam the Man at IMDb
Sam the Man at Rotten Tomatoes
Passage 3:
The Man Is Armed
The Man Is Armed is a 1956 film noir crime film directed by Franklin Adreon starring Dane Clark, William Talman, May Wynn and Robert Horton 

Plot
Framed by another man, truck driver Johnny Morrison serves a year in prison  After his release, Johnny confronts the man, Mitch Mitchell, who plunges off a roof to his death 
Johnny then learns that his former employer, Hackett, was the one who set him up as a fall guy  Hackett claims it was a test of loyalty, and since Johnny passed, he now stands to earn $100,000 for helping Hackett pull off the robbery of an armored transport company 
Johnny's old girlfriend, Carol Wayne, still has feelings for him, even though she has been seeing Mike Benning, a young doctor  While the death of Mitchell is investigated by police Lt  Coster as a homicide, Johnny and three other thugs pull off the heist 
Unable to get the loot to Hackett due to roadblocks, Johnny hides out  Hackett, believing he has been double-crossed, shoots Johnny and buries the money on his family farm, but the police catch up to him  A wounded Johnny knocks out Mike and abducts Carol, but collapses and dies after a few steps  Mike leads Carol away as the cops arrive 

Cast
Dane Clark as Johnny Morrison
William Talman as Hackett
May Wynn as Carol Wayne
Robert Horton as Dr  Michael Benning
Barton MacLane as Det  Lt  Dan Coster
Fredd Wayne as Egan
Richard Benedict as Lew 'Mitch' Mitchell
Richard Reeves as Rutberg
Harry Lewis as Cole
Bobby Jordan as Thorne
Larry J  Blake as Ray Perkins
Darlene Fields as Terrycloth
John Mitchum as Officer

See also
List of American films of 1956
Passage 4:
Wolf Warrior
Wolf Warrior (Chinese: 战狼) is a 2015 Chinese war film written and directed by Wu Jing  It stars Wu Jing along with Scott Adkins, Yu Nan and Kevin Lee  It was released on 2 April 2015  A sequel, titled Wolf Warrior 2, was released in China in 2017 and became the all-time highest-grossing film in China 

Plot
In 2008, a combined task group of People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and Chinese police raid a drug smuggling operation in an abandoned chemical facility in southern China  The leader of the smuggling operation, Wu Ji, holds one of his own men hostage while taking cover behind a section of the facility's reinforced wall 
Leng Feng, a skilled PLA sniper, ignores orders to stand down and fires three shots at a weak section of the wall, penetrating through on the third shot and killing Wu Ji  Leng Feng is sent to solitary confinement as punishment, but is approached by Long Xiaoyun, the female commander of the legendary 'Wolf Warriors', an elite unit within the PLA tasked with simulating foreign tactics for the PLA to train against  Long Xiaoyun offers Leng Feng a place in the Wolf Warriors  Meanwhile, in the Philippines, crime lord Min Deng, the older brother of Wu Ji, hires ex-US Navy SEAL “Tom Cat” (Scott Adkins) and his group to assassinate Leng Feng and avenge his brother 
The Wolf Warriors participate in a training exercise in a remote and uninhabited forested region on China's southern border  During the exercise, Tom Cat and his mercenaries ambush a Wolf Warrior squad, killing one of Leng Feng's comrades  Subsequently, the PLA and the Wolf Warriors are tasked with hunting down Tom Cat‘s squad to restore their honor  The combined infantry force move into the forest but are delayed by multiple traps set by Tom Cat and pinned down by sniper fire until Leng Feng manages to kill the shooter  Afterwards, the rest of the PLA force engages Tom Cat's other mercenaries, who stage a fighting retreat but are eventually overwhelmed and killed one by one  Meanwhile, Long Xiaoyun and the other PLA commanders deduce that Ming Deng himself is also in the training area to take possession of a smuggled cache of biotechnology, which could allow the creation of a genetic weapon that could target Chinese people exclusively 
Leng Feng eventually catches Tom Cat just before China's southern border  Leng Feng is nearly defeated, but manages to kill Tom Cat with his own knife  Medical personnel from a PLA relief force arrive, but Leng Feng recognises the wrist tattoo of the medic that approaches him and realizes that they are Min Deng's men in PLA uniforms  He attacks them, eventually holding Min Deng himself at bayonet point on the very edge of the Chinese border  Min Deng's paramilitary force approaches from the other side of the border, but so do the rest of the Wolf Warriors and PLA soldiers  Min Deng's force retreats, leaving him to be arrested 

Cast
Wu Jing as Leng Feng, a marksman in the People's Liberation Army who was initially court martialled and reprimanded for failing to obey a direct order during an operation  He is later recruited into a Chinese Special Forces Unit called "War Wolf" after Long Xiaoyun takes an interest in him 
Yu Nan as Lieutenant Colonel Long Xiaoyun, Commander of the Chinese Special Forces Unit "War Wolf"
Ni Dahong as Ming Deng, a drug lord who hires a group of foreign mercenaries to avenge his brother's death at the hands of Leng Feng 
Scott Adkins as "Tom Cat," a former US Navy SEAL turned mercenary, who is hired by Meng Deng to kill Leng Feng
Kevin Lee as "Mad Cow"
Shi Zhaoqi
Zhou Xiaoou
Fang Zibin
Guo Guangping
Ru Ping
Hong Wei
Wang Sen
Zhuang Xiaolong
Chris Collins

Production
The script went through 14 drafts over seven years  In order to portray more realistic combat scenes, the movie used five missiles (each at a value of one million yuan), more than 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a variety of Chinese active military aircraft, including the Chengdu J-10, Harbin Z-9, and CAIC Z-10  In one large battle scene, 32 active tanks appeared in the same shot, including a Type 96 tank In order to prepare for the film, with the support of Chinese PLA Nanjing Military Region, Wu Jing trained for 18 months at a camp in Nanjing Military Region  
On the first day of shooting, it was the hottest summer in Nanjing's history  The temperature was up to 49 8 °C, making 5 extra actors suffer from shock 
Most of the film was made on location in Jiangsu province, at sites including Nanjing and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum 

Box office
As of 25 May 2015, it has earned US$89 11 million in China In China, it opened on 2 April 2015, earning US$33 32 million in its 4-day opening weekend topping the Chinese box office  In its second weekend, it fell to number two, earning US$36 19 million (behind Furious 7) 

Critical response
The film had an overall rating of 6 8 on the Chinese review site Douban as of August 2017  Variety magazine wrote: "To a layperson's eyes, the military exercise does look authentic, and the cross-country skirmishes are ruggedly watchable on an acrobatic level  Yet it's impossible to overlook the inanity of the plotting" 

Awards
International influence
Wolf Warrior and its sequel, Wolf Warrior 2, are the namesake of China's aggressive 'wolf warrior diplomacy' under Xi Jinping's administration 
Passage 5:
Edward Yates
Edward J  Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969 

Biography
Yates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936  After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator  He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania 
In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM  The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956 
It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand  Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium 
In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him



ground_truth: Toronto, Ontario

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born later, The Man Is Armed or Wolf Warrior?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester 
He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life 

External links
Edward Yates at IMDb
Passage 6:
Arms and the Man (1932 film)
Arms and the Man is a 1932 British film based on the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw  It was written and directed by Cecil Lewis 
Passage 7:
Wu Jing (actor)
Wu Jing, also known as Jacky Wu, (Chinese: 吴京; pinyin: Wú Jīng; born 3 April 1974) is a Chinese actor, director and martial artist best known for his roles in various martial arts films such as Tai Chi Boxer, Fatal Contact, the Sha Po Lang films, and as Leng Feng in Wolf Warrior, its sequel Wolf Warrior 2, and most recently The Battle at Lake Changjin  Wu Jing is one of the most profitable actors in China and his movies are often the highest grossed films in China and around the world  Wu ranked first on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2019 and 23rd in 2020 

Career
In April 1995, Wu was spotted by martial arts choreographer Yuen Woo-ping, Wu played Hawkman / Jackie in 1996 film Tai Chi Boxer, his first Hong Kong film debut  Since then Wu has appeared in numerous mainland Chinese wuxia television series  He has also worked with choreographer and director Lau Kar-leung in 2003 film Drunken Monkey  Wu achieved success in Hong Kong action cinema for his role as a vicious assassin in 2005 film SPL: Sha Po Lang In 2006, Wu was continuing his move into Hong Kong cinema by starring in the film Fatal Contact  Wu is the male lead in 2007 film Twins Mission, starring the Twins duo  He also worked on the police action film Invisible Target which was released in July 2007 In March 2008, Wu made his directorial debut, alongside action choreographer Nicky Li, on his film Legendary Assassin 
Wu played the Assassin in The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor his American film debut Wu played Jing Neng in 2011 martial arts film Shaolin alongside Nicholas Tse, Andy Lau and Jackie Chan  Wu reprised a different role as Chan Chi-kit in the 2015 Hong Kong action film SPL II: A Time for Consequences Wu directed and starred in the action war film Wolf Warrior and its 2017 sequel Wolf Warrior 2  The latter film has become a hit at the Chinese summer box office and became the highest grossing film in China In 2019, Wu starred in hit film The Wandering Earth, based on a novella of the same name by Liu Cixin  When he discovered that the production team lacked funds to complete the film, he invested his own money to make up for the shortfall  The film ended up grossing $700 million worldwide, including $691 million in China but only 9 million for the rest of the world combined  It became China's third highest-grossing film of all time, 2019's third highest-grossing film worldwide, the second highest-grossing non-English film to date, and one of the top 20 highest-grossing science fiction films to date 

Personal life
Wu Jing and Xie Nan's relationship began in 2012 and they got married in 2014  On 25 August 2014, Wu Jing's wife gave birth to a son Wu Suowei (吴所谓) (also named as Wu You (吴滺))  On 24 September 2018, they had a second son Wu Lü (吴律) 

Filmography
Film
Television series
Accolades
Passage 8:
Franklin Adreon
Franklin "Pete" Adreon (November 18, 1902 – September 10, 1979) was an American film and television director, producer, screenwriter, and actor 

Early life and career
Born in Gambrills, Maryland, Adreon was a Marine Reservist during the 30s, and served in the United States Marine Corps in World War II   Serving initially with the 6th Marines in Iceland, Major Adreon was put in charge of the Marine Corps Photographic Unit in Quantico Adreon, an ex-bond salesman who entered motion pictures in 1935 with no experience, landed some small paying jobs, including as a technical advisor on the serial The Fighting Marines (in which he also appeared in the role of Captain Holmes)   This led to a writing position at Mascot Pictures and its successor Republic Pictures   Adreon stayed with the serial unit and soon, through hard work and toil, was awarded the title of associate producer  Adreon stayed with the studio for nearly all of its short life  He worked with serial director William Witney at Republic Pictures, who was also in the Marines in the war 
He then worked as a director, producer, and writer on various television series and films 
Adreon died on September 10, 1979, in Thousand Oaks, California, at the age of 76 

Selected filmography
Passage 9:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 10:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 



ground_truth: Wolf Warrior

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Paul De Scherff or Lyudmyla Olyanovska?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Paul De Weert
Paul De Weert (born 27 November 1945) is a Belgian rower  He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics 
Passage 2:
Paul de Longpré
Paul de Longpré (1855–1911), was a French painter of flowers, who worked mainly in the United States 

Early life
Paul de Longpré was born in Lyon, France, in 1855, and was an entirely self-taught artist  From age 12, he practiced successfully in Paris as a painter of fans  In 1876, at 21, he first exhibited at the Paris Salon  Having lost his money by the failure of a Paris bank, he moved in 1890 to New York City and in 1896 held an exhibition of flower paintings which secured him instant recognition 

Life in Hollywood
De Longpré arrived in Los Angeles, Southern California with his family in 1899  Daeida Wilcox, with husband H  H  Wilcox the founders of Hollywood, was so eager to attract culture to the town that she gave him her homesite for his estate, three lots on Cahuenga on the north of Prospect (later Hollywood Boulevard), in exchange for three of his paintings In 1901, Canadian architect Louis Bourgeois designed a landmark residence for the 3 acres (1 2 ha) estate, in the Mission Revival style  The house included an art gallery to sell prints of de Longpré's paintings, and was surrounded by the expansive "Le Roi de Fleur" flower gardens  Estate tours became a popular tourist destination off an exclusive Balloon Route trolley spur of the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad, that later became a Pacific Electric Redcar line, and with print sales additional sources of income for de Longpré Paul de Longpré is listed in the 1900 US Census, Los Angeles City Ward 5, Precincts 38 B and 73 A, with his wife Josephine and daughters Blance, Alice, and Pauline  His occupation is listed as Artist, but the last name is misspelled as De Lonpre, It indicates Paul, Josephine, Blance, and Alice were born in France, and Pauline was born in New York City  The architect Louis Bourgeois also taught French to de Longpré's daughters, and later married his daughter Alice Paul de Longpré died at home in Los Angeles at age 56, on 29 June 1911 Afterwards, the family moved back to France  The increased property values in rapidly developing Hollywood resulted in demolition of the gardens by 1924, and the house in 1927 

Works
De Longpré only painted specimens of flowers  With a delicacy of touch and feeling for color he united scientific knowledge and art  He also knew how to give expression to the subtle essence of the flowers  Painting floral scenes almost exclusively in watercolors, in the 1900s de Longpre found inspiration in the 4,000 rose bushes he planted on his Hollywood estate  The finest of his paintings include Double Peach Blossoms and White Fringed Poppies (1902) – both widely known through popular reproductions 

Legacy
In present-day Hollywood, the street De Longpre Avenue, and De Longpre Park on it are both named for him 
Passage 3:
Paul de Scherff
Paul de Scherff (14 July 1820 – 22 July 1894) was a Luxembourgian politician 
De Scherff was born in Frankfurt to F  H  W  von Scherff-Arnoldi, who was minister plenipotentiary of the King-Grand Duke to the German Federal Diet   After studying law, Paul de Scherff came to Luxembourg  For six years he was avocat géneral, and later became president of the superior court, at the age of 34  From 24 June 1856 to 11 November 1858 he was Administrateur général (Minister) for Public Works and Railways in the Simons Ministry  From 1869 to 1871, and then again from 1886 to 1892 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre, and was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1869 until 1872 When the walls of the fortress of Luxembourg were demolished in the 1870s and 1880s, Paul de Scherff was working in the ministry of public works, where he dealt with the building of the municipal parks 
He married Marie Pescatore on 14 September 1842, daughter of Constantin Jos  Antoine Pescatore and niece of Theodore Pescatore   De Scherff was a practising member of the Reformed Church 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Paul de Cordon
Paul de Cordon (born in 1908 in Toulouse - died in 1998 in Paris) was a French photographer known for his photographs of the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon  He was also recognized for his portraits and his nudes for which he was, in 1964, considered one of the greatest photographers in the world together with Guy Bourdin and Lucien Clergue  He produced portraits of many personalities such as Johnny Hallyday, Gilbert Bécaud, Mireille Darc, Jacques Brel, Fernand Raynaud, Anna Karina, Samy Davis Jr , Jeanne Moreau, Steve McQueen and his long-time friends, Daniel Sorano and Jacques Dufilho as well as Gonzague Saint Bris with whom he was very close  and who nicknamed him “The Toulouse-Lautrec of photography’’  In 1961 he participated alongside Edouard Boubat, Agnès Varda, Man Ray, Frank Horvat, William Klein and Robert Doisneau in the mythical exhibition "Metamorphosis and invention of a face" around the portrait of Anne- Marie Edvina  He was also an equestrian, fashion and advertising photographer, notably for Nikon and Beaulieu  He collaborated with Europe 1 in the years 1960/70  Paul de Cordon even tried his hand at television by co-presenting the Cirques du Monde program with Jean Richard on channel A2  His works are present in prestigious collections such as those of the National Library of France (BNF), the Rodin museum and W M  Hunt 

Early years
Paul de Cordon was born in Toulouse  His father, Comte Pierre de Cordon, was a cavalry officer; his mother, Marthe de Boyer-Montegut, a cultivated, book-loving woman, was the daughter of Paul de Boyer- Montégut, who, for many years, was mayor of Cugnaux, near Toulouse, where he owned the château de Maurens 
It was in Maurens that Paul de Cordon, as a child, spent his holidays and it was there that he discovered horses which were to become one of the great passions of his life  His grandfather Boyer-Montegut was what was the French call, a “Homme de cheval’’ whose four-in-hand teams were renowned in Toulouse and across the region  As a child, he also lived for several years in Mainz (Germany), where his father was stationed after the First World War  It was around this time that he started taking pictures with a small camera, a gift from his parents  He learned the basic techniques from an old German photographer during long hours spent in his shop 
It was also in Germany where his attraction to the circus was born  The large travelling circuses, like Althoff, then crisscrossed the country with quality shows and numerous animals 
As a teenager, he was a boarder in a Paris school  He was then able to discover a very intense artistic and cultural life thanks to his aunt, the Marquise du Crozet, his mother's elder sister  He attended performances by Serge de Diaghilev's Ballets Russes which, after the war, came on tour every year to Paris  He went to the theater and visited exhibitions with his first cousin, Aimar du Crozet, who was much older than him and took him "under his wing" to serve as his guide to the Paris of the 1920s  Aimar du Crozet also had a passion for horses and races  He was the owner of Master Bob, who won the 1924 Paris Grand Steeple Chase * and who became so famous an athlete that he is mentioned by Ernest Hemingway at the start of his book ‘’Death in the Afternoon’’ 
After his studies Paul de Cordon enlisted in the 18th Dragons cavalry regiment  More than a true military vocation, it was once again the love of horses that motivated him 
At that time almost all the cavalry regiments were mounted and each maintained and trained horses to enter in show jumping events and steeple chases, in which both officers and noncommissioned officers participated  In the 1930s, he thus took part in dozens of races on tracks in France and across Europe 
After the 18th Dragons he was assigned to the 2nd Hussards, in Tarbes, the “Chamborant’’, where he continued his favorite activities; training and riding horses  By an amusing coincidence, his great-grandmother on his mother’s side was Louise de Séganville, daughter of Colonel Baron de Séganville who had been the regiment’s commanding officer between 1813 and 1815 
It was at the 2nd Hussards that he had two encounters that would mean a lot in his life  He befriended Jacques Dufilho who, after interrupting his studies in dental prosthesis, had signed an eighteen-month enlistment contract  * Dufilho will become one of his dearest friends when they meet again after the war  There he also meets Jean Devaivre who completed his military service at “Chamborant’’  Jean Devaivre then went to work in cinema and became a great director, it was he who enabled Paul de Cordon, after the war, to embark on a new life 
Devaivre was not only a cineaste but also an authentic character actor: working during the occupation for the German group Continental Films in Paris, he was at the same time a very active member of the French resistance  His exploits include flying from the Nevers region to London clandestinely after having made the journey from Paris to Nevers in the afternoon    by bicycle  Bertrand Tavernier's film “Laissez-passer’’ is directly inspired by his life, as recounted in his autobiography, “Action’’ 
In 1939, the 2nd Hussards broke up into reconnaissance groups which took part in the 1940 battles on the Ardennes front, * Paul de Cordon participated in these actions in a mounted squadron and was taken prisoner by the Germans  He ended his captivity in the fortress of Colditz where he was liberated by the US military on April 16, 1945 
In 1945 he married Dilette de Rigaud de Vaudreuil and they had three children  He remained in the army for a few more months and was assigned to the Cadre Noir in Saumur 

Second life
After a few months in Saumur, he decided to leave the army  In 1947 Jean Devaivre who had just directed “La dame d’onze heure" with Paul Meurisse, a film of astonishing modernity, offered him a job as his assistant and Paul de Cordon accepted 
He was Devaivre’s first assistant director for “La ferme des sept péchés" ( he was also the stuntman for scenes on horseback) and for "Vendetta en Camargue" where he reunited with Jacques Dufilho  At that time, in addition to being a stuntman he was also an acrobatic and burlesque dancer 
At the beginning of the 1950s, Paul de Cordon decided to become a professional photographer  He set up a studio in Paris and started developing relations with various clients in the press, advertising agencies, fashion designers, show business    
He also began to develop a large-scale personal project on the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon cabaret  He spent many nights with his camera at Medrano, at the Bouglione brothers' Cirque d’Hiver and at the Crazy Horse Saloon  Until the 1990s he also traveled the world to visit
circuses and bring back photos  Over these years, he has developed close ties with the great dynasties of the circus ring : Schumann, Rancy, Knie, Gruss, Bouglione, Houcke, Medrano, Fratellini etc     In all these families the horse occupied a central role in their performances  This equestrian culture and Paul de Cordon’s experience as a horseman facilitated and consolidated links with all these artists and strengthened their mutual confidence and friendship  His taste for spectacle, ballets and theater helped him to appreciate and better understand the work represented by all these artists  During these years, in addition to his work as a photographer, Paul de Cordon wrote a lot about the circus and this is how the Swiss magazine “L’Année Hippique" often published his articles on horses and circus equestrians 

Circus instants
"Faced with this obstinate pursuit of the perfect gesture, I understood that I was living there what I had always sought: a circus moment"  “Instants de Cirque’’ is the title of Paul de Cordon's most famous book, which brings together a selection of images taken over more than thirty years and which he considered particularly representative  The book was edited by Bernard de Fallois who was also a circus lover and an admirer of Paul de Cordon's photos 
This book, published in 1977 by Le Chêne, allows us, with hindsight, to better understand the originality and peculiarity of Paul de Cordon’s photos  The circus is a subject that has greatly inspired photographers attracted by the spectacular and flashy nature of the circus ring  But there is no flashiness in the photos that appear there, they are intimate, shrouded in mystery, charged with a secret emotion  A photo of Gilbert Houcke with his tiger Prince illustrates their peculiarity well: there is no circus ring nor lights, we are backstage, the tamer wears a worn bathrobe, there is a sort of semi-darkness which brings out the eye of the tiger and his outstretched paw, claws extended, which he offers to the caress of the human hand  Few images make you feel with as much force the reciprocal respect and the affection that there can be between a wild beast and his tamer but also the formidable danger, the courage it takes to face it and the amount of work and humility that represent a successful act  This photo may not be what people call a circus photo, but it illustrates what Paul de Cordon called the “instant de cirque’’  Paul de Cordon had a great admiration for tamers and loved wild animals  He liked to enter their cages, accompanied by the tamer of course  He also
chose to include on the jacket of his book, a photo of himself with the lionesses of Georges Marck, wearing the uniform of the 2nd Hussards  The photo was shot by his brother, Benoît de Cordon 
Paul de Cordon was passionately fond of the circus, but he did not like being labeled as a circus photographer because the documentary aspect often linked to that genre and most often sought after by circophiles, was of no interest to him  What he was interested in and what he wanted to express in his photos was, he said, “the peculiarity of an artist, the very core of his art’’  He had an exceptional talent for capturing what others didn't always see, which is probably why so many circus performers wanted to be photographed by him 

Crazy Horse Saloon
Paul de Cordon met Alain Bernardin at the very beginning of the Crazy Horse Saloon The old coal cellar on the avenue George V had just been converted into a micro cabaret  The former antique dealer who invented the most cerebral strip show in the world and the recently converted cavalry officer shared a common aversion for rules and conventions and were both attracted to show business and pretty women  The friendship between them that lasted many years was punctuated with sulking  They both had a touch of dandyism and a taste for beautiful fabrics and bespoke suits which led them to share a Russian tailor before he emigrated to Hollywood to dress movie stars  Paul de Cordon took hundreds of photos at the Paris cabaret which illustrate the long history of the place   There are also many images shot in the dressing rooms  They are more intimate, devoid of any sort of voyeurism and translate the total confidence of the dancers This part of his work is less well known as it reveals a different face of his talent 

Portraits
Paul de Cordon is not considered a portrait photographer and yet, one realizes when looking at his work, that he also excelled in this particular art as evidenced by portraits of his friends the Gruss brothers, Alexis and André, of the clown Pipo and of Jean Houcke  His striking portrait of the actor Jacques Dufilho, in a black leather coat captures all the austerity and intelligence of this comedian  His portraits of pop stars are of interest in that they totally ignore the canons of the yé-yé aesthetic
imposed by the iconic music magazine « Salut les copains » (Hello mates) 
Paul de Cordon worked regularly for advertising, fashion, and the press 
In advertising he worked for Nikon and Beaulieu shooting their ads and catalogues for several years 
In the press he began working for horse magazines  During the 60’s he did many jobs for the music press and for record companies including photos of pop groups, yé-yé stars, or even latin music groups (Chaussettes noires, Johnny Hallyday, Hugues Aufray, Françoise Hardy, Sylvie Vartan and los Machucambos) 
He was also involved in fashion photography and participated for several years in the July fashion show marathons when Paris studios were overbooked for night photoshoots 

3 zebras
In the contemporary world, images are everywhere, and some photos are more famous than their photographers  Everyone knows “Le baîser de l’hôtel de Ville’’ by Robert Doisneau, “Death of a republican soldier’’ by Robert Capa, or “Dovima and the elephants" by Avedon  Paul de Cordon most famous photo, undoubtedly, is “Three zebras’’ which has been presented in all his exhibitions and appears, of course, in Instants de Cirque although it was not shot in a circus but at the Amsterdam Zoo in 1957  This photo was published worldwide, including in the American edition of Life in March 1962 
Paul de Cordon died in March 1998 in Paris, two years before his wife, Dilette, who had accompanied him to circuses around the world  They are buried in Verneuil in the Nièvre  Paul de Cordon is the grandfather of Pierre-Elie de Pibrac, a photographer known in
particular for his work on the Paris Opera  Photos from his book “In Situ’’ (2014) have been exhibited in France and around the world  It was thanks to his grandfather with whom he was very close, that Pierre-Elie de Pibrac developed his vocation for photography 

Books by Paul de Cordon
Girls of the Crazy Horse Saloon Verlagspresse 1971
Instants de Cirque Edition du chêne 1977
Le Cadre Noir Julliard 1981
Passage 5:
Paul De Keyser
Paul De Keyser (born 7 February 1957) is a former Belgian racing cyclist  He rode in the 1980 Tour de France 
Passage 6:
Catherine I of Russia
Catherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr  Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr  Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O S  5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O S  6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727 

Life as a servant
The life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself  Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life  Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o s  5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska  Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents  In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt  Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer  It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect  Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf 
Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children  According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian  In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman   No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life 
Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son  At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg  When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow 
There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress  She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev  It is not known whether she was his mistress, or household maid   She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia  Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him  Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife  It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance 
It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely  In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta  In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter  In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna)  She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions 

Marriage and family life
Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg  They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709) 
Peter had moved the capital to St  Petersburg in 1703  While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple  The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter  As a person she was very energetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful  She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so 
Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711  There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great  Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat 
Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy  In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St  Petersburg on 9 February 1712   She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich  Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina  When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherine became Empress  The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding 

Issue
Catherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna and Elizabeth:

Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancy
Paul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancy
Catherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)
Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15 May 1728)
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)
Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)
Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June 1715)
Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)

Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)
Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)
Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)
Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)

Siblings
Upon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titles of Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia 

Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: Симон Гейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov 
Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the Counts Efimovsky 
Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, a Russian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration 
Fryderyk Skowroński, renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without having children by either of them 

Reign as empress regnant
Catherine was crowned in 1724  The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's former mistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona  He served as Catherine's secretary  Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia  Catherine had a great deal of influence over who could gain access to her husband  Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter  Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both  Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled  He and Catherine did not speak for several months  Rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, but there is no evidence for this 
Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor  Catherine represented the interests of the "new men", commoners who had been brought to positions of great power by Peter based on competence  A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats  For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup was arranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia  Supporting evidence was "produced" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both "new men" with motivation to see Catherine take over  The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council 
Catherine viewed the deposed empress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St  Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner 

Death
Catherine I died two years after Peter I, on 17 May 1727 at age 43, in St  Petersburg, where she was buried at St  Peter and St  Paul Fortress  Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise 
Before her death she recognized Peter II, the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor 

Assessment and legacy
Catherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia   At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 men and supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe   However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annual revenue   Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure   For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers   However, on this single issue, the reduction of military expenses, Catherine was able to have her way   The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands of one party, and thus was an executive innovation  In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against Great Britain 
Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St  Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital  She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bears her name 
The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name 
She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning "Catherine's Valley"), its adjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia  The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution of the President 
In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious   The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret 

See also
Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
Rulers of Russia family tree

Notes
Passage 7:
Lyudmyla Olyanovska
Lyudmyla Olyanovska (Ukrainian: Людмила Оляновська; born 20 February 1993, in Kyiv) is a Ukrainian race walker 

Career
She won the bronze medal in the 20 kilometer racewalking event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China 
In 2014, she won the silver medal in the 20 kilometres racewalking event at the 2014 European Championships in Athletics 
In February 2017, she was disqualified for doping rules violation for four years since 30 November 2015 until 29 November 2019 

National records
She holds three national records in racewalking:
Passage 8:
Antoine Pescatore
Constantin-Joseph-Antoine Pescatore, known as Antoine Pescatore, was born on 16 December 1787 in Luxembourg City, and died on 31 October 1858 in Sandweiler  He was a businessman and politician 
From 1817 to 1820, he was mayor of the city of Luxembourg From 1842 to 1848 he was a member of the Assembly of Estates, and from 1854 to 1856 was a member of the Chamber of Deputies In 1845 he became a founding member of the Société pour la recherche et la conservation des monuments historiques dans le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg 
His daughter Marie Pescatore (1819-1894) married Paul de Scherff 
Passage 9:
Paul de Maleingreau
Paul Constant Eugène de Maleingreau (23 November 1887 - 9 January 1956) was a Belgian composer and organist 

Biography
Paul Constant Eugène Malengreau was born in  Trélon, Nord, France  He later changed his surname to "de Maleingreau"  From 1905 to 1912 he studied at the Brussels Conservatory where his principal teachers were Alfons Desmet, Paul Gilson and Edgar Tinel  He began teaching at the Conservatory in 1913 and was professor of organ (succeeding Desmet) from 1929 until 1953   His pupils included Pierre Froidebise, Charles Koenig, Robert Kohnen, Marcel Druart, Paul Sprimont and Herman Roelstraete 
In 1921 and 1922 he was the first to play Bach’s complete organ works in Brussels 
Gregorian plainsong forms the basis of most of Malengreau’s compositions, and indeed part of his output is intended for the liturgy  He also wrote programme music, his organ symphonies being inspired by paintings by Rogier van der Weyden and the van Eyck brothers  While the chromaticism and cyclic treatment of themes reveal the influence of Franck, certain harmonic progressions are typical of Impressionist music 
He was a member of the Libre Académie, and died in Brussels in 1956 

Selected works
Publication dates and publishers in parentheses where known 

Organ
Op  2  Élévation (1912, Hérelle)
Op  3 no  1 Post partum Virgo inviolata permansisti (Hérelle, Fortemps)
Op  3 no  2 Ego sum panis vivus (Hérelle, Fortemps)
Op  10 Opus sacrum: In nativitate Domini (1920, Chester)
Op  14 Suite (1919, Durand)
Op  18 nos 1 & 2 Offrande musicale (1920, Chester)
Op  18 no  3 Toccata (1920, Chester)
Op  19 Symphonie de Noël (1920, Chester)
Op  20 Symphonie de la Passion (1923, Senart)
Op  22 Opus sacrum II: In feriis Quadragesimae (1923, Senart)
Op  23 Triptyque pour la Noël (1923, Salabert)
Op  24 Symphonie de l’Agneau mystique (1926, Leduc)
Op  25 Préludes à l’introit pour orgue sans pédale (1924, Senart)
Op  26 no  4 Noël parisienne
Op  27 Élévations liturgiques (1935, Herelle-Philippo)
Op  30 Messe du jour de Noël (1938, Philippo)
Op  31 Messe de pâques (Hérelle-Philippo)
Op  35 Méditation pour le temps pascal: Quoniam ipsius est mare (1939, Hérelle)
Op  60 Préludes de carème (1952, Oxford)
Op  65 Suite mariale (1939, Oxford)
Op  71 Suite: Four paraphrases on hymns to the Virgin (1937, Oxford)
Op  103 Diptyque de la Toussaint (1952, Fischer)

Piano
Op  7 Prélude-Chorale et fugue (1920, Chester)
Op  8 No  1 Cygnes de neige sur des lacs de Lapis-Lazuli (F  Lauweryns)
Op  9 Suite pour piano (1920, Chester)
Op  12 Sonatine pour piano (1917, Lauweryns)
Op  17 Les angelus du printemps : suite pittoresque pour piano (1920, Chester)
Suite enfantine  (1934, Senart)

Chamber
Op  15 Sonate pour violoncelle et piano (1919, Durand)
Passage 10:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 



ground_truth: Lyudmyla Olyanovska