prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Helena Carroll's father study?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Donnie Elbert
Donnie Elbert (May 25, 1936 – January 26, 1989) was an American soul singer and songwriter, who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s  His U S  hits included "Where Did Our Love Go?" (1971), and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by "A Little Piece of Leather", a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice 

Career
Elbert was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, but when aged three his family relocated to Buffalo, New York  He learned to play guitar and piano as a child, and in 1955 formed a doo-wop group, the Vibraharps, with friend Danny Cannon  Elbert acted as the group's guitarist, songwriter, arranger, and background vocalist, making his recording debut on their single "Walk Beside Me"  He left the group in 1957 for a solo career, and recorded a demonstration record that earned him a recording contract with the King label's DeLuxe subsidiary  His solo debut "What Can I Do?" reached #12 in the U S  R&B chart, and he followed it up with the less successful "Believe It or Not" and "Have I Sinned?", which became a regional hit in Pittsburgh He continued to release singles on DeLuxe, but with little commercial success, and also played New York's Apollo Theater and toured the Chitlin' Circuit of African-American owned nightclubs  After completing an album, The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings, he left DeLuxe in 1959, joining first Red Top Records, where in 1960 he recorded "Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)", and then Vee-Jay Records, where he had another regional hit with "Will You Ever Be Mine?", which reportedly sold 250,000 copies in the Philadelphia area but failed to take off nationwide  His career was also interrupted by a spell in the US Army, from which he was discharged in 1961  He then recorded singles for several labels, including Parkway, Cub and Checker, but with little success  However, although the 1965 Gateway label release of "A Little Piece of Leather" failed to chart in the US, the record became a #27 pop hit when released on the London label in the UK several years later in 1972, and remains a Northern soul favorite Elbert relocated to the UK in 1966, where he married  There, he recorded "In Between The Heartaches" for the Polydor label in 1968, a cover version of the Supremes' hit "Where Did Our Love Go?" and an album of Otis Redding cover versions, Tribute To A King  His 1969 Deram release "Without You" had a rocksteady rhythm, and went to the top of the Jamaican charts 
He returned to the US the same year and had his first US chart hit in over a decade with the Rare Bullet release, "Can't Get Over Losing You", which reached #26 on the Billboard R&B chart  The track and its b-side, "Got To Get Myself Together", both written by Elbert, were released several times on different labels in subsequent years  After the success of that record, Elbert moved labels for a re-make of the Supremes' 1964 hit, "Where Did Our Love Go?" on All Platinum  It became his biggest hit, reaching #15 on the Billboard pop chart, #6 on the R&B chart, and (in 1972) #8 in the UK  Its follow-up, "Sweet Baby" reached #30 on the R&B chart in early 1972 
Elbert then signed with Avco-Embassy, where he entered the recording studio with the successful production team of Hugo & Luigi  His cover of the Four Tops' "I Can't Help Myself" reached #14 on the Billboard R&B chart, but climbed as high as #2 on the alternative Cashbox R&B chart  Elbert baulked at the label's insistence that he record material associated with Motown and departed with only a few tracks left to record for an album  Even so, the album was released after Avco sold it on to a budget label, Trip 
He returned to All Platinum and had a run of minor R&B hits, but left after a disagreement over the claimed authorship of Shirley & Company's R&B chart-topper "Shame Shame Shame", which was credited to label owner Sylvia Robinson  Elbert was also involved in a copyright wrangle over Darrell Banks' major R&B and pop hit in 1966, "Open The Door To Your Heart"  He had originally written the song as "Baby Walk Right In" (still its alternative legal title) and given it to Banks, but received no writing credit on the original record  Eventually, the matter was resolved by BMI with a disgruntled Elbert awarded joint authorship with Banks  "Open The Door" has since been given award-winning status by BMI and is one of over 100 songs written or co-written by Elbert 
For 1975's "You Keep Me Crying (With Your Lying)", Elbert formed his own label and "I Got to Get Myself Together", appeared on an imprint bearing his surname, but it was among his final recordings By the mid-1980s, Elbert had retired from performing and became director of A&R for Polygram's Canadian division  He suffered a massive stroke and died in 1989, at the age of 52 

Discography
Chart singles
Albums
The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings (King, 1959)
Tribute to a King (1968)
Where Did Our Love Go? (All Platinum, 1971) U S  #153, R&B #45
Have I Sinned? (Deluxe, 1971)
Stop in the Name of Love (Trip, 1972)
A Little Bit of Leather (1972)
Roots of Donnie Elbert (Ember, 1973)
Dancin' the Night Away (All Platinum, 1977)

See also
List of disco artists (A-E)
Passage 2:
Benny Rubinstein
Benny Rubinstein (בני רובינשטיין) is an Israeli former footballer and current real estate developer  He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya  At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal 

Biography
Rubinstein was born in Netanya, Israel  His wife is Sarah Rubinstein  Benny's son, Aviram also played football for Maccabi Netanya He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya  At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal Rubinstein then worked as a real estate agent, and now works in real estate development 

Honours
Israeli Premier League (1):
1970-71
Passage 3:
Nancy Baron
Nancy Baron is an American rock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles "Where Did My Jimmy Go?" and "I've Got A Feeling" 

Early life
Born into a family of singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genres by her family at an early age  Noting her singing talents, her parents brought their young child to auditions for musical theater productions in New York City  The singer joined Glee clubs at school and formed her own female singing groups at school  At the age of 11, she heard her first "Rock and Roll" song  This affected her taste in music and desire to emulate the style; it was the first time she heard a Rock group with a female lead singer  This was significant since she realized that she could be a lead singer 

Recording career
At the age of 15, her parents sent her for vocal coaching in Manhattan, N Y  After a while her coach sent her to record a demonstration record in a sound studio near Broadway  Upon hearing her sing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of a small record company in N Y C ; he was impressed by her voice and immediately signed her to a contract  The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor at the time Baron became one of the many girl group/girl sound singers of the early 1960s  Baron was not a member of a group; her producers would hire "pay for hire" backup groups for her recordings  This "sound" as it is referred to had much to do with Phil Spector, one of its major creators; Spector produced recordings of this genre prolifically  The groups were composed of young adult or teenage girls, each with a lead singer and any number of back up singers At the time, the troubled label (a small N Y C  record company owned by Wally Zober) could not promote Baron's "I've Got A Feeling"/"Oh Yeah" 45 vinyl and so she eventually signed a contract with Jerry Goldstein producer of FGG productions, also located in Manhattan  "Where Did My Jimmy Go"/"Tra la la, I Love You" was the result (Diamond) 

Later life
Baron left the music industry at the age of 19, choosing to enter higher education due to changes in the music industry of those days; she eventually received an advanced degree 
Baron's "I've Got a Feeling" was covered by The Secret Sisters on their 2010 self-titled album as well as being released as a single  AllMusic describes Baron's song as "an early-'60s pop/rock obscurity" 
Passage 4:
Jack Carroll (hurler)
Jack Carroll (1921–1998) is an Irish hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Offaly senior hurling team 
Carroll made his first appearance for the team during the 1943 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1953 championship  During that time he enjoyed little success as Offaly were regarded as one of the minnows of provincial hurling 
At club level Carroll was a five-time county club championship medalist with Coolderry 
Carroll's father-in-law, "Red" Jack Teehan, his son, Pat Carroll, and his grandson, Brian Carroll, also played hurling with Offaly 
Passage 5:
Andrew Allen (singer)
Andrew Allen (born 6 May 1981) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia  He is signed to Sony/ATV and has released five top ten singles, and written and recorded many others, including Where Did We Go? with Carly Rae Jepsen  He also records covers and posts them on YouTube 

Background
Raised in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, his acoustic pop/rock music is inspired by artists like Jason Mraz and Jack Johnson 

Career
Andrew Allen scored his first hit in 2009, when I Wanna Be Your Christmas cracked the Top Ten in his native Canada  He was honored as the feature performer for the Sochi 2014 hand off finale on the internationally broadcast Closing Ceremony of the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games held at Whistler, British Columbia  Allen continued building an international profile in 2010, and released his biggest single Loving You Tonight, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide, was featured on the Gold Selling NOW 37, hit #6 on the Canadian charts for 22 weeks in a row and #30 on the US Hot AC charts, and got him a record deal with Epic after spending much of that year on the road  Because of the song's attention, Allen had the opportunity to perform with some of the world's biggest artists like Bruno Mars, One Republic, The Barenaked Ladies, Train, Matt Nathanson, Joshua Radin, Andy Grammer, The Script, Nick Carter, Kris Allen, Carly Rae Jepsen and many others 
Loving You Tonight was also featured on the soundtrack of Abduction starring Taylor Lautner 

Collaborations
Andrew Allen is also well known in the songwriting community, and has written songs with artists like Meghan Trainor, Rachel Platten, Cody Simpson, Carly Rae Jepsen, Matt Simons, Conrad Sewell as well as writer/producers like Toby Gad, Ryan Stewart, Eric Rosse, Jason Reeves, John Shanks, Nolan Sipes, Mark Pellizzer (Magic), Brian West and Josh Cumbee  Numerous songs he has been a part of writing have been released by various artists, including Last Chance, which was on the Grammy nominated album Atmosphere by Kaskade feat  DJ Project 46, Ad Occhi Chiusi which was on the Double Platinum release by Italian artist Marco Mengoni and Maybe (which Allen also later released himself) released by teen pop sensation Daniel Skye, as well as many others 

Singles
I Wanna Be Your Christmas (2009)
Loving You Tonight (2010)
I Want You (2011)
Where Did We Go? (2012)
Satellite (2012)
Play with Fire (2013)
Thinking About You (2014)
What You Wanted (2016)
Favorite Christmas Song (2017)
Maybe (2017)

Discography
The Living Room Sessions (2008)
Andrew Allen EP (2009)
The Mix Tape (2012)
Are We Cool? (2013)
All Hearts Come Home (2014)
The Writing Room (2020)
12:34 (2022; pre-released on vinyl in 2021)

Songwriting credits
Last Chance released by Kaskade featuring Project 46 on his Grammy nominated record Atmosphere 
Ad Occhi Chiusi released by Marco Mengoni on his Double Platinum record 
Reasons released by Project 46 
No Ordinary Angel released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany 
Million Dollars released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany 
Maybe released by Daniel Skye 
Passage 6:
Helena Carroll
Helena Winifred Carroll (13 November 1928 – 31 March 2013) was a veteran film, television and stage actress 

Early life
Born to clothing designer Helena Reilly and Abbey Theatre playwright Paul Vincent Carroll, she was the youngest of three sisters  Her elder sisters were Theresa Elizabeth Perez (1924–2001), a classically trained musician and the producer/founder of the People's Pops Concerts in Phoenix, Arizona, and journalist Kathleen Moira Carroll (1927–2007) Carroll attended Clerkhill Notre Dame High School, a Roman Catholic convent school in Dumbarton 

Stage career
Carroll received her acting training at the Central School which later became the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art London, appearing in three plays in London's West End and a film, Midnight Episode, by age 20  She made her Broadway debut in Separate Tables by Terence Rattigan  She moved to the U S  during the 1950s, touring and performing on Broadway and co-founded, with Dermot McNamara, The Irish Players, a repertory theater company in Manhattan Helena split her stage work between Dublin, London and New York, appearing on Broadway in, among other productions the original production of Oliver! as Mrs  Sowerberry, as well as Pickwick, Design for Living, Waiting in the Wings, and the Elizabeth Taylor-Richard Burton revival of Private Lives (New York and Los Angeles)  Her last stage performance was in 2007 at the age of 78 

Film and television
Carroll played the leading role of Nora, in a television production of her father's play, The White Steed (1959 Play of the Week Series), directed by Joe Gisterak  Gisterak directed a 1980 commissioned opera of her father's play, Beauty is Fled, as part of the "Children's Opera Series", which her sister,  Theresa Perez founded  The opera was performed at the Phoenix Symphony Hall 
Prompted by producer Al Simon and casting director Caro Jones, Carroll moved to Los Angeles in the late 1960s and appeared in numerous films and television programs, including the lively Aunt Kate in John Huston's Academy Award-nominated film The Dead, based on the short story by James Joyce  Other works in Hollywood included The Friends of Eddie Coyle starring Robert Mitchum, The Jerk, directed by Carl Reiner and starring Steve Martin, The Mambo Kings, the Warren Beatty remake of Love Affair, the 1979 NBC mini-series Backstairs at the White House, and such television programs as Kojak, General Hospital, The Edge of Night, Loving Couples, Laverne and Shirley, Murder She Wrote, and Married    With Children 

Death
Carroll resided in Los Angeles, and died in Marina del Rey, California from heart failure on 31 March 2013 at the age of 84  She is survived by a half brother, Brian Carroll; a niece, Helena Perez Reilly; and a great-nephew, Paul Vincent Reilly 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Robert Paul Smith
Robert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood, Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing 

Biography
Robert Paul Smith was born in Brooklyn, grew up in Mount Vernon, NY, and graduated from Columbia College in 1936  He worked as a writer for CBS Radio and wrote four novels: So It Doesn't Whistle (1946) (1941, according to Avon Publishing Co , Inc , reprint edition     Plus Blood in Their Veins copyright 1952); The Journey, (1943); Because of My Love (1946); The Time and the Place (1951) 
The Tender Trap, a play by Smith and Dobie Gillis creator Max Shulman, opened in 1954 with Robert Preston in the leading role  It was later made into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds  A classic example of the "battle-of-the-sexes" comedy, it revolves around the mutual envy of a bachelor living in New York City and a settled family man living in the New York suburbs 
Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing is a nostalgic evocation of the inner life of childhood  It advocates the value of privacy to children; the importance of unstructured time; the joys of boredom; and the virtues of freedom from adult supervision  He opens by saying "The thing is, I don't understand what kids do with themselves any more " He contrasts the overstructured, overscheduled, oversupervised suburban life of the child in the suburban 1950's with reminiscences of his own childhood  He concludes "I guess what I am saying is that people who don't have nightmares don't have dreams  If you will excuse me, I have an appointment with myself to sit on the front steps and watch some grass growing "
Translations from the English (1958) collects a series of articles originally published in Good Housekeeping magazine  The first, "Translations from the Children," may be the earliest known example of the genre of humor that consists of a series of translations from what is said (e g  "I don't know why  He just hit me") into what is meant (e g  "He hit his brother ")
How to Do Nothing With Nobody All Alone By Yourself (1958) is a how-to book, illustrated by Robert Paul Smith's wife Elinor Goulding Smith  It gives step-by-step directions on how to: play mumbly-peg; build a spool tank; make polly-noses; construct an indoor boomerang, etc  It was republished in 2010 by Tin House Books 

List of works
Essays and humor
Where Did You Go? Out  What Did You Do? Nothing (1957)Translations from the English (1958) Crank: A Book of Lamentations, Exhortations, Mixed Memories and Desires, All Hard Or Chewy Centers, No Creams(1962)How to Grow Up in One Piece (1963)Got to Stop Draggin’ that Little Red Wagon Around (1969)Robert Paul Smith’s Lost & Found (1973)

For children
Jack Mack, illus  Erik Blegvad (1960)When I Am Big, illus  Lillian Hoban (1965)Nothingatall, Nothingatall, Nothingatall, illus  Allan E  Cober (1965)How To Do Nothing With No One All Alone By Yourself, illus Elinor Goulding Smith (1958) Republished by Tin House Books (2010)

Novels
So It Doesn't Whistle (1941) The Journey (1943) Because of My Love (1946)The Time and the Place (1952)Where He Went: Three Novels (1958)

Theatre
The Tender Trap, by Max Shulman and Robert Paul Smith (first Broadway performance, 1954; Random House edition, 1955)

Verse
The Man with the Gold-headed Cane (1943)…and Another Thing (1959)

External links
An Interview, by Edward R Murrow on YouTube
Passage 8:
Joseph J  Sullivan (vaudeville)
Joseph J  Sullivan was a blackface comedian and acrobat in New York   He composed the song Where Did You Get That Hat? and first performed it in 1888   It was a great success and he performed it many times thereafter 
Passage 9:
Paul Vincent Carroll
Paul Vincent Carroll (10 July 1900 – 20 October 1968) was an Irish dramatist and writer of movie scenarios and television scripts 
Carroll was born in Blackrock, County Louth, Ireland and trained as a teacher at St Patrick's College, Dublin and settled in Glasgow in 1921 as a teacher  Several of his plays were produced by the Abbey Theatre in Dublin  He co-founded, with Grace Ballantine and Molly Urquhart, the Curtain Theatre Company in Glasgow 

Personal life
Carroll and his wife, clothing designer Helena Reilly, had three daughters; the youngest was actress Helena Carroll (1928–2013)  He also had a son, Brian Francis, born in 1945 Paul Vincent Carroll died at age 68 in Bromley, Kent England  He died in his sleep from heart failure He was a close friend of Patrick Kavanagh's in the 1920s 

List of works
The Watched Pot (unpublished)
The Things That are Caesar's (London, 1934)
Shadow and Substance (1937, won the Casement Award and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award)
The White Steed (1939, won Drama Critics’ Circle Award)
The Strings Are False (1942, published as The Strings My Lord Are False, 1944)
Coggerers (1944, later renamed The Conspirators)
The Old Foolishness (1944)
The Wise Have Not Spoken (1947)
Saints and Sinners 1949
She Went by Gently (1953, *Irish Writing* magazine  Republished in 1955 in 44 Irish Short Stories edited by Devin A  Garrity)
Passage 10:
Yaya Soumahoro
Yaya Alfa Soumahoro (born 28 September 1989) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder  
Having begun his career with Séwé Sports in his native country, he joined Thai club Muangthong United in 2008  His good performances earned him a move to K A A  Gent in 2010  He spent five and a half seasons with Gent but was plagued by recurring injuries throughout his time there  Following a half-season loan to Sint-Truidense V V , he returned to Muangthong United where did not feature  In 2018, he joined the Egyptian side Wadi Degla SC 

Early life
Soumahoro grew in the Ivorian capital Abidjan  He learned to play football in the streets and he decided to play for Séwé Sports  Soumahoro lost both parents at an early age and was taken care by a foster family 

Club career
Muangthong United
In 2008 Soumahoro moved to Thai Premier League side Muangthong United from Séwé Sports  He became a figurehead in this team, as he scored many goals and charmed the supporters with his numerous dribbles  He scored 32 goals in 72 games and helped the club win the Thai Premier League Championship Thai Division 1 League in 2008 and the Thai Premier League in 2009 

Gent
On 1 July 2010, Soumahoro joined Belgian club K A A  Gent on a three-year contract  On 22 August, he impressed in 3–1 league win against Charleroi scoring and assisting a goal each while also winning a penalty which Shlomi Arbeitman failed to convert  Four days later, he scored a goal to put Gent level on aggregate in a UEFA Europa League qualifying match against Feyenoord  His side went on to win 2–0 and qualify for the UEFA Europa League In September 2010, Soumahoro sustained a hamstring injury in a league match against Zulte Waregem and was substituted off after 73 minutes  It was announced he would be out of action for four weeks  In October 2010, he signed a one-year contract extension, tying him to the club until 2014 In April 2011, he received a three-match suspension In March 2012, it was announced Soumahoro would need to undergo surgery likely ruling him out for the rest of the 2012–13 season In October 2013, he signed a two-year contract extension with Gent, keeping him at the club until 2016 On 20 September 2015, Soumahoro made his first starting appearance after an injury layoff in a league match against Standard Liège  He had to leave the pitch after twisting his knee  With his contract set to expire at the end of the 2015–16 season Gent were looking to transfer Soumahoro  He did not take part in the club's winter training camp and instead trained with the reserves in wait of contract offers from other clubs  On 8 January 2016, Soumahoro rejected a move involving a 2 5-year deal to Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta  On 12 January, he joined Gent's league rivals Sint-Truidense V V  on loan until the end of the season 

After Gent
In June 2016 Soumahoro returned to former club Muangthong United  Six months later, his contract was terminated after he had not made any appearances due to injury problems 
In July 2018, he trialled with Belgian First Division B side K S V  Roeselare  He sustained an injury in a friendly match with Crawley Town and was not signed by Roeselare In October 2018, Soumahoro joined Egyptian Premier League side Wadi Degla SC as a free agent 

Honours
Muangthong United

Thai Division 1 League: 2008
Thai Premier League: 2009Gent

Belgian Pro League: 2014–15
Belgian Super Cup: 2015
Context 2: Passage 1:
Stranger on Horseback
Stranger on Horseback is a 1955 American Anscocolor Western film directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Joel McCrea  The screenplay is based on a story by Louis L'Amour  It was filmed in and around Sedona, Arizona 

Plot
Rick Thorne, a circuit judge, rides into Bannerman and discovers everything in town is controlled by rich rancher Josiah Bannerman and his kin  He meets sheriff Nat Bell and district attorney Buck Streeter and asks why Bannerman's arrogant son, Tom, got away with killing a man without an arrest or trial 
Offered no assistance, Thorne stands up to Tom and then jails him  He becomes acquainted with Bannerman's beautiful niece, Amy Lee, who is attracted to Thorne but doubts her cousin Tom is a cold-blooded killer 
Thorne finds allies in Caroline and Vince Webb, who own a gun shop and are willing to testify with evidence against Tom in court  Thorne realizes he needs to sneak Tom and the Webbs to a different town if he's to get a fair trial  Bannerman and his men pursue them, and Amy Lee watches as Tom deliberately causes Vince Webb's death  In time, Thorne gets the prisoner to the next town safely, and Amy Lee goes to court to back him up 

Cast
Joel McCrea as Judge Richard 'Rick' Thorne
Miroslava as Amy Lee Bannerman
Kevin McCarthy as Tom Bannerman
John McIntire as Josiah Bannerman
John Carradine as Col  Buck Streeter
Nancy Gates as Caroline Webb
Emile Meyer as Sheriff Nat Bell
Robert Cornthwaite as Arnold Hammer
Jaclynne Greene as Paula Morrison
Walter Baldwin as Vince Webb
Emmett Lynn as Barfly
Roy Roberts as Sam Kettering
George Keymas as Bannerman's Henchman
Lane Bradford as Kettering Henchman (uncredited)
Dabbs Greer as Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
Frank Hagney as Bartender (uncredited)

See also
List of American films of 1955
Passage 2:
La Morte Vivante
La Morte Vivante (English: The Living Dead Girl) is a 1982 French horror-drama film directed by Jean Rollin and starring Marina Pierro, Francoise Blanchard, Mike Marshall, Carina Barone, Fanny Magier, Patricia Besnard-Rousseau and Sam Selsky  The story involves a young woman who has returned from the dead and needs human blood in order to survive 

Plot
Two men break into an old crypt, seeking to dump toxic waste and rob the graves  When an earthquake causes the toxic waste to spill, Catherine Valmont, a young woman who died several years ago, is resurrected  She viciously kills the thieves and drinks their blood  As Catherine walks aimlessly through a field, Barbara spots her and takes a few photos, though Barbara's boyfriend, Greg, takes no notice  Catherine returns to her old house, the Valmont Mansion, and memories of her childhood come back to her, especially her childhood friend, Hélène  As Catherine wanders the house, a real estate agent shows an old couple around the property, though they show little interest  After they leave, Hélène calls the house, presumably inquiring about it  However, she hears nothing but a cherished music box, leading her to believe that Catherine may still be alive 
The agent later returns to the Valmont Mansion, along with her boyfriend  Catherine interrupts them having sex, killing both and drinking their blood  Hélène arrives and is shocked to discover the dead bodies  When she finds Catherine, naked and playing the piano, she assumes that Catherine didn't really die but was actually hidden for the past two years  Hélène washes the blood off Catherine, puts her to bed, and drags the bodies down to the crypt, where she discovers the bodies of the grave robbers  Catherine creeps down and begins to drink the blood from one of the bodies, but Hélène stops her  Hélène cuts her arm and lets Catherine drink her blood, until she can think of a way to supply her friend with blood 
Barbara goes around the village asking about the woman in her photograph, but the answer is always the same: It is Catherine Valmont, and she died two years ago  Greg thinks Barbara is making too much of it, and discourages her from investigating further  Meanwhile, Hélène tries to understand what is happening to Catherine, trying to teach her to speak again  Deciding to bring her victims, Hélène pretends to be out of fuel and flags down a helpful motorist, drawing her back to the mansion  Hélène offers the woman a drink and locks her in  The woman soon begins to panic, but Hélène throws her in the crypt, where Catherine grabs her and rips her stomach out  Soon after, Barbara shows up at the Valmont mansion, seeking Catherine  Unsettled by Catherine's behavior, she attempts to phone Greg, but Hélène confronts her  They argue, and Hélène tries to take Barbara's camera  Barbara flees 
Catherine, now more in touch with her humanity, realizes that she must be destroyed  She begs Hélène to kill her, but Hélène instead goes back to the village, to bring Catherine another victim  Barbara sees Hélène and eventually convinces Greg to accompany her to the mansion, in order to help Catherine  Hélène tortures the kidnapped girl, but Catherine rejects the unwilling sacrifice and frees her, telling her to return to the village and seek help  Drawn by the screams, Barbara and Greg go to investigate, but they are brutally murdered by Hélène  Overwhelmed by all the death and murder, Catherine attempts suicide, but she is rescued by Hélène, who offers herself to sate Catherine's hunger  Unable to resist, Catherine devours her friend alive 

Cast
Marina Pierro as Hélène
Françoise Blanchard as Catherine Valmont ("The Living Dead Girl")
Mike Marshall as Greg
Carina Barone as Barbara Simon
Fanny Magiere as 6th Victim (as Fanny Magieri)
Patricia Besnard-Rousseau
Véronique Pinson (as Veronique Pinson)
Sandrine Morel as Teenage Catherine Valmont
Sam Selsky as Old American man in the house of Catherine

Production
Rollin originally sought Italian actress Teresa Ann Savoy for the title role, but when she met him, Savoy said she would never work with Rollin under any circumstances  Instead, Blanchard was cast  She found the shooting to be physically exhausting and collapsed on the set  Blanchard's performance in the ending scene in which Catherine devours Hélène and descends into madness was so believable that the crew were worried for her mental state, thinking that she had in fact gone mad 
Rollin met Pierro at the Sitges Film Festival, casting her for her strong personality, but finding her vain 

Release
The original release was 25 August 1982  Alternate titles included The Living Dead Girl, Lady Dracula, Queen Zombie and Scare: Dead or Alive 

Censorship
La morte vivante was banned in Germany in 1986 for its explicit scenes of violence and gore  The film was released direct-to-video in the United Kingdom in 1994; however, most of these scenes were removed or shortened by the BBFC in order for the film to pass with an 18 certificate  A scene in which Catherine impales a woman's throat which her sharp fingernail was edited; one in which a female victim is disemboweled by Catherine was slightly cut to remove some of the prolonged gore; a scene in which Hélène slashes at a teenage girl's navel area was completely removed; the ending scene where Catherine eats Hélène alive was somewhat trimmed down; and the shot where Hélène's thumb is bitten off was cut  Some of these scenes were waived for the 2000 release, which also premiered on UK television for the first time in 2005 when it was screened on The Horror Channel  The film was eventually passed uncut in the UK in 2007 

Reception
Bloody Disgusting rated the Blu-ray release 3 out of 5, saying that the film has plenty of flaws but is worth watching 

Home media
In the United States, La morte vivante was initially released on DVD in an edited version on 9 November 1999, and was available in a "Widescreen Edition" via Image Entertainment and Redemption  It was re-released on DVD, complete and uncut for the first time, on 25 October 2010 by Redemption  Kino Lorber and Redemption released a Blu-ray version, as well as a remastered DVD on 7 August 2012, featuring an intro by Rollin, several featurettes and interviews, and a 12-page booklet In the United Kingdom, the film was first made available on VHS format in a direct-to-video release in 1994  It was issued on DVD on 2 May 2000, followed by a reissued VHS version on 8 May 2000  The DVD contained a cropped 4:3 aspect ratio, which was a transfer from the original video release and reversible cover artwork  Redemption released two subsequent DVD editions in the UK, the first on 3 September 2007, presenting the film complete and uncensored for the first time  The second was released on 18 May 2015, containing newly commissioned artwork La morte vivante, under the title The Living Dead Girl, received a Blu-ray release in the UK in 2018  Released by Black House Films, this version of the film has a 1:78:1 aspect ratio 
The complete uncut version was released by Encore in Europe on 30 November 2005 in a 2-DVD set with a new aspect ratio of 16:9/1 78:1  The special features included introductions by Blanchard (in French with English subtitles) and Rollin, selected scenes commentary by Blanchard (in French with English subtitles), a bonus soundtrack CD, a 64-page essay booklet, and interviews (all in French with English subtitles) with Blanchard, Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and composer Philippe d'Aram 
Passage 3:
La Morte
La Morte (French pronunciation: ​[la mɔʁt]) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France 

Population
See also
Communes of the Isère department
Passage 4:
Jacques Tourneur
Jacques Tourneur (French: [tuʁnœʁ]; November 12, 1904 – December 19, 1977) was a French film director known for the classic film noir Out of the Past and a series of low-budget horror films he made for RKO Radio Pictures by Val Lewton, including Cat People, I Walked with a Zombie, and The Leopard Man  He is also known for directing Night of the Demon, which was released by Columbia Pictures  While in Hollywood, he was usually addressed by his anglicized name "Jack Turner", a literal and phonetic translation of his name in English 

Life
Born in Paris, France, Tourneur was the son of Fernande Petit and film director Maurice Tourneur  At age 10, Jacques moved to the United States with his father  He started a career in cinema while still attending high school as an extra and later as a script clerk in various silent films  Both Maurice and Jacques returned to France after his father worked on the film The Mysterious Island in 1925  Tourneur died in 1977, aged 73, in Bergerac, Dordogne, France 

Career
Tourneur began work as an editor and assistant director  He made his debut as a director on the French film Tout ça ne vaut pas l'amour in 1931  Tourneur went to Hollywood in 1934 where he had a contract with MGM Studios  While working as the second unit director on the film A Tale of Two Cities he met film producer Val Lewton Tourneur made his feature debut as director in the 1939 film They All Come Out  After Tourneur was dropped by MGM in 1941, he was picked up by Lewton to film several acclaimed low-budget horror films for RKO Studios including Cat People and I Walked with a Zombie Cat People, although considered a B movie and made on a limited budget, was distinguished by a style of lighting and cinematography that has been imitated countless times  Tourneur was promoted to the A-list at RKO, directing films including Out of the Past and Berlin Express  In the 1950s, Tourneur became a freelance director, filming various genre films including Wichita, Anne of the Indies, Way of a Gaucho, Nightfall, The Flame and the Arrow, Stars In My Crown and Night of the Demon  His last two films, made for American International Pictures and starring Vincent Price, were The Comedy of Terrors (1963) and War-Gods of the Deep (1965) After his final days working for film, Tourneur began directing television episodes  Tourneur filmed episodes of The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Bonanza, The Twilight Zone, and The Alaskans  Tourneur's final director credit was for an episode of T H E  Cat in 1966  Tourneur then retired and returned to France 

Filmography
Director
Feature films

Short films

TV
1955-1961 : General Electric Theater, 4 episodes
1955 : The Martyr
1955 : Into the Night
1960 : Aftermath
1961 : Star Witness: The Lili Parrish Story
1956 : Fireside Theater, 3 episodes
1956 : A Hero Returns
1956 : Kirsti
1956 : The Mirror
1957 : Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, 1 episode
1957 : Outlaw's Boots
1957 : The Walter Winchell File, 3 episodes
1957 : The Steep Hill
1958 : House on Biscayne Bay
1958 : The Stopover
1958 : Cool and Lam, CBS Productions
1958 : Northwest Passage, 8 episodes
1958 : The Gunsmith
1958 : The Burning Village
1958 : The Bond Women
1959 : The Break Out
1959 : The Vulture
1959 : The Traitor
1959 : The Assassin
1959 : The Hostage
1959 : Bonanza, 1 episode
1960 : Denver McKee
1959 : The Alaskans, 1 episode
1960 : The Devil Makers
1960 : The Barbara Stanwyck Show, 11 episodes
1960 : The Mink Coat
1960 : Ironbark's Bridge
1960 : The Miraculous Journey of Tadpole Chan
1961 : Frightened Doll
1961 : The Choice
1961 : Sign of the Zodiac
1961 : Adventure on Happiness Street
1961 : The Golden Acres
1961 : Confession
1961 : Dragon by the Tail
1961 : Dear Charlie
1962 : Adventures in Paradise, 1 episode
1962 : A Bride for the Captain
1962 : Follow the Sun, 1 episode
Sergeant Kolchak Fades Away
1963 : The Twilight Zone, 1 episode
1963 : Night Call
1966 : T H E  Cat, 1 episode
1966 : The Ring of Anasis

Assistant director or editor
1929 : Le Navire des hommes perdus (Das schiff der verlorenen menschen), directed by Maurice Tourneur
1930 : Accusée, Levez vous, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1931 : Maison de danses, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1931 : Partir, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1932 : Au nom de la Loi, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1932 : Les Gaités de l'escadron, directed by Maurice Tourneur (Editor)
1933 : Les Deux Orphelines, directed by Maurice Tourneur (Editor)
1993 : Lidoire, directed by Maurice Tourneur 
1933 : Obsession, directed by Maurice Tourneur (uncredited)
1933 : La Fusée, directed by Jacques Natanson (Editor)
1933 : Le Voleur, directed by Maurice Tourneur
1934 : Rothchild, directed by Maurice Tourneur (Editor)
1935 : A Tale of Two Cities, directed by Jack Conway, war sequences, (séquence de la prise de la Bastille) 

Posterity
La Mort en direct (1980), film by Bertrand Tavernier is dedicated to deceased film director Jacques Tourneur
”There are films that watch us grow old ” Serge Daney  Quoted by Serge Le Péron in (Jacques Tourneur Le Médium), film by Alain Mazars, 2015  
By naming the main character Jessica Holland in his film Memoria (2021),  Apichatpong Weerasethakul pays tribute to Jacques Tourneur’s film I Walked with a Zombie 
Passage 5:
Jean Rollin
Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil (French: [ʒɑ̃ mˈɪt‍ʃə‍l ɹˈə‍ʊlɪn lˈə d‍ʒˈɛnt]; 3 November 1938 – 15 December 2010) was a French film director, actor, and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre 
Rollin's career, spanning over fifty years, featured early short films and his achievements with his first four vampire classics Le viol du vampire (1968), La vampire nue (1970), Le frisson des vampires (1970), and Requiem pour un vampire (1971)  Rollin's subsequent notable works include La rose de fer (1973), Lèvres de sang (1975), Les raisins de la mort (1978), Fascination (1979), and La morte vivante (1982) His films are noted for their exquisite, if mostly static, cinematography, off-kilter plot progression, poetic dialogue, playful surrealism and recurrent use of well-constructed female lead characters  Outlandish dénouements and abstruse visual symbols were trademarks  Belied by high production values and precise craftsmanship, his films were made with little money, often against deadlines  In the mid-1970s, lack of regular work led the director to direct mostly pornographic films under various pseudonyms, an activity he continued until the early 1980s 

Early life
Jean Rollin was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), France, to Claude Louis René Rollin-Roth-Le Gentil, an actor and theatre director who went by the stage name Claude Martin, and his wife Denise (née Leffroi), an artists' model  His half-brother was actor Olivier Rollin 

Career
Rollin had a passion for cinema from an early age   He saw his first film during the second World War  It was Capitaine Fracasse, a 1942 film directed by Abel Gance   Rollin decided he wanted to make films when he grew up; his father, a theatre actor, was a heavy influence on him   During his teens, he developed an obsession for American serials and read comic books   
When he was 16, he found a job at Les Films de Saturne, helping write invoices while earning some money though he wanted to be involved in cinema   They specialized in creating opening and closing credits and short cartoons, but real films were also shot such as industrial shorts and documentaries   Rollin was part of the crew in a short documentary about Snecma, a big factory in France which built motors and planes   He arranged the tracking shots, laid the tracks, checked the electricity, and helped the cameraman 
When Rollin did his military service for the French army, he worked as an editor in the cinema department alongside Claude Lelouch   They worked on army commercials with Lelouch directing and Rollin editing  They also made two films, Mechanographie, a documentary, and La Guerre de Silence (The War of Silence), a real film with actors and a story 
In 1958 after leaving the army, he directed his first short film Les Amours Jaunes (The Yellow Lovers)   He shot it on a 35mm Maurigraphe camera, and used a beach in Dieppe as his location, the same beach used in his later films 

1960s
In 1960, Rollin decided to direct his first feature film, but later abandoned the project as he had no money to finish it   His next short, Ciel de Cuivre (Sky of Copper), was directed in 1961, and was quite surreal though it told a sentimental story   He did not finish the film because he ran out of money and it was not very good   The footage is now lost 
In 1962, he was as an assistant director on the film Un Cheval pour Deux (A Horse for Two), which was not a great experience for him, and he decided to approach cinema in a different way   In the early sixties, Rollin became interested in politics and made a short documentary in 1964 called Vivre en Espagne (Life in Spain)  It was about Generalissimo Francisco Franco, thirty minutes were filmed but he risked a lot to get it made   Rollin and the crew found themselves pursued by the police and just managed to make it back into France   Jean also directed a short film in 1965 called Les Pays Loins 

In 1968, Jean directed his first feature Le Viol du Vampire (The Rape of the Vampire)   At the time he was still not known in the world of cinema, having only done a few short films and documentaries   The film was shot on a low budget, and consisted of two parts because it was originally intended to be another short film; the second part was later added so that it was released as a feature film   The release of Le Viol caused public scandal and outrage, his strong inspiration of American serials did not attract viewers   It was released during the events of May 1968, and due to the riots, it was a rare theatrical production at the time  Rollin himself was also threatened due to this scandal, because of this, he briefly decided to give up making films 
His second feature La Vampire Nue (The Nude Vampire) was his first film in colour   It was mostly inspired by the 1916 film Judex, and also surrealism in general  Rollin wanted to do something a little more temperate than Le Viol, a traditional mystery film  Anyway, as he himself stated, it came to be the same kind of film as his first feature, it also has the same spirit  La vampire nue also became notable in that it introduced Catherine and Marie-Pierre Castel, twin sisters who frequently collaborated with Rollin during the early years of his career 
Following La vampire nue, Rollin found himself in a financial crisis and having suffered an accident during production which left him traumatized, the circumstances took a positive turn when he met with producer Monique Nathan, owner of the Films Moderns company  Nathan having put her faith and support in Rollin, turned down several a number of the most prominent French New Wave filmmakers for financing and instead entirely supported Rollin as both a producer and a co-screenwriter for his next project, Le Frisson des Vampires (Shiver of the Vampires) which was heavily influenced by the trappings of the hippie movement  It did however retain many of the themes one could expect from a Rollin film and one of the most iconic scenes ever to appear in a Rollin film: actress Dominique emerging from an old grandfather clock  Production for the film took place in an abandoned castle in Soissons, a commune in the Aisne department of Picardy 

1970s
1971, Rollin directed Requiem pour un Vampire (Requiem for a Vampire), which became one of his most successful films, and it was another low budget production, which almost took no money to produce   There was no dialogue in the first forty minutes of the film, this was in Rollin's words to make the "ultimate naive film", simplifying the story, direction and cinematography  Initially, Rollin had Catherine Castel in mind to play one of the leading ladies in Requiem; however, Castel was unable to accept the role due to being pregnant, which forced Rolling to offer the role to Maire-Pierre  The second female lead was portrayed by Mireille D'argent whom Rollin chose after she was introduced to him by an agent  Rollin discovered that D'argent's agent was collecting her wages, which prompted him to contact a lawyer and have her wages returned to her  Requiem was filmed in the small village of Crêvecoeur  The graveyard was located outside the village on a knoll  The castle, a historical place entirely furnished with genuine antiques, all of which were worth a fortune, had been rented from the duchess of Roche-Guyon  It wasn't her castle that Rollin and the crew were interested in, but the ruins of the dungeon above, that overlooked the entire area  Following this, Rollin made a temporary departure to creating films associated with the erotic vampire genre 
Having risen to success during his early vampire era, Rollin embarked on a different approach to filmmaking  Rollin financed his 1973 film La Rose de Fer (The Iron Rose) himself and was convinced that it would become a failure, leading to financial ruin  Prior to production, he engaged in a deal with Impex films to direct a number of hardcore porn films in the near future in order to produce La rose de fer and ensure that it would not fail  The story follows two young lovers (Françoise Pascal and Hugues Quester) who meet at a wedding reception and agree to go on a date, for which they decide to take a walk in an enormous cemetery  As they make love in an underground tomb, strange and bizarre occurrences take place above ground  As night falls, they frantically try to escape from the cemetery, and with no luck, end up where they started  They are slowly overcome with hysteria and paranoia which brings about their mortality  The film was shot in the city of Amiens over a four-week period and premiered at the 2nd Annual Convention of the Fantastique in Paris in April 1973 and was initially met with a negative reception and as a result, Rollin was unable to find anyone to back his future personal projects Rollin directed the adult sex films Jeunes filles impudiques (Schoolgirl Hitchhikers), Le sourire vertical (The Vertical Smile), and Tout le monde il en a deux (Bacchanales sexuelles or Fly Me the French Way) under the pseudonym Michel Gentil as he was financially unable to come up with a budget for another mainstream feature film  However, in 1974 Rollin directed the horror adventure and self-proclaimed "Expressionist" film Les démoniaques which was inspired by the adventure classics he had enormous admiration for in his youth  The film includes Joëlle Cœur and Willy Braque whom Rollin worked with on Jeunes filles impudiques  The story follows two young women who have been involved in a shipwreck and are brutally raped and murdered by a group of rogue pirates, only to be resurrected after making love to the devil so that they can seek their revenge  Rollin had many disputes with the producers of the film during production of the project as they insisted on a low budget  He was hospitalized for two weeks following the work due to mental and physical exhaustion  Further problems would arise including the working title, Les diablesses, having to be changed as the copyright was not free of charge and with the Castel Twins being unavailable for the roles of the avenging ghosts, the parts where offered to inexperienced actresses Lieva Lone and Patricia Hermenier Rollin made a brief return to the erotic vampire genre in 1975 when he wrote and directed Lèvres de sang (Lips of Blood)  The film includes all the surreal dreamlike aspects for which Rollin's films are known  The story follows a young man named Frederic who is on a quest to find a woman dressed in white following the discovery of a photo of a ruined château  The photo triggers a suppressed childhood memory, which may be a dream  Despite his mother trying to convince him that it was dream, Frederic becomes fixated and obsessed with location the castle and the woman that may be inside  Lèvres de sang features Jean-Loup Philippe, whom Rollin co-wrote the film with, Annie Belle, and Nathalie Perrey, whom Rollin had worked with frequently throughout his career as a credited actress, script writer and editor  The film also sees the return of the Castel Twins as part of a group of vampires 
Due to the commercial failures of both La rose de fer and Lèvres de sang, Rollin again had no choice but to direct another adult sex film for financial reasons as there was no possible way to produce a feature film for the foreseeable future  Phantasmes (Once Upon a Virgin) was written and directed by Rollin for release in 1975 and was the first and only pornographic film in which he was credited under his own name because he liked what he did in the film  Rollin mentioned that the film is his "first and final attempt at a serious" adult film, wanting to create a film that didn't just "poke fun at sex"  The score for Phantasmes is considered one of the films best attributes, courtesy of composer Didier William Lepauw of Lèvres de sang Between 1976 and 1977, his work consisted strictly of hardcore pornographic films as there was a lack of money and producers reluctant to fund any new mainstream projects due to his previous commercial failures  Seven porn films were produced within this period under his pseudonym Michel Gentil, and one of which, Suce moi vampire (Suck Me Vampire: the hardcore version of Lèvres de sang), he credited himself as Michel Gand  His 1976 hardcore film Douces pénétraitions marked the final time the Castel Twins would appear together working for Rollin, and the final time Marie-Pierre would work with him altogether  Catherine would continue to appear in his films for several years 
Jean Rollin returned in 1978, when he wrote and directed Les raisins de la mort (The Grapes of Death) which has been considered the first French gore film  It has been described as one of the most pivotal films in his entire canon and is seen as a rare departure from his usual dreamlike and poetic works  Following the negative reception and commercial failures of his previous films and having to direct pornographic pictures, Rollin eventually gained financial backing to produce his next mainstream feature  The story here features a young woman, Elisabeth (Marie-Georges Pascal) who is travelling to a secluded vineyard in the mountains owned by her fiancé  There she discovers that the local residents who occupy the village have been transformed into mindless zombies by a dangerous pesticide which contaminated the grapes growing at the vineyard following a wine festival which occurred some days before 
The film includes pornographic actress Brigitte Lahaie, in her first mainstream role, as Rollin was the first French director to recognise her acting capabilities and offer her much more prominent roles in his subsequent films  Rollin stated that Les raisins de la mort was his "first traditional, almost conventional, production" which was because the film acquired solid finances with made a change and with special effects supplied by Italian experts  Claude Becognee served as director of photography which added to the film's success  Rollin would credit much of the film's success to Marie-Georges Pascal's portrayal of Elisabeth, whom he would recall delivered a very "moving" performance in the film  Les raisins de la mort was shot in the deserted mountain region of Les Cévennes 
The film is often referred to as being influenced by George A  Romero's Night of the Living Dead  However, it has more in common with Jorge Grau's 1974 Spanish-Italian horror film Let Sleeping Corpses Lie (also known as The Living Dead at Manchester Morgue)  The film does not follow the tradition zombie method, instead, Rollin's zombies centre on madness with a strong environmentally conscious message  As he has mentioned, the zombies "have retained their consciousness" and they finally "suffer for what they are"  With the film as a notable success, Rollin would continue with pornographic films under a new pseudonym, Robert Xavier, while retaining the Michel Gentil credit 
In 1979, and now established as a somewhat successful director, Rollin created Fascination in which he returned to the roots of the fantastique genre his early works are known for  The film is inspired by the short story Un verre de sang (A Glass of Blood) from French poet Jean Lorrain with tells the tale of wealthy French people, who, at the turn of the century, begin to drink the blood of bulls in order to cure anemia  The title of the film refers to and pays homage to a French magazine of the same name which is dedicated to different forms of eroticism in art  Rollin's story of Fascination differs slightly from that of Lorrain's novel, in that, in the year 1905 a group of wealthy Parisian women arrive at an abattoir to drink the blood of an ox as it is believed to be a curative for anemia  The central story follows two lovers Elizabeth and Eva (Franca Maï and Brigitte Lahaie respectively), chambermaids-in-waiting who reside at a deserted castle and are suddenly interrupted by a thief named Mark (Jean-Pierre Lemaire), who takes refuge at the castle in order to hide from a group of thieves he has stolen coins from  When Mark makes love to Eva, she is forced to go outside and confront the thieves in the nearby stables to make a deal; she is forced to have sex with one of the male thieves and subsequently they are murdered by Eva in an iconic scene with Eva wielding a scythe  It is soon revealed that Elizabeth and Eva are expecting a group of women to arrive where sensual love making takes place and the women are revealed to devour the blood of humans 
The film is often said to be of the vampire genre  However, it does not feature the elements which his early vampire films are known for, aside from the drinking of blood  The production of Fascination was not without complications; as it may have been one of the easiest films to shot in Rollin's experience, despite the low budget, the story was met with disapproval from the film's producer, Christine Renaud  As Rollin himself had said, the "co-producer wanted (him) to make a very explicit sex film-straight exploitation fare without too much emphasis on the fantastical elements"  Rollin overcame these obstacles and made the film he wanted  Additional members of the crew included Nathalie Perrey, who designed the costumes, and Philippe D'Aram, who provided the score  It was predicted that Fascination would lead to success, as did Les raisins de la mort  However, in a setback, one of the directors of UGC, a huge French distributor, cancelled the screenings Rollin had been promised  As the film was yet another financial failure for Rollin, he had little choice but to resume his pornographic works with continued until the end of the 1970s 

1980s
As Jean Rollin's career continued into the 1980s, he started off the decade with the release of La nuit des traquées (The Night of the Hunted) in the summer of 1980  This mainstream feature saw the return of pornographic actress Brigitte Lahaie, in her first leading role in a Rollin film  Upon the film's debut, it was considered a failure  However, it eventually garnered somewhat of a following in later years, as several of Rollin's works have done in the past  La nuit des traquées was shot in less than ten days on an extremely low budget, similar to his pornographic films  Rollin admitted that "I was tired of X-films", as the film was intended to be another hardcore sex film and told the producer "if you want a horror film for the same cost", then, "I can make it in 9 days"  Rollin came to the decision to cast actors of the pornographic industry in the picture in order to keep production cost down and to give the actors the opportunity to show their legitimate talent  The film stands as a noteworthy piece of work in Rollin's canon, as it differs from any of his previous work and is a departure from the fantastique genre that his films are greatly known for; the film is often poetic, yet it serves a realistic tone and chilling atmosphere  Lahaie portrays the character of Elizabeth, a young woman discovered wandering around in the rain on a dark night, by a man named Robert (Vincent Gardère)  As Elizabeth has no recollection of why she is there and frequently continues to lose her memory every few minutes, Robert drives her to his apartment in the city where they make love  The following morning while Robert goes to work, a doctor named Francis and a woman named Solange (Bernard Papineau and Rachel Mhas) locate Elizabeth and accompany her back to the clinic where she has escaped from  It is revealed that Elizabeth and fellow patients are currently confined to the hospital for a deteriorating disease in which they have been contaminated by an environmental accident 
In addition to Lahaie, Rollin had actress Martine Delva in mind for the role of Lahaie's character's friend Véronique  Delva was introduced to Rollin and Lionel Wallman by actor Alain Plumey and when offered the role, she accepted the role  Prior to production, which was intended to take place in La Défense district, she was involved in a serious car accident which left her unconscious with a broken leg and she died within one week from her injuries  The role of Véronique then offered to Dominique Journet  Pornographic actress Catherine Greiner and frequent collaborator, Natalie Perrey appeared as patients at the hospital 
In the early year of the film, it was met with a negative reception and did not please audiences during its release; not receiving a successful response at the Stigès Festival,  It did however receive positive reaction when it was screened at a festival in Trieste, where it was applauded and viewed as a highly subversive work  Rollin himself had stated that "I don't think it is a very good film and it is probably one of my worst" and that if he could remake just one of his films it would be La nuit des traquées In 1980, Rollin directed the Spanish zombie horror feature, Le lac des morts vivants (commonly known as Zombie Lake) under the pseudonym J A  Lazer  Jésus Franco was intended to direct the film, and with an unfortunate turn of events he became unavailable  At this point, Rollin was planning to take a vacation, and on the morning he was expecting to leave, he received a phone call from the production company Eurociné asking if he would be interested directing the horror film which was due to start filming the next morning, as Franco could not be located  Rollin agreed, and arrived on set the following morning  The company could not attach Rollin's name to the project due to issues with the contact, as a Spanish name had to be credited for the film and J A  Lazer was chosen  Le lac des morts vivants was released in 1981 and Rollin admitted that he never really cared for the film  It contains most of the elements which one would expect from a Franco film, and includes Franco's frequent collaborators such as actors Howard Vernon, Nadine Pascal, Antonio Mayans and Alain Petit, and composer Daniel White  Photography for the film was courtesy of Max Monteillet, who Rollin would later work with in several projects  Rollin himself made a cameo appearance in the film In 1981, Rollin returned with the drama film, Les paumées du petit matin (The Escapees or The Runaways)  It marks a departure to the usual horror tones which his films are notable for, and here mixes drama with elements of adventure, thriller and crime, while maintaining erotic and poetic themes and remains a distinctive and unique piece of work from Rollin  The story follows two young women who are confined to mental asylum in the countryside; Michelle (Laurence Dubas), a troubled teenager, has been returned to the asylum after escaping and is forced into a straitjacket  She manages to get the attention of Marie (Christiane Coppé), a teenage girl who is who sits in the garden on a rocking chair, while staring into space and never speaks, by dropping a tin food dish from her bedroom window and the sound somehow brings Marie back to reality  They escape from the asylum and encounter a group of burlesque dancers, a bar singer and a group of women who proceed to rape Marie  Their journey ends when they become involved in crime and death  The cast includes Rollin's usual collaborators Louise Dhour, Nathalie Perrey, Brigitte Lahie and a cameo appearance from Rollin himself  Les paumées du petit matin unfortunately failed to receive a proper theatrical in 1981 which resulted in it being one of the most difficult Rollin films to find in future  It did however receive its first DVD release in 2009 in the United States courtesy of Redemption Films, with a subsequent release in the United Kingdom  Again with a limited budget an issues with the script, Rollin stated that there were many problems with the production right from the beginning; that it was "an incredible mess", filled with "clichés and platitudes of melodrama " Later reviews of the film have been quite positive; Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs would go so far as to call it a schizophrenic work in their wonderful Immoral Tales, but they would also note that "the beginning and end are pure Rollin" and "what is good in (The Escapees) is very good "
His 1982 film, La morte vivante (The Living Dead Girl) was his most commercial and successful work since Les raisins de la mort  In addition to its small budget, Rollin again had to contend with producers to construct a film that he wanted, as they required another zombie piece  He was reluctant to do so and was influenced to create a film with combinations from his previous works  Rollin described that the living dead girl is sort of a vampire woman who devours the blood of humans, taking the idea from his vampire works, but not exactly making her a vampire  The gore is a notable aspect taken from Les raisins de la mort  His usual poetic, supernatural and horror themes are still present within the film  Rollin created the story of a young woman named Catherine Valmont (Françoise Blanchard) who has been dead and buried in her family vault beneath the Valmont mansion for the past two years  As three thieves enter the vaults and plan to rob Catherine and her deceased relative of their jewellery as they lay in their coffins, an earth tremor occurs, which suddenly resurrects Catherine  Unaware of her surroundings, she must acquire human victims and drink their blood to prevent her descending into madness and possibly death, with drifting in and out of childhood memories of her childhood friend, Hélène (Marina Pierro)  During which, a photographer, Barbara (Carina Barone), becomes fascinated by Catherine when she discovers her and thinks she is quite peculiar, and sets out to uncover a mystery  Catherine's childhood friend, Hélène is intending to buy the Valmont mansion, which is currently on the market and a strange phone call leads her to the home where she discovers that Catherine is alive and the bodies of the thieves and the real estate agent and her boyfriend  Trying to convince herself that Catherine did not actually die, she realises that she has returned from the dead and must help her by bringing her unsuspecting victims  Some of the financing for the film was courtesy of Jacques Raif, who co-wrote the feature  The film's photographer Pierre LeBlond, found a castle which would become the Valmont mansion, which they rented  The castle provided accommodation for the cast and crew, in which the owner offered to cook  According to Rollin, the owner insisted on being referred to as "His Lordship" and that he was very difficult to get along with  Actress, Françoise Blanchard was introduced to Rollin by Fanny Magier, a co-star actress who appeared in the film  When Blanchard arrived, Rollin was unsure whether to offer her the role of Catherine due to the fact that in the first scene in which her character is resurrected, Blanchard appeared wearing trousers which wasn't required for the scene and Rollin did not ask her to remove them  She did however receive the role due to good contact  Blanchard showed great professionalism in her role and in one particular scene, the final scene of the film, in which Blanchard's character cries and screams after devouring her childhood friend, the crew became concerned over her mental state as they thought she has descended into madness  She gave an amazing performance for the role  During the preparation of the film, Rollin had been to Rome with Lionel Wallman to find an actress to portray the role of Hélène  Rollin had Teresa Ann Savoy in mind for the role, whom he was greatly impressed with  After speaking with Savoy and showing her a script for a pornographic picture which was in English and devoid of interest and not for La morte vivante, as she didn't speak French, she refused the role and told her agent that she would never in her life shoot with a guy like him  His second choice was actress Marina Pierro, a recurring collaborator with director Walerian Borowczyk, whom Rollin instantly liked  Pierro accepted the role  In the role of the photographers, American actor Mike Marshall, whom Rollin enjoyed working with during the production received the role of Greg and Canadian actress Carina Barone, was offered the role of Barbara due to a previous actress who featured in Les paumées du petit matin turning it down as she unmistakable believed that it was supposedly an erotic film  The film was a commercial success within theatres and received quite a positive reception, especially in Italy  Upon its release, Rollin was betrayed by a dishonest distributor who premiered in a select number of small theatres behind his back, as the film deserved a much larger audience in highly established theatres  However, La morte vivante was selected in many festivals which gave the film little success, particularly in Rome where Rollin's friend, Andriano Pintaldi presented the film in his festival where it was given the public's award After directing three additional pornographic features following La morte Vivante, Rollin's next feature film, Les trottoirs de Bangkok (The Sidewalks of Bangkok) was released in 1984  It is a rare production for Rollin, in that it does not contain his traditional fare of the supernatural, horror, or the fantastique genre  It is highly influenced by Rollin's childhood passion for old serials as it contains themes of adventure, crime and mystery, comic-book fantasy and is inspired by the 1932 Boris Karloff classic The Mask of Fu Manchu  The leading protagonist of the film is pornographic actress, Yoko, whom Rollin mentioned that he had "never worked with an actor who was so open-minded and easy to direct " She portrays the role of Eva, who is on the run from the French Secret Service and a rival syndicate who desperate require a deadly chemical which she possesses  This is her only mainstream role outside of the pornographic industry  Françoise Blanchard returns in her second film with Rollin, as she appears in the role of Claudine, a woman who works for the syndicate and is forced to locate Eva and hand her over to her villainous boss, instead she chooses to protect Eva  Supporting cast includes Argentina actor Gérard Landry, Israeli actress Brigitte Borghese, Jean-Pierre Bouyxou, whom Rollin has worked with on numerous occasions throughout his career, and a cameo appearance from Rollin  On a limited budget, and again working with producer Lionel Wallman and cinematographer Claude Becognee, the production of Les trottoris de Bangkok was filmed in several locations, many of which were not given permission to; the Chinese Quarter of Porte d'Italie and on the docks where goods from Asia were unloaded, an abandoned den near the Champs-Élysées, and on part of the French railroad  The film became a success and Rollin admitted that despite the fact that the film was a mess, he said "the entire shoot was great fun " Working with Yoko prompted Rollin to write a new film which included her alongside Brigitte Lahaie which unfortunately never became a film as Yoko retired from acting in the early nineties Rollin received minor work following Les trottoirs de Bangkok; in 1985, he resumed his pseudonymous work as "Michel Gentil" with a non-pornographic feature, the slapstick comedy, Ne prends pas les poulets pour des pigeons which reunited Brigitte Borghese and Gérard Landry from his previous film, and included French actor and comedian Popeck  Rollin was hired, and therefore his real name was not attached to the project  In 1988, he received the uncredited directorial role in the erotic sequel Emmanuelle 6, for which he wrote the screenplay  The film suffered many flaws during production under direction from Bruno Zincone and Rollin became involved in an attempt to salvage what he could and see that production was completed for the financiers At the end of the decade, Rollin created Perdues dans New York (Lost in New York) which was produced in 1989  Rollin mentioned that the film was "an anthology of all the themes and obsessive images I have used in my films", and that it, "brought to an end what had been started within the previous 13 films " A friend of Rollin's who was a producer insisted his help as he need location shots of New York an upcoming TV series he was working on  Rollin agreed and travelled to New York with a small film crew and a 16mm camera  While filming the shots, Rollin was struck with an idea to improvise a theme in which two young women are separated and desperately search for one another  He produced the film with a runtime of just under one hour and immediately struggled to find distribution, whether it be released to theatres or television  It was difficult to find distribution for independent and exploitation pictures in the late eighties as in a time of revolution and change, distributors would only pick up more commercial and high-budget film  It was not until the following years that the film found its audience on the home video market  Initially, Perdues dans New York was to be the final production of Rollin's canon as he has become ill during this period, and he expressed gratitude to his many fan by paying homage to his early works 
Despite his intentions to retire from directing following Perdues dans New York, his final film of the 1980s, Killing Car (working title Femme dangereuse) was produced in 1989  It is a revenge thriller and one of his most underrated and overlooked works  Initially intended to be a softcore production under the Michel Gentil pseudonym, Rollin attached his own name to the project and made it one of his most personal and self-referential of all his works  The film was shot on 16mm and in less than a week on a minimal budget of under $100,000  Australian model Tiki Tsang, originally of Brisbane, Queensland, had been residing in Paris, France for sometime when she was discovered by Rollin and offered her the role of "The Car Woman", a strange woman who steals an old Buick and proceeds to kill a number of people to seek revenge for a past tragedy  The part of "The Car Woman" was written especially for Tsang in what is the only film credit to her name  Killing Car gives nod to previous Rollin works including Tsang emerging from a grandfather clock (as did Dominique in an iconic scene from Les frisson des vampires)  Max Monteillet returned as cinematographer and Philippe Brejean provided the score  Cast includes recurring collaborators Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and Jean-Loup Philippe  Following the production, Rollin was hospitalized due to exhaustion and started editing the film after his recovery  The editing process lasted two years  Several problems would arise during post-production, as the film found it difficult to receive distribution, like Perdues dans New York, if it could not receive a theatrical distribution, Rollin would settle for a video or television release  The film was eventually released in 1993  It was announced that no usable print or negative of the film exists today, and all known film negatives are considered lost 

1990s
Rollin's final adult production came in 1994 when he made a brief return to direct (uncredited) and wrote the scenario for Le Parfume de Mathilde (The Scent of Mathilde)  Rollin was initially required as a screenwriter for the production due to the fact that he was to replace producer Marc Dorcel's in-house auteur Michele Ricaud, who has just recently passed away  However, Rollin became co-director of the made-for-video film  Following his final time working on a sex film, Rollin later returned to his traditional works when he would go on to resume what he was best known for Rollin continued his career into the 1990s, following what was intended to be a brief return in 1994 when he directed and wrote a final pornographic film  He remained true to form for what were to be his final years of film making, and his next feature went into production in 1995; Les deux orphelines vampires (The Two Orphan Vampires) saw the return of his most recognizable work, and his first vampire film since 1975's Levres de sang  With the then recent increase in popularity of Rollin's works, and with the resurgence with the vampire genre in general, most notable with Bram Stoker's Dracula, this prompted Rollin to create a new vampire feature, quite different from Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 blockbuster, as he stated that it was "not a good film at all", and that "it just doesn't work for one second"  The idea of the film was based upon Rollin's novel of the same name and went into production in June 1995 for a mere ₣3,000,000, which is actually more than his prior works received  Locations for the shoot included four days in New York at the beginning, with the remaining three weeks in Paris  Cinematography was provided by Norbert Marfaing-Sintes, who previously worked with Italian director Duccio Tessari, as Max Monteillet was not available  Nathalie Perrey introduced Rollin to Marfaing-Sintes, as she had experience working with Marfaing-Sintes in many films; to show his gratitude, Rollin offered Perrey a role in Les deux orphelines vampires  The leading roles were offered to two inexperienced actresses, Alexandra Pic and Isabelle Teboul, whom Rollin choose while answering a newspaper ad they had printed  Brigitte Lahaie received a minor role in the film  Following an extensive period in post-production, the film was eventually released on 9 July 1997 
His next directorial feature, La fiancée de Dracula (The Fiancée of Dracula) went into production in 1999  Rollin had written the screenplay for the film, as he did with many of his previous works  During which time, Rollin was receiving dialysis for kidney disease and for periods of time, did not remain with the film crew and production was shared with Jean-Noël Delamarre in his absence, while Rolling was staying at a hotel in Caen  Filming locations included the islands of Chausey where the majority of the filming took place, a cemetery in Épinay-Champlâtreux, a castle in Blandy, Seine-et-Marne, and port of Pourville-lès-Dieppes  Long-time collaborators Brigitte Lahaie, Catherine Castel and Nathalie Perrey returned for prominent roles in the film  Rollin's niece, Sandrine Thoquet appeared in the film as a young vampire burned by the rays of the sun  Following production, Rollin received a kidney transplant in October 2000 during the post-production which lasted for almost two years  The film was successfully shown in theatres on 14 August 2002, for which Rollin was not completely satisfied of the release date  However, he was pleased that it was released to theaters and was somewhat well received 

Personal life and death
Rollin was married to Simone Rollin Roth Le Gentil (née Morel), with whom he had two sons, Serge and Carel  He was married to Simone until his death 
Rollin died on 15 December 2010 after a long battle with cancer and was survived by his wife Simone, son Serge and granddaughter Gabrielle  He is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris  Rollin's son, Carel (1973–2001), and his wife, Simone (1934–2016), rest alongside him 

Selected filmography
The following list consists of Jean Rollin's mainstream works as both director and writer and not of his pseudonym or pornographic works  For a complete list of his entire work, including producer and acting credits, see full filmography 

Bibliography
Coulthart, John (8 December 2014)  "Review of Saga de Xam by Nicolas Devil (1967)"  { feuilleton }  Retrieved 16 October 2016 Rollin, Jean (1990)  Le temps d'un visage  Éd  Saint-Germain de Prés  ISBN 2-243-03253-8 — (1993)  Les deux orphelines vampires  Fleuve Noir  ISBN 978-2-265001-11-4  Other titles in the same series include Anissa, Les Voyageuses, Les Pillardes, Les Incendiaires— (1996)  Ombres vives  Éd  Saint-Germain-des-Prés  ISBN 978-2-243-03542-1 — (1998)  Les dialogues sans fin: précédés de quelques souvenirs sur George Bataille, Maurice Blanchot et Michel Fardoulis-Lagrange  Éd  Mirandole  ISBN 978-2-912965-10-3 — (1998)  Cauchemar d'anniversaire  R  de Surtis  ISBN 978-2-912271-25-9 — (1998)  Monseigneur Rat roman  Paris: Sortilèges  ISBN 978-2-251-49126-4 — (1998)  La cabriole a disparu  Illustrated by Michel Solliec  Le Faouët: Liv'éditions  ISBN 978-2-910781-66-8 — (1998)  Enfer privé  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-82004-0 — (1998)  La statue de chair  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-82007-1 — (1999)  La promeneuse romans  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-49137-0 — (2001)  Vies et aventures de Jean-Pierre Bouyxou  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-84672-009-0 — (2001)  Tuatha  Belles lettres  ISBN 978-2-251-49154-7 — (2001)  Gargouillis glauques (Pour une fontaine de feu)  R  de surtis  ISBN 978-2-912271-98-3 — (2001)  La petite fille au cerceau  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-84672-010-6 — (2003)  Estelle et Edwige, les demoiselles de l'étrange  Paris: E-dite  ISBN 978-2-84608-108-5 — (2004)  Rien n'estvrai  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-02-4 — (2004)  Jean-Pierre Bouyxou contre la femme au masque rouge  Paris: E-dite : Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-84608-121-4 — (2004)  Les voleuses de foudre  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-00-0 — (2006)  Alice et Aladin détectives de l'impossible  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-03-1 — (2005)  Déraison  Éd  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-915160-04-8 — (2005)  Bestialité  Oulon: Éd  Nuit d'avril  ISBN 978-2-35072-015-9 — (2007)  La petite Ogresse  Films ABC  ISBN 978-2-91516-007-9 — (2008)  MoteurCoupez!: mémoires d'un cinéaste singulier  ISBN 978-2-84608-253-2 — (2009)  Bille de clown  Paris: E-dite  ISBN 978-2-84608-254-9 — (2010)  Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 1  Paris: Édite  ISBN 978-2-84608-277-8 — (2011)  Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 2  E/dite  ISBN 978-2-84608-281-5 

Notes
Passage 6:
Françoise Blanchard
Françoise Denise Aline Blanchard (6 June 1954 – 24 May 2013) was a French actress and voice dubbing artist  Her most notable work is that of her role in the 1982 French film La morte vivante, directed by Jean Rollin  Blanchard had collaborated with Rollin on several occasions in films Les trottoirs de Bangkok (1984), À la poursuite de Barbara (1991) and La nuit des horloges (2007)  She had worked frequently with directors Richard Balducci and Jesús Franco  She was also known for her work as a voice artist, having dubbed films, such as, Robert Altman's Popeye (1980), The NeverEnding Story III (1994) and Hackers (1995), and animated television series, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Totally Spies!

Career
Blanchard's career stretched from between the late 1970s until the early 1990s  She may have been best known for playing Catherine Valmont in 1982 horror La Morte Vivante (The Living Dead Girl), a film from Jean Rollin 
She also appeared in films by directors Jess Franco and Bruno Mattei  She recalled her career in an interview, which was featured on the Encore release of La Morte Vivante, she mentioned that it was a tragedy and a coincidence that started her career in the late 1970s  While trying to make ends meet as a hand model, she lost her brother in the late 1970  Around that same time she was offered her first role, coincidentally as someone who had also lost a family member  Françoise approached the part skeptically as she remembered that at that time she was, "aggressive against people but also a bit confused" due to the death of her brother  She enjoyed the experience and took a serious interest in acting, so decided to take acting lessons afterwards Blanchard soon became involved in several B movies when her career quickly became intertwined with the legendary Eurocine company  "I liked the feel of these B movies, especially horror", Françoise noted to Encore, which perhaps explains why she became so popular to several of the most noteworthy genre directors of the late 1970s  She also mentioned that she didn't mind nudity and even went so far as to pose for Lui Magazine in the early 1980s  After several films directors such as Pierre Chevalier, Françoise took a role in Bruno Mattei's Caligula and Messalina in 1981  The following year she appeared in Jess Franco's Revenge In The House Of Usher, and she liked Franco and admired his creativity and fire She then appeared in the La Morte Vivante with Rollin  The night shoot on the film was mostly difficult and there were many problems with the special effects but, despite some disagreements, she liked and admired Rollin and admitted to Encore that, "he is really nice and is very much there"  She enjoyed working with and admired her co-star in the film, Italian actress Marina Pierro, and noted, "she is very maternal with me " Françoise worked again with Rollin in Les Trottoirs De Bangkok (The Sidewalks Of Bangkok), a film which she had a lot of fun making, and she appeared in his newest film production La nuit des horloges (The Night of Clocks) opposite Ovidie 

Death
Blanchard died on 24 May 2013, twelve days before her 59th birthday  The cause of death was not disclosed 

Filmography
Passage 7:
Giulio Questi
Giulio Questi (18 March 1924 – 3 December 2014) was an Italian film director and screenwriter Questi was born in Bergamo   He wrote short stories and filmed several documentaries before he started as assistant director and script writer in the movie business 
He is best known for the films La morte ha fatto l'uovo and Django Kill! (If You Live Shoot!) 
Questi died in Rome, aged 90 

Filmography
Passage 8:
Mr  Right (2009 film)
Mr  Right is a 2009 British film directed by David Morris and Jacqui Morris  The jointly-made gay-themed film is the debut for both directors 

Synopsis
The film presents life of a number of individuals who live in London's Soho area in their quest for their "Mr  Right"  One of the highlights of the film is when all the characters gather for an excruciatingly awkward and hilarious dinner party at which wine and secrets are spilled 
Harry (James Lance) is a TV producer but dreams to get way  He loves Alex (Luke de Woolfson), an aspiring yet insecure actor who also works as a caterer  Meanwhile Alex is struggling to create an identity for himself and decides to live independently through monetary help from his brother despite Harry wanting him back
Tom (David Morris, the co-director of the film) is a successful art dealer who is in a precarious relationship with Lars (Benjamin Hart), a handsome sometime-model  Tom finds excuses for Lars' flings so long as Lars doesn't leave him  Meanwhile Lars has this attraction to Harry and can't get over his feelings
William (Rocky Marshall) a divorced former rugby player finds it difficult very difficult to parent his nine-year-old daughter Georgie while trying to get on a new relationship with Lawrence (Leon Ockenden), a striving soap actor  Their relationship is complicated as Georgie is intent on sabotaging his relationship 
Louise (Georgia Zaris), a fag hag, is dating Paul (Jeremy Edwards), but suspects Paul is gay  Paul is slowly but surely getting drawn into the gay scene, despite visibly and verbally protesting every step of the way By the end of the film three months later, the characters are still striving to make new paths for themselves  Harry is appealing for Alex, now in a small studio residence to return, but the latter turns him gently down despite having feelings for him  Things are much better between William and Lawrence as Georgie becomes more accepting of their relationship  Things have soured between Lars and William  Devastated Lars catches Harry while the latter has just packed to leave everything behind for his long-planned trip away from his dreaded work  Meanwhile Paul is getting more and more into the gay scene despite putting a brave face that he is still straight 

Cast
MainJames Lance as Harry
Luke de Woolfson as Alex
David Morris as Tom
Benjamin Hart as Lars
Rocky Marshall as William
Leon Ockenden as Lawrence
Georgia Zaris as Louise
Jeremy Edwards as PaulOthersJan Waters as Harry's Mother
Maddie Planer as Georgie, Williams's daughter
Sheila Kidd as William's mother
Andrew Dunn as Alex's Father
Karen Meagher as Alex's Mother
Rick Warden as Alex's Brother
Katy Odey as Presenter
Lucy Jules as Emma
Sarah Carleton as Waitress
Dolly Wells as Fizz
Harry Serjeant as Runner
Ian Tytler as Charlie
Jim Cole as Heath
Archie Kidd as Barnaby
Heather Bleasdale as Barnaby's Mother
Yvonne O'Grady as Business Woman
Max Karie as Marcel
Kate Russell as The Yellow Team
Ian Russell as The Yellow Team
Mark Hayford as The Blue Team
Diane Morgan as The Blue Team
Terry Bird as Red Team
Cheryl Fergison as Red Team
Context 3: Passage 1:
Ogawa Mataji
Viscount Ogawa Mataji (小川又次, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army  He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama 

Life and military career
Ogawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka  He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period 
After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874  He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874  Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876  From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month 
In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison  He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880  In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison  In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison  Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment  In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office  German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army  Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin") from General Kawakami Soroku 

First Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade  At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army  In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron)  He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division  In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class 

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata   The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang  At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo  In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905  He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906   In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November 
Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery  His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura 

Decorations
1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  
1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 
1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 
1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 
1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class
Passage 2:
Ludwig von Westphalen
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx 

Biography
Early life
Johann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm  He was the youngest son of Philipp von Westphalen (1724–92), who himself was the son of a Blankenburg postmaster  Philipp von Westphalen had been ennobled in 1764 with the predicate Edler von Westphalen by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick for his military services  He had served as the duke's de facto "chief of staff" during the Seven Years' War  Through his mother, Jane Wishart of Pittarrow, he was the descendant of many Scottish and European noble families He received extensive education and spoke German and English, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, French and Spanish  He studied at the Collegium Carolinum, the forerunner of today's Braunschweig University of Technology, and at Göttingen 

Career
In 1794, he entered government's service in Brunswick  In 1797 he married Elisabeth von Veltheim, who bore him four children  In 1804 he entered the government service of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) 
With the establishment of the Napoleonic state in Westphalia (the Kingdom of Westphalia) in 1807, he entered its service  He was likely motivated in this by a desire to see reforms carried out  He did, however, oppose the French dominance of the local government, and other policies, and for his critique he was eventually arrested by orders from Louis-Nicolas Davout and imprisoned in the fortress of Gifhorn  In the same year, he lost his first wife  In the summer of 1809 Louis was appointed sub-prefect of Salzwedel, where three years later in 1812 he married Karoline Heubel; they had three children  After Salzwedel was again under Prussian administration, in 1816 Ludwig von Westphalen was transferred to the newly established regional government in Trier 

Personal life
It was in Trier that he met and befriended Heinrich Marx, the father of Karl Marx  The children of the respective families, in particular Jenny and Edgar von Westphalen, and Sophie and Karl Marx, became close friends as well  In 1836, Jenny von Westphalen and Karl Marx became engaged; at first secretly but Ludwig approved the marriage in 1837, even though some saw Marx, who was both middle class and younger than her, as well as of Jewish descent, as an inappropriate partner for the noble daughter  In fact, Ludwig was seen as the mentor and role model of Karl Marx, who referred to him as a "dear fatherly friend"  Ludwig filled Marx with enthusiasm for the romantic school and read him Homer and Shakespeare, who remained Marx's favorite authors all his life  Marx also read Voltaire and Racine with Ludwig  Ludwig devoted much of his time to the young Marx and the two went for intellectual walks through "the hills and woods" of the neighbourhood  It was Ludwig who first introduced Marx to the personality and socialist teachings of Saint-Simon  Marx dedicated his doctoral thesis "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature" written in 1841 to Ludwig in a most effusive manner in which Marx wrote "You, my fatherly friend, have always been for me the living proof that idealism is no illusion, but the true reality" In 1842, Marx was present at the deathbed of Ludwig von Westphalen  Jenny and Karl became married in 1843, a year after Ludwig's death 
He was the father of Ferdinand von Westphalen, a conservative and reactionary Prussian Minister of the Interior 

Death
He died on 3 March 1842 in Trier 
Passage 3:
Barthold A  Butenschøn Sr 
Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson 
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen  Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M  Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr  and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn  Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp He took commerce school and agricultural school  He was hired in the family company N  A  Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910  He eventually became chief executive officer  The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920  The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s  He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk  He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap  He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964 He was buried in Enebakk 
Passage 4:
James Armour (Master mason)
James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns  His birth year was shown here as 1730  The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour  Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731  The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731  His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock  James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i e  John  The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730 

Life and background
At Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith  James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard  His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband 

Family
James' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd)  Three siblings died in childhood  Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834  He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried  He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787  James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822  Their offspring were James and Betthaia  Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane  Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself  The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson 

Occupation and social standing
James was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one  He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire  Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations  William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church  James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life  Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was "Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous " William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that "he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that "The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!" 

Association with Robert Burns
James had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation  When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns  The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith  Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant 

Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their "Marriage by Declaration" possibly witnessed by James Smith  This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out  This act did not in fact effect its legality   Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had "   cut my very veins", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over "the unlucky paper" and had agreed to go to Paisley 
James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant "in meditatione fugae" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her  Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan 
Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock  Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable   Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family 
Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger  She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill  It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel  The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard  Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant  On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed "Your most affectionate son  R  Burns "Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law 

The Inveraray marble Punch Bowl
Of the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns  As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson  He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms    Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, my BROTHERS!” taken from Burns’s “The Epistle to J  Lapraik ”Alexander died in 1812 and it was then sold at auction in 1815 for the impressive price of 80 Guineas to a London publican who, falling upon hard times,  sold it to Archibald Hastie Esq of London  A copy is held by the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum at Alloway, whilst the original is in the British Museum in London, presented to that institution by Archibald Hastie in 1858 

See also
Adam Armour
Jean Armour
Robert Burnes
William Burnes
Passage 5:
Stephen I of Hungary
Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen (Hungarian: Szent István király [ˌsɛnt ˈiʃtvaːn kiraːj]; Latin: Sanctus Stephanus; Slovak: Štefan I  or Štefan Veľký; c  975 – 15 August 1038), was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the first King of Hungary from 1000 or 1001, until his death in 1038  The year of his birth is uncertain, but many details of his life suggest that he was born in, or after, 975, in Esztergom  He was given the pagan name Vajk at birth, but the date of his baptism is unknown  He was the only son of Grand Prince Géza and his wife, Sarolt, who was descended from a prominent family of gyulas  Although both of his parents were baptized, Stephen was the first member of his family to become a devout Christian  He married Gisela of Bavaria, a scion of the imperial Ottonian dynasty 
After succeeding his father in 997, Stephen had to fight for the throne against his relative, Koppány, who was supported by large numbers of pagan warriors  He defeated Koppány with the assistance of foreign knights including Vecelin, Hont and Pázmány, and native lords  He was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001 with a crown sent by Pope Sylvester II  In a series of wars against semi-independent tribes and chieftains—including the Black Hungarians and his uncle, Gyula the Younger—he unified the Carpathian Basin  He protected the independence of his kingdom by forcing the invading troops of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, to withdraw from Hungary in 1030 
Stephen established at least one archbishopric, six bishoprics and three Benedictine monasteries, leading the Church in Hungary to develop independently from the archbishops of the Holy Roman Empire  He encouraged the spread of Christianity by meting out severe punishments for ignoring Christian customs  His system of local administration was based on counties organized around fortresses and administered by royal officials  Hungary enjoyed a lasting period of peace during his reign, and became a preferred route for pilgrims and merchants traveling between Western Europe, the Holy Land and Constantinople 
He survived all of his children, dying on 15 August 1038 aged 62 or 63  He was buried in his new basilica, built in Székesfehérvár and dedicated to the Holy Virgin  His death was followed by civil wars which lasted for decades  He was canonized by Pope Gregory VII, together with his son, Emeric, and Bishop Gerard of Csanád, in 1083  Stephen is a popular saint in Hungary and neighboring territories  In Hungary, his feast day (celebrated on 20 August) is also a public holiday commemorating the foundation of the state, known as State Foundation Day 

Early years (c  975–997)
Stephen's birth date is uncertain as it was not recorded in contemporaneous documents  Hungarian and Polish chronicles written centuries later give three different years: 967, 969 and 975  The unanimous testimony of his three late 11th-century or early 12th-century hagiographies and other Hungarian sources, which state that Stephen was "still an adolescent" in 997, substantiate the reliability of the latest year (975)  Stephen's Lesser Legend adds that he was born in Esztergom, which implies that he was born after 972 because his father, Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, chose Esztergom as royal residence around that year  Géza promoted the spread of Christianity among his subjects by force, but never ceased worshipping pagan gods  Both his son's Greater Legend and the nearly contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg described Géza as a cruel monarch, suggesting that he was a despot who mercilessly consolidated his authority over the rebellious Hungarian lords Hungarian chronicles agree that Stephen's mother was Sarolt, daughter of Gyula, a Hungarian chieftain with jurisdiction either in Transylvania or in the wider region of the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Maros  Many historians—including Pál Engel and Gyula Kristó—propose that her father was identical with "Gylas", who had been baptized in Constantinople around 952 and "remained faithful to Christianity", according to Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes  However, this identification is not unanimously accepted; historian György Györffy states that it was not Sarolt's father, but his younger brother, who was baptized in the Byzantine capital  In contrast with all Hungarian sources, the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle and later Polish sources state that Stephen's mother was Adelhaid, an otherwise unknown sister of Duke Mieszko I of Poland, but the reliability of this report is not accepted by modern historians 

Stephen was born as Vajk, a name derived from the Turkic word baj, meaning "hero", "master", "prince" or "rich"  Stephen's Greater Legend narrates that he was baptized by the saintly Bishop Adalbert of Prague, who stayed in Géza's court several times between 983 and 994  However, Saint Adalbert's nearly contemporaneous Legend, written by Bruno of Querfurt, does not mention this event  Accordingly, the date of Stephen's baptism is unknown: Györffy argues that he was baptized soon after birth, while Kristó proposes that he only received baptism just before his father's death in 997 Stephen's official hagiography, written by Bishop Hartvic and sanctioned by Pope Innocent III, narrates that he "was fully instructed in the knowledge of the grammatical art" in his childhood  This implies that he studied Latin, though some scepticism is warranted as few kings of this era were able to write  His two other late 11th-century hagiographies do not mention any grammatical studies, stating only that he "was brought up by receiving an education appropriate for a little prince"  Kristó says that the latter remark only refers to Stephen's physical training, including his participation in hunts and military actions  According to the Illuminated Chronicle, one of his tutors was a Count Deodatus from Italy, who later founded a monastery in Tata According to Stephen's legends, Grand Prince Géza convoked an assembly of the Hungarian chieftains and warriors when Stephen "ascended to the first stage of adolescence", at the age of 14 or 15  Géza nominated Stephen as his successor and all those present took an oath of loyalty to the young prince  Györffy writes, without identifying his source, that Géza appointed his son to rule the "Nyitra ducate" around that time  Slovak historians, including Ján Steinhübel and Ján Lukačka, accept Györffy's view and propose that Stephen administered Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia) from around 995 Géza arranged Stephen's marriage, to Gisela, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, in or after 995  This marriage established the first family link between a Hungarian ruler and a Western European ruling house, as Gisela was closely related to the Ottonian dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors  According to popular tradition preserved in the Scheyern Abbey in Bavaria, the ceremony took place at the Scheyern castle and was celebrated by Saint Adalbert  Gisela was accompanied to her new home by Bavarian knights, many of whom received land grants from her husband and settled in Hungary, helping to strengthen Stephen's military position  According to Györffy, Stephen and his wife "presumably" settled in Nyitra after their marriage 

Reign (997–1038)
Grand Prince (997–1000)
Grand Prince Géza died in 997  Stephen convoked an assembly at Esztergom where his supporters declared him grand prince  Initially, he only controlled the northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin; the rest of the territory was still dominated by tribal chieftains  Stephen's ascension to the throne was in line with the principle of primogeniture, which prescribed that a father was succeeded by his son  On the other hand, it contradicted the traditional idea of seniority, according to which Géza should have been succeeded by the most senior member of the Árpád dynasty, which was Koppány at that time  Koppány, who held the title Duke of Somogy, had for many years administered the regions of Transdanubia south of Lake Balaton 

Koppány proposed to Géza's widow, Sarolt, in accordance with the pagan custom of levirate marriage  He also announced his claim to the throne  Although it is not impossible that Koppány had already been baptized, in 972, most of his supporters were pagans, opponents of the Christianity represented by Stephen and his predominantly German retinue  A charter of 1002 for the Pannonhalma Archabbey writes of a war between "the Germans and the Hungarians" when referring to the armed conflicts between Stephen and Koppány  Even so, Györffy says that Oszlar ("Alan"), Besenyő ("Pecheneg"), Kér and other place names, referring to ethnic groups or Hungarian tribes in Transdanubia around the supposed borders of Koppány's duchy, suggest that significant auxiliary units and groups of Hungarian warriors—who had been settled there by Grand Prince Géza—fought in Stephen's army Kristó states that the entire conflict between Stephen and Koppány was only a feud between two members of the Árpád dynasty, with no effect on other Hungarian tribal leaders  Koppány and his troops invaded the northern regions of Transdanubia, took many of Stephen's forts and plundered his lands  Stephen, who, according to the Illuminated Chronicle, "was for the first time girded with his sword", placed the brothers Hont and Pázmány at the head of his own guard and nominated Vecelin to lead the royal army  The last was a German knight who had come to Hungary in the reign of Géza  Hont and Pázmány were, according to Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle, "knights of Swabian origin" who settled in Hungary either under Géza or in the first years of Stephen's reign  On the other hand, Lukačka and other Slovak historians say that Hont and Pázmány were "Slovak" noblemen who had joined Stephen during his rule in Nyitra Koppány was besieging Veszprém when he was informed of the arrival of Stephen's army  In the ensuing battle, Stephen won a decisive victory over his enemies  Koppány was killed on the battlefield  His body was quartered and its parts were displayed at the gates of the forts of Esztergom, Győr, Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia, Romania) and Veszprém in order to threaten all of those who were conspiring against the young monarch Stephen occupied Koppány's duchy and granted large estates to his own partisans  He also prescribed that Koppány's former subjects were to pay tithes to the Pannonhalma Archabbey, according to the deed of the foundation of this monastery which has been preserved in a manuscript containing interpolations  The same document declares that "there were no other bishoprics and monasteries in Hungary" at that time  On the other hand, the nearly contemporary Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg stated that Stephen "established bishoprics in his kingdom" before being crowned king  If the latter report is valid, the dioceses of Veszprém and Győr are the most probable candidates, according to historian Gábor Thoroczkay 

Coronation (1000–1001)
By ordering the display of one part of Koppány's quartered corpse in Gyulafehérvár, the seat of his maternal uncle, Gyula the Younger, Stephen asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords  He also decided to strengthen his international status by adopting the title of king  However, the exact circumstances of his coronation and its political consequences are subject to scholarly debate Thietmar of Merseburg writes that Stephen received the crown "with the favour and urging" of Emperor Otto III (r  996–1002), implying that Stephen accepted the Emperor's suzerainty before his coronation  On the other hand, all of Stephen's legends emphasize that he received his crown from Pope Sylvester II (r  999–1003)  Kristó and other historians point out that Pope Sylvester and Emperor Otto were close allies, which implies that both reports are valid: Stephen "received the crown and consecration" from the Pope, but not without the Emperor's consent  Around 75 years after the coronation, Pope Gregory VII (r  1075–1085), who claimed suzerainty over Hungary, declared that Stephen had "offered and devotedly surrendered" Hungary "to Saint Peter" (that is, to the Holy See)  In a contrasting report, Stephen's Greater Legend states that the King offered Hungary to the Virgin Mary  Modern historians—including Pál Engel, and Miklós Molnár—write that Stephen always asserted his sovereignty and never accepted papal or imperial suzerainty  For instance, none of his charters were dated according to the years of the reign of the contemporary emperors, which would have been the case if he had been their vassal  Furthermore, Stephen declared in the preamble to his First Book of Laws that he governed his realm "by the will of God" The exact date of Stephen's coronation is unknown  According to later Hungarian tradition, he was crowned on the first day of the second millennium, which may refer either to 25 December 1000 or to 1 January 1001  Details of Stephen's coronation preserved in his Greater Legend suggest that the ceremony, which took place in Esztergom or Székesfehérvár followed the rite of the coronation of the German kings  Accordingly, Stephen was anointed with consecrated oil during the ceremony  Stephen's portrait, preserved on his royal cloak from 1031, shows that his crown, like the Holy Roman Emperor's diadem, was a hoop crown decorated with gemstones Besides his crown, Stephen regarded a spear with a flag as an important symbol of his sovereignty  For instance, his first coins bear the inscription LANCEA REGIS ("the king's spear") and depict an arm holding a spear with flag  According to the contemporaneous Adémar de Chabannes, a spear had been given to Stephen's father by Emperor Otto III as a token of Géza's right to "enjoy the most freedom in the possession of his country"  Stephen is styled in various ways—Ungarorum rex ("king of the Hungarians"), Pannoniorum rex ("king of the Pannonians") or Hungarie rex ("king of Hungary")—in his charters 

Consolidation (1001–c  1009)
Although Stephen's power did not rely on his coronation, the ceremony granted him the internationally accepted legitimacy of a Christian monarch who ruled his realm "by the Grace of God"  All his legends testify that he established an archbishopric with its see in Esztergom shortly after his coronation  This act ensured that the Church in Hungary became independent of the prelates of the Holy Roman Empire  The earliest reference to an archbishop of Esztergom, named Domokos, has been preserved in the deed of foundation of the Pannonhalma Archabbey from 1002  According to historian Gábor Thoroczkay, Stephen also established the Diocese of Kalocsa in 1001  Stephen invited foreign priests to Hungary to evangelize his kingdom  Associates of the late Adalbert of Prague, including Radla and Astrik, arrived in Hungary in the first years of his reign  The presence of an unnamed "Archbishop of the Hungarians" at the synod of 1007 of Frankfurt and the consecration of an altar in Bamberg in 1012 by Archbishop Astrik show that Stephen's prelates maintained a good relationship with the clergy of the Holy Roman Empire The transformation of Hungary into a Christian state was one of Stephen's principal concerns throughout his reign  Although the Hungarians' conversion had already begun in his father's reign, it was only Stephen who systematically forced his subjects to give up their pagan rituals  His legislative activity was closely connected with Christianity  For example, his First Book of Laws from the first years of his reign includes several provisions prescribing the observance of feast days and the confession before death  His other laws protected property rights and the interests of widows and orphans, or regulated the status of serfs 
If someone has such a hardened heart—God forbid it to any Christian—that he does not want to confess his faults according to the counsel of a priest, he shall lie without any divine service and alms like an infidel  If his relatives and neighbors fail to summon the priest, and therefore he should die unconfessed, prayers and alms should be offered, but his relatives shall wash away their negligence by fasting in accordance with the judgement of the priests  Those who die a sudden death shall be buried with all ecclesiastical honor; for divine judgment is hidden from us and unknown 

Many Hungarian lords refused to accept Stephen's suzerainty even after his coronation  The new King first turned against his own uncle, Gyula the Younger, whose realm "was most wide and rich", according to the Illuminated Chronicle  Stephen invaded Transylvania and seized Gyula and his family around 1002 or in 1003  The contemporary Annals of Hildesheim adds that Stephen converted his uncle's "country to the Christian faith by force" after its conquest  Accordingly, historians date the establishment of the Diocese of Transylvania to this period  If the identification, proposed by Kristó, Györffy and other Hungarian historians, of Gyula with one Prokui—who was Stephen's uncle according to Thietmar of Merseburg—is valid, Gyula later escaped from captivity and fled to Bolesław I the Brave, Duke of Poland (r  992–1025) 
[Duke Boleslav the Brave's] territory included a certain burg, located near the border with the Hungarians  Its guardian was lord Prokui, an uncle of the Hungarian king  Both in the past and more recently, Prokui had been driven from his lands by the king and his wife had been taken captive  When he was unable to free her, his nephew arranged for her unconditional release, even though he was Prokui's enemy  I have never heard of anyone who showed such restraint towards a defeated foe  Because of this, God repeatedly granted him victory, not only in the burg mentioned above, but in others as well 
About a hundred years later, the chronicler Gallus Anonymus also made mention of armed conflicts between Stephen and Boleslav, stating that the latter "defeated the Hungarians in battle and made himself master of all their lands as far as the Danube"  Györffy says that the chronicler's report refers to the occupation of the valley of the river Morava—a tributary of the Danube—by the Poles in the 1010s  On the other hand, the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle states that the Polish duke occupied large territories north of the Danube and east of the Morava as far as Esztergom in the early 11th century  According to Steinhübel, the latter source proves that a significant part of the lands that now form Slovakia were under Polish rule between 1002 and 1030  In contrast with the Slovak historian, Györffy writes that this late chronicle "in which one absurdity follows another" contradicts all facts known from 11th-century sources 

The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that Stephen "led his army against Kean, Duke of the Bulgarians and Slavs whose lands are by their natural position most strongly fortified" following the occupation of Gyula's country  According to a number of historians, including Zoltán Lenkey and Gábor Thoroczkay, Kean was the head of a small state located in the southern parts of Transylvania and Stephen occupied his country around 1003  Other historians, including Györffy, say that the chronicle's report preserved the memory of Stephen's campaign against Bulgaria in the late 1010s Likewise, the identification of the "Black Hungarians"—who were mentioned by Bruno of Querfurt and Adémar de Chabannes among the opponents of Stephen's proselytizing policy—is uncertain  Györffy locates their lands to the east of the river Tisza; while Thoroczkay says they live in the southern parts of Transdanubia  Bruno of Querfurt's report of the Black Hungarians' conversion by force suggests that Stephen conquered their lands at the latest in 1009 when "the first mission of Saint Peter"—a papal legate, Cardinal Azo—arrived in Hungary  The latter attended the meeting in Győr where the royal charter determining the borders of the newly established Bishopric of Pécs was issued on 23 August 1009 The Diocese of Eger was also set up around 1009  According to Thoroczkay, "it is very probable" that the bishopric's establishment was connected with the conversion of the Kabars—an ethnic group of Khazar origin— and their chieftain  The head of the Kabars—who was either Samuel Aba or his father— married Stephen's unnamed younger sister on this occasion  The Aba clan was the most powerful among the native families who joined Stephen and supported him in his efforts to establish a Christian monarchy



ground_truth: St Patrick's College

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both directors of films La Morte Vivante and Stranger On Horseback from the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The reports by Anonymus, Simon of Kéza and other Hungarian chroniclers of the Bár-Kalán, Csák and other 13th-century noble families descending from Hungarian chieftains suggest that other native families were also involved in the process Stephen set up a territory-based administrative system, establishing counties  Each county, headed by a royal official known as a count or ispán, was an administrative unit organized around a royal fortress  Most fortresses were earthworks in this period, but the castles at Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and Veszprém were built of stone  Forts serving as county seats also became the nuclei of Church organization  The settlements developing around them, where markets were held on each Sunday, were important local economic centers 

Wars with Poland and Bulgaria (c  1009–1018)
Stephen's brother-in-law, Henry II, became King of Germany in 1002 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1013  Their friendly relationship ensured that the western borders of Hungary experienced a period of peace in the first decades of the 11th century  Even when Henry II's discontented brother, Bruno, sought refuge in Hungary in 1004, Stephen preserved the peace with Germany and negotiated a settlement between his two brothers-in-law  Around 1009, he gave his younger sister in marriage to Otto Orseolo, Doge of Venice (r  1008–1026), a close ally of the Byzantine Emperor, Basil II (r  976–1025), which suggests that Hungary's relationship with the Byzantine Empire was also peaceful  On the other hand, the alliance between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire brought her into a war with Poland lasting from around 1014 until 1018  The Poles occupied the Hungarian posts along the river Morava  Györffy and Kristó write that a Pecheneg incursion into Transylvania, the memory of which has been preserved in Stephen's legends, also took place in this period, because the Pechenegs were close allies of the Polish duke's brother-in-law, Grand Prince Sviatopolk I of Kiev (r  1015–1019) Poland and the Holy Roman Empire concluded the Peace of Bautzen in January 1018  Later in the same year, 500 Hungarian horsemen accompanied Boleslav of Poland to Kyiv, suggesting that Hungary had been included in the peace treaty  The historian Ferenc Makk says that the Peace of Bautzen obliged Boleslav to hand over all the territories he had occupied in the Morava valley to Stephen  According to Leodvin, the first known Bishop of Bihar (r  c  1050 – c  1060), Stephen allied with the Byzantines and led a military expedition to assist them against "barbarians" in the Balkan Peninsula  The Byzantine and Hungarian troops jointly took "Cesaries" which Györffy identifies as the present-day town of Ohrid  Leodvin's report suggests that Stephen joined the Byzantines in the war ending with their conquest of Bulgaria in 1018  However, the exact date of his expedition is uncertain  Györffy argues that it was only in the last year of the war that Stephen led his troops against the Bulgarians 

Domestic policies (1018–1024)
Bishop Leodvin wrote that Stephen collected relics of a number of saints in "Cesaries" during his campaign in the Balkans, including Saint George and Saint Nicholas  He donated them to his new triple-naved basilica dedicated to the Holy Virgin in Székesfehérvár, where he also set up a cathedral chapter and his new capital  His decision was influenced by the opening, in 1018 or 1019, of a new pilgrimage route that bypassed his old capital, Esztergom  The new route connected Western Europe and the Holy Land through Hungary  Stephen often met the pilgrims, contributing to the spread of his fame throughout Europe  Abbot Odilo of Cluny, for example, wrote in a letter to Stephen that "those who have returned from the shrine of our Lord" testify to the king's passion "towards the honour of our divine religion"  Stephen also established four hostels for pilgrims in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Ravenna and Rome 
[Almost] all those from Italy and Gaul who wished to go to the Sepulchre of the Lord at Jerusalem abandoned the usual route, which was by sea, making their way through the country of King Stephen  He made the road safe for everyone, welcomed as brothers all he saw and gave them enormous gifts  This action led many people, nobles and commoners, to go to Jerusalem 
In addition to pilgrims, merchants often used the safe route across Hungary when travelling between Constantinople and Western Europe  Stephen's legends refer to 60 wealthy Pechenegs who travelled to Hungary, but were attacked by Hungarian border guards  The king sentenced his soldiers to death in order to demonstrate his determination to preserve internal peace  Regular minting of coinage began in Hungary in the 1020s  His silver dinars bearing the inscriptions STEPHANUS REX ("King Stephen") and REGIA CIVITAS ("royal city") were popular in contemporary Europe, as demonstrated by counterfeited copies unearthed in Sweden Stephen convinced some pilgrims and merchants to settle in Hungary  Gerard, a Benedictine monk who arrived in Hungary from the Republic of Venice between 1020 and 1026, initially planned to continue his journey to the Holy Land, but decided to stay in the country after his meeting with the king  Stephen also established a number of Benedictine monasteries—including the abbeys at Pécsvárad, Zalavár and Bakonybél—in this period The Long Life of Saint Gerard mentions Stephen's conflict with Ajtony, a chieftain in the region of the river Maros  Many historians date their clash to the end of the 1020s, although Györffy and other scholars put it at least a decade earlier  The conflict arose when Ajtony, who "had taken his power from the Greeks", according to Saint Gerard's legend, levied tax on the salt transported to Stephen on the river  The king sent a large army led by Csanád against Ajtony, who was killed in battle  His lands were transformed into a Hungarian county and the king set up a new bishopric at Csanád (Cenad, Romania), Ajtony's former capital, which was renamed after the commander of the royal army  According to the Annales Posonienses, the Venetian Gerard was consecrated as the first bishop of the new diocese in 1030 

Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire (1024–1031)
Stephen's brother-in-law, Emperor Henry, died on 13 July 1024  He was succeeded by a distant relative, Conrad II (r  1024–1039), who adopted an offensive foreign policy  Conrad II expelled Doge Otto Orseolo—the husband of Stephen's sister—from Venice in 1026  He also persuaded the Bavarians to proclaim his own son, Henry, as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son Emeric had a strong claim to the Duchy of Bavaria through his mother  Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the Byzantine Empire and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop Werner of Strasbourg, to Constantinople  In the autumn of 1027, the bishop seemingly travelled as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter into his country  Conrad II's biographer Wipo of Burgundy narrated that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common borders of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries Emperor Conrad personally led his armies to Hungary in June 1030 and plundered the lands west of the River Rába  However, according to the Annals of Niederalteich, the emperor, suffering from consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarian army, returned to Germany "without an army and without achieving anything, because the army was threatened by starvation and was captured by the Hungarians at Vienna"  Peace was restored after Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Lajta and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031 
At this same time, dissensions arose between the Pannonian nation and the Bavarians, through the fault of the Bavarians  And, as a result, King [Stephen] of Hungary made many incursions and raids in the realm of the Norici (that is, of the Bavarians)  Disturbed on this account Emperor Conrad came upon the Hungarians with a great army  But King [Stephen], whose forces were entirely insufficient to meet the Emperor, relied solely on the guardianship of the Lord, which he sought with prayers and fasts proclaimed through his whole realm  Since the Emperor was not able to enter a kingdom so fortified with rivers and forests, he returned, after he had sufficiently avenged his injury with lootings and burnings on the borders of the kingdom; and it was his wish at a more opportune time to complete the things he had begun  His son, King Henry, however, still a young boy entrusted to the care of Eigilbert, bishop of Freising, received a legation of King [Stephen] which asked for peace; and solely with the counsel of the princes of the realm, and without his father's knowledge, he granted the favor of reconciliation 

Last years (1031–1038)
Stephen's biographer, Hartvic, narrates that the King, whose children died one by one in infancy, "restrained the grief over their death by the solace on account of the love of his surviving son", Emeric  However, Emeric was wounded in a hunting accident and died in 1031  After the death of his son, the elderly King could never "fully regain his former health", according to the Illuminated Chronicle  Kristó writes that the picture, which has been preserved in Stephen's legends, of the king keeping the vigils and washing the feet of paupers, is connected with Stephen's last years, following the death of his son Emeric's death jeopardized his father's achievements in establishing a Christian state, because Stephen's cousin, Vazul—who had the strongest claim to succeed him—was suspected of an inclination towards paganism  According to the Annals of Altaich Stephen disregarded his cousin's claim and nominated his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo, as his heir  The same source adds that Vazul was captured and blinded, and his three sons, Levente, Andrew and Béla, were expelled from Hungary  Stephen's legends refer to an unsuccessful attempt upon the elderly king's life by members of his court  According to Kristó, the legends refer to a plot in which Vazul participated and his mutilation was a punishment for this act  That Vazul's ears were filled with molten lead was only recorded in later sources, including the Illuminated Chronicle In the view of some historians, provisions in Stephen's Second Book of Laws on the "conspiracy against the king and the kingdom" imply that the book was promulgated after Vazul's unsuccessful plot against Stephen  However, this view has not been universally accepted  Györffy states that the law book was issued, not after 1031, but around 1009  Likewise, the authenticity of the decree on tithes is debated: according to Györffy, it was issued during Stephen's reign, but Berend, Laszlovszky and Szakács argue that it "might be a later addition" Stephen died on 15 August 1038  He was buried in the basilica of Székesfehérvár  His reign was followed by a long period of civil wars, pagan uprisings and foreign invasions  The instability ended in 1077 when Ladislaus, a grandson of Vazul, ascended the throne 

Family
Stephen married Gisela, a daughter of Duke Henry the Wrangler of Bavaria, who was a nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor  Gisela's mother was Gisela of Burgundy, a member of the Welf dynasty  Born around 985, Gisela was younger than her husband, whom she survived  She left Hungary in 1045 and died as Abbess of the Niedernburg Abbey in Passau in Bavaria around 1060 Although the Illuminated Chronicle states that Stephen "begot many sons", only two of them, Otto and Emeric, are known by name  Otto, who was named after Otto III, seems to have been born before 1002  He died as a child Emeric, who received the name of his maternal uncle, Emperor Henry II, was born around 1007  His Legend from the early 12th century describes him as a saintly prince who preserved his chastity even during his marriage  According to Györffy, Emeric's wife was a kinswoman of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II  His premature death led to the series of conflicts leading to Vazul's blinding and civil wars 
Be obedient to me, my son  You are a child, descendant of rich parents, living among soft pillows, who has been caressed and brought up in all kinds of comforts; you have had a part neither in the troubles of the campaigns nor in the various attacks of the pagans in which almost my whole life has been worn away 
The following family tree presents Stephen's ancestors and his relatives who are mentioned in the article 
*A Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian lady **Györffy writes that she may have been a member of the Bulgarian Cometopuli dynasty ***Samuel Aba might have been the son of Stephen's sister instead of her husband 

Legacy
Founder of Hungary
Stephen has always been considered one of the most important statesmen in the history of Hungary  His main achievement was the establishment of a Christian state that ensured that the Hungarians survived in the Carpathian Basin, in contrast to the Huns, Avars and other peoples who had previously controlled the same territory  As Bryan Cartledge emphasizes, Stephen also gave his kingdom "forty years of relative peace and sound but unspectacular rule" His successors, including those descended from Vazul, were eager to emphasize their devotion to Stephen's achievements  Although Vazul's son, Andrew I of Hungary, secured the throne due to a pagan uprising, he prohibited pagan rites and declared that his subjects should "live in all things according to the law which King St  Stephen had taught them", according to the 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle  In medieval Hungary, communities that claimed a privileged status or attempted to preserve their own "liberties" often declared that the origin of their special status was to be attributed to King Saint Stephen  An example is a 1347 letter from the people of Táp telling the king about their grievances against the Pannonhalma Archabbey and stating that the taxes levied upon them by the abbot contradicted "the liberty granted to them in the time of King Saint Stephen" 

Sainthood
Stephen's cult emerged after the long period of anarchy characterizing the rule of his immediate successors  However, there is no evidence that Stephen became an object of veneration before his canonization  For instance, the first member of the royal family to be named after him, Stephen II, was born in the early 12th century Stephen's canonization was initiated by Vazul's grandson, King Ladislaus I of Hungary, who had consolidated his authority by capturing and imprisoning his cousin, Solomon  According to Bishop Hartvic, the canonization was "decreed by apostolic letter, by order of the Roman see", suggesting that the ceremony was permitted by Pope Gregory VII  The ceremony started at Stephen's tomb, where on 15 August 1083 masses of believers began three days of fasting and praying  Legend tells that Stephen's coffin could not be opened until King Ladislaus held Solomon in captivity at Visegrád  The opening of Stephen's tomb was followed by the occurrence of healing miracles, according to Stephen's legends  Historian Kristó attributes the healings either to mass psychosis or deception  Stephen's legends also say that his "balsam-scented" remains were elevated from the coffin, which was filled with "rose-colored water", on 20 August  On the same day, Stephen's son, Emeric, and the bishop of Csanád, Gerard, were also canonized 
Having completed the office of Vespers the third day, everyone expected the favors of divine mercy through the merit of the blessed man; suddenly with Christ visiting his masses, the signs of miracles poured forth from heaven throughout the whole of the holy house  Their multitude, which that night were too many to count, brings to mind the answer from the Gospel which the Savior of the world confided to John, who asked through messengers whether he was the one who was to come: the blind see, the lame walk, the deaf hear, the lepers are cleansed, the crippled are set straight, the paralyzed are cured   
Stephen's first legend, the so-called Greater Legend, was written between 1077 and 1083  It provided an idealized portrait of the king, one who dedicated himself and his kingdom to the Virgin Mary  However, Stephen's Lesser Legend—composed around 1100, under King Coloman—emphasized Stephen's severity  A third legend, also composed during King Coloman's reign by Bishop Hartvic, was based on the two existing legends  Sanctioned in 1201 by Pope Innocent III, Hartvic's work served as Stephen's official legend  Gábor Klaniczay wrote that Stephen's legends "opened a new chapter in the legends of holy rulers as a genre", suggesting that a monarch can achieve sainthood through actively using his royal powers  Stephen was the first triumphant miles Christi ("Christ's soldier") among the canonized monarchs  He was also a "confessor king", one who had not suffered martyrdom, whose cult was sanctioned, in contrast with earlier holy monarchs Stephen's cult spread beyond the borders of Hungary  Initially, he was primarily venerated in Scheyern and Bamberg, in Bavaria, but his relics were also taken to Aachen, Cologne, Montecassino and Namur  Upon the liberation of Buda from the Ottoman Turks, Pope Innocent XI expanded King Saint Stephen's cult to the entire Roman Catholic Church in 1686, and declared 2 September his feast day  As the feast of Saint Joachim was moved, in 1969, from 16 August, the day immediately following the day of Stephen's death, Stephen's feast was moved to that date  Stephen is venerated as the patron saint of Hungary, and regarded as the protector of kings, masons, stonecutters, stonemasons and bricklayers, and also of children suffering from severe illnesses  His canonization was recognized by Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople in 2000  In the calendar of the Hungarian Catholic Church, Stephen's feast is observed on 20 August, the day on which his relics were translated  In addition, a separate feast day (30 May) is dedicated to his "Holy Dexter" 

Holy Dexter
Stephen's intact dexter, or right hand (Hungarian: Szent Jobb), became the subject of a cult  A cleric named Mercurius stole it, but it was discovered on 30 May 1084 in Bihar County  The theft of sacred relics, or furta sacra, had by that time become a popular topic of saints' biographies  Bishop Hartvic described the discovery of Stephen's right hand in accordance with this tradition, referring to adventures and visions  An abbey erected in Bihar County (now Sâniob, Romania) was named after and dedicated to the veneration of the Holy Dexter 
Why is it, brothers, that his other limbs having become disjointed and, his flesh having been reduced to dust, wholly separated, only the right hand, its skin and sinews adhering to the bones, preserved the beauty of wholeness? I surmise that the inscrutability of divine judgement sought to proclaim by the extraordinary nature of this fact nothing less than that the work of love and alms surpasses the measure of all other virtues      The right hand of the blessed man was deservedly exempt from putrefaction, because always reflourishing from the flower of kindness it was never empty from giving gifts to nourish the poor 
The Holy Dexter was kept for centuries in the Szentjobb Abbey, except during the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242, when it was transferred to Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia)  The relic was then taken to Székesfehérvár around 1420  Following the Ottoman occupation of the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary in the mid-16th century, it was guarded in many places, including Bosnia, Ragusa and Vienna  It was returned to Hungary in 1771, when Queen Maria Theresa donated it to the cloister of the Sisters of Loreto in Buda  It was kept in Buda Castle's St  Sigismund Chapel between around 1900 and 1944, in a cave near Salzburg in 1944 and 1945, and again by the Sisters of Loreto in Buda, between 1945 and 1950  Finally, since 1950, the Holy Dexter has been in St  Stephen's Basilica in Budapest  An annual procession celebrating the relic was instituted in 1938, and continued until 1950, when the procession was forbidden by the Communist government  It was resumed in 1988 

Admonitions
According to Stephen's Greater Legend, the king "himself compiled a book for his son on moral education"  This work, now known as Admonitions or De institutione morum, was preserved in manuscripts written in the Late Middle Ages   Although scholars debate whether it can actually be attributed to the king or a cleric, most of them agree that it was composed in the first decades of the 11th century The Admonitions argues that kingship is inseparably connected with the Catholic faith  Its author emphasized that a monarch is required to make donations to the Church and regularly consult his prelates, but is entitled to punish clergymen who do wrong  One of its basic ideas was that a sovereign has to cooperate with the "pillars of his rule", meaning the prelates, aristocrats, ispáns and warriors 
My dearest son, if you desire to honor the royal crown, I advise, I counsel, I urge you above all things to maintain the Catholic and Apostolic faith with such diligence and care that you may be an example for all those placed under you by God, and that all the clergy may rightly call you a man of true Christian profession  Failing to do this, you may be sure that you will not be called a Christian or a son of the Church  Indeed, in the royal palace, after the faith itself, the Church holds second place, first constituted and spread through the whole world by His members, the apostles and holy fathers, And though she always produced fresh offspring, nevertheless in certain places she is regarded as ancient  However, dearest son, even now in our kingdom the Church is proclaimed as young and newly planted; and for that reason she needs more prudent and trustworthy guardians lest a benefit which the divine mercy bestowed on us undeservedly should be destroyed and annihilated through your idleness, indolence or neglect 

In arts
King St Stephen has been a popular theme in Hungarian poetry since the end of the 13th century  The earliest poems were religious hymns which portrayed the holy king as the apostle of the Hungarians  Secular poetry, especially poems written for his feast day, followed a similar pattern, emphasizing Stephen's role as the first king of Hungary  Poets described Stephen as the symbol of national identity and independence and of the ability of the Hungarian nation to survive historical cataclysms during the Communist regime between 1949 and 1989 A popular hymn, still sung in the churches, was first recorded in the late 18th century  It hails King St  Stephen as "radiant star of Hungarians"  Ludwig van Beethoven composed his King Stephen Overture for the inauguration of the Hungarian theatre in Pest in 1812  According to musician James M  Keller, "[t]he descending unisons that open the King Stephen Overture would seem to prefigure the opening of the Ninth Symphony;     [a]nd then a later theme, introduced by flutes and clarinets, seems almost to be a variation     of the famous Ode 'To Joy' melody of the Ninth Symphony's finale"  Hungarian composer Ferenc Erkel named his last complete opera from 1885, István király ("King Stephen"), after him  In 1938, Zoltán Kodály wrote a choral piece titled Ének Szent István Királyhoz ("Hymn to King Stephen")   In 1983, Levente Szörényi and János Bródy composed a rock opera—István, a király ("Stephen, the King")—about the early years of his reign  Seventeen years later, in 2000, Szörényi composed a sequel called Veled, Uram! ("You, Sir") 

See also
Catholic Church in Hungary
History of Christianity in Hungary
Isten, hazánkért térdelünk
SMS Szent István
St  Stephen's Mausoleum
Passage 6:
John Adams (merchant)
John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c  1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council  He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton 

Biography
Adams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams  Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710  Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life  There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor  Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did  He also held several other public positions in the province  Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727 Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730  After this, he was less active in community activities and trade  Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed  He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724  In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died  With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government  (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position ) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president  This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life  He died some time after 1745 

Notes
Passage 7:
Peter Burroughs
Peter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management  He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis 

Early career
Burroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire 
His first dramatic role was that of the character "Branic" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur  He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave 

Film career
Burroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis  He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2) 

Personal life
His daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis  He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress  His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis 

Filmography
Passage 8:
Harry Smith (athlete)
Harry James Smith (July 30, 1888 – November 20, 1962) was an American long-distance runner  He was most notable for competing in the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm  He was also the father of Hart wrestling family matriarch Helen Hart and the father-in-law of Stu Hart 

Early life
He was born in the Bronx, New York, and was of Irish descent  Smith came from a relatively well off family and had a brother named Frank  Both of them suffered from bipolar disorder His athletic interest began when he was a child  At the age of 12 Smith was playing craps with some friends in an alley when a police officer spotted them and ran after them, attempting to arrest them for illegal gambling  The man caught all of them except Smith  Another day when the officer found Smith, the officer advised him to pursue competitive running 

Career
He competed in the marathon for the United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics  He finished in 17th place  He shared rooms with Jim Thorpe on the way to the Olympics  Smith also ran the Boston Marathon 10 years in a row  He finished 10th at the 1912 event with a time of 2:27:46  He finished in the top three at the 1913 event  Smith also participated in at least three Run for the Diamonds events  Harry came in at third place in both 1911 and 1913  He came first and won in 1912  Smith was USA Outdoor Track & Field Champion 10000 m in 1912, a victory he shared with Hannes Kolehmainen  Later in 1912 Smith won a race called the Union Settlement Road Race and was given a gold medal award, handed to him by congressman Amos Pinchot  He won the Coney Island Derby Race in 1913 Smith refrained from competing in the fall of 1914 due to sore feet  While in training Smith had a diet that had him consume little water and instead eat a lot of vegetables  He was of the belief that a marathon runner should never look behind themself, as this throws off one's timing while running  He made an exception to this however when he once encountered Tom Longboat while in a race and exchanged a glance with him  This later became a story he would tell his five daughters  Smith was a member and Captain of the Pastime Athletic Club  Supposedly Smith was an early underground sports agent  After his athletic career ended he became a sports columnist for The New York Tribune 

Personal life
He was married to a Greek woman named Elizabeth "Ellie" Poulis  Ellie's parents were from the town of Missolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania  She was born on Ellis Island while her parents were in quarantine and waiting to be granted entry into the United States  Ellie was a dancer and artist in her younger years  Harry and Ellie were the parents of five girls, Helen, Diana, Patricia "Patsy", Elizabeth "Betty" and Joanie Some time during the 1930s he was the victim of a hit-and-run accident which left him with permanent injury on one of his legs, he was bedridden for a long time and walked with a limp for the rest of his life  This left the family in financial troubles  He and his wife helped raise their daughter, Helen Hart's oldest son Smith when she and her husband, Stu, suffered an automobile accident while she was pregnant with their second child, Bruce  His daughter Diana married Jock Osler descendant of Sir William Osler and his daughter Patsy married a man named Jack Forrest, who was the great great grandnephew of Nathan Bedford Forrest 

Legacy
His granddaughter Diana Hart dedicated the fourth chapter, "Roots", in her book Under the Mat to discussing Smith's life  She also named her son Harry  The younger Harry is a professional wrestler 

See also
List of people with bipolar disorder
Passage 9:
Gisela of Hungary
Gisela of Hungary (or Gisele, Gizella and of Bavaria; c  985 – 7 May 1065) was the first queen consort of Hungary by marriage to Stephen I of Hungary, and the sister of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor  She has been beatified by the Catholic Church 

Biography
Gisela was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and Gisela of Burgundy  Gisela was raised very devout, most likely with bishop Wolfgang of Regensburg as her mentor and governor  She married King Stephen I of Hungary in 996 as a part of Hungary's policy of opening up to the West  The couple had a son, Saint Emeric, who died on 2 September 1031, while hunting boar  The wedding of Stephen and Gisela marked a turning point in Hungary's history 
Queen Gisela played a fundamental role in spreading the Christian faith and Western culture in Hungary When Edmund Ironside of England died, he was succeeded by Cnut  Edmund's infant sons were sent abroad and ended up under the protection of King Stephen of Hungary  One of the twins died young, but the other, Edward Atheling, was brought up as a protégé of Queen Gisela, and regarded in that foreign court as the heir to the Anglo-Saxon throne King Stephen died in 1038  In 1046 Gisela, her attendants, and a number of many Bavarian settlers left Hungary to return to Bavaria, where she joined Niedernburg convent in Passau and became the abbess She lived in the nunnery of Niedernburg in Passau, where she died 

Veneration
Gisela's canonisation was attempted in the 18th century but failed  She was beatified in 1975  Her memorial days are 7 May and 1 February 
Gisela and her husband were not buried together  On 4 May 1996, the remains of King Stephen's right hand was preserved, and it was brought back together with a bone taken from the arm of Gisela  Both are now safely protected in glass and gold cases, and are displayed in the basilica in the western Hungarian town of Veszprém, where Gisela once lived Her grave is well known, and regarded as a holy place  The cross was commissioned by Queen Gisela for the tomb of her mother, who died in 1006 and was buried in the Niedermünster in Regensburg 
Blessed Gisela is depicted on a white limestone panel by Hungarian artist Sandor Kiss on the wall of the Chapel of Our Lady – Queen of Hungary in St  Peter's Basilica, Rome 



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Gisela Of Hungary's father-in-law?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  It is a remake of the 1932 German film The Prince of Arcadia 
It was shot at Walton Studios, with sets designed by the art director Andrew Mazzei 

Cast
Carl Brisson as Prince Peter
Margot Grahame as Mirana
Ida Lupino as The Princess
Annie Esmond as The Queen
Peter Gawthorne as Equerry
C  Denier Warren as Detective

See also
The Prince of Arcadia (1932)
Passage 9:
3Below: Tales of Arcadia
3Below: Tales of Arcadia (or simply 3Below) is an American computer-animated science fantasy television series produced by DreamWorks Animation, and is the second installment of Guillermo del Toro's Tales of Arcadia trilogy The series was announced on December 12, 2017 by Netflix and DreamWorks  On October 5, 2018, the premiere date was announced and the first teaser was released  The 13-episode first season was released on December 21, 2018 on Netflix  The series concluded with the release of the second season on July 12, 2019 A third and final installment of Tales of Arcadia, titled Wizards, was released on August 7, 2020  The full-length feature film, Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans was released on Netflix on July 21, 2021 

Plot
Two royal extraterrestrial siblings, Crown Princess Aja and Crown Prince Krel of House Tarron, their doglike pet named Luug, and their bodyguard, Varvatos Vex, escape from their home planet of Akiridion-5 after a coup and crash-land on Earth, specifically in the city of Arcadia Oaks, California  There, the aliens adjust to human culture and try to fix their spaceship (as well as to restore their nearly-dead parents King Fialkov and Queen Coranda) to return and take back Akiridion-5, which is being taken over by an evil dictator known as General Val Morando, who has already sent out a team of intergalactic bounty hunters, called the Zeron Brotherhood, to find and catch the alien prince and princess After investigating a way to stop Val Morando and find the hiding place of Aja and Krel, Zadra, one of the noble protectors of the royals from Akiridion-5, arrives on Earth  Meanwhile, after learning of his involvement in Morando's coup, Aja and Krel decide to exile Vex  During his exile, Vex is captured by the Zeron Brotherhood and imprisoned at a bounty hunter outpost located on Earth's moon  In Season 2, Aja and Krel learn of his capture and launch a rescue mission  Soon after the rescue, however the gang discovers that Morando is heading for Earth  After successfully defeating him, Aja (now Queen), Vex, Zadra, Luug and the rest finally return home, joined by Eli, who has volunteered to be Earth's ambassador on Akiridion 5  Crown Prince Krel decides that Earth has become his home, and decides to stay with his new human best friends 

Voice cast
Princess Aja and Crown Prince Krel also appeared in the Trollhunters episodes "In Good Hands", and "The Eternal Knight Pt  1" in their borrowed human forms 

Episodes
Season 1 (2018)
Season 2 (2019)
Reception
Critical response
The series currently holds a 100% on Rotten Tomatoes  It has been praised for its depiction of immigration through a sci-fi lens, with Dave Trumbore of Collider writing, "    the subtext here, which is hard to miss even for younger viewers, is that Aja, Krel, and Vex are stand-ins for immigrants, refugees, and "illegal aliens"     the show is re-examining the actions of the anti-immigrant government agents and the aliens' allies alike "

Accolades
Passage 10:
Tamarack, Wisconsin
Arcadia is a town in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, United States  The population was 3,737 at the 2020 census  The unincorporated communities of Dewey Corners, North Creek, and Tamarack are located in the town  The ghost towns of Cortland and Williamsburg were also located in the town 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 119 0 square miles (308 3 km2), of which, 118 8 square miles (307 8 km2) of it is land and 0 2 square miles (0 5 km2) of it (0 17%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,555 people, 569 households, and 433 families residing in the town  The population density was 13 1 people per square mile (5 1/km2)  There were 610 housing units at an average density of 5 1 per square mile (2 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 98 65% White, 0 19% Asian, 0 51% from other races, and 0 64% from two or more races  1 29% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 569 households, out of which 39 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63 6% were married couples living together, 6 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 9% were non-families  19 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 73 and the average family size was 3 16 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 2% under the age of 18, 6 8% from 18 to 24, 29 1% from 25 to 44, 24 4% from 45 to 64, and 11 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 112 4 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112 0 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $45,588, and the median income for a family was $50,511  Males had a median income of $30,208 versus $22,614 for females  The per capita income for the town was $20,421  About 6 4% of families and 8 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 2% of those under age 18 and 13 9% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
John C  Gaveney, Wisconsin State Senator and jurist, was born in the town
Anne Pellowski, the writer, educator and Kashubian-American activist, was born and raised on a farm in the Town of Arcadia



ground_truth: Géza