prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born first, Perdón, Viejita or Smokey And The Bandit?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 2:
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 is a 1983 American action comedy film and a second and final sequel to Smokey and the Bandit (1977) and Smokey and the Bandit II (1980), starring Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Paul Williams, Pat McCormick, Mike Henry and Colleen Camp  The film also includes a cameo near the end by the original Bandit, Burt Reynolds 
With one of the main titular characters missing, the plot of the film revolves instead around Sheriff Buford T  Justice ("Smokey"), with the presence of the Bandit merely being suggested through him being impersonated by Cledus ("Snowman") 
The film received negative reviews and was a box office bomb 

Plot
Big Enos and Little Enos offer retiring Sheriff Buford T  Justice a wager, betting $250,000 against his badge on his ability to transport a large stuffed fish from Florida to Texas  Buford rejects the wager and retires, but goes through all sorts of mishaps before finally realizing retirement is not all it is cracked up to be and accepting the Enoses' wager  Buford picks up the fish and starts driving with his son, Junior 
The Enoses set many traps, but Buford dodges all of them, so they try to hire the Bandit to intercept him  Agreeing that the original Bandit is too hard to manage, they hire the Snowman to act as the Bandit  The new Snowman/Bandit parks his truck so he can drive a black and gold 1983 Pontiac Trans Am 
The Bandit picks up Dusty, who quits her job at a used car dealership  The Bandit catches up with Buford and steals the fish with Dusty's help  Buford pursues the Bandit, with another local officer who attempts to take charge of the situation  Both police cars are disabled in the chase 
Buford catches up after the Bandit and Dusty stop at a redneck bar to eat  The chase then creates mass chaos in a local town  The Bandit escapes when an 18-wheeler blocks the alleyway where the Bandit sped through  While trying to get the truck out, Buford's car is towed, but he reverses the car and escapes  The tow truck driver chases him, with Junior spinning on the hook  Buford makes the truck flip over, sending Junior flying through the air  Other cars crash into the pile-up 
Buford chases the Bandit in the Mississippi Fairgrounds  Buford's car is thrown up on two side wheels by an incline, but he continues the pursuit while driving on two wheels 
That night, the Bandit and Dusty stop at a hotel called the Come On Inn, where people are involved in an orgy  Buford sees the Bandit's Trans-Am parked there and searches for the fish, which he finds  Buford also thinks he finds the Bandit in the sauna, but it turns out to be a muscular woman who bonds with him 
The next day, one of Buford's tires are blown by the "Enos Devil Darts"  The Bandit retakes the fish  Buford pursues on the remaining three tires, first through a herd of cattle, then through parked boats, then a nudist camp, then through a field where the Enoses set off explosions, one of which destroys the car except the engine, seat, and lights, the latter of which Junior is holding above his head 
The Bandit intends to surrender the fish and let Buford win  As Buford collects his money, he sees the Snowman  Thinking he is dealing with the real Bandit, he resists "the Bandit's" (imagined as Burt Reynolds) attempts to sweet-talk him out of capturing him before Junior (in a voiceover) reminds him of what is in store for him if he retires  Buford and the Bandit both separately come to the same conclusion that they need each other in order to have meaning in their lives and the chase resumes, with Buford giving the Bandit a five-minute head start and with the muscular woman joining up with him  Junior is left behind and chases after Buford and the woman, dropping all the money in the process 

Cast
Jackie Gleason as Montague County Sheriff Buford T  Justice of Texas
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow / "The Bandit"
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Colleen Camp as Dusty Trails
Faith Minton as Tina
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville, The Real Bandit
Sharon Anderson as Police Woman
Silvia Arana as Latin Woman
Alan Berger as Hippie
Ray Bouchard as Purvis R  Beethoven
Connie Brighton as Girl #1
Earl Houston Bullock as Flagman
Ava Cadell as The Blonde
Cathy Cahill as Mother Trucker
David S  Cass Sr  as Local Tough Guy
Leon Cheatom as Guide
Candace Collins as French Maid
Peter Conrad as Midget
Janis Cummins as Nudist Female
Jackie Davis as Blackman #1
Dee Dee Deering as Mrs  Fernbush
Al De Luca as Flower Vendor
Raymond Forchion as Tar Worker
Dick Lowry as Sand Dumper
Sandy Mielke as Driving Instructor

Production
The film was originally entitled Smokey IS the Bandit, and did not include Jerry Reed in the cast   Contemporary newspapers refer to original plans to feature Gleason as both "Smokey" and "the Bandit", and Reed's name does not appear in early promotional materials or newspaper accounts during the film's production   According to some accounts, Jackie Gleason was to play two roles: Sheriff Buford T  Justice and a different "Bandit"  The original version was shot in October 1982  Reportedly test audiences reacted poorly, finding Gleason's two roles confusing, so the studio opted to do re-shoots in April 1983   The Bandit scenes were re-shot with Jerry Reed playing the role  Other accounts indicate that the title was more literal: that Gleason was to play only Sheriff Justice, but the character would also fill the role of "the Bandit", by taking the Enos family's challenge (as Reynolds' character had done in the previous two films)  In a teaser trailer for the film (billed as Smokey IS the Bandit), Gleason appears in character as Justice, explaining to the audience that to defeat the Bandit he would adopt the attributes of his prey, "becoming [my] own worst enemy"  A publicity still of Gleason apparently shows him in costume as the Bandit 

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on vinyl and cassette tape by MCA Records in 1983 

Reception
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 received negative reviews by critics and the film was generally regarded as the weakest of the three Bandit films in terms of both storyline and revenue  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from six critics Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a negative review: "The already skimpy running time of Smokey and the Bandit, Part 3 is padded by an opening montage of earlier Smokey scenes, including shots of Burt Reynolds lounging in a zebra-print hammock  He is grinning, as well he might, because he has been able to sit out Part 3 altogether  What has he missed? An interminable car chase punctuated by dumb stunts and even dumber dialogue, plus the well-worth-missing sight of Paul Williams in a dress"  Variety magazine staff wrote: "The sense of fun in that original is missing and the countless smashups and near-misses are orchestrated randomly" 
Despite the enormous financial success of the original film (grossing over $300 million on a budget of less than $5 million), coupled with respectable (though significantly lower) numbers generated by the sequel, the third installment was both a critical and box office flop, grossing only $7 million against the film's $9 million production budget 
Passage 3:
Smokey Bites the Dust
Smokey Bites the Dust is a 1981 car chase film from New World Pictures directed by Charles B  Griffith   Despite the title, the film is not connected to the Smokey and the Bandit series 

Plot
The stock plot deals with Roscoe Wilton (Jimmy McNichol), a teenage joyriding car thief, evading Cyco County Sheriff Turner (Walter Barnes) and his unintelligent deputies 
Turner becomes even more obsessed with catching Roscoe after he kidnaps his overly-sheltered daughter, Peggy Sue (Janet Julian), just as she is about to be crowned Homecoming Queen during a football game at their high school   In so doing, Roscoe also makes himself a target of other characters, including his best friend Harold (John Blyth Barrymore), Peggy Sue's friend Cindy (Kari Lizer), and Kenny (William Forsythe), a sanctimonius quarterback who is deeply, but vainly, in love with Peggy Sue 
While Roscoe is being chased by Sheriff Turner, Turner himself incurs the wrath of neighboring Knotsie County Sheriff Sherm Bleed after commandeering one of Bleed's cruisers   Turner's pursuit of Roscoe (and Peggy Sue, who quickly begins to enjoy being in Roscoe's company) goes through two other neighboring counties, with Turner commandeering several other police cruisers and civilian cars only to wreck each one in spectacular fashion 

Subplots
Lester (Patrick Campbell), a local moonshiner is looking to sell his "secret formula" to an Arab oil sheik for "a million clams"; the deal falls through when it turns out the sheik brought actual clams instead of money 
Harold and Cindy share a car as they join in the chase; Harold to get his dad's car back from Roscoe, and Cindy to give Peggy Sue her crown   As the chase progresses, Harold and Cindy begin to fall for one another, similar to Roscoe and Peggy Sue 
At a nearby truck stop, a preteen girl is willing to let Roscoe and Peggy Sue steal her father's station wagon (with boat in tow) in exchange for a carton of cigarettes   The girl appears several times more throughout the film, including near the end when everyone converges on Snake Lake Beach in a chaotic free-for-all; watching from a distance, the girl muses, "What, I ask you, is the point in growing up?" 
Kenny's infatuation with Peggy Sue motivates him to chase the elusive couple on his own in an attempt to rescue her; he even goes so far as to run other police cruisers off the road just so he can save Peggy Sue himself   After the fight on the beach, Kenny is eventually "arrested" by the female sheriff of neighboring Belladonna County 

Cast
Jimmy McNichol as Roscoe Wilton
Janet Julian as Peggy Sue Turner
Walter Barnes as Sheriff Hugh "Smokey" Turner
Patrick Campbell as Lester
Kari Lizer as Cindy
John Blyth Barrymore as Harold
William Forsythe (credited as 'Bill Forsythe') as Kenny
Kedric Wolfe as Deputy Bentley
Charles Howerton as Sheriff Sherman "Sherm" Bleed
Tony Cox as Desk Clerk

Production
Though the majority of the cars used in filming had California licence plates, the exact location of the storyline was more ambiguous; film dialogue mentioned the boonies, which generally refers to the Appalachian region, and also mentioned running off to "east St  Louis or west to Colorado"   Near the end of the film, Roscoe suggests they hotwire a boat and take off for St  Louis or New Orleans, both of which are on the Mississippi River 
Charles B  Griffith had made a popular film for Roger Corman's New World Pictures called Eat My Dust! (1976)  Corman wanted Griffith to make a follow up called Car Wars using stunt footage from five old New World films  Griffith wrote a script which he later called Wham Bam, Merci, Madame, which he says Corman rejected  However a few years later he reactivated the project 

He called again and offered me a lot more money than he ever had before  I guess I got flattered, and I went ahead and did it  He had Max Apple in Texas go ahead and write a script around all the wrecks and chases  But Max wasn't allowed to see the footage  It was too expensive to rent a Movieola and send Max prints or anything else, so he had only vague descriptions written down on what the stunts were—and nothing worked  So I made a lot of changes in it, and that made Roger angry  He tried to cut it just to the action of the old pictures, but he couldn't, because he needed all the distribution rights  Then he cut all the motivations and all the character development  It was a mess, a jumbled mess!
Apple later described the experience: "They wanted four or five crashes, of which they already had the footage  It was more bricklaying than writing 
Passage 4:
Smokey and the Bandit
Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 American action comedy film starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Pat McCormick, Paul Williams and Mike Henry 
The directorial debut of stuntman Hal Needham, the film follows Bo "Bandit" Darville (Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Reed), two bootleggers attempting to illegally transport 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana to Atlanta  While the Snowman drives the truck carrying the beer, the Bandit drives a 1977 Pontiac Trans Am to distract law enforcement (called blocking) and keep the attention off the Snowman  During their run, they are pursued by Texas county sheriff Buford T  Justice (Gleason) 
Smokey and the Bandit was the second-highest-grossing domestic film of 1977 in the United States 

Plot
Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette and his son Little Enos have sponsored a racer in Atlanta's Southern Classic and want to celebrate in style when he wins, so they are seeking a trucker willing to bootleg Coors Beer to Atlanta for their refreshment  They find local legend Bo "Bandit" Darville at a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds and offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors from Texarkana (the closest place it could be legally sold at that time) to Atlanta in 28 hours  The Bandit takes the bet on the risky and unprecedented task, and recruits his brother-in-law Cledus "Snowman" Snow to drive the truck, while Bandit drives a black Pontiac Trans Am bought in advance from the Burdettes as a "blocker" to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo 
The pair arrive in Texarkana one hour early and load up the truck, but just as they head back, Carrie, a runaway bride, intercepts Bandit and jumps in his car, unwittingly making him an indirect target of Sheriff Buford T  Justice, a career Texas lawman whose witless son Junior was to have married Carrie  Buford, with Junior along, engages in a high-speed pursuit and doggedly chases Bandit all the way to Georgia to retrieve Carrie and arrest the Bandit, while various comical mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate on the way 
Bandit attracts more police attention across Dixie as Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer, but they are helped en route by many colorful characters via CB radio  Neither Buford nor any other lawmen know of Snowman's illegal manifest, while Bandit is likewise unaware that Buford is chasing him because of Carrie, whose jumpiness inspires Bandit to give her the CB handle "Frog" 
Just after re-entering Georgia, Snowman is rescued by Bandit after being stopped by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle trooper, as state and local police intensely pursue Bandit with roadblocks and a helicopter to track his movement  With four miles left, Bandit, discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, is ready to give up, but Snowman, who initially thought they would fail, takes the lead and smashes through the roadblock at the fairgrounds' main entrance  They return with ten minutes remaining on their time limit, but instead of taking the payoff, Carrie and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos: a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours  They quickly escape in one of Big Enos's 13 Cadillacs as police flood the racetrack 
After passing Buford's badly damaged cruiser on the roadside, Bandit gets on the CB and initially directs him to the Burdettes, but then respectfully gives his real location—right behind Buford, who continues his chase leaving Junior behind, and with more parts falling off his cruiser as he limps off after Bandit 

Cast
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville
Sally Field as Carrie "Frog"
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T  Justice / "Smokey Bear"
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr  B
Susan McIver as "Hot Pants" Hillyard
George Reynolds as Sheriff George Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as "Little Beaver"
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as "Sugar Bear"
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Alabama Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Michael McManus as Trucker "Silver Tongued Devil"
Gene Witham as Leader of The Gang
Susan Sindelar as Motorcycle Gang Member
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3
Sonny Shroyer as Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)

Production
Development
Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million, with Reed as the Bandit  Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, being better known in the film industry as a stuntman  He obtained the attention of studios and aimed the film at a more mainstream release after his friend Reynolds read the script and agreed to portray the Bandit, with Reed now portraying the Bandit's friend the Snowman  Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3, in which Reynolds only appeared in a cameo near the end  At the time, Reynolds was the top box office star in the world 
In the original script, Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey  The Bandit's car was a second-generation Trans Am and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000  Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads  Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read, but that he would still make the movie  Most of the dialogue was improvised on set Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5 3 million, figuring it was a good risk  Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million  With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3 3 million to make the film  Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule "Buford T  Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida  His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often  Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions  It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout the film  In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in a roadside diner (a "choke and puke" in CB lingo) was not in the original story but was rather Gleason's idea 
The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Reed  He gave Needham a preview of the song and, getting no reaction, offered to rewrite it  In response, Needham told Reed that he liked the song so much that if Reed changed even a word or a note, Needham would "choke him"  It would become one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature song The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas  Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64") that Gleason wore throughout the film 
While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze  Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on the air  Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider, and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both)  In return, Reynolds portrayed Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005)  Reynolds is referenced by name in several early episodes of the series 

Casting
Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T  Justice  Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her résumé  Universal executives initially resisted casting Field, claiming she was not attractive enough, but Reynolds insisted on her involvement  Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began on August 30, 1976  The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia, in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro, and Lithonia  The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit) and in McDonough  However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California, on the corner of Ojai Avenue and El Paseo Road  Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity  The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on Atlanta's south side  The roller coaster in the movie was the Greyhound  It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film  It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and in a flashback scene in Part 3  The area around Helen, Georgia, was used for some locations  The scene where Sheriff Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi-truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4 8 km) north of Helen  The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike  Reynolds and Field began dating during the filming According to an interview with Susie McIver Ewing on The RetroZest Podcast, she was picked to play the role of Hot Pants Hilliard after the dailies footage (shot in the Atlanta area) of the original actress playing the role was inadvertently destroyed on its way from Atlanta to Los Angeles  The new Hot Pants scene had to quickly be refilmed as a part of a second unit in the San Fernando Valley and was shot at a drive-in restaurant near Hansen Dam named Baby Beef Burgers, which has since been demolished  This same restaurant was used for a scene in the 1983 Stephen King Movie Christine, which was ultimately cut in the final film (it can be viewed as a deleted scene on the DVD release of the film) 

Vehicles
Hal Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that it would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie  He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans four-door sedans would be provided for the movie  The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends (from 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro have two round headlights and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four rectangular headlights, and the Camaro remained unchanged)  The decals were changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976  The hood scoop on these cars says "6 6 LITRE", which, in 1977, would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non-W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine 
The cars were 1976 models, the engines fitted to them were 455ci power plants, the last year these engines were offered for sale before withdrawal  All four of the cars were badly damaged during production, one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled Mulberry bridge  The Trans Am used for said jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump  Needham served as the driver for the stunt (in place of Reynolds), while Lada St  Edmund was in the same car (in place of Field)  By the film's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running  This gives rise to various continuity errors with Justice's patrol car, which during some chase sequences is shown with a black rear fender, which then reverts to the car's bronze color again in later scenes  When it is finally torn off along with the car's roof in the impact with the girder, the missing fender still reappears later on in the film  The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and in the final scene as the Bandit, the Snowman, Fred the dog, and Frog use it to make their escape  Three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, driven by Reed, were each equipped with 38-inch sleepers  Two units were 1974 models, as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model, as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille, signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business  The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit  This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running 

Legal status of Coors beer
In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma  Its lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors could spoil in one week without refrigeration, explaining the film's 28-hour deadline  A 1974 Time magazine article explains that Coors was so coveted for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives, and Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance  Future President Gerald Ford, after a trip to Colorado, hid it in his luggage to take it back to Washington, D C  President Dwight D  Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted by the Air Force to Washington  Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox would bring several cases after playing on the West Coast, by stashing them in the equipment trunks on the team's plane  Frederick Amon smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price Coors is still brewed just outside Denver, Colorado  It is now sold in all states as Coors ships it in refrigerated train cars and bottled locally and sold in different parts of the country including the eastern US states 

Soundtrack
The theme music "East Bound and Down" was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller  It became Reed's signature song and is on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed "Live!" (Still)  In 1991, it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm  Several other groups, such as the U S  rock band Tonic and U K -based country cover band We Be Ploughin' have also covered it  Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of the Bandit's escapades before the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which is in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack  Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack, as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film  Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack  Five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is prominent toward the end of "East Bound and Down"  The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette, and 8-track through MCA Records 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Smokey and the Bandit was a sleeper hit  It premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, where it performed badly  It then opened in just the South of the United States over the Memorial Day weekend and grossed $2,689,851 in 386 theaters  By the end of June, it had played in major Southern markets, including Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, New Orleans, Memphis, Dallas, and Oklahoma City, grossing $11 9 million  It opened in other Northern states at the end of July  With an original budget of $5 3 million (cut to $4 3 million two days before initial production), the film eventually grossed $126,737,428 in North America, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977 (only Star Wars earned more, with $221 3 million)  The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million  Reynolds said in 2015 that he most enjoyed this film, and had the most fun making it, of his career 

Critical response
Critical reception was largely positive  On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 78% rating based on 32 reviews  The site's consensus states: "Not much in the head but plenty beneath the hood, Smokey and the Bandit is infectious fun with plenty of car wrecks to keep your eyes glued" Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "about as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed"  In his review in the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus reducing suspense  He claimed that the Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him  The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing 
Alfred Hitchcock claimed that the film was one of his favorites  Upon meeting Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that Americans from the region where the film is set consider the film to be less cinema and more documentary  Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28 and was a success there, garnering positive reviews 
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years   100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

Cultural impact
Pontiac Trans Am
After the debut of the film, the Pontiac Trans Am became wildly popular, with sales almost doubling within two years of the film's release  It outsold its Chevrolet Camaro counterpart for the first time  Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film  Because of the popularity of the film and the sales success of the Trans Am, the president of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year  Due to his financial difficulties in 2014, Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am  High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but the actual sale price was $450,000  Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000  In 2015 a Florida-based automobile customization company built 77 Trans Ams modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the film  These new models were built off the same Camaro platform, came with the Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird, and Bandit logos, and the instrument panels, center consoles, and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds  Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-CID (7 4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967–69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977–81 models had rectangular headlights 

Diablo sandwich
The "diablo sandwich" ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film  Though no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities  A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn, and sour cream  Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun  Other sources in East Texas (from whence Sheriff Justice hails) are familiar with the popular regional delicacy known as the Diablo Sandwich  It consists of any of the various Louisiana-style hot sauces on Texas toast-style bread alongside the fourth most famous product of Pittsburg, Texas (behind Pilgrim's Pride, Cavender's, and Carroll Shelby)—Pittsburg Hot Links 

The Bandit Run
The first run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car  A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film  The Bandit Run quickly became a fixture, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special 2017 screening of the film attended by Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by the Bandit and Frog across a river 

Mobil 1 commercial
In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring then-NASCAR driver Tony Stewart, closely based on the film  Called Smoke is the Bandit and playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite commentators Darrell Waltrip as the Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T  Justice  The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products  The advertisements lampoon the film and feature a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down  The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites 

Television censorship and alternative versions
When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film  For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was common practice  The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum"  This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail 
Except for Gleason, the original actors mostly redubbed their lines for the television version  Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died the same year the film was released, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue  In the U K , the heavily dubbed version was shown for several years, particularly by the BBC  However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly  The theatrical release has a few lines deleted, including an edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off" after the sheriff called his vehicle "a piece of crap"  His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn  At the time, using "fuck" would immediately require an R rating and this self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience  However, the scene and the obscured expletive were played for comedy value and written as such, with the passing truck being the gag of the scene more than a way to avoid the censors 
In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally remastered audio track with 5 1 Dolby-compatible surround sound  Many of the film's original sounds were replaced  For instance, the diesel engine start and run-up sequence in the opening sequence of the film were completely dubbed over with a new sound  A few other examples of sound effect replacement occur when the Bandit takes off after getting the reluctant Cletus involved in the bet, the Bandit comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie, and when Buford's car top comes off  Some of the original sound effects (such as Cletus's dog Fred barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced  Earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact  Major portions of the audio background have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film  The updated version of the film features sound inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film  The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place 

Sequels
The film was followed by two sequels: Smokey and the Bandit II (1980) and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983)  The second film was a modest box office success, earning $66 1 million against a $17 million budget 
The third film – which had no involvement from either Hal Needham or Sally Field and contained only a short cameo appearance by Burt Reynolds – revolved entirely around Jackie Gleason's character, was panned by critics, and was a box office bomb, earning only $7 million against a $9 million budget 

Television spin-off films
A series of four made-for-TV spin-off films (Bandit Goes Country, Bandit Bandit, Beauty and the Bandit, and Bandit's Silver Angel) were produced in 1994 for Universal Television's Action Pack with actor Brian Bloom playing a younger version of the Bandit  The three original films introduced two generations of the Pontiac Trans Am and the Dodge Stealth in the television movies 

Television series
In October 2020, a Smokey and the Bandit TV series was revealed to be in development, with a pilot written by David Gordon Green and Brian Sides and also executive produced with his Rough House confederates Jody Hill, Danny McBride and Brandon James, as well as Seth MacFarlane and Erica Huggins of Fuzzy Door 

See also
The Cannonball Run
Hooper
Passage 5:
Smokey and the Bandit II
Smokey and the Bandit II is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Hal Needham, and starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jerry Reed, Jackie Gleason and Dom DeLuise  The film is the sequel to the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit 
The film was originally released in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and several other, mainly Commonwealth, countries as Smokey and the Bandit Ride Again 
The plot centers on Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed), transporting an elephant to the GOP National Convention, with Sheriff Buford T  Justice (Jackie Gleason) once again in hot pursuit 

Plot
Big Enos Burdette is in a literal mudslinging campaign against John Conn for Governor of Texas  After failing to get the outgoing governor's endorsement, Big Enos overhears him on the phone ordering a crate in Miami to be delivered in nine days to the Republican National Convention in Dallas  Burdette schemes to earn the governor's endorsement and have the crate delivered to the convention in his name and tracks down Cledus "Snowman" Snow and offers him and Bo "Bandit" Darville $200,000 to do the run  Cledus takes the Burdettes to Bandit to make the offer in person, but Bandit has become a heavy drinker since breaking up with Carrie ("Frog") and is drunk when the Burdettes arrive and double the payoff to $400,000  Cledus accepts on Bandit's behalf, but adds that Big Enos should give them half in advance, to which they agree  Cledus is ecstatic, but Bandit begins to miss Carrie 
Cledus calls Carrie, who is back in Texarkana and again about to marry Junior when Cledus calls offering her $50,000 to help out; she agrees and again becomes a runaway bride  Though she still has feelings for Bandit, when Carrie arrives, she initially intones she is only in it for the money, and she and Cledus work on getting Bandit off the booze and back into shape  She then trades in Junior's car for a new Trans Am  The group arrive at the pier in Miami only to find out the manifest is quarantined for three weeks  They return later that night to steal it, only to find the "package" is a live elephant (the G O P  mascot) which Cledus names "Charlotte" after his aunt  When Bandit removes a splinter from Charlotte's foot, she takes a liking to him 
Soon after the trio start off for Dallas, they are accosted for the first of several times by Sheriff Justice, but Bandit outwits him and they escape  En route, they stop at a remote fuel station and notice something wrong with Charlotte  Moments later, an ambulance pulls in with an Italian gynecologist in the back; "Doc" is initially reluctant to help, but when his driver speeds off unknowingly leaving him stranded, he asks to hitch a ride with them, agreeing to watch Charlotte 
Doc later finds that Charlotte is pregnant and due to give birth any time, but Bandit is determined to stay on schedule, but Cledus and Frog refuse to they wanted to make Charlotte comfortable  Entering Louisiana, Doc says that Charlotte is almost in labor and needs to be off her feet  Cledus chooses they all need a break and they go to a nearby nightclub where Don Williams is headlining   When Carrie sees Bandit scribbling on a napkin a picture of Charlotte cradled by suspended netting to keep her off her feet, she angrily leaves, but not before telling Bandit that she will come back only when he likes himself again  Later that night, a drunken Bandit makes his drawing a reality, and Doc agrees that his idea will work 
Buford intends to call for help from his brothers Reggie, a Mountie Sergeant in Quebec, and Gaylord, an effeminate Texas State Patrolman  Later, as Bandit and Cledus enter Texas, Buford lures the Bandit into a trap: a mass of 40 Texas Patrol and Mountie cruisers pursuing him across a desert basin  Bandit orders Cledus to get to Dallas, but he enlists a large convoy of his trucker pals and comes to Bandit's rescue instead, wrecking nearly all of the cruisers in a giant demolition derby while Doc and Charlotte watch from the sidelines  The two escape by crossing a makeshift trailer bridge with Buford and his brothers in pursuit  Two of the trucks pull away, resulting in Gaylord and Reggie's cruisers crashing in the ensuing gap before they can cross, but Buford is still in pursuit, though his cruiser is barely functioning 
Cledus begs Bandit to stop at a safari reserve, where Charlotte finally gives birth to her baby  Bandit is ready to load them both back up in the truck, but Cledus refuses and then knocks Bandit down when he insults him and was fed with Bandit's selfishness  When he sees Charlotte in tears, Bandit finally comes to his senses and apologizes and realises that taking care of Charlotte and caring for others is more important than $400,000 
Bandit later finds Carrie and tells her that he likes himself now, and that he does not want to be without her  He then tells her that he has not yet taken Charlotte to Dallas, but they can still make it  Carrie is overjoyed when she sees Charlotte's baby, and Bandit asks Charlotte's permission for him and Carrie to get hitched, to which Charlotte trumpets her approval; Doc, now riding in the cab with Cledus and Fred, also voices his approval, and they all drive away with Charlotte and her baby in tow in circus carts on their way to Dallas, with Buford still in pursuit, now driving a Greyhound bus 

Cast
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T  Justice / Gaylord Justice (credited as Ms  Jackie Gleason) / Reginald Van Justice
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow
Dom DeLuise as Dr  Frederico "Doc" Carlucci
Sally Field as Carrie "Frog"
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
David Huddleston as John Conn
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
John Anderson as The Governor
Brenda Lee as Nice Lady
The Statler Brothers as Themselves:
Phil Balsley
Lew DeWitt
Don Reid
Harold Reid
"Mean Joe" Greene as himself
Mel Tillis as Fairground Owner
Joe Klecko as himself
Don Williams as himself
Terry Bradshaw as himself
Nancy Lenehan as Ramona
John Megna as P T 
Chuck Yeager as Party Guest
John Robert Nicholson as The Patient
1980 Pontiac Trans Am as "Son of Trigger"

Production
Smokey and the Bandit II was filmed simultaneously with The Cannonball Run, in which Burt Reynolds and Dom DeLuise also starred  Football players Joe Klecko and Terry Bradshaw also appear in both films 
It is the first film to feature director Hal Needham's "Blooper Reel Credit Crawl" at the end, in that a collection of bloopers and outtakes from the film showed on one side of the screen while the closing credits slowly scrolled up the other side  Cannonball Run, also directed by Needham, used this same technique 
Buford's brothers were both portrayed by Gleason; "Reggie" was a Canadian version of "Reginald Van Gleason III", a popular character from Gleason's television show 
The film was written and produced before it was announced that the 1980 Republican National Convention would be held in Detroit rather than Dallas 
Many of the movie's scenes take place in northern Palm Beach County, especially at Burt Reynolds' ranch in Jupiter, Florida 
Although the Bandit again sticks to a Pontiac Trans Am, this time a 1980 Turbo model with five color decals unlike 1981's single color decals, the Snowman switches to a 1980 GMC General, silver with blue trim with the same mural on the trailer as in the original film  This "new rig" suggests that the pair were successful in the "double or nothing" wager offered by the Burdettes at the end of the first film, where they were persuaded to drive from Atlanta to Boston and back in 18 hours to buy clam chowder and bring it to the Burdettes 
A world-record automobile jump was captured on film during the "roundup sequence", when stuntman Gary Davis jumped a 1974 Dodge Monaco over 150 feet  Davis suffered compressed vertebrae as a result of a hard landing 
The roundup sequence in the desert shows many new Pontiac Le Mans sedans decorated as police cars being destroyed  The cars were originally ordered by a car rental agency in Phoenix, who refused to accept the delivery when they discovered the cars were not equipped with air conditioning  Pontiac took the cars back and eventually gave them to the producers to be used in the film 

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit 2: Original Soundtrack was released on vinyl, cassette tape and 8-track tape by MCA Records in 1980 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Smokey and the Bandit II grossed $10,883,835 in its opening weekend, the second highest ever at the time, behind Star Trek: The Motion Picture  It also set a record for an opening week, with a gross of $18,108,031  It was the eighth-most-popular 1980 film at the United States and Canada box office earning $66,132,626  This box office income inspired a third film 

Critical response
The film received almost completely negative reviews from critics who felt that it suffered badly in comparison to the original  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from seven critics  Roger Ebert gave it a one out of four stars and stated that there was "[in 1980] no need for this movie  That's true of most sequels, but it's especially true of Smokey and the Bandit II, which is basically just the original movie done again, not as well     how can I say it's lazy when it has 50 trucks doing stunts in it? Because it takes a lot less thought to fill up a movie with stunts than to create a comedy that's genuinely funny" Burt Reynolds later said that he did not enjoy working on the film at all, feeling that it was an unnecessary sequel put together by Universal purely for money-making reasons rather than to try making a good picture 

Sequel
The film was followed by another sequel three years later, Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983), in which Reynolds only made a brief cameo appearance, and Sally Field did not appear 
Passage 6:
The Nun and the Bandit
The Nun and the Bandit is an Australian film directed by Paul Cox 

Plot summary
In the 1940s, two outlaw brothers kidnap their wealthy 14-year-old second cousin, but things get complicated when her chaperoning nun refuses to abandon her charge 

Production
The film was made with finance from Film Victoria and the FFC  It was shot near Bacchus Marsh, Maldon in Victoria 

Release
According to Ozmovies: 

Roadshow was the nominal domestic distributor but refused to release it  The film went straight to video, though it had a small theatrical release in Canada thanks to Alliance 
The film was screened at the short-lived Halls Gap Film Festival in the Grampians on Sunday, 8 November 1992, with Cox present, though it had also had a "world premiere" at the Melbourne Film Festival earlier in the year Cox called the movie "minimal filmmaking":

It's the very first time I read a book that I wanted to film, because I normally don't believe the film has much to do with the novel  I wasn't at the screening at the Melbourne Film Festival but I never want to screen a film at a festival again  That screening actually killed the release  It got bad reviews in a few places, so Roadshow wouldn't even release it  I think that as an Australian bush film, it is a very, very original film, a highly original piece  The forest, the beauty of the land, that's the altar, and the sacrifice is the innocence and youth  You have a sacrifice on an altar  But it gave me enormous satisfaction because the finished film is very nicely tuned, minimal when you look at the way it's crafted    But that's not what the reviewers want, a bush film like this  That's not very Australian, is it?
Passage 7:
Hal Needham
Hal Brett Needham (March 6, 1931 – October 25, 2013) was an American stuntman, film director, actor, writer, and NASCAR team owner  He is best known for his frequent collaborations with actor Burt Reynolds, usually in films involving fast cars, such as Smokey and the Bandit (1977), Hooper (1978), The Cannonball Run (1981) and Stroker Ace (1983)  
In his later years, Needham moved out of stunt work, and focused his energy on the world land speed record project  In 2001, Needham received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards, and in 2012, he was awarded a Governors Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Early years
Needham was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Edith May (née Robinson) and Howard Needham  He was the youngest of three children  Raised in Arkansas and Missouri, Needham served in the United States Army as a paratrooper during the Korean War, worked as a treetopper (an arborist who performs tree topping services),
and was a billboard model for Viceroy Cigarettes while beginning a career in Hollywood as a motion picture stuntman 

Career
Needham's first break was as the stunt double for actor Richard Boone on the popular TV western Have Gun, Will Travel   Needham trained under John Wayne's stunt double Chuck Roberson and quickly became one of the top stuntmen of the 1960s on such films as How the West Was Won, The Bridge at Remagen, McLintock!, The War Lord, and Little Big Man  He doubled regularly for Clint Walker and Burt Reynolds  He played a cowboy in an episode of the TV Western Gunsmoke (S8E36 - “The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner”)  Needham moved into stunt coordinating and directing second unit action, while designing and introducing air bags and other innovative equipment to the industry  Needham at one time lived in Reynolds' guesthouse for the better part of 12 years In 1971, he and fellow stuntmen Glenn Wilder and Ronnie Rondell formed Stunts Unlimited  Needham had written a screenplay titled Smokey and the Bandit and his friend Reynolds offered him the chance to direct  The film was a huge hit, and the two followed it with Hooper, Smokey and the Bandit II, The Cannonball Run, and Stroker Ace  Needham also directed the TV pilots Stunts Unlimited (1980) and Stockers (1981), neither of which was picked up as a series  His final theatrical release as director was the 1986 BMX film Rad 
In 1977, Gabriel Toys introduced the "Hal Needham Western Movie Stunt Set" complete with a cardboard old west saloon movie set, lights and props, a toy movie camera and a spring-launched Hal Needham action figure that would break through a balcony railing, land on breakaway table and chairs and crash through a window  They were only manufactured for a short time and have since become highly collectible 
Needham moved out of stunt work, focusing his energy on the World Land Speed Record project that eventually became the Budweiser Rocket, driven by stuntman Stan Barrett  The team failed to set an officially sanctioned World land speed record with the vehicle, and their claims to have broken the sound barrier in 1979 have been heavily disputed  In the 1980s, he and Reynolds co-owned the Mach 1 Racing team, which fielded the Skoal Bandit No  33 car in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series for Harry Gant  In 1986, Needham, alongside William L  Fredrick, was awarded a Scientific and Engineering Award for his efforts in developing the Shotmaker Elite camera car and crane In 2001, Needham received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards  In 2012, he was awarded a Governors Award by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, where he was introduced by Quentin Tarantino Needham and his relationship with Reynolds inspired the Cliff Booth/Rick Dalton friendship in Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood 

Rocket car
Needham was the owner of the Budweiser Rocket car, a vehicle intended to break the speed of sound on land 

Death
Needham died on October 25, 2013 in Los Angeles, California, aged 82, shortly after being diagnosed with cancer 

Bibliography
Needham, Hal (2011)  Stuntman!: My Car-Crashing, Plane-Jumping, Bone-Breaking, Death-Defying Hollywood Life  New York: Little, Brown and Company  ISBN 978-0-316-07899-3  OCLC 548642135 

Filmography as actor
Filmography as director
Passage 8:
Perdón, viejita
Perdón, viejita is a 1927 silent Argentine film directed and written by José A  Ferreyra  Ferreyra was born on 28 August 1889 in Buenos Aires, Argentina  He was a director and writer also known for Bewitching Kisses (1937) and La vuelta al Bulín (1926)  Ferreyra died on 29 January 1943, at age 53  A fragment (34-minutes) of the film is currently available on YouTube  The restored version will be presented in the San Isidro Film and Music Festival on 15 November  2016  The nitrate copy of the film was provided by the Fundación Cinemateca Argentina and the restoration work was done by GOTIKA,

Synopsis
Perdón, viejita (which means "Sorry, Old Woman" in English) revolves around a lower-class family: Doña Camila, the aging mother, and Elena and Carlos, her children  Carlos is, unbeknownst to her, a reformed thief  One day he meets Nora, a prostitute, in the park, and decides to bring her home after falling in love with her  Elena, who is being courted by a shady Don Juan, is given a ring as a gift, but Nora takes it away from her complaining that she knows men like Don Juan and the ring is probably stolen  This is evidenced when the police arrive in search for the ring, and Nora takes the fall for Elena 
Prudencio, Elena's other pretender, takes an interest in Don Juan and after following him forces him to accompany him to the police and confess about the stolen ring  Don Juan is then imprisoned and Nora let go, but she feels her honor has been tainted and her meddling has caused trouble to the family, so she leaves and goes back to her job under the wing of El Gavilán ("The Hawker")  Carlos follows suit, and confronts El Gavilán, who in the confrontation wounds Nora from gunshot 
In the epilogue, Nora recovers in bed, nursed by Carlos and Prudencio  Elena, who had confessed to accepting the ring from Don Juan to her mother, comes visit with Doña Camila, who apologizes for her mistrust and scorn of Nora  The family reconciles, and live happily ever after 
Passage 9:
José A  Ferreyra
José A(gustín) Ferreyra (28 August 1889 – 29 January 1943), popularly known as "Negro Ferreyra" (Black Ferreyra, due to his partially African ancestry), was an early Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer  He was also sometimes credited as production designer 
Ferreyra was born in Vicente López, Gran Buenos Aires  His father was of White European descent, while his mother was Afro-Argentine, likely descended from slaves He began simultaneously directing and screenwriting for film in 1915, and moved on to success directing films such as Palomas rubias in 1920  His films tended to focus on lower-class family drama, most notably Perdón, viejita (1927), and were filmed on a low budget and with little to no script as a guide  Ferreyra prevailes through the 1920s and 1930s as a distinguished filmmaker of the masses, but was displaced in the late 1930s and early 1940s by big budget cinema  He directed over 40 films and wrote the scripts for the majority of them between 1915 and 1941, working with noted actors such as Libertad Lamarque and Mario Soffici on his screen debut, before moving on to directing 
He died on 29 January 1943 from laryngeal cancer 

Filmography
Chimbela (1939)
La Ley que olvidaron (1938)
Besos Brujos (1937)
Ayúdame a Vivir (1936)
Puente Alsina (1935)
Streets of Buenos Aires (1934)
El Cantar de mi ciudad (1930)
Perdón, viejita (1927)
Muchachita de Chiclana (1926)
La costurerita que dio aquel mal paso (1926)
La vuelta al Bulín (1926)
Mi último tango (1925)
El organito de la tarde (1925)
El arriero de Yacanto (1924)
Mientras Buenos Aires duerme (1924)
Odio serrano (1924)
La Leyenda del puente inca (1923)
Melenita de oro (1923)
Corazón de criolla (1923)
La Maleva (1923)
La Chica de la calle Florida (1922)
La Muchacha del arrabal (1922)
Buenos Aires, ciudad de ensueño (1922)
La Gaucha (1921)
Palomas rubias (1920)
De vuelta al pago (1919)
Campo ajuera (1919)
El tango de la muerte (1917)
Venganza gaucha (1917)
La fuga de Raquel (1916)
La isla misteriosa (1916)
Una noche de garufa (1915)
Passage 10:
The Bandit Trail
The Bandit Trail is a 1941 Western film 

Plot
A cowboy helps rob a bank to get revenge on an unscrupulous banker 

Cast
Tim Holt as Steve Haggerty
Ray Whitley as Smokey
Janet Waldo	as Ellen Grant
Lee 'Lasses' White as Whopper
Morris Ankrum as Red Haggerty
Roy Barcroft as Joel Nesbitt
Glenn Strange as Gang member



ground_truth: Perdón, Viejita

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the director of film Streets Of Blood?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mehdi Abrishamchi
Mehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: مهدی ابریشم‌چی born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) 

Early life
Abrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran  He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969  In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979 

Career
Shortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK  He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran 

Electoral history
Personal life
Abrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985  Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar 

Legacy
Abrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism" 
Passage 2:
Gertrude of Bavaria
Gertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI 
Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155  She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167  In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund  The couple lived the first years in Skåne  On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen  She did not have any children  During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband  Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity 
Passage 3:
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III  
Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain  Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms  She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766  In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden  Their coronation was on 29 May 1772 
The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful  The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy  Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court  She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends  However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion  The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again 
After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813 

Early life
Princess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen  She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene  She received her own royal household at birth 
Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V  She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage  She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden  The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family  The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost  The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia  The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm After the death of her mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate  She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia 
In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige  The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance  Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin  She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement  However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity  This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika  Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: "His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen"  In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated 
When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: "why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: "She would suit you better!"

Crown Princess
On 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom  She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire  In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself  As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: "Watch out, Madame!", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court 
The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way  She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden  Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace  At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: "By God, how beautiful she is!", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: "terrible fear of the Queen"  On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment in the society life  Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant  Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend  Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous 
Sophia Magdalena was known to be popular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, while Louisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats  The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, and officially demonstrated their support  Sophia Magdalena was advised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters from the Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, the Queen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queen encouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home  This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship  In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile the couple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriage remained unconsummated After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden  The following year, on 29 May, Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen 

Early reign as Queen
The coronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772  She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolute monarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates in the revolution of 1772  At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, who painted her as pro-Danish  Denmark was presumed to oppose the coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark 
Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herself pleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, for whom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat  The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and the sympathies were on her side  In the contemporary paper Dagligt Allehanda, a fable was presented about Rävinnan och Turturduvan ("The She Fox and the Turtle Dove")  The fable was about the innocent turtle dove (Sophia Magdalena) who was slandered by the wicked she fox (Louisa Ulrika), who was supported by the second she fox (Anna Maria Hjärne) and the other foxes (the nobility)  The fable was believed to have been sent from the Caps party Queen Sophia Magdalena was of a shy and reserved character, and was never a member of the King's inner circle  At the famous amateur court theater of Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena is occasionally named as participator in the documents  In 1777, for example, she dressed as an Italian sailor and participated in a battle between Italian and Spanish sailors  Usually it was rather her role to act as the passive lady of games and tournaments, and to decorate the winner with the award  She did her ceremonial duties, but disliked the vivid lifestyle of the court around her outgoing spouse As queen, she was expected to do a great deal of representation – more than what had been expected from previous queens due to her husband's adoration of representation  On formal occasions, she was at her best: she performed beautifully according to royal court etiquette, and was seen as dignified and impressive  For instance, on 17 September 1784, she cut the cord to let off the first air balloons from the Stockholm observatory  During the King's Italian journey in 1783–84, she hosted a grand formal public dinner every two weeks  During that time, she appeared at the Royal Swedish Opera and at the French Theater, but otherwise preferred her solitude  This attracted attention as during the absence of the King she had been expected to represent the royal couple all the more 
Sophia appeared to have enjoyed nature trips in the country side with only one lady-in-waiting and two footmen, however, her country side visitations were stopped because it was deemed 'unsuitable'  Several of her ladies-in-waiting were well known Swedish women of the era, among them The Three Graces: Augusta von Fersen, Ulla von Höpken and Lovisa Meijerfelt, as well as Marianne Ehrenström and Charlotta Cedercreutz, who were known artists 
Sophia Magdalena was a popular Queen: on 22 July 1788, for example, during the absence of her spouse in Finland, several members of the Royal Dramatic Theater and the musical society Augustibröder, among them Bellman, took a spontaneous trip by boat from the capital to Ulriksdal Palace, where she was, and performed a poem by Bellman to her honor at the occasion of her name day 
In the famous diary of her sister-in-law, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, Sophia Magdalena is described as beautiful, cold, silent and haughty, very polite and formal, reserved and unsociable  When she performed her duties as Queen, her sister-in-law, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, described her as "Forced to meet people" Sophia Magdalena preferred to spend her days in solitude whenever she could  She had two very intimate friends, Maria Aurora Uggla and Baroness Virginia Charlotta Manderström, but otherwise rarely participated in any social life outside of what was absolutely necessary to perform her representational  duties  She frequently visited the theater, and she also had a great interest for fashion  As a result of this, she was somewhat criticized for being too vain: even when she had no representational duties to dress up for and spend her days alone in her rooms, she is said to have changed costumes several times daily, and according her chamberlain Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, she never passed a mirror without studying herself in it  She was also interested in literature, and educated herself in various subjects: her library contained works about geography, genealogy and history  She educated herself in Swedish, English, German and Italian, and regularly read French magazines  According to Augusta von Fersen, Sophia Magdalena was quite educated, but she was not perceived as such because she rarely engaged in conversation In 1784, after the King had returned from his trip to Italy and France, the relationship between the King and Queen soured  At this time, Gustav III spent more and more time with male favorites  In 1786, this came to an open conflict  The King had taken to spend more time at intimate evenings with his favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, from which he excluded her company  When he gave some of her rooms at the Royal Palace to Armfelt, Sophia Magdalena refused to participate in any representation until the rooms were given back to her, and she also banned her ladies-in-waiting from accepting his invitations without her permission 
In 1787, she threatened him with asking for the support of the parliament against him if he took their son with him to Finland, which she opposed, and the year after, she successfully prevented him from doing so  She also reprimanded him from allowing his male favorites to slander her before him 
Queen Sophia Magdalena was never involved in politics, except for one on one occasion  In August 1788, during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the King gave her the task to enter in negotiations with Denmark to prevent a declaration of war from Denmark during the ongoing war against Russia  He asked her to call upon the Danish ambassador Reventlow and give him a letter to be read in the Danish royal council before her brother, the Danish King  He gave her the freedom to write as she wished, but to use the argument that she spoke as a sister and mother to a son with the right to the Danish throne and upon her own initiative 
Sophia Magdalena called upon the Danish ambassador, held a speech to him followed by a long conversation and then handed him a letter written as a "warm appeal" to her brother  A copy was sent to Gustav III, and her letter was read in the royal Danish council, where it reportedly made a good impression  However, her mission was still unsuccessful, as the Russo-Danish alliance made it unavoidable for Denmark to declare war shortly afterward  At the time, there was a note that she met two Russian prisoners of war in the park of the Haga Palace, and gave them 100 kronor each 

At the parliament of 1789 Gustav III united the other estates against the nobility and to gain support for the war and for his constitutional reform  Coming into conflict with the nobility, he had many of its representatives imprisoned  This act led to a social boycott of the monarch by the female members of the aristocracy, who followed the example of Jeanna von Lantingshausen as well as the King's sister and sister-in-law, Sophie Albertine of Sweden and Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte  The Queen did not participate in this political demonstration and refused to allow any talk of politics in her presence  She was nevertheless involved in the conflict  When the King informed his son about the event, he discovered the child to be already informed in other ways than what he had intended  He suspected Sophia Magdalena to be responsible, and asked the governor of the prince, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, to speak to her  Gyldenstolpe, however, sent one of the king's favorites, Baron Erik Boye  The Queen, who despised the favorites of the King, furiously told Boye that she spoke to her son how she wished and that only her contempt for him prevented her from having him thrown out of the window  She was known to dislike the reforms of 1789, and she did let it be known to its representatives  At the celebrations of the Victory at Fredrikshamn in 1790, she refused to be escorted by riksråd Count Joakim Beck-Friis, who was in favor of the reform, and demanded to be escorted by Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, who was in opposition to it 
In the autumn of 1790, the King chose to remain in the summer residence of Drottningholm Palace well in to the autumn because of the social boycott  Finally, the Queen returned to the capital without his consent  He accused her of having been manipulated by the female courtiers into participating in the political demonstration, and refusing him the company of her ladies-in-waiting by leaving  This applied especially to Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie and Augusta von Fersen, who did not participate in the boycott: he suspected Hedvig Eleonora von Fersen to have persuaded the Queen to participate in the boycott  This is however is not considered to have been true: though the Queen did oppose to the act of 1789, she is reported never to have allowed any one to speak of politics in her presence  The reason to why she wished to leave was reportedly due to her health, as Drottningholm was quite cold by that time of the year and she had been afflicted by an ear infection  The King did in any case suspect her of being in political opposition to him, and before his trip to Aachen in 1791, he ordered that his son was to be separated from her during his absence abroad  When she was made aware of this, Sophia Magdalena caused a public scene when she visited him in his box at the opera and demanded to be given access to her son  This led to a heated argument and she left the box with the words: "I will have my vengeance, monsieur! I give you my sacred vow on that!"

Succession issues
Sophia Magdalena is mostly known in Swedish history for the scandal created around the consummation of her marriage and the questioned legitimacy of her son  Her marriage was a then normal arranged royal match for political convenience, in which Sophia Magdalena at first was described by her spouse as "cold as ice"  Sophia Magdalena's religious upbringing and introverted character made her avoid the lively and spontaneous Gustavian court life, which made her even less attractive in the eyes of her outgoing spouse Their marriage was not consummated until 1775, nine years after the wedding  The status quo between Gustav III and his consort was nurtured by the Queen Dowager, Louisa Ulrika, who did not want competition in her influence over her son  There were rumors that the King was a homosexual or sexually underdeveloped  His sexuality, which had much effect on Sophia Magdalena's life, as a royal marriage was designed to produce offspring, has been much debated  His sexual inexperience has been blamed on immaturity or him also being asexual 
As a teenager, Gustav had a crush on Axel von Fersen's mother, Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, though this affection was never physical  In 1768, he had another infatuation with the noble Charlotte Du Rietz, but this is not believed to have been sexually consummated either  Various documents written during his lifetime alleged that he was bisexual or homosexual 
His sister-in-law, Princess Charlotte, claims that the King did participate in homosexual activity after his trip to Italy in 1784 and that there were several rumors about this: she claims that she herself had witnessed that the park at Drottningholm Palace had become a place where male courtiers searched for homosexual partners, and in a letter to Sophie von Fersen, she writes in code: 

"It is said that the King recently attacked a young man in the park at night and offered him the post of chamberlain to the Queen if he agreed to his lusts, but the young man preferred to leave  Agree that this is to take things too far  It is said that the trips to Svartsjö Palace are made to be provide privacy, it is unbelievable, but it is what it is said  I could tell you a million things about this "
In 1791, Sophia Magdalena herself paid a surprise visit to the King during his stay at the Gustav III's Pavilion, where the King had spent more time since he came in conflict with the nobility after the 1789 parliament; and where he was reputed to indulge in orgies  She found the King in bed, and he asked one of his favorites, Count Fabian Wrede, to show her around  In the King's private chamber, however, the Queen found the actor and page of the King, Lars Hjortsberg, sleeping, naked  The Queen reacted by interrupting the tour by saying to Wrede that he apparently did not know his way around Haga, as he had obviously showed her the chamber of the staff rather than the King by mistake Some sources explain that both the Queen and the King had serious anatomical problems resulting in erotic complications  Erik Lönnroth has concluded that there is no factual proof for the rumors that Gustav III was inclined toward homosexuality or bisexuality, nor that Gustav Adolf was illegitimate 
During the Coup of Gustav III on 19 August 1772, Sophia Magdalena was at Ekolsund Castle  After having been told of the successful coup where her consort had reinstated absolute monarchy, she confided to her Mistress of the Robes, Countess Anna Maria Hjärne, that she was afraid that she would now be divorced by Gustav, because she knew she was not liked by him, because she had not given birth, and because she knew she was being slandered before him  Gustav III was told of this and her words led to a conflict  At a following ball at Ekolsund, the King told Count Axel von Fersen the Elder, that he did plan to divorce her on the grounds of pro-Danish plots and adultery with riksråd Count Fredrik Sparre and Marcus Gerhard Rosencrone of the Danish legation in Stockholm  Von Fersen, however, convinced him not to by saying that she should not be regarded to participate in pro-Danish plots just for her love of her Danish chamber-maids, and that as a neglected wife, she should not be blamed for enjoying the compliments of Count Ribbing, which were not grounds for suspicions of adultery  During this period, it had been noted that Count Ribbing was often seen in the company of the Queen and had paid her compliments and made her laugh, among other things by caricaturing her Mistress of the Robes Countess Anna Maria Hjärne  Countess Hjärne had informed the King that the Queen was pregnant, "And the riksråd Ribbing is her favorite "The King had given Countess Ulrica Catharina Stromberg the task to investigate this, and she was told by the chamber madame of Sophia Magdalena, Charlotta Hellman, that: "information, which where dubious, especially since the clearest evidence could be gathered from the linen of the Queen"  Her contact with Rosencrone is said to have been restricted to the fact that he handled her correspondence with Denmark  After the reconciliation of Sophia Magdalena and Gustav III, he apologized to her for having believed these rumors 
In 1774, the King arranged the marriage between his brother, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, and Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, to solve, for the time being, the immediate question of an heir to the throne  The Duchess had false pregnancies and miscarriages only, which may have hastened the King to expedite the consummation of his own marriage and produce a son of his own 
In 1778, Sophia Magdalena gave birth to Gustav Adolf, successor to the throne, and in 1782, she gave birth to a second son, Charles Gustav, who only lived for one year  It was suggested in some circles that King Gustav's first son was sired by someone else  When the heir was born, the father was believed, by the Queen Dowager among others, to be Count Adolf Fredrik Munck af Fulkila, then Riksstallmästare  This rumor was believed by elements of the public and the royal court, and her acquiescence to it led to a year-long break between the Queen Dowager and her son 

Succession scandal
The King, claiming to be sexually inexperienced, called upon Munck to help him with a reconciliation with his spouse, instruct the couple in the ways of sexual intercourse, and physically show them how to consummate their marriage  Munck, a Finnish nobleman and, at the time, a stable master was, at that point, the lover of Anna Sofia Ramström, the Queen's chamber maid  Through Anna Sofia Ramström, Munck contacted Ingrid Maria Wenner, who was assigned to inform the queen of the king's wish, because she was married and the confidant of the queen  Munck and Ramström were to be present in a room close to the bedchamber, ready to be of assistance when needed, and he was, at some points, called into the bedchamber  Munck himself writes in his written account, which is preserved at the National Archives of Sweden, that to succeed, he was obliged to touch them both physically When it became known that Munck participated in the reconciliation between the royal couple, there were rumours that he was the father of Sophia Magdalena's firstborn These became the subject of accusations from the political opposition, as late as in 1786 and 1789,: 132  where it was claimed that the whole nation was aware of the rumour that the King had asked Munck to make the Queen pregnant : 118  Pamphlets to that end were posted on street corners all over Stockholm : 143 This was also caricatured by Carl August Ehrensvärd in private letters discovered later – his drawing was published in 1987 —, where he passed on a number of rumors and jokes about Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena and Munck without inferring that he believed they were true  There was also a rumour that the King and Queen had divorced in secret and that the Queen had married Munck There is no proof that Munck was the father of the crown prince  Erik Lönnroth has suggested that the anatomical problems mentioned in Munck's account, known only to a few initiated persons, were the primary factor in their delay in producing an heir  At the time, the rumors became more persistent, however, when the royal couple presented Munck with gifts: the King promoted him, and the Queen gave Munck a pension, a diamond ring, and a watch with her image A few socialites took the Queen Mother's side in supporting and spreading the rumors, such as Anna Charlotta Schröderheim and Eva Helena Löwen The circle around the King's brother, Duke Charles, the future Charles XIII of Sweden, who desired the throne, also encouraged these rumors  Their mother was quoted as saying, during the pregnancy of Sophia Magdalena, that there were rumors among the public that the future child was illegitimate, and that she herself believed that the King had hired Munck to impregnate the Queen, and that she would never accept that the throne would come into the hands of "a common nobleman's illegitimate offspring" : 103–4 The Queen Mother ordered Duke Charles to interrogate Munck, and word spread to the King, who was shocked  Sophia Magdalena was equally shocked by the accusations  She swore she would never speak to the Queen Dowager again, and indeed she never did 
The King arranged for his mother to make a public apology for her accusation in the presence of the rest of the Royal Family the 12 May 1778  The scene gained a lot of attention and broke the bonds between Gustav III and his mother  The scandal disturbed celebrations, as did an accident with the public banquet  The public was invited to a great feast to celebrate the birth of the heir, but too many people were let in, and the crowd panicked  Between sixty and one hundred people were trampled to death in the crowd 
Sven Anders Hedin, a medical doctor at the royal court, and married to one of the Queen's chambermaids, Charlotta Hellman, contributed two statements which have been quoted in connection with the scandal  In the summer of 1780, during the King's absence abroad, he passed through the private apartments of the Queen, which were expected to be empty at that hour  There, he claimed to have seen the Queen and Baron Munck embracing each other through the not-quite closed door to her bedroom   To warn them that they were not alone, he hummed a tune and pretended to speak to himself, saying that he would be in trouble if the Queen discovered him there, and then left the room  He claimed to have found three expensive court costumes in his room a few days after this event  In October 1781, Hedin met the King in the corridor on his way to the Queen's bedchamber  Gustav III asked Hedin what time it was, and Hedin claims to have added to his reply: "In nine months, I will be able to answer exactly!" in which Hedin insinuated that the King had expected him to remember the time should the fatherhood of the next child be questioned 
In 1782, Sophia Magdalena had a second son  After the death of her younger son in 1783, her marriage deteriorated  In May 1784, Sophia Magdalena is believed to have had a miscarriage, and after this, there are no further notes of any pregnancies  A brief reconciliation in 1787 was deemed by Duchess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte in her diaries as temporary, with no hope of being complete and lasting,: 191  as the King was not "receptive to female charm": another insinuation that he was homosexual 
In 1787, Sophia Magdalena deposited a sum of 50 000 riksdaler in an account for Munck, which was generally rumoured to be a "farewell gift" : 156–7   At this point, Munck had started an affair with the ballerina Giovanna Bassi, to whom Sophia Magdalena showed great dislike : 157   The King was terrified when he heard that the Queen had made that deposit, and he tried to prevent the transaction from becoming public knowledge, which, however, did not succeed : 157  Munck was, however, continued to be used as a go-between and a messenger between the King and the Queen, especially during conflicts 
A child of Giovanna Bassi's, rumored to be the child of Munck, bore a strong likeness to the Crown Prince 

Queen Dowager
On 16 March 1792 Gustav III was attacked and mortally wounded  Sophia Magdalena was reportedly shocked and horrified by the attack  The conspirators intended to make her the regent of her son during his minority : 443  As a Guardian government had been necessary by putting a minor monarch on the throne, their plan was to offer this role to Sophia Magdalena by taking military control and offering the Queen dowager the role of presiding over the guardian council instead of her brother-in-law Duke Charles  Directly after she was told of the attack, Sophia Magdalena sent for the king's favorite, Gustav Mauritz Armfelt, and was taken by him to the sick bed of the King  There, she took the hands of the King between hers and cried out to Armfelt: "How horrifying! Such a cruel atrocity!" She was kept informed of his state by Armfelt, but she was prevented from further visits because Gustav did not wish to receive visits from women because of the smell from his wounds  At the death of Gustav III 29 March 1792, she attempted to visit him, but she was blocked by her brother-in-law Duke Charles, who fell on his knees before her to stop her from entering the bed room 
Sophia Magdalena caused a scandal as it was noted that she did not dress in mourning except when she was forced to do so at visits and on formal occasions : 442   This criticism was likely worsened because she was exposed to some suspicions, as it was known that the conspirators had planned to make her regent 
As Queen Dowager, it was a relief to Sophia Magdalena to withdraw from public life  Her brother-in-law, Duke Charles, became regent, and she eschewed a political role  As a widow, Sophia Magdalena lived a withdrawn life  She did not wish to take part in any representational duties, and she gave up her quarters at Drottningholm Palace to be relieved of them  She lived in the Royal Palace in Stockholm during the winter, and at Ulriksdal Palace during the summer  She lived in a circle of her own court, and seldom entertained any guests other than her lifelong friends Maria Aurora Uggla and Virginia Manderström  It is noted that, although she had hated the male favorites of her spouse during his lifetime, she gave several of them positions in her court as a widow  Sophia Magdalena had a close relationship with her son, King Gustav IV Adolf, who visited her regularly and with whom she shared an interest in religion 

In 1797, she insisted on skipping the protocol at the reception of her daughter-in-law, Frederica of Baden  The etiquette demanded that as Queen Dowager, she should not greet her daughter-in-law at the stair of the royal palace with the rest of the royal family, but wait for her in her own salon, but she refused: "I know myself how I suffered, when I arrived to Sweden, and how painfully I reacted to the cold reception I was given by Queen Louisa Ulrika  As for my daughter-in-law, I have decided to spare her from having to experience such bitter emotions!" During the reign of her son, she seldom showed herself at court except on Sundays and at court presentations, and preferred to stay at her estate  She regularly met her son and his family on family visits, but she did not participate in court life 
In 1809 she witnessed the coup and following abdication of her son, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, after Sweden lost Finland to Russia  She was deeply affected by his deposition  On the day of the coup, she was informed by her friend Maria Aurora Uggla, and in her company she immediately rushed to the quarters of her son  She was prevented from seeing him by guards, and burst into tears in the arms of Uggla  Shortly after, she was visited in her quarters by Duke Charles in the company of guards, who officially told her what had happened and made her burst into tears again by officially banning her from seeing her son  When she, during the captivity of her son, formally applied for permission to see him, and was told by Charles that she could not unless given permission by the government, she publicly commented: "The government was not asked for permission for the murder of my husband, neither any permission was sought to depose and imprison my son, but I must have their permission, to speak to my child " She was never to see her son again, but she corresponded with him for the rest of her life  He was sent into exile and replaced by his paternal uncle Charles XIII, but she remained in Sweden until her death  She did, however, say goodbye to her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren when they left Stockholm to join Gustav Adolf 
In January 1810, she was presented to the elected heir to the throne, Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden  During his visit, he stopped before the portrait of her grandson Gustav, and informed her that he wished to adopt him for his successor  Later that year (2 November 1810), she was presented to the next elected heir to the throne, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte  He regarded her with suspicion and believed that she did not wish to see him, but she commented: "I am grateful for the sensitivity of the Crown prince, but he is mistaken, if he believes that I do not wish to see him! It would be unfair if I were to hold the least bit of dislike toward him, for it is not he who has deposed my son!" At the meeting, her face was said to have turned white, but at the end, she is said to have been delighted by his charm  In 1811, she was one of the few in the Swedish Court who were nice to Désirée Clary 
In September 1812, Germaine de Staël was presented to her, and gave her the impression of her: "Her Majesty analyzed my books as an educated woman, whose judgement showed as much thoroughness as well as delicate feeling  Never has any one impressed me such as your Queen! I almost dared not reply to her, so taken was I by the royal glory around her – it gave me such respect, that I shivered!" When the Crown Prince banned any contact between Swedes and the former royal family, Germaine de Staël asked that an exception was to be made for Sophia Magdalena, and it was: her letters were however read by foreign minister Lars von Engeström 

Later life and death
Sophia Magdalena lived more isolated towards the end of her life and was affected by worsened health  From 1812, she devoted much of her time to her friendship with the young amateur botanic Baron Anton Fredrik Wrangel  She never fully recovered after having suffered a stroke in May 1813 

Children
In popular culture
The affair of the consummation of her marriage and the succession scandal was portrayed in SVT's period drama production of "Gustav III:s äktenskap" (The Marriage of Gustav III) in 2001, where Sophia Magdalena was portrayed by Danish actress Iben Hjejle 
It was also used to inspire the novel Drottningens juvelsmycke, famous in Sweden, where the character of Tintomara is portrayed as a half sibling of Gustav IV Adolf through Count Munck 

Ancestry
Inline references
Bibliographic references
Alm, Mikael (2003–2006)  Sophia Magdalena  Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish)  Vol  32  Retrieved 28 April 2022 
Bech, Claus (1983)  Sophie Magdalene  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  13 (3 ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendals Forlag  ISBN 8700055514 
Jørgensen, Harald (1942)  Sophie Magdalene (PDF)  Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish)  Vol  22 (2 ed )  Copenhagen: J H  Schultz Forlag  pp  314–315 
Laursen, Laurs (1902)  "Sophie Magdalene af Danmark"  Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish) (1st ed )  Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag  XVI: 179–180 
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeberg, 1906
Stålberg, Wilhelmina (1864), Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Notes on Swedish women] (in Swedish), Runeberg 
Munk (in Swedish), SE: Passagen, archived from the original on 9 January 2001
Personakt för Gustav III av >> Holstein-Gottorp, Född 1746-01-24 (in Swedish), NU: Historiska Personer, archived from the original on 9 November 2007, retrieved 9 November 2007
Starbäck, Carl Georg; Bäckström, Per Olof (1885–1986), "Nionde bandet  Gustaf III  Gustaf IV Adolf", Berättelser ur svenska historien [Tales from the history of Sweden] (in Swedish)
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon [Swedish biographical hand-dictionary] (in Swedish), Runeber, 1906
Andersson, Ingvar (1979)  Gustavianskt [The Gustavian age] (in Swedish)  Fletcher & Son  ISBN 91-46-13373-9 
Ribbing, Gerd, Gustav III:s hustru Sofia Magdalena [Sophia Madalena, wife of Gustav III]
Hartmann, Godfred (1993)  "Gode Dronning" – Om den svenske konge Gustaf III's dronning Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) og hendes ulykkelige skæbne ["Good Queen" – About the Swedish king Gustaf III's queen Sophie Magdalene (1746–1813) and her unfortunate fate] (in Danish)  København: Gyldendal  ISBN 87-00-15758-9 

Primary sources
af Klercker, Cecilia, ed  (1942)  Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas Dagbok [The diaries of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte] (in Swedish)  Vol  IX  PA Norstedt & Söners förlag  Unknown ID 412070  on WorldCat

Further reading
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Passage 4:
Streets of Blood
Streets of Blood is a 2009 direct-to-video action film directed by Charles Winkler and starring Val Kilmer, 50 Cent, Michael Biehn and Sharon Stone  It has a screenplay by Eugene Hess, based on a story by Hess and Dennis Fanning  The film was produced by Nu Image/Millennium Films 

Plot
During the rage of Hurricane Katrina, Detective Andy Devereaux (Val Kilmer) discovers the body of his former partner in a warehouse  Quickly forgetting about his discovery, he joins a newly transferred detective named Stan Johnson (Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson) trying to end a conflict involving looters 
Post-Katrina, Andy and Stan are now partners  They work with corrupt detectives Pepe (Jose Pablo Cantillo) and Barney (Brian Presley), who are caught up in the murder of an undercover narcotics agent  Investigating the escalating police corruption in New Orleans is FBI Agent Brown (Michael Biehn)  Brown brings up his thoughts to Police Captain Friendly (Barry Shabaka Henley) who insists he is doing his best to solve the problems in his department 
Meanwhile, police therapist Nina Ferraro (Sharon Stone) tries to help the detectives with their struggles, with little avail  She is particularly interested in Andy, whose father, also a detective, was murdered in the line of duty 
Things are complicated further with Agent Brown's investigation into Andy and his crew  Brown tells Andy that he has an informant who is leaking out the details, and Andy, disbelieving at first, begins to resign himself to the fact that one of his men is betraying him 
After Captain Friendly is assassinated by a local gangster named Chamorro, Andy, Stan, Pepe, and Barney decide to take the law into their own hands and go after Chamorro  While interrogating Chamorro, they find out that Brown has been supplying the drug dealer with information about the police raids, to help his own investigation  In a violent shootout, Barney accidentally shoots and kills Pepe 
Andy and Stan escape, only to return to the warehouse where they met  There Andy realizes that Stan is the informant  After the two start arguing, Brown shows up and there is another shootout, ending in Brown's death  Andy comforts a sobbing Stan, then Andy kills his partner, as he possibly did with his previous one 
The film ends on a low note, leaving no premise about Andy's future 

Cast
Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson as Stan Johnson
Val Kilmer as Andy Devereaux
Sharon Stone as Nina Ferraro
Michael Biehn as Agent Michael Brown/Drug Dealer
Jose Pablo Cantillo as Pepe
Brian Presley as Barney
Barry Shabaka Henley as Capt  John Friendly

Production
Filming took place in Shreveport, Louisiana, including some shooting at the Louisiana Wave Studio As of April 2010, the movie is available on DVD at Blockbuster Video, Redbox and Netflix 

See also
List of hood films
Passage 5:
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Queen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe 

Early life
Marie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien  Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father  Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution  They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior  They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d  1831), Athénaïs (d  1839) and Victor-Henri 
At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace  During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803 

Queen
In 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti  Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court  She took her position seriously, and stated that the title "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform  She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace  She did not involve herself in the affairs of state  She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor   However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered  Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap  She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people  They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince  Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful 

Exile
The Queen was in exile for 30 years  In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London  There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe  Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties  The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839  They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune  Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return  She never did, however, before she died in Italy  She is buried in the church of San Donnino  A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister 

See also
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Adélina Lévêque
Passage 6:
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)
Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria 

Birth and family
Auguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria  She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria 

Marriage and issue
She married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich  The couple had six children;

Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)
Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)
Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)
Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)
Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)

Ancestry
World War I
On the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war 
Passage 7:
Charles Winkler
Charles Winkler is an American television and film director and producer  He is the son of Academy Award-winning producer and director Irwin Winkler and actress Margo Winkler  He was married to actress Sandra Nelson from 1998 until their divorce in 2012  As of June 2023, his most recent credit is as one of the producers for Creed III (2023) 

Partial filmography as director
You Talkin' to Me? (1987)
Disturbed (1990)
Red Ribbon Blues (1996)
Rocky Marciano (1999)
At Any Cost (2000)
Shackles (2005)
The Net 2 0 (2006)
Streets of Blood (2009)
Passage 8:
Adib Kheir
Adib Kheir (Arabic: أديب الخير) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s  He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus  His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass 
Passage 9:
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in 2000 

Early life and education
Maria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent  She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties  The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School  From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York  In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses  She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports  She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences  While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg 

Social and humanitarian interests
Soon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society  In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg  In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations 
In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries  Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment funds around the world On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), and Burundi (2009) She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde  The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization  She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation  In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan  The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families  As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi  The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future 
In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh  The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc ) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government  The conference is in partnership with the Dr  Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working  The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess ” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her"  The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website  There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police 
In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22  The incident even involved the Prime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it 

Family
Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday  The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980  She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro  The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City 

Honours
National
Luxembourg:
 Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau

Foreign
Austria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I
 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
 Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Portugal-
 Portuguese Royal Family:
Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel
 Portugal:
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Camões
 Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 Sweden:
Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Footnotes
External links
 Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
The Mentor Foundation charity website
Passage 10:
Heather D  Gibson
Heather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011)  She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance 

Academic career
Before assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time 

Personal life
Gibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza  In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the "ethic of austerity" in public  One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock 

Works
Editor
Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece

Books
The Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc , Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261
International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc , Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136
Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222

Articles and papers
"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol  39(PB), pp  405–419 (with Stephen G  & Tavlas, George S , 2014)
"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)
"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol  7, issue 1, pp  63–78)
"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)
"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)
Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF
"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol  49, No  3 (Jul , 1997), pp  344–361)
"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol  63, issue 4, pp  351–67)
"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp  144–166, June 1993)
Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson  researchgate net  Recovered 7 July 2015
Context 3: Passage 1:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 2:
Abdul Ali Lalu
AFM Abdul Ali Lalu (20 October 1932 – 21 July 2008) was a Bangladeshi film and television actor mostly in a comedic role  He was notable for his on-screen catchphrase "Koinchhen Dehi" in the television show Jodi Kichu Mone Na Koren, hosted by Fazle Lohani  He acted in more than 100 films 

Early life and career
Lalu was born in Charpara Sehara in Mymensingh to Wajed Ali and Zobeda Khatun  He first acted in a drama titled Palli Samaj, directed by his father  In 1960, he moved to Dhaka for opportunities Lalu was an artiste of Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar  He debuted in film acting through the film Surya Snan (1962)  Earlier, he worked as an assistant director with  Abdul Jabber Khan in the film Mukh O Mukhosh (1956)  He performed in the comic serial Triratna, plays Gharua, Anwara and magazine programme Bahurupi 

Personal life
Lalu was an employee of Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board until his retirement in 1989  He was married to Halima Khatun 

Works
Films
Passage 3:
Antoine Casavant
Antoine Casavant (October 20, 1826 – July 18, 1892) was a farmer and political figure in Quebec  He represented Bagot in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1881 to 1886 as a Conservative  His name also appears as Antoine Casavant dit Ladébauche 
He was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Lower Canada, the son of Antoine Casavant dit Ladébauche and Marie Benoît, and was educated at the Séminaire de Saint-Hyacinthe  Casavant served as a captain in the militia, a justice of the peace and a commissioner for the trial of minor causes  He was also president of the agricultural society for Bagot County and a member of the Quebec agricultural council  He helped found a beet sugar plant at Farnham  He was married twice: to Rosalie Piedalue in 1850 and to Marie-Hermine Vachon in 1868  Casavant served on the municipal council for Saint-Dominique  He ran unsuccessfully for the Saint-Hyacinthe seat in the Quebec assembly in 1878 and 1879  Casavant died in Saint-Dominique at the age of 65 
Passage 4:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 5:
Greg A  Hill (artist)
Greg A  Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator  He is 
Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario 

Early life
Hill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario 

Art career
His work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad  His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography 

Curatorial career
Hill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada 

Awards and honours
In 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts 
Passage 6:
Abdul Ali Mridha
Abdul Ali Mridha was a Bangladeshi politician  He was elected as MP of Narsingdi-5 constituency in 5th and 6th general election of Bangladesh  He died on 9 March 2019 
Passage 7:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 8:
Wesley Barresi
Wesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer  He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak  In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022 

Career
Wesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal  Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament  However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled 
Passage 9:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 10:
Abdul Ali Maghoub
Abdul Ali Maghoub was an Egyptian long-distance runner  He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics 



ground_truth: Sandra Nelson

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Antoine Casavant or Abdul Ali Lalu?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: ' There will be worse movies this year, but probably none so stupefying " Richard Eder of The New York Times called the film "a stale 1950's poundcake of a movie" that "should make people happy that they don't make movies like that any more " Arthur D  Murphy of Variety described the film as "passable contemporary fluff " Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four and called it a "tired sex comedy" with humor "about as modern as a whoopee cushion " Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times panned the film as a "tone-deaf and grimly forced" attempt to update the screwball comedy formula, though he added that "the movie is almost worth seeing just for the pleasure of gazing upon Ms  Keaton who is beautiful, intelligent, warm, amusing and sympathetic " Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "Gould and Keaton are no negligible screen personalities or comic performers, so it's especially agonizing to see them trapped inside of an antiquated laugh-provoking machine " John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "A relentless flow of innuendo, limp wisecracks and an attempted tone of sexual sophistication (buttressed by a series of ludicrously opulent sets) suggest that I Will   I Will    For Now was derived from some rejected Doris Day—Rock Hudson script of the Fifties "Gould said the film "was almost fully not realized" but had "an interesting story and idea  I wouldn’t have necessarily cast Paul Sorvino in that part, but I love Paul Sorvino, I love his family  And anytime I can work with Diane Keaton is a great bonus for me ”
Passage 8:
Jason Moore (director)
Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television 

Life and career
Jason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University  Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run  He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003   He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction  Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour  Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008  He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008 Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City  The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011 For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters  As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton  A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998 In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow  He also served as an executive producer on the sequel  He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015  Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie 

Filmography
Films

Pitch Perfect (2012)
Sisters (2015)
Shotgun Wedding (2022)Television

Soundtrack writer

Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)
The Voice (2015) (1 episode)
Passage 9:
Norman Panama
Norman Kaye Panama (April 21, 1914 – January 13, 2003) was an American screenwriter, film producer and film director   He is known for his partnership with Melvin Frank and their work on films such as Mr  Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), White Christmas (1954), and The Court Jester (1956)  Without Frank, he directed films such as  How to Commit Marriage (1969) 

Life and career
Panama met his future collaborator Melvin Frank in 1933 when they were both at the University of Chicago  After graduating, they formed a partnership in 1935 which endured for four decades; first writing for Milton Berle before becoming writers for Bob Hope's radio show and for Groucho Marx  In 1941, they sold their first script to Paramount Pictures, My Favorite Blonde (1942), which starred Hope They worked for Paramount for five years where, among others, they wrote Road to Utopia (1946), starring Hope and Bing Crosby, for which they received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay  They moved to Columbia Pictures making It Had to Be You (1947) and The Return of October (1948) and also wrote Mr  Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948) for RKO In 1950, they signed a writing, producing and directing deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and made films together as co-writers, co-directors and co-producers  They started with The Reformer and the Redhead (1950) and also made Knock on Wood (1954) and The Court Jester (1956), both with Danny Kaye, with the former earning them another Academy Award nomination  They also co-wrote White Christmas (1954) with Norman Krasna  They wrote a Broadway play together in 1956, later adapted into Li'l Abner (1959), directed by Frank  They received another Academy Award nomination for The Facts of Life (1960) and also worked on  The Road to Hong Kong (1962) He won an Edgar Award for A Talent for Murder (1981), a play he co-wrote with Jerome Chodorov  Panama continued to write and direct through the 1980s  He died in 2003 in Los Angeles, California, aged 88, from complications of Parkinson's disease 

Selected filmography
Passage 10:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==



ground_truth: Antoine Casavant