prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released earlier, August Underground'S Penance or Vasantha Raagam?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
August Underground's Mordum
August Underground's Mordum is a 2003 direct-to-video horror exploitation film  created and distributed by Toetag Pictures  It is the sequel to 2001's August Underground, and was followed by August Underground's Penance in 2007  The film is purposely shot in an amateur way to pass off the film as a faux snuff film 

Plot
Mordum is a home movie shot by serial killers Peter Mountain, his sadomasochistic girlfriend, Crusty, and her depraved man-child brother, Maggot  After Peter walks in on Crusty and Maggot having sex, an argument erupts between him and Crusty  It is quelled when Crusty sexually arouses Peter and herself via self-mutilation with a piece of glass  The two then break into a crack house, where Peter beats the owner to death with a hammer 
Crusty films the filth-encrusted building and the decaying corpse of an overdosed addict  When Peter starts stripping the body of the house's owner, claiming it will be easier to dispose of without clothes, another fight breaks out between him and Crusty when she questions his motive for undressing the body, accusing him of being "a faggot "
Crusty demonstrates her love of self-harm to Maggot and a friend, cutting her scarred arm with a knife  Crusty and Maggot remove a bound and masked woman from a box they have been keeping her in for "a long time " Maggot rapes the woman while Crusty cheers him on and taunts the victim  When Maggot is finished, he then lets a male captive out of another box, and he and Crusty force him to perform a penectomy on himself with a pair of cuticle scissors, then seal him back up  Crusty mimics oral sex with it, then uses it to violate the female victim 
The trio of killers go to town, where they torment a shopkeeper, eat fast food, and wander around  Maggot and Peter then watch and masturbate to Crusty torturing two women, sexually abusing and repeatedly vomiting on them while a male corpse rots in the corner of the room   Eventually, the women are killed  Maggot disembowels one, chewing on her spilled innards and masturbating with them, while the other is beaten to death by Crusty and Peter, the latter dragging the body away to presumably have sex with it  They get drunk, and afterward, Maggot is found in the bathroom by Crusty, shaving and cutting himself to "look beautiful" for her 
The trio are next shown playing in the snow, attending a concert, meeting up with friends, raping a woman, and going to a piercing shop, where Maggot receives a nose ring and gets into a fight with Peter over his relationship with Crusty  The group then visit another serial killer, who shows them the contents of his shed; mutilated bodies, dying victims, and a headless and maggot-covered toddler, which Maggot eats a chunk of  Later, while the others are asleep, the new killer borrows their camera, and films himself taunting and slitting the throat of one of his female captives 
The trio attacks a family, killing the father first by hanging him  While Peter tortures the mother, Crusty watches Maggot have sex with the corpse of the young daughter in a bathtub  The three get into a fight, which escalates to Peter slitting the throat of the wife, while abusing Maggot with her blood, followed by the film cutting to static  Later, a cat is shown killing and eating a mouse 

Cast
Cristie Whiles as Crusty
Fred Vogel as Peter Mountain
Michael Todd Schneider as Maggot
Jerami Cruise as Man Shown Having Sex in Window
Killjoy as Fourth Killer
M  Kadath
Erika Schultz
E  Jay
Midian Crosby as Brunette Vomit Torture Victim
Elmo Painter as Blonde Vomit Torture Victim
Dave Brown as Dead Man in Vomit Torture Sequence
Art Ettinger as Male Friend
Rick Kundrach as Jonesy
Tim Grubjesik as Dead Junkie
Allana Sleeth as Female Friend
Shelby Vogel as Fourth Killer's Victim/Dead Mother
Shannon Thames
Chris Shaw as Dead Father
Daisy as Daisy
Superkollider

Release
Schneider left the crew shortly after the wrap of production on Mordum  He released his own cut of the film, subtitled "The Maggot Cut", through Maggot Films, and the official cut of the film was released on DVD in 2003 

Reception
The exploitation film database The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre has Mordum ranked as the fourth most "vile" film viewed by the website, below Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom, The Angel's Melancholy and Carcinoma  The review of the film (which is categorized as "worthless") referred to it as "pointless hardcore depravity" 

Controversy
While traveling to Canada to attend the Rue Morgue Festival of Fear in Toronto, co-director and writer Fred Vogel was arrested, pending charges of transporting obscene materials into Canada, when copies of Mordum and its predecessor were found by customs officials among the merchandise he had intended to bring to the convention  The charges were dropped, after Vogel had spent roughly ten hours in customs prison, and his films were sent to Ottawa for further observation Copies of Mordum were confiscated by Australian customs officials in 2004, the reason given for the seizure of the DVDs being that "they offend against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by reasonable adults to the extent that they should not be imported" 
Passage 2:
Coney Island Baby (film)
Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut  Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer  The music was composed by Ryan Shore  The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as "Coney Island" 
The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival  Hobby won the Jury Award for "Best First Time Director" 
The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel 

Plot
After spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown  He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station  But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant  Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam 

Cast
Karl Geary - Billy Hayes
Laura Fraser - Bridget
Hugh O'Conor - Satchmo
Andy Nyman - Franko
Patrick Fitzgerald - The Duke
Tom Hickey - Mr  Hayes
Conor McDermottroe - Gerry
David McEvoy - Joe
Thor McVeigh - Magician
Sinead Dolan - Julia

Music
The film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore 

External links
Coney Island Baby (2006) at IMDb
MSN - Movies: Coney Island Baby
Passage 3:
August Underground
August Underground is a 2001 American exploitation horror film directed by Fred Vogel, and written by Vogel and Allen Peters  The film stars Vogel as a serial killer named Peter, who kidnaps and kills several innocent people, while his unnamed accomplice, played by Peters, films and documents the murders 
Filmed in an intentionally amateurish found footage style, August Underground was met with mixed reviews  The film was followed by two sequels, August Underground's Mordum in 2003, and August Underground's Penance in 2007 

Plot
Peter, a serial killer, invites his camera-wielding friend into his basement, where he is holding a woman named Laura captive  Peter and his accomplice torture her at their leisure, committing sadistic acts such as slicing one of her nipples off and covering her in feces and urine 
Next, the two pick up a female hitchhiker  After Peter coerces her into performing oral sex, he beats and leaves her for dead on the side of the road  After the duo are kicked out of a concert for rowdy behavior, Peter and his accomplice return to the house to find that Laura has died 
Peter murders an old woman in her home, then terrorizes a convenience store with his accomplice  They abandon their plans to kidnap the clerk or a shopper when they hear police sirens approaching  The two then proceed to tour Roadside America, and visit a tattoo parlor  When the tattoo artist finishes giving Peter a tattoo, he and his twin brother are captured by Peter and the cameraman  They cut a leg off of the tattoo artist then bludgeon him and his brother to death 
The two hire prostitutes for a drug-fueled orgy  Peter sodomizes one prostitute while beating her with a hammer  The remaining prostitute tries to escape  In the chaotic chase that ensues, the accomplice drops the camera, leading to silence in the room 

Cast
Fred Vogel as Peter
Allen Peters as Man Behind the Camera
Kyle Dealman
Dan Friedman
Alexa Iris as Hitchhiker
Victoria Jones as Old Woman
Aaron LaBonte as Younger Twin
Ben LaBonte as Older Twin
Andrew Lauer
Peter Mountain
AnnMarie Reveruzzi as Laura (Girl in Cellar)
Erika Risovich as Erika (Blond Prostitute)
Russel A  Sagona
Randi Stubbs as Black Prostitute
Stephen Vogel as Boy in Supermarket
John A  Wisniewski as Michael (Dead Man in Bathtub)
Nick Yatso as Bouncer at Concert

Production
August Underground was produced, and directed by Fred Vogel in his directorial debut, with Vogel also co-writing, and starring in the film's lead role  Initially, Vogel had wanted to make a "big-budget zombie film", but felt that his inexperience at making a feature film would turn away any potential financiers  With this in mind, Vogel decided to make another film that would help him gain awareness of his work and potential financing for the film  The idea for the film came from Vogel's frustration with the serial killer genre, which he felt "didn't show you what was really going on"  Taking inspiration from John McNaughton's Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, Vogel wanted to make a film that was both "ugly" and realistic while also being unique and original  Principal photography began in August 2000, under the working title Peter Vogel initially hoped to conduct a guerrilla marketing campaign for the film, in which VHS tapes of the film would be placed in random locations around the United States, such as parks and playgrounds, for passersby to discover  However this plan was abandoned following the September 11 attacks and subsequent anthrax attacks 

Release
Critical response
Gregory S  Burkart of Bloody Disgusting included August Underground on his list "20 Landmarks of Found-Footage Horror!", writing: "I'm not a big fan of this series, but I admire Vogel's fearless audacity in serving up the ultimate in onscreen sadism"  Jay Alan from HorrorNews net gave the film a positive review, praising the film's performances, gore effects, and realistic quality  Chris Mayo of Severed Cinema offered similar praise: "August Underground is a true testament of what horror should be; nasty, nihilistic, raw and real"  Robert Firsching from Allmovie wrote in his review on the film: "A grueling but important antidote to the plethora of films glamorizing serial killers, August Underground is not likely to find a wide audience, but will not leave those who manage to find a copy unaffected" The film was later ranked at #14 in Complex's Most Disturbing Movies of All Time, with the entry on the film noting its realistic quality, and "sadistically natural vibe" 

Controversy
In 2005, while traveling to Canada to attend the Rue Morgue Festival of Fear in Toronto, director and co-writer Fred Vogel was arrested, pending charges of transporting obscene materials into Canada, when copies of August Underground and its sequel were found by customs officials among the merchandise he had intended to bring to the convention  The charges were eventually dropped, after Vogel had spent roughly ten hours in customs custody, and his films were sent to Ottawa for further observation 
Passage 4:
Vasantha Raagam
Vasantha Raagam (transl  Tune of spring) is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film, directed by S  A  Chandrasekhar and produced by his wife Shoba who wrote the story  The film stars Vijayakanth, Rahman and Sudha Chandran  It was released on 1 August 1986 

Plot
A young journalist Raghu falls in love with Vasantha  As advised by a senior journalist colleague Chandrasekhar, Raghu eventually confesses his feelings to his lady love  Vasantha is revealed to be a widow  Raghu and Vasantha eventually marry, with the approval of Vasantha's mother, who was initially hesitant  It is revealed through flashback that Vasantha was deeply in love and about to be married to Vijay but he dies in an accident  In sadness, and in attempting to move forward, Vasantha and Vasantha's mother (Vijay's older sister) shift base to Madras 
In a strange twist of fate, Vijay is shown to have mistakenly been declared deceased  He is alive and now a famous stage singer  Vasantha and Raghu meet Vijay as audience members at one of his shows 
Vasantha hides her shock not to make Raghu suspicious  Raghu remains clueless about his wife's past with Vijay  Raghu is only aware that Vasantha was a widow before him marrying her and asks nothing further  Raghu is impressed with Vijay's musical abilities and looks up to him as an elder brother figure 
Vijay's older sister is alerted to Vijay's presence by her daughter Vasantha and goes to Vijay's hotel room to meet him  She is emotional and shocked that Vijay is indeed alive  She is distraught that she got Vasantha married to Raghu, while Vijay was active  She apologises to her younger brother Vijay and says she got her daughter Vasantha married as everyone thought Vijay had died 
She requests her younger brother to leave Madras not to interfere or cause problems to her daughter Vasantha's marriage  Vijay is overwhelmed and begs his sister to let him remain in Madras  He promises never to be seen by them but that he will merely admire his beloved Vasantha from a distance 
Vasantha's mother is still not happy with this and feels that Vijay should leave Madras in everyone's best interests 
Vijay gets a cab to Madras Airport to leave the city, but the cab driver is intoxicated, and they both meet with a non-fatal car accident 
Vijay is taken to hospital, and Raghu is informed as he is listed as Vijay's contact person  Raghu brings Vijay back to his house to recuperate 
Raghu hosts a house party to commemorate his first wedding anniversary with Vasantha  Vijay is requested to sing a song and entertain the guests  After the guests leave, it is inadvertently revealed to Raghu that Vasantha was meant to be married to Vijay, but everyone assumed Vijay had died 
On discovering this hidden truth, Raghu feels he has come between the true love of Vijay and Vasantha and decides to leave town so they can unite 
Vasantha and Vasantha's mother assures Raghu that Vasantha is committed to her marriage to Raghu and that despite Vijay being alive, he has been considered long dead and they have moved on with their lives 
Vijay leaves Raghu's house and returns to his hotel room 
Vijay writes a heartfelt letter to Raghu and Vasantha wishing them all the best for their future and that they belong to each other as rightful husband and wife 
Raghu, Vasantha and Vasantha's mother arrive at Vijay's hotel room to read Vijay's letter 
Vijay, tragically, commits suicide by shooting himself in the head 
Unable to bear the pain of living a life without his Vasantha, he chooses to escape the problem forever 

Cast
Soundtrack
The music was composed by M  S  Viswanathan 

Reception
Jayamanmadhan (a duo) of Kalki appreciated the music but criticised the story, though they complemented Chandrasekhar for trying to deviate from his usual revenge-themed films 
Passage 5:
Rakka (film)
Rakka is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and  directed by Neill Blomkamp  It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017 

Plot
Chapter 1: World
In the near future, Earth will be attacked by technologically superior and highly aggressive reptilian aliens called the Klum (pronounced "klume")  Humanity is nearing extinction with millions dead or enslaved  The Klum transform the Earth in favor of their own ideal living conditions  They do this at first by burning forests and destroying cities  Then they build megastructures that alter the atmosphere by pumping out methane  The gas makes it progressively harder for terrestrial life to breathe  And it warms the climate, which leads to flooding of coastal cities 
The story begins in 2020, from the viewpoint of resistance fighters in Texas, a group of US Army soldiers and many others who have banded together  Most human survivors live underground or among ruins  They have barely enough provisions, weapons, and ammunition  The humans fight by using whatever they can against the primary Klum weapon: an omnipresent nanite in their weaponry, and telepathic control over any human that makes direct eye contact with them 
The resistance makes "brain-barriers" that block this
mind control  The Klum know, however, that a scarcity of materials means a scarcity of brain barriers  They hope, therefore, to win a war of attrition against the human survivors 
Some prisoners are living incubators for the Klum's young, which inevitably kills the victims  Others are dissected  Still other humans are converted into human loudspeakers that urge humans to surrender into "conservatories"  Very few humans ever escape 
After the Klum destroy a militia convoy with an airstrike, one of the surviving soldiers witnesses an angel-like being materialize from thin air  The narration describes ″them″ as mankind's saviours 

Chapter 2: Amir & Nosh
Nosh is a tech-savvy pyromaniac and bomb-maker, eking out a living in a scrapyard far from the resistance  The resistance despises Nosh for his murderous glee and demands - giving the sick or suicidal over as bait during his many IED ambushes  They must, however, give in to Nosh's demands to
secure the IEDs and the brain-barriers he makes 
The resistance stumble across Amir, a mute who has escaped from the Klum  He has extensive cybernetics across his head and shoulders  Amid opposition from her lieutenants, the resistance leader, Jasper, releases Amir from her custody into the care of a resistance fighter named Sarah 
Sarah, having lost her daughter to the Klum's experiments, takes a liking to him  She gives Amir food and drink while trying to persuade him to help the resistance fight the Klum by using the precognitive abilities he acquired via the aliens' experiments 

Chapter 3: Siege
Amir recovers physically and mentally  Then, because of his implant, he has a premonition involving a wounded Klum on the run from militia forces 
Sarah pleads with Amir to help the militia officers to stop the genocide  The more she talks to him, the more his eyes change, seeing the premonition of the impending attack more clearly  Amir, still mute, foresees the militia successfully shooting down an alien aircraft, and the pilot is the alien on the run 
Sarah asks Amir if they will be able to learn how to hunt the Klum and teach them how to fear  Unable to answer, he foresees the Klum telekinetically bashing one of the militia soldiers, disconnecting his brain barrier and causing him to be mind-controlled, turning on his comrades, who are forced to kill him 
Sarah tells Amir that he now has the abilities the aliens have and that he is to use them for humanity  Back in the vision, the militia surround the Klum; Jasper orders the militia to cut off its head  The film ends with Sarah urging Amir to use his abilities because he is humanity's last hope 

Cast
Sigourney Weaver as Jasper
Eugene Khumbanyiwa as Amir
Robert Hobbs as Carl
Carly Pope as Sarah
Brandon Auret as Nosh
Mike Huff as Policeman
Owen McCrae as Klum
Connor Page as Child
Jay Anstey as A suicide bomber
Justin Shaw as Man in medical device
Carla Marais as eight-year-old girl
Ryan Angilley as Martinez
Alec Gillis as Militia officer 1
Ruan Coetzee as Militia officer 2
Paul Davies as Militia officer 3
Pieter Jacobz as Militia officer 4
Passage 6:
Royal Tramp II
Royal Tramp II is a 1992 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron  The film is a sequel to Royal Tramp, which was released earlier in the same year 

Plot
Having been revealed as the false Empress Dowager, Lung-er returns to the Dragon Sect camp  There, the sect leader reminds her of their mission to support Ng Sam-kwai's, a military general, campaign for the throne before abdicating her title to Lung-er 
Siu-bo lounges at the brothel where he once worked but is then attacked by disciples of the One Arm Nun, an anti-Qing revolutionary figure, before being quickly subdued  When Siu-bo tries to take advantage of them, Ng Ying-hung, Ng Sam-kwai's son, exposes his lies  Scorned and unaware of the stranger's title, Siu-bo sends his men after Ying-Hung, but Lung-er, now disguised as Ying-hung's male bodyguard, easily fends them off 
At the palace, The Emperor, wary of Ng Sam-kwai's intentions, marries off the Princess to Ying-hung and assigns Siu-bo to be the Imperial Inspector General of the wedding march, so that he can keep his eyes on the general's activities  This complicates Siu-bo's relationship with Princess when she tells Siu-bo she's pregnant with his child 
The One Arm Nun and her disciple, Ah Ko, later ambushes the procession  Fighting to a standstill with Lung-er, the assailants escape with Ying-hung and Siu-bo  However, Siu-bo garners some respect from her when he reveals his dual identity as a Heaven and Earth Society commander  Lung-er finally catches up to them with reinforcements at an inn but only manages to rescue Siu-bo  Having been saved by Ying-hung before, Ah Ko elopes with him amid the confusion 
At the Dragon Sect camp, Ying-hung and Fung Sek-fan secretly poisons Lung-er and turn the followers against her  She escapes with Siu-bo but must have sex with a man before dawn, otherwise she will die  However, this will transfer 4/5th of her martial arts' power to whomever she sleeps with  Despite Siu-bo's lecherous personality, Lung-er accepts his blunt honesty as a sign of virtue and chooses to sacrifice her virginity to Siu-bo and becomes his third wife 
When Siu-bo gets back to the Princess, they execute a plan to castrate Ying-hung  With her betrothed no longer able to produce heirs, the Princess is taken by Siu-bo as his fourth wife  Enraged by the end of his family line, Ng Ying-hung prematurely gathers his troops and sets out to wage war with the Emperor  He tasks Fung Sek-fan with killing the Princess and Siu-bo  Though Chan Kan-nam manages to intervene and lets his disciple escape 
Later, the One Arm Nun captures the elopers, Ying-hung and Ah Ko, and offers them to Siu-bo  Siu-bo pardons them and even takes Ah Ko as his fifth wife  Afterward, Fung Sek-fan is promoted when he surrenders Ng Sam-kwai's battle plans and Chan Kan-nam to the Emperor  Given Siu-bo's muddied history with the Heaven and Earth Society, the Emperor tasks him with Chan's execution  Siu-bo's newfound power is difficult for him to control, and Chan helps him master it in time for him to use it against Fung  Siu-bo also uncovers the secret of the 42 Chapters books after burning them in frustration, revealing hidden stones that are left unburned, revealing map coordinates to the location of the treasure all major parties have been attempting to locate 
In order to save his master, Siu-bo defeats Fung with his newly acquired martial arts power after both falling into a hidden cave wherein the treasure is found, and swaps Feng's body with Chan's before the execution to save his master  And just as he was about to escape with his wives and Chan, the Emperor arrives with his troops, having been sold out by Siu-bo's opportunistic friend To-lung who is now involved romantically with Siu-bo's sister  But seeing that they are friends, his sister is in love with Siu-bo, and with Siu-bo bluffing that he's strong enough to demolish the Emperor and his entire army if he wanted, the Emperor lets them go, declaring that Siu-bo has died and no longer exists as far as he's concerned  Siu-bo laughs afterward that the Emperor fell for his bluff 

Cast
Stephen Chow as Wai Siu-bo
Brigitte Lin as Lung-er
Chingmy Yau as Princess Kin-ning
Michelle Reis as Ah Ko/Li Ming-ko
Natalis Chan as To-lung
Damian Lau as Chan Kan-nam
Deric Wan as Hong-hei Emperor
Kent Tong as Ng Ying-hung, Sam-kwai's son
Paul Chun as Ng Sam-kwai
Sandra Ng as Wai Chun-fa
Fennie Yuen as Seung-yee twin
Vivian Chan as Seung-yee twin
Yen Shi-kwan as Fung Sek-fan
Helen Ma as Kau-nan/one-armed Divine nun
Sharla Cheung as Mo Tung-chu / Empress Dowager
Law Lan as founder of Divine Dragon Sect
Tam Suk-moi as Ah Nong
Hoh Choi-chow as Palace guard Wen Shan Lun
Yeung Jing-jing
Wan Seung-lam
Lee Fai
Cheng Ka-sang
Ho Wing-cheung
Kwan Yung
To Wai-wo
Passage 7:
The Redsin Tower
The Redsin Tower is a 2006 indie low-budget horror film directed by  Fred Vogel and written by Fred and Shelby Lyn Vogel  This is the third film produced and distributed by TOETAG INC, and the first film in their filmography to be a traditional three-act narrative  The Redsin Tower is noteworthy for its use of excessive gore, violence, and psychological horror  The plot centers around Kim, a girl trying to get over her ex-boyfriend by taking a trip with her friends to the Redsin tower, where the partying quickly becomes a fight for their lives  The film was distributed and released on DVD on October 10, 2007 by TOETAG INC 

Plot
Cast
Bethany Newell as Kim Abrahams
Perry Tiberio as Mitch Allen
Jessica Kennedy as Becky Adams
Meghan O'Halloran as Emily Dickson
Peter Schmidt as Phil Pepper
Billy D  Martin as Carl Hinze
A C  Earing as Steve Jacobs
Fred Vogel as Curtis Pepper
Shelby Jackson as Sandy
Kathie McDermitt as Smoking Woman
Nathaniel DeMarco as Big Ed
Cristie Whiles as Redsin's Wife
Jerami Cruise as Mateo Redsin

Release
The Redsin Tower  initially premiered at Pioneer Theater in Manhattan on October 29, 2006  The film went on to be played at Fantasia 2007 and Freak Show Horror Film Festival 2007 in Orlando 

Awards
Reception
Horror society says “The Redsin Tower is a surprisingly well-shot horror film” in comparison to TOETAG Inc's previous August Underground series, giving the film a rating of 3 5/5  Jay Alan from Horror News wrote that “There are guts pouring, heads rolling, maggots and blood squirting, grotesque vomiting and the absolute best ax murder I’ve ever seen  “
Johnny Butane of Dead Central writes, "The horrible things that happen to these kids [are] spaced out in such a way that the actions fit into the overall narrative quite nicely, which makes the film as a whole even more enjoyable "
Passage 8:
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio
The Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (クヒオ大佐, Kuhio Taisa, lit  "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit  "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1 2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009 

Cast
Masato Sakai - Captain Kuhio
Yasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu Nagano
Hikari Mitsushima - Haru Yasuoka
Yuko Nakamura - Michiko Sudo
Hirofumi Arai - Tatsuya Nagano
Kazuya Kojima - Koichi Takahashi
Sakura Ando - Rika Kinoshita
Masaaki Uchino - Chief Fujiwara
Kanji Furutachi - Shigeru Kuroda
Reila Aphrodite
Sei Ando

Awards
At the 31st Yokohama Film Festival
Best Actor – Masato Sakai
Best Supporting Actress – Sakura Ando
Passage 9:
August Underground's Penance
August Underground's Penance is a 2007 horror film written and directed by Fred Vogel, and co-written by Cristie Whiles  It is the sequel to 2003's August Underground's Mordum, and the final installment in the August Underground series, which began in 2001 

Plot
August Underground's Penance continues the series' narrative mode of showing the lives of serial killers (now just Peter, and his girlfriend Crusty) through their camera, though this installment abandons the "degraded footage" aspect employed by the first two films, being shot in high-definition 
After killing a man who breaks free of his restraints and tries to escape them, Peter and Crusty visit various locations in town and enjoy some fireworks at a celebration  Peter is then shown in his basement, taunting a semi-conscious man who has had nails hammered into various parts of his body  Next, Peter and Crusty go on a hike, assault a vagrant they find sleeping under a bridge, and cut a man open so they can pull his gurgling intestines out  The two then attend a party, where Peter does drugs, Crusty flirts with other women, and a live rat is fed to a pet alligator 
Around Christmas, Peter and Crusty break into a family's home  Peter bludgeons the father with a hammer and suffocates the mother, whom he is unsuccessful in trying to rape due to being unable to attain an erection  When the dead couple's young daughter stumbles onto the two intruders, Crusty strangles her  While Peter goes to shower, Crusty opens some of the family's presents, then falls asleep beside the corpses of the little girl and her mother  Later, while watching a band perform, Crusty goes to an empty room with a man, with whom she has rough anal sex  Back in the basement, Peter and Crusty torture and murder several people they have imprisoned  Afterward, they take apart a dead deer, and with a friend's help, feed pieces of it to a lion  The two then enjoy several recreational activities, like shooting on a makeshift firing range, and racing ATVs 
As Peter beats a man to death with a hammer, Crusty drinks some of the spilled blood, then helps Peter dismember a female body  When Peter wakes up from a nap, he and Crusty get into an argument  Peter is then shown cutting the fetus out of a pregnant woman, an act which causes Crusty to break down  When his attempts at comforting Crusty fail, Peter rapes her, then goes into hysterics himself  Peter gets drunk and proceeds to take his frustrations out on a woman in the cellar while screaming insults at Crusty, who is still sobbing hysterically upstairs  When Peter passes out, Crusty throws alcohol and other fluids onto his body, while ranting about how much she hates him 
After beating and tying up a woman, Peter masturbates and smears his semen on her  When Crusty walks in on this, she gets into a physical fight with Peter; he beats her while she screams insults and profanities at him  When Peter falls asleep, Crusty spits on him, and strangles his captive to death  With the woman dead, Crusty breaks down again, and begins begging for forgiveness and rambling about how she "wants out"  The film ends with Crusty going to the bathroom and committing suicide via self-asphyxiation 

Cast
Fred Vogel as Peter Mountain
Cristie Whiles as Crusty
Merle Allin as himself
J  B  Beverley as himself
Dino Sex as himself

Reception
A four out of five was awarded by Dread Central, which wrote: "I felt uncomfortable, disturbed and a little sick for watching it  I also can't help but feel like I had just watched art  Sick, fucked up art, but art nonetheless" and concluded that by viewing the film "you'll feel dirty, sickened and a little fucked up for watching it, and to me, that's what's great about it"  Digital Retribution gave Penance a three out of five, and found that the film was much more professional than its predecessors, and that it is "certainly not for everyone, not even for some who consider themselves lovers of hardcore horror, August Underground's Penance is a hard-hitting, faux-snuff fest  It is also a suitably fitting end to the series with actors Fred Vogel and Cristie Whiles delving into levels of intense paranoia, showcasing a decline in mental and psychical  [sic] stability while torturing and butchering nameless individuals  It strives to achieve a point of expressing the mind of a modern serial killer and although this may be lost or unappreciated by those expecting a Mordum 2, it awards the film a credibility that was certainly missing in August Underground's Mordum" The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre stated that while the leads "have to act in this installment" it was still "the same boring sickness" and "the same pointless realistic snuff trash" 
Passage 10:
Invasion of the Neptune Men
Invasion of the Neptune Men (宇宙快速船, Uchū Kaisokusen) is a 1961 superhero film produced by Toei Company Ltd  The film stars Sonny Chiba as Iron Sharp (called Space Chief in the U S  version) The film was released in 1961 in Japan and was later released in 1964 direct to television in the United States  In 1998, the film was featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 

Plot
Astronomer Shinichi Tachibana has a secret identity as superhero "Iron Sharp" and has many children as friends  When they are attacked by a group of metallic aliens ("Neptune Men" in English), Iron Sharp drives the aliens away  The resourceful Tachibana helps develop an electric barrier to block the aliens from coming to the Earth   After several losses by the aliens, they announce that they will invade the Earth, throwing the world into a state of panic  The aliens destroy entire cities with their mothership and smaller fighters  After Iron Sharp destroys multiple enemy ships, Japan fires nuclear missiles at the mothership, destroying it 

Cast
Sonny Chiba as scientist Shinichi Tachibana / Iron Sharp
Kappei Matsumoto as Dr  Tanigawa
Ryuko Minakami as Yōko (Tanigawa's daughter)
Shinjirō Ehara as scientist Yanagida
Mitsue Komiya as scientist Saitō

Style
Invasion of the Neptune Men is part of Japan's tokusatsu genre, which involves science fiction and/or superhero films that feature heavy use of special effects 

Production
Invasion of the Neptune Men was an early film for Sonny Chiba  Chiba started working in Japanese television where he starred in superhero television series in 1960  Chiba continued working back and forth between television and film until the late 1960s when he became a more popular star 

Release
Uchū Kaisokusen was released in Japan on 19 July 1961  The film was not released theatrically in the United States, but it was released directly to American television by Walter Manley on March 20, 1964, dubbed in English and retitled Invasion of the Neptune Men The film was also released as Space Chief, Space Greyhound and Invasion from a Planet 

Reception and legacy
In later reviews of the film, Bruce Eder gave the film a one-star rating out of five, stating that the film was "the kind of movie that gave Japanese science fiction films a bad name  The low-quality special effects, the non-existent acting, the bad dubbing, and the chaotic plotting and pacing were all of a piece with what critics had been saying, erroneously, about the Godzilla movies for years " The review referred to the film's "cheesy special effects and ridiculous dialogue taking on a sort of so-bad-they're-good charm", and described the film as a "thoroughly memorable (if not necessarily enjoyable, outside of the MST3K continuum) specimen of bad cinema "On October 11, 1997 the film was shown on the movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000  In his review of the film, Bruce Eder of AllMovie described the episode as a memorable one, specifically the cast watching the repetitive aerial dogfights between spaceships, and one of the hosts remarking that "Independence Day seems a richly nuanced movie"  Criticism of the film included excessive use of WWII stock footage in the action scenes (especially the obviously noticeable shot featuring a picture of Adolf Hitler in one building) In his book Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, Stuart Galbraith IV stated that the film "had a few surprises" despite a "woefully familiar script"  Galbraith noted that the film was not as over-the-top as Prince of Space and that the opticals in the film were as strong as anything Toho had produced at the time  Galbraith suggested the effects may have been lifted from Toei's The Final War (aka World War III Breaks Out) from 1961 

See also
List of Japanese films of 1961
List of Mystery Science Theater 3000 episodes
List of science fiction films of the 1960s

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia
Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich of Russia (14 February 1850 – 26 January 1918) was the first-born son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia and a grandson of Nicholas I of Russia 

Early life
Born in St Petersburg in the middle of the nineteenth century into the House of Romanov, he had a very privileged childhood  Most royal children were brought up by nannies and servants so by the time Nikolai had grown up he lived a very independent life having become a gifted military officer and an incorrigible womanizer  He had an affair with a notorious American woman Fanny Lear  In a scandal related to this affair, he stole three valuable diamonds from the revetment of one of the most valuable family icons  He was declared insane and he was banished to Tashkent 

Later life
He lived for many years under constant supervision in the area around Tashkent in the southeastern Russian Empire (now Uzbekistan) and made a great contribution to the city by using his personal fortune to help improve the local area  In 1890 he ordered the building of his own palace in Tashkent to house and show his large and very valuable collection of works of art and the collection is now the center of the state Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan  He was also famous in Tashkent as a competent engineer and irrigator, constructing two large canals, the Bukhar-aryk (which was poorly aligned and soon silted up) and the much more successful Khiva-Aryk, later extended to form the Emperor Nicholas I Canal, irrigating 12,000 desyatinas, 33,000 acres (134 km2) of land in the Hungry Steppe between Djizak and Tashkent  Most of this was then settled with Slavic peasant colonisers Nikolai had a number of children by different women  One of his grandchildren, Natalia Androsova, died in Moscow in 1999 

Death
Nikolai died of pneumonia on 26 January 1918  He was buried in St  George's Cathedral (later demolished by the Soviet regime) 

Family
Nikolai married Nadezhda (variantly spelled Nadejda) Alexandrovna von Dreyer (1861–1929), daughter of Orenburg police chief Alexander Gustavovich von Dreyer and Sophia Ivanovna Opanovskaya, in 1882  Two children were born from this marriage:

Artemi Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (or Prince Romanovsky-Iskander) (1883–1919), killed in the Russian Civil War
Alexander Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (15 November 1887 N S  – 26 January 1957), married Olga Iosifovna Rogovskaya / Rogowska (1893–1962) on 5 May 1912  The couple had two children  Alexander and Olga were later divorced, and Alexander married Natalya Khanykova (30 December 1893 – 20 April 1982) in 1930  No children resulted from the latter marriage 
Prince Kirill Romanovsky-Iskander, adopted name (via stepfather, Nicholas Androsov) Kirill Nikolaevich Androsov (5 December 1914 – 1992)
Natalya Alexandrovna Princess Romanovskaya-Iskander, adopted name Natalya Nikolaevna Androsova (2 February 1917 – 1999)Among his illegitimate children were the following:
With Alexandra Abasa (1855–4 Nov 1894):

Nicholas Nikolayevich Wolinsky (11 December 1875, Moscow – 30 December 1913, Rome)
Olga Nikolayevna Wolinskaya (May 1877, Odessa – 9 October 1910, Leipzig), wife of Ludwig Adolf von Burgund, Graf (Count) von Burgund (1865-1908), official of Kaiserliche MarineWith unknown mistresses:

Stanislav (d  1919)
Nicholas (d  1922)
Daria (d  1936)
Tatiana (died ?)

Honours
Ancestry
Passage 2:
Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia (Russian: Ольга Павловна; 22 July [O S  11 July] 1792 – 26 January [O S  15 January] 1795) was a Grand Duchess of Russia as the second youngest daughter and seventh child of the Tsarevich of Russia (later Emperor Paul I) and his consort, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Birth and Christening
The Grand Duchess Olga was born as her parents' fifth daughter and seventh child  Her birth was not greeted with much happiness by her paternal grandmother, Catherine the Great, who stated that "A lot of girls, all married will not tell anyone"  She later wrote:

The Grand Duchess has treated us (nous a regalé) with a fifth daughter, whose shoulders are nearly as wide as mine  Since the Grand Duchess was in labour for two days and finally gave birth on July 11, the feast day of Saint Olga of Kiev, who was baptized in Constantinople in the year 956, I said, "Well, we will have two holidays instead of one" and so she was baptised Olga
The little Grand Duchess was baptised on 29 July [O S  18 July] 1792 and, as it was customary, she received the Great Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine 

Death
The almost-three-year-old Grand Duchess died on 26 January [O S  15] 1795  A letter to Catherine the Great stated:

The 13th Grand Duchess, Olga, died  And imagine why? For eighteen weeks, she revealed a hunger and she constantly asked to eat, because she grew too great for her two and a half years, at that time many molars came at once, and after sixteen weeks of suffering and a slow debilitating fever occurred daily, she died between seven and eight o'clock in the evening    

The same year, Gavrila Derzhavin dedicated a poem to her death, entitled "On the death of Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna", just as he had dedicated a poem to her when she was born  Out of the ten children born to Paul and Sophia, Olga was the only one that died during her childhood years  The funeral was held at the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Olga's burial place  The Empress herself was at the funeral, dressed in a white dress, with gray hair disheveled, pale and silent  In 1800, when Olga would have been eight, Gerhard von Kügelgen painted a portrait of Paul I's family  Behind the family, a bust of Olga stood high in front of a forest 

Ancestry
Passage 3:
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ελισάβετ; 24 May 1904 – 11 January 1955) was the middle daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia 

Early life
Princess Elizabeth was born on 24 May 1904 at the Tatoi Palace just north of Athens, Greece, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George I  She was the second daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, and his wife Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia  Her father was the third son of King George I and Queen Olga of Greece, while her mother was the only daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia  Her father was a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark, while her mother was a granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia Princess Elizabeth had two sisters, an older sister Princess Olga and a younger sister Princess Marina  Princess Olga married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia in 1923  After the assassination of his cousin, King Alexander I, Paul served as Prince Regent of Yugoslavia from 1934 to 1941  Princess Marina married Prince George, Duke of Kent, in 1934  One of their paternal uncles was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, the father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (making Elizabeth and her sisters Philip's first cousins) 
Her family nicknamed her 'Woolly' because of her thick, dark brown hair  Princess Elizabeth was a keen horsewoman and painter 

Marriage and issue
Elizabeth married Count Carl Theodor of Törring-Jettenbach (22 September 1900 – 14 May 1967) on 10 January 1934  Through his mother, Duchess Sophie Adelheid in Bavaria, he was the nephew of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium and of Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria  Elizabeth and Carl Theodor had two children:

Hans Veit Kaspar Nikolaus, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (11 January 1935), who married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and had issue
Countess Helene Marina Elisabeth of Törring-Jettenbach (20 May 1937), who married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria and had issue, including Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the designer Sophie Habsburg Elizabeth died of cancer on 11 January 1955 in Munich  She was 50 years old 

Honours
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia 

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia
Elena Pavlovna (Russian: Елена Павловна; 24 December [O S  13 December] 1784 – 24 September [O S  12 September] 1803) was a grand duchess of Russia as the daughter of Paul I, the Russian emperor, and later became the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as the wife of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Louis (1778–1819) 

Early life
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna Romanova was born in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire as the fourth child and second daughter of Tsesarevich Paul Petrovich of Russia (1754–1801) and his second wife, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna, born Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg (1759–1828)  
Out of her nine siblings, Elena was closest to her elder sister Alexandra Pavlovna, whom their paternal grandmother Catherine the Great compared unfavourably to Elena  Elena was deemed more smarter and more charming than her two-year-old sister Alexandra  However, as the sisters matured, Catherine loved both of them equally 
Elena was educated privately at home, for the first years, under the supervision of her grandmother, Catherine the Great  Her education was focused mainly on fine arts, literature and music 

Marriage and life in Schwerin
Marriage
In 1798, negotiations took place about the marriage of Elena Pavlovna and the heir of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Louis (1778–1819), the eldest son of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg  The formal betrothal was celebrated on 5 May 1799, and on 23 October 1799, they were married at the Great Gatchina Palace near Saint Petersbourg 

Life in Schwerin
Elena Pavlovna moved to Schwerin with her husband and led a content married life there  On 15 September 1800 she gave birth to her firstborn son, Paul Frederick, who would go on to inherit the throne of the grand duchy  He was named after his grandfathers  On 16 March 1801, Elena Pavlovna's sister Archduchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Austria died in Buda in childbirth  Only eight days later her father was assassinated  On 31 March 1803 she gave birth to a daughter, Marie Louise, named after her grandmothers, who would later become the duchess of Saxe-Altenburg 

Death and burial
In September 1803, Elena Pavlovna fell gravely ill and died suddenly on 24 September  She was buried in the Helena Paulovna Mausoleum in Ludwigslust  Her widower, Frederick Louis, remarried two times and had more children, but never succeeded to the throne, as his father outlived him 

Issue
Hereditary Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna had two children with her husband, Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1778–1819), both of whom survived to adulthood:

Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (15 September 1800 – 7 March 1842), who inherited the throne of the duchy, married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1803–1892) in 1822 and had issue 
Marie Louise Friederike Alexandrine Elizabeth Charlotte Catherine, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (31 March 1803 – 26 October 1862), who married Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg on 7 October 1825 and had issue 

Letters
Elena Pavlovna's letters to her maternal grandfather, Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, written between 1795 and 1797, are preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, Germany 

Ancestry
Passage 5:
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Влади́мир Александрович; 22 April 1847 – 17 February 1909) was a son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, a brother of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and the senior Grand Duke of the House of Romanov during the reign of his nephew, Emperor Nicholas II 
Grand Duke Vladimir followed a military career and occupied important military positions during the reigns of the last three Russian Emperors  Interested in artistic and intellectual pursuits; he was appointed President of the Academy of Fine Arts  He functioned as a patron of many artists and as a sponsor of the Imperial ballet During the reign of his father, Emperor Alexander II, he was made Adjutant-General, senator in 1868 and a member of the Council of State in 1872  His brother, Alexander III, also promoted his career  He became a member of the Council of Ministers, Commander of the Imperial Guards Corps and Military Governor of Saint Petersburg  He tried to exert some influence over his nephew Tsar Nicholas II, but had to content himself with holding a rival court with his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna at his palace in Saint Petersburg  The events of Bloody Sunday in 1905, while he was Military Governor of St Petersburg, tarnished his reputation  During the last years of his life, the rift between his family and that of Nicholas II widened  He died after a stroke in 1909 

Early life
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich was born on 22 April 1847 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg  He was fourth among the eight children of Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna, born Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 
He was eight years old when at the death of his grandfather Nicholas I, his father became Russian tsar  Grand Duke Vladimir was well educated and through his life he was interested in literature and the arts  However, as all male members of the Romanov family he had to follow a military career  As only the third son in a numerous family, he was far from the succession to the Russian throne  Nevertheless, in 1865, the early death of his eldest brother, the Tsarevich Nicholas, left Vladimir unexpectedly close to the throne as heir presumptive after his second brother Alexander  Unlike Alexander, the new heir, Vladimir was witty and ambitious  Rumors circulated at the time, that Alexander II would have his eldest surviving son removed from the succession placing Vladimir as his heir  Alexander himself would have preferred to step aside from the succession hoping to marry morganatically, but eventually he yielded to family pressure and married a suitable bride  Relations between the two brothers, although cordial, were never warm 

A Russian Grand Duke
In 1867 Grand Duke Vladimir was named honorary president of the Russian ethnographic society, the same year he accompanied his father and his brother Alexander to the World Fair in Paris, where his father was shot by a Polish nationalist  In 1871 he visited the Caucasus region, Georgia, Chechnya and Dagestan with his father and his brothers  In 1872 he accompanied his father to Vienna at the reunion of the three emperors: Russia, Germany and Austria A member of the European beau monde, he made frequent trips to Paris  He became portly as a young man, although in later life he slimmed down  He was a skillful painter and gathered an important book collection  He was a well known gourmet, accumulating a collection of menus copied after meals, adding notations with his impressions about the food 

Marriage
While traveling through Germany with his family in June 1871, Grand Duke Vladimir met Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (14 May 1854 – 6 September 1920), daughter of Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Augusta of Reuss-Köstritz  She was seventeen years old and was already engaged to a distant relative, Prince George of Schwarzburg  Grand Duke Vladimir was then twenty four  They were smitten with each other  Vladimir was a second cousin of Maria's father Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a grandson of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia  They were also second cousins in descent from Frederick William III of Prussia  In order to marry Vladimir, Maria broke off her previous engagement, but she refused to yield to the necessary conversion to the Orthodox religion  This delayed the couple's engagement for almost two years  Finally, Tsar Alexander II consented to Marie's continued adherence to her Lutheran faith, allowing Vladimir to marry her without loss of his rights to the Russian throne  The engagement was announced in April 1874 The wedding took place in Saint Petersburg on 28 August 1874 at the Winter palace  Vladimir's wife adopted the patronymic Pavlovna upon her marriage and was known as Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia  Only decades later, after Vladimir's death, she converted to the Russian Orthodox confession, then, Emperor Nicholas II bestowed her the title "the Orthodox Grand Duchess"  Grand Duke Vladimir and his wife were both witty and ambitious  They enjoyed entertaining and their residence in St  Petersburg became the heart of the Imperial capital social life  Well suited to each other, they had a long and happy marriage 

Vladimir's palace
By the time of his marriage, construction had already been completed on Vladimir's own residence and he moved there with his wife  Named the Vladimir Palace, it was one of the last imperial palaces constructed in Saint Petersburg  Grand Duke Vladimir appointed architect Aleksandr Rezanov to head the project because of his knowledge of ancient Russian architecture  A team of architects assisted Rezanov: Vasily Kenel, Andrei Huhn, Ieronim Kitner and Vladimir Shreter  The foundation stone was laid on 15 July 1867  Construction work lasted five years, from 1867 to 1872  The furniture was designed by architect Victor Shroeter 
The site chosen for the palace was the Embankment near the Winter Palace in the center of St Petersburg  It had previously been occupied by the house of Count Vorontsov-Dashkov which had been bought by the treasury  The lot was enlarged by purchasing the neighboring house of Madame Karatinga  The total construction and furnishing cost of Vladimir Palace was 820,000 rubles, a much modest amount than the one spent building previous palaces for other grand dukes a decade earlier The Vladimir palace stands, like the Winter Palace and the Marble Palace, by the Neva on the  Dvorstsovaya Embankment  The façade, richly ornamented with stucco rustication, was patterned after Leon Battista Alberti's palazzi in Florence  The main porch is built of Bremen sandstone and adorned with griffins, coats-of-arms, and cast-iron lanterns  Other details are cast in Portland cement 
The palace and its outbuildings contain some 360 rooms, all decorated in eclectic historic styles: Neo-Renaissance (reception room, parlor), Gothic Revival (dining room), Russian Revival (Oak Hall), Rococo (White Hall), Byzantine style (study), Louis XIV, various oriental styles, and so on  This interior ornamentation, further augmented by Maximilian Messmacher in 1881–1891, is considered by art historians, such as Nikolay Punin, a major monument to the 19th-century passion for historicism  Grand Duke Vladimir decorated his apartments with his collection of Russian paintings by the best artists of his time, such as Ilya Repin, Ivan Aivazovsky, Feodor Bruni, Vasili Vereshchagin, Ivan Kramskoy, Mikhail Vrubel, Nikolai Sverchkov and Rudolf Ferdinandovich Frentz 

Children
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna had five children:

Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich of Russia (31 August 1875 – 16 March 1877)  He died in infancy
Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia (12 October (N S ), 1876 – 12 October 1938)  He married his first cousin Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha  They had three children 
Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia (1877–1943)  He married his mistress Zinaida Rashevskaya  He did not leave legitimate descendants 
Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia (1879–1956)  He married his mistress Matilda Kchessinska  They had one son 
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (1882–1957)  She married Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, third son of George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia  They had three daughters 

During three reigns
Grand Duke Vladimir occupied important military positions during three reigns  He experienced battle in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, taking part in the campaign alongside his father and his brothers Alexander and Sergei  He fought against the Turkish troops as the commanding officer of the XII Corps of the Russian army  However, his military career interested him less than art and literature  In 1880 his father appointed him President of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts  He also became a member of the Academy of Science and an agent of the Rumyantsev Museum  Grand Duke Vladimir was in the Imperial capital when his father was assassinated and succeeded by Alexander III in 1881  It fell upon Vladimir, who regained his composure more quickly than his brother, to announce their father's death to the public  Vladimir inherited his father's personal library, which the Grand Duke added to his large book-collection that was arranged in three libraries at the Vladimir Palace  (After the Russian Revolution of 1917 these books were sold off randomly by weight and currently form part of several American university-collections )
Although Alexander III was not close to Vladimir and there was a rivalry between their wives, he promoted his brother's career  The day after their father's death he appointed Vladimir as Military Governor of St Petersburg, a post previously held by their uncle Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich  Vladimir served on the State Council and chaired the official commission that supervised the building of the Church of the Saviour, built between 1883 and 1907 on the site of the assassination of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia Grand Duke Vladimir was a keen philanthropist  A talented painter himself, he became a famous patron of the arts  He frequented many artists and gathered a valuable collection of paintings and old icons  He later took a great interest in ballet  He financed the tour of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Emperor Alexander III's three sons rendered Vladimir and Vladimir's own three sons remote in the line of succession to Russia's throne  Nevertheless, Vladimir seemed unexpectedly close to becoming Emperor in 1888 when Alexander III with his wife and all of their children were involved in a train accident at Borki (in present-day Ukraine)  Vladimir and his wife, then in Paris, did not bother to come back to Russia  This annoyed Alexander III, who commented that if he had died with his children, Vladimir would have rushed to return to Russia to become Emperor  At Alexander III's death in 1894 there were unfounded rumors that the army intended to proclaim Grand Duke Vladimir emperor in place of his nephew Nicholas II  Vladimir tried to  influence the new Emperor, particularly at the beginning of Nicholas II's reign Although the Grand Duke was conservative in his political views, he did not believe in human virtues  Something of a rascal himself, he preferred the company of amusing witty people - regardless of their ideology or background  The more liberal members of Russian society were invited to lavish parties at his residence  He often intimidated people with his coarseness, rudeness and hot temper  Vladimir Alexandrovich was also a devoted family man, close to his children 

Last years
In January 1905 a wave of strikes broke out in St  Petersburg  On 9 January (O S )/22 (N S ) a peaceful procession of workers led by a priest, Father Georgy Gapon, marched towards the Winter Palace from different points in the city hoping to present requests for reforms directly to Emperor Nicholas II  The Tsar, however, was not in the capital  General Ivan Fullon, St Petersburg Governor, tried to stop the march  When a large group of workers reached Winter Palace Square, troops acting on direct orders from Guards Commander Prince Sergei Vasilchikov opened fire upon the demonstrators  More than 100 marchers were killed and several hundred were wounded  Although Grand Duke Vladimir claimed no direct responsibility about that tragedy, since he was also away from the city, his reputation was tarnished  The massacre, known as Bloody Sunday, was followed by a series of strikes in other cities, peasant uprisings in the country, and mutinies in the armed forces, which seriously threatened the tsarist regime and became known as the Revolution of 1905  A month after Bloody Sunday, Vladimir's brother Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was killed by a terrorist bomb in Moscow In October 1905, Vladimir's eldest son and heir Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia married his first cousin Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, daughter of Vladimir's sister Maria  Nicholas II was enraged by the marriage, which was contracted without his permission and was in violation of the Russian Orthodox ban on marriages between first cousins  Nicholas stripped Kirill of his imperial titles and banished him  Vladimir protested the treatment given to his son and resigned from all his posts in protest  Vladimir “shouted so violently at his nephew that the court chamberlain, waiting outside the door, feared for his master’s safety and almost ran off to summon the imperial guards ” Vladimir slammed his fists on Nicholas' desk and ripped off the military decorations from his uniform, shouting, "I have served your father, your grandfather and you  But now as you have degraded my son I no longer wish to serve you ” Eventually, Nicholas II relented and forgave his cousins for marrying without his consent, but he did not allow them to return to Russia  The full pardon came only after several deaths in the family, including Vladimir's own, had placed Kirill third in the line of succession to the Imperial Throne Grand Duke Vladimir died suddenly on 4(O S )/17(N S ) February 1909 after suffering a major cerebral hemorrhage  Vladimir's widow and their four children survived the Russian Revolution of 1917  In 1924 in exile, Kirill proclaimed himself Emperor de jure, Vladimir's line thereby claimed headship of the Imperial House  Vladimir was the paternal grandfather and namesake of the future pretender claimant Grand Duke Vladimir of Russia, born 1917  His granddaughter Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark becomes a British princess by marriage to  Prince George, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George V and Queen Mary, in 1934  Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich's great granddaughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, is the current claimant and his great grandson Prince Michael becomes a  honorary member of the Romanov Family Association
Context 3: Passage 1:
Waldrada of Lotharingia
Waldrada was the mistress, and later the wife, of Lothair II of Lotharingia 

Biography
Waldrada's family origin is uncertain  The prolific 19th-century French writer Baron Ernouf suggested that Waldrada was of noble Gallo-Roman descent, sister of Thietgaud, the bishop of Trier, and niece of Gunther, archbishop of Cologne  However, these suggestions are not supported by any evidence, and more recent studies have instead suggested she was of relatively undistinguished social origins, though still from an aristocratic milieu 
The Vita Sancti Deicoli states that Waldrada was related to Eberhard II, Count of Nordgau (included Strasbourg) and the family of Etichonids, though this is a late 10th-century source and so may not be entirely reliable on this question In 855 the Carolingian king Lothar II married Teutberga, a Carolingian aristocrat and the daughter of Bosonid Boso the Elder  The marriage was arranged by Lothar's father Lothar I for political reasons  It is very probable that Waldrada was already Lothar II's mistress at this time Teutberga was allegedly not capable of bearing children and Lothar's reign was chiefly occupied by his efforts to obtain an annulment of their marriage, and his relations with his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German were influenced by his desire to obtain their support for this endeavour  Lothair, whose desire for annulment was arguably prompted by his affection for Waldrada, put away Teutberga  However, Hucbert took up arms on his sister's behalf, and after she had submitted successfully to the ordeal of water, Lothair was compelled to restore her in 858  Still pursuing his purpose, he won the support of his brother, Emperor Louis II, by a cession of lands and obtained the consent of the local clergy to the annulment and to his marriage with Waldrada, which took place in 862  However, Pope Nicholas I was suspicious of this and sent legates to investigate at the Council of Metz in 863  The Council found in favour of Lothair's divorce, which led to rumours that the papal legates may have bribed and thus meant that Nicholas order Lothair to take Teutberga back or face excommunication  
With the support of Charles the Bald and Louis the German, Teutberga appealed the annulment to Pope Nicholas  Nicholas refused to recognize the annulment and excommunicated Waldrada in 866, forcing Lothair to abandon Waldrada in favour of Teutberga  Lothair accepted this begrudgingly for a time, but shortly afterward at the end of 867 Pope Nicholas I died  Thus, Lothair began to seek the permission of the newly appointed Pope Adrian II to again put Teutberga aside and marry Waldrada, riding to Rome to speak with him on the matter in 869  However, on his way home, Lothair died 

Children
Waldrada and Lothair II had some sons and probably three daughters, all of whom were declared illegitimate:

Hugh (c  855–895), Duke of Alsace (867–885)
Gisela (c  865–908), who in 883 married Godfrey, the Viking leader ruling in Frisia, who was murdered in 885
Bertha (c  863–925), who married Theobald of Arles (c  854–895), count of Arles, nephew of Teutberga  They had two sons, Hugh of Italy and Boso of Tuscany  After Theobald's death, between 895 and 898 she married Adalbert II of Tuscany (c  875–915) They had at least three children: Guy, who succeeded his father as count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany, Lambert succeeded his brother in 929, but lost the titles in 931 to his half-brother Boso of Tuscany, and Ermengard 
Ermengarde (d  90?)
Odo (d  c 879)
Passage 2:
Francis I Rákóczi
Francis I Rákóczi (February 24, 1645, Gyulafehérvár, Transylvania – July 8, 1676, Zboró, Royal Hungary) was a Hungarian aristocrat, elected prince of Transylvania and father of Hungarian national hero Francis Rákóczi II Francis Rákóczi was the son of George Rákóczi II, prince of Transylvania, and Sophia Báthory  He was elected prince by the Transylvanian Diet in 1652, during his father's life  However, because of the disastrous Polish campaign of 1657 and its consequences, the Ottoman Empire removed his father from the throne in 1660, and prohibited any Rákóczi to ascend the Transylvanian throne  This left Francis unable to come by his father's legacy; he therefore withdrew to his estates in Royal Hungary 
Notably, the Rákóczi family was Calvinist, and they were staunch supporters of the Reformed Church in Hungary  However, Francis' mother, Sophia Báthory, had converted to Calvinism merely for the sake of her marriage  After her husband's death, she returned to Catholicism and supported the Counter Reformation  Francis Rákóczi also became a Catholic, thus acquiring favour with the Catholic Habsburg Court  His mother converted him to Catholicism  He was made a count in 1664 
In 1666 Francis married Jelena Zrinska (Hungarian: Zrínyi Ilona), a Croatian countess, and joined the Wesselényi conspiracy (Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy in Croatia), one leader of which was Jelena's father, Petar Zrinski (Hungarian: Zrínyi Péter)  Francis soon became the leader of the conspiracy, and, as a culmination of their anti-Habsburg stratagems, started an armed uprising of nobles in Upper Hungary, while the other conspirators were supposed to start the fight in Croatia  Due to poor organization and discord between the conspirators, however, the Austrian authorities were well informed; they quickly suppressed the Croatian branch of the revolt 
When Rákóczi learned that Petar Zrinski had been captured by the Austrians, he laid down his arms and applied for mercy  All other leaders of the conspiracy were executed for high treason; Rákóczi, due to his mother's intervention, and for a ransom of 300,000 forints and several castles, was pardoned 

Issue
Francis I had three  children:

György (1667)
Julianna Borbála (1672–1717), married Count Ferdinand Gobert von Aspremont-Lynden (1643-1708)
Francis Rákóczi II (1676–1735)Francis II was born only three months before his father's death  He led a rebellion against Austrian rule (Rákóczi's War of Independence) and died in exile 
Passage 3:
Mary Fiennes (lady-in-waiting)
Mary Fiennes (1495–1531) was an English courtier  She was the wife of Henry Norris  Norris was executed for treason as one of the alleged lovers of her cousin, Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII of England  Mary lived for six years at the French court as a Maid of Honour to queens consort Mary Tudor, wife of Louis XII; and Claude of France, wife of Francis I 

Family and early years
Mary was born at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex in 1495, the only daughter of Thomas Fiennes, 8th Baron Dacre and Anne Bourchier  By both her father and mother she was descended from Edward III  She had two younger brothers, Sir Thomas and John  Her mother was an elder half-sister of Elizabeth Howard and Lord Edmund Howard, making queen consorts Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard a cousin of Mary  Her paternal grandmother, Alice FitzHugh, was sister to Elizabeth FitzHugh, grandmother of Catherine Parr, making her cousin to yet another queen consort of Henry VIII 
In 1514, Mary was appointed a Maid of Honour to Princess Mary Tudor and accompanied her to France when the latter married King Louis XII of France; afterwards she served in the capacity to Queen Mary's successor, Queen Claude, consort of the new king Francis I of France  Among her fellow Maids of Honour were her cousins, Mary (a mistress of Henry VIII) and Anne Boleyn 

Marriage and issue
In 1520 upon her return to England, she married the courtier, Henry Norreys (1491 – 17 May 1536) of Yattendon in Berkshire, whom she had met that same year at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in France 
Norris served King Henry VIII of England as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and was held in high favour by the King  He was later appointed Groom of the Stool and continued to enjoy the King's favour  According to biographer Eric Ives, Norris was "perhaps the nearest thing Henry had to a friend " Norris had control of King Henry's Privy chamber 
Henry and Mary had three children:
Edward Norris (died 1529)
Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys (c  1525 – 1601), married Margaret Williams of Rycote, by whom he had issue 
Mary Norris, married firstly Sir George Carew, and secondly Sir Arthur Champernowne, by whom she had issue 

Death
Mary died in 1531, a year after her mother  Five years later her husband was attainted and executed for treason as one of the five alleged lovers of her cousin Queen Anne Boleyn, who herself was beheaded at the Tower of London on 19 May 1536 
Their four orphaned children were raised by Norris's brother Sir John Norris 

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl  late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria 

Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios  Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife  On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife  According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium  According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca  998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava  Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil 
Passage 5:
Empress Shōken
Empress Dowager Shōken (昭憲皇太后, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (一条勝子, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan  She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (昭憲皇后, Shōken-kōgō)  She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War 

Early life
Lady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan  She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch  Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family  Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox  As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5  By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy  By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama  She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850  They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (美子), which was intended to reflect her 
serene beauty and diminutive size 
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered  The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868 

Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869  She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years  However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children  Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince  On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo  In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations 

Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing  On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S  Grant during his visit to Japan  She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881  Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers  From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers  When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University  In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto  While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society  She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross  Renamed "The Empress Shōken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities  After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895  While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay 

Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (皇太后, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō  She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband  Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo  On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shōken Kōtaigō (昭憲皇太后)  Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture 

Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888

Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St  Catherine, 13 December 1887
 Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
 Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
 German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
 Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908

Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
Ōmiya Palace

Notes
Passage 6:
Eunoë (wife of Bogudes)
Eunoë Maura was the wife of Bogudes, King of Western Mauretania  Her name has also been spelled Euries or Euryes or Eunoa 

Biography
Early life
Eunoë Maura was thought to be descended from Berbers, but her name is Greek so it appears she might have been from there or had Greek ancestry  She was likely of very high status, as she is mentioned by historian Suetonius in the same context as Cleopatra 

Marriage
At an unspecified early date in her marriage to her husband Bogud he mounted an expedition along the Atlantic coast, seemingly venturing into the tropics  When he returned he presented his wife Eunoë with gigantic reeds and asparagus he had found on the journey She is believed to have been a mistress of Julius Caesar  She may have replaced Cleopatra in Caesar's affections, when he arrived in North Africa prior to the Battle of Thapsus on 6 April 46 BC, the two were among several queens courted by Caesar  It is also possible that they first met in Spain if she accompanied her husband there on a campaign  Only a brief romance for the Roman, both Eunoe and Bogudes profited through gifts bestowed on them by Caesar  Caesar departed from Africa in June 46 BC, five and a half months after he landed 

Cultural depictions
Eunoë and Caesar's affair is greatly exaggerated and expanded on in the Medieval French prose work Faits des Romains  Jeanette Beer in her book A Medieval Caesar states that the Roman general is "transformed into Caesar, the medieval chevalier" in the text, and that the author is more interested in Caesar's sexual dominance over the queen than the political dominance he held over her husband Bogud  The text describes her; "Eunoe was the most beautiful woman in four kingdoms — nevertheless, she was Moorish", which Beer further analysed as being indicative of the fact that it was unimaginable to audiences of the time to believe that a lover of Caesar could be ugly, but that Moors still represented everything that was ugly to them Eunoë has also been depicted in several novels about Caesar, as well as serialized stories in The Cornhill Magazine  In such fiction her character often serves as a foil for the relationship between Caesar and another woman, mostly Cleopatra, such as in The Memoirs of Cleopatra, The Bloodied Toga and When We Were Gods  In Song of the Nile she also plays a posthumous role as a person of interest for Cleopatra's daughter Selene II who became queen of Mauritania after her Eunoe has also been depicted in a numismatic drawing by Italian artist and polymath Jacopo Strada, who lived in the 16th century  There is however no archaeological evidence of a coin that bears her name or picture 

See also
Women in ancient Rome
Passage 7:
Catherine Exley
Catherine Exley (1779–1857) was an English diarist  She was the wife of a soldier who accompanied her husband when he served in Portugal, Spain, and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars  Exley is best known as the author of a diary that gives an account of military life in that era from the viewpoint of the wife of a common soldier 

Background
Catherine Whitaker was born at Leeds in 1779 and married Joshua Exley there in 1806  Between  1805 and 1815, Joshua served in the Second Battalion of the 34th Regiment of Foot, initially as a private and then for a little over two years, as a corporal  Exley accompanied her husband for a substantial portion of this time and in due course wrote an account that is probably unique in that it records and reflects on life in the British Army from the perspective of the wife of a soldier who did not reach the rank of an officer 

The diary
Catherine's diary was first published as a booklet issued shortly after her death  A single copy of the booklet is known to exist, it was also reprinted in The Dewsbury Reporter during August 1923  The text of the diary is included in full in a more recently issued book, edited by Professor Rebecca Probert, along with essays on its military and religious context, the treatment of prisoners of war and the role of women in the British, French and Spanish armed forces during the Peninsular War 
The diary unfolds the hardships that both Catherine and her husband suffered during his military service, including one period when they both wrongly thought that the other had died  There are detailed accounts of the births and deaths of children, the cold, hunger and filthy conditions of military life and the horror of the aftermaths of battles  Details of the author's religious experiences which led her to membership of the Methodist church also appear  Exley wrote the diary during the last 20 years before her death, which took place in 1857 at Batley, Yorkshire 
Passage 8:
Ilona Zrínyi
Countess Ilona Zrínyi (Croatian: Jelena Zrinska, Hungarian: Zrínyi Ilona) (1643, Ozalj – 18 February 1703, Izmit) was a noblewoman and heroine  She was one of the last surviving members of the Croatian-Hungarian Zrinski/Zrínyi noble family  She was the daughter of Petar Zrinski, Ban (viceroy) of Croatia, the niece of both Miklós Zrínyi and Fran Krsto Frankopan and the wife of Francis Rákóczi I and Imre Thököly, as well as the mother of Francis Rákóczi II  She is remembered in history for her Defense of Palanok Castle against the Imperial army in 1685-1688, an act for which she was regarded a heroine in Hungary 

Life
Early years and family
Ilona was born Ilona Zrínyi in Ozalj, present day Croatia  She was the eldest child of Croatian Ban, Peter Zrinyi, and his wife Katarina Zrinyi née Frankopan, a Croatian poet  Later her parents had two daughters, Judita Petronila (1652-1699), and Aurora Veronika (1658-1735), as well as a son, Ivan Antun (1651-1703)  Ilona and her siblings were the last generation of descendants of the once-powerful Zrinski family 
From her childhood, she was known for her beauty and good education  There is little information on her schooling; it is known though that she acquired a high level of knowledge within her family, not only from her father and mother, Croatian writers and erudite persons but from her uncle Nikola VII Zrinski as well 

Marriages
On 1 March 1666, she married Francis Rákóczi, with whom she had three children: György, born in 1667, who died in infancy; Julianna, born in 1672; and Ferenc (commonly known as Francis Rákóczi II), born in 1676  On June 8, 1676, not long after Francis II's birth, the elder Francis died  The widowed Ilona requested guardianship of her children and was granted it, against the advice of Emperor Leopold I's advisers and against Francis I's will  In this way she also retained control over the vast Rákóczi estates, which included among them the castles of Regéc, Sárospatak, Makovica, and Munkács  In 1682 she married Imre Thököly and became an active partner in her second husband's Kuruc uprising against the Habsburgs 

Defense of Munkács (Palanok) Castle
After their defeat at the 1683 Battle of Vienna, both the Ottoman forces and Thököly's allied Kuruc fighters had no choice but to retreat, and Thököly quickly lost one Rákóczi castle after another  At the end of 1685, the Imperial army surrounded the last remaining stronghold, Munkacs Castle in today's Ukraine  Ilona Zrínyi alone defended the castle for three years (1685–1688) against the forces of General Antonio Caraffa 

Internment, exile and death
After the recapture of Buda, the situation became untenable, and on 17 January 1688, Ilona had no choice but to surrender the castle, with the understanding that the defenders would receive amnesty from the Emperor, and that the Rákóczi estates would remain in her children's name  Under this agreement, she and her children traveled immediately to Vienna, where in violation of the pact the children were taken from her  Ilona lived until 1691 in the convent of the Ursulines, where her daughter Julianna was also raised  Her son Francis was immediately taken to the Jesuit school in Neuhaus 
At the time, her husband, Thököly, was still fighting with his Kuruc rebels against the Habsburg army in Upper Hungary  When Habsburg General Heisler was captured by Thököly, a prisoner exchange was arranged, and Ilona joined her husband in Transylvania  In 1699, however, after the Treaty of Karlowitz was signed, both spouses, having found themselves on the losing side, had to go into exile in the Ottoman Empire  The countess lived in Galata, district of Constantinople, and later in Izmit, where she died on 18 February 1703  She was buried in the French church of Saint Benoit in Galata 

Descendants
From her first marriage with Francis Rákóczi, Ilona had three children:

György (1667–1667)
Julianna Borbála (September 1672 – 1717); married Count Ferdinand Gobert von Aspremont-Lynden (1643-1708)
Francis II (27 March 1676 – 8 April 1735)From her second marriage with Imre Thököly, Ilona had three children, all of whom died at a young age (including one she was pregnant with during the siege of Munkács) 

Legacy
Ilona Zrínyi is celebrated in Croatia and Hungary as one of the greatest national heroines, patriots and fighters for freedom, who opposed, although unsuccessfully, the autocracy and absolutism aspirations of the Habsburgs  Her even more famous son Francis II Rákóczi continued the struggle for the independence of Hungary (1703–1711) 
In October 1906 the remains of the Croatian countess were reinterred with her son's in the St Elisabeth Cathedral in present-day Košice, Slovakia 

Honors
Postage stamp issued by Hungary on 28 September 1952 

See also
House of Zrinski
Zrinski family tree
Zrinski–Frankopan conspiracy
Kuruc
Rákóczi's War for Independence
Wesselényi conspiracy
Passage 9:
Artaynte
Artaynte (f  478 BC), was the wife of the Crown Prince Darius 

Life
Daughter of an unnamed woman and Prince Masistes, a marshall of the armies during the invasion of Greece in 480-479 BC, and the brother of King Xerxes I 
During the Greek campaign Xerxes developed a passionate desire for the wife of Masistes, but she would constantly resist and would not bend to his will  Upon his return to Sardis, the king endeavoured to bring about the marriage of his son Daris to Artaynte, the daughter of this woman the wife of Masistes, supposing that by doing so he could obtain her more easily 
After moving to Susa he brought Artaynte to the royal house with him for his son Daris, but fell in love with her himself, and after obtaining her they became lovers  
At the behest of Xerxes, Artaynte committed adultery with him (Xerxes)  When queen Amestris found out, she did not seek revenge against Artaynte, but against her mother, Masistes' wife, as Amestris thought that it was her connivance  On Xerxes' birthday, Amestris sent for his guards and mutilated Masistes' wife by cutting off her breasts and threw them to dogs, and her nose and ears and lips also, and cutting out her tongue as well  On seeing this, Masistes fled to Bactria to start a revolt, but was intercepted by Xerxes' army who killed him and his sons 
Passage 10:
Hafsa Hatun
Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه خاتون, "young lioness") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 

Life
Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids  She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids  Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid  Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died  Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families 

Charities
Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid  She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry 

See also
Ottoman dynasty
Ottoman Empire



ground_truth: Vasantha Raagam

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna Of Russia's father die?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Honours and awards
The Grand Duke received the following Russian and foreign decorations:
RussianKnight of St  Andrew, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Alexander Nevsky, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Anna, 1st Class, 22 April 1847
Knight of the White Eagle, 22 April 1847
Knight of St  Stanislaus, 1st Class, 11 June 1865
Knight of St  George, 3rd Class, 14 November 1877
Knight of St  Vladimir, 4th Class, 22 April 1868; 2nd Class with Swords, 15 September 1877; 1st Class, 15 May 1883Foreign

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 6:
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg
Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (9 January 1807 – 2 February [O S  21 January] 1873), later known as Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, was the wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, the youngest son of Emperor Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 

Early life
She was born in Stuttgart, as Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the eldest daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and of Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen  As a child, Charlotte lived in Paris with her father and her younger sister Pauline  Their home was quite modest by royal standards  In Paris, Charlotte came under the tutelage of several intellectuals 

Marriage and issue
In 1822, she became engaged to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia, her first cousin once removed (Mikhail's mother was her father's aunt)  It was said that Charlotte was an exceptional girl, highly intelligent and mature for her age of 15  The Grand Duke was obviously impressed by her beauty and her poise, and during a reception held in her honor, she charmed all the guests with her conversations  On 17 December 1823, she was received into the Russian Orthodox Church and was given the name Elena Pavlovna  On 20 February 1824, the couple married in Saint Petersburg and settled in the Mikhailovsky Palace  When the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna died in 1828, the palace of Pavlovsk passed on to Mikhail and he and Elena visited it often  Their marriage was not a happy one: Mikhail's only passion was for the army, and he neglected Elena  Nevertheless, he and Elena had five daughters, only two of whom lived to mature adulthood:

Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia (9 March 1825, Moscow – 19 November 1846, Vienna); died unmarried 
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (26 May 1826, Moscow – 28 January 1845, Wiesbaden); married Adolf, Duke of Nassau and died in childbirth 
Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia (28 August 1827 – 12 May 1894), married Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (28 January 1831, Moscow – 27 March 1832, Moscow), died in childhood
Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna of Russia (27 October 1834, Moscow – 22 March 1836, Saint Petersburg), died in childhood

Influence at court and in society
Elena became a close friend of her brother-in-law, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and of his wife the Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna  She was also quick to befriend the shy Maria Alexandrovna, who married the then Tsarevich Alexander in 1841  When Princess Charlotte's husband died, in 1849, she became a patron of several charitable organizations and of the arts  She founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatoire and co-founded (1854) a group of nursing sisters (Society of the Sisters of Marcy) which would eventually become the forerunners of the Red Cross in Russia  During her time in Russia she became known as the "family intellectual", and was considered the most exceptional woman in the imperial family since Catherine the Great (r  1762–1796)  She founded the Russian Musical Society (1859) and the Russian Conservatoire (1862), and was liberal on serfdom  She helped to push her nephew Alexander II to abolish serfdom while he stayed with her As a patroness of the composer Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894), she commissioned some of his early operas: Fomka the Fool (1853), The Siberian Hunters (1852), and Vengeance (1852/1853) Elena died in Saint Petersburg, at the age of 66 

Ancestry
Bibliography
Lincoln, W  Bruce  The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias  1983
Sebag Montefiore, Simon  The Romanovs: 1613-1918  2016  Knopf Publishing Group 
Taylor, Philip S , Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music, Indianapolis, 2007
Zeepvat, Charlotte  Romanov Autumn  2001
Passage 7:
Abdul-Vahed Niyazov
Abdul-Vahed Validovich Niyazov (Russian: Абдул-Вахед Валидович Ниязов), born Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev (Russian: Вадим Валерианович Медведев; 23 April 1969) is a Russian businessman and Islamic social and political activist  He was president of the Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, and the public division of Russian Council of Muftis 

Life and career
Niyazov was born on 23 April 1969 in Omsk as Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev   After graduating from high school, he served in the engineering and construction troops of the Baikal-Amur Mainline  In 1990 he began studying at the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute, but failed to graduate In April 1991 Niyazov became president of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Moscow, which in 1993 became the Islamic Cultural Centre of Russia, established with the financial support of the Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Moscow  In February 1994 he became deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Supreme Coordination Centre of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia (VKTs DUMR, Russian: ВКЦ ДУМР)  In May 1995 Niyazov became co-chairman of the Union of Muslims of Russia  In autumn 1998, he was elected chairman of the Council of the All-Russian political social movement "Refakh" (Prosperity)   On 19 December 1999 Niyazov was elected a deputy of the State Duma's  third convocation as part of the "Interregional movement Unity ("Bear")" electoral bloc, on the federal list of the Union of Muslims of Russia  He worked as deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on the regulations and organization of the work of the State Duma  He was expelled from the faction for "provocative" statements in support of "world Islamic extremism and terrorism", on the subject of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the Second Intifada In May 2001 Niyazov became chairman of the political council of the "Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia"  By late 2007 Niyazov was head of the movement "Muslims in support of President Putin"  In 2011 he was elected Honorary President of the international initiative "SalamWorld", which aimed to create a social network for Muslims along Sharia norms  The site had closed by 2015 after spending three years in development and tens of million of dollars in marketing, having had backup and funding issues  Since 2018, Niyazov has been president of the European Muslim Forum 
Passage 8:
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August [O S  2 August] 1901 –  7 July 1980) was the fourth son and fifth child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia  He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 

Early life
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Gatchina Palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia on 15 August 1901  He was the fourth son and fifth child among seven siblings  His parents, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866–1933) and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna (1875–1960), were first cousins once removed  Consequently, Prince Dmitri was the great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I (from his father's side) while the great-great-grandson of the same Tsar Nicholas I (from his mother's side), the grandson of Tsar Alexander III and the nephew of Tsar Nicholas II 
During the Russian Revolution Prince Dmitri was imprisoned along with his parents and grandmother the Dowager Empress at Dulber, in the Crimea  He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed by German troops in 1918  He left Russia on  11 April 1919, at the age of seventeen, aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough to attend  to Malta where they spent nine months before settling to England 

Exile
In exile, Prince Dmitri lived between England and France  He had a varied career  In the late 1920s he emigrated to the United States where he worked as a stockbroker in Manhattan  He returned to Europe in the early 1930s  For a brief period in the 1930s, he managed Coco Chanel's shop at Biarritz 
It was through Chanel that he met a Russian aristocrat who worked as model for her fashion house: Countess Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova (20 November 1912 – 7 January 1969)  She was the second daughter of Count Sergei Alexandrovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1885 – 1950) and his wife Countess Maria Alexandrovna, born Chernysheva-Bezobrazova (1890 – 1960)  Countess Marina was a direct descendant of sisters Anastasia Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolenskiy, one of the Seven Boyars of 1610, and Marfa Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Keybulatovich Tcherkasskiy  Anastasia and Marfa were the daughters of Nikita Romanovich (Russian: Никита Романович; born c  1522 – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who was a prominent boyar of the Tsardom of Russia  His grandson Michael I (Tsar 1613-1645) founded the Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars  Anastasia and Marfa were the paternal aunts of Tsar Michael I of Russia of Russia and the paternal nieces of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva of Russia  After the revolution, Marina and her family moved to Kislovodsk and later to Crimea, where her father served as head of the Yalta County  In August 1920 the family was evacuated to Istanbul and then to Paris  In the French capital, Marina began to work for Chanel 
Prince Dmitri fell in love with her and they married in Paris on 25 October 1931  The wedding attracted a lot of attention and the bride wore a Chanel wedding dress The couple had one daughter :

Princess Nadejda Dmitrievna (4 July 1933 – 17 September 2002)  Nadejda married Anthony Allen, with whom she had two daughters and one son: Penelope, Marina and Alexander; after divorcing Allen, she married William Hall Clark During World War II, Prince Dmitri served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve  After the war, he became secretary of the travelers club in Paris In 1947 he divorced Princess Marina who moved with their daughter to the United States  In 1949 she remarried Otto de Neufville (1898–1971), a descendant of a French-German aristocratic family  Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova died on January 7, 1969, in Sharon, Connecticut 
During the 1950s, Prince Dmitri studied wine-making and worked as the European sales representative for a whisky firm in London  As his ex-wife did, Prince Dmitri also remarried  His second wife was the Dowager Lady Milbanke, née Margaret Sheila MacKellar Chisholm (9 September 1898 – 13 October 1969)  Born in rural New South Wales, Australia, she was married, firstly, to Francis St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough (heir to the 5th Earl of Rosslyn), and secondly, to Sir John Milbanke, 11th baronet  She married Prince Dmitri on 20 October 1954  No children were born of this marriage  The couple lived modestly in  Belgravia, in central London  Princess Dmitri died October 13, 1969, and was buried in a chapel, near Edinburgh, next to her youngest son, Peter St  Clair-Erskine, who had died, at the age of twenty, in 1939 
Following the creation of the Romanov Family Association in 1979, Prince Dmitri was chosen as its first president serving until his death a year later in England 

Ancestry
Notes
Passage 9:
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957), sometimes known as Helen, Helena, Helene, Ellen, Yelena, Hélène, or Eleni, was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin  Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia  She was also first cousin of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen consort of Denmark and the grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy, and Prince Michael of Kent 

Early life
Elena and her three surviving older brothers, Kirill, Boris, and Andrei, had an English nanny and spoke English as their first language  The young Elena had a temper and was sometimes out of control  At four years old, she posed for the artist Henry Jones Thaddeus  She grabbed a paper knife and threatened her nurse, who hid behind Thaddeus  "The little lady then transferred her attentions to me, her black eyes ablaze with fury," recalled Thaddeus  Elena, raised by a mother who was highly conscious of her social status, was also considered snobbish by some  "Poor little thing, I feel sorry for her," wrote her mother's social rival, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "for she is really quite sweet, but vain and pretty grandiose "

Marriage and children
She was engaged to Prince Max of Baden, but Max backed out of the engagement  Elena's mother was furious and society gossiped about Elena's difficulty in finding a husband  At one point in 1899, the seventeen-year-old Elena was reputedly engaged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, however this came to nothing as he fell in love with Countess Sophie Chotek Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, the third son of George I of Greece, first proposed in 1900, but Elena's mother was reluctant to allow her daughter to marry a younger son with no real fortune or prospects of inheriting a throne  She finally agreed to let Elena marry Nicholas, who was Elena's second cousin through his mother Olga Constantinovna of Russia and her father Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in 1902 after it became clear that no other offers were on the horizon The couple married on 29 August 1902 in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia  Like many imperial weddings, it was a grand affair, and was attended by the Emperor and Empress of Russia, the King and Queen of the Hellenes, among other royals and nobility of Russia Elena's "grand manner" irritated some people at court  According to the British diplomat Francis Elliot, there was an incident between Elena and her sister-in-law Princess Marie Bonaparte: Allegedly, Elena refused to greet Marie and "drew back her skirts as if not to be touched by her " Elena thought that Marie was beneath her, because her grandfather operated the Monte Carlo Casino  Elena looked down on another sister-in-law Princess Alice of Battenberg because of the latter's morganatic blood  The Dowager Empress wrote that Elena "has a very brusque and arrogant tone that can shock people "Prince and Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark had three daughters:

Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1903–1997); married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893-1976) in 1923 and had issue:
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1924–2016); married firstly to Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (b  1934) from 1955 to 1967 and had issue; married secondly to Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein (b  1942) in 1973 and had issue 
Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (1928–1954); did not marry and had no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (b  1936); married firstly to Howard Oxenberg (1919-2010) from 1961 to 1966 and had issue; married secondly to Neil Balfour (b  1944) from 1969 to 1978 and had issue; married thirdly to Manuel Ulloa Elías (1922-1992) in 1987, no issue 
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (1904–1955); married Carl Theodor, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (1900-1967)in 1934 and had issue:
Hans Veit, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1935); married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (b  1938) in 1964 and had issue 
Countess Helene of Törring-Jettenbach (b  1937); married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria (1918-2004) in 1956 and had issue 
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1906–1968); married Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902-1942) in 1934 and had issue:
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b  1935); married Katharine Worsley (b  1933) in 1961 and had issue 
Princess Alexandra of Kent (b  1936); married The Hon  Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928-2004) in 1963 and had issue 
Prince Michael of Kent (b  1942); married Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz (b  1945) in 1978 and had issue Grand Duchess Elena suffered from ill health after the birth of Princess Marina, which caused her husband anguish  
According to her niece, Princess Sophie of Greece, Grand Duchess Elena's priorities, throughout her life, remained as follows: “God first, the Grand Dukes of Russia then and finally everything else ” Thus, the Grand Duchess and her husband, Prince Nicholas, visited Russia annually to visit their relatives 

Life in exile
The family was later affected by the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent turmoil in Greece, which became a republic and resulted in the family living in France for a time 
While living in France Grand Duchess Elena became deeply involved in charity work for Russian exiles, particularly children  Short of money due to their exile from Greece and the loss of their Russian income, Prince Nicholas and his family lived in reduced, but elegant, circumstances  Grand Duchess Elena's fabulous jewel collection, as well as Prince Nicholas' own artwork, were their sources of income 
Princess Olga of Greece married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia; Princess Elizabeth of Greece married Count Karl Theodor zu Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Duchess Sophie in Bavaria and scion of an old and rich Bavarian mediatized family; and Princess Marina of Greece married the Prince George, Duke of Kent in November 1934 
Grand Duchess Elena became a widow early in 1938, as Prince Nicholas suffered a heart attack and died suddenly  She remained in Greece throughout the Second World War, dying there in 1957  She bequeathed her personal library to the Anavryta School 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Russian: Мария Владимировна Романова, romanized: Maria Vladimirovna Romanova; born 23 December 1953) has been a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov, the Imperial Family of Russia (who reigned as Emperors and Autocrats of all the Russias from 1613 to 1917) since 1992  Although she has used Grand Duchess of Russia as her title of pretence with the style Imperial Highness throughout her life, her right to do so is disputed  She is a great-great-granddaughter in the male line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia 

Early life
Birth
Maria Vladimirovna was born in Madrid, the only child of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia, head of the Imperial Family of Russia and titular Empress of Russia, and Princess Leonida Bagration-Mukhrani of Georgian, Polish, German and Swedish descent  Her paternal grandparents were Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Fyodorovna (née Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) through whom she is a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria  Her godfather was Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, for whom Prince Nicholas of Romania stood in at the christening ceremony, and her godmother was Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria 

Education
Maria was educated in Runnymede College in Madrid and Paris before studying Russian history and literature at Oxford University Maria Vladimirovna lives in Madrid  She is fluent in Russian, English, French, and Spanish, and also speaks some German, Italian, and Arabic On 23 December 1969, upon reaching her dynastic majority, Maria swore an oath of loyalty to her father, to Russia, and to uphold the Fundamental Laws of Russia which governed succession to the defunct throne  At the same time, her father issued a controversial decree recognising her as heiress presumptive and declaring that, in the event he predeceased other dynastic Romanov males, then Maria would become the "Curatrix of the Imperial Throne" until the death of the last male dynast  This has been viewed as an attempt by her father to ensure the succession remained in his branch of the imperial family, while the heads of the other branches of the imperial family, the Princes Vsevolod Ioannovich of the Konstantinovichi, Roman Petrovich of the Nikolaevichi and Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of the Mihailovichi declared that her father's actions were illegal  As it happened, Vladimir Kirillovich, who died in 1992, outlived all the other male Romanov dynasts, and his daughter had no occasion to assume curatorship 

Marriage
In Dinard on 4 September 1976 (civil) and at the Russian Orthodox Chapel in Madrid on 22 September 1976 (religious), Maria married Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, her third cousin once removed  He is a Hohenzollern great-grandson of Germany's last emperor Wilhelm II and a great-great-great grandchild of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom  Franz Wilhelm converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith prior to the wedding, taking the name Michael Pavlovich and receiving the title of a Grand Duke of Russia from Maria's father The couple separated in 1982, a year after the birth of their only child, George Mikhailovich, who had been granted the title Grand Duke of Russia at birth by his grandfather Vladimir  Following the divorce on 19 June 1985, Franz Wilhelm reverted to his Prussian name and style 

Succession claims and activities
Maria Vladimirovna is a patrilineal descendant of Alexander II of Russia, who is also a male-line descendant of Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg 
When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' Pauline laws  Although the charter of the Romanov Family Association (RFA), which represents other descendants of the Romanov family, asserts the premise that Russia's form of government should be determined democratically and that therefore the Association and its members undertake to adopt no position on any claims to the Imperial throne, its two most recent presidents have personally opposed Maria's claims: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, who maintained his own claims to dynastic status and to headship of the Romanov family, stated, "Strictly applying the Pauline Laws as amended in 1911 to all marriages of Equal Rank, the situation is very clear  At the present time, not one of the Emperors or Grand Dukes of Russia has left living descendants with unchallengeable rights to the Throne of Russia," and his younger brother, Prince Dimitri Romanov, said of Maria's assumption of titles, including "de jure Empress of all the Russias", "It seems that there are no limits to this charade"   The supporters of Maria Vladimirovna point to the fact that neither Nicholas nor his brother Dimitri had any dynastic claims due to the morganatic marriage of their parents By the Pauline Laws, she is the rightful heir to the throne  The Pauline Laws emphasize male succession before female succession  As an example, if Tsarevich Alexei Romanov had not been murdered in 1918, and died without issue (i e , without children), his sisters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia wouldn't become Empresses before male Romanov relatives  
Alexander III had four sons: Nicholas II of Russia whose only male son died before he could produce heirs, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, who died shortly before he was 11 months old, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, who died with no issue, and Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia whose only son, George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov died at age 20, childless 
From there, the line of succession looks to Alexander III's father, Alexander II  His sons, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia both died without issue  Excluding the future Alexander III, the third boy Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia – born after the childless Tsarevich and Alexander III, whose descendants couldn’t claim leadership for many reasons – had four sons  The eldest died in infancy and the second eldest, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia, had one son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia  His only child is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, making her the legal heir to the Russian throne 
Following the discovery of the remains of Emperor Nicholas II and most of his immediate family in 1991, Maria Vladimirovna wrote to President Boris Yeltsin regarding the burial of the remains, saying of her Romanov cousins, whom she does not recognise as members of the Imperial House (including the grandchildren of Nicholas II's sister Grand Duchess Xenia), that they "do not have the slightest right to speak their mind and wishes on this question  They can only go and pray at the grave, as can any other Russian, who so wishes"  At the behest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Maria did not recognise the authenticity of the remains and declined to attend the reburial ceremony in 1998, however according to Victor Aksyuchits, ex-advisor of Boris Nemtsov, the exact reason behind Maria's absence from the state burial for Nicholas II and his family in 1998 was motivated by the Russian government's refusal to recognize her status as official Head of the Romanov House, after asking via a letter prior the funeral ceremony  She has also said, regarding some of her Romanov cousins, that "My feeling about them is that now that something important is happening in Russia, they suddenly have awakened and said, 'Ah ha! There might be something to gain out of this '"Maria hopes for the restoration of the monarchy someday and is "ready to respond to a call from the people"  When questioned about the ongoing rift among Romanov descendants, Maria said:

"Attempts to disparage my rights have originated with people who, firstly, do not belong to the Imperial Family, and, secondly, either do not themselves know the relevant laws or think that others do not know these laws  In either case, there is unscrupulousness at work  The only thing that causes me regret is that some of our relatives waste their time and energy on little intrigues instead of striving to be of some use to their country  I have never quarreled with anyone about these matters and I remain open to a discussion and cooperation with all, including, of course, my relatives  But there can be no foundation for cooperation without respect for our dynastic laws, fulfilling these laws, and following our family traditions "
In 2002, Maria became frustrated with the internal strife within the Russian monarchist movement  When representatives of the Union of Descendants of Noble Families, one of two rival nobility associations (the other, older one being the Assembly of the Russian Nobility) were discovered to be distributing chivalric titles and awards of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, without her approval, she published a relatively strongly worded disclaimer In 2003, Kirill I Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia stated in a congratulatory message on Maria Vladimirovna's 55th birthday, "you are the embodiment of a Russian Grand Duchess: noble, wise, compassionate, and consumed with a genuine love for Russia  Though you may reside far from Russia, you continue to take an active part in its life, rejoicing when there are triumphs and empathizing when there are trials  It is deeply gratifying to know that, even in these new historical circumstances, you are making a significant contribution to the building of Russia's global standing on the basis of spiritual and moral values, and the centuries-old traditions of the Russian people  The Russian Orthodox Church remains the preserver of the historical memory of the Russian people, and supports, as it has traditionally, the warmest possible relations with the Russian Imperial House "In March 2013, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, made a statement which seems to have drawn further supporters  In an interview, he was asked if any of the Romanovs had a legitimate claim to the throne and responded: "Well, to the second part of your question: are the claims, as you say, of the descendants of the Romanovs to the Russian throne legitimate? I would like to say right away that there are no claims  Today, none of the descendants of the Romanovs make claims the Russian throne  But in the person of the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and her son George, the succession of the Romanovs is preserved - not to the Russian imperial throne, but simply historically " (Сегодня никто из лиц, принадлежащих к потомкам Романовых, не претендует на Российский престол  Но в лице Великой княгини Марии Владимировны и ее сына Георгия сохраняется преемственность Романовых — уже не на Российском императорском престоле, а просто в истории)  Further, the Patriarch noted: "And I must thank this family and many other Romanovs with gratitude for their today's contribution to the life of our Fatherland  Maria Vladimirovna supports a lot of good initiatives, she visits Russia, she meets people, she elevates the most ordinary people who have distinguished themselves to a nobility  I remember well how on the Smolensk land an old peasant woman was elevated to the dignity of nobility, who did so much for those who were by her side during the difficult years of the war and in the post-war period  Therefore, the cultural contribution of this family continues to be very noticeable in the life of our society  " In December 2013, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna visited the United States at the request of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, which received her with full honours and recognition as head of the Russian Imperial House  On 17 July 2018 she participated in the liturgical commemoration of the centenary of the assassinations of Saints Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and their children conducted in Yekaterinburg by Patriarch Kirill I In January 2021, Grand Duchess Maria announced the morganatic engagement of her son to Rebecca Virginia Bettarini from Italy  Bettarini converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Victoria Romanovna  Grand Duchess Maria granted permission for the couple to marry  She decreed that Bettarini will have the title Princess, with the predicate "Her Serene Highness" and the right to use the surname Romanov  In March, she issued a statement condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, after previously voicing her support for Crimea and Donbas annexation in 2014 by Russia 

Honours
Russian Dynastic honours
House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Andrew Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign, Grand Mistress and Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Catherine Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of St  Alexander Nevsky Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight of the Order of the White Eagle Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  George Disputed In abeyance
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Vladimir Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Anna Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of St  Stanislas Disputed
 House of Romanov: Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Michael the Archangel Disputed

Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church: Order of St  Sergius of Radonezh, 1st Class 
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Order of Our Lady of the Sign, 1st Class
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Medal of John of Shanghai and San Francisco

Moldovan Orthodox Church
Moldovan Orthodox Church: Medal of Saint Paraskevi

Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate): Medal of Saint Barbara

Foreign dynastic
Ethiopian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 Georgian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Tamara
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 Transnistria: Commander of the Order of the Republic
 Poland: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
 Portuguese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing

Awards
Italy: Honorary Citizen of the City of Agrigento
 Russia: Winner of the  Russian International Person of the Year
 Russia: Honorary Citizen of the Ivolginsky District
 Russia: Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts
 Russia: Medal of the Assembly of the Russian Nobility

Ancestry
See also
List of Grand Duchesses of Russia



ground_truth: Saint Petersburg

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the wife of Francis I Rákóczi born?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu  3  Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus  4  Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany  5  Medicinal plants  6  Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle  7  Plants used in rural economy  8  Plants used in dyeing  9  Rock plants  10  Aquatic and marsh plants  - For which an artificial marsh has been formed  11  Cryptogamics  12  Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics" 
Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library 
"Second Room  Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes  1  Mammalia  2  Aves  3  Amphibia  4  Pisces  5  Insectae  6  Vermes  Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species" and the Leske collection 
The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; "amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, "Gramitia Austriaca" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host" Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the 
Kirwanian Society  founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden  Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons 

Death and legacy
Never of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, "leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death"  The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him 
In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution  With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum) 
Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much  Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as "the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced" Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods  Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and Topographical

Contacts
Thomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary 
George Shaw
James Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora Britannica
James Lee
Samuel Goodenough
Aylmer Bourke Lambert
James Sowerby
William Curtis
Joseph Banks
Robert Brown 
Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)
Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804) 
John Walker
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel
Jonathan Stokes
Walter Wade

Other
John Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets  His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses  He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon  His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811 

Gallery
|

See also
Late Enlightenment
James Townsend Mackay
Passage 4:
Arthur Beauchamp
Arthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand  He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield 

Biography
Beauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861 He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington)  Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds  He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884  He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton  Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned   He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian  He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a "fixer" for  Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct  Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro  At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session 

See also
Yska, Redmer (2017)  A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903  Dunedin: Otago University Press  pp  91–99  ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4 
Passage 5:
Takayama Tomoteru
Takayama Tomoteru (高山友照) (1531–1596) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi–Momoyama period, who served Matsunaga Hisahide 
He was the father of Takayama Ukon, and was a Kirishitan 
Passage 6:
Eystein Glumra
Eystein Glumra ("Eystein the Noisy" or "Eystein the Clatterer"; Modern Norwegian Øystein Glumra), also known as Eystein Ivarsson, was reputedly a petty king on the west coast of Norway during the 9th century 
The Heimskringla saga states that Eystein Glumra was the father of Rognvald Eysteinsson and Sigurd Eysteinsson: "The first earl of the Orkney Islands was     Sigurd     a son of Eystein Glumra, and brother of Ragnvald earl of More  After Sigurd, his son Guthorm was earl for one year  After him Torf-Einar, a son of Ragnvald     was long earl, and was a man of great power" 
According to the Orkneyinga saga, Eystein Glumra was the son of Ivar Halfdansson and grandson of Halfdan the Old  The Orkneyinga Saga also named Eystein Glumra as the father of Rognvald Eysteinsson: "Heiti, Gorr's son, was father of Sveiði the sea-king, [who was] the father of Halfdan the old, [who was] the father of Ivar the Uplanders' earl, [who was] the father of Eystein the noisy, [who was] the father of earl Rognvald the mighty and wise in council" 
Two novels by Linnea Hartsuyker, The Half-Drowned King (2017) and The Sea Queen (2018), cover the lives of Eystein's children 
Passage 7:
Anacyndaraxes
Anacyndaraxes (Greek: Ἀνακυνδαράξης) was the father of Sardanapalus, king of Assyria 

Notes

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed  (1870)  "Anacyndaraxes"  Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology  Vol  1  p  157-158 
Passage 8:
Giorgio Ordelaffi
Giorgio Ordelaffi (died 1423) was lord of Forlì and Papal vicar in Romagna (northern Italy)  He was a member of the Ordelaffi family 
The son of Teobaldo Ordelaffi, he married Lucrezia Alidosi of the Alidosi family  He kept the seigniory of Forlì from 1411 until his death, moving his residence in the current Palazzo Comunale 
Just before his death, when his son Teobaldo II Ordelaffi was still young, he offered to Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan the occasion to invade Romagna in 1423, initiating the 30-year long Wars in Lombardy 
Passage 9:
Cleomenes II
Cleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC  He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him  Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC  Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus 

Life and reign
Cleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r  380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids)  Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371  His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370  Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC  In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r  524–490) 

Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes  He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity"  Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322)  However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r  400–c 360), Archidamus III (r  360–338), and Agis III (r  338–331)  As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes  Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315 Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336  In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373  Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:
Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting "
As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority  Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely 
Passage 10:
Teobaldo II Ordelaffi
Teobaldo II Ordelaffi (also known as Tebaldo, 1413–1425) was briefly lord of Forlì from 1422 to 1424  He was the son of Giorgio Ordelaffi 
Giorgio has named Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan as his trustee, but Teobaldo's mother Lucrezia degli Alidosi, appointed herself as regent  Spurred by Visconti, the Forliveses rebelled and called in the Milanese condottiero Agnolo della Pergola  Florence reacted and, after some initial setbacks, it was joined by Venice in 1425 thanks to the efforts of the Count of Carmagnola  The war moved to Lombardy, and Visconti ceded Forlì and Imola to Pope Martin V  The Ordelaffi would return in Forlì in 1433 with Antonio I 

See also
Wars in Lombardy



ground_truth: Ozalj