prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are H. H. Hunnewell and Bob Flanigan (Singer) of the same nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
H  H  Hunnewell
Horatio Hollis Hunnewell (July 27, 1810 – May 20, 1902) was an American railroad financier, philanthropist, amateur botanist, and one of the most prominent horticulturists in America in the nineteenth century  Hunnewell was a partner in the private banking firm of Welles & Co  Paris, France controlled by his in-laws, which specialized in trade finance between the two countries  Practicing horticulture for nearly six decades on his estate in Wellesley, Massachusetts, he was perhaps the first person to cultivate and popularize rhododendrons in the United States 

Early life
Hunnewell was born on July 27, 1810 in Watertown, Massachusetts   He was a son of Susanna (née Cooke) Hunnewell and Dr  Walter Hunnewell, who graduated from Harvard College in 1787, in the same class with John Quincy Adams His paternal grandparents were Revolutionary War soldier Richard Hunnewell and Eunice (née Thompson) Hunnewell, and his maternal grandparents were Phineas Cooke and Abigail (née Durant) Cooke 

Career
Hunnewell was a director of the Illinois Central Railroad from 1862 to 1871  He was a railroad entrepreneur in Kansas beginning in the 1860s, and president of the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad and Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Railroad around 1880   At the time of his death he was a director of 12 railroads and numerous mining, real estate, and other ventures 

Philanthropy
H  H  Hunnewell made a donation in 1873 that helped Asa Gray revise and complete his Flora of North America  He also funded the conifer collection at Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, and donated the Arboretum's administration building (now Hunnewell Building) in 1892 
Hunnewell was a friend and neighbor of Henry Fowle Durant (1822-1881), who founded Wellesley College on Lake Waban directly across from Hunnewell's estate  Hunnewell made a donation to the College for Eliot Dormitory in 1887, and endowed the College's Chair of Botany in 1901 The town of Wellesley's greatest benefactor, Hunnewell built and donated the Wellesley Town Hall and Free Library building (completed 1885), along with 10 acres of adjoining parkland  The Wellesley Free Library has since moved to a new building  He was also a frequent donor, often anonymously, to many town causes  According to a resident at the time, "When leaving here for his winter home (in Boston), Hunnewell would go to our old Town Clerk, Solomon Flagg, and say to him, 'Be sure and not allow anyone to suffer during cold weather  Send them whatever they need and I will pay the bill ' Hunnewell and Flagg were the only ones that knew whose was the helping hand "

Personal life
In 1835, he was married to Isabella Pratt Welles (1812–1888), a daughter of Samuel Welles  She was the half sister of Samuel Welles de Lavalette
fr Together, they had nine children, including:
Hollis Hunnewell (1836–1884), who married Louisa Bronson (1843–1890), sister of Frederic Bronson 
Francis Welles Hunnewell (1838–1917), who married Gertrude Gouverneur Sturgis (1862–1890), daughter of John Hubbard Sturgis 
Susan Hunnewell (1842–1843), who died in infancy 
Walter W  Hunnewell (1844–1921), who married Jane Appleton Peele (1848–1893), daughter of Jonathan Willard Peele, in 1873 
Isabella Pratt Hunnewell (1849–1934), who married Robert Gould Shaw (1850–1931), cousin of Robert Gould Shaw 
Jane Welles Hunnewell (1851–1936), who married Francis Williams Sargent (1848–1920), grandparents of Governor Francis Sargent He died at home in Wellesley, Massachusetts on May 20, 1902, at age 91  Hunnewell was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, among his family 

Estate and arboretum
Starting in 1870, Hunnewell built country homes adjoining his own for seven of his nine children  These estates and adjacent farmland, with one exception still owned by his descendants, form the Hunnewell Estates Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 
Both the town of Wellesley (founded 1881) and Wellesley College (chartered 1870) are named for Hunnewell's estate, "Wellesley", which he named for the family of his wife  The H  H  Hunnewell estate includes a prominent 1851 house designed by Arthur Gilman with attached conservatory and gate lodges of 1865-1866 designed by Gridley J F  Bryant, a pinetum of 325 specimen conifers, a complex of specialty greenhouses, and the first topiary garden  - the 'Italian Garden' - in America, all of which are still standing 
The estate is part of the Hunnewell Estates Historic District, which includes the estates of many of his descendants  During the first part of the 20th century there were 20 contiguous estates for him and his family in Wellesley  Among other miscellaneous activities, Hunnewell owned the home in which Horatio Alger's father lived until his death, now called the Horatio Alger House in Natick, Massachusetts  Oliver Bacon had built this house about 1824, and sold it in 1869 to Hunnewell  In 1909, Hunnewell deeded the property to the First Unitarian Church of South Natick as a parsonage 

Legacy
The railroad towns of Hunnewell, Kansas, and Hunnewell, Missouri, were named in his honor  The Wellesley College Botanic Gardens has a distinct Hunnewell Arboretum, named in his honor, across the lake  Rhododendron hunnewellianum also honors him  Along with Nathaniel Thayer, Jr, Hunnewell is credited with bringing the game of Real Tennis (a precursor to modern lawn tennis) to America  The game was thought to have first been played in 1876 when Hunnewell and Thayer, who had played the game in England, brought an English professional, Ted Hunt, home with them from Oxford  They built a court on the corner of Buckingham and Dartmouth Streets in the Back Bay section of Boston and put Hunt in charge of it  When the land the court sat on was acquired by the New York & New Haven Railroad towards the end of the century, Hunnewell reorganized the club in a new building at the corner of Hereford and Boylston streets forming the Tennis and Racquet Club of Boston
Passage 2:
Bob Flanigan (singer)
Robert Lee Flanigan (August 22, 1926 – May 15, 2011) was an American tenor vocalist and founding member of The Four Freshmen, a jazz vocal group 
The Four Freshmen originated in early 1948 when brothers Ross and Don Barbour, then at Butler University's Arthur Jordan Conservatory in Indianapolis, Indiana, formed a barbershop quartet called Hal's Harmonizers  Flanigan was a cousin of the Barbours and joined The Harmonizers beginning on September 20, 1948, becoming their lead vocalist  He also played trombone and double bass 
In 1950, The Four Freshmen got a break when band leader Stan Kenton heard the quartet in Dayton, Ohio, and arranged for an audition with his label, Capitol Records, which signed The Four later that year  In 1952, they released their first hit single "It's a Blue World"  Further hits included "Mood Indigo" in 1954, "Day by Day" in 1955, and "Graduation Day" in 1956 
Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, The Four Freshmen released a number of recordings, made film and television appearances, and performed in concert  The group eventually lost their mainstream following with the advent of the British pop bands of the 1960s  The group continued to perform under the management of Flanigan, who maintained rights to The Four Freshmen name and was responsible for the group's changing cast of performers  Flanigan retired as a performer in 1992, but continued his involvement with the group for several more years 
He died of congestive heart failure at his home in Las Vegas, on May 15, 2011, aged 84 
Passage 3:
Munnawar Masoom
Munnawar Masoom is an Indian singer of qawwali 

Early life
Munnawar Masoom was born in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 

Career
Munnawar Masoom is popular for his song Husne Muhabbat ka ada  He is known for his intense, powerful, energetic style and his rendering of pieces of the celebrated Sufi mystic poet Amir Khusrow  He draws the audience closer, with renditions of lyrics by Amir Khusro and Sufi Kalam, explaining the meaning of the poetry behind a devotee's yearning for god 
He performed on Idea Jalsa on Doordarshan, Times festival and Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh organised by Pandit Jasraj Also he has performed with Kailash Kher

Awards and recognition
Munnawar Masoom was given the title, Fakr-e-Madhya Pradesh by Government of Madhya Pradesh 
Passage 4:
Alexander Wesselsky
Alexander "Alexx" Wesselsky (born 18 November 1968) is a German singer  He is the lead vocalist of Neue Deutsche Härte band Eisbrecher and previously performed with Megaherz from 1993 to 2003 

Biography
In 1985, Dale Arden became Wesselsky's first band, where he performed as lead singer and bassist alongside his best friend Bill Parsons in the early 1980s at a local bar 

Megaherz: 1993–2003
Wesselsky joined Megaherz in 1993 as one of the founding members, writing lyrics and composing, as well as singing  Wesselsky has had moderate success during his time with Megaherz, his albums Himmelfahrt, released in 2000 and Herzwerk II, released in 2002, both charted in the Media Control Charts at No  78  His most successful single during his time with Megaherz, Freiflug, was released in 1999 and hit the German alternative charts at No  7 
Wesselsky left the band officially on 1 January 2003, and was replaced by Mathias Eisholz  In addition to Megaherz, since 1999 he has been working as a studio singer and lyricist writer for several independent projects (among others, a platinum production) 

Eisbrecher: 2003–present
He joined Noel Pix in late 2002 to form Eisbrecher  Success for Wesselsky continued through Eisbrecher with the 2004 album of the same name, released in January, as it hit the alternative charts in Germany at No  13 
Eisbrecher's 2006 album, Antikörper, was released in October and hit the Media Control Charts at No  85  Their next single "Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein?", released in July 2008, hit the alternative charts at No  3  The studio album Sünde was released in August 2008 and entered the Media Control Charts at a high No  18  On 16 April 2010, Eisbrecher released their next album, Eiszeit, which hit Germany's chart at No  5  Their following release, Die Hölle muss warten, was released on 3 February 2012 and charted No  3 on the German main charts  Schock was released on 21 January 2015 and charted at No  2 on the German main charts 
Both Die Hölle muss warten and Schock achieved gold status in 2016, after both sold more than 100,000 units respectively  His latest effort, Sturmfahrt, became his first album to hit No  1 on the main German chart 
In addition to his studio musical career, Wesselsky has performed with his bands at many European music festivals, including Hurricane, Nova Rock, Wacken, M'era Luna, Wave-Gotik-Treffen, Hellfest, Graspop Metal Meeting, and Summer Breeze 

Television
Aside from his musical career, Wesselsky has also presented a television show since 2006, on the German TV channel DMAX, where he acts as a used car broker for an applicant  His screen nickname for the show is Der Checker ("The Checker")  Once he has found a suitable vehicle within the applicant's budget, the car is repaired and tuned at co-presenter's Lina van de Mars's workshop, and is then handed over to the new owner  In 2009, Wesselsky hosted a reality TV show called Schrauber-Showdown  In May 2010, he appeared as himself on the German TV talkshow Kölner Treff 

Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Megaherz

1997: "Gott sein" (To Be God)
1998: "Liebestöter" (Passion Killer)
1998: "Rock Me Amadeus"
1999: "Freiflug" (Free Flight) (#7 in German alternative charts)
2000: "Himmelfahrt" (Ascension)Eisbrecher

2003: "Mein Blut" (My Blood)
2003: "Fanatica"
2006: "Leider" (Unfortunately)
2006: "Leider/Vergissmeinnicht" (US limited double-single)
2006: "Vergissmeinnicht" (Forget Me Not)
2008: "Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein?" (Can Love be a Sin?)
2010: "Eiszeit" (Ice Age) (#84 in Germany)
2012: "Verrückt" (Insane) (#46 in Germany)
2012: "Die Hölle muss warten" (Hell Has to Wait)
2012: "Miststück 2012" (Sonofabitch)
2013: "10 Jahre Eisbrecher" (10 Years of Eisbrecher)
2014: "Zwischen uns" (Between Us)
2015: "1000 Narben" (1,000 Scars)
2015: "Rot wie die Liebe" (Red Like Love)
2017: "Was ist hier los?" (What's Going on Here?)
2018: "Das Gesetz" (The Law)

EPs
Megaherz

2007: Freiflug EP: The Early Years (1996–2000)
2008: Mann von Welt EP

Compilation albums
Megaherz

2001: Querschnitt
2009: Totgesagte leben länger (tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14)Eisbrecher

2011: Eiskalt (#69 in Germany)
2018: Ewiges Eis (#6 in Germany)
2020: Schicksalsmelodien (#4 in Germany)

Music videos
1999: "Freiflug" (Free Flight)
2004: "Schwarze Witwe" (Black Widow)
2005: "Herz steht still" (Heart Stands Still)
2006: "Willkommen im Nichts" (Welcome to Nothing)
2006: "Vergissmeinnicht" (Forget Me Not)
2010: "Eiszeit" (Ice Age)
2011: "Verrückt" (Insane)
2012: "Die Hölle muss warten" (Hell Has to Wait)
2012: "Miststück 2012" (Sonofabitch 2012)
2014: "Zwischen uns" (Between Us)
2015: "Rot wie die Liebe" (Red Like Love)
2017: "Was ist hier los?" (What's Going on Here?)
2018: "Das Gesetz" (The Law)
2020: "Stossgebet" (Quick Prayer)
2020: "Skandal im Sperrbezirk" (Scandal in Prostitution-free Area)
2020: "Out of the Dark"
2021: "FAKK"
2021: "Im Guten, im Bösen" (The Good, The Bad)

Appearances
IFF (vocals) – Königin der Nacht
2012 – Lord of the Lost (vocals) – Eure Siege
2019 – Hamatom (vocals)
Passage 5:
Ramana Vieira
Ramana Vieira is a contemporary American singer of the traditional Portuguese Fado 

Early life
Vieira was born just east of San Francisco, California in San Leandro   Her parents had immigrated to the United States from Portugal, where her grandfather was a well-known musician and composer from Madeira  She grew up listening to American pop music and Broadway musicals, along with the traditional Portuguese music from her parents' homeland  She attended local San Leandro schools, then studied the performing arts at the American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco  Vieira said that as a young singer she had no interest in performing fado until she visited Portugal when she was 16 years old  In Portugal, Vieira connected with her roots and found that fado ignited her passion   She began to study intensively with local fado musicians and had the opportunity to perform 

Career
Vieira recorded her debut album, Sem Ti (Without You) in 2000  In 2004, she self-released a CD titled Despi a Alma (I Undressed My Soul)  The album included the song Para Amar which was included in a video montage for the 2006 Winter Olympics  Vieira was among the performers who sang at the 2008 MusiCares Person of the Year ceremony  In 2009, she released the album Lagrimas De Rainha (Tears of a Queen), which (according to Vieira's press releases), reached number 43 on the World Music Radio charts  In 2015, Vieira released (Fado da Vida), of which several tracks have been nominated at the International Portuguese Music Awards (IPMA)   In 2015 she had two nominations: Nem As Paredes Confesso was nominated for Best Fado Performance; and Cabo Verde, which Vieira composed herself was nominated for Best World Music Performance  In 2016, the International Portuguese Music Awards nominated Ai Mouraria for Best Fado Performance 

Discography
Sem Ti (Without You), 2000, Simply Smokin' Records
Despi a Alma (I Undressed My Soul), 2004, Ramana Vieira
Lágrimas De Rainha (Tears of a Queen), 2009, Pacific Coast Records
Fado da Vida (Fado/Destiny of Life), 2015, Stillumiounous Productions
Lágrimas de Rainha, 2017, Stillumiounous Productions
Passage 6:
Mandi Perkins
Mandi Perkins is a Canadian songwriter and lead singer of the band of Verona 

Biography
Mandi Perkins was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  She attended UC Berkeley where she graduated with a degree in English literature  Following graduation, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in music while attending law school Perkins toured the country and performed regularly on the Sunset Strip, Silverlake and in Echo Park at such venues as The Roxy, The Viper Room, The Satellite, The Echo and The Troubadour   She completed her first independent full length album, bleeding the line    , in 2007 with producer Warren Huart She then began working with music producer Jeff Rosen, who introduced her to executives at Sony Music, which signed her to a record deal  Mandi immediately began work on her major label debut album, Alice in No Man's Land  All the lyrics on Alice in No Man's Land were written by Perkins and the album was produced by Warren Huart and mixed by Michael Brauer  After the collapse of the RCA Victor label and the firing of her label head, Alice in No Man's Land only saw a limited digital release 
In the first half of 2009, Perkins played the South by Southwest festival and did a club tour in the United States  Perkins asked for a release from her contract with Sony in June 2009 and started a new band named of Verona in July 2011 

Discography
Passage 7:
Teeter Sperber
Teeter Sperber is an American singer-songwriter  She was the lead singer of Ley Royal Scam, and the lead singer of the electropop group Ladybirds  She has also appeared on two Fairmont albums 

Background
In 2005, Sperber fronted the band Ley Royal Scam, a pop-act that included keyboardist Tyler Pursel  That year they played the Bamboozle festival, opening several shows for Taking Back Sunday  Ley Royal Scam self-released two demos, titled Pregnancy Scare and Sophomore Slump  The band separated later that year, leaving Pursel to pursue work touring as keyboardist with rap rock group Gym Class Heroes After the separation of Ley Royal Scam, Sperber relocated to Oregon for "introspection and recharging", but was contacted in 2006 by former bandmate Pursel who was working on the East Coast of the United States, to appear on an upcoming project  Initially, Sperber was asked to sing for one track, but subsequent work led them to write and record together exclusively for the project, making Sperber the lead singer of Ladybirds  Pursel and Sperber met at a Creep Records basement studio in Pennsylvania to finish the recording of Regional Community Theater in January 2007  It was released by Creep Records on September 18, 2007, and was digitally reissued by Mint 400 Records on July 5, 2011  The album received mixed to positive reviews from critics 
Prior to joining Ley Royal Scam, Sperber worked at a summer snowboard camp  Transitioning into music, she did A&R and publicist work for Virgin Records, and worked for MerchDirect  In 2007, she sang on the Intramural song "Impairment Begins with the First Drink", from the album This Is a Landslide by former Desaparecidos guitarist Denver Dalley  Later that year, Sperber was also a guest vocalist on the Fairmont album Wait & Hope, and again in their 2008 release Transcendence  In 2011, Sperber and Neil Sabatino of Fairmont joined to record as Mergers & Acquisitions, releasing an electro-pop EP, Grape Soda 

Discography
Albums
Regional Community Theater (2007) as Ladybirds
Grape Soda (2011) as Mergers and Acquisitions

EPs
Pregnancy Scare (2005) as Ley Royal Scam
Sophomore Slump (2005) as Ley Royal Scam

Songs
"Impairment Begins with the First Drink" (2007) by Intramural with Denver Dalley
Passage 8:
Timir Biswas
Timir Biswas (Bengali: তিমির বিশ্বাস; born 20 November 1982) is an Indian playback singer of both Bengali and Hindi films   He also the lead singer of the band Fakira  He originates from Sreepally, Asansol, West Bengal and belongs to a Bengali family 

Early life
Timir was born on 20 November 1982 to parents Swapan Biswas and Sukla Biswas  His father Swapan Biswas is a theatre actor and a bank employee  Timir completed his education from Subhas Pally Vidya Niketan and then joined Raghunathpur College, Purulia with economics 
Timir has never taken any formal training in music  When he was four to five years old he used to sing the ad jingles shown on television  On seeing this his mother took him to her Guruji, but Timir's singing was not encouraged  It was said that he could never sing with such a voice Then on the first day of college, he first sang publicly when he was asked to do so by some of his seniors  Everyone liked it  And then this became a daily routine  From then he started singing  He has learnt music by listening to songs  He used to go to many music persons with his compositions and lyrics but no one encouraged him  Then he got a chance to open a gig for a concert of Nachiketa Chakraborty  His performance was praised by Nachiketa  Then he formed and joined the band Muzik Street  After few small gigs, they got selected for Band-e-mataram  Chandrabindoo's Anindya and Upal were the mentor of Muzik Street in the event  Later Upal called up Timir to sing for the film 033  Since then, he took up music as a profession 

Muzik Street
Timir was one of the founding members of the Asansol-based band Muzik Street  He initially played the keyboard, and later as a vocalist  Later he left the band and shifted to Kolkata  Muzik Street brought the band revolution in Asansol  Timir, for his unique voice got noticed by several music directors  It was during this time that he did his first solo playback under the music direction of Chandrabindoo for the song "Onnyo Kothao Chol" of the movie 033  Later he got his wide fame and popularity when under the music direction of Jeet Ganguly, he along with Rana Mazumdar sang the title track of the movie "Dui Prithibi"  Thereafter he got numerous offers for playback 

Fakira
After leaving Muzik Street, Timir shifted to Kolkata owing to the various offers for playback and other solo works as it was difficult for him to continue working from Asansol  There he met with one of his friend from Asansol, guitarist, composer and a member of the band Desh, Chayan Chakraborty  Their alike interest in Folk Music led them into working more with folk songs  Gradually Abhinaba, Kunaal and the famous percussionist, drummer Bunty joined them to form the band Fakira  They are currently working with Bengali folks and has plans to work on root music round the globe 
The current line up is :

Timir Biswas: Vocals and Keyboard
Chayan Chakraborty: Guitar and Backing Vocals
Apurba Das: Guitar
Kunaal Biswas: Bass and Backing Vocals
Avirup Das (Bunty): Drums and PercussionAfter visiting various ashrams and akhras they have started their research in folk songs and have blended them with elements of rock  Some of their folk arrangements has already gained immense popularity online  Some of them are Chander Gaye Chand, Nizamuddin Auliya, Tyangra, Golemale Pirit, Somoy Gele Shadhon, and Bhromor Koyo Giya  They have toured Bangladesh to feature in an Eid Special 4-hour-long episode of Air Wick Phono Live Studio Concert in ETV  Other than this they have performed at various college fests and other notable social events  Timir, Chayan and Abhinaba have also worked for music of the 4th Bell Theaters production 15 Minutes To Fame & Nobel Chor  In 2013 October, Fakira went international and performed at Hartford, Columbus, Tampa and Chicago In July 2015, Fakira featured in Caller Gaan in Desh TV, a popular TV channel of Bangladesh 

Itorpona
Fakira released their debut album Itorpona on 6 September 2014 at Story, Elgin Road, Kolkata marked by the gracious presence of Sayani Datta, Sujoyprasad Chattopadhyay, Satrajit Sen, Aakash Fakir and Armaan Fakir  The album released under the banner of Inreco and Major 7th consists of 8 tracks written by Lalon Fakir, Radharomon, Hasan and others  The song titled Somoy Gele Shadhon is a tribute to Pink Floyd and is a bridge between Lalon and Pink Floyd  Itorpona has won the Special Jury Award in Mirchi Music Awards Bangla, 2015  The album contains the following tracks:

Bhromor Koyo Giya
Paal Tule De
Itorpona
Somoy Gele Shadhon
Chander Gaye Chand Legeche
Nizammuddin Auliya
Opaar
Sob Loke Koy Lalon

Hare Krishno
The band has recently announced on social media that they have started working on their second album which is to be titled Hare Krishno  Recordings have reportedly begun for the album at Yash Raj Film Studios Mumbai 
Also, the band is coming up with two singles - Krishno Premer Pora Deho and Ami Shudhu Roinu baki which will be releasing soon  As per the band, the recordings have been done  As of now, the post production works are being carried out 

Playback & Television
Timir because of his unique quality of voice, got noted by music directors quite early  Jeet Ganguly in an interview said that Timir is the Bryan Adams of Bengal  After "onnyo kothao chol" from 033, music by Chandrabindoo and "Dui Prithibi" from Dui Prithibi, Music by Jeet Ganguly, Timir has also sung for music directors like Indradeep Dasgupta, Joy Sarkar  He has recently made his Bollywood debut in the film 'Khajoor Pe Atke' directed by Harsh ChhayaTimir Biswas has also been featured in Zee Bangla Cinema Song connection and has been accredited for the maximum number of songs in the show 

Timir Biswas Live (TBL)
On 17 June 2015 Timir for the first time went solo on stage  On the eve of the anniversary celebration of 4th Bell Theaters, the theatre group organized the show Timir Biswas Live (TBL) at Gyan Manch  It was the first time where Timir performed his playback numbers live in a concert  The show witnessed many popular faces of the Bengali film and music industry viz  Chaitali Dasgupta, Ujjaini, Satadal and Gabu  Praises showered in for Timir post the show  
Henceforth TBL has been immensely popular and has performed in numerous concerts in college fests etc 
Timir Biswas Live features:

Timir Biswas - Vocals & Guitar
Chayan Chakraborty - Lead Guitar
Sagar Chatterjee - Lead Guitar
Mohul Chakraborty (Dodo) - Bass Guitar
Rahul - Keyboard
Appu - Drums

Ondho Premik
Timir, after posting a series of 17 social media posts containing couplets of lyrics, announced that Ondho Premik his first Solo album would be coming soon to the audience  On 3 August, Timir revealed the details about the album on social media  Ondho Premik as  cited by Timir is supposed to contain 6 love stories in form of 6 songs  The lyrics are penned by Rajib Chakraborty  Ashu-Abhishek composed the music for the album 
Ashu-Abhishek (a well known music director duo) and Timir have known each other for four years and have worked on various projects including Zee Bangla Song Connection, but almost all of them were client based  However, all of them had an urge to work on an album independently, with their own understanding and expression of music  However, things kept on getting pushed and nothing was actually taking shape  They had initially arranged many sittings to discuss the same, but little did anything fruitful turn out 
The entire team of Ondho Premik first got together for a show called Poetry on Celluloid hosted by a popular RJ of Kolkata, Raja Das  They created a song titled Bhalobashar Jawr (penned by Rajib Chakraborty) for that show  With this song, they realized that Bhalobashar Jawr was the kind of songs that they actually wanted to work on  With this, the decision to work on an album together, was taken unanimously  They decided to meet at Rajib's place 
As usual, like the earlier meetings, Ashu and Timir were not aware of what was going to take shape from this meeting  Abhishek was out of town when this meeting took place  However, at the meeting they find out that Rajib has already written 8 songs for the album and all of them were production ready content  At this point of time, other members of the team became serious and work on the album began 
Yet Ondho Premik was not progressing ahead as Ashu-Abhishek were stuck in their other projects  Finally one fine night, accompanied by heavy downpour, the duo created the first track of the album Bandhobi Mon  Henceforth, after various sittings, planning etc  the team finally hit the studios on 25 August 2016 and finished recording on 6 September 2016  The Drums have been played by a friend of Ashu, Vinayak Mahadevan and was recorded by Jonathan at The Sound House Studio in California  The album was recorded at Sonic Solutions (vocals) and Post Production (music), Kolkata  The album was mixed by a close friend of Timir, Shubhodeep, in Mumbai 
The album released (first time for a Bengali album to pre-release on digital media) on digital platforms on 15 October 2016 through a Facebook live session  The album (released by Inreco) release will be held at Princeton Club on 27 October accompanied by a special performance by Fakira  The album consists of the following six tracks:
Chole Bole Koushole
Ondho Premik
Bandhobimon
Niruddesh
Bhalobashar Jwor
Ekshow AathOn 19 November 2016 the Music video for Ondho Premik was released on YouTube by Indian Records Video Channel  The video, produced in association with the 4th Bell Theaters, has already garnered more than 50,000 views  The video directed by Aniruddha Dasgupta and edited and colored by Alok Chowdhury, features Timir, Ashu, Abhishek, Rajib, Chayan, Sagar, Prarthita, Mahua, Aritra, Ritwick, Satyaki, Asim, Shreya, Dipanwita and Kallol  The post production activities were carried out by Kolkata Videos 

YouTube Covers
Timir featured in a number of covers which released on YouTube under the banners of Kolkata Videos HD, 12 Keys Studio etc  His first cover of the song Pyar Deewana Hota Hai from film Kati Patang was released in 2014 by Kolkata Videos HD  The video was eventually re-released by Saregama India Ltd  Hindi music channel "Saregama GenY"  Other covers include Iktara (12 Keys Studio), O meri Jaan (12 Keys Studio), Ei meghla dine ekla (Kolkata Videos HD), etc 

Director and Story Teller
The knack of story telling lingered within Timir since his childhood days  According to Timir, his inspiration for storytelling is his father  Timir ventured into Direction and Story Telling with the musical short film Kichudin - a  song penned by Soumik Das (who also happens to be the DOP for the film) and sung by Timir  Kichudin talks about love and life in old age homes  Timir's father Swapan Biswas plays a pivotal role in the film Following the success of Kichudin, Timir directed another music video/ musical short film for a cover version of the Rabinra Sangeet Tumi Robe Nirobe sung by Timir himself with Rahul Sarkar on the Keys  The entire footage for the film was shot on Timir's iPhone while the band was in Jalpaiguri Timir's third venture is the Musical Short Film for the song Ami Jani Tumi Thik by the band Bad Trip  Timir has written the story and directed film  The film talks about getting over our mistakes and starting out afresh  Timir's father Swapan Biswas has played the role of the protagonists father in the film 

Theater
Timir's father Swapan Biswas has been associated with theater for more than 35 years  He has performed in numerous shows in Asansol and various parts of West Bengal, Delhi etc  Timir, watching his father perform was intrigued by this form of art and had developed a liking for the art as early as his toddler age  Timir too has been associated with theater and stage plays since his childhood  Timir is associated with one of the most famous theater groups of Kolkata, called 4th Bell Theaters for more than 4 years  For numerous plays viz  Noble Chor, 15 Minutes to Fame, Fan staged by the group, Timir has been an active member in producing the music  Timir has also performed on stage for many of the plays 

Discography
DirectorMuzik Street

Fakira (Live)

PlaybackFilms

Television and others

Awards
Special Award for Nabagato Kantho, 91 9 Friends FM Sangeet Samman 2013Special Jury Award for Itorpona, Mirchi Music Awards Bangla, 2015
Passage 9:
Chris Shinn
Chris Shinn (born August 1, 1974) is an American singer, songwriter and musician  From March 2012 to December 2016, he was the lead singer of the band Live  He was previously the lead singer of the band Unified Theory  He is the son of former Charlotte Hornets owner, George Shinn 

Unified Theory
Beginnings
Unified Theory began to form in early 1998  After the initial idea to continue Blind Melon with a new lead vocalist did not work out, Smith and Thorn decided to start a new band  Thorn discovered Shinn on a scouting mission in Los Angeles 

"Chris has an exceptional voice  I was blown away," says Thorn, "You have to like people you're working with  We wanted someone with personality and a voice  He's a fun guy and I was completely floored by his songs "
Unified Theory was originally called Luma, they issued a four-track CD through their website in 1999  After they were signed to Universal Records later that year, they changed their name to Unified Theory after the theory Albert Einstein was working on when he died 

Debut and demise
In August 2000 the band issued their self-titled debut album  While working on tracks for a second album, delays set the band back, and Krusen grew somewhat frustrated and left to join Nickelback's first major North American tour as a touring musician, leading to Unified Theory's eventual breakup 

Brief Reformation & Reunion Show
The band have since announced plans to release a new album consisting of the recorded material for the second album (some of which has never been heard) as well as songs from the Luma period  No timetable has been set for this release  Unified Theory has recently filmed a music video for the song "15 Hits", a song set to be released on their upcoming album  The group played a reunion show on August 4, 2010 at the King King in Hollywood 

Live
On March 12, 2012, it was revealed that Chris would be the new lead singer of the rock band Live  He played the band's dress rehearsal show to a hometown crowd at the Strand-Capitol Theater in York, PA, on March 12, 2012  He toured with the band and performed on the band's 2014 album The Turn 
On December 12, 2016, Live announced that original lead singer Ed Kowalczyk had returned to the band, though no reference was made to Shinn in the announcement  All references to his tenure in the band have been removed from the band's website and The Turn is absent from the discography 

Discography
Singles
Passage 10:
Martin Rolinski
Martin Andrzej Rolinski (born June 23, 1982) is a Swedish singer of Polish origin and was the lead singer of the Swedish synthpop band Bodies Without Organs (now known as BWO) 

Popstars
Rolinski started his music career in 2002 when he made a bet with his friends to go on an audition for Popstars, a TV reality show searching for new artists  He made it to the final group, but was eliminated in the middle of the season 

Career
However, after Popstars in 2002, Martin worked with Anders Hansson, who was in contact with Alexander Bard  Through Hansson, Rolinski got in touch with Bard, and Roliński subsequently became the lead singer of Bard's new band Bodies Without Organs together with Marina Schiptjenko and Bard himself 

Melodifestivalen 2013
Martin took part in Melodifestivalen 2013 in a bid to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest  He sang "In and Out of Love" in the third Semi-final held 16 February 2013  Finishing 3rd/4th, he qualified to the "Second Chance" round on 2 March 2013  He lost his duel against Robin Stjernberg and his song "You", and was eliminated from the contest  Despite this, his song charted the following week in Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart at number 37 

Personal life
He was raised in Gothenburg, Sweden, with both parents originating from Poland  He is their only child and speaks fluent Polish  Martin studied automation and mechatronics at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg  He married his fiancée, Katarina Jansson, on September 20, 2008  Together they have two daughters, Isabella (born 2009) and Maya (born 2012) 

Discography
Singles
Context 3: Passage 1:
La Belle Township, Lewis County, Missouri
La Belle Township is an inactive township in Lewis County, in the U S  state of Missouri La Belle Township was established in 1866, and named after the community of La Belle, Missouri 
Passage 2:
The Great Man (2014 film)
The Great Man (Le Grand Homme) is a 2014 French drama film co-written and directed by Sarah Leonor  It was screened in the Discovery section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival 

Cast
Jérémie Renier as Hamilton / Michaël Hernandez
Surho Sugaipov as Markov / Mourad Massaev
Ramzan Idiev as Khadji
Daniel Fassi as Gradé Afghanistan
Jean-Yves Ruf as Colonel Lacour
Sabine Massé as Sabina
Miglen Mirtchev as Johnson
Paul Massé as Magomed
Laura Arsangereeva as Madina
Issita Arslanov as Issita
Michaël Klein as Directeur d'école
Daphné Dumons as Camille
Manon Gineste as Maëva
Sava Lolov as Dr  Arnold
Guillaume Verdier as Sergent-chef Gao
Passage 3:
La Belle
La Belle is a French term meaning "the beautiful one" (feminine); it is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to the country of France 
La Belle may be a place in the US:

La Belle, Missouri
La Belle, New Mexico, a ghost town
La Belle, Texas, an unincorporated community
La Belle Township, Lewis County, Missouri, an inactive township
La Belle Township, Marshall County, South DakotaLa Belle may also be:

La belle jardinière, aka Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist, a painting
La Belle, a putative 18th century Huguenot outpost at the Falls of the Ohio
La Belle (discotheque), scene of a 1986 bombing in Berlin, Germany
La Belle Dame sans Merci, a ballad
La Belle, a 17th century sailing ship
La Belle Verte, a 1996 film
James D  La Belle, U S  Marine Hero
La Belle, a 2000 Korean movie starring Oh Ji-ho

See also
Labelle (disambiguation)
Lac La Belle (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
La Belle Américaine
La belle américaine is a French comedy film from 1961, directed by Robert Dhéry, written by Alfred Adam and starring Alfred Adam and Louis de Funès  The film was known under the titles La bella americana (Italian), The American Beauty (English) and Der tolle Amerikaner (German) 

Plot
The wife of a rich man learns that her husband has an affair with a younger woman  She takes revenge on him by selling his beloved big car for little money  The worker Marcel Perrignon is very happy about this bargain but when his boss sees the car, he envies him and Perrignon gets fired  This is the start of a number of mishaps for Perrignon 

Cast
Passage 5:
The Great Man (disambiguation)
The Great Man is 1956 American drama film directed by and starring José Ferrer, based on a novel by Al Morgan 
The Great Man may also refer to:

The Great Man (2014 film), a 2014 French drama film
The Great Man (novel), a 2007 Kate Christensen novel
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708–1778), English statesman known as "The Great Man"
The Great Man (play), a 2000 play by David Williamson
Great Man (film), a 1951 French drama film

See also
Great man theory, a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men
Passage 6:
The Great Man Votes
The Great Man Votes is a 1939 American drama film starring John Barrymore as a widowed professor turned drunkard who has the deciding vote in an election for mayor  It was based on the short story of the same name by Gordon Malherbe Hillman published in the November 1933 issue of American Magazine  The plot of the 2008 movie Swing Vote has been compared to The Great Man Votes 

Plot
Former Harvard professor Gregory Vance (John Barrymore), now an outcast alcoholic in a small city, is introduced hitching a ride with the local milkman, who also delivers alcohol to him, after his shift in his current job as a night watchman   Despite his alcoholism, Vance cares for his children, Joan (Virginia Weidler) and Donald (Peter Holden), bringing them up on the classics, teaching them Latin, and having them recite Shakespeare  They in turn look after their father and his reputation 
After an altercation between his children and some bullies, led by the son of "Iron Hat" McCarthy (Donald McBride), the local political boss, Vance is visited by his children's teacher, Agnes Billow (Katherine Alexander), and the two become friendly with each other, especially as she realizes that Vance is a  writer she greatly respected and he reveals that his fall from respectability began with the death of the children's mother 
With a city election for mayor nearing, Iron Hat is informed that every vote in the city is already locked in place, with a likely tie between the boss's handpicked current mayor and a rival, with one exception in one crucial ward—Gregory Vance   At the same time, Vance's wealthy in-laws are threatening to take custody of his children, something Joan and Donald do not want, despite the material advantages that would offer them 
Trying to woo Vance for his vote, Iron Hat offers him a low-level job with the city, but the children are able to raise the bargaining stakes until Vance is offered the post of Commissioner of Education   Vance himself is reluctant to be a party to such dirty politics, but when he demands getting the job offer in writing, he is able to expose the corruption of the mayor and Iron Hat   Now socially respectable and a new man, Vance is able to turn over a new leaf, presumably along with Miss Billow 

Cast
Reception
The film recorded a loss of $10,000 
Passage 7:
Labelle (disambiguation)
Labelle, LaBelle or La Belle is a family name of French and French-Canadian origins  It may refer to:

Places
Labelle, Quebec
Labelle, Nova Scotia
Labelle (electoral district), a federal riding in Quebec
Labelle (provincial electoral district), another, provincial riding also in Quebec
Labelle County, Quebec, a former county
Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality, Quebec
Papineau-Labelle Wildlife Reserve, Quebec 
LaBelle, Florida
LaBelle, Pennsylvania, Luzerne Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
LaBelle, Texas
La Belle Station, Northern Territory, Australia

People
Antoine Labelle
Chuck Labelle
Doug LaBelle II
James W  LaBelle
Jean-Baptiste Labelle
Jean-Baptiste Labelle (politician)
Marc LaBelle
Patti LaBelle

Other
Labelle, a former American R&B and soul group
Labelle (album), the group's 1972 eponymous debut

See also
Labille, a similarly spelled surname
Passage 8:
Robert Dhéry
Robert Dhéry (27 April 1921 – 3 December 2004) (born Robert Léon Henri Fourrey or Robert Foullcy) was a French comedian, actor, director and screenwriter 
He was married to actress Colette Brosset, with whom he appeared onstage in La Plume de Ma Tante 
He appeared on Broadway from 1958 to 1960 in La Plume de Ma Tante, and was, along with the rest of the entire cast (Pamela Austin, Colette Brosset, Roger Caccia, Yvonne Constant, Genevieve Coulombel, Michael Kent, Jean Lefevre, Jacques Legras, Michael Modo, Pierre Olaf, Nicole Parent, Ross Parker, Henri Pennec) awarded a Special Tony Award 1959 for contribution to the theatre 

Selected filmography
Night Shift (1944)
Last Chance Castle (1947)
Branquignol (1949)
I Like Only You (1949)
Bernard and the Lion (1951)
Love Is Not a Sin (1952)
La demoiselle et son revenant (1952)
The Pirates of the Bois de Boulogne (1954)
Passage 9:
The Great Man's Lady
The Great Man's Lady is a 1942 American Western film directed by William A  Wellman and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea  It is based on the short story "The Human Side" by Viña Delmar It was filmed at two locations in Thousand Oaks, California: Joel McCrea Ranch and nearby Moorpark Road 

Plot
A statue is being dedicated to the late founder of Hoyt City, and reporters from around the country have gathered, speculating that "the old lady's going to talk " When the anticipated "old lady" does not appear at the event, they rush to her home  She is centenarian, Hannah Sempler Hoyt, who lives in an old mansion among the skyscrapers of Hoyt City  As she confronts the press who have barged in, a photographer says, "Hold it, Mrs  Hoyt!" She replies that her name is Hannah Sempler, and refuses to answer their questions as to whether she and Hoyt had been married, which as another reporter says, would make him a bigamist  The intruders leave, having learned nothing to prove or disprove the many rumors, but Hannah is persuaded to tell her story to a young female biographer who lags behind  She reminisces about her experiences with Ethan Hoyt in the American West 
In 1848, a teenaged Hannah Sempler is squired by her wealthy father's associate, Mr  Cadwallader, but she is not interested  Hannah meets and flirts with a young pioneer and dreamer, Ethan Hoyt, who comes to her home seeking financial backing from her father in order to build a city in the western wilderness  Her father rejects Ethan's proposal, stating that it is too risky  Hannah, however, falls in love with the young man, and quite impulsively, they elope and head west  The first years of their marriage are not easy, but the couple are happy  When Ethan loses all his money and possessions in a drunken gambling spree to Steely Edwards, Hannah wins back his losses and befriends Steely, who accompanies the couple to Sacramento, California, where they hope to strike it rich mining 
In Sacramento, Hannah and Ethan spend less time together, with Ethan working long hours in the mines  One day, Hannah discovers silver on Ethan's boots, carried from the Virginia City mine where he had been working  Hannah knows she is pregnant, but does not reveal this to Ethan, knowing he would never leave her behind in that condition  Instead she encourages Ethan to go to Virginia City and find his fortune in the silver mines  Thinking Hannah wants him gone so she can be with Steely, Ethan leaves her with no intention of returning 
After he leaves for Virginia City, the friendship between Hannah and Steely grows  Steely looks after Hannah and her twin babies  When Sacramento is threatened by torrential flooding, Hannah plans to travel to San Francisco  But knowing that Hannah still loves Ethan, Steely arranges for her to travel by coach to Virginia City to be with her husband—he will go to San Francisco alone



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the date of death of Maria Isabel De Alcântara, Countess Of Iguaçu's mother?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos
Domitila (or Domitília) de Castro do Canto e Melo (27 December 1797 — 3 November 1867), 1st Viscountess with designation as a Grandee, then 1st Marchioness of Santos, was a Brazilian noblewoman and the long-term mistress and favorite of Emperor Pedro I 

Life
Birth and family
Daughter of João de Castro do Canto e Melo, 1st Viscount of Castro and Escolástica Bonifácia de Oliveira e Toledo Ribas, Domitila belonged to a traditional São Paulo noble family: she was the granddaughter of Colonel Carlos José Ribas, great-grandfather of Simão de Toledo Piza, patriarch of this family in São Paulo  Born on 27 December 1797, she was baptized three months later, on 7 March 1798 in the Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Sé) in São Paulo  According to her baptismal record, her godfather was Ensign José Duarte e Câmara 
The Brigadier João de Castro Canto e Melo was born in the Terceira Island in the Azores, and died in Rio de Janeiro in 1826  He was the son of João Batista do Canto e Melo and Isabel Ricketts, and descended from Pero Anes do Canto, from Terceira Island  He passed to Portugal, setting up a cadet square at the age of 15 on 1 January 1768, named Standard-Bearer on 17 October 1773  He was 21 when, in 1774, he went to Rio de Janeiro and months later to São Paulo  He was transferred to the Santos Infantry line Regiment, promoted to Ensign in 1775 and to Lieutenant in the same year, to Adjudant in 1778; he was Captain in 1798, Major in the same year, and in 1815 Lieutenant Colonel  Later, after his daughter's love with the emperor, he was made Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber and still received the noble title of Viscount of Castro on 12 October 1825 Domitila's full siblings were:
João de Castro do Canto e Melo (March 1786 – 11 September 1853), 2nd Viscount of Castro, Field Marshal and Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber; married with Inocência Laura Vieira de Azambuja, with whom he had issue 
José de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 17 October 1787 – died ca  1842), Brigadier of the Brazilian Army  Soldier at the age of five on 1 July 1792, Standard-Bearer in 1801, Ensign in 1807, Lieutenant in 1815, Commander of the Cavalry Squad of the Legion of São Paulo and in the Battle of Itupuraí, in the 1816 campaign  Captain in 1818, Sergeant Major of the 2nd Line Cavalry Regiment of Vila de Curitiba, then São Paulo Province, in 1824  Colonel of the Army Staff in 1827  He was licensed due to health reasons in 1829  Brigadier retired from the Army  Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber, dismissed in 1842  Knight of the Military Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz in 1824 and was promoted to Commander in the same order in 1827  Officer of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1827; married with his niece Francisca Pinto Coelho de Mendonça e Castro, with whom he had issue 
Maria de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized February 1790; died in infancy) 
Pedro de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 26 May 1791; died in infancy) 
Maria Benedita de Castro do Canto e Melo (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857), married to Boaventura Delfim Pereira, Baron of Sorocaba, with whom she had issue; her second son Rodrigo Delfim Pereira, although recognized by her husband, was in fact an illegitimate son of Emperor Pedro I, her sister's lover 
Ana Cândida de Castro do Canto e Melo (January 1795 – 27 May 1834), married to Carlos Maria de Oliva, Veador of the Imperial Chamber and Colonel of the Army, with whom she had issue 
Fortunata de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 12 January 1797; died in infancy) 
Francisco de Castro do Canto e Melo (5 April 1799 – 21 June 1869), Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber, Major retired of the Army; married firstly with Francisca Leite Penteado and secondly with Lina Pereira de Castro  He had issue from his second marriage 
Jeronimo de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 13 September 1803; died in infancy) In addition, Domitila had an older illegitimate half-sister, Maria Eufrásia de Castro, born from her father's earlier relationship (in fact, betrothal later terminated) with Teresa Braseiro 

First Marriage
On 13 January 1813, Domitila, at the age of fifteen, married an officer from the second squad of the Corps of Dragons in the city of Vila Rica (now Ouro Preto), Ensign Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça (26 February 1790 – 5 November 1833), cited by several historians as a violent man, who beat and raped her, and from whom she divorced on 21 May 1824 After the wedding in São Paulo, Felício and Domitila left for Vila Rica  Three children were born from the marriage:

Due to her husband's mistreatment, Domitila obtained permission from his family in São Paulo to return to her father's home with her children  He arrived back in São Paulo at the end of 1816  Felício managed to transfer his post in the army from Vila Rica to Santos and settled in São Paulo, trying to reconcile with his wife and in 1818 they returned to live together  However, given his drinking and gambling problems, it did not take long for Felício to return with his old behavior, and began the beatings and death threats to his wife  On the morning of 6 March 1819, Felício surprised Domitila next to the Santa Luiza fountain and stabbed her twice, one stab caught in the thigh and the other in the belly  Felício was arrested and taken to Santos, next to his barracks, from where he left for Rio de Janeiro  Domitila spent two months between life and death  When she recovered from her injuries, she had to fight legally against her father-in-law, who wanted to take the couple's children to educate them in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais  Domitila asked for Felício's legal separation but only obtained it five years later, when she was already the Emperor's mistress  Domitila's detractors would accuse her after being assaulted because she betrayed Felício, when in reality, through documentation and witnesses in the divorce process, he had tried to kill her to sell the land that both, with the death of his mother, had jointly inherited in Minas Gerais 

Imperial Mistress
Domitila met Dom Pedro de Alcântara, Prince-Regent of Brazil days before the Proclamation of the Independence on 29 August 1822  The Prince-Regent was returning from a visit to Santos when he received, on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook, in São Paulo, two missives (one from his wife, Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria and another from José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva) that informed him about the decisions of the Portuguese Courts, in which Dom Pedro stopped being Prince-Regent and received orders to return to the continent  Outraged by this "interference with his acts as ruler", and influenced by whose defended the break with the metropolis, especially by José Bonifácio de Andrada, he decided to separate the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 

Domitila was not the only lover of Dom Pedro, but she was the most important and the one with whom he had the longest relationship  Before his marriage, the Prince-Regent had been involved with a French ballerina, named Noémi Thierry, with whom he had a son  During his relationship with Domitila he had other parallel ones, such as Adèle Bonpland (wife of French naturalist Aimé Bonpland) and the dressmaker Clemence Saisset (whose husband had a store on Rua do Ouvidor), with whom he had a son  In addition to these liaisons, Domitila's own sister, Maria Benedita de Castro do Canto e Melo, Baroness of Sorocaba, also had a son with Dom Pedro 
In 1823, the now Emperor Pedro I installed Domitila at the Barão de Ubá street (today the Estácio neighborhood) which was her first residence in Rio de Janeiro  One year later, and thanks to the support of her lover, Domitila was able to have her first marriage nullified  In 1826, she received as a gift the "Casa Amarela", as her mansion became known, at number 293 of the current Avenida D  Pedro II, near Quinta da Boa Vista, in São Cristóvão (where the Museum of the First Reign now operates)  The Emperor bought the house from Dr  Teodoro Ferreira de Aguiar and ordered a renovation in a neoclassical style to the architect Pierre Joseph Pézerat  The internal mural paintings are the work of Francisco Pedro do Amaral, while the internal and external bas-reliefs by Zéphyrin Ferrez Domitila was being elevated by her lover little by little  In 1824 she was created Baroness of Santos; on 4 April 1825 she was appointed Lady-in-waiting of Empress Maria Leopoldina, on 12 October of the same year was created Viscountess of Santos with designation as a Grandee and, on 12 October 1826 she was finally created Marchioness of Santos  Besides all this titles, on 4 April 1827 the Emperor invested his mistress with the Order of Saint Isabel, who was solely granted "to women of irreproachable conduct"  Although Domitila was not born in that city, the Emperor, in an attempt to attack de Andrada brothers, born in Santos, would have given the titles to his mistress  José Bonifácio de Andrada, upon learning of this fact in his exile in France, wrote to his friend Counselor Drummond: "Who would dream that the michela (prostitute) Domitila would be Viscountess of the homeland of the Andradas! What a brazen insult!"  Domitila's family also received several imperial benefits: Her father became Viscount of Castro, her brother Francisco became the Emperor's Field Assistant and the rest of her siblings received Hidalgo precedence  Domitila's brother-in-law, Boaventura Delfim Pereira (husband of Maria Benedita), was made Baron of Sorocaba 
From her relationship with Emperor Pedro I, Domitila had five children:

Empress Maria Leopoldina died in 1826 due to complications caused by a miscarriage, amidst rumours who blame Domitila of the illness and death of the beloved Empress  The Marchioness of Santos' popularity, which was no longer the best, worsened, with her house in São Cristóvão being stoned and her brother-in-law, a butler of the Empress, received two shots  Her right to preside over medical appointments of the Empress, as her lady-in-waiting, was denied, and ministers and officials of the palace suggested that she should not continue to attend court 

  
Emperor Pedro I ended his relationship with Domitila in 1829 due to his second marriage with Amélie of Leuchtenberg  Already since 1827 he had been looking for a noble blood bride but the sufferings caused to his late wife by him and the scandalous link with the Marchioness of Santos were seen with horror by European courts and several princesses refused to marry the Emperor 
The Austrian ambassador to Rio de Janeiro, Baron Wenzel Philipp von Mareschal, wrote to Vienna about the future marriage of the Emperor and the banishment of the mistress: "Emperor D  Pedro was eventually convinced that the presence of the Lady of Santos would always be inopportune and that a simple change of residence would not satisfy anyone; he insisted on the sale of her properties, the which I heard was already provided and on her departure to São Paulo in eight or ten days" 
The Emperor bought the properties of the Marchioness of Santos in Rio de Janeiro for 240 contos (240 insurance policy of the Public Debt from the Amortization Box, of 1 contos de réis), returning to Domitila "in banknotes of São Paulo" of the amount of 14 contos de réis, two contos for the Amortization Box with which she had presented it, an allowance of 1 conto de réis per month put at your order, "at par or in banknotes"  Regarding the residence bought from the former mistress, Mareschal says: "It will serve the young Queen and her court"  It was Dona Maria da Glória, future Queen Maria II of Portugal; that is why it would later be known as the Queen's Palace, as effectively Dona Maria da Glória settled there, albeit for a short period  Later was bought by the Viscount of Mauá and around 1900 the residence was acquired by the doctor Abel Parente, the protagonist of one of the biggest scandals in Rio de Janeiro, in 1910  It became the Museum of the First Reign in the late 1980s until 2011 when it was deactivated and the restoration and adaptation of the space began to receive the Fashion Museum - Casa da Marquesa de Santos 

Second Marriage
Since 1833 Domitila began to cohabitated with the Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar (4 October 1794 – 7 October1857), with whom she officially married in the city of Sorocaba on 14 June 1842  Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was not only a politician but a wealthy Sorocaban farmer: the base of his fortune was the trade in mules, but in time he ended up diversifying his business with sugar farms, cattle and horse breeding  The Tobian coat was created by him  Nicknamed the "Reizinho de São Paulo" (Little King of São Paulo) thanks to his fortune, he held the position of President of the Province of São Paulo for two terms and was elected Provincial Deputy for São Paulo  He ran twice for the position of Senator of the Empire, but his name was never chosen by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil  In 1842, as one of the main leaders of the Liberal Revolution, after his marriage to the Marchioness of Santos and the eminent invasion of Sorocaba by the troops of Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, fled to the south where he was captured  Taken to Rio de Janeiro, he was incarcerated in the Fortress of Laje, located on a rock in the middle of Guanabara Bay  Domitila, on hearing of his arrest, arrived to the Imperial court where, by means of a representant, she pleaded to the Emperor that she could live with her husband in the Fortress of Laje to take care of his health, which was granted 
In 1844, Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was given an amnesty and the couple returned to São Paulo, where they were received with a great party  Rafael Tobias de Aguiar died on board the Vapor Piratininga on 7 October 1857 when on his way to Rio de Janeiro in search of medical help  He was accompanied by his wife and one of the couple's children  Domitila's relationship with Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was the longest one of hers, lasting 24 years, during which the couple had six children, of which 4 managed to reach adulthood:

The Solar da Marquesa de Santos
On her return to São Paulo after the end of her relationship with Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, Domitila acquired in 1834 a vast mansion on the old Rua do Carmo, currently Rua Roberto Simonsen in the city center  The first owner of the property was Brigadier José Pinto de Morais Leme according to documentation from 1802  Previously, on the site, there were two houses that were renovated and gave rise to a single building  Domitila was the owner of these house from 1834 until her death in 1867 
The property became the center of São Paulo society, animated by masquerade balls and literary evening parties given by the Marchioness of Santos  In 1880, the house was put up for auction and was acquired by the local Diocese, who transformed the Manor into the Episcopal Palace  The House today belongs to the City Hall of São Paulo, which has the Museum of the City installed there  Its historical importance is great not only because his link to Domitila but because the property is the only urban remnant built using the technique known as rammed earth still existing in the historic center of the city 

Later years and death
After being widowed, the Marchioness of Santos became devout and charitable, seeking to help the helpless, protecting the miserable and hungry, caring for the sick and students of the Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco, in the center of the city of São Paulo 
Domitila de Castro do Canto e Melo, Marchioness of Santos died of enterocolitis in her residence in the Rua do Carmo, now Roberto Simonsen, near the Pátio do Colégio, on 3 November 1867 aged 69  She was buried in the Cemitério da Consolação, whose original chapel was built with a donation made by Domitila by the amount of 2 contos de réis Despite information circulating that the cemetery's land was donated by the Marchioness of Santos, this version is incorrect  In fact, the cemetery was built, partly on land in the public domain and partly on land acquired from Marciano Pires de Oliveira for 200, 000 réis, which donated another part  After the inauguration, the area was enlarged with land expropriated by councilor Ramalho and Joaquim Floriano Wanderley 
Her grave in the Cemitério da Consolação, as well the two other plots she bought adjoining her gravesite —where her younger brother Francisco de Castro do Canto e Melo, her son Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça e Castro, and, after a recent discovery, her daughter the Countess of Iguaçu, were also buried—, were all recovered in the 1980s by the Italian accordionist Mario Zan, one of Domitila's most famous and fervent admirers; he took care of the deposit for the maintenance of the gravesites for years and when he died in 2006 he was buried in a tomb in front of the Marchioness  Even after his death, Mario Zan continues, in a way, to pay for the maintenance of Domitila's gravesite, because according to his will, the copyrights of his music were destined to this purpose 
Domitila's grave always receives fresh flowers from people who continue to consider her a popular saint  Among the legends is that she protects the prostitutes of the city and, due to having achieved a good marriage and restructuring worthily after her scandalous relationship with Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, she became an inspiration for girls who wanted to marry well  In her grave headstone there are plaques from devotees thanking her for some grace 

Ancestry
Representations in culture
Movies
In the silent film O Grito do Ipiranga (1917), Domitila was portrayed by Luíza Lambertini 
In the Argentine film Embrujo (1941), with direction and argumentation by Enrique Susini 
In the film Independência ou Morte (1972), Domitila was portrayed by Glória Menezes 

Theater
In Viriato Correia's play A Marquesa de Santos (1938), the Marchioness of Santos was portrayed by Dulcina de Moraes 
At the revue No Paço da Marquesa (1950), with the Vedette Virgínia Lane in the role of Domitila 
In the play O Imperador Galante (1954), written by Raimundo Magalhães Júnior, with Domitila being again portrayed by Dulcina de Moraes 
In the play Um grito de liberdade (1972), by Sérgio Viotti, with actress Nize Silva in the role of Domitila 
In the play Pedro e Domitila (1984), written by Ênio Gonçalves, Domitila was portrayed by Taya Perez 
In the monologue Marquesa de Santos: verso & reverso (2019), written by Paulo Rezzutti, Domitila was portrayed by Beth Araújo 

Radio
Dramatization of A Marquesa de Santos, by writer Paulo Setúbal by Rádio Nacional Rio de Janeiro, in 1946 
D  Pedro e a Marquesa de Santos, written by broadcaster Cassiano Gabus Mendes, was aired by Rádio Record, São Paulo, on 7 September 1950 

Television
In the televised play A Marquesa de Santos, aired on 12 February 12, 1962 on the program Teatro Nove, on TV Excelsior, Channel 9, São Paulo, the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Cleyde Yáconis 
In the soap opera Helena (1987), the Marchioness was portrayed by Norma Suely 
In the mini-series Marquesa de Santos (1984) on Rede Manchete, the Marchioness was portrayed by Maitê Proença 
In the miniseries Entre o Amor e a Espada (2001), by TVE Brasil, the Marchioness was portrayed by Rejane Santos 
In the Rede Globo miniseries O Quinto dos Infernos (2002), the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Luana Piovani 
In Rede Globo's soap opera Novo Mundo (2017), the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Agatha Moreira 

Opera
Marquesa de Santos (1948), composed by João Batista de Siqueira  Opera piece in three acts with libretto by Joaquim Ribeiro 
Chalaça (1973), by conductor Francisco Mignone 
Domitila (2000), with music and libretto by Rio de Janeiro composer João Guilherme Ripper, inspired by the love letters exchanged between Dom Pedro I and Domitila  The soprano Maíra Lauter portrayed Domitila 

Rock
The album "Caso Real" (2015) by the rock band Lítera that was inspired by the love affair between the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and the Marquesa de Santos, through the book "Titília e o Demonão – Cartas Inéditas de Dom Pedro I à Marquesa de Santos", by the writer Paulo Rezzutti 

Sambas plots
Os amores célebres do Brasil (1966), from Acadêmicos do Salgueiro 
A Favorita do Imperador (1964), from Imperatriz Leopoldinense 
A flecha do cupido me pegou (1981), from Caprichosos de Pilares 
Mulheres que Brilham – a força feminina no progresso social e cultural do país (2012), from Vai-Vai 
Paixões proibidas e outros amores (2014), from Nenê de Vila Matilde 

Notes
Passage 2:
Maria Isabel de Alcântara, Countess of Iguaçu
Maria Isabel de Alcântara Bourbon (28 February 1830 – 5 September 1896) was the third daughter (fifth child) of emperor Pedro I of Brazil and his mistress, Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos 
Maria Isabel received the same name as her second sister, the Duchess of Ceará, who died in 1828 at only two months old  She was never given any titles by her father due to his marriage to Amélie of Leuchtenberg  Still, Pedro I acknowledged her as his daughter in his will but gave her no share of his state, except asking for his widow to aid in her education and upbringing  He had wished that she be given a good European education like her oldest sister, the Duchess of Goiás  However, the Marchioness declined to send the girl to Europe On 2 September 1848, at the age of eighteen, Maria Isabel married Pedro Caldeira Brant, the Count of Iguaçu, son of Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena  At their wedding, Maria Isabel became the second Countess of Iguaçu  The couple had seven children: 

Isabel dos Santos
Luís de Alcantâra Caldeira Brant, married Maria Luísa Pereira de Brito
Pedro de Alcântara Caldeira Brant
Deulinda dos Santos, married Claudiano dos Santos
Maria Teresa Caldeira Brant, married Charles Collins
Isabel Maria dos Santos, married Antônio Dias Paes Leme
José Severiano de AlcântaraShe died on 5 September 1896, at sixty-six years of age, in São Paulo 
Passage 3:
Maria Isabel Barreno
Maria Isabel Barreno de Faria Martins GOIH (10 July 1939 – 3 September 2016) was a Portuguese writer, essayist, journalist and sculptor  She was one of the authors of the book Novas Cartas Portugesas (New Portuguese Letters), together with Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa  The authors, known as the "Three Marias," were arrested, jailed and prosecuted under Portuguese censorship laws in 1972, during the last years of the Estado Novo dictatorship  The book and their trial inspired protests in Portugal and attracted international attention from European and American women's liberation groups in the years leading up to the Carnation Revolution 

Biography
Born in Lisbon in the freguesia of Socorro, her parents moved to Areeiro, where she spent her childhood and adolescence  She studied College of Letters at the Universidade de Lisboa, where she graduated in Historico-Philosophical Sciences 
After graduation, she took a job working for the Instituto de Investigação Industrial  She dedicated herself to the cause of feminism, taking part in the Portuguese feminist movement together with the writers Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, the "Three Marias" (Três Marias) 
On 8 March  2004, she was made a Grand Official in the Ordem do Infante D  Henrique Barreno died on 3 September 2016 at the age of 77 
The sketch shown here is not a portrait of Barreno but of Maria Fatima Velho da Costa  A 1975 photo of the Three Marias published in The Economist shows Isabel Barreno on the right  
A late-life photo of her appears with her obituary on a Portuguese government site, cig gov pt 

Works
Adaptação do Trabalhador de Origem Rural ao Meio Industrial Urbano (1966)
A Condição da Mulher Portuguesa (1968) (collaboration)
De Noite as Árvores São Negras (1968)
Os Outros Legítimos Superiores (1970)
Novas Cartas Portuguesas (1971) (co-authored with Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa)
A Morte da Mãe (1972)
A Imagem da Mulher na Imprensa (1976)
Inventário de Ana (1982)
Contos Analógicos (1983)
Sinos do Universo (1984)
Contos (1985)
Célia e Celina (1985)
O Outro Desbotado (1986)
O Falso Neutro (1989)
O Direito ao Presente (1990)
Crónica do Tempo (1991) – winner of the Fernando Namora Prize
O enviado (1991)
O Chão Salgado (1992)
Os Sensos Incomuns (1993) – winner of the Prémio P E N  Clube Português de Ficção, and the Grande Prémio de Conto Camilo Castelo Branco
O Senhor das Ilhas (1994)
As Vésperas Esquecidas (1999)
Passage 4:
Maria Isabel of Braganza
Maria Isabel of Braganza (Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga; 19 May 1797 – 26 December 1818) was a Portuguese infanta who became Queen of Spain as the second wife of King Ferdinand VII 

Early years
Maria Isabel, born Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga, was born to John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain on 19 May 1797  She was born as their third child and second daughter  The marriage between her father and mother was unhappy, Carlota Joaquina attempting to have King John VI deemed insane In 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal, and the royal family unwillingly fled to Brazil  Maria Isabel’s mother Carlota sent her eldest surviving son, Pedro, to join his father and grandmother onboard the ship Principe Real whilst Carlota and the rest of her children would board the Affonso d’Albuquerque Upon their arrival, Carlota and her children were forced to shave their heads and wear white muslin hats 

Upbringing
Maria Isabel and her siblings were carefully educated by her mother liberally  Maria Isabel was noted to be kind, balanced and shy, and was much like her father within her personality 

Marriage
On 20 March 1816, Queen Maria I of Portugal perished  Due to this, Maria Isabel’s father John became the King of Portugal and Brazil  On 22 February 1816 marriage contracts between Ferdinand VII of Spain and Maria Isabel were officially signed; they would soon marry 29 September 1816  Ferdinand was 32 years old and Maria Isabel was 19 
Towards the end 1816 Maria Isabel and Ferdinand were married, and then settled in Madrid  There, Maria Isabel was then quickly pregnant  Maria Isabel gave birth to a daughter, who they named María Luisa Isabel, on 21 August 1817  María Luisa Isabel died four-five months later 

Death
Maria Isabel was pregnant soon after the birth of María Luisa Isabel, but the birth was indeed a difficult one: the baby was in breech and the physicians soon found that the child had died  Maria Isabel stopped breathing soon thereafter and the doctors thought she was dead  
Maria Isabel’s sister protested against the doctors' thoughts on presuming her dead  The king, however, ordered a fatal caesarean  When they started cutting her stomach to extract the dead fetus, she suddenly shouted in pain and collapsed on her bed, bleeding heavily  She died soon afterwards on 26 December 1818 in the Palace of Aranjuez, and was buried at the Escorial — the royal site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial 

Legacy
Queen Maria Isabel's dedication and affection for art led her to gather many treasures from the past and create a royal museum, which would end up being the beginnings of Museo del Prado  It opened on 19 November 1819, a year after the queen's death 

Issue
Ancestors
Honours and arms
Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
Dame of the Order of Saint Isabel

See also
Napoleonic Wars
Passage 5:
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989  His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views  The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages 
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F  Kennedy  His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education 
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also  He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs  Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally  He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha 
Passage 6:
Anne Yelverton
Anne Yelverton (1628–1698) was Countess of Manchester and Countess of Halifax 

Biography
Anne Yelverton was born in 1628  She was the daughter of Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet, and Anne Twysden  She married Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, son of Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, and Lady Anne Rich, on 27 June 1655  They had five sons and four daughters:
Hon  Edward Montagu
Hon  Henry Montagu
Lady Anne Montagu (c  1667–1720), married James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 
Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester (c  1656–1722)
Lady Elizabeth Montagu (c  1682)
Lady Catherine Montagu, married Samuel Edwin
Hon  Robert Montagu (d  1693)
Hon  Heneage Montagu (1675–1698)
Lady Eleanor Montague,   (1647-1695) Married to Anthony Haggard (1646-1755) Marriage about 1682 Berkshire, England, United Kingdom Her first husband, Robert Montagu, died in 1683  Her second marriage was to Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, son of Hon  George Montagu (the half-brother of Robert Montagu's father, Edward) and Elizabeth Irby, circa 12 May 1688  This marriage was childless, and the Halifax title passed to Charles Montagu's nephew, George Montagu, by special remainder, on the former's death in 1715  Anne Yelverton died on 21 July 1698 
Passage 7:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham 
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997 
Passage 8:
Maria Isabel Guerra
Maria Isabel Guerra (born 8 July 1955) is a Brazilian former butterfly and medley swimmer  She competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics  She was a soccer player, rocked soccer skillzz 
Passage 9:
Maribel Martín
María Isabel Martín Martínez (1 November 1954 in Madrid, Spain), better known as Maribel Martín, is a Spanish actress 

Career
She made her acting debut at age seven in the film Tres de la Cruz Roja (1961),a film directed by Fernando Palacios  She had a career as a child actress in films like: La gran familia (1962), by Fernando Palacios and El Camino (1963) directed by Ana Mariscal 
At the end of the 1960s, she took more important roles in films like: The House That Screamed (1969) by Narciso Ibáñez Serrador and La Cera Virgen (1971) directed by Jose Maria Forque  She had her first starring role in The Blood Spattered Bride under the direction of Vicente Aranda  During the 1970s she concentrated her work in the theater and television  Among her films of this period are: Los Viajes Escolares (1973) directed by Jaime Chávarri; La Espada Negra (1976) film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta Campana del Infierno (1973) by Claudio Guerin 
After her starring role in Últimas tardes con Teresa (1983) directed by  Gonzalo Herralde, she created the production company Ganesh Films with actor Julian Mateos and from then on she has taken roles in some of their production: The Holy Innocents (1984), by Mario Camus and Moon Child (1989), a film directed by Agusti Villaronga  Her most recent film is Engendro (2005) under the direction of Luis Cabeza 

Selected filmography
La gran familia (1962)
The House That Screamed (1969)
The Blood Spattered Bride (1972)
The Bell from Hell (1973)
The Great House (1975)
Forget the Drums (1975)
Fortunata y Jacinta  (1980)
Últimas tardes con Teresa (1983)
The Holy Innocents (1984)
Moon Child (1989)
Passage 10:
Isabel Bacardit
Maria Isabel Preñanosa Bacardit (born 1960 in Barcelona) is a Spanish painter 

Biography
Isabel Bacardit was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1960  She starts her artistic education at the School of Arts of Poblenou, with Miquel Simó as her teacher, then moves on to the Escola d’Arts Aplicades i Oficis Artistics (Llotja) in Barcelona 
Starting as an abstract painter, she paints on materials she finds in the street: cardboard, wood, etc  Inspired by urban images, she paints using pigments mixed with sawdust and paper-paste to achieve densities and textures  Her compositions are based on primary colours 
In 1984 she is selected for the Fifth Biennale of Barcelona- Young Contemporary Painting  In 1985 she takes part in the First Exhibition of Young Art in Madrid and in the First Biennale of Young Cultural Productions of the European Mediterranean  In 1986 she is again selected for the Second Exhibition of Young Art in Madrid 
With the unexpected death of her partner, the painter Xavier Vidal i Banchs in 1984, Bacardit changes the theme of her work, taking inspiration now from the accidental changes of life  She creates a series of works based on The Disasters of War by Goya and paints proceeding from photographs of accidents taken from newspapers  She also changes her palette, turning to dark and earthen colours 
In 1986, due to the works in preparation for the 1992 Olympics, her paintings reflect the transformation of Barcelona, taking machines and diggers as her main motives 
In 1987 she illustrates the poem Helicón by Bruno Montané Krebs  She travels to Berlin, where she resides for a year  Here her themes are the signs of war, still visible on the buildings in the divided city  She exhibits in the gallery Vendemmia with the title "This is my Silence" 
In 1988 she moves to Mallorca, where she comes in contact with the theatre works of the Polish author Tadeusz Kantor  She creates the portfolio "The right to live in peace", with paintings inspired by the theatre of this author 
In 1989 she takes up residence in Santa Coloma de Farnés (Spain)  In the midst of nature she changes her themes dramatically  Her work finds inspiration in the landscape, light and silence  She leaves her work on the theme of death, with its dense materiality, behind, moving towards watercolours and transparencies 
In 1990 she lives in Rio de Janeiro, where she works with organisations for the welfare of street children, gives painting classes and establishes her studio in the gallery Maria Teresa Vieira  In Salvador de Bahia she exhibits a series of erotic drawings at the University of Fine Arts 
In 1991 she arrives in Chile  She exhibits in the gallery Buchi in Santiago de Chile and lives in Valparaiso  She collaborates with various artists: Edgard del Canto (painter), Alma Martinoia (painter), Ivo Vergara (painter), Cristina Correa (painter), Teresa Olivera (actress), Hernan Varela (stained glass artist) and Víctor Barrientos Ormazábal (actor and theatre director)  With them, she founds the theatre company "Theatre only for Fools" 
She begins her series "Earth, Air, Water and Fire"  On request of the cultural centre Las Condes of Santiago de Chile she builds a large scale sculpture out of papier-mache  and acrylics: "Bird Woman" which is dedicated to the flamenco dancer Carmen Amaya  For the theatre company "Theatre of Silence" she creates the life size puppets of the play "Taca taca mon amour" by Mauricio Celedón In 1994 she returns to Barcelona  She abandons abstract painting and returns to the figurative  In this period stand out:

The installation "Since ever, until when, since ever" for the "Meeting of Street Artists" in Granada 
An Exhibition in the civic centre Can Felipa with the collective "Art by Women", with works based on the theme of the female reproductive organs and birth 
The installation "Shoe-house Zapata"
Poeto-musical actions with Lucho Hermosilla, Steven Forster and Gaspar Lucas with the poem Altazor by Vicente Huidobro In 1996 she travels to Mexico  She meets Ofelia Medina and makes contact with the Zapatista communities in Chiapas, where she becomes strongly influenced by elements of indigenous symbolism and spirituality 
In 1997 she returns to Barcelona  In collaboration with Primitiva Reverter, Judit Bacardit, Montserrat Baqués, Mercè Candó, Caty Fernández and Aina Reverter she initiates the publication of the magazine Adiosas  With the same artists she exhibits in the gallery Espai22a 
In 1998 she works with the Dutch travelling theatre company "Azart Ship of Fools"  She travels and acts on the boat of the company and creates masks and part of the costumes for the work The Pilgrim at the End of the World 
In 1999 she establishes herself in Vilarnadal (Girona, Spain), where she lives for six years in an old mill  She paints and cultivates the earth 
In 2002 she exhibits, together with her sister, the sculptor Judit Bacardit, in the information centre of the Parc dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà and in the exhibition rooms of the Caixa Girona in Roses 
In 2003 they exhibit again at this location  She participates in the European meeting of woman artists "In Via" in Switzerland 
In 2004 she creates the stage design and decorations for the programme "The Ship of Fools" for the local television in Amsterdam 
Since 2005 she lives in Barcelona 

Notes
Context 3:  As the coach crosses a bridge near Sacramento, the river overflows and washes away the coach and its passengers  Hannah survives, but the babies perish 
After burying the twins, and believing that Hannah is also dead, Steely travels to Virginia City to tell Ethan the tragic news  It has been years since they've seen or spoken, and by now Ethan has become a wealthy man  When Steely tells him that Hannah is dead, Ethan shoots him, saying, "He killed my wife " Thinking that Hannah and Steely are now dead—Steely actually survives the shooting—Ethan continues his dream of building a great city 
Steely returns to Sacramento and discovers that Hannah is still alive  He tells her that Ethan, who believes she is dead, has married another woman  Steely and Hannah move to San Francisco and open a gambling casino  Years later, Hannah's father visits her and urges her to "disappear" so as not to threaten the political future of Ethan Hoyt, who is now representing her father's railroad interests  Hannah refuses her father's request, and travels to Hoyt City, where she watches Ethan giving a political speech  No longer a champion of the people as he once dreamed of becoming, Ethan is now a man of wealth and power, participating in corrupt practices to achieve private goals  Ethan sees Hannah in the crowd and they meet  She tells him that she had divorced him, knowing his political future would be ruined by scandal if it were known they were still married  She reminds him of the dreamer he once was  He goes off with a renewed idealism, devoting the rest of his life to helping the less fortunate, even at his own expense 
The story concludes as it started, with the aged Hannah and the young female biographer discussing Ethan Hoyt, standing beneath the impressive statue  Hannah has been alone for many years now  Steely died in the 1906 San Francisco fire, the same year that Ethan returned to Hoyt City, to die in Hannah's mansion  No one knew why he chose to do this, and for some thirty more years Hannah has remained silent about their marriage  The biographer now realizes the profound role that Hannah played in Ethan's life and success, and in the founding of this now great city  Also aware of Ethan's mythic reputation, she kisses Hannah sweetly, saying, "I'm kissing my biography [of Ethan] goodbye " Before Hanna leaves the statue, the old woman tears up the marriage certificate she has kept all these years, saying of his myth, and perhaps their relationship, "Forever, Ethan  Now no one can change it  Forever "

Cast
Barbara Stanwyck as Hannah Sempler
Joel McCrea as Ethan Hoyt
Brian Donlevy as Steely Edwards
K  T  Stevens as Girl biographer
Thurston Hall as Mr  Sempler
Lloyd Corrigan as Mr  Cadwallader
Etta McDaniel as Delilah
Frank M  Thomas as Mr  Frisbee
William B  Davidson as Senator Knobs
Lillian Yarbo as Mandy
Helen Lynd as Bettina Sempler
David Clyde as Bartender
Passage 10:
William A  Wellman
William Augustus Wellman  (February 29, 1896 – December 9, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and military pilot  He was known for his work in crime, adventure, and action genre films, often focusing on aviation themes, a particular passion  He also directed several well-regarded satirical comedies  His 1927 film, Wings, was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony Beginning his film career as an actor, he went on to direct over 80 films, at times co-credited as producer and consultant, from the silent era through the Golden Age of Hollywood  He was nominated for four Academy Awards: three Best Director Oscars for the original A Star Is Born (1937), Battleground (1949), and The High and the Mighty (1954) and one in Best Original Story for A Star is Born, which he won  In 1973, he received the Directors Guild of America's Lifetime Achievement Award  He was previously a decorated combat pilot during World War I, serving in the Lafayette Flying Corps of the French Air Force, and earning a Croix de Guerre with two palms for valorous action 

Early life
Wellman was born in Brookline, Massachusetts  His father, Arthur Gouverneur Wellman, was a Boston Brahmin  William was a five times great-grandson of Puritan Thomas Wellman, who emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony circa 1640   He was also a great-great-great-grandson of Welsh-born Francis Lewis of New York, one of the signatories to the Declaration of Independence  Wellman's mother, Cecilia McCarthy, was an Irish immigrant   
During his teenage years, Wellman often found himself in trouble with authorities  He was expelled from Newton High School in Newtonville, Massachusetts for dropping a stink bomb on the principal's head  He was also arrested and placed on probation for car theft  His mother, who actually worked as a probation officer, was asked to address Congress on the subject of juvenile delinquency  Later, young William worked as a salesman, as a general laborer in a lumber yard, and as a player on a minor-league hockey team 

World War I
In World War I, Wellman enlisted in the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps to serve as a driver in Europe  While in Paris, Wellman joined the French Foreign Legion and was assigned on December 3, 1917 as a fighter pilot, becoming the first American to join Escadrille N 87 in the Lafayette Flying Corps (not the sub-unit Lafayette Escadrille as usually stated), where he earned himself the nickname "Wild Bill", and was awarded the Croix de Guerre with two palms  N 87, les Chats Noir (Black Cat Group) was stationed at Lunéville in the Alsace-Lorraine sector and was equipped with Nieuport 17 and later Nieuport 24 "pursuit" aircraft  Wellman's combat experience culminated in three recorded "kills", along with five probables, although he was ultimately shot down by German anti-aircraft fire on March 21, 1918  Wellman survived the crash but he walked with a pronounced limp for the rest of his life Wellman's air-combat credits include the following in 1918:
January 19: a German "Rumpler" shot down in front of American lines in Lorraine by Wellman and Thomas Hitchcock 
January 20: a German "Rumpler" shot down near German airfield at Mamy, France; pilot killed/gunner escaped
March 8: forced two observers to jump from an observation balloon (attack unsuccessful; balloon taken down)
March 9: fired on a German "Rumpler" over Parroy; plane escaped, but rear gunner killed 
March 9: shot down a German "Rumpler"; killed rear gunner; pilot killed by airman Ruamps 
March 9: shot down a German "Albatros"; pilot killed; plane fell into American lines
March 17: shot down at least two +one[?] German patrol planes; not confirmed as fight took place over German lines 
March 18: shot down a German "Rumpler;" not confirmed as fight took place over German lines Maréchal des logis (Sergeant) Wellman received a medical discharge from the Foreign Legion and returned to the United States a few weeks later



ground_truth: November 3, 1867

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who died later, The Great Man'S Lady or La Belle Américaine?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He spoke at War Savings Stamp rallies in his French uniform  In September 1918 his book about French flight school and his eventful four months at the front, Go Get 'Em! (written by Wellman with the help of Eliot Harlow Robinson), was published  He joined the United States Army Air Service, but was too late to fly for America in the war  Stationed at Rockwell Field in San Diego, he taught combat tactics to new pilots 

Film career
While in San Diego, Wellman flew to Hollywood for the weekends in his Spad fighter, using Douglas Fairbanks' polo field in Bel Air as a landing strip  Fairbanks was fascinated with the true-life adventures of "Wild Bill" and promised to recommend him for a job in the movie business; he was responsible for Wellman being cast in the juvenile lead of The Knickerbocker Buckaroo (1919)  Wellman was hired for the role of a young officer in Evangeline (1919), but he was fired for slapping Miriam Cooper, the film's star and also the wife of the production’s director, Raoul Walsh 

Wellman hated being an actor, thinking it an "unmanly" profession, and was miserable watching himself on screen while learning the craft  He soon switched to working behind the camera, aiming to be a director, and progressed up the line as "a messenger boy, as an assistant cutter, an assistant property man, a property man, an assistant director, second unit director and eventually   director " His first assignment as an assistant director for Bernie Durning provided him with a work ethic that he adopted for future film work  One strict rule that Durning enforced was no fraternization with screen femme fatales, which almost immediately Wellman broke, leading to a confrontation and a thrashing from the director  Despite his transgression, both men became lifelong friends, and Wellman steadily progressed to more difficult first unit assignments Wellman made his uncredited directorial debut in 1920 at Fox with The Twins of Suffering Creek  The first films he was credited with directing were The Man Who Won and Second Hand Love, released on the same day in 1923  After directing a dozen low-budget 'horse opera' films, Wellman was hired by Paramount in 1927 to direct Wings, a major war drama dealing with fighter pilots during World War I that was highlighted by air combat and flight sequences  The film culminates with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel  In the 1st Academy Awards it was one of two films to win Best Picture (the other was Sunrise), although, due to tensions within the studio regarding time and budget overages, Wellman wasn't invited to the event Wellman's other films include The Public Enemy (1931), the first version of A Star Is Born (1937), Nothing Sacred (1937), Beau Geste (1939) starring Gary Cooper, Thunder Birds (1942), The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Lady of Burlesque (1943), The Story of G I  Joe (1945), The Iron Curtain (1948), Battleground (1949) and two films starring and co-produced by John Wayne, Island in the Sky (1953) and The High and the Mighty (1954) While he was primarily a director, Wellman also produced 10 films, one of them uncredited, all of which he also directed  His last film was Lafayette Escadrille (1958), which he produced, directed, wrote the story for and narrated  He wrote the screenplay for two other films that he directed, and one film that he did not direct: 1936's The Last Gangster  Wellman wrote the story for A Star Is Born and (with Robert Carson) received the Academy Award for Best Story  Wellman is credited for the story in the remakes released in 1954, 1976, and 2018  Wellman's work was influenced by his good friend and fellow film director Howard Hawks, with whom he rode motorcycles together in a group called the Moraga Spit and Polish Club  Wellman reportedly worked fast, usually satisfied with a shot after one or two takes  Despite his reputation for not coddling his leading men and women, he coaxed Oscar-nominated performances from seven actors: Fredric March and Janet Gaynor (A Star Is Born), Brian Donlevy (Beau Geste), Robert Mitchum (The Story of G I  Joe), James Whitmore (Battleground), and Jan Sterling and Claire Trevor (The High and Mighty)  Regarding actors, Wellman in a 1952 interview stated, "Movie stardom isn't about acting ability, it's personality and temperament"  He then added, "I once directed Clara Bow  She was mad and crazy but what a personality!"

Innovations
Wings led to several firsts in filmmaking including newly invented camera mounts that could be secured to plane fuselages and motor-driven cameras to shoot actors while flying as the cameramen ducked out of frame in their cockpits  Star Richard Arlen had some flying experience but co-star Buddy Rogers had to learn to fly for the film, as stunt pilots could not be used during close-up shots  Towers up to 100 feet were used to shoot low-flying planes and battle action on the ground During the filming of Beggars of Life, a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio  Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots  During the filming of Chinatown Nights (1929), he sat under the camera on a dolly with the mic between his legs, essentially inventing a shotgun mic 

Awards
Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of A Star Is Born  He was nominated as best director three times: for A Star Is Born, Battleground and The High and Mighty, for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director  In 1973, the DGA honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award  Copies of both Wings and The Story of G I  Joe are preserved in the Academy Film Archive  Wellman also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 

Personal life and death
Wellman revealed near the end of his life that he had married a French woman named Renee during his time in The Lafayette Flying Corps  She was killed in a bombing raid during the war  Later, between 1918 and 1934, he married four additional times in the United States:

Helene Chadwick: married (1918-1923) separated after a month; later divorced
Margery Chapin (daughter of Frederic Chapin): married (1925-1926); together for a short time; adopted Robert Emmett Tansey's daughter, Gloria 
Marjorie Crawford: married (1930-1933) divorced
Dorothy "Dottie" Coonan: married (March 20, 1934 – 1975); until his death; they had seven children - four daughters, three sons Dorothy starred in Wellman's 1933 film Wild Boys of The Road and had seven children with him, including actors Michael Wellman, William Wellman Jr , Maggie Wellman, and Cissy Wellman  His daughter Kathleen "Kitty" Wellman married actor James Franciscus, although they later divorced  His first daughter is Patty Wellman, and he had a third son, Tim Wellman 
William Wellman died of leukemia in 1975 at his Brentwood home in Los Angeles  He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea  His widow Dorothy, at age 95, died on September 16, 2009 in Brentwood, California 

Career assessments
Decades after Wellman's death, William Jr  wrote two biographies about his father, The Man and His Wings: William A  Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture (2006) and Wild Bill Wellman—Hollywood Rebel (2015)  Fellow filmmakers have also examined Wellman's career  Richard Schickel in 1973 devoted an episode of his PBS series The Men Who Made the Movies to Wellman, and in 1996, Todd Robinson made the feature-length documentary Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick 

Selected filmography
See also
List of ambulance drivers during World War I



ground_truth: La Belle Américaine