prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who is older, Space Probe Taurus or Tom Mix In Arabia?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Lynn Reynolds
Lynn Fairfield Reynolds (May 7, 1889 – February 25, 1927) was an American director and screenwriter  Reynolds directed more than 80 films between 1915 and 1928  He also wrote for 58 films between 1914 and 1927  Reynolds was born in Harlan, Iowa and died in Los Angeles, California, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound 

Death
Returning home in 1927 after being snowbound in the Sierras for three weeks, Reynolds telephoned his wife, actress Kathleen O'Connor, to arrange a dinner party at their Hollywood home with another couple  During the dinner, Reynolds and O'Connor engaged in a heated quarrel in which each accused the other of infidelity  With his guests following in an attempt to calm him down, Reynolds left the table to retrieve a pistol from another room where he shot himself in the head 

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Thomas Kennedy
Thomas or Tom Kennedy may refer to:

Politics
Thomas Kennedy (Scottish judge) (1673–1754), joint Solicitor General for Scotland 1709–14, Lord Advocate 1714, Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1720–21
Thomas Kennedy, 9th Earl of Cassilis (bef  1733–1775), Scottish peer, Marquess of Ailsa
Thomas Kennedy (1776–1832), politician in Maryland, United States
Thomas Francis Kennedy (1788–1879), Scottish Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1818–1834
Thomas Daniel Kennedy (1849?–1877), Connecticut state legislator
Thomas Kennedy (Australian politician) (1860–1929), Australian politician
Tom Kennedy (British politician) (1874–1954), Scottish Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs
Thomas Laird Kennedy (1878–1959), politician in Ontario, Canada
Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), American miner, president of the UMWA 1960–1963, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania 1935–1939
Thomas Kennedy (Irish politician) (died 1947), Irish Labour Party politician and trade union official
Thomas P  Kennedy (1951–2015), American politician, Massachusetts state senator
Thomas Blake Kennedy (1874–1957), United States federal judge

Entertainment
Thomas E  Kennedy (born 1944), American fiction writer, essayist and translator
Tom Kennedy (actor) (1885–1965), American actor
Tom Kennedy (television host) (1927–2020), American television game show host
Tom Kennedy (producer) (c  1948–2011), American film trailer producer, director and film editor
Tom Kennedy (musician) (born 1960), jazz double-bass and electric bass player
Tom Kennedy (Neighbours), a character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Bob Hornery

Sports
Tom Kennedy (Australian footballer) (1906–1968), Australian rules footballer
Tom Kennedy (wheelchair rugby) (born 1957), Australian Paralympic wheelchair rugby player
Tom Kennedy (English footballer) (born 1985), English footballer
Thomas J  Kennedy (1884–1937), American Olympic marathon runner
Thomas Kennedy (basketball) (born 1987), American basketball player
Tom Kennedy (quarterback) (1939–2006), American football quarterback
Tom Kennedy (wide receiver) (born 1996), American football wide receiver

Others
Tom Kennedy (journalist) (born 1952), Canadian journalist
Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), president of the United Mine workers
Thomas Fortescue Kennedy (1774–1846), Royal Navy officer
Thomas Kennedy (RAF officer) (1928–2013), British pilot
Thomas Kennedy (violin maker) (1784–1870), British luthier
Thomas A  Kennedy (born 1955), American CEO and chairman, Raytheon Company
Thomas Francis Kennedy (bishop) (1858–1917), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States

See also
Thomas L  Kennedy Secondary School (established 1953), high school in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Passage 3:
Space Probe Taurus
Space Probe Taurus (a k a  Space Monster) is a 1965 low budget black-and-white  science fiction/action/drama film from American International Pictures, written and directed by Leonard Katzman, and starring Francine York, James E  Brown, Baynes Barrow, and Russ Fender 

Plot
In the late 20th century, when crewed missions to outer space have become routine, a distress call from the spaceship Faith One requests its immediate destruction  It has been contaminated by an infectious gas, leaving all crew dead except for its commander (Bob Legionaire)  The mission is aborted and the spaceship is destroyed By 2000, a new propulsion technology has been developed  Four astronauts aboard the spaceship Hope One set off to find new planets for colonization  Their mission takes them past a space platform circling Earth  General Mark Tillman (James Macklin) at Earth Control HQ tells a TV reporter (John Willis) that all is going according to the pre-flight plan 
The crew of gravity-controlled Hope One consists of the pilot/commanding officer, Colonel Hank Stevens (James Brown), and three scientists: Dr  John Andros (Baynes Barron), Dr  Paul Martin (Russ Bender), and Dr  Lisa Wayne (Francine York)  It is quickly revealed that Stevens did not want a woman on the mission, but he is stuck with Dr  Wayne anyway 
Not long into their voyage, Hope One comes upon an unknown spacecraft  Earth Control instructs them to investigate and they encounter a grotesque alien  The alien attacks Dr  Andros, forcing Stevens to shoot and kill it  Radiation levels then rise on the alien spacecraft, so Stevens sets a bomb to blow it up 
After a fiery meteorite storm leads to an emergency landing in the ocean of an Earth-like escaped moon, Tillman takes time to apologize to Wayne for his sexist remarks, which results in a quick reconciliation and a more-than-friendly kiss  While repairs continue, giant crabs take an interest in the spaceship  The crew decides to test the atmosphere to see if it contains breathable air, which it does  Andros then volunteers to go scout the nearest land mass  A sea monster almost intercepts him, but the scientist reaches shore, while his comrades continue repairs and worry about him  Upon his return, Andros is again attacked by the sea monster and, after making it back safely to the spaceship, perishes after confirming that the planet can support human life and plants can grow  The crew confirms this to Earth, names the planet Andros One, and rockets back safely to Earth 

Cast
Francine York as Dr  Lisa Wayne
James Brown as Col  Hank Stevens
Baynes Barron as Dr  John Andros
Russ Bender as Dr  Paul Martin
John Willis as TV Reporter
Bob Legionaire as Faith I Crewman
James Macklin as Gen  Mark Tilman
Phyllis Selznick as Earth Control Secretary
John Lomma as Earth Control
Passage 4:
Mix in
Mix in  may refer to:

A mix-in is some type of confectionery added to ice cream
Mixin is a class in object-oriented programming languages
Passage 5:
Tom Mix in Arabia
Tom Mix in Arabia is a 1922 American silent adventure film directed by Lynn Reynolds and starring Tom Mix, Barbara Bedford and George Hernandez 

Cast
Tom Mix as Billy Evans
Barbara Bedford as Janice Terhune
George Hernandez as Arthur Edward Terhune
Norman Selby as Pussy Foot Bogs
Edward Peil Sr  as Ibrahim Bulamar
Ralph Yearsley as Waldemar Terhune
Hector V  Sarno as Ali Hasson
Passage 6:
Tom
Tom or TOM may refer to:

Tom (given name), a diminutive of Thomas or Tomás or an independent Aramaic given name (and a list of people with the name)

Characters
Tom Anderson, a character in Beavis and Butt-Head
Tom Beck, a character in the 1998 American science-fiction disaster movie Deep Impact
Tom Buchanan, the main antagonist from the 1925 novel The Great Gatsby
Tom Cat, a character from the Tom and Jerry cartoons
Tom Lucitor, a character from the American animated series Star vs  the Forces of Evil
Tom Natsworthy, from the science fantasy novel Mortal Engines
Tom Nook, a character in Animal Crossing video game series
Tom Servo, a robot character from the Mystery Science Theater 3000 television series
Tom Sloane, a non-adult character from the animated sitcom Daria
Talking Tom, the protagonist from the Talking Tom & Friends franchise
Tom, a character from the Deltora Quest books by Emily Rodda
Tom, a character from the 1993 action/martial arts movie Showdown
Tom, a character from the cartoon series Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)
Tom, a character from the anime and manga series One Piece
Tom (Paralympic mascot), the official mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Tom, a fictional dinosaur from the children's cartoon Tom
Tom, the main protagonist from the British children's live-action series Tree Fu Tom
Tom, a character from the children's series Tots TV
T O M , the robot host/mascot of Adult Swim's Toonami action block

Entertainment
Tom (1973 film), a blaxploitation film
Tom (2002 film), a documentary film directed by Mike Hoolboom
Tom (instrument)
Tom (American TV series)
Tom (Spanish TV series)
Tom, a 1970 album by Tom Jones
Tom-tom drum

Geography
Tom (Amur Oblast), in Russia, a left tributary of the Zeya
Tom (river), in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob

Biology
A male cat
A male turkey

Transport
Thomson Airways ICAO code
Tottenham Hale station, London, England (National Rail station code)

Acronyms
Territoire d'outre-mer or overseas territory
Text Object Model, a Microsoft Windows programming interface
Theory of mind, the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have states that are different from one's own
Translocase of the outer membrane, a protein for intracellular protein-equilibrium
Troops Out Movement, campaigned against British involvement in Northern Ireland
Tune-o-matic, a guitar bridge design
Target operating model, a description of the desired state of an organizational model in a business at a chosen date

Other uses
TOM (mascot), three Bengal tigers that have been the mascot of the University of Memphis sports teams
Tom (pattern matching language), a programming language
Tom, Oklahoma
TOM Group, a Chinese media company
TOM Online, a Chinese mobile internet company
TOM (psychedelic)
Tom (gender identity), a gender identity in Thailand

See also
Tom Tom (disambiguation)
Mount Tom (disambiguation)
Peeping Tom (disambiguation)
Thomas (disambiguation)
Tom Thumb (disambiguation)
Tomás (disambiguation)
Tomm (disambiguation)
Tommy (disambiguation)
Toms (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Leonard Katzman
Leonard Katzman (September 2, 1927 – September 5, 1996) was an American film and television producer, writer and director  He was most notable for being the showrunner of the CBS oil soap opera Dallas 

Early life and career
Leonard Katzman was born in New York City on September 2, 1927, to a Jewish family  He began his career in the 1940s, while still in his teens, working as an assistant director for his uncle, Hollywood producer Sam Katzman  He started out on adventure movie serials such as Brenda Starr, Reporter (1945), Superman (1948), Batman and Robin (1949), The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1951), Riding with Buffalo Bill (1954), et al  During the 1950s he continued working as assistant director, mostly with his uncle, in feature films such as A Yank in Korea (1951), The Giant Claw (1957), Face of a Fugitive (1959) and Angel Baby (1961)  Besides his big screen work, Katzman also served on television shows, including The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok, The Mickey Rooney Show and Bat Masterson 
In 1960, Katzman made his production debut, serving not only as assistant director, but also as associate producer, on all four seasons of adventure drama Route 66 (1960-1964), which he would later regard as his favorite production  His additional early work in television production (and occasional writing and directing) includes shows crime drama Tallahassee 7000 (1961), western drama The Wild Wild West (1965-1969), the second season of crime drama Hawaii Five-O (1969-1970), legal drama Storefront Lawyers (1970-1971), the final five seasons of western drama Gunsmoke (1970-1975) as well as its spinoff series Dirty Sally (1974), legal drama Petrocelli (1974-1976) for which he was nominated an Edgar Allan Poe Award, and the two science fiction dramas The Fantastic Journey (1977) and Logan's Run (1977-1978)  In 1965, he wrote, produced and directed the science fiction film Space Probe Taurus (also known as Space Monster)  Aside from his work as assistant director, this was his only venture into feature films 

Dallas
In 1978, Katzman served as producer for the five-part miniseries Dallas, which would evolve into one of television's longest running dramas, lasting until 1991  While the series was created by David Jacobs, Katzman became the de facto show runner during the second season of the show, as Jacobs stepped down to create and later run Dallas spin-off series Knots Landing  Under Katzman's lead, Dallas, whose first episodes had consisted of self-contained stories, evolved into a serial, leading into the '80s trend of prime time soap operas While Katzman headed Dallas' writing staff from the show's second season, he remained producer, with Philip Capice serving as executive producer  The creative conflicts between Capice and Katzman eventually led to Katzman stepping down from his production duties on the show for season nine, instead being billed as "creative consultant" (during this time he also worked on the short-lived drama series Our Family Honor)  However, increased production costs and decreasing ratings caused production company Lorimar—along with series star Larry Hagman (J  R  Ewing)—to ask Katzman to return to the show in his old capacity  Katzman agreed, reportedly under the condition that he would have "total authority" on the show, and as of the tenth season premiere he was promoted to executive producer, and Capice was let go 
Katzman remained as executive producer on Dallas until the series finale in May 1991  Besides his production work, he also wrote and directed more episodes of the series than anyone else 

After Dallas
Following "Dallas", Katzman went on to create the short-lived crime drama Dangerous Curves (1992-1993), which aired as a part of CBS' late-night drama block Crimetime After Primetime, and serve as executive producer for the second season of the action drama Walker, Texas Ranger (1994-1995)  His last work was the 1996 "Dallas" reunion movie J R  Returns, which he also wrote and directed 

Personal life and death
Katzman fathered his first child, Gary Katzman, with Eileen Leener (1929-2019)  Katzman did not raise his first child and left his mother when he was 4 years old  The child was eventually adopted and took the surname Klein  Through Gary Klein, Katzman is the biological grandfather of Ethan Klein of the Israeli-American YouTube comedy channel h3h3Productions Leonard Katzman and his wife LaRue Farlow Katzman  had three children  His daughter, actress Sherril Lynn Rettino (1956-1995), predeceased her father by one year  She played the recurring character Jackie Dugan on Dallas from 1979-91  His sons Mitchell Wayne Katzman and Frank Katzman, as well as son-in-law John Rettino, all worked on the production of Dallas' later seasons  Both sons were also involved in the production of Dangerous Curves; Walker, Texas Ranger; and J  R  Returns 
Katzman died of a heart attack in Malibu, California on September 5, 1996, three days after his 69th birthday, and more than two months prior to the airing of his last production, Dallas: J R  Returns  He was interred in the Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles 

Filmography
Excluding work as assistant director 

Awards
1997: Lone Star Film & Television Awards - Special Award
Passage 8:
Thomas Ford
Thomas or Tom Ford may refer to:

Thomas Ford (martyr) (died 1582), English martyr
Thomas Ford (composer) (c  1580–1648), English composer, lutenist, and viol player
Thomas Ford (minister) (1598–1674), English nonconformist minister
Thomas Ford (politician) (1800–1850), governor of Illinois
Thomas Ford (rower), British rower
Thomas H  Ford (1814–1868), American politician in Ohio
Tom Ford (baseball) (1866–1917), baseball pitcher
Thomas F  Ford (1873–1958), California politician
Thomas Ford (architect) (1891–1971), British architect
Thomas Gardner Ford (1918–1995), Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Tom Ford (born 1961), American designer
Thomas Mikal Ford (1964–2016), American actor
Tom Ford (presenter) (born 1977), British television presenter
Tom Ford (snooker player) (born 1983), English snooker player
Tom Ford (squash player) (born 1993), British squash player
"Tom Ford" (song), a 2013 song by Jay-Z

See also
Tommy Ford (disambiguation)
Passage 9:
Thomas Walker
Thomas or Tom Walker may refer to:

Entertainment
Thomas Walker (actor) (1698–1744), English actor and dramatist
Thomas Walker (author) (1784–1836), English barrister, police magistrate and writer of a one-man periodical, The Original
Thomas Bond Walker (1861–1933), Irish painter
Tom Walker (singer) (born 1991), Scottish singer-songwriter
Tom Walker (Homeland), a character in the TV series Homeland
Tom Walker, British actor and comedian known for his character Jonathan Pie, a fictional British news reporter
Tom Walker (comedian), Australian comedian, mime and Twitch streamer

Law
Thomas Joseph Walker (1877–1945), Judge for the United States Customs Court
Thomas Glynn Walker (1899–1993), United States federal judge
Thomas Walker (attorney) (born 1964), U S  attorney

Politics
Thomas Walker (died 1748) (1660s–1748), Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle, 1735–1741
Thomas Walker (merchant) (1749–1817), English political radical in Manchester
Thomas Eades Walker (1843–1899), British Member of Parliament for East Worcestershire, 1874–1880
Thomas Gordon Walker (1849–1917), British Indian civil servant
Thomas Walker (Australian politician) (1858–1932), member of two different state parliaments
Thomas Walker (Canadian politician) (died 1812), Canadian lawyer and politician
Thomas J  Walker (1927–1998), provincial MLA from Alberta, Canada
Thomas Walker (American politician) (1850–1935), Alabama state legislator

Sports
Tom Walker (cricketer) (1762–1831), English cricketer
Thomas Walker (Yorkshire cricketer) (1854–1925), English cricketer
Tom Walker (1900s pitcher) (1881–1944), baseball player
Tom Walker (1970s pitcher) (born 1948), American baseball player
Tommy Walker (footballer, born 1915) (1915–1993), Scottish footballer and manager
Tom Walker (footballer) (born 1995), English footballer

Other
Thomas Walker (academic) (died 1665), English academic at Oxford University
Thomas Walker (explorer) (1715–1794), American explorer
Thomas Walker (slave trader) (1758–1797), British slave trader
Thomas Walker (died 1805), Irish publisher of Walker's Hibernian Magazine
Thomas Walker (philanthropist) (1804–1886), Australian politician and banker
Thomas Larkins Walker (c 1811–1860), Scottish architect
Thomas Walker (journalist) (1822–1898), English editor of The Daily News
Thomas A  Walker (1828–1889), English civil engineering contractor
T  B  Walker (1840–1928), Minneapolis businessman who founded the Walker Art Center
Thomas William Walker (1916–2010), soil scientist
Thomas Walker (naval officer) (1919–2003), United States Navy officer
Thomas B  Walker Jr  (1923–2016), American investment banker, corporate director and philanthropist
Tom Walker (priest) (born 1933), Anglican priest and author
Thomas J  Walker, namesake of the Thomas J  Walker House in Knoxville, Tennessee
Thomas Walker & Son, manufacturers of nautical instruments, Birmingham, England

See also
Tommy Walker (disambiguation)
Passage 10:
Thomas Baker
Thomas or Tom Baker may refer to:

Politicians
Thomas Cheseman or Thomas Baker (c  1488–1536 or later), Member of Parliament for Rye
Thomas Baker (died 1625), Member of Parliament for Arundel
Tom Baker (Nebraska politician) (born 1948), member of Nebraska Legislature
Thomas Guillaume St  Barbe Baker (1895–1966), Fascist activist and former British Army and RAF officer
Colonel Thomas Baker (1810–1872), founder of Bakersfield, California

Sports
Thomas Baker (cricketer) (born 1981), English cricketer who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Northamptonshire County Cricket Club
Tom Baker (footballer, born 1934), Wales international football player, commonly called George
Tom Baker (bowler) (born 1954), American bowler
Tom Baker (1930s pitcher) (1913–1991), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants
Tom Baker (1960s pitcher) (1934–1980), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
Tom Baker (footballer, born 1905) (1905–1975), British footballer
Thomas Southey Baker (1848–1902), English amateur rower and footballer

Military
Thomas Baker (Royal Navy officer) (1771–1845), Royal Navy admiral
Thomas Durand Baker (1837–1893), Quartermaster-General to the Forces
Thomas Baker (Medal of Honor recipient) (1916–1944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient
Thomas Baker (aviator) (1897–1918), Australian soldier and aviator of the First World War
Thomas Baker (general) (born 1935), United States Air Force general

Religion
Thomas Baker (missionary) (1832–1867), English Christian missionary cannibalised in Fiji
Sir Thomas Baker (Unitarian) (1810–1886), English Unitarian minister and Mayor of Manchester
Thomas Nelson Baker Sr  (1860–1941), African-American minister, author and philosopher
Tom Baker (priest) (1920–2000), Anglican clergyman

Actors
Tom Baker (born 1934), played The Doctor on Doctor Who from 1974 to 1981
Tom Baker (American actor) (1940–1982)

Education
Tom Baker (professor) (born 1959), law professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School
Thomas E  Baker, professor of Constitutional law and former administrative assistant to William Rehnquist
Thomas Baker (college president) (1871–1939), president of Carnegie Mellon University
Thomas Baker (entomologist), American professor at Penn State University

Others
Thomas Baker (antiquarian) (1656–1740), English antiquarian
Thomas Baker (artist) (1809–1864), English landscape painter and watercolourist
Thomas Baker (Peasants' Revolt leader) (died 1381), English landowner
Thomas Baker (musician), composer and producer of musical stage productions
Thomas Baker (mathematician) (1625?–1689), English mathematician
Thomas Baker (dramatist) (c  1680–1749), English dramatist and lawyer

Other uses
Tom Baker Cancer Centre, a hospital in Canada
Tom Baker (24 character)
DC Tom Baker, a character on The Bill
Tom Baker, protagonist in the 2003 film Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel
"Tom Baker", a song by Human League on some versions of Travelogue
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rumbold of Mechelen
Saint Rumbold (or Rumold, Romuold, Latin: Rumoldus, Dutch: Rombout, French: Rombaut) was an Irish or Scottish Christian missionary, although his true nationality is not known for certain 
He was martyred near Mechelen by two men, whom he had denounced for their evil ways Saint Rumbold's feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, and Western Rite Orthodox Churches, on 24 June;
and it is celebrated in Ireland on 3 July 
He is the patron saint of Mechelen, where St  Rumbold's Cathedral possesses an elaborate golden shrine on its high altar, containing relics attributed to the saint  It is rumoured that his remains are buried inside the cathedral  Twenty-five paintings in the choir illustrate his life 

Life and legend
Rumbold is assumed to have been consecrated a regionary bishop at Rome  Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird (c  1590–1635) argued that Rumbold had been born in Ireland  He is also said to have been a Bishop of Dublin, the son of a Scottish king, and the brother of Saint Himelin  He is assumed to have worked under St  Willibrord in the Netherlands and Brabant, and also to have been a close companion of the hermit St  Gummarus, and of the preacher monk Fredegand van Deurne, who, according to one tradition, maintained contact with St  Foillan (who was murdered in the Sonian Forest around 665) St  Rumbold's biography, written around 1100 AD by Theodoricus, prior of Sint-Truiden Abbey, caused 775 to be the traditional year of the saint's death  The surrounding areas of Mechelen however, had been Christianized much earlier 
In 2004 a state-of-the-art examination of the relics assumed to be St  Rumbold's showed a death date between 580 and 655 
This would make Saint Rumbold a Hiberno-Scottish rather than an Anglo-Saxon missionary, and not a contemporary of either St  Willibrord, St  Himelin, or St  Gummarus 

St  Rumwold of Buckingham
There has been some historical confusion between Rumbold of Mechelen and the infant Saint Rumwold of Buckingham, who died in 662 AD at the age of 3 days  The latter has become referred to as Romwold, Rumwald, Runwald, Rumbald, or Rumbold  A compilation of three saints' lives as translated by Rosalind Love mentioned that on 15th-century records in Salisbury, an unknown author 'corrected' the attribution as "martyr" (possibly the Rumbold murdered in Mechelen) by annotating "confessor" (fitting in the miraculous infant Rumwold who was not a martyr)  Also, the original dedication of churches to a St  Rumbold in Northern England appears uncertain 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Nayelly Hernández
Nayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player  She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships  Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour  Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player  She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010 

Career
Nayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement 
Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games  In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event  She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016 
Passage 3:
Nizar al-Mustafa
Abu Mansur Nizar ibn al-Mustansir (Arabic: أبو منصور نزار بن المستنصر, romanized: Abū Manṣūr Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir; 1045–1095) was a Fatimid prince, and the oldest son of the eighth Fatimid caliph and eighteenth Isma'ili imam, al-Mustansir  When his father died in December 1094, the powerful vizier, al-Afdal Shahanshah, raised Nizar's younger brother al-Musta'li to the throne in Cairo, bypassing the claims of Nizar and other older sons of al-Mustansir  Nizar escaped Cairo, rebelled and seized Alexandria, where he reigned as caliph with the regnal name al-Mustafa li-Din Allah (Arabic: المصطفى لدين الله, romanized: al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh)  In late 1095 he was defeated and taken prisoner to Cairo, where he was executed by immurement 
During the 12th century, some of Nizar's actual or claimed descendants tried, without success, to seize the throne from the Fatimid caliphs  Many Isma'ilis, especially in Persia, rejected al-Musta'li's imamate and considered Nizar as the rightful imam  As a result, they split off from the Fatimid regime and founded the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, with their own line of imams who claimed descent from Nizar  This line continues to this day in the person of the Aga Khan 

Life
Nizar was born on 26 September 1045 (5 Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal 437 A H ) to the ruling Fatimid imam–caliph, al-Mustansir (r  1036–1094)  At that time, al-Mustansir was around 15 years old and had already been on the throne for ten years  Nizar was most likely the eldest son of the caliph, although another son named Abu Abdallah is sometimes listed as the senior of al-Mustansir's sons In the late 1060s, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a profound crisis, with the advance of the Seljuk Turks from the east threatening its hold over Syria, and protracted clashes between the Fatimid army's Turkish and black African troops in Egypt leading to the breakdown of the central government and widespread famine and anarchy  In about 1068, as internal turmoil threatened the dynasty with collapse, al-Mustansir dispersed his sons throughout his territories as a safeguard, keeping only an unnamed underage son close to him  The account by the Mamluk-era historian al-Maqrizi says that Abu Abdallah and Abu Ali were to go to Acre to join the army of the commander Badr al-Jamali; Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad (father of the Caliph al-Hafiz) to Ascalon; while another, unnamed but underage son, remained in Cairo  Nizar is not mentioned by al-Maqrizi, but he was very likely included in this measure, and the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya, a proclamation issued in 1122 by Caliph al-Amir (r  1101–1130), claims that he was sent to the port of Damietta  This dispersal of the Fatimid princes lasted at least until Badr al-Jamali assumed power in 1073 as vizier and quasi-dictator and restored order in Egypt 

Disputed succession
As the oldest son, Nizar was apparently considered to be his father's most likely successor, as was the custom; indeed, historians often state that Nizar had been his father's designated successor  However, no formal designation of Nizar as heir seems to have taken place by the time of al-Mustansir's death in December 1094 Al-Maqrizi writes that this was due to the machinations of Badr's son al-Afdal Shahanshah, who had succeeded his father to the vizierate in June 1094  According to al-Maqrizi, a deep-seated enmity existed between al-Afdal and Nizar  An anecdote tells how al-Afdal had once tried to enter the palace on horseback—a privilege reserved for the caliph—whereupon Nizar yelled at him to dismount and called him a "dirty Armenian"  Since then, the two had been bitter enemies, with al-Afdal obstructing Nizar's activities and demoting his servants, while at the same time winning the army's commanders over to his cause  Only one of them, the Berber Muhammad ibn Masal al-Lukki, is said to have remained loyal to Nizar, because he had promised to appoint him vizier instead of al-Afdal According to al-Maqrizi, al-Afdal pressured al-Mustansir to prevent Nizar's public nomination as heir, and when the caliph died, al-Afdal raised a much younger half-brother of Nizar, al-Musta'li, to the throne and the imamate  Al-Musta'li, who had shortly before married al-Afdal's sister, was completely dependent on al-Afdal for his accession  This made him a compliant figurehead who was unlikely to threaten al-Afdal's recent, and therefore as yet fragile, hold on power In order to defend al-Musta'li's succession and counter the claims of Nizar's partisans, al-Mu'stali's son and successor, al-Amir, issued the al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya  This document puts a different spin on the dispersal of the princes: supposedly, they were sent away in order of importance, with those closest to Cairo (and thus the caliph himself) being the highest in rank  Modern historians point out that this was a deliberately misconstrued argument, as the princes were sent away for their protection  According to the historian Paul E  Walker, sending Abu Abdallah to the strong army of Badr al-Jamali was, if anything, an indication of his high importance and of his father's desire to keep him safe  At the same time, the unidentified underage son left in Cairo was clearly not al-Musta'li, who had not even been born yet  Walker identifies the unnamed prince with Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad, whose birth had been publicly announced in 1060  That prince had likely died in the meantime, as the future al-Musta'li, born in 1074, was given the same name The al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya and other accounts further assert the legitimacy of al-Musta'li's accession by reporting stories that on the wedding banquet of al-Musta'li, or on his deathbed, al-Mustansir had chosen him as his heir, and that one of al-Mustansir's sisters is said to have been called to him privately and received al-Musta'li's nomination as a bequest  Modern historians, such as Farhad Daftary, believe these stories to be most likely attempts to justify and retroactively legitimize what was in effect a coup d'état by al-Afdal However, al-Maqrizi also includes a different narrative that casts doubt on whether al-Afdal's move was really a carefully prepared coup  When al-Afdal summoned three of al-Mustansir's sons—Nizar, Abdallah, and Isma'il, apparently the most prominent among the caliph's progeny—to the palace to do homage to al-Musta'li, who had been seated on the throne, they each refused  Not only did they reject al-Musta'li, but each of them claimed that al-Mustansir had chosen him as his successor  Nizar claimed that he had a written document to this effect  This refusal apparently took al-Afdal completely by surprise  The brothers were allowed to leave the palace; but while Abdallah and Isma'il made for a nearby mosque, Nizar immediately fled Cairo  To add to the confusion, having learned of al-Mustansir's passing, Baraqat, the chief missionary (da'i) of Cairo (the head of the Isma'ili religious establishment) proclaimed Abdallah as caliph with the regnal name al-Muwaffaq  However, al-Afdal soon regained control  Baraqat was arrested (and later executed), Abdallah and Isma'il were placed under surveillance and eventually publicly acknowledged al-Musta'li  A grand assembly of officials was held, which acclaimed al-Musta'li as imam and caliph 

Rebellion and death
In the meantime, Nizar fled to Alexandria with a few followers  The local governor, a Turk named Nasr al-Dawla Aftakin, opposed al-Afdal, so Nizar was quickly able to gain his support  He also won over the local judge (qadi), the inhabitants and the surrounding Arab tribes to his cause  He then rose in revolt and proclaimed himself imam and caliph with the title of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah ('the Chosen One for God's Religion')  A gold dinar of Nizar, bearing this title, was discovered in 1994, attesting to his assumption of the caliphal title and the minting of coinage with it  According to Walker, the speed with which Nizar gained support, and some other stories narrated in al-Maqrizi, suggest the existence of a relatively large faction that expected or wanted him to succeed al-Mustansir Nizar's revolt was initially successful: al-Afdal's attack on Alexandria in February 1095 was easily repulsed, and Nizar's forces raided up to the outskirts of Cairo  Over the next months, however, al-Afdal managed to win back the allegiance of the Arab tribes with bribes and gifts  Weakened, Nizar's forces were pushed back to Alexandria, which was placed under siege  In November, Nizar's military commander Ibn Masal abandoned the city, taking most of the remaining treasure with him  This forced Aftakin and Nizar to surrender against a guarantee of their safety (aman)  Both were taken back to Cairo, where Nizar was immured and Aftakin was executed  The details or exact date of Nizar's death are unknown In a surviving letter sent to the Isma'ili Yemeni queen Arwa al-Sulayhi announcing his accession, al-Musta'li gives the "official" version of events as follows: Like the other sons of al-Mustansir, Nizar had at first accepted his imamate and paid him homage, before being moved by greed and envy to revolt  The events up to the capitulation of Alexandria are reported in some detail, but nothing is mentioned of Nizar's fate or that of Aftakin 

Nizari schism
Problems with succession arrangements had emerged before, but al-Musta'li's accession was the first time that rival members of the Fatimid dynasty had actually fought over the throne  Given the pivotal role of the imam in the Isma'ili faith, this was of momentous importance: the issue of succession was not merely a matter of political intrigue, but also intensely religious  In the words of the modern pioneer of Isma'ili studies, Samuel Miklos Stern, "on it depended the continuity of institutional religion as well as the personal salvation of the believer"  To the Isma'ili faithful, writes Stern, it was "not so much the person of the claimant that weighed with his followers; they were not moved by any superior merits of Nizar as a ruler [   ] it was the divine right personified in the legitimate heir that counted" As a result, the events of 1094–1095 caused a bitter and permanent schism in the Isma'ili movement that continues to the present  While al-Musta'li was recognized by the Fatimid elites and the official Isma'ili religious establishment (the da'wa), as well as the Isma'ili communities dependent on it in Syria and Yemen, most of the Isma'ili communities in the wider Middle East, and especially Persia and Iraq, rejected it  Whether out of genuine conviction, or as a convenient excuse to rid himself of Cairo's control, the chief Isma'ili da'i in Persia, Hassan-i Sabbah, swiftly recognized Nizar's rights to the imamate—possibly already during Nizar's rule in Alexandria—severed relations with Cairo, and set up his own independent hierarchy (the da'wa jadida, lit  'new calling')  This marked the permanent and enduring split of the Isma'ili movement into rival "Musta'li" and "Nizari" branches Over the following decades, the Nizaris were among the most bitter enemies of the Musta'li rulers of Egypt  Hassan-i Sabbah founded the Order of Assassins, which was responsible for the assassination of al-Afdal in 1121, and of al-Musta'li's son and successor al-Amir (who was also al-Afdal's nephew and son-in-law) in October 1130  This led to a succession of coups and crises that heralded the decline of the Fatimid state, and its eventual collapse  In 1130–1131 the Fatimid regime was temporarily abolished by al-Afdal's son Kutayfat, before Nizar's nephew Abd al-Majid, in the absence of a direct heir of al-Amir, assumed the imamate and the caliphate as the caliph al-Hafiz in January 1132  Al-Hafiz' succession led to another schism in Isma'ilism, between those Musta'lis who accepted al-Hafiz' succession (the "Hafizis") and those who did not, upholding instead the imamate of al-Amir's infant son al-Tayyib (the "Tayyibis")  Whereas Nizari Isma'ilism survived in Persia and Syria, and Tayyibi Isma'ilism in Yemen and India, the Hafizi sect, closely associated with the Fatimid state, did not long survive the latter's final abolition by Saladin in 1171 

Descendants and succession
Contemporary sources attest that Nizar had a number of sons  At least one of them, al-Husayn, fled with other members of the dynasty (including three of Nizar's brothers, Muhammad, Isma'il, and Tahir) from Egypt to the western Maghreb in 1095, where they formed a sort of opposition in exile to the new regime in Cairo  There are indications that another of Nizar's sons, named al-Mukhtar Muhammad, left for Yemen, as coins in his name were minted there  In 1132, following the highly irregular accession of al-Hafiz, al-Husayn tried to return to Egypt  He managed to raise an army, but al-Hafiz successfully suborned his commanders and had him killed  In 1149, al-Hafiz had to confront a similar threat by a purported son of Nizar  The pretender managed to recruit a large following among the Berbers, but he was also killed when the Fatimid caliph bribed his commanders  The last revolt by a Nizari claimant was by al-Husayn's son Muhammad in 1162, but he was lured with false promises and executed by the vizier Ruzzik ibn Tala'i None of his sons had been formally designated as successor by Nizar, however, so they lacked the legitimacy to become imams after him  This raised an acute problem for the Nizari faithful, as a line of divinely ordained imams could not possibly be broken  At first, some Nizaris held that Nizar was not dead, but would return as the Islamic messiah, the Mahdi (or at least in his company)  In the absence of an imam, coinage from Alamut Castle, the centre of Hassan-i Sabah's nascent Nizari Isma'ili state in central Persia, was minted with Nizar's regnal name of al-Mustafa li-Din Allah until 1162  No imam was named publicly at Alamut until then, and Hassan-i Sabbah and his two immediate successors ruled instead as da'is, or as hujjas ('seals', 'proofs'), representatives acting on behalf of the absent imam  However, the Nizaris soon came to believe that a grandson (or son) of Nizar had been smuggled out of Egypt and brought to Alamut, and was the rightful imam, living in concealment (satr) According to Nizari tradition, the fourth ruler of Alamut, Hassan II (r  1162–1166), is considered to have been no longer a simple da'i, but secretly a descendant of Nizar and the rightful imam, although this claim was not made explicit until the reign of his son, Nur al-Din Muhammad II  Modern Nizari tradition holds that three imams—Ali al-Hadi, Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi, and Hassan (I) al-Qahir—ruled after Nizar while in concealment, but various primary sources give different genealogies  According to the German scholar of Shi'ism, Heinz Halm, the identities of the three concealed imams are most likely fictional, and the veracity of Hasan II's claims to Fatimid descent remain a major historiographical issue  Nevertheless, Hassan II's successors have sustained their claim of descent from Nizar down to current imam of Nizari Isma'ilism, the Aga Khan 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Baglan Mailybayev
Baglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Бағлан Асаубайұлы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan  His nationality is Kazakh  He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S Z  – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998) 

Biography
In 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi 
In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation 
Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan 
Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Republican newspaper "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda"" 
Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company "Zan" 
Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 
In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree 

Personal life
Marital status: He is married and has two children 

Awards
Baglan Mailybayev was awarded "Kurmet", "Parasat" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan  In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 

Publications
He is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions  He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries 

Research interests
Comparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law 
Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently 

Note
The predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev 
Passage 5:
Khalid al-Habib
Khalid Habib (Arabic: خالد حبيب)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: شوقي مرزوق عبد العليم دباس), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan  His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times) 
Habib was the operations commander for the region  He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere  This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors  According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership  The FBI described Habib as "one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel   Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008  Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile  On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack 
Passage 6:
Eleni Gabre-Madhin
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva) 

Eleni Gebremedhn
Eleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964  She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa  She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French  She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours  She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University  Eleni was selected as "Ethiopian Person of the Year" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times 

Career
She was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)  Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests  Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly   Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce   In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets  Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX    She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that "(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises"      and that the "ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level "In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War  Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition   On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as "deliberately misrepresented"  Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play   The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor  The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her 

Awards
In 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year  Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011 In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact  Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi  That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016 Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia  However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia 
Passage 7:
Fulco
Fulco may refer to:

Fulco of Ireland (fl  8th/9th century), Irish soldier and saint
Fulco of Basacers (fl  1120), Norman nobleman
Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (died 1128)
Fulco (bishop of Estonia) (fl  1165)
Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895), Italian cardinal
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (1884–1946), Italian aviator and politician
Fulco di Verdura (1898–1978), Italian jeweller
Fabio Fulco (born 1970), Italian actor
Giovanni Fulco (died c  1680), Italian baroque painter
William Fulco (born 1936), American Jesuit priest
Bettina Fulco (born 1968), Argentine tennis player

See also
Fulk, a given name
Falco (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Roberto Savio
Roberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance  He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome  He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma 

Early activities
While at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries  After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro  After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism 

Early journalistic career
Roberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company  He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy 

Inter Press Service (IPS)
Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of the world, particularly Latin America  Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries for a European audience 
That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany 
From the outset, it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South 
Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North 
The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making 
IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors 
IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC 
With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services 
Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out IPS won FAO’s A H  Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its "significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children" 
On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries  In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War  The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order” 
Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U N  Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue 
After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media 

Other News
In 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate” 
Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulation media, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation” 
Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish 

Communication initiatives
An internationally renowned expert in communications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world 
Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and the Women’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi 
He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U N  project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries  The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U N  Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 
Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA) 
Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Study
of Communication Problems (MacBride Commission) 
Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) 

Achievements and awards
In 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission” 
He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”  The award was established by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo 
He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013 In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the "Salvador Allende" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship 
He was appointed by President of the Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021  He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021 

Advisory activities
Roberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003  He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000 

Affiliations
From 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay 
After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he was elected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus 
Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas of Argentina suffering from social breakdown 
He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and was elected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003 
Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General 
Until 2009, Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includes thinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield  He is now a member of the Board He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economical and political column 

Films and publications
In 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has also produced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals 
Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with the cultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100 IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency  It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World War and post-Cold War worlds  It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the international community 
In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director 1980-1995, who saved 25 million children

Current activities
Roberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerous conferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders 
Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development 
Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy 
Member of the Executive Committee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues 
Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel, established by the Global Sustainability Forum 

External links
Roberto Savio's stories published by IPS News
Other News service
Roberto Savio's stories on Other News
Other News Facebook page
Roberto Savio's Facebook page
PREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and Articles

The ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own Way
What if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From the Right?
Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debate
Banks, Inequality and Citizens
It is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankind
Europe has lost its compass
Ever Wondered Why the World is a Mess?
Sliding Back to the Victorian Age
Global Inequality and the Destruction of Democracy
A Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling the European Dream
WE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATION
Passage 9:
Al-Mustansir Billah
Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh (Arabic: أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله‎; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094) was the eighth Fatimid Caliph from 1036 until 1094  He was one of the longest reigning Muslim rulers  His reign was the twilight of the Fatimid state  The start of his reign saw the continuation of competent administrators running the Fatamid state (Anushtakin, al-Jarjara'i, and later al-Yazuri), overseeing the state's prosperity in the first two decades of al-Mustansir's reign  However, the break out of court infighting between the Turkish and Berber/Sudanese court factions following al-Yazuri's assassination, coinciding with natural disasters in Egypt and the gradual loss of administrative control over Fatamid possessions outside of Egypt, almost resulted in the total collapse of the Fatamid state in the 1060s, before the appointment of the Armenian general Badr al-Jamali, who assumed power as vizier in 1073, and became the de facto dictator of the country under the nominal rule of al-Mustansir The caliph al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh was the last Imam before a disastrous split divided the Isma'ili movement in two, due to the struggle in the succession between al-Mustansir's older son, Nizar, and the younger al-Mustaʽli, who was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, al-Afdal Shahanshah  The followers of Nizar, who predominated in Iran and Syria, became the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, while those of al-Musta'li became the Musta'li branch 

Biography
Al-Mustansir was born in Cairo on 16th Jumada II, 420 AH/2 July 1029, to Ali az-Zahir and Rasad, a black slave from Nubia  At the age of only eight months he was declared the heir of his father  His name was Abu Tamim Ma‘ad, surnamed al-Mustansir bil-Lah ("The Asker Of Victory From God")  He ascended to the Fatimid Caliphate's throne on 15th Shaban, 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of 7  During the early years of his Caliphate, state affairs were administered by his mother  His rule lasted for 60 years, the longest of all the caliphs, either in Egypt or elsewhere in Islamic states  However, Fatimid power was confined to Egypt due to conquests of the Seljuks in the Levant, Normans in Sicily and Malta, and by Arab tribes destabilizing Fatamid control over Tunisia and Tripoli  Al-Mustansir was considered incapable and as such his court was dominated by military strongmen and his mother's favourite officials, while the treasury was exhausted by factional infighting He had constructed a special mihrab at one of the pillars in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun  Atop the mihrab, his name is engraved along with the Shahada commonly recited by the public in the Fatimid era ending with the phrase 'Ali-un-Wali-ul-lah', meaning "Ali is the friend of God" 

al-Mustansir's court
Prominent Dais/Vizirs of his era are as follows:

Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai, vizier (d  1045)
Badr al-Jamali, vizier (d  1094)
Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, chief missionary (dā‘i al-dū‘at) from 1059 to 1078Moulai Abadullah and Syedi Nuruddin were two Indians who visited al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt  They joined the Ismaili faith under Fatimid Dai Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, and went to India to propagate the faith 

The Ismaili da'wa
During the reign of the Imam al-Mustanṣir, the Ismaili da'wa (“invitation”) was led, in the eastern regions, by Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, who was based in Iṣfahān   
Ibn al-Athīr (a Sunni historian) describes Abd al-Malik (Ibn Attash) as being interested in works of literature, and being a professional calligrapher  He continues by describing him as a clever, intelligent and quick thinker, and an ethical man   
One of Ibn Attash's most notable students, Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ became an important figure and was selected as the ḥujja or “proof” of al-Mustanṣir  This position/rank was right below the Imam in the Ismaili religious hierarchy 

Architecture
Prominent buildings constructed during the reign of al-Mustansir are as follows:

Bab al-Futuh
Bab al-Nasr
Bab Zuweila
Juyushi Mosque

Famine
Between 1065 CE (457 AH) and 1072 CE (464 AH), famine degraded conditions in Egypt from bad to worse  Meanwhile, in 1062 CE (454 AH) and again in 1067 CE (459 AH), the struggle between the Turkish and Sudanese soldiery deteriorated into open warfare, ending in a victory for the Turks 
During this same period, Berber nomadic tribes from lower Egypt deliberately aggravated the distress by ravaging the countryside, destroying the embankments and canals of the Nile  The ten thousand animals that al-Mustansir's stables once held reportedly deteriorated to the point where only three thin horses were left; it is said that eventually al-Mustansir alone possessed a horse, and that when he rode out, the courtiers followed on foot, having no beast to carry them; it is also said that his escort once fainted from hunger as it accompanied him through the streets  As long as the calamity lasted, the condition of the country continued to decline  The protracted famine was followed inevitably by plague; whole districts were absolutely denuded of population and house after house lay empty 

Turkish mercenaries
Concurrently, the Turkish mercenaries had drained the treasury; many of the works of art and valuables of all sorts in the palace were sold to satisfy their demands---often they themselves were the purchasers, at merely nominal prices, and resold the articles thus gained at a profit  Emeralds valued at 300,000 dinars were bought by one Turkish general for 500 dinars, and in one fortnight of the year 460/1068 articles to the value of 30,000,000 dinars were sold off to provide pay for the Turks  The precious library, which had been rendered available to the public and was one of the attractions for many who visited Cairo, was scattered; the books were torn up, thrown away, or used to light fires  At length, the Turks began fighting amongst themselves  Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, the general of the Turks, had invested the city, which was defended by the rival faction of the Turkish guard; after burning part of Fustat and defeating the defenders, he entered as conqueror  When he reached the palace, he found al-Mustansir lodged in rooms which had been stripped bare, waited on by only three slaves, and subsisting on two loaves which were sent him daily by the daughters of Ibn Babshand, the grammarian 
The victorious Turks dominated Cairo, held the successive viziers in subjection, treated al-Mustansir with contempt, and used their power to deplete the treasury by enhancing their pay to nearly twenty times its former figure  Nasir al-Dawla became so overbearing and tyrannical in his conduct that he provoked even his own followers, and so at length he was assassinated in 466/1074  Unfortunately, this left the city in a worse condition than ever, for it was now at the mercy of the various Turkish factions, who behaved no better than brigands  Conditions in Egypt continued to deteriorate, and unabated violence raged in the streets and countryside alike 

Descendants
Using the genealogical information of the members of the Fatimid dynasty imprisoned by Saladin, and contemporary documents, the historian Paul E  Walker estimates that al-Mustansir had "at the minimum seventeen sons whose names we can recover"  Indeed, he suggests that it was precisely the great number of offspring he sired during his long reign that created the succession crisis after his death 

Gallery
See also
Family tree of Muhammad linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams
List of Ismaili imams
List of rulers of Egypt
Juyushi Mosque
Fatimids
Isma'ilism
Nizari
Aga Khan

Notes
Passage 10:
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national  He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team 

External links
Ali Rahuma at National-Football-Teams com
SoccerPunter  “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics ” SoccerPunter  SoccerPunter, n d  Web  6 Sept  2016
Context 3: Passage 1:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 2:
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 is a 1983 American action comedy film and a second and final sequel to Smokey and the Bandit (1977) and Smokey and the Bandit II (1980), starring Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Paul Williams, Pat McCormick, Mike Henry and Colleen Camp  The film also includes a cameo near the end by the original Bandit, Burt Reynolds 
With one of the main titular characters missing, the plot of the film revolves instead around Sheriff Buford T  Justice ("Smokey"), with the presence of the Bandit merely being suggested through him being impersonated by Cledus ("Snowman") 
The film received negative reviews and was a box office bomb 

Plot
Big Enos and Little Enos offer retiring Sheriff Buford T  Justice a wager, betting $250,000 against his badge on his ability to transport a large stuffed fish from Florida to Texas  Buford rejects the wager and retires, but goes through all sorts of mishaps before finally realizing retirement is not all it is cracked up to be and accepting the Enoses' wager  Buford picks up the fish and starts driving with his son, Junior 
The Enoses set many traps, but Buford dodges all of them, so they try to hire the Bandit to intercept him  Agreeing that the original Bandit is too hard to manage, they hire the Snowman to act as the Bandit  The new Snowman/Bandit parks his truck so he can drive a black and gold 1983 Pontiac Trans Am 
The Bandit picks up Dusty, who quits her job at a used car dealership  The Bandit catches up with Buford and steals the fish with Dusty's help  Buford pursues the Bandit, with another local officer who attempts to take charge of the situation  Both police cars are disabled in the chase 
Buford catches up after the Bandit and Dusty stop at a redneck bar to eat  The chase then creates mass chaos in a local town  The Bandit escapes when an 18-wheeler blocks the alleyway where the Bandit sped through  While trying to get the truck out, Buford's car is towed, but he reverses the car and escapes  The tow truck driver chases him, with Junior spinning on the hook  Buford makes the truck flip over, sending Junior flying through the air  Other cars crash into the pile-up 
Buford chases the Bandit in the Mississippi Fairgrounds  Buford's car is thrown up on two side wheels by an incline, but he continues the pursuit while driving on two wheels 
That night, the Bandit and Dusty stop at a hotel called the Come On Inn, where people are involved in an orgy  Buford sees the Bandit's Trans-Am parked there and searches for the fish, which he finds  Buford also thinks he finds the Bandit in the sauna, but it turns out to be a muscular woman who bonds with him 
The next day, one of Buford's tires are blown by the "Enos Devil Darts"  The Bandit retakes the fish  Buford pursues on the remaining three tires, first through a herd of cattle, then through parked boats, then a nudist camp, then through a field where the Enoses set off explosions, one of which destroys the car except the engine, seat, and lights, the latter of which Junior is holding above his head 
The Bandit intends to surrender the fish and let Buford win  As Buford collects his money, he sees the Snowman  Thinking he is dealing with the real Bandit, he resists "the Bandit's" (imagined as Burt Reynolds) attempts to sweet-talk him out of capturing him before Junior (in a voiceover) reminds him of what is in store for him if he retires  Buford and the Bandit both separately come to the same conclusion that they need each other in order to have meaning in their lives and the chase resumes, with Buford giving the Bandit a five-minute head start and with the muscular woman joining up with him  Junior is left behind and chases after Buford and the woman, dropping all the money in the process 

Cast
Jackie Gleason as Montague County Sheriff Buford T  Justice of Texas
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow / "The Bandit"
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Colleen Camp as Dusty Trails
Faith Minton as Tina
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville, The Real Bandit
Sharon Anderson as Police Woman
Silvia Arana as Latin Woman
Alan Berger as Hippie
Ray Bouchard as Purvis R  Beethoven
Connie Brighton as Girl #1
Earl Houston Bullock as Flagman
Ava Cadell as The Blonde
Cathy Cahill as Mother Trucker
David S  Cass Sr  as Local Tough Guy
Leon Cheatom as Guide
Candace Collins as French Maid
Peter Conrad as Midget
Janis Cummins as Nudist Female
Jackie Davis as Blackman #1
Dee Dee Deering as Mrs  Fernbush
Al De Luca as Flower Vendor
Raymond Forchion as Tar Worker
Dick Lowry as Sand Dumper
Sandy Mielke as Driving Instructor

Production
The film was originally entitled Smokey IS the Bandit, and did not include Jerry Reed in the cast   Contemporary newspapers refer to original plans to feature Gleason as both "Smokey" and "the Bandit", and Reed's name does not appear in early promotional materials or newspaper accounts during the film's production   According to some accounts, Jackie Gleason was to play two roles: Sheriff Buford T  Justice and a different "Bandit"  The original version was shot in October 1982  Reportedly test audiences reacted poorly, finding Gleason's two roles confusing, so the studio opted to do re-shoots in April 1983   The Bandit scenes were re-shot with Jerry Reed playing the role  Other accounts indicate that the title was more literal: that Gleason was to play only Sheriff Justice, but the character would also fill the role of "the Bandit", by taking the Enos family's challenge (as Reynolds' character had done in the previous two films)  In a teaser trailer for the film (billed as Smokey IS the Bandit), Gleason appears in character as Justice, explaining to the audience that to defeat the Bandit he would adopt the attributes of his prey, "becoming [my] own worst enemy"  A publicity still of Gleason apparently shows him in costume as the Bandit 

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on vinyl and cassette tape by MCA Records in 1983 

Reception
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 received negative reviews by critics and the film was generally regarded as the weakest of the three Bandit films in terms of both storyline and revenue  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from six critics Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a negative review: "The already skimpy running time of Smokey and the Bandit, Part 3 is padded by an opening montage of earlier Smokey scenes, including shots of Burt Reynolds lounging in a zebra-print hammock  He is grinning, as well he might, because he has been able to sit out Part 3 altogether  What has he missed? An interminable car chase punctuated by dumb stunts and even dumber dialogue, plus the well-worth-missing sight of Paul Williams in a dress"  Variety magazine staff wrote: "The sense of fun in that original is missing and the countless smashups and near-misses are orchestrated randomly" 
Despite the enormous financial success of the original film (grossing over $300 million on a budget of less than $5 million), coupled with respectable (though significantly lower) numbers generated by the sequel, the third installment was both a critical and box office flop, grossing only $7 million against the film's $9 million production budget 
Passage 3:
Smokey Bites the Dust
Smokey Bites the Dust is a 1981 car chase film from New World Pictures directed by Charles B  Griffith   Despite the title, the film is not connected to the Smokey and the Bandit series 

Plot
The stock plot deals with Roscoe Wilton (Jimmy McNichol), a teenage joyriding car thief, evading Cyco County Sheriff Turner (Walter Barnes) and his unintelligent deputies 
Turner becomes even more obsessed with catching Roscoe after he kidnaps his overly-sheltered daughter, Peggy Sue (Janet Julian), just as she is about to be crowned Homecoming Queen during a football game at their high school   In so doing, Roscoe also makes himself a target of other characters, including his best friend Harold (John Blyth Barrymore), Peggy Sue's friend Cindy (Kari Lizer), and Kenny (William Forsythe), a sanctimonius quarterback who is deeply, but vainly, in love with Peggy Sue 
While Roscoe is being chased by Sheriff Turner, Turner himself incurs the wrath of neighboring Knotsie County Sheriff Sherm Bleed after commandeering one of Bleed's cruisers   Turner's pursuit of Roscoe (and Peggy Sue, who quickly begins to enjoy being in Roscoe's company) goes through two other neighboring counties, with Turner commandeering several other police cruisers and civilian cars only to wreck each one in spectacular fashion 

Subplots
Lester (Patrick Campbell), a local moonshiner is looking to sell his "secret formula" to an Arab oil sheik for "a million clams"; the deal falls through when it turns out the sheik brought actual clams instead of money 
Harold and Cindy share a car as they join in the chase; Harold to get his dad's car back from Roscoe, and Cindy to give Peggy Sue her crown   As the chase progresses, Harold and Cindy begin to fall for one another, similar to Roscoe and Peggy Sue 
At a nearby truck stop, a preteen girl is willing to let Roscoe and Peggy Sue steal her father's station wagon (with boat in tow) in exchange for a carton of cigarettes   The girl appears several times more throughout the film, including near the end when everyone converges on Snake Lake Beach in a chaotic free-for-all; watching from a distance, the girl muses, "What, I ask you, is the point in growing up?" 
Kenny's infatuation with Peggy Sue motivates him to chase the elusive couple on his own in an attempt to rescue her; he even goes so far as to run other police cruisers off the road just so he can save Peggy Sue himself   After the fight on the beach, Kenny is eventually "arrested" by the female sheriff of neighboring Belladonna County 

Cast
Jimmy McNichol as Roscoe Wilton
Janet Julian as Peggy Sue Turner
Walter Barnes as Sheriff Hugh "Smokey" Turner
Patrick Campbell as Lester
Kari Lizer as Cindy
John Blyth Barrymore as Harold
William Forsythe (credited as 'Bill Forsythe') as Kenny
Kedric Wolfe as Deputy Bentley
Charles Howerton as Sheriff Sherman "Sherm" Bleed
Tony Cox as Desk Clerk

Production
Though the majority of the cars used in filming had California licence plates, the exact location of the storyline was more ambiguous; film dialogue mentioned the boonies, which generally refers to the Appalachian region, and also mentioned running off to "east St  Louis or west to Colorado"   Near the end of the film, Roscoe suggests they hotwire a boat and take off for St  Louis or New Orleans, both of which are on the Mississippi River 
Charles B  Griffith had made a popular film for Roger Corman's New World Pictures called Eat My Dust! (1976)  Corman wanted Griffith to make a follow up called Car Wars using stunt footage from five old New World films  Griffith wrote a script which he later called Wham Bam, Merci, Madame, which he says Corman rejected  However a few years later he reactivated the project 

He called again and offered me a lot more money than he ever had before  I guess I got flattered, and I went ahead and did it  He had Max Apple in Texas go ahead and write a script around all the wrecks and chases  But Max wasn't allowed to see the footage  It was too expensive to rent a Movieola and send Max prints or anything else, so he had only vague descriptions written down on what the stunts were—and nothing worked  So I made a lot of changes in it, and that made Roger angry  He tried to cut it just to the action of the old pictures, but he couldn't, because he needed all the distribution rights  Then he cut all the motivations and all the character development  It was a mess, a jumbled mess!
Apple later described the experience: "They wanted four or five crashes, of which they already had the footage  It was more bricklaying than writing 
Passage 4:
Smokey and the Bandit
Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 American action comedy film starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Pat McCormick, Paul Williams and Mike Henry 
The directorial debut of stuntman Hal Needham, the film follows Bo "Bandit" Darville (Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Reed), two bootleggers attempting to illegally transport 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana to Atlanta  While the Snowman drives the truck carrying the beer, the Bandit drives a 1977 Pontiac Trans Am to distract law enforcement (called blocking) and keep the attention off the Snowman  During their run, they are pursued by Texas county sheriff Buford T  Justice (Gleason) 
Smokey and the Bandit was the second-highest-grossing domestic film of 1977 in the United States 

Plot
Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette and his son Little Enos have sponsored a racer in Atlanta's Southern Classic and want to celebrate in style when he wins, so they are seeking a trucker willing to bootleg Coors Beer to Atlanta for their refreshment  They find local legend Bo "Bandit" Darville at a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds and offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors from Texarkana (the closest place it could be legally sold at that time) to Atlanta in 28 hours  The Bandit takes the bet on the risky and unprecedented task, and recruits his brother-in-law Cledus "Snowman" Snow to drive the truck, while Bandit drives a black Pontiac Trans Am bought in advance from the Burdettes as a "blocker" to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo 
The pair arrive in Texarkana one hour early and load up the truck, but just as they head back, Carrie, a runaway bride, intercepts Bandit and jumps in his car, unwittingly making him an indirect target of Sheriff Buford T  Justice, a career Texas lawman whose witless son Junior was to have married Carrie  Buford, with Junior along, engages in a high-speed pursuit and doggedly chases Bandit all the way to Georgia to retrieve Carrie and arrest the Bandit, while various comical mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate on the way 
Bandit attracts more police attention across Dixie as Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer, but they are helped en route by many colorful characters via CB radio  Neither Buford nor any other lawmen know of Snowman's illegal manifest, while Bandit is likewise unaware that Buford is chasing him because of Carrie, whose jumpiness inspires Bandit to give her the CB handle "Frog" 
Just after re-entering Georgia, Snowman is rescued by Bandit after being stopped by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle trooper, as state and local police intensely pursue Bandit with roadblocks and a helicopter to track his movement  With four miles left, Bandit, discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, is ready to give up, but Snowman, who initially thought they would fail, takes the lead and smashes through the roadblock at the fairgrounds' main entrance  They return with ten minutes remaining on their time limit, but instead of taking the payoff, Carrie and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos: a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours  They quickly escape in one of Big Enos's 13 Cadillacs as police flood the racetrack 
After passing Buford's badly damaged cruiser on the roadside, Bandit gets on the CB and initially directs him to the Burdettes, but then respectfully gives his real location—right behind Buford, who continues his chase leaving Junior behind, and with more parts falling off his cruiser as he limps off after Bandit 

Cast
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville
Sally Field as Carrie "Frog"
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T  Justice / "Smokey Bear"
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr  B
Susan McIver as "Hot Pants" Hillyard
George Reynolds as Sheriff George Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as "Little Beaver"
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as "Sugar Bear"
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Alabama Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Michael McManus as Trucker "Silver Tongued Devil"
Gene Witham as Leader of The Gang
Susan Sindelar as Motorcycle Gang Member
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3
Sonny Shroyer as Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)

Production
Development
Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million, with Reed as the Bandit  Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, being better known in the film industry as a stuntman  He obtained the attention of studios and aimed the film at a more mainstream release after his friend Reynolds read the script and agreed to portray the Bandit, with Reed now portraying the Bandit's friend the Snowman  Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3, in which Reynolds only appeared in a cameo near the end  At the time, Reynolds was the top box office star in the world 
In the original script, Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey  The Bandit's car was a second-generation Trans Am and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000  Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads  Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read, but that he would still make the movie  Most of the dialogue was improvised on set Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5 3 million, figuring it was a good risk  Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million  With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3 3 million to make the film  Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule "Buford T  Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida  His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often  Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions  It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout the film  In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in a roadside diner (a "choke and puke" in CB lingo) was not in the original story but was rather Gleason's idea 
The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Reed  He gave Needham a preview of the song and, getting no reaction, offered to rewrite it  In response, Needham told Reed that he liked the song so much that if Reed changed even a word or a note, Needham would "choke him"  It would become one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature song The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas  Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64") that Gleason wore throughout the film 
While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze  Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on the air  Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider, and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both)  In return, Reynolds portrayed Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005)  Reynolds is referenced by name in several early episodes of the series 

Casting
Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T  Justice  Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her résumé  Universal executives initially resisted casting Field, claiming she was not attractive enough, but Reynolds insisted on her involvement  Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began on August 30, 1976  The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia, in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro, and Lithonia  The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit) and in McDonough  However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California, on the corner of Ojai Avenue and El Paseo Road  Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity  The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on Atlanta's south side  The roller coaster in the movie was the Greyhound  It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film  It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and in a flashback scene in Part 3  The area around Helen, Georgia, was used for some locations  The scene where Sheriff Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi-truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4 8 km) north of Helen  The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike  Reynolds and Field began dating during the filming According to an interview with Susie McIver Ewing on The RetroZest Podcast, she was picked to play the role of Hot Pants Hilliard after the dailies footage (shot in the Atlanta area) of the original actress playing the role was inadvertently destroyed on its way from Atlanta to Los Angeles  The new Hot Pants scene had to quickly be refilmed as a part of a second unit in the San Fernando Valley and was shot at a drive-in restaurant near Hansen Dam named Baby Beef Burgers, which has since been demolished  This same restaurant was used for a scene in the 1983 Stephen King Movie Christine, which was ultimately cut in the final film (it can be viewed as a deleted scene on the DVD release of the film) 

Vehicles
Hal Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that it would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie  He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans four-door sedans would be provided for the movie  The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends (from 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro have two round headlights and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four rectangular headlights, and the Camaro remained unchanged)  The decals were changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976  The hood scoop on these cars says "6 6 LITRE", which, in 1977, would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non-W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine 
The cars were 1976 models, the engines fitted to them were 455ci power plants, the last year these engines were offered for sale before withdrawal  All four of the cars were badly damaged during production, one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled Mulberry bridge  The Trans Am used for said jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump  Needham served as the driver for the stunt (in place of Reynolds), while Lada St  Edmund was in the same car (in place of Field)  By the film's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running  This gives rise to various continuity errors with Justice's patrol car, which during some chase sequences is shown with a black rear fender, which then reverts to the car's bronze color again in later scenes  When it is finally torn off along with the car's roof in the impact with the girder, the missing fender still reappears later on in the film  The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and in the final scene as the Bandit, the Snowman, Fred the dog, and Frog use it to make their escape  Three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, driven by Reed, were each equipped with 38-inch sleepers  Two units were 1974 models, as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model, as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille, signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business  The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit  This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running 

Legal status of Coors beer
In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma  Its lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors could spoil in one week without refrigeration, explaining the film's 28-hour deadline  A 1974 Time magazine article explains that Coors was so coveted for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives, and Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance  Future President Gerald Ford, after a trip to Colorado, hid it in his luggage to take it back to Washington, D C  President Dwight D  Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted by the Air Force to Washington  Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox would bring several cases after playing on the West Coast, by stashing them in the equipment trunks on the team's plane  Frederick Amon smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price Coors is still brewed just outside Denver, Colorado  It is now sold in all states as Coors ships it in refrigerated train cars and bottled locally and sold in different parts of the country including the eastern US states 

Soundtrack
The theme music "East Bound and Down" was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller  It became Reed's signature song and is on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed "Live!" (Still)  In 1991, it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm  Several other groups, such as the U S  rock band Tonic and U K -based country cover band We Be Ploughin' have also covered it  Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of the Bandit's escapades before the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which is in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack  Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack, as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film  Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack  Five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is prominent toward the end of "East Bound and Down"  The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette, and 8-track through MCA Records 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Smokey and the Bandit was a sleeper hit  It premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, where it performed badly  It then opened in just the South of the United States over the Memorial Day weekend and grossed $2,689,851 in 386 theaters  By the end of June, it had played in major Southern markets, including Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, New Orleans, Memphis, Dallas, and Oklahoma City, grossing $11 9 million



ground_truth: Tom Mix In Arabia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country Nizar Al-Mustafa's father is from?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  It opened in other Northern states at the end of July  With an original budget of $5 3 million (cut to $4 3 million two days before initial production), the film eventually grossed $126,737,428 in North America, making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977 (only Star Wars earned more, with $221 3 million)  The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million  Reynolds said in 2015 that he most enjoyed this film, and had the most fun making it, of his career 

Critical response
Critical reception was largely positive  On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 78% rating based on 32 reviews  The site's consensus states: "Not much in the head but plenty beneath the hood, Smokey and the Bandit is infectious fun with plenty of car wrecks to keep your eyes glued" Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "about as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed"  In his review in the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus reducing suspense  He claimed that the Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him  The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing 
Alfred Hitchcock claimed that the film was one of his favorites  Upon meeting Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that Americans from the region where the film is set consider the film to be less cinema and more documentary  Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28 and was a success there, garnering positive reviews 
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years   100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

Cultural impact
Pontiac Trans Am
After the debut of the film, the Pontiac Trans Am became wildly popular, with sales almost doubling within two years of the film's release  It outsold its Chevrolet Camaro counterpart for the first time  Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film  Because of the popularity of the film and the sales success of the Trans Am, the president of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year  Due to his financial difficulties in 2014, Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am  High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but the actual sale price was $450,000  Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000  In 2015 a Florida-based automobile customization company built 77 Trans Ams modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the film  These new models were built off the same Camaro platform, came with the Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird, and Bandit logos, and the instrument panels, center consoles, and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds  Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-CID (7 4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967–69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977–81 models had rectangular headlights 

Diablo sandwich
The "diablo sandwich" ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film  Though no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities  A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn, and sour cream  Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun  Other sources in East Texas (from whence Sheriff Justice hails) are familiar with the popular regional delicacy known as the Diablo Sandwich  It consists of any of the various Louisiana-style hot sauces on Texas toast-style bread alongside the fourth most famous product of Pittsburg, Texas (behind Pilgrim's Pride, Cavender's, and Carroll Shelby)—Pittsburg Hot Links 

The Bandit Run
The first run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car  A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film  The Bandit Run quickly became a fixture, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special 2017 screening of the film attended by Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by the Bandit and Frog across a river 

Mobil 1 commercial
In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring then-NASCAR driver Tony Stewart, closely based on the film  Called Smoke is the Bandit and playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite commentators Darrell Waltrip as the Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T  Justice  The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products  The advertisements lampoon the film and feature a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down  The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites 

Television censorship and alternative versions
When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film  For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was common practice  The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum"  This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail 
Except for Gleason, the original actors mostly redubbed their lines for the television version  Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died the same year the film was released, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue  In the U K , the heavily dubbed version was shown for several years, particularly by the BBC  However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly  The theatrical release has a few lines deleted, including an edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off" after the sheriff called his vehicle "a piece of crap"  His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn  At the time, using "fuck" would immediately require an R rating and this self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience  However, the scene and the obscured expletive were played for comedy value and written as such, with the passing truck being the gag of the scene more than a way to avoid the censors 
In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally remastered audio track with 5 1 Dolby-compatible surround sound  Many of the film's original sounds were replaced  For instance, the diesel engine start and run-up sequence in the opening sequence of the film were completely dubbed over with a new sound  A few other examples of sound effect replacement occur when the Bandit takes off after getting the reluctant Cletus involved in the bet, the Bandit comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie, and when Buford's car top comes off  Some of the original sound effects (such as Cletus's dog Fred barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced  Earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact  Major portions of the audio background have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film  The updated version of the film features sound inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film  The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place 

Sequels
The film was followed by two sequels: Smokey and the Bandit II (1980) and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983)  The second film was a modest box office success, earning $66 1 million against a $17 million budget 
The third film – which had no involvement from either Hal Needham or Sally Field and contained only a short cameo appearance by Burt Reynolds – revolved entirely around Jackie Gleason's character, was panned by critics, and was a box office bomb, earning only $7 million against a $9 million budget 

Television spin-off films
A series of four made-for-TV spin-off films (Bandit Goes Country, Bandit Bandit, Beauty and the Bandit, and Bandit's Silver Angel) were produced in 1994 for Universal Television's Action Pack with actor Brian Bloom playing a younger version of the Bandit  The three original films introduced two generations of the Pontiac Trans Am and the Dodge Stealth in the television movies 

Television series
In October 2020, a Smokey and the Bandit TV series was revealed to be in development, with a pilot written by David Gordon Green and Brian Sides and also executive produced with his Rough House confederates Jody Hill, Danny McBride and Brandon James, as well as Seth MacFarlane and Erica Huggins of Fuzzy Door 

See also
The Cannonball Run
Hooper
Passage 5:
Smokey and the Bandit II
Smokey and the Bandit II is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Hal Needham, and starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jerry Reed, Jackie Gleason and Dom DeLuise  The film is the sequel to the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit 
The film was originally released in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and several other, mainly Commonwealth, countries as Smokey and the Bandit Ride Again 
The plot centers on Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed), transporting an elephant to the GOP National Convention, with Sheriff Buford T  Justice (Jackie Gleason) once again in hot pursuit 

Plot
Big Enos Burdette is in a literal mudslinging campaign against John Conn for Governor of Texas  After failing to get the outgoing governor's endorsement, Big Enos overhears him on the phone ordering a crate in Miami to be delivered in nine days to the Republican National Convention in Dallas  Burdette schemes to earn the governor's endorsement and have the crate delivered to the convention in his name and tracks down Cledus "Snowman" Snow and offers him and Bo "Bandit" Darville $200,000 to do the run  Cledus takes the Burdettes to Bandit to make the offer in person, but Bandit has become a heavy drinker since breaking up with Carrie ("Frog") and is drunk when the Burdettes arrive and double the payoff to $400,000  Cledus accepts on Bandit's behalf, but adds that Big Enos should give them half in advance, to which they agree  Cledus is ecstatic, but Bandit begins to miss Carrie 
Cledus calls Carrie, who is back in Texarkana and again about to marry Junior when Cledus calls offering her $50,000 to help out; she agrees and again becomes a runaway bride  Though she still has feelings for Bandit, when Carrie arrives, she initially intones she is only in it for the money, and she and Cledus work on getting Bandit off the booze and back into shape  She then trades in Junior's car for a new Trans Am  The group arrive at the pier in Miami only to find out the manifest is quarantined for three weeks  They return later that night to steal it, only to find the "package" is a live elephant (the G O P  mascot) which Cledus names "Charlotte" after his aunt  When Bandit removes a splinter from Charlotte's foot, she takes a liking to him 
Soon after the trio start off for Dallas, they are accosted for the first of several times by Sheriff Justice, but Bandit outwits him and they escape  En route, they stop at a remote fuel station and notice something wrong with Charlotte  Moments later, an ambulance pulls in with an Italian gynecologist in the back; "Doc" is initially reluctant to help, but when his driver speeds off unknowingly leaving him stranded, he asks to hitch a ride with them, agreeing to watch Charlotte 
Doc later finds that Charlotte is pregnant and due to give birth any time, but Bandit is determined to stay on schedule, but Cledus and Frog refuse to they wanted to make Charlotte comfortable  Entering Louisiana, Doc says that Charlotte is almost in labor and needs to be off her feet  Cledus chooses they all need a break and they go to a nearby nightclub where Don Williams is headlining   When Carrie sees Bandit scribbling on a napkin a picture of Charlotte cradled by suspended netting to keep her off her feet, she angrily leaves, but not before telling Bandit that she will come back only when he likes himself again  Later that night, a drunken Bandit makes his drawing a reality, and Doc agrees that his idea will work 
Buford intends to call for help from his brothers Reggie, a Mountie Sergeant in Quebec, and Gaylord, an effeminate Texas State Patrolman  Later, as Bandit and Cledus enter Texas, Buford lures the Bandit into a trap: a mass of 40 Texas Patrol and Mountie cruisers pursuing him across a desert basin  Bandit orders Cledus to get to Dallas, but he enlists a large convoy of his trucker pals and comes to Bandit's rescue instead, wrecking nearly all of the cruisers in a giant demolition derby while Doc and Charlotte watch from the sidelines  The two escape by crossing a makeshift trailer bridge with Buford and his brothers in pursuit  Two of the trucks pull away, resulting in Gaylord and Reggie's cruisers crashing in the ensuing gap before they can cross, but Buford is still in pursuit, though his cruiser is barely functioning 
Cledus begs Bandit to stop at a safari reserve, where Charlotte finally gives birth to her baby  Bandit is ready to load them both back up in the truck, but Cledus refuses and then knocks Bandit down when he insults him and was fed with Bandit's selfishness  When he sees Charlotte in tears, Bandit finally comes to his senses and apologizes and realises that taking care of Charlotte and caring for others is more important than $400,000 
Bandit later finds Carrie and tells her that he likes himself now, and that he does not want to be without her  He then tells her that he has not yet taken Charlotte to Dallas, but they can still make it  Carrie is overjoyed when she sees Charlotte's baby, and Bandit asks Charlotte's permission for him and Carrie to get hitched, to which Charlotte trumpets her approval; Doc, now riding in the cab with Cledus and Fred, also voices his approval, and they all drive away with Charlotte and her baby in tow in circus carts on their way to Dallas, with Buford still in pursuit, now driving a Greyhound bus 

Cast
Burt Reynolds as Bo "The Bandit" Darville
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T  Justice / Gaylord Justice (credited as Ms  Jackie Gleason) / Reginald Van Justice
Jerry Reed as Cledus "The Snowman" Snow
Dom DeLuise as Dr  Frederico "Doc" Carlucci
Sally Field as Carrie "Frog"
Pat McCormick as Enos "Big Enos" Burdette
Paul Williams as Enos "Little Enos" Burdette
David Huddleston as John Conn
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
John Anderson as The Governor
Brenda Lee as Nice Lady
The Statler Brothers as Themselves:
Phil Balsley
Lew DeWitt
Don Reid
Harold Reid
"Mean Joe" Greene as himself
Mel Tillis as Fairground Owner
Joe Klecko as himself
Don Williams as himself
Terry Bradshaw as himself
Nancy Lenehan as Ramona
John Megna as P T 
Chuck Yeager as Party Guest
John Robert Nicholson as The Patient
1980 Pontiac Trans Am as "Son of Trigger"

Production
Smokey and the Bandit II was filmed simultaneously with The Cannonball Run, in which Burt Reynolds and Dom DeLuise also starred  Football players Joe Klecko and Terry Bradshaw also appear in both films 
It is the first film to feature director Hal Needham's "Blooper Reel Credit Crawl" at the end, in that a collection of bloopers and outtakes from the film showed on one side of the screen while the closing credits slowly scrolled up the other side  Cannonball Run, also directed by Needham, used this same technique 
Buford's brothers were both portrayed by Gleason; "Reggie" was a Canadian version of "Reginald Van Gleason III", a popular character from Gleason's television show 
The film was written and produced before it was announced that the 1980 Republican National Convention would be held in Detroit rather than Dallas 
Many of the movie's scenes take place in northern Palm Beach County, especially at Burt Reynolds' ranch in Jupiter, Florida 
Although the Bandit again sticks to a Pontiac Trans Am, this time a 1980 Turbo model with five color decals unlike 1981's single color decals, the Snowman switches to a 1980 GMC General, silver with blue trim with the same mural on the trailer as in the original film  This "new rig" suggests that the pair were successful in the "double or nothing" wager offered by the Burdettes at the end of the first film, where they were persuaded to drive from Atlanta to Boston and back in 18 hours to buy clam chowder and bring it to the Burdettes 
A world-record automobile jump was captured on film during the "roundup sequence", when stuntman Gary Davis jumped a 1974 Dodge Monaco over 150 feet  Davis suffered compressed vertebrae as a result of a hard landing 
The roundup sequence in the desert shows many new Pontiac Le Mans sedans decorated as police cars being destroyed  The cars were originally ordered by a car rental agency in Phoenix, who refused to accept the delivery when they discovered the cars were not equipped with air conditioning  Pontiac took the cars back and eventually gave them to the producers to be used in the film 

Soundtrack
Smokey and the Bandit 2: Original Soundtrack was released on vinyl, cassette tape and 8-track tape by MCA Records in 1980 

Track listing
Reception
Box office
Smokey and the Bandit II grossed $10,883,835 in its opening weekend, the second highest ever at the time, behind Star Trek: The Motion Picture  It also set a record for an opening week, with a gross of $18,108,031  It was the eighth-most-popular 1980 film at the United States and Canada box office earning $66,132,626  This box office income inspired a third film 

Critical response
The film received almost completely negative reviews from critics who felt that it suffered badly in comparison to the original  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from seven critics  Roger Ebert gave it a one out of four stars and stated that there was "[in 1980] no need for this movie  That's true of most sequels, but it's especially true of Smokey and the Bandit II, which is basically just the original movie done again, not as well     how can I say it's lazy when it has 50 trucks doing stunts in it? Because it takes a lot less thought to fill up a movie with stunts than to create a comedy that's genuinely funny" Burt Reynolds later said that he did not enjoy working on the film at all, feeling that it was an unnecessary sequel put together by Universal purely for money-making reasons rather than to try making a good picture 

Sequel
The film was followed by another sequel three years later, Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983), in which Reynolds only made a brief cameo appearance, and Sally Field did not appear 
Passage 6:
The Nun and the Bandit
The Nun and the Bandit is an Australian film directed by Paul Cox 

Plot summary
In the 1940s, two outlaw brothers kidnap their wealthy 14-year-old second cousin, but things get complicated when her chaperoning nun refuses to abandon her charge 

Production
The film was made with finance from Film Victoria and the FFC  It was shot near Bacchus Marsh, Maldon in Victoria 

Release
According to Ozmovies: 

Roadshow was the nominal domestic distributor but refused to release it  The film went straight to video, though it had a small theatrical release in Canada thanks to Alliance 
The film was screened at the short-lived Halls Gap Film Festival in the Grampians on Sunday, 8 November 1992, with Cox present, though it had also had a "world premiere" at the Melbourne Film Festival earlier in the year Cox called the movie "minimal filmmaking":

It's the very first time I read a book that I wanted to film, because I normally don't believe the film has much to do with the novel  I wasn't at the screening at the Melbourne Film Festival but I never want to screen a film at a festival again  That screening actually killed the release  It got bad reviews in a few places, so Roadshow wouldn't even release it  I think that as an Australian bush film, it is a very, very original film, a highly original piece  The forest, the beauty of the land, that's the altar, and the sacrifice is the innocence and youth  You have a sacrifice on an altar  But it gave me enormous satisfaction because the finished film is very nicely tuned, minimal when you look at the way it's crafted    But that's not what the reviewers want, a bush film like this  That's not very Australian, is it?
Passage 7:
Hal Needham
Hal Brett Needham (March 6, 1931 – October 25, 2013) was an American stuntman, film director, actor, writer, and NASCAR team owner  He is best known for his frequent collaborations with actor Burt Reynolds, usually in films involving fast cars, such as Smokey and the Bandit (1977), Hooper (1978), The Cannonball Run (1981) and Stroker Ace (1983)  
In his later years, Needham moved out of stunt work, and focused his energy on the world land speed record project  In 2001, Needham received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards, and in 2012, he was awarded a Governors Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Early years
Needham was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Edith May (née Robinson) and Howard Needham  He was the youngest of three children  Raised in Arkansas and Missouri, Needham served in the United States Army as a paratrooper during the Korean War, worked as a treetopper (an arborist who performs tree topping services),
and was a billboard model for Viceroy Cigarettes while beginning a career in Hollywood as a motion picture stuntman 

Career
Needham's first break was as the stunt double for actor Richard Boone on the popular TV western Have Gun, Will Travel   Needham trained under John Wayne's stunt double Chuck Roberson and quickly became one of the top stuntmen of the 1960s on such films as How the West Was Won, The Bridge at Remagen, McLintock!, The War Lord, and Little Big Man  He doubled regularly for Clint Walker and Burt Reynolds  He played a cowboy in an episode of the TV Western Gunsmoke (S8E36 - “The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner”)  Needham moved into stunt coordinating and directing second unit action, while designing and introducing air bags and other innovative equipment to the industry  Needham at one time lived in Reynolds' guesthouse for the better part of 12 years In 1971, he and fellow stuntmen Glenn Wilder and Ronnie Rondell formed Stunts Unlimited  Needham had written a screenplay titled Smokey and the Bandit and his friend Reynolds offered him the chance to direct  The film was a huge hit, and the two followed it with Hooper, Smokey and the Bandit II, The Cannonball Run, and Stroker Ace  Needham also directed the TV pilots Stunts Unlimited (1980) and Stockers (1981), neither of which was picked up as a series  His final theatrical release as director was the 1986 BMX film Rad 
In 1977, Gabriel Toys introduced the "Hal Needham Western Movie Stunt Set" complete with a cardboard old west saloon movie set, lights and props, a toy movie camera and a spring-launched Hal Needham action figure that would break through a balcony railing, land on breakaway table and chairs and crash through a window  They were only manufactured for a short time and have since become highly collectible 
Needham moved out of stunt work, focusing his energy on the World Land Speed Record project that eventually became the Budweiser Rocket, driven by stuntman Stan Barrett  The team failed to set an officially sanctioned World land speed record with the vehicle, and their claims to have broken the sound barrier in 1979 have been heavily disputed  In the 1980s, he and Reynolds co-owned the Mach 1 Racing team, which fielded the Skoal Bandit No  33 car in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series for Harry Gant  In 1986, Needham, alongside William L  Fredrick, was awarded a Scientific and Engineering Award for his efforts in developing the Shotmaker Elite camera car and crane In 2001, Needham received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards  In 2012, he was awarded a Governors Award by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, where he was introduced by Quentin Tarantino Needham and his relationship with Reynolds inspired the Cliff Booth/Rick Dalton friendship in Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood 

Rocket car
Needham was the owner of the Budweiser Rocket car, a vehicle intended to break the speed of sound on land 

Death
Needham died on October 25, 2013 in Los Angeles, California, aged 82, shortly after being diagnosed with cancer 

Bibliography
Needham, Hal (2011)  Stuntman!: My Car-Crashing, Plane-Jumping, Bone-Breaking, Death-Defying Hollywood Life  New York: Little, Brown and Company  ISBN 978-0-316-07899-3  OCLC 548642135 

Filmography as actor
Filmography as director
Passage 8:
Perdón, viejita
Perdón, viejita is a 1927 silent Argentine film directed and written by José A  Ferreyra  Ferreyra was born on 28 August 1889 in Buenos Aires, Argentina  He was a director and writer also known for Bewitching Kisses (1937) and La vuelta al Bulín (1926)  Ferreyra died on 29 January 1943, at age 53  A fragment (34-minutes) of the film is currently available on YouTube  The restored version will be presented in the San Isidro Film and Music Festival on 15 November  2016  The nitrate copy of the film was provided by the Fundación Cinemateca Argentina and the restoration work was done by GOTIKA,

Synopsis
Perdón, viejita (which means "Sorry, Old Woman" in English) revolves around a lower-class family: Doña Camila, the aging mother, and Elena and Carlos, her children  Carlos is, unbeknownst to her, a reformed thief  One day he meets Nora, a prostitute, in the park, and decides to bring her home after falling in love with her  Elena, who is being courted by a shady Don Juan, is given a ring as a gift, but Nora takes it away from her complaining that she knows men like Don Juan and the ring is probably stolen  This is evidenced when the police arrive in search for the ring, and Nora takes the fall for Elena 
Prudencio, Elena's other pretender, takes an interest in Don Juan and after following him forces him to accompany him to the police and confess about the stolen ring  Don Juan is then imprisoned and Nora let go, but she feels her honor has been tainted and her meddling has caused trouble to the family, so she leaves and goes back to her job under the wing of El Gavilán ("The Hawker")  Carlos follows suit, and confronts El Gavilán, who in the confrontation wounds Nora from gunshot 
In the epilogue, Nora recovers in bed, nursed by Carlos and Prudencio  Elena, who had confessed to accepting the ring from Don Juan to her mother, comes visit with Doña Camila, who apologizes for her mistrust and scorn of Nora  The family reconciles, and live happily ever after 
Passage 9:
José A  Ferreyra
José A(gustín) Ferreyra (28 August 1889 – 29 January 1943), popularly known as "Negro Ferreyra" (Black Ferreyra, due to his partially African ancestry), was an early Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer  He was also sometimes credited as production designer 
Ferreyra was born in Vicente López, Gran Buenos Aires  His father was of White European descent, while his mother was Afro-Argentine, likely descended from slaves He began simultaneously directing and screenwriting for film in 1915, and moved on to success directing films such as Palomas rubias in 1920  His films tended to focus on lower-class family drama, most notably Perdón, viejita (1927), and were filmed on a low budget and with little to no script as a guide  Ferreyra prevailes through the 1920s and 1930s as a distinguished filmmaker of the masses, but was displaced in the late 1930s and early 1940s by big budget cinema  He directed over 40 films and wrote the scripts for the majority of them between 1915 and 1941, working with noted actors such as Libertad Lamarque and Mario Soffici on his screen debut, before moving on to directing 
He died on 29 January 1943 from laryngeal cancer 

Filmography
Chimbela (1939)
La Ley que olvidaron (1938)
Besos Brujos (1937)
Ayúdame a Vivir (1936)
Puente Alsina (1935)
Streets of Buenos Aires (1934)
El Cantar de mi ciudad (1930)
Perdón, viejita (1927)
Muchachita de Chiclana (1926)
La costurerita que dio aquel mal paso (1926)
La vuelta al Bulín (1926)
Mi último tango (1925)
El organito de la tarde (1925)
El arriero de Yacanto (1924)
Mientras Buenos Aires duerme (1924)
Odio serrano (1924)
La Leyenda del puente inca (1923)
Melenita de oro (1923)
Corazón de criolla (1923)
La Maleva (1923)
La Chica de la calle Florida (1922)
La Muchacha del arrabal (1922)
Buenos Aires, ciudad de ensueño (1922)
La Gaucha (1921)
Palomas rubias (1920)
De vuelta al pago (1919)
Campo ajuera (1919)
El tango de la muerte (1917)
Venganza gaucha (1917)
La fuga de Raquel (1916)
La isla misteriosa (1916)
Una noche de garufa (1915)
Passage 10:
The Bandit Trail
The Bandit Trail is a 1941 Western film 

Plot
A cowboy helps rob a bank to get revenge on an unscrupulous banker 

Cast
Tim Holt as Steve Haggerty
Ray Whitley as Smokey
Janet Waldo	as Ellen Grant
Lee 'Lasses' White as Whopper
Morris Ankrum as Red Haggerty
Roy Barcroft as Joel Nesbitt
Glenn Strange as Gang member



ground_truth: Fatimid caliphate

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born first, Perdón, Viejita or Smokey And The Bandit?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Hedwig (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig), Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 29 March 1692, Elisabeth married Prince Henry of Saxe-Merseburg, fourth surviving son of Duke Christian I  Two years later (1694), Henry received the town of Spremberg as his appanage, and took his residence there 
The marriage produced three children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Maurice, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Spremberg (Spremberg, 29 October 1694 - Spremberg, 11 April 1695) 
Christiana Fredericka (Spremberg, 17 May 1697 - Spremberg, 21 August 1722) [1]
Gustava Magdalena (Spremberg, 2 October 1699 - Spremberg, 3 October 1699) Elisabeth became Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg in 1731 after her husband inherited the main domains of the family as their last surviving male member  She died in Doberlug in 1738, aged 69, having survived her husband for one month  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 
Passage 6:
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1 January 1570 – 15 August 1649) was a daughter of Duke William "the younger" of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his wife, Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg She married Count Palatine Charles I of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld   They had four children:

George William (1591–1669), Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
Sophia (1593–1676), married Kraft VII of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (1582–1641)
Frederick (1594–1626), canon at Strasbourg
Christian I (1598–1654), Count Palatine and Duke of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler
Passage 7:
Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (24 August 1758 – 29 November 1794) was born a Princess and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and by marriage Hereditary Princess of Denmark and Norway 

Life
Born in Schwerin, she was the only daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, second son of Christian Louis II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Charlotte Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld  Her only sibling was Frederick, who was about two years older 

Life in Denmark
On 21 October 1774 in Copenhagen, she married Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway, the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and his second wife Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who was the regent in Denmark between 1772 and 1784  She was sixteen years old when she was married 
Sophia Frederica, known as Sofie Frederikke af Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Denmark, was described as jolly, charming and intelligent   She had a hard time in the beginning adapting to her new, stiffer environment, but became quite popular    During the first ten years of her marriage (1774-1784), she gave birth to three daughters, the eldest two were stillborn and the third lived only five months; it was only in 1786 when she had the first of her living children, the future King Christian VIII 
It is said she was disappointed when she met her husband for the first time, but they came to be fond of each other, although they both supposedly took lovers; her husband had a mistress, her companion Caja Hviid, while the father of Sophia Frederica's children was rumored to be her husband's adjutant, Frederik von Blücher  It was said that the harmony of their marriage was based on mutual understanding    The harmonious friendship between the spouses created a fear that Sophia Frederica's influence over her husband would lead to her interfering in politics She died in Sorgenfri Palace 

Issue
Sophia Frederica and Prince Frederick had the following children: 

Stillborn daughter (19 September 1781) 
Stillborn daughter (17 February 1783) 
Princess Juliana Marie (2 May 1784 - 28 October 1784), died in infancy 
Prince Christian Frederick (18 September 1786 - 20 January 1848), future King Christian Frederick of Norway and Christian VIII of Denmark 
Princess Juliane Sophie (18 February 1788 - 9 May 1850), married in 1812 to Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld; they had no issue 
Princess Louise Charlotte (30 October 1789 - 28 March 1864), married in 1810 to Prince William of Hesse-Cassel; they had issue 
Hereditary Prince Ferdinand (22 November 1792 - 29 June 1863), married in 1829 to Princess Caroline of Denmark; they had no issue 

Ancestry
Passage 8:
Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia
Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), was a Duchess of Prussia by marriage to Duke Albert, Duke of Prussia  She was the daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and Anna of Brandenburg 

Life
After her father's accession to the throne in 1523 a marriage was suggested to the English claimant to the throne, Duke Richard of Suffolk, who was supported by King Francis of France, but without success 
In 1525, she received a proposal from the newly made Duke of Prussia  The marriage was arranged by her father's German chancellor Wolfgang von Utenhof  The wedding was conducted 12 February 1526 and Dorothea arrived with a large entourage in Königsberg in June 
Dorothea had a very good relationship with Albert and this contributed to a good and active contact between Denmark and Prussia which continued during her brother's reign and until her death  
Dorothea and her spouse corresponded with her brother, the king of Denmark, and acted as his political advisors  Dorothea and Albert were present at the coronation of Christian III of Denmark in Copenhagen in 1537; they also acted as foster-parents of her nephew Duke Hans of Denmark in 1536–1542 
The Königsberg Cathedral has a monument of her 

Issue
Anna Sophia (11 June 1527 – 6 February 1591), married John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 
Katharina (b  and d  24 February 1528) 
Frederick Albert (5 December 1529 – 1 January 1530) 
Lucia Dorothea (8 April 1531 – 1 February 1532) 
Lucia (3 February 1537 – May 1539) 
Albert (b  and d  March 1539) 
Passage 9:
Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Elisabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586) was Danish princess and a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and later of Mecklenburg-Güstrow through marriage  She was the elder daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second spouse Sophie of Pomerania 

Biography
Elizabeth was raised at the royal Danish court of her half brother and described as an extraordinary beauty  In 1542 she was engaged, and on 26 August 1543 Elizabeth was married to Duke Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4 July 1509 – 28 January 1550)  This marriage was childless  She returned to Denmark in 1551 and stayed there until her second marriage in 1556 
Secondly, she married on 14 February 1556 Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and had the only daughter Sophie, who married King Frederick II of Denmark in 1572  Her relationship to Ulrich is described as a happy one 
Elizabeth made frequent visits to the Danish royal court, and also to her former sister in law queen dowager Dorothea  After her daughter became Queen of Denmark in 1572, her visits to Denmark became longer  She is described as kind, sensible, religious and practical  She was also active in Mecklenburg-Güstrow: she reconstructed the churches in Güstrow and Doberan and protected hospitals and convents  She died on return from one of her visits to Denmark 

Legacy
Elizabeth's granddaughter Anne of Denmark married King James I of England  Thus every British monarch since has been her direct descendant, the present King Charles III being king of 15 independent nations 

Ancestry
Passage 10:
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Hedwig Eleonore; 12 January 1666 – 9 August 1735), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig 
Born in Güstrow, she was the eighth of eleven children born from the marriage of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp  From her ten older and younger siblings, eight survive adulthood: Marie (by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), Magdalene, Sophie (by marriage Duchess of Württemberg-Oels), Christine (by marriage Countess of Stolberg-Gedern), Charles, Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Louise (by marriage Queen of Denmark and Norway), Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg) and Augusta 

Life
In Güstrow on 1 December 1686, Hedwig married Prince August of Saxe-Merseburg, second surviving son of Duke Christian I  Five years later (1691), August received the town of Zörbig as his appanage, and took his residence there 
They had eight children, of whom only one survived to adulthood:
Christiane Magdalene (Zörbig, 11 March 1687 - Merseburg, 21 March 1689) 
Stillborn daughter (Alt-Stargard, Mecklenburg, 30 December 1689) 
Caroline Auguste (Zörbig, 10 March 1691 - Zörbig, 23 September 1743) 
Hedwig Eleonore (Zörbig, 26 February 1693 - Zörbig, 31 August 1693) 
Gustav Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 28 October 1694 - Zörbig, 24 May 1695) 
August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (Zörbig, 26 February 1696 - Zörbig, 26 March 1696) 
Stillborn twin sons (1707) Hedwig died in Zörbig aged 69  She was buried in Merseburg Cathedral 

See also
BWV Anh  16



ground_truth: Perdón, Viejita