prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the director of film Edges Of The Lord born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Edges of the Lord
Edges of the Lord is a 2001 film, written and directed by Yurek Bogayevicz, starring Willem Dafoe and Haley Joel Osment  The film, set in Poland during World War II, tells the story of a wealthy Jewish boy who must pose as a Catholic peasant farmland local in order to avoid capture from Nazi forces 

Plot
Romek (Haley Joel Osment) is the son of a wealthy Jewish couple  When the Nazis invade Poland, the family contacts an old friend and tasks him to hide their son  During this plight, Romek poses as the Catholic nephew of a local farmer (Olaf Lubaszenko), with the aid of a compassionate Catholic priest (Willem Dafoe) 
Despite his Jewish upbringing, Romek quickly learns of the Catholic traditions and manages to apply them  The peasants face constant harassment from Nazis, wherein a Hitler youth member rapes one local child  One night, Romek sees the same youth member harassing another local wherein he shoots him dead  A Nazi commander awards him a Nazi uniform and cloak, which he then uses to free some Jews and other locals mistaken as Jews  Tolo joins the other captives in solidarity 

Cast
Haley Joel Osment as Romek
Willem Dafoe as Priest
Liam Hess as Tolo
Richard Banel as Vladek
Olaf Lubaszenko as Gniecio
Małgorzata Foremniak as Manka
Andrzej Grabowski as Kluba
Chiril Vahonin as Robal
Olga Frycz as Maria
Eugene Osment as German officer at Batylin Field
Krzysztof Pieczyński as German officer at Trains

Release history
The film was first released in theatres in 2001, in Poland  In 2002, it had theatrical releases in Spain, the Czech Republic, Japan, Italy, Portugal and Hong Kong   In the Czech Republic, it was shown at the Febio Film Festival   Other theatrical releases included Kazakhstan, in 2007 and Belgium, in 2008, among other countries   The film had direct-to-DVD releases in Sweden (2002) and the United States (2005)   The 2005 release of the film in the United States, by its distributor, Miramax/Buuna Vista, was subject to criticism for delay 

Critical reception
The film was not widely reviewed, and the published reviews were mixed   Haley Joel Osment was described by one reviewer as having an "unusual emotional depth" in the film, where he "emotionally centers the film, with a balanced, thoughtful portrait"   This reviewer also correctly predicted that because the film was shot in English, with many of the actors speaking with Polish accents, it would quickly go to video and TV   David Nusair described the film as "a fairly decent set-up that's entirely squandered by Bogayevicz, with the filmmaker's apparent inability to develop these characters beyond their most superficial attributes surely playing a key role in the movie's ultimate (and colossal) downfall "  Reviewer John J  Puccio described the film as "a movie that starts grimly, lightens up slightly, and then gets very gloomy, indeed "

Awards
The film won the award for Best Screenplay (by Yurek Bogayevicz, who also directed the film) at the 2001 Polish Film Festival   The film was also nominated for six awards at the 2002 Polish Film Awards: Best Film, Best Supporting Actress (Olga Frycz), Best Director (Yurek Bogayevicz), Best Screenplay (Yurek Bogayevicz), Best Cinematography (Paweł Edelman) and Best Costume Design (Jagna Janicka)
Passage 2:
Brian Keith Lord
Brian Keith Lord (born 1961) is an American murderer whose case was featured on Forensic Files 

Murders
In 1974, at the age of 13, Lord murdered his friend's mother by shooting her in the back as she hung clothes on a clothesline  "For that crime, Lord served only six months in a juvenile detention facility and was released "In 1986, at the age of 25, he was hired as a carpenter at the home of Wayne and Sharon Frye, neighbors of 16-year-old Tracy Parker  Lord subsequently became acquainted with Tracy, who often rode horses owned by the Fryes  Finding himself alone with her on the night of September 16, 1986, Lord persuaded her to get into his truck under the guise of giving her a ride home  He drove to his brother's workshop, somehow coerced her into going inside, and raped and murdered her 

Investigation
Investigation into Tracy's disappearance initially focused on the Fryes  Her last discernible interaction was a telephone call made by her to her friend from their residence  A manhunt took place, and some of her blood-soaked clothes were found in a wooded area on the weekend of September 20  Her semi-nude body was found on September 30 Investigators began considering Lord as a suspect after it was discovered that he called his family roughly ten minutes prior to Tracy from the same phone that Tracy called her friend on  Lord denied any involvement and informed police that he had traveled to his brother's workshop that night  The workshop was investigated as a possible murder location which led to the discovery of a large blood spot on the floor; samples of material from the workshop were collected  A green paint chip found on Tracy's body was matched to a dismantled fence that Lord had hauled in his truck, thus incriminating him 

Prosecution
Lord was arrested, tried, convicted, and sentenced to death in 1987  During the trial, he leveled threats at the Parker family  His death sentence was voided in 1997, his conviction was overturned in 1999, and after much delay, was given a new trial in 2003  Lord was again convicted and was given a life sentence 

See also
List of United States death row inmates
Passage 3:
Brian Kennedy (gallery director)
Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States   He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020  He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019  He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004 

Career
Brian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College  In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art  On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum 

Early life and career in Ireland
Kennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College  He received B A  (1982), M A  (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history 
He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89)  He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988 He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997  He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003  In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia 

National Gallery of Australia (NGA)
Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site   Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions 
During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship  However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds   As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later   Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001  Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive  He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above) 
Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship  He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor  However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns  The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn  Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous  The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion " In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art"  He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far "Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system  The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003  Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003 

Toledo Museum of Art
The Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke  The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education   During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language "   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www vislit org  In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so  Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy 
Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples  Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired   In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum   In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015 

Hood Museum of Art
Kennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005  During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions  At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus  The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues  Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually  Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons 

Publications
Kennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:

Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9
Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7
Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0
The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4
Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3
Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7
Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3
Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8

Honors and achievements
Kennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art  He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics  In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University  Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Yurek Bogayevicz
Yurek Bogajevicz (born Jerzy Bogajewicz in Poznań, 2 June 1949) is a Polish film director, screenwriter, actor and producer  He directed, among others, Anna (1987), Three of Hearts (1993) and Exit in Red (1996) 

Filmography
Director
Anna (1987)
Trzy serca (Three of Hearts, 1993)
Osaczony (Exit in red, 1996)
Boże skrawki (Edges of the Lord, 2001)
Kasia i Tomek (TV series, 2002–2003)
Camera Café (TV series, 2004)
Niania (TV series, 2005–2006)
Stacja (TV series, 2010)

Producer
Anna (1987)

Screenplay
Anna (1987)
Boże skrawki (Edges of the Lord, 2001)

Actor
Pies – as Jerzy Mazurek (1973)
Pozwólcie nam do woli fruwać nad ogrodem – as Staszek (1974)
Polskie drogi (1976)
Pora na czarownice – as Passer-by on the station (1993)
Kasia i Tomek – as Psychologist (2002-2003)
Passage 5:
Mary Lou Lord
Mary Lou Lord (born March 1, 1965) is an indie folk musician who started performing as a busker in Boston 

Life and career
Mary Lou Lord first gained attention playing acoustic guitar and singing in and around Boston's subway stations, particularly on the Red Line, as noted by the name she chose for her music and lyric publishing company, On the Red Line Music, administered by BMI 
Lord became friends with Nirvana front man Kurt Cobain in the fall of 1991, before the group's rise to mainstream fame; there has been much speculation about their relationship  In 2010, Lord published an explanation from her point of view She met Elliott Smith through Slim Moon, the owner of Kill Rock Stars and her boyfriend at the time  Lord toured three times with Smith during the 1990s  Smith also wrote and helped Lord record a song called "I Figured You Out" in 1997 
Lord signed with the Sony subsidiary Work in 1997 and released the album Got No Shadow in 1998  On December 31, 1998, Lord and Kevin Patey, from the band Raging Teens, had a daughter, whom they named Annabelle Lord-Patey Her recording of Daniel Johnston's "Speeding Motorcycle" (which originally featured on her self-titled 8-song Kill Rock Stars release) was featured in commercials for Target stores, after which her label reissued the song as the lead track of a CD single which also included two demo recordings from the sessions for Got No Shadow 
In 2001, Lord released Live City Sounds  This was a self-released disc of Lord playing live in the Boston subway  The disc was re-released after she signed to Rubric Records 
Baby Blue, a CD recorded at London and produced by The Bevis Frond leader Nick Saloman, was published by Rubric Records in 2004  Saloman played guitar, bass and harp and wrote most of the songs 
Lord announced in 2005 that she suffered from a rare vocal cord affliction known as spasmodic dysphonia  She thereafter became more involved in A&R work and started a new management company with Kevin Patey, Jittery Jack Management 
In 2011, Lord used Kickstarter to record a new album titled Backstreet Angels, which was self-released in 2015  In 2012 she began performing regularly once again 
In 2019, Lord and fellow musician Maryanne Window began a podcast titled "How The Hell Did That Happen?"  The podcast attracted attention from mainstream media, as Lord provided details of her romance and friendships with Kurt Cobain and Elliott Smith during the 1990s 

Discography
Cassettes
Real – Deep Music (1992)
TSWL (To Sir With Love) – EW Productions/Demo tape (1993)

Albums
Got No Shadow – The WORK Group (1998)
Live City Sounds – Self-released (2001), reissue: Rubric Records (2002)
Baby Blue – Rubric Records / Loose Music (2004)
Backstreet Angels – Self-released (2015)

EPs and singles
Some Jingle Jangle Morning (When I'm Straight) 7" vinyl single – Kill Rock Stars (1993)
Mary Lou Lord EP – Kill Rock Stars (1995)
Martian Saints! EP – Kill Rock Stars (1997)
Mind the Gap EP – The WORK Group (1997)
The Pace of Change EP – The WORK Group (1998)
Lights Are Changing EP – The WORK Group (1998)
She Had You single – The WORK Group (1998)
(Untitled) EP – Kill Rock Stars (1999)
Mary Lou Lord/Sean Na Na Split EP – Kill Rock Stars (2000)
Speeding Motorcycle EP – Rubric Records (2001)

Compilation and soundtrack contributions
Stars Kill Rock: "Camden Town Rain" – Kill Rock Stars (1993)
A Slice of Lemon: "Eternal Circle" – Kill Rock Stars/Lookout Records (1996)
Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon: "Power to the People" (with The Minus 5) – Hollywood Records (1995)
Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits: "Sugar, Sugar" (with Semisonic), – MCA Records (1995)
Safe and Sound: "Polaroids" – Big Rig Records / Mercury Records (1996)
Jabberjaw: Pure Sweet Hell: "Birthday Boy" – Mammoth Records (1996)
Yo Yo A Go Go: "Helsinki (live)" – Yo Yo Recordings (1996)
Everybody Wants Some: "Jump" – CherryDisc (1997)
107 1 KGSR / Radio Austin – Broadcasts Volume 6: "His N D  World" (live) – KGSR (1998)
Zero Effect Motion Picture Soundtrack: "Some Jingle Jangle Morning" – Sony Music (1998)
Wicked Good Sampler Vol  IV : "On the Avenue" – Sony Music (1998)
SXSW Volume 5: "I'm Talking To You" (live) – SXSW (1999)
Transmission 1: Tea at the Palaz of Hoon: "The Outdoor Miner" – Cosmodemonic Telegraph Inc  (2000)
Rubric 01: "From Galway to Graceland" – Rubric Records (2000)
Gordon Gano: Hitting The Ground: "Oh Wonder" – Cooking Vinyl (2002)
For a Decade of Sin: 11 Years of Bloodshot Records: "Cold Company" – Bloodshot Records (2005)
Joe Harvard: Country Eastern – Aeria Records (2008)

Notes
External links
Official website
Mary Lou Lord's entry at Allmusic
Passage 6:
Walter Lord (footballer)
Walter Lord (born 1 November 1933) was an English former professional footballer who played as an inside forward 
Passage 7:
Peter Levin
Peter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre 

Career
Since 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films  Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films  He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s 
Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions  He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army  He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University  Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company  He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company 
Passage 8:
Edwin Chesley Estes Lord
Edwin Chesley Estes Lord (born May 7, 1868) was an American geologist and petrographer 

Biography
Lord was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 7, 1868  He was educated in the public schools of New York City and in Brunswick and Heidelberg, Germany, and in Harvard University, Cambridge  Received the degrees of Ph D  (Heidelberg) and M S  (Harvard) Lord served as field assistant in the United States Geological Survey, 1895–1897, was professor of Geology and mineralogy in Hamilton College, 1899–1900, Austin Teaching Fellow and assistant in mineralogy and petrography, Harvard University, 1900–1901  He was assistant in petrography and chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture 1901–1904, and was a petrographer in the office of public roads and rural engineering of the United States Department of Agriculture from 1904 

Works
He published a geological and petrographical paper on igneous rocks from Bavaria, Germany, Mexico, Texas and Maine, 1894–1900  After 1900 has published papers on the petrography of rocks for road building, and the relation of mineral composition and rock structure to the physical properties of road materiala:
"Bulletins 31 and 37", Office of Public Roads
"Bulletin 348", United States Department of AgricultureHe also gave a paper on the mineral composition and utilization of blast furnace and other slags, at the Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry, 1909 

Personal life
Edwin married Ellen Sinclair Buck on August 31, 1905  He died on September 25, 1954, in Wilmington, Delaware 

Notes
Passage 9:
Karen Lord (swimmer)
Karen Lord (born 13 March 1970) is an Australian swimmer  She competed in two events at the 1988 Summer Olympics 
Passage 10:
Ian Barry (director)
Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV 

Select credits
Waiting for Lucas (1973) (short)
Stone (1974) (editor only)
The Chain Reaction (1980)
Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)
Minnamurra (1989)
Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)
Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)
Crimebroker (1993)
Inferno (1998) (TV movie)
Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)
Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)
The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)
Context 2: Passage 1:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 2:
Vytautas Straižys
Vytautas Straižys (20 August 1936 – 19 December 2021) was a Lithuanian astronomer  In 1963–65 he and his collaborators created and developed the Vilnius photometric system, a seven-color intermediate band system, optimized for photometric stellar classification  In 1996 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences  Straižys was an editor of the journal Baltic Astronomy  He spent a lot of time working at the Molėtai Astronomical Observatory  Asteroid 68730 Straizys in 2002 was named after him 

Early life and professional history
Straižys was born in Utena on 20 August 1936  In 1959, he graduated from Vilnius University in astrophysics  In 1959–62, he was a graduate student of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences  In 1962–67, he was a scientific researcher at the same institute  From 1967 to 1990, he headed the Astrophysical Department of the Institute of Physics, Vilnius  In 1990–2003, he was the head of the Astronomical Observatory of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy of Vilnius University  In 1991–96 Associate Director of the same Institute  In 2003, he became a chief researcher  In 2013, he became a professor emeritus  In 1992–93 academic year: visiting professor in Union College, Schenectady, New York 

Scientific activity
Main directions of the scientific research: multicolor photometry of stars, stellar physical parameters, stellar classification, interstellar extinction, interstellar clouds, star clusters, Galactic structure  One of the authors of the Vilnius photometric system for the classification of stars  In 1969–90 conducted the construction of the Molėtai Observatory in Lithuania and the Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan  He was author of 324 scientific papers published between 1957 and 2009 and of three monographs: Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Vilnius, 1977, in Russian), Metal-Deficient Stars (Vilnius, 1982, in Russian) and Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Tucson, Arizona, 1992 and 1995, revised version, in English)  From 1977 to 1991 he was editor of the Bulletin of the Vilnius Astronomical Observatory, from 1992 to 2021 editor of an international journal Baltic Astronomy  Scientific adviser of 22 doctoral dissertations 

Personal life and death
Straižys died on 19 December 2021, at the age of 85 

Membership
International Astronomical Union (IAU, 1967)
Institute for Space Observations, New York (1988)
European Astronomical Society (EAS, 1990)
American Astronomical Society (AAS, 1991)
Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP, 1991)
American Planetary Society (1991)
Astronomical Society of New York (1992)
Lithuanian Astronomical Union (president 1995–2003)
Vice-President and President of the IAU Commission on Stellar Classification (1979–85)
Expert Member (1991–95) and Corresponding Member (since 1996) of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

Honours
Awards

Lithuanian Republic Science Award (1973)
Nomination as a distinguished scientist of Lithuania (1986)
Chretien Grant of the American Astronomical Society (2000)
Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, Officer's Cross (2003)
Lithuanian National Science Award (2004)Named after him

Asteroid 68730 Straizys

Publications
V  Straizys, Multicolor Stellar Photometry (in Russian), Mokslas Publishers, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1977
V  Straizys, Metal-Deficient Stars (in Russian), Mokslas Publishers, Vilnius, Lithuania, 1982
V  Straizys, Multicolor Stellar Photometry (in English), Pachart Publishing House, Tucson, Arizona, 1992 (2nd publication in 1995)
V  Straizys, The Milky Way (in Lithuanian), Mokslas Publishers, 1992
V  Straizys, Astronomy, 1993 (a textbook for secondary schools, in Lithuanian)
A  Azusienis, A  Pucinskas, V  Straizys, Astronomy, 1995 (a textbook for universities, in Lithuanian, 2nd revised publication in 2003)
V  Straizys, Astronomical Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Lithuanian), Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, 2002 (2nd publication in 2003)
Passage 3:
John Allen (Oxford University cricketer)
John Aubrey Allen (born 19 July 1974) is an Australian teacher, rugby player and cricketer Allen was born in Windsor, New South Wales  He attended Bede Polding College in South Windsor, before graduating with a BA in human movement studies at the University of Technology Sydney, where he also completed his Diploma of Education  He played rugby for several clubs, most notably for the Brumbies who he represented in the Ricoh Championship  He also played Grade cricket for Hawkesbury Cricket Club near Sydney  At 21, he moved to England to study for his master's degree at University College, Oxford  While at Oxford, Allen was awarded his blue in rugby union and cricket Allen played as a centre in rugby union and as a forward in rugby league  He captained Oxford University RFC in 2003, leading the team to a draw in The Varsity Match against Cambridge at Twickenham in December that year  Earlier in the year, he scored a try late in the game to seal Oxford's victory in the Rugby League Varsity Match at the Athletic Ground, Richmond For Oxford University Cricket Club, he played in two first-class matches, including the varsity match After completing his master's, Allen returned to teaching in Australia and in 2017 was working as Director of Sport and Co-Curricular at Trinity Grammar School in Sydney, New South Wales 
Passage 4:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 5:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 6:
Mirjam Polkunen
Maire Mirjam Polkunen (2 March 1926 – 22 June 2012) was a Finnish writer, literature researcher, translator and dramatist  Among other awards, she won the Eino Leino Prize in 1969  Her Finnish rendering of Zeno's Conscience was awarded with the Mikael Agricola Prize in 1972 
Passage 7:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 8:
Greg A  Hill (artist)
Greg A  Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator  He is 
Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario 

Early life
Hill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario 

Art career
His work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad  His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography 

Curatorial career
Hill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada 

Awards and honours
In 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts 
Passage 9:
Tom Dickinson
Thomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: 

Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant and politician of York, England
Thomas R  Dickinson, United States Army general
J  Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomer
Tom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in England
Tom Dickinson (American football), American football player
Passage 10:
Wesley Barresi
Wesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer  He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak  In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022 

Career
Wesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal  Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament  However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled 



ground_truth: Poznań

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Vytautas Straižys or Mirjam Polkunen?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Cuchillos de fuego
Cuchillos de fuego is a Venezuelan film released in 1990  It was directed by Román Chalbaud based on his theatre play Todo bicho de uña, where a young man, David, seeks revenge on his mother's rapist and murderer  In the film, which is styled like a Western, a stop-motion animated children's drawing of the young David crying over his mother's body is used to tell parts of the story  After searching through the Andes for ten years, he kills several Apaches for his revenge In its theatrical release it was viewed by 367,652 people 

Production
The film stars Miguel Ángel Landa, who also produced it, as well as Marisela Berti, Javier Zapata, Charles Barri, Natalia Martínez, Gabriel Fernández, Dora Mazzone, Jonathan Montenegro, Gabriel Martínez, and Raúl Medina Despite being a Spanish co-production, it was not released in Spain 

Response
The film has been praised for its mixing of diverse themes, like melodrama and fantasy  However, its use of Freudian references was seen as simple, with the film overall described as "somewhat indigestible" It has been assessed as thematically aligned with Chalbaud's other films, despite being a different genre  In this respect, it features "mirage-like memories" of David's mother;:46 masks and costumes used to show illusion and performance of characters thematically;:46-47 pop music in the background used to layer simple meaning;:47 the religious name (David) for its protagonist;:48 and the use of myths, specifically the "fairytale of the abandoned child" :52
Passage 2:
Vittorio Cottafavi
Vittorio Cottafavi (30 January 1914 – 14 December 1998) was an Italian film director and screenwriter  He directed 70 films between 1943 and 1985  His film Il diavolo sulle colline was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival 

Selected filmography
Passage 3:
Blossoms of Fire
Blossoms of Fire (also known as Ramo de fuego) is a 2000 documentary film about the people of Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico  The documentary was directed by Maureen Gosling and Ellen Osborne 

Overview
Author Elena Poniatowska described the women of Juchitán de Zaragoza, a city in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, as “guardians of men, distributors of food ” Artists like Miguel Covarrubias and Frida Kahlo celebrated their beauty and intelligence  Blossoms of Fire shows them in their daily lives as they run their own businesses, embroider their signature fiery blossoms on clothing and comment on articles in the foreign press that depict them as a promiscuous matriarchy  In particular, an article in the Latin American version of ELLE Magazine infuriated the community during the time the filmmakers were shooting in 1994  Yet, it is expressed throughout the film by the women that they do not consider their society to be a matriarchy 
The people interviewed in this film share a common work ethic and independent streak rooted in Zapotec culture  The movie demonstrates powerful women, the region’s progressive politics, and a tolerance of homosexuality  Veteran film editor and former Les Blank collaborator Maureen Gosling and co-director Ellen Osborne tell of an indigenous community whose "flair for survival in the modern world is a fighting spirit and the undeniable influence of women "

Scenes
A midwife laughs over a young husband’s behavior during birth,
A gay man cheerfully asserts that “the mom’s in charge” in Juchitecan society
Many proudly describe the challenges they face in their work and their families 

Honors and special screenings
World Premiere - San Francisco International Film Festival, Castro Theater, SF and Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley
Coral Prize for Best Foreign Documentary About Latin America: Havana International Film Festival, Havana, Cuba 
"Best Of"Sunnyside of the Doc Film Market, Marseille, France
Award for Excellence - Society for Visual Anthropology, American Anthropological Association
Best Documentary - Film Fest New Haven, Conn 
Second Prize, Community Category, Terres en Vues First People's Festival,  Montréal, Québec
Prix Union Latine, Competition - La Cita Festival de Biarritz, Biarritz, France
El Foro de la Cineteca Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico (One of 12 international films chosen to screen at this prestigious Forum ) The film toured Mexico with the other films for three months following 
HBO Frame by Frame Series, The Screening Room, Manhattan
Tour of the Mexican Republic, including Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico City, and dozens of venues in the southern Mexican states  Sponsored by the Mexican Film Institute (IMCINE)  May–June 2001 
HDerHumALC (Human Rights) Film Festival, Buenos Aires, Argentina 
Toured with festival films to Lima, Peru (Dec  2002)
World Social Justice Forum in Porto Alegre and Belem, Brazil (Jan  2003) 

Credits
Producer, Director, Editor - Maureen Gosling
Director, Co-Producer - Ellen Osborne
Co-Producers - Toni Hanna, Maria Teresa García de la Noceda
Cinematographer - Xavier Pérez Grobet
Sound Recordist - Gabriela Espinoza
Field Producer - Susana Vásquez Sánchez
Associate Producer - Kelly Clement
Fiscal Sponsor - Film Arts Foundation, San Francisco
Featuring - the People of Juchitán and San Blas Atempa, Oaxaca
Passage 4:
Miloš Zličić
Miloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924  He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić 

Club career
Vojvodina
Born in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16  Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015  He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković  Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar 

Loan to Cement
In July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal  Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac  He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički 

International career
Zličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015  He was also member of a U17 level later  After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18 

Career statistics
As of 26 February 2020
Passage 5:
Ojos de fuego
Ojos de Fuego  (Eyes of Fire) is a 1995 Argentine independent short film written and directed by Jorge Gaggero 

Cast
Erasmo Olivera as Julian
Jorge Huertas as Comisario
Victor Poleri as Rengo
Eva Fernandez as Madre de Julian
Leandro Martínez as Laucha

External links
Ojos de fuego at IMDb
Passage 6:
La Bestia humana
La Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola 

External links
La Bestia humana at IMDb
Passage 7:
Román Chalbaud
Román Chalbaud (born 10 October 1931) is a Venezuelan film director and screenwriter, as well as a prominent playwright  Starting work in television after prestigious training, Chalbaud moved into making films before the industry took off in his home country, returning to theatre where he had been a great success for several years until filmmaking became a viable industry again  He has served as the president of Venezuela's leading theatre, television, and film organisations  A documentary about his life and work called Román en el universo de las maravillas, produced by Argentinian filmmakers, was released on 17 March 2018 in Altamira, Caracas at the Rómulo Gallegos Center for Latin American Studies 

Early life
Born in Mérida, Chalboud moved to Caracas with his grandmother at age six, and was seen in the city as a "learning-disabled" "country boy" Chalbaud was young, "in his adolescence" when he knew he wanted to be a storyteller, but also had a proclivity towards poetry  Some of his storytelling desires came from his grandmother, who was a keen reader of European literature, and also enjoyed watching some French and Italian films



ground_truth: Mirjam Polkunen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director is younger, Cuchillos De Fuego or A Woman Has Killed?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  It was not long after his revelation that he believed he could achieve both working in theatre and in film, the arts towards which he has focused since he was a teenager  His journey to becoming one of his nation's most renowned directors is framed as starting when he would go to a cinema as a teenager and watch films from the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, though Chalbaud himself says that he was inspired by dramatic angles when playing an angel in a Nativity play as a child and being hoisted into the rafters, able to watch the performance from a detached perspective, and to watch the audience as they watched the action After leaving high school, Chalbaud studied for two years at the Teatro Experimental in Caracas, and then studied directing under Lee Strasberg in New York 

Career
The director was in his late teens when he got jobs working in television, whilst writing plays  When working one television job, in the early 1950s, he reports that his group worked from 3 pm until 9 at night, and would then spend time at a brothel  It is during this time that he found inspiration and stories for his play El Pez que Fuma, which he would later make into a film  He also wrote the plays Los adolescentes, for which he won the Ateneo de Caracas prize, and Caín adolescente in his early television career  It was also the early 1950s when he worked as the assistant director to Mexican filmmaker Víctor Urruchúa, working on two of Urruchúa's films, Six Months of Life and Light in the High Plains  In 1955 he became the artistic director of Televisora Nacional, a company he left in 1958 It is possible that he left Televisora Nacional, the official statement being "for political reasons", when he was imprisoned in 1957 for five months by the regime of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, an experience he says gave him a social conscience to do good after being tortured Before releasing his first film, Chalbaud had seen enough success in playwriting that he was made the director of the National Theatre of Venezuela in 1958  He left this role the year after the release of Caín adolescente, in 1960  He had made two films by 1963, when cinema diminished in Venezuela and he was effectively forced to return to theatre  In 1967 he took the presidency of the UNESCO Latin American Theatre Institute, and it was in this year theatre collective "El Nuevo Grupo" was co-founded by Chalbaud; he dedicated the poem "Us and the Theatre" to the group, with which he has worked extensively since, that same year The success of Chalbaud's plays is placed on his characters, with the social-realist works characterised by an open treatment of dramatic plots, and a supposedly archetypal selection of characters used to portray irony with the social contexts of marginalisation they find themselves, all which critiques the situation of the country  This is also a reason that his plays, many of them that he made into films, are deemed timeless and socially relevant even in the 21st century  He was awarded the National Theatre Award of Venezuela in 1984  He is considered, along with friends Isaac Chocrón and José Ignacio Cabrujas, to be "a prime moving force in continuing the work of César Rengifo in the development of the contemporary Venezuelan theatre"  The three are known as the Holy Trinity of Venezuelan theatre Though making films in this time, he had been largely focused on theatre  This would change after 1969, when Chalbaud left his president role and when Venezuelan cinema entered its Golden Age  He did return to television, joining Radio Caracas Television in 1969, but began his most successful line of work in film direction  Moving into film gave Chalbaud international acclaim, all of his films being screened at film festivals, and one being the first of his country's foreign-language Oscar nominations  His films, some of which are self-adaptations, are said to thematically continue his theatre work  He received the National Film Award of Venezuela in 1990 In 1974, Chalbaud, with other filmmakers of his generation, started Gente de Cine C A , a production company which would produce most of his own films  In 1975, thanks to new national legislation pushed through by the Asociación Nacional de Autores Cinematográficos (National Association of Cinema Auteurs) — ANAC — Chalbaud was the first director to receive protected state funding, making the film Sacred and Obscene  The success of this film quashed the government's doubts about the funding program  He was then named President of the ANAC in 1978, and was the Director General of the Fundación Cinemateca Nacional de Venezuela (National Foundation of Venezuelan Cinema) for two years Chalbaud resigned from Radio Caracas in 1982  In 1985, the San Sebastián Film Festival dedicated a retrospective to him; he has also been on the Jury of this festival, in 1990 In June 2018, he said he was in pre-production for a film trilogy about the life of Hugo Chávez Alfonso Molina, in his 2002 book on the director, wrote that you cannot fully understand the socio-political culture of Venezuela without watching Chalbaud's films 

Personal life
Chalbaud revealed little personal information until he was quite old, when he said that though he loves the landscape of his home city Mérida, he considers Caracas the place to grow old  His favourite play is El Pez que Fuma  Fabián Pierucci, the director of the documentary about his life, says that Chalbaud is "tireless, from his early rise until the night he is reading, writing, going to conferences, helping people" He considers Luis Buñuel a "master" Chalbaud's political affiliation is chavismo, which he believes "most of the country" follows, arguing that Nicolás Maduro is not a dictator and that the opposition since his election are "monsters", justifying the government treatment of opposition members and describing the Constituent National Assembly as Venezuela's legitimate democratic house 

Filmography
Passage 8:
La niña de fuego
La niña de fuego (The fire girl) is a 1952 Argentine film 

Cast
Lolita Torres – Fernanda / Fernando
Ricardo Passano – Pocho
Mario Baroffio – Cipriano Albaicín
César Fiaschi – Pereda
Domingo Márquez – Andrés
Antonio Martelo
Helena Cortesina
Alfonso Pisano – Ramallo
Arsenio Perdiguero – mr  José
Antonio Martiánez – Captain
Delfy Miranda – Ofelia
Noemí Laserre – María de los Cantares
Arturo Arcari
Semillita – box spectator
Helena Cortesina – Clotilde
Carlos Mendi – Marino
Ofelia Cortesina
Luis Laneri
Dante Liguori

External links
La niña de fuego at IMDb
Passage 9:
La selva de fuego
La Selva de Fuego (The Jungle of Fire) is a 1945 Mexican romantic drama film directed by Fernando de Fuentes and starring Dolores del Río 

Plot summary
The movie develops into the Jungle of Chiapas in México  A beautiful woman named Estrella (Dolores del Río) lost in a savage zone of the jungle  She is found by a group of men who are being held into the jungle as social outcasts  Their leader, Luciano (Arturo de Córdova) is a man of integrity, but with an inexplicable hatred toward women  The presence of a sensual woman between several alone men causing a chaos that only Luciano can save 

Curiosities
According to María Félix in her autobiography (Todas mis Guerras México, 1993), cause of this movie, she and Dolores del Río mistook their paths for only time  The film was written by Félix, but the messenger sent by mistake the film for Dolores  María finished filming the movie Vértigo (written by Dolores) 
Passage 10:
A Woman Has Killed
A Woman Has Killed (Italian: Una donna ha ucciso) is a 1952 Italian melodrama crime film directed by Vittorio Cottafavi  While on a train journey a young woman tells another passenger how she murdered her husband, a British army officer  It is a neorealist film, based on the real story of Lidia Cirillo, who appears in the film 
The film's sets were designed by the art director Ottavio Scotti 

Cast
Frank Latimore as 	Capt  Roy Prescott
Lianella Carell as 	Anna
Alessandro Serbaroli as 	Larry (as Alex Serbaroli)
Vera Palumbo as 	Carla
Umberto Spadaro as 	Padre di Anna
Marika Rowsky
Celeste Aída
Diego Muni
Vincenzo Milazzo
Pia De Doses
Lidia Cirillo



ground_truth: Cuchillos De Fuego