prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director born later, From Corleone To Brooklyn or Durango Valley Raiders?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Sam Newfield
Sam Newfield, born Samuel Neufeld (December 6, 1899 – November 10, 1964), also known as Sherman Scott or Peter Stewart, was an American B-movie director, one of the most prolific in American film history—he is credited with directing over 250 feature films in a career which began during the silent era and ended in 1958  In addition to his staggering feature output, he also directed one -and two-reel comedy shorts, training films, industrial films, TV episodes and pretty much anything anyone would pay him for  Because of this massive output—he would sometimes direct more than 20 films in a single year—he has been called the most prolific director of the sound era Many of Newfield's films were made for PRC Pictures  This was a film production company headed by his brother Sigmund Neufeld  The films PRC produced were low-budget productions, the majority being westerns, with an occasional horror film or crime drama 

Family and education
Newfield completed one year of high school, according to the 1940 US census  Brother Morris Neufeld was a stage actor, according to the 1930 US census 

Pseudonyms
Sam Newfield was credited as Sherman Scott and Peter Stewart on a number of films he made for PRC  He used these names in order to hide the fact that one person was responsible for so many of PRC's films 

Partial filmography
Partial filmography is listed below for the different names he used 

Film statistics
Between 1923 and 1930 Newfield directed over 50 comedies  Feature films statistics per year, starting with 1933, are summarised in the following table 

See also
Fred Olen Ray, another B movie director who has used many of these pseudonyms
Passage 2:
Durango Valley Raiders
Durango Valley Raiders is a 1938 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by George H  Plympton  The film stars Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Karl Hackett, Ted Adams, Forrest Taylor and Steve Clark  The film was released on August 22, 1938, by Republic Pictures 

Plot
Durango Valley is controlled by Shadow and his gang  The Sheriff while investigating a killing, arrests ranch worker Keene Cordner, with some help Keene gets out of jail and hides out, but will now become an actual bandit, in the hopes of catching Shadow 

Cast
Bob Steele as Keene Cordner
Louise Stanley as Betty McKay
Karl Hackett as John McKay
Ted Adams as Lobo
Forrest Taylor as Sheriff Devlin
Steve Clark as Boone Cordner
Horace Murphy as Matt Tanner
Jack Ingram as Deputy Slade
Passage 3:
W  Augustus Barratt
W  Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician 

Early life and songs
Walter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley  In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music 
In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements 
By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover 
He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree  He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900) He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them  The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald 
His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times  It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms 

America
In September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:

on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;
musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;
co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;
composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst  Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;
musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);
co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);
musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);
musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;
musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);
composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;
contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;
composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;
contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;
musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue

1921 in London
Though domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England  During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B  Cochran, namely

League of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;
Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics

Back to Broadway
Back in the US he returned to Broadway, working as
composer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;
musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance

Radio plays
In later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:

Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)
Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)
The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)
Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)
Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)
Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)
Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)

Personal
In 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner  They had one son  In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City  His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American  In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen  He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City 

Note on his first name
The book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake  For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W  Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt" 
Passage 4:
Claude Weisz
Claude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris 

Filmography
Feature films
Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateurs
Jury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973

La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma français
Competition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, Montréal

On l'appelait    le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries "Laurel Wreath"
Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, Cairo

Paula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVD

Short and mid-length
La Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)
L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)
Un village au Québec
Montréal
Deux aspects du Canada (1969)
La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)
Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)
L'huître boudeuse
Ancienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)
Passementiers et Rubaniers
Le quinzième mois
C'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)
Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)
Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films "militants"

Television
Series of seven dramas in German
Numerous documentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)
Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)
Contemplatives    et femmes (TF1 - 1976)
Suzel Sabatier (FR3)
Un autre Or Noir (FR3)
Vivre en Géorgie
Portrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)
Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)

Television documentaries
La porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)
Une histoire balbynienne (2002)
Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)
Hana et Khaman (unfinished)
En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)
Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtre
Les quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autre
Histoire du peuple kurde (in development)
Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)
Réalisation de films institutionnels et industriels
Passage 5:
Eugenio Alabiso
Eugenio Alabiso (born 30 July 1937) is an Italian film editor 
He edited The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)He edited The Case of the Scorpion's Tail (1971), Silent Action (1975), and The Scorpion with Two Tails (1982), directed by Sergio Martino, and Face to Face (1967), directed by Sergio Sollima  He worked in crime films like Long Lasting Days (1973), Almost Human (1974), Manhunt in the City (1975), and From Corleone to Brooklyn (1979), directed by Umberto Lenzi 

Filmography
Films
Television series
Passage 6:
Jacques Décombe
Jacques Décombe is a French author, actor and director born in 1953 

Biography
After he studied at the Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, he was the director of the shows of Les Inconnus at the request of Didier Bourdon and won the Molière Award for best comedy show  (See fr:Molière du meilleur spectacle comique) in 1991  He also directed shows by Charlotte de Turckheim, Chevallier et Laspalès, Patrick Timsit, Les Chevaliers du fiel   
Passage 7:
Sepideh Farsi
Sepideh Farsi (Persian: سپیده فارسی; born 1965) is an Iranian director 

Early years
Farsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris to study mathematics   However, eventually she was drawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photography before making her first short films  A main theme of her works is identity  She still visits Tehran each year 

Awards/Recognition
Farsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best First Feature in 2009  She won the FIPRESCI Prize (2002), Cinéma du Réel and Traces de Vie prize (2001) for "Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker" and Best documentary prize in Festival dei Popoli (2007) for "HARAT" 

Recent News
One of her latest films is called Tehran Bedoune Mojavez (Tehran Without Permission)   The 83-minute documentary shows life in Iran's crowded capital city of Tehran, facing international sanctions over its nuclear ambitions and experiencing civil unrest   It was shot entirely with a Nokia camera phone because of the government restrictions over shooting a film   The film shows various aspects of city life including following women at the hairdressers talking of the latest fads, young men speaking of drugs, prostitution and other societal problems, and the Iranian rapper “Hichkas”   The  dialogue is in Persian with English and Arabic subtitles  In December 2009, Tehran Without Permission was shown at the Dubai International Film Festival 

Filmography
Red Rose (2014)
Cloudy Greece (2013)
Zire Âb / The house under the water (2010)
Tehran bedoune mojavez / Tehran without permission (2009)
If it were Icarus (2008)
Harat (2007)
Negah / The Gaze (2006)
Khab-e khak / Dreams of Dust (2003)
Safar-e Maryam / The journey of Maryam (2002)
Mardan-e Atash / Men of Fire (2001)
Homi D  Sethna, filmmaker (2000)
Donya khaneye man ast / The world is my home (1999)
Khabe Âb / Water dreams (1997)
Bâd-e shomal / Northwind (1993)
Passage 8:
Fred Roy Krug
Fred R  Krug is an American film and television producer-director born in Bern, Switzerland 
Passage 9:
Umberto Lenzi
Umberto Lenzi (6 August 1931 – 19 October 2017) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, and novelist 
A fan of film since young age, Lenzi studied at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia and made his first film in 1958 which went unreleased, while his official debut happened in 1961 with Queen of the Seas  Lenzi's films of the 1960s followed popular trends of the era, which led to him directing several spy and erotic thriller films  He followed in suit in the 1970s making giallo films, crime films and making the first Italian cannibal film with Man from the Deep River  He continued making films up until the 1990s and later worked as a novelist writing a series of murder mysteries 

Biography
Early life
Umberto Lenzi was born on 6 August 1931 in the Massa Marittima province of Italy  Lenzi was a film enthusiast as early as grade school  While studying law, Lenzi also created film fan clubs  Lenzi eventually put off studying law and began pursuing the technical arts of filmmaking He graduated from Rome's Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in 1956 and made I ragazzi di Trastevere as his final exam, a short film influenced by the writings of Pier Paolo Pasolini  Lenzi also worked as a journalist for various newspapers and magazines, including Bianco e Nero and, between 1957 and 1960, penned a number of detective novels and adventure stories using a pseudonym 

1960s
Prior to his officially first credited film as a director, Queen of the Seas, Lenzi directed a film in Greece in 1958 titled Mia Italida stin Ellada, or Vacanze ad Atene, which was never released Lenzi's films of the 1960s revolved around popular genres of their respective time periods  In the early 1960s, Lenzi directed many adventure films including two features about Robin Hood (The Triumph of Robin Hood and The Invincible Masked Rider) and two films about Sandokan (Sandokan the Great (1963) and Pirates of Malaysia (1964)) By 1965, Lenzi began directing European spy films, such as 008: Operation Exterminate, followed by Super Seven Calling Cairo and The Spy Who Loved Flowers, and even adapted the fumetti neri comic character Kriminal to the screen  Lenzi then turned to making war films such as Desert Commandos and Legion of the Damned and westerns such as Pistol for a Hundred Coffins and All Out (1968) Lenzi had box office success in Italy with his erotic thrillers starring Carroll Baker such as Orgasmo, So Sweet    So Perverse and A Quiet Place to Kill which were influenced by French "film noir" movies drawing from the works of Jacques Deray and René Clément 

1970s
After the commercial success of giallo films by Dario Argento, Lenzi followed the new trend with Seven Bloodstained Orchids, which referenced both Cornell Woolrich and Edgar Wallace novels, while another giallo Knife of Ice was a variation of Robert Siodmak's The Spiral Staircase  Other gialli created by Lenzi in the early 1970s included Spasmo and Eyeball During the early 1970s, Lenzi also directed the first of the Italian cannibal films, with Man from the Deep River, a genre that he would explore again in the 1980s with Eaten Alive! and Cannibal Ferox  During the late 1970s, Lenzi devoted himself almost exclusively to crime dramas, with the exception of two war films: The Greatest Battle and From Hell to Victory (1979) 

1980s
The 1980s marked the release of films that Roberto Curti described as some of Lenzi's "most notorious"  These included Nightmare City and the previously mentioned Cannibal Ferox Lenzi also worked on horror films towards the late 1980s, such as Ghosthouse (1988) under the name Humphrey Humbert and the slasher film Nightmare Beach which was credited to Harry Kirkpatrick as Lenzi refused to sign his name to the film  Other later 1980s work included horror films made for television, such as The House of Witchraft and The House of Lost Souls  Both films were part of a series titled Le case maldette (transl  Houses of Doom) which were set up by Luciano Martino and were related by the theme of haunted houses  The films were shot but the series was not broadcast immediately  Lenzi reflected on these films saying he made them as if they were designed for theatrical release and that  the producers, his colleagues and himself did not consider that television sponsors would not accept horror films  The two television series were eventually released on VHS in 2000 in Italy and later broadcast on Italian satellite TV in 2006  In 1989, Lenzi directed the police action film Cop Target in Miami and Santo Domingo, starring Robert Ginty and Charles Napier 

Post-1980s
In 1990, using his own company and a low amount of funds, Lenzi also shot two films in Brazil in a period of three months: the horror film Black Demons, which in 1996 he considered to be his masterpiece, and the adventure film Hunt for the Golden Scorpion In 1992, he shot the adventure film Mean Tricks (also known as Hornsby and Rodriguez) starring Charles Napier, David Warbeck and David Brandon  Variety reported in 2006 that Lenzi was shooting a slasher film in Italy titled Horror Baby  The film's story was about a 15-year-old paraplegic girl who becomes a serial killer after viewing a neighbor having sex from her window Lenzi later embarked on a career as a novelist, writing a series of murder mysteries set in the 1930s and '40s Cinecittà, involving real-life characters of the Italian film industry 

Death
Lenzi died on 19 October 2017  The director was hospitalized in the Ostia district of Rome  The cause of death is unknown 

Personal life
Umberto Lenzi was married to Olga Pehar, who co-wrote some of his films Lenzi was an anarchist 

Legacy
Roberto Curti referred to Lenzi as "one of the undisputed leading figures in Italian genre cinema" and that he was "a sort of institution in Italian genre cinema " Louis Paul suggested that Lenzi released some "quite enjoyable action films in the 1960s and some good thrillers in the '70s, he never consistently excelled at any one genre" and that Lenzi would "probably be remembered most for his cannibal-themed horror films " Kim Newman discussed Lenzi in 2021, stating that the director "has been rated towards the bottom of the ranks of Italian genre craftsmen by many - me included - because of the greater availability of his pulpier, more gruesome 1980s work" noting Cannibal Ferox and Nightmare City and stated that "though a trailblazer for the little-loved jungle cannibal cycle, contributing its earliest and most gruesome entries, in general Lenzi seemed one of the coat-tail riders, turning to whatever subgenre of exploitation was selling that year   and even in that class, he's less consistently interesting and exciting than Sergio Martino " Newman did note the film Lenzi made with Carroll Baker in the late 1960s, which Newman stated "force a reassessment" on Lenzi's work 

Select filmography
See also
Cannibal boom
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia
Poliziotteschi
Spaghetti Nightmares
Passage 10:
From Corleone to Brooklyn
From Corleone to Brooklyn (original title: Da Corleone a Brooklyn) is an Italian poliziotteschi film directed by Umberto Lenzi  The film was released in Italy on 13 April 1979 and stars Maurizio Merli, Mario Merola and Van Johnson 

Plot
Italian police officer Giorgio Berni (Maurizio Merli) is seeking to arrest Michele Barresi (Mario Merola), who is hiding in New York under the name Vito Ferrando, for his role in the murder of Salvetore Santoro  He plans to accomplish this by having a witness to the murder, Salvetore Scalia, testify against Barresi in court as evidence that Barresi was involved in the crime  On their way from Italy to New York Berni and Scalia experience several lethal encounters with Barresi's men trying to prevent them from getting to Barresi 
Assuming that Salvetore Scalia is dead, as a result of a newspaper report put out by the police, Barresi has his sister Liana murdered so as to eliminate all witnesses to the murder of Santoro  While searching Liana's apartment, police find a plane ticket for New York  While leaving Liana's apartment a shootout breaks out between Barresi's men and Berni, resulting in the death of Giuseppe Caruso, and revealing that Salvetore Scalia is alive  In order to secure a safe hiding spot for Scalia, Berni takes him to the house of his ex-wife, Paola  After leaving Paola's house another firefight ensues with Barresi's men  Poala, Berni, and Scalia then stay in a hotel for the night  As they head to the airport the following day, the road is blocked by Barresi's men, where Berni commands Paola to speed through their barrier  From here, Berni and Scalia take a plane to New York 
According to plan Scalia and Berni take refuge in a hotel the evening before they plan to testify against Barresi  After realizing that the man guarding the door is missing, Berni must take Scalia somewhere else to hide  He takes him to Joe's Restaurant and Pizzeria, where the head of the restaurant, Luigi, allows them to hide in his apartment upstairs  Meanwhile, two of Barresi's men enter the restaurant aiming to murder Berni and Scalia  However, a group of robbers enter immediately after, prompting Barresi's men to engage in shootout with the robbers, then flee the scene  Berni and Scalia exit Joe's Restaurant to track down the two men who left the restaurant, but are instead ambushed by a street gang  Police arrive to the scene of the ambush, where they arrest Berni and Scalia after receiving a report of two dangerous men, one armed, in the area  They do not initially believe that Berni is an Italian police officer  After Berni convinces them to take him to Lieutenant Sturges, who is sitting on the court case of Barresi, Berni and Scalia are free to begin their testimony against Barresi  When Scalia takes the stand to testify against Barresi, however, he claims that he does not know the man and has never seen him in his life, causing the judge to order Barresi to be set free 
Outside the court house, Scalia is shot dead by a gunman on the roof, revealed to be a clerk working at the hotel in which Berni and Scalia stayed when they first arrived in New York  The film ends with Berni searching Scalia's jacket pockets and finding a note stating that, if he were to die, let it be known that the man who goes by Vito Ferrando is actually Michele Barresi, providing Berni with the evidence he needs to bring Barresi down 

Cast
Maurizio Merli as Commissioner Giorgio Berni
Mario Merola as Michele Barresi
Biagio Pelligra as  Salvatore Scalia
Laura Belli as Paola
Van Johnson as Lt  Sturges
Venantino Venantini as Commissioner Danova
Sonia Viviani as Liana Scalia
Salvatore Billa as Giuseppe Caruso
Luca Barbareschi as Policeman

Release
From Corleone to Brooklyn was released theatrically in Italy on 13 April 1979, distributed by Variety Film  The film grossed 398 6 million Italian lira 

See also
List of Italian films of 1979
Context 2: Passage 1:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 2:
Fred Williamson
Frederick Robert Williamson (born March 5, 1938), also known as "the Hammer", is an American actor and former professional American football defensive back who played mainly in the American Football League (AFL) during the 1960s  Williamson has had a busy film career, starring as Tommy Gibbs in the 1973 crime drama film Black Caesar and its sequel Hell Up in Harlem  Williamson also had roles in other 1970s blaxploitation films such as Hammer (1972), That Man Bolt (1973) and Three the Hard Way (1974) 

Early life and education
Born in Gary, Indiana, Williamson was the oldest child born to Frank, a welder and Lydia Williamson  Williamson attended Froebel High School, where he ran track and played football  He graduated in 1956  After high school, Williamson left Gary for Evanston, Illinois to attend Northwestern University on a football scholarship 

Career
Football
After playing college football for Northwestern in the late 1950s, Williamson was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers  When during training camp he was switched to their defense, his attitude over the switch prompted him to play his position with too much aggression, and the coach of the 49ers asked him to quit "hammering" his players  Thus, "The Hammer" quickly stuck and became his nickname 
Williamson played one year for the Steelers in the National Football League in 1960  Next, he moved to the new American Football League  Williamson played four seasons for the AFL's Oakland Raiders, making the AFL All-Star team in 1961, 1962, and 1963  He also played three seasons for the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs  During his period of playing for the Chiefs, Williamson became one of football's first self-promoters, nurturing the nickname "The Hammer" because he used his forearm to deliver karate-style blows to the heads of opposing players, especially wide receivers  Before Super Bowl I, Williamson garnered national headlines by boasting that he would knock the Green Bay Packers starting receivers, Carroll Dale and Boyd Dowler, out of the game  He stated "Two hammers to Dowler, one to Dale should be enough" His prediction turned out to be an ironic one because "they (Green Bay) broke the hammer" as Williamson himself was knocked out of the game in the fourth quarter on the way to a 35–10 defeat  Williamson's head met the knee of the Packers' running back Donny Anderson  Williamson later suffered a broken arm from his own teammate when Chiefs linebacker Sherrill Headrick fell on him  Williamson finished his eight-season pro football career in 1967 with a history of many hard tackles, passes knocked away, and 36 pass interceptions in 104 games  Williamson returned his interceptions for 479 yards and two touchdowns  After signing with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League during the 1968 season, but not having played in a league game, Williamson retired 

Acting
Williamson became an actor much in the mold of star running back Jim Brown  He acted alongside Brown in films such as Three the Hard Way (1974), Take a Hard Ride (1975), One Down, Two to Go (1982), Original Gangstas (1996) and On the Edge (2002)  Williamson also guest starred with Brown in various television roles  In October 1973, Williamson posed nude for Playgirl magazine, preempting Brown's appearance in 1974  Williamson's early television roles included a role in the original Star Trek episode "The Cloud Minders" (1969), in which he played Anka  He also played Diahann Carroll's love interest in the sitcom Julia  In an interview for the DVD of Bronx Warriors, Williamson stated that his role in Julia was created for him when he convinced the producers that the Black community was upset that Julia had a different boyfriend every week 
Williamson's early film work included roles in M*A*S*H (1970) and Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970)   He portrayed an escaped slave who flees westward in The Legend of Nigger Charley (1972)  He played the role of an African-American gangster in the film Black Caesar (1973) and its subsequent sequel, Hell Up in Harlem (also 1973)  Williamson also starred in the 1975 western film Boss Nigger, in which he played the title role  After this he appeared as an actor in several films, most of which are considered to be of the "blaxploitation" genre  Williamson starred alongside Peter Boyle and Eli Wallach in the movie Crazy Joe (1974)  In 1974, Williamson was selected by the ABC television network as a commentator on Monday Night Football to replace Don Meredith, who had left to pursue an acting and broadcasting career at rival network NBC  Williamson was used on a few pre-season broadcasts, but was quickly declared unsuitable by ABC  He was relieved of his duties at the beginning of the regular season, becoming the first MNF personality not to endure for an entire season  He was replaced by the fellow former player (and fellow Gary, Indiana, native) Alex Karras 
Williamson co-starred in the short-lived series Half Nelson (1985)  During the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s, Williamson frequently appeared on television as a spokesman for King Cobra malt liquor ("Don't let the smooth taste fool you "), as did fellow actor/martial artist Martin Kove  In 1994, Williamson, along with many other black actors from the 'Blaxploitation' movie era (namely Antonio Fargas, Pam Grier, Rudy Ray Moore, and Ron O'Neal) made a cameo appearance on Snoop Doggy Dogg's music video "Doggy Dogg World", where he appears as himself using his pro-football nickname "The Hammer"  Williamson co-starred with George Clooney and Quentin Tarantino in From Dusk till Dawn (1996), directed by Robert Rodriguez  He was in the cast of the original The Inglorious Bastards (1978), which would later inspire Tarantino's 2009 film of similar name 
Williamson has continued his career as an actor and director into the 21st Century, appearing in the reboot film Starsky & Hutch (2004) derived from the 1970s television series 

Working with clique of actors
Williamson has co-starred in a number of films with Bo Svenson  They include, The Inglorious Bastards (1978), Deadly Impact (1984), Delta Force Commando (1987), The Kill Reflex (1989), Three Days to a Kill (1991),  and Steele's Law (1991)

Directing and producing
Since the 1970s, Williamson has had another career as a director and producer  His first film as producer was Boss Nigger (1975), in which he also starred  His second film as producer was with Mean Johnny Barrows (1976), a predecessor of the Rambo films which similarly featured a violent Vietnam Vet plot (though the novel First Blood on which the film First Blood was based was written in 1972)  He has since directed over 20 features  In the middle of the 1970s, Williamson relocated to Rome, Italy and formed his own company Po' Boy Productions, which started to produce actioners including Adios Amigo (1976) and Death Journey (1976), both of which starred and were directed by Williamson  Although his most recent efforts as director and producer have mainly been direct-to-video, Williamson remains an active film maker 

Personal life
Williamson has been married twice  His first marriage was to Ginette Lavonda from 1960 until 1967  Williamson has been married to Linda Williamson since 1988  Williamson has at least three children but some sources state he has at least six  Williamson has black belts in Kenpō, Shotokan karate and taekwondo  Since 1997, Williamson has had a home in Palm Springs, California 

Filmography
See also
List of American Football League players
Passage 3:
Larry Cohen
Lawrence George Cohen (July 15, 1936 – March 23, 2019) was an American screenwriter, producer, and director of film and television, best known as an author of horror and science fiction films — often containing police procedural and satirical elements — during the 1970s and 1980s, such as It's Alive (1974), God Told Me To (1976), It Lives Again (1978), The Stuff (1985) and A Return to Salem's Lot (1987)  He originally emerged as the writer of blaxploitation films such as Bone (1972), Black Caesar, and Hell Up in Harlem (both 1973)  Later on he concentrated mainly on screenwriting, including Phone Booth (2002), Cellular (2004) and Captivity (2007) 
Early in his career, Cohen was a prolific television writer, creating series such as Branded, Blue Light, Coronet Blue, and The Invaders  In 2006, he returned to the directing chair for Mick Garris's anthology series Masters of Horror, directing the episode "Pick Me Up"  In 2017, Cohen was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Fantasia International Film Festival 

Early life
Lawrence George Cohen was born in Manhattan, New York City, on July 15, 1936  His family was of Jewish ancestry  His sister, Ronni Chasen, was a publicist who worked with him beginning early in his film career  He moved to the Riverdale section of the Bronx in New York City at an early age 
Cohen exhibited a voracious appetite for films as a child, visiting the movie theaters at least twice a week, and most of them being double features, the young Cohen managed to consume at least four movies a week  He was a fan of the hard-boiled and film noir movies that featured actors such as Humphrey Bogart and James Cagney; films that were penned by the likes of Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett  Cohen was especially a fan of director Michael Curtiz, whose films include The Adventures of Robin Hood, Casablanca, and Dodge City 
He majored in film studies at the City College of New York 

Career
Early work
During the 1950s Cohen worked for the NBC television network, where he learned how to produce teleplays, and shortly afterward began writing his own television scripts  He created the TV series The Invaders and also scripted episodes of The Defenders and The Fugitive Cohen began his career as a writer for well-known television series, concentrating his efforts on the crime and detective genres  He penned several episodes of The Defenders (1964) — which starred E G  Marshall — one episode of Espionage (1964), and episodes of The Fugitive (1964–65)  Other writing credits during the 1950s and 1960s included the fantasy-suspense anthologies Kraft Television Theatre (1958) and Kraft Suspense Theatre (1965), the espionage TV series Blue Light (1966) starring Robert Goulet and Coronet Blue (1967) starring Frank Converse, and the science-fiction TV series, The Invaders (1967–1968)  In 1966, he wrote the screenplay to the Western film Return of the Seven (also known as Return of the Magnificent Seven), a sequel to the 1960 film The Magnificent Seven, which had the return of Yul Brynner as gunslinger Chris Adams  Four episodes he wrote for Blue Light were edited together to create the theatrical film I Deal in Danger, released in December 1966  He also created the Western TV series Branded (1965–1966) and was the co-creator with Walter Grauman of Blue Light 

1970s
Although Cohen continued to write TV and film scripts during the 1970s – such as Columbo – he further turned his hand to directing  His directorial debut was the 1972 comedy film Bone (aka Beverly Hills Nightmare) starring Yaphet Kotto  Cohen directed Dial Rat for Terror (1973) and Housewife (1973) before creating the It's Alive series in 1974  He wrote, produced and directed the horror film It's Alive, about a mutant monster baby that embarks on a killing spree  The film – an initial commercial failure – was re-released with a new and sharper advertisement campaign; it went on to become a moderate success, earning over $7 million for Warner Bros  and spawning two sequels, It Lives Again (1978) and It's Alive III: Island of the Alive (1987) Cohen followed-up It's Alive with the science-fiction serial killer film God Told Me To (1976), in which a New York detective investigates a spate of killings by apparently random people who say that God told them to commit the crimes  He concentrated his work predominantly within the horror genre throughout the 1970s and 1980s, often incorporating elements of crime, police procedural, and science fiction with scathing social commentary 
Cohen's It's Alive tells of a couple, Frank and Lenore Davis, who give birth to a mutated baby  The doctors and nurses at the hospital attempt to end the life of the deformed child, but it instead kills them and escapes  A police manhunt ensues as the fleeing mutation leaves dead bodies in its wake  Frank sees the child just as Dr  Frankenstein saw his monster and assists the police 
The emphasis in It's Alive is on the potential effects of chemicals to the ecosystem, and experimental prescription drugs that can be harmful to unborn babies  The score for It's Alive was composed by Bernard Herrmann, known for his contributions to many Alfred Hitchcock films, including Psycho, North by Northwest, and Vertigo  The welling strings, horn arrangements and harp glissandos throughout the film prefigure the soundtrack to Herrmann's final film score two years later for Taxi Driver  The cast includes John P  Ryan, Sharon Farrell, James Dixon, and Andrew Duggan 
It Lives Again (1978) picks up where the first one ended  More mutated babies are appearing around the country  Frank has now joined a renegade mob who are attempting to stop the government from killing these strange mutations  The emphasis in It Lives Again is on accepting one's child, even if it is born with deformities or disabilities  The score is again provided by Bernard Herrmann  The cast includes John P  Ryan, James Dixon, Andrew Duggan, and Frederic Forrest 

1980s
During the 1980s, Cohen directed, produced, and scripted a number of low-budget horror films, many of which featured actor Michael Moriarty  The first was Q – a k a  Q: The Winged Serpent (1982) — about an Aztec god known as Quetzalcoatl (the Winged Serpent) resurrected and nesting atop the Chrysler Building  The film is set in New York City, as was typical for Cohen, and sees two police detectives investigating a spate of killings in the city  The cast is headed by Moriarty and co-stars David Carradine, Candy Clark, Richard Roundtree, and James Dixon (another Cohen regular)  The Chrysler Building scenes were actually shot on location in and around the building, including the inside and outside of the cone atop the edifice 
Cohen's next project with Moriarty was The Stuff (1985), in which an alien substance of sorts is found bubbling out of the ground  The Stuff is marketed at the general public, which rapidly becomes addicted to it  David "Mo" Rutheford, an industrial saboteur, played by Moriarty, is hired to investigate the origins of the Stuff and decides to destroy the product  The film co-stars Danny Aiello, Brian Bloom, Scott Bloom, Andrea Marcovicci, Patrick O'Neal, and Paul Sorvino  Saturday Night Live regular Garrett Morris plays Charlie W  Hobbs a k a  Chocolate Chip Charlie, a junk food mogul who assists Mo with his investigation  Cohen cast Moriarty in It's Alive 3: Island of the Alive (1987)—the third part of the Alive Trilogy—and again in A Return to Salem's Lot (1987), the unofficial sequel of Stephen King's novel and TV miniseries Salem's Lot  Cohen finished the 1980s with Wicked Stepmother (1989), in which the late Bette Davis made her last appearance 

1990s
Cohen began the 1990s with his film The Ambulance (1990) starring Eric Roberts  The film is set in New York City and is focused on Josh Baker (Roberts), an aspiring comic book artist, who investigates a string of disappearances: people who are picked up by a mysterious ambulance that never reaches the city hospital  The Ambulance features cameos by Stan Lee, Larry Hama and Jim Salicrup of Marvel Comics  He would direct only two other films during the 1990s, one being the Blaxploitation film Original Gangstas (1996), featuring Jim Brown, Pam Grier, and Fred Williamson  For most of the decade, Cohen concentrated on writing  He penned the remainder of the William Lustig Maniac Cop Trilogy – he had previously scripted Maniac Cop in 1988 – that features Robert Z'Dar as undead Maniac Cop, Matt Cordell, and B-Movie horror actor Bruce Campbell  He then provided the story of the third adaptation of Jack Finney's 1955 science-fiction novel The Body Snatchers, a tale of alien invasion and paranoia: Body Snatchers was directed by Abel Ferrara and starred Forest Whitaker  Throughout the decade Cohen was further involved in various TV projects including NYPD Blue and the Ed McBain-inspired 87th Precinct: Heatwave 

2000s
Cohen's output after the 1990s was less prolific and concentrated solely on scriptwriting, except for a brief return to directing with the Masters of Horror episode "Pick Me Up" (2006)  His first project, Phone Booth (2002), became involved in a Hollywood bidding war, the script eventually ending up in the hands of Joel Schumacher  Phone Booth was a commercial success with an estimated budget of $13 million and a worldwide gross of $98 million  The film starred Colin Farrell, Katie Holmes, Kiefer Sutherland, and Forest Whitaker; it was produced by David Zucker 
His next film, another action-crime thriller titled Cellular (2004), also featured phones and, like Phone Booth, it was a modest commercial success with an estimated budget of $25 million and a gross worldwide return of $50 million  Cellular starred Kim Basinger, Chris Evans, William H  Macy, and Jason Statham  Cellular was later re-made as Connected (2008), Cohen being credited with the story  He then scripted the horror-thriller films Captivity (2007) and Messages Deleted (2009); however, both films fared poorly on a critical and commercial level  Cohen nevertheless received acclaim for the above-mentioned Pick Me Up, which he directed for the Mick Garris TV series Masters of Horror (2006)  The episode was written by splatterpunk-horror author David Schow, and starred Cohen regular Michael Moriarty 

In 2003, Cohen, together with production partner Martin Poll, was at the center of a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming the company had intentionally plagiarized a script of theirs titled Cast of Characters in order to create the Sean Connery-starring League of Extraordinary Gentlemen in 2003  According to the BBC, the lawsuit alleged 'that Mr  Cohen and Mr  Poll pitched the idea to Fox several times between 1993 and 1996, under the name Cast of Characters ' The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen was an adaptation of the 1999 published comic book series by Alan Moore and artist Kevin O'Neill In 2006, Cohen was included in the Masters of Horror TV anthology, which also included – but was not limited to – writers and directors as diverse as Dario Argento, Clive Barker, John Carpenter, Richard Chizmar, Don Coscarelli, Wes Craven, David Cronenberg, Joe Dante, Guillermo del Toro, Ernest Dickerson, Stuart Gordon, James Gunn, Sam Hamm, Tom Holland, Tobe Hooper, Lloyd Kaufman, Mary Lambert, John Landis, Joe R  Lansdale, Bentley Little, H P  Lovecraft, Joe Lynch, William Lustig, Peter Medak, Lucky McKee, Kat O' Shea, Robert Rodriguez, Eli Roth, David Schow, and Tim Sullivan  It was created by Mick Garris for the Showtime cable network  Cohen's contribution was the segment Pick Me Up, based on a short story by David Schow, who also wrote the teleplay  It stars Fairuza Balk and Cohen regulars Laurene Landon and Michael Moriarty  Pick Me Up is the story of woman traveling on a bus that has broken down along a stretch of lonely two-lane blacktop  Enter two serial killers: Wheeler (Moriarty), a driver who picks up hitchhikers with the sole intent of killing them – and – Walker (Warren Kole), a hitchhiker who accepts lifts in order to find his victims  The two killers pair up and inventively murder all the passengers on the bus, save for Stacia (Balk), who has since gone her own way  Stacia eventually winds up in the middle of a serial killer turf war, a war over which killer will get her first  Pick Me Up signaled a brief return to the director's chair for Cohen 
Josef Rusnak remade Cohen's It's Alive in 2009  Still awaiting a score on Rotten Tomatoes, the existing reviews are also very poor  Even Cohen admitted that the remake was dreadful and states: 'It's a terrible picture  It's just beyond awful'  Cohen offered his 1974 script but remarks that it was completely ignored: "I would advise anybody who likes my film to cross the street and avoid seeing the new enchilada "

Personal life
Cohen was married twice: to Janelle Webb, until their divorce in 1980; and then to Cynthia Costas, from 1994 until his death  He had two daughters  His sister Ronni Chasen was murdered on November 16, 2010 in a drive-by shooting in Beverly HIlls 

Death
On March 23, 2019, Cohen died from cancer at his home in Beverly Hills, California, at age 82 

Critical response
Critical response to Cohen's work has been extremely varied, with reviews ranging from good to poor 

The Stuff
Cohen's science fiction horror film and satirical social commentary The Stuff (1985) garnered mixed reviews, often being compared to Jack Finney's The Body Snatchers novel and the 1958 film The Blob  It has a moderate fresh rating of 63% on Rotten Tomatoes  The Apollo Movie Guide remarks that The Stuff works on a purely visceral level, and that it further achieves a tongue-in-cheek social parody of a society that cannot help buying into the latest craze  Although Apollo praised the juxtaposition of Cohen's clever screenplay and Michael Moriarty's performance, it states that the film is not a classic  It does, however, award the film a modest Apollo Rating of 77/100  The Chicago Sun-Times, on the other hand, sees The Stuff as a widely ambitious movie that fails mainly due to distracting glitches and a lack of plausibility, specifically, "What we have here are a lot of nice touches in search of a movie " Chicago Sun-Times rating: 1 1/2 stars out of 5  Bloody Disgusting nevertheless awarded The Stuff 3 stars out of 5, pointing out both the good and the bad, "[I]t's smart, it's relevant and it has some bad acting  [It should be] enjoyed for all the wrong and some of the right reasons that it is not just a horror movie, but a very honest and important movie as well "

Q: The Winged Serpent
His fantasy horror Q a k a  Q: The Winged Serpent (1982) has a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 61%  TV Guide praise Cohen for his intelligence, creativity and originality and further comment that '[Cohen] successfully combines a film noir crime story with a good old-fashioned giant monster movie' and that 'Michael Moriarty turns in a brilliant performance as Jimmy Quinn [   ]'  Horror author and movie critic, Kim Newman, praises Cohen's plot originality and canny use of characters in Empire, pointing out the director's use of an oddball as lead – Jimmy Quinn – who would ordinarily be a secondary character or warrant solely a cameo appearance; Newman also explains how Cohen has relegated all the usual plot devices – in movies such as King Kong – to the background  Alternatively, the Chicago Reader, although viewing Cohen's monster movie as 'cheesy' and 'fun', ultimately condemns the movie as being 'curiously disengaged and sloppy'  The New York Times, following the film's opening day at the Rivoli Theater, had just 'a few words – only a very few – about Q, offering a brief neutral synopsis and a couple of quotes  Variety are more favourable, focusing on Cohen's 'wild' and 'bizarre' – albeit realistic – efforts: Q has great fun mixing realistic settings with political satire and a wild yarn'
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Magnificent Dope
The Magnificent Dope is a 1942 American comedy film released by 20th Century Fox  It is also known as Lazy Galahad, Strictly Dynamite and The Magnificent Jerk 

Plot
Dwight Dawson runs a hype-driven self-improvement course in the Dale Carnegie mode  He and his partner Horace Hunter are seeking new sales ideas as enrollment has declined sharply  Their chief of marketing, Claire Harris, who is also Dwight's fiancée, comes up with an idea to announce a contest seeking the biggest loser in the country  The prize is $500 and Dwight's course in career advancement  The idea is that the contest will create interest to Dwight's teaching system 
A winner is chosen: Thadeus Winship Page from the small town of Upper White Eddy in Vermont  He is running a not overly successful business of renting out boats during summer time and is, by his own description, lazy and completely unmotivated 
Tad comes to New York City to collect his prize, determined to use the money toward a fire engine needed by the small town  The publicity stunt is jeopardized, though, when happy, contented Tad does not want to take the course  Tad is charmed by Claire during a night out in the city and falls in love with her, all the while expounding his own philosophies on relaxation, enjoying life, and the unimportance of money  After the night out, Tad reluctantly agrees to take the course, just to be close to Claire 
Claire comes to realizes that he is not the failure they had thought him to be  After a while, Tad shyly admits to Claire that he is in love, but he doesn't dare tell her she is the subject of his affection, inventing a girl from his hometown named "Hazel" 
When Dwight hears about this, he tells Tad that the business course will help him in his quest to win his girl  Tad believes Dwight and continues the course until he hears that Claire is in love with someone else  Dwight and Horace have to persuade him once again to stay, telling Tad that the man Claire is in love with is an ugly, fat, and stupid man who can be out-conquered, carefully concealing his own engagement to Claire 
The publicity makes the course a success and attendance becomes much higher  Dwight convinces Tad to get a job to prove his success to the various magazines covering the course progress, so he does  He is hired as an insurance salesman, but is soon discouraged when he is unsuccessful  Dwight secretly helps out by making his friend buy an insurance policy from Tad, unaware that his friend, Frank Mitchell, has high blood pressure and would not pass the required physical  Tad commits his anticipated commission to the purchase of the fire engine, and takes Claire to see it  They bond further over Claire's passion for fire engines; she was a fire chief's niece 
When Tad finally reveals to Claire that she is his "Hazel", she reveals her engagement to Dwight  Heartbroken and humiliated, Tad feels he has been played for a fool by the couple 
The next day, after dodging Claire's many phone calls, Tad uses a special relaxation technique on Frank to help him pass the necessary physical, then proceeds to Dwight's office to vent his anger   Instead, he joins the rest of the office in overhearing a furious Claire in Dwight's office scolding him for the ruse and confessing her love for Tad  When Claire exits the building she finds Tad waiting in the new fire engine   With the siren blaring, they drive off to Vermont together as a couple  Dwight moves on to teach relaxation, using the technique Tad showed him 

Cast
Henry Fonda as Thadeus Winship "Tad" Page
Lynn Bari as Claire Harris
Don Ameche as Dwight Dawson
Edward Everett Horton as Horace Hunter
George Barbier as James Roger Barker
Frank Orth as Messenger
Roseanne Murray as Dawson's Secretary
Marietta Canty as Jennie
Hobart Cavanaugh as Albert Gowdy
Hal K  Dawson as Charlie
Josephine Whittell as Mrs  Hunter
Arthur Loft as Mr  Morton, Fire Engine Salesman
Paul Stanton as Peters
Claire Du Brey as Peter's Secretary
William B  Davidson as Mr  J  D  Reindel
Harry Hayden as Frank Mitchel
Pierre Watkin as Bill Carson
Passage 2:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 3:
Ringo-en no shōjo
Ringo-en no shōjo (リンゴ園の少女, Ringo-en no shōjo, lit  "Girl of Apple Park") is a 1952 black and white Japanese film directed by Koji Shima The art director was Tomoo Shimogawara 

Cast
Hibari Misora as Marumi
Akihiko Katayama
Kokuten Kōdō
Yōko Kosono as Yoko Kozono
Koji Mitsui
Hideaki Miura
Bontarō Miyake as Bontaro Miake
Zeko Nakamura as Zekō Nakamura
Takeshi Sakamoto
Isao Yamagata
So Yamamura

See also
List of films in the public domain in the United States
Passage 4:
Solemn Promise
Solemn Promise (Serbian: Беса, romanized: Besa) is a 2009 Serbian drama film directed by Srđan Karanović  The film was selected as the Serbian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist 

Plot
The film portrays the drama between Azem, an Albanian man, and Lea, a Slovenian woman married to Filip, a Serb  The events happen when the young couple moves to a place in southern Serbia at the outbreak of World War I, when Filip receives the invitation to join the military ranks  He leaves his young attractive wife in the custody of the middle-aged Albanian  The film speaks about love, the sacred Albanian promise ‘Besa’, as well as the cultural, ethnic, and language barriers in the Balkans  The film shows how the sacred given word can be stronger than love and temptation 

Cast
Miki Manojlović as Azem
Iva Krajnc as Lea
Nebojša Dugalić as Filip
Radivoje Bukvić as Lieutenant Jevrem
Ana Kostovska as School teacher
Radivoj Knežević
Jovo Makšić as Mane
Nikola Krneta as Soldier
Slobodan Filipović as Gendarme

See also
List of submissions to the 83rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Serbian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 5:
Wale Adebanwi
Wale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow  He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania  Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa 

Education background
Wale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M



ground_truth: From Corleone To Brooklyn

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film has the director who was born first, Hell Up In Harlem or The Soviet Story?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  They go on to say that the film belongs to both Moriarty and the Monster 

It's Alive
It's Alive, the first part of Cohen's horror trilogy featuring a mutated baby that kills its prey when trapped or frightened, holds a rating of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes, one of the highest ratings for his films  Focusing on the social context of the film at the time, The Film Journal points out that It's Alive "carries a potent mix of both suspense and social critique [   ] [i]nvoking such taboo subjects as abortion as early as 1974 " As well as being apt at providing 'suspense,' The Film Journal acknowledges Cohen's ability "to impart an intelligent nature to his otherwise pulpy horror films " Black Hole magazine opines that despite a lack of A-List actors and special effects, It's Alive still manages to maintain the viewer's interest due to Cohen's "unique horror concept and a script rich in ideas " Black Hole nevertheless points out that "[w]hile the drama is consistent, it's less successful as a seventies monster movie, and especially lacking now " Whereas Jaws (1975) revealed the shark slowly, Cohen's film "barely ever shows us the goods " The magazine does agree, however, that It's Alive was "a sufficiently powerful monster movie and [that] audiences wanted more " Filmcritic draws attention to the humour element, especially the scenes where the Baby-Monster is rustling in the bushes, unseen, comparing it to the scene in Basket Case (1982) when that film's Baby-Monster is stuffed into a garbage sack after being cut away from its human twin  Basket Case is indeed a part of another – later – Baby-Monster horror trilogy  In short, Filmcritic says that Cohen's film should not be confused with art; and yet, it is "pretty scary stuff" that "manages a few neat tricks "

God Told Me To
God Told Me To a k a  Demon (1976), Cohen's science fiction thriller, has a rating of 75% on Rotten Tomatoes, making it Cohen's most successful directorial effort, critically  The film, in which a number of New York citizens embark on a killing spree because God Told Them To, is called "one of his most ambitious movies" that is "cemented in an interesting idea" by QNetwork Entertainment, who find Cohen's ideology of the existence of God interesting: "cynical at best" and "sacrilegious at worst " The magazine continues, however, to comment on Cohen's lack of patience and drive when completing his movies, regarding the end products as being "hastily thrown-together" and "a mosaic of scenes, rather than a satisfying whole " In conclusion QNetwork give the film an even 2 1/2 stars for being the "clumsiest and most entertaining schlock of the last 20 years " CinePassion online magazine simply states: "[a] work of genius, in other words, possibly the Cohen joint that brims with the most all-pervasive invention and danger, as radical a Seventies 'incoherent text' as Taxi Driver and a clear linchpin of The X-Files " The Chicago Sun-Times sees Cohen's incoherent text in a different light, likening the film to a cinematic version of the card game 52 Pickup: "the movie does achieve greatness in another way: this is the most confused feature-length film [   ] ever seen " But Time Out applauded Cohen for offering "the perfect existential anti-hero" in New York cop, Lo Bianco, in a film that "overflows with such perverse and subversive notions that no amount of shoddy editing and substandard camerawork can conceal [its] unusual qualities" and that by "[d]igging deep into the psyche of American manhood, it lays bare the guilt-ridden oppressions of a soulless society "

Filmography
Film
Acting roles
Television
TV movies

TV series

Notes
Passage 4:
Hassan Zee
Hassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan 

Early life
Doctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan  as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities  As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children 
At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs   It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences  He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring   He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive  These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his home

Education
He received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal  He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan 

Film career
Doctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005  The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways   " Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture  Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children 
His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition " His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil  His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend  While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure 
Passage 5:
Hartley Lobban
Hartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s 

Life and career
Lobban played little cricket in Jamaica  He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF  He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37 Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952  He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9  A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire  In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings  Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23 69 He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34 43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July  On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings  He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells  In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51  He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win  Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets 
He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia  He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters 
Passage 6:
Edvīns Šnore
Edvīns Šnore (born 21 March 1974, in Saulkrasti) is a Latvian film director and politician  He was elected to a four-year term in the Latvian Saeima in 2014 and 2018 Šnore's family comes from Kuldīga  He went to high school in Riga  During the Revolutions of 1989 he sympathized with the Popular Front of Latvia  He first studied political science in Norway, and then earned his master's degree at the University of Latvia  In 2013 he completed his  Doctoral thesis on the Western European view of Holodomor Šnore has become known for his 2008 documentary The Soviet Story  For this film, he was awarded with the Latvian Order of the Three Stars in 2008, and the Estonian Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana in 2009  In 2016 Šnore released another documentary called The Unknown War: Baltic Resistance on the guerrilla war in the Baltic states 

Views
In his article "The goal: A Latvian Latvia", E  Šnore expressed his views about the Russians in Latvia, as well as the Russian language as such  According to him, "… the Russophone immigrants of the Soviet times disparage and rail at Latvia all the time, yet still do not leave it  At least, not at the rate desired by the Latvians"  He also refers to Minister of Social Affairs of Latvia Alfreds Bērziņš saying "… the Russian louse, once let into a coat, is hard to get rid of" and Paul A  Goble that "…the Russian language is exactly the primary weapon of the Kremlin's hybrid war against the Baltic States"  E  Šnore concludes that "… the Latvian Latvia <…> is the only way towards a prosperous, safe and united Latvia" 
Mr Šnore was reprimanded by the parliamentary ethics commission - with the mildest possible punishment, an oral warning  The article and the mild reaction to it have drawn criticism from two Council of Europe bodies - the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance and the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 
Passage 7:
Hell Up in Harlem
Hell Up in Harlem is a 1973 blaxploitation American neo-noir film, starring Fred Williamson and Gloria Hendry  Written and directed by Larry Cohen, it is a sequel to the film Black Caesar 
The film's soundtrack was recorded by Edwin Starr and released by Motown Records in January 1974 

Plot
Having survived the assassination attempt at the end of Black Caesar, Tommy Gibbs takes on corrupt New York District Attorney DiAngelo, who had sought to jail Gibbs and his father, Papa Gibbs, in order to monopolize the illicit drug trade  Gibbs decides to eliminate drug pushing from the streets of Harlem, while continuing to carry out his other illicit enterprises  Gibbs falls in love with Sister Jennifer (Margaret Avery), a woman who works with Reverend Rufus, a former pimp who has found a religious calling 
Gibbs and his father have a falling out after Gibbs is told by his enforcer, Zach, that his father ordered the death of Gibbs' ex-wife, Helen  Gibbs and Jennifer move to Los Angeles, leaving Papa Gibbs in charge of the Harlem territory  It is later revealed that Zach himself killed Helen as part of a move to take over the territory, with the assistance of DiAngelo  Gibbs defeats hit men sent to take him out in Los Angeles, while Papa dies from a heart attack while fighting Zach 
Knowing that DiAngelo will be having the New York airports and roads watched, Gibbs flies in to Philadelphia, and then enters New York City on foot in order to carry out a personal war against Zach and DiAngelo 

Cast
Fred Williamson as Tommy Gibbs
Julius Harris as Papa Gibbs
Gloria Hendry as Helen Bradley-Washington
Margaret Avery as Sister Jennifer
D'Urville Martin as Reverend Rufus
Tony King as Zach
Gerald Gordon as DiAngelo
Bobby Ramsen as Joe Frankfurter
James Dixon as "Irish" Bryant
Esther Sutherland as The Cook
Charles MacGuire as Charles MacGregor

Release on DVD & HD
In 2001 it was released on DVD 
In 2010 it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGMHD 

See also
List of American films of 1973
Passage 8:
Gloria Hendry
Gloria Hendry (born March 3, 1949) is an American actress and former model  Hendry is best known for her roles in films from the 1970s, most notably: portraying Rosie Carver in 1973's James Bond film Live and Let Die; and Helen Bradley in the blaxploitation film Black Caesar, and the sequel, Hell Up in Harlem 

Biography
Early life and education
Born in Jacksonville or Winter Haven, Florida (sources differ), Hendry was the older of two daughters  Hendry's family, which consisted of her mother and sister relocated to Newark, New Jersey to live with her grandparents during her early childhood  Hendry studied at Essex College of Business for Law 

Career
Hendry worked as a Playboy Bunny at the New York Playboy Club from 1965 until 1972  In 1968, Hendry received her first acting role in Sidney Poitier's film For Love of Ivy, followed by a small role in the 1970 film The Landlord  In 1973, Hendry portrayed the Bond girl Rosie Carver in the James Bond film Live and Let Die  In that film, she became the first African American woman to become romantically involved with 007; Trina Parks, who played a nemesis to Bond rather than a love interest in Diamonds Are Forever (the previous Bond film) is considered to be the first Black Bond girl Hendry later starred in several 1970s blaxploitation films, including Across 110th Street (1972), Slaughter's Big Rip-Off (1973), and both the 1973 films Black Caesar and its sequel Hell Up in Harlem  She also portrayed the martial arts expert, Sydney, in Black Belt Jones (1974), and appeared in Savage Sisters (1974) and Bare Knuckles (1977)  Her later films included the horror film Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings (1994) and the action comedy Freaky Deaky (2012) 

Filmography
Film
Passage 9:
The Soviet Story
The Soviet Story is a 2008 documentary film about Soviet Communism and Soviet–German relations before 1941 and after, written and directed by Edvīns Šnore, and sponsored by the right-wing Union for Europe of the Nations group in the European Parliament  The film features interviews with Western and Russian historians such as Norman Davies and Boris Vadimovich Sokolov, the Russian writer Viktor Suvorov, the Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky, members of the European Parliament, and participants and survivors of the Soviet terror  Sokolov later emphasized that he simply offered expert advice and told Šnore that some of the things he claimed were based on obvious falsifications Using those interviews, together with historical footage and documents, the film documentary argues that there were close philosophical, political and organisational connections between the Nazi and the Soviet systems  It highlights the Great Purge, the Holodomor, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Katyn massacre, the Gestapo–NKVD collaboration, forced population transfer in the Soviet Union, and the medical experiments in the gulags  The documentary goes on to argue that the successor states to Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union differ in the sense that postwar Germany condemns the actions of Nazi Germany, but the opinion in contemporary Russia is summarised by a quote from Vladimir Putin: "One needs to acknowledge that the collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century " In the closing credits of the film, it is stated: "The Soviet Union killed more than 20,000,000 men, women and children  This film is dedicated to them "

Analysis and memory
The documentary film, commissioned by the national-conservative and right-wing Union for Europe of the Nations group in the European Parliament, compared the atrocities of the two regimes  In the documentary, producer and director Edvīns Šnore argued that "not only were the crimes of the former inspired by the crimes of the latter, but that they helped each other, and that without their mutual assistance the outcome of World War II could have been quite different " In Latvia the forced Soviet deportations are commonly seen as a genocidal practice  The European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, proclaimed by the European Parliament in August 2008 and endorsed by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in July 2009; it is officially known as the Black Ribbon Day in some countries, including Canada  Among many scholars in Western Europe, the comparison of the two totalitarian regimes and the equation of their crimes has been and still is widely rejected According to Mārtiņš Kaprāns, a communication science expert and researcher at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia, "[s]cholars have argued that The Soviet Story is an effective Latvian response to Russian propaganda, but it also exemplifies the broader problems of post-communist memory politics " Kaprāns writes that "the idea of how memory work triggered by the documentary got started on social networking sites" and on "the video-sharing website YouTube and the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia, both of which are crucial meaning-making sites with respect to history " According to Kaprāns, his memory studies article "demonstrates transnational memory work in YouTube and Wikipedia as a multidirectional enterprise that both reinforces and emancipates existing hegemonic representations of controversial past "

Reactions
Positive
Various Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) who were interviewed for the film have expressed views in favour of it  According to the Latvian MEPs Inese Vaidere and Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis, writing in The Parliament Magazine, "The Soviet Story makes a significant contribution to the establishment of a common understanding of history and brings us closer to the truth about the tragic events of the 20th century  A common understanding of history among the member states is crucial for the future of the whole EU " Both Vaidere and Kristovskis represent the Union for Europe of the Nations group which actively supported the production of the film After watching the film, Finnish MEP Ari Vatanen opined: "It is a powerful message  Thank you for telling the truth  It will awaken people " After the premiere in the European parliament, Vatanen stated: "We cannot build a humanity if we close our eyes to this kind of massacres  Our possibility is to serve justice to those people " British MEP Christopher Beazley commented: "This film is very important  It's a very powerful representation of what took place in Poland, in Latvia and the other Central European countries "Vytautas Landsbergis, MEP and the former head of the Seimas, assessed The Soviet Story as "a world class film, which should be shown to the world", while Latvia's Minister of Justice Gaidis Bērziņš from For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK stated that he would encourage the Ministry of Education to have the film shown in all schools in Latvia because of its important historical message 

Negative
A number of critics condemned the film even before its premiere  Boris Tsilevitch, a Latvian member of the Saeima representing Harmony Centre, stated that it was a "typical propaganda" and its release was timed to coincide with the 2009 European Parliament election in Latvia  MEP from Latvia Tatjana Ždanoka, who opposed Latvia's independence from the Soviet Union and ran as a candidate of the largest Russian political bloc in Latvia, regards the film as a "propagandistic odd job, which is given out to be "a new word in history", while also expressing her belief that "the second part of the film is pure political PR" because the first part of the film pictures the point of view of some historians and contemporary politicians criticize modern Russia in the end of the film  Ždanoka also stated that "a lot of attention was devoted to the partnership of the German and Russian military  This is followed by a jump forward in time to the 1940s, with a mass-meeting of Vlasovites is shown against a background of swastika "The film prompted negative reactions from Russian organizations, press, and politicians  According to the "European Voice" newspaper, Russians are infuriated by the film which reveals the extent of Nazi and Soviet collaboration  On 17 May 2008, the Russian pro-governmental youth organization Young Russia (Russian: Россия Молодая) organized the protest "Let's not allow the rewriting of history!" (Russian: Не дадим переписать историю!, romanized: Ne dadim perepisat' istoriyu!) in front of the Embassy of Latvia in Moscow  An effigy representing Edvīns Šnore was burnt during the protest  Alexander Reshideovich Dyukov, a former member of the Russian ARMS-TASS Agency of Military and Technical Information, has been the most vocal critic of the documentary  He was quoted as saying: "After watching two thirds of the film, I had only one wish: to kill its director and to burn down the Latvian Embassy " As a result of Dyukov's statements, a criminal investigation was initiated against him in Latvia  Asked to comment on the case, Latvian Foreign Minister Māris Riekstiņš commented that Dyukov might be a "mentally unstable personality", while Prime Minister of Estonia Mart Laar called Dyukov "an officer of FSB", Russia's principal security agency Russian State Duma Deputy Irina Yarovaya, the coordinator of the ruling party United Russia's State Patriotic Club and a member of the Presidium of the General Council, declared that the film "glorifies Estonian Nazi collaborators, those who killed people in Khatyn and in Pskov region " In response to Yarovaya's statement which apparently confuses Katyn with Khatyn, Estonian politician and historian Mart Laar wrote: "It is indeed impressive how much wrong can be put into one sentence  First, Estonians did not kill anyone in Khatyn and, secondly, the specific crime committed in Khatyn is not mentioned in the film at all      This gives the impression that Yarovaya, actually, has not seen the film "

Reception
The film has attracted both praise and criticism from political commentators  The Economist praised it as "a sharply provocative work", and stated that "Soviet Story is the most powerful antidote yet to the sanitisation of the past  The film is gripping, audacious and uncompromising      The main aim of the film is to show the close connections—philosophical, political and organisational—between the Nazi and Soviet systems " For The New York Times, Neil Genzlinger wrote: "The filmmaking in The Soviet Story is so overwrought that at times the movie comes across as comical      The film is not dispassionate scholarship; Mr  Snore, who is Latvian, and his backers (including some members of the European Parliament) obviously have an agenda, though to the casual American viewer it may not be clear what it is "Latvian political scientist and cultural commentator Ivars Ijabs offered a negative review of The Soviet Story, describing it as a well-made and "effective piece of cinematic propaganda in the good sense of this word", whose message is clearly presented to the audience  Ijabs does not agree with a number of historical interpretations in the film, asserting that it contains errors  In one example, Ijabs states: "In late 1930s Hitler did not yet plan a systematic genocide against the Jews [as it is suggested in the film]  Everybody knows that this decision was made in 1942 at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin " Ijabs also disagreed with the contention in the film by the British literary historian, liberal, and former political activist George Watson that Friedrich Engels is "the ancestor of the modern political genocide " Further,  Ijabs refuted the film’s criticism of Karl Marx as being the 'progenitor of modern genocide', although he acknowledged the use of the term Völkerabfälle in Karl Marx's newspaper Boris Vadimovich Sokolov, one of the historians interviewed in the film, was quoted as saying: "I had only been an expert there and I can only answer for what I am saying there myself  I had told to Šnore that some of his narratives are obvious forgeries he was tricked by  For example, Beria—Müller agreement on killing Jews together "In Lauren Wissot's review for Slant Magazine, "Soviet Story does a thorough job of laying out what happened, but its dull, educational-style format doesn't guide us to the next step of why we should care " In his Time Out review, Joshua Rothkopf stated: "An offensively schlocky treatment of an important subject, The Soviet Story turns Stalin's systematic starvation and slaughter of millions into a hopped-up horror flick "

Film festivals and awards
The Soviet Story has been screened in the following film festivals:

2008 Boston Film Festival – Boston, Massachusetts; received the "Mass Impact Award"
2008 KinoLev Film Festival – Lviv, Ukraine
2008 Black Nights Film Festival – Tallinn, Estonia
2008 Arsenals Film Festival – Riga, Latvia
2008 Promitey Film Festival – Tbilisi, Georgia
2008 Baltic Film Festival – Berlin, Germany
2009 Sedona International Film Festival – Sedona, Arizona
2009 Mene Tekel festival – Prague, Czech Republic
2009 Politicsonfilm Film Festival – Washington, D C 
2011 Free Minds Film Festival – Colorado Springs, Colorado
2012 Free Minds Film Festival – Colorado Springs, ColoradoIn 2008, the president of Latvia, Valdis Zatlers awarded the director Edvīns Šnore with the Order of the Three Stars  In 2009, the film was nominated for the biannual Latvian National Film Award Lielais Kristaps in the "Best Documentary" category  In the same year, Šnore received the Estonian Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana for creating The Soviet Story 

See also
Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism

Notes
Passage 10:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Context 3: Sc  and Ph D  in Political Science from the University of Ibadan  He also has an MPhil  and a Ph D  in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge 

Career
Adebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher  He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA  He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016 Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies 

Works
His published works include:
Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)
Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including 

The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)
Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)
(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 

Awards
Rhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies 
Passage 6:
John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)
John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957 

Surrey cricketer
McMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29  In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6 3 overs for seven runs  This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later  In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth  In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28 07  As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4 22 The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career  Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets  In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times  In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12 38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21 53  At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries 

Somerset cricketer
Somerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service  McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly 
McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen," it said  McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27 47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average)  His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career  He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table 
The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28 77 apiece  There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9 03  This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome  A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called "clever variation of flight and spin"  These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support  McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25 57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets  The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23 10 when McMahon took 86 wickets  But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival  Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that "proved highly controversial" 

Sacked by Somerset
The reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years  In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as "a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality"  It went on: "Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by "a POW-type loop" organised by McMahon, "with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again"  As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw  But in any case there had been "an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season  Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved 
After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines 


== Notes and references ==
Passage 7:
Henry Moore (cricketer)
Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand 

Life and family
Henry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849  He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch  One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted  Their great 
grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805  One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch  He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son  In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine



ground_truth: Hell Up In Harlem

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film whose director was born first, Solemn Promise or Tarzan The Magnificent?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine  They moved to England four years before his death in 1916 

Cricket career
Moore was a right-handed middle-order batsman  In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively  His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago  He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence"  Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match  His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6  The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving " Canterbury won again Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34 4  Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians  In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team 
Passage 8:
Robert Day (director)
Robert Frederick Day (11 September 1922 – 17 March 2017) was an English film director  He directed more than 40 films between 1956 and 1991 

Biography
Day was born in Sheen, England  He worked his way up from clapper boy to camera operator then cinematographer while in his native country, and began directing in the mid-1950s  His first film as director, the black comedy The Green Man (1956) for the writer-producer team of Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat, gained good reviews  Using this as a starting point, Day went on to become one of the industry's busiest directors including directing several Tarzan films 
He relocated to Hollywood in the 1960s and directed many TV episodes and made-for-TV movies  He occasionally had small parts in his own productions, including The Haunted Strangler (1958), Two-Way Stretch (1960), and the TV mini-series Peter and Paul (1981) 
In the 1970s and 1980s, Day would direct episodes of numerous American television shows, including Barnaby Jones, The F B I , Dallas, Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, and Matlock 

Personal life
Day was married to Eileen Day and then, following their divorce, to actress Dorothy Provine until her death in 2010  He was the brother of cinematographer Ernest Day 
Day died at the age of 94 on Bainbridge Island near Seattle on 17 March 2017 

Selected filmography
Passage 9:
Tarzan the Magnificent
Tarzan the Magnificent is a 1960 British Eastmancolor film, the follow-up to Tarzan's Greatest Adventure (1959)  Its plot bears no relation to that of the 1939 Edgar Rice Burroughs novel of the same name  The film was directed by Robert Day and produced by Sy Weintraub and Harvey Hayutin  Gordon Scott made his last appearance as Tarzan in the film, while Jock Mahoney appeared as villain Coy Banton  Mahoney would take over the Tarzan role himself beginning in the next film, Tarzan Goes to India, in 1962  The motion picture does not include Jane 

Plot
The Bantons (father, Abel and four sons, Coy, Ethan, Johnny and Martin) rob a pay office in a settlement, killing some people  Coy Banton is tracked down to their camp and taken away by a policeman, Wyntors  Taking him back to town, Wyntors is killed as two of the brothers seek to rescue Coy  Tarzan appears and kills Ethan Banton  The other brother escapes  Tarzan decides to take Coy to Kairobi for the $5000 reward so he can give it to Wyntors' widow  However, no one in the town of Mantu (same town as the one at the beginning of Tarzan's Greatest Adventure) wants to help him  The boat he is waiting for to take him and his prisoner to Kairobi is ambushed by the Bantons, who send the passengers off and destroy the boat 
Later that night Tarzan meets with the people from the boat and decides on an overland trek to take Coy Banton to Kairobi and agrees to take along, at first, the boat's mate, Tate, then reluctantly agrees to take the passengers of the boat: A business man named Ames and his wife, Fay; another man named Conway and a young woman named Lori, who all share with Tarzan their own reasons for wanting to go to Kairobi  But Tarzan warns them the trek through the jungles would be hard and dangerous  The presence of so many people to watch out for hinders Tarzan  The Bantons threaten to kill anyone who helps Tarzan  Pausing only to shoot the doctor who has told them what they want to know, the Bantons set out after the party and Coy 
Ames is a boastful and racist windbag whose wife begins to detest him  Seeing this, Coy plays up to her, hoping he might be able to use her later  The party are captured by natives and the leader wants to kill Coy, who killed his brother when the Bantons raided their village  However, the chief's wife is having a difficult childbirth labour, and since Conway (who was a doctor) is able to help her have her baby (a breach birth), the chief agrees to let the party go 
Coy sees his chance and escapes  Thanks to Ames, Tate is shot and later dies  Tarzan again captures Coy and he hides them both in a quicksand pit as the other Bantons search for them  Later, Lori wanders off and is caught by Johnny Banton who attempts to have his way with her  As she screams, Tarzan comes to rescue her and, after a fight, Johnny dies from a shot in the face with his rifle while struggling with Tarzan and falls into a stream  Later, seeing his grave (along with Tate's), Martin Banton has had enough of a father who taught them to steal and murder by age sixteen, and leaves him 
Coy's wiles have paid off and Fay Ames releases him while the others sleep, and they leave camp together  Tarzan goes after them and finds Fay's scarf  Coy left her behind when she was out of breath and a lioness found her  Tarzan eventually comes on Coy and Abel Banton, and in a roving battle, a ricochet from Coy's rifle kills Abel  A prolonged battle on rocks, on sand and underwater follows before Tarzan finally knocks Coy out  The film ends with Tarzan and the remaining three people (Ames, Lori, and Conway) handing Coy over to the Kairobi police on the border and instructs Conway to make sure Wyntor's widow gets the reward money 

Cast
Gordon Scott as Tarzan
Jock Mahoney as Coy Banton
Betta St  John as Fay Ames
John Carradine as Abel Banton
Lionel Jeffries as Ames
Alexandra Stewart as Lori
Earl Cameron as Tate
Charles Tingwell as Conway
Al Mulock as Martin Banton
Gary Cockrell as Johnny Banton
Ron McDonnell as Ethan Banton
Harry Baird as Warrior Leader
Christopher Carlos as Native Chief
John Sullivan as Inspector Wyntors
Ewen Solon as Dexter
Jacqueline Evans as Mrs Dexter
Thomas Duggan as Frye
Peter Howell as Dr Blake
John Harrison as N'Como
George Taylor as Captain Hayes

Production
Filming started 25 January 1960 in Africa 

See also
List of American films of 1960
Passage 10:
Srđan Karanović
Srđan Karanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Срђан Карановић, pronounced [ˌsř̩d͜ʑan kaˈrǎːnoʋit͜ɕ], born 17 November 1945) is a Serbian film director and screenwriter  He has directed 17 films since 1968  His film Miris poljskog cveća won the FIPRESCI prize at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival, Nešto između was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival  A Film with No Name (Za Sada Bez Dobrog Naslova) won the Golden Tulip Award at the Istanbul International Film Festival in 1989 
His 2009 film Besa was selected as the Serbian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist  In 2017, Srđan Karanović has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins 

Selected filmography
See also
Praška filmska škola



ground_truth: Tarzan The Magnificent