
 Fig . 11. p38-MNK1-eIF4 E  signaling axis regulates translation of BPXV proteins. BPXV induces phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Activated p38 induces phosphorylation of MNK1 which eventually phosphorylate eIF4 E . Phosphorylated eIF4 E , in association with other translation initiation factors, interacts with the viral mRNA to initiate the translation of viral proteins. Disruption of p38/MNK1/eIF4 E  signaling by chemical inhibitors results in reduced synthesis of viral proteins, and thereby may serve as a target for antiviral drug development.