Fig. 2 Summarized Representation of Major Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Peroxidation Pathways.  PUFAs may be cleaved from phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) or imported through apolipoprotein breakdown, which leads to lipid radical (LOO*) formation. Unstable LOO* in circulation may undergo further oxidation with the help of transition metals and free radicals to generate oxides such as malonldahyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. PUFAs trafficked across the cell membrane enter into the cytosol and are subsequently degraded by lipoxygenase (LOX), epoxygenase (CYP450) or cyclooxygenase (PTGS) pathways. Each pathway carries out a set of diverse biochemical conversion of PUFAs to yield mainly pro-inflammatory (red) and some anti-inflammatory (green) lipoxide products. These molecular cascades are intricately intertwined among one another and have multiple checkpoints where they undergo feedback loops and intra-/inter-pathway crosstalk. Figure generated using  BioRender . 9-KPR – PGE2 9-ketoreductase; HETE – hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HPETE – hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; LTX 4  – leukotriene X4; LTX 4 H/S – LTX 4  hydrolase/synthase; PGX – prostaglandin X; PGXS – PGX synthase; PHGPx – phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase; TXA 4 /B 4  – thromboxane A 4 /B 4 ; TXAS2 – TXA 4  synthase 2. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) Fig. 2