Fig. 3 Oxidative Stress and Cellular Redox Homeostasis in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis  [Modified from Ref. [ 16 ]]. Intrinsic or dietary phospholipids exist in circulation as stable antioxidant-conjugant lipoproteins which are targeted and oxidized through a complex set of enzymatic and non-enzymatic machinery that propagate and manifest as unstable lipoxides in serum and cellular plasma. These oxidized products have roles in cellular metabolism and signaling but at high concentrations lead to atherogenic complications. Antagonistic mechanisms in the form of antioxidation and stabilization also exists in cells for maintaining redox balance. However, in disease conditions like ACVD, the redox balance is shifted towards pro-inflammatory processes that directly or indirectly suppress antioxidation and manifest more systemic free radicals. Figure generated using  BioRender . GSH – reduced glutathione; LXs – lipoxins; NOS – nitric oxide synthase; NOX – NAPDH oxidase; NRF-2 – nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2; PC – prostacyclin; SOD1 – superoxide dismutase 1. Fig. 3