Fig. 5 Role of Glucose Metabolism in ACVD Development.  A) Representative time course of changes in plasma glucose levels and its effect on inflammatory trends show effects of glucose uptake on lipoxidation and endothelial dysfunction in ACVD [Adapted [ 6 ]]; B) Enzymatic degradation of polysaccharides by digestive enzymes leads to increased glucose abundance and subsequent direct/indirect ROS stress in progressing atheroma. Multiple mechanisms including NADPH oxidase (NOX), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and glycated lipids (AGE) contribute to inflammatory and proliferative pathway activation. However, the causal effect of inflammatory and immune response leading to increased glucose uptake and energy homeostatic dysregulation is yet to be fully elucidated. Figure generated using  BioRender . Fig. 5