Timbrt/Liver-Text-OA huggingface dataset:
Question: what is bun-creatinine ratio?
Answer: bun stands for blood urea nitrogen. creatinine is a natural product of muscle breakdown that occurs at a low level in the body. both bun and creatinine are filtered by the kidney and excreted in urine. for this reason bun and creatinine are used together to measure kidney function. if kidney function begins to decline bun and creatinine rise. a normal creatinine depends on muscle mass and age. in general a normal creatine is 0. 5 to 1. 2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). a normal bun is 7 to 20 mg/dl. remember that different laboratories use different testing equipment and may have slightly different ranges for normal. a small temporary increase in either bun or creatinine can occur during illness or dehydration; the numbers usually return to normal during recovery. in cases of dehydration bun may increase in a higher proportion than the creatinine. a normal bun-to-creatinine ratio is between 10 to 1 and 20 to 1. (for example a bun of 14 and a creatinine of 1. 2 would be a ratio of 12. ) in cases of dehydration the bun-to-creatinine ratio may be higher than 20 to 1 as the kidney responds by making the urine more concentrated. other conditions that cause bun-to-creatinine ratio to rise are kidney disease kidney stones or bleeding in the intestines. low bun-to-creatinine can occur in pregnancy liver disease or a diet low in protein. the bun-to-creatinine ratio is not a precise or reliable test though. it may often be somewhat abnormal in healthy people. more important is the creatinine level itself; if it’s elevated the kidneys are not working properly and the reason should be sought out. i'm very concern about my kidney health since i'm getting older. my father and two of my brothers contracted kidney diisease in their 60's. all are deceased. recent ly i had bloodworkand my bun/creatinine ratio came back high (31) do i need to be concern? my doctor is well aware of my family history for this. thanks 1. 2 to 30 10 answer
Tags: creatinine
Question: how long does xanax stay in your system?
Answer: alprazolam (xanax) is an anxiety-relieving medicine that starts to work within about an hour after taking the pill. the level of drug reaches a peak in the bloodstream after one to two hours and its felt effects last on average about 5 hours. however xanax remains in the bloodstream long after its anti-anxiety effects have worn off. xanax’s average half-life is 11 hours. this means that it takes an average of 11 hours for the body to eliminate half the xanax dose. in older or obese people or those with liver disease xanax’s half-life is longer as long as 40 hours. it takes several half-lives to eliminate a drug completely. so for most people there may still be a small fraction of xanax in your blood two days or more after taking a single pill. people who take xanax on a regular basis maintain a higher drug level in the bloodstream and it could take several weeks to eliminate all the xanax from the body. xanax is excreted from the blood into the urine and is detectable in drug tests. different drug tests have different sensitivities and may or may not detect a low level of xanax in the urine. how long does xanax stay in your system? i know everyone is different but this is my story. i don't take xanax but i took 1 mg a day for 7 days straight and than stopped completely my system was totally clean before i started taking them. my job does test so i had purchased some drug screen urine test cards for benzos just to see how long it would take before it got out of my system. i figured probably 72 hours well it actually took 8 days for my tests to start reading a negative result. thank god i wasn't tested at work. now my system is totally clean. i am 30 male 6'0" and weigh 190 lbs. so if you take them you better give yourself a good bit of time for it to clear your system it is depend on many things like body weight/height/fat level: genetic problem: liver functionality metabolic rate age here is best guide on how long does xanax stay in your system urine and blood you can read all about that. thanks i took 2 mgs 3times a day for years and it was out of my system at the end of the 4th day
Question: what is cardiomegaly?
Answer: cardiomegaly is an enlarged heart. in most cases enlargement of the heart occurs over an extended period of time (weeks or more often years) due to an injury to the heart. the heart responds to the injury by remodeling itself in a way that lets it continue to do its job of pumping blood. this sometimes results in a stretching of the heart muscle. the condition may also be called dilated cardiomyopathy. the most common causes of cardiomegaly are: high blood pressure that’s inadequately treated for a long time coronary artery disease or heart attacks alcohol abuse viral myocarditis (heart infection by a virus) postpartum cardiomyopathy (unexplained heart enlargement after delivering a baby) in many cases no cause can be identified which is called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. the heart may also only appear enlarged on a chest x-ray (the traditional way doctors have diagnosed cardiomegaly). an abnormal amount of fluid around a normal-sized heart (pericardial effusion) will deceptively enlarge the heart’s shadow on a chest x-ray film. an echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) is usually recommended for people with an enlarged heart. an echocardiogram can tell the difference between a pericardial effusion and true cardiomegaly and can provide additional information about the heart’s shape and function.
Tags: enlarged heart
Question: what are liver lesions?
Answer: “lesion” is a general word for a tissue abnormality. liver lesion is a term doctors use for abnormal areas noted on an imaging test of the liver. most often liver lesions are seen on an ultrasound computed tomogram (ct) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scan. the term “liver lesion” is a general term. liver lesions could be anything from harmless cysts in the liver to areas of cancer spreading from the colon or breast. the appearance of the lesions on imaging as well as other diagnoses and test results can often help explain the cause of liver lesions. when the nature of liver lesions is unclear and a diagnosis such as cancer is possible a biopsy is often needed to determine their cause. i recently had to have a chest x-ray looking for lung lesions which i was told were mostly malignant. the test was ordered due to the sodium levels in my blood and urine were different and also because i am a long term smoker and have chronic bronchitis. that was all i was told. i am curious as to what type of lesions these could be and how bad it is.
Tags: liver, skin
Question: what is albumin?
Answer: albumin is an important protein made by the liver and released continuously into the blood. one of albumin’s main functions is to bind with other substances in the blood to help them get where they need to go. for example albumin binds to thyroid hormone and certain drugs and nutrients allowing their stable transport through the blood to their destination. albumin molecules also act like tiny sponges inside blood vessels keeping fluid inside rather than allowing it to leak out. for this reason albumin may sometimes be given as an intravenous medicine to raise blood pressure in hospitalized people. albumin is often checked routinely by doctors in a liver function test panel. severe liver disease can cause low albumin levels as the liver loses its ability to make enough albumin. severe malnutrition also causes low albumin. however many illnesses can cause a temporary drop in albumin levels and most people with a slightly low albumin on a blood test do not have liver disease or any nutritional problem.
Question: what is uric acid?
Answer: uric acid is a chemical breakdown product of metabolism. the liver produces uric acid by breaking down other chemicals called purines. uric acid is normally found in the blood in low concentrations. some people are prone to high uric acid levels which can sometimes lead to gout kidney stones or kidney damage. people with gout nearly always have high blood levels of uric acid although their levels may sometimes drop down to the normal range. due to the high uric acid concentration and other factors experts don’t understand uric acid crystals can form inside joints. during gout attacks uric acid crystal deposits cause joints to become inflamed swollen red and painful. exercise reduced red meat and alcohol intake and medications can help keep uric acid levels in the normal range.
Tags: uric acid
Question: can i breastfeed while taking trileptal?
Answer: your question is an important one for women with epilepsy who wish to have a family. there is little scientific information on this subject and most of what we know if based on clinical experience of doctors taking care of women with epilepsy. the bottom line is that most physicians with expertise in managing epilepsy encourage their patients to breastfeed even if they are taking anti-seizure medicine. the baby has developed for nine months in the presence of the anti-seizure medicine and as such for the baby to continue to be exposed to it after delivery usually does not create problems. i am unaware of any [known] descriptions of problems with breastfeeding while on trileptal (oxcarbazepine). if blood levels are done in mom and her baby while breastfeeding the baby's level will be around half of the mother's. so the baby is definitely getting some of the drug but it usually does not create problems as best we tell. so if breastfeeding is important to you (as it is for most women) most experts in the field would encourage you to breastfeed.
Tags: breastfeed
Question: what is familial hypercholesterolemia?
Answer: familial hypercholesterolemia (fh) is a group of genetic disorders that result in severe elevations of blood cholesterol levels. despite being of one the most common serious genetic disorders few people know about fh unless their life is affected in some way. the prevalence of fh is 1 in 300 to 500 in many populations. there are over 620 000 fh patients currently living in the united states. many of these people are unaware that their risk of premature coronary heart disease is elevated about 20-fold in patients that have not been treated. there are two different types of fh patients. the most serious type is called the homozygous form. this means that the genetic defect was inherited from both parents. homozygous fh type occurs in 1 out of every 1 000 000 individuals and is associated with the rapid and premature development of coronary heart disease in childhood or adolescence. many of these patients never live to see their second or third decade of life. the heterozygous form of fh means that that the genetic defect was inherited from one parent and is much more common. in certain populations such as french canadians the prevalence may be as high as 1 in 100. fh is a treatable disease. in addition to diet and lifestyle modification medications are an essential tool in management. some patients may require ldl apheresis which is a method of removing the bad cholesterol from the blood. some patients with the homozygote form have required liver transplantation to treat the disease.
Tags: high cholesterol
Question: does resveratrol really work?
Answer: resveratrol which is a compound found largely in the skins of red grapes has gained a lot of media attention and has been touted as having many beneficial health effects. resveratrol is a component of ko-jo-kon an oriental medicine used to treat diseases of the blood vessels heart and liver. it came to scientific attention during the mid-90s as a possible explanation for the “french paradox” — the low incidence of heart disease among the french people who eat a relatively high-fat diet. since then it has been touted by manufacturers and examined by scientific researchers as an antioxidant anti-cancer agent and phytoestrogen. it has also been advertised online as “the french paradox in a bottle. ” if you do a literature search and look at well-accepted peer review journals there is very little published to support any of these effects of resveratrol. new work produced by both amgen and pfizer has cast doubt on the manner in which the health supplement is said to work. prominent researchers supposed that it worked by activating a certain gene sirt1. this activation is thought to produce the benefits of a caloric restriction diet even among those with high fat and high caloric intake. in 2009 in chemical biology and drug design amgen scientists published experimental results that indicate resveratrol does not in fact activate sirt1. pfizer scientists in the journal of biological chemistry in 2010 offered similar results showing that resveratrol (and related substances such as srt1720) do not active sirt1 and did not reduce blood sugar in mice fed a high-fat diet. thus it suggests that resveratrol doesn’t work at all (though it’s not possible to translate mice studies into human studies). despite what is promoted on many national television shows on health none of the claims has been demonstrated in any valid human study. while present in other plants such as eucalyptus spruce and lily and in other foods such as mulberries and peanuts resveratrol’s most abundant natural sources are vitis vinifera labrusca and muscadine grapes which are used to make wines. it occurs in the vines roots seeds and stalks but its highest concentration is in the skin. the resveratrol content of wine is related to the length of time the grape skins are present during the fermentation process. thus the concentration is significantly higher in red wine than in white wine because the skins are removed earlier during white-wine production lessening the amount that is extracted. grape juice which is not a fermented beverage is not a significant source of resveratrol. since wine is the most notable dietary source it is the object of much speculation and research. resveratrol is also available from supplement pills and liquids in which it is sometimes combined with vitamins and/or other ingredients. it is also an ingredient in topical skin creams. the supplements are generally labeled as containing from 20 to 500 mg per tablet or capsule. however the purity of these products is unknown. and because dietary supplements are loosely regulated it should not be assumed that the labeled dosage is accurate.
Question: my daughter currently has a plan through health partners and recently found out that she is pregnant. the current plan doesn't cover labor and delivery. will she be able to increase her insurance coverage for that?
Answer: for those concerned about maternity benefits including labor and delivery most health plans will have to cover these benefits beginning in 2014. the one exception is if your coverage is through a "grandfathered" employer plan. some of those plans may not have to add new coverage for labor and delivery right away.
Question: what are the symptoms of thrush?
Answer: thrush usually develops suddenly but it may become chronic persisting over a long period of time. a common sign of thrush is the presence of creamy white slightly raised lesions in your mouth - usually on your tongue or inner cheeks - but also sometimes on the roof of your mouth gums tonsils or back of your throat. the lesions which may have a "cottage cheese" appearance can be painful and may bleed slightly when you scrape them or brush your teeth. in severe cases the lesions may spread into your esophagus or swallowing tube causing: pain or difficulty swallowing a feeling that food gets stuck in the throat or mid-chest area fever if the infection spreads beyond the esophagus thrush can spread to other parts of the body including the lungs liver and skin. this happens more often in people with cancer hiv or other conditions that weaken the immune system.
Tags: thrush
Question: what is a reasonable price to pay for a dental overnight mouth guard? my dentist is saying $550 which seems expensive.
Answer: it all depends on whether the night guard is custom made or not. the fabrication process involves the taking of impressions a lab fabrication fee a delivery visit with adjustments and most likely a follow up visit or two. so i recommend asking the dentist to explain exactly what is involved in the process.
Tags: mouth, dental
Question: are folate and l-methylfolate (lmf) helpful for treating depression?
Answer: this is a vitamin-type product that seems to be turning the corner from a good idea to a reasonable almost proven treatment for depression. 1) folate is an essential nutrient in our diet. it can be found in spinach lentils liver asparagus beans and collard greens. some research studies have shown that folate tablets can help treat depression but these are small and poorly regulated studies. 2) your liver takes the folate you eat in your diet and converts it to a special form of brain folate called l-methylfolate (lmf). however your liver has the ability to only convert a little bit of regular folate into brain lmf at a time. therefore you can eat all the spinach in the world but still only get little bits of lmf into your brain at a time. 3) once in the brain lmf has the theoretical ability to provide nerves with the ability to make more neurotransmitters such as serotonin. this boost in serotonin allows antidepressants that work by manipulating serotonin to have a greater chance to work their antidepressant mechanisms. lmf tablets are available by prescription now as they are considered a medical food similar to prenatal vitamin classifications. 4) more stringent research studies that compare lmf to placebo sugar pills are being published and scrutinized and it appears that adding lmf products to antidepressants may improve depression symptoms. these studies are preliminary in nature but are clearly better regulated and supportive in that lmf may be safe and help in the treatment of depression. larger 400 patient studies are needed to prove definitive antidepressant effects but these current medium sized studies are promising.
Tags: depression
Question: is coffee good for your liver?
Answer: did you know that drinking coffee is healthy for the liver! studies show that people who drank a few cups a day were less likely to scar their livers and less likely to get liver cancer. the same protective effect was not seen with tea or decaffeinated coffee.
Tags: liver, coffee
Question: what is autoimmune hepatitis?
Answer: autoimmune hepatitis (aih) is an uncommon chronic liver disease that has the potential to lead to cirrhosis. it is characterized by inflammation of the liver and/or liver damage caused by an attack on the liver by a person's own immune system. this disease was first recognized in 1950 when it was noted that the condition primarily affected young women who stopped menstruating (a condition known as amenorrhea); who suffered from arthritis; who had a severe form of chronic hepatitis that rapidly progressed to cirrhosis; and who had an elevated protein (gamma globulin) found on their blood tests. some similarities between aih and systemic lupus erythematosus ((sle)) another autoimmune disease led to aih being named lupoid hepatitis in 1956. presently much more is known about aih. for starters it has been confirmed that aih and sle are two totally separate disorders. thus the term "lupoid hepatitis" is no longer used. furthermore it has been established that despite a greater occurrence rate among young women - women account for approximately 70 to 80 percent of cases - aih may also occur in men and it may occur in either gender at any age. finally case studies have established that aih has varying manifestations. it is not always a severe rapidly progressive disease as originally believed. in fact it may have a mild asymptomatic (without symptoms) natural history. aih occurs in about 100 000 to 200 000 people in the united states at any given time and it accounts for approximately 10- 20% of chronic hepatitis cases in the world. approximately 6% of liver transplantations in the united states are performed due to aih. it was originally believed that the disease most commonly manifested itself at either of two age intervals - peripubertally (around 13 years old) or around fifty to sixty years old. it is now known that aih can develop at any age and has been diagnosed in infants as well as in people in their seventies. however in most cases a patient with aih is over 40 years old at the time of initial visit to a specialist.
Tags: autoimmune hepatitis
Question: i have autoimmune hepatitis. i got the hepatitis b vaccination. will it make a difference or did i waste my time?
Answer: people with chronic liver disease can experience a severe if not life-threatening course of disease when infected with acute hepatitis a or b. and some people who have had a liver transplant are at risk for developing hepatitis b which could lead to dysfunction of the transplanted liver fulminant hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. it is of utmost importance that all people with chronic liver disease receive the immunizations for hepatitis a and b.
Tags: autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis b, vaccination
Question: why does coffee give me such an energy boost?
Answer: as you're drinking your morning cup of joe you're probably just waiting for that wonderful rush of energy and alertness you've come to know and enjoy. within 15 minutes of gulping your caffeine your adrenalin rises increasing your heart and breathing rates your stomach starts to produce more acids and your urinary output rises (as anyone with a small bladder knows! ). but i bet you didn't know that caffeine tweeks your adrenal glands to produce more cortisol (stress hormone) which then stimulates the release of the liver's stored sugars. any endurance athlete knows this and uses it to their advantage. you drink your caffeine and then use the newly circulating sugar fuel to power through another workout. but what if you're sitting at your desk sipping your coffee with nowhere to go? then you might have problems because when the sugar levels rise with caffeine so do insulin levels which when they finally plummet after handling the circulating sugar leave a rip roaring appetite for more sugar in their wake. for runners and bikers this makes sense since you've just burned a zillion calories and need to replenish the sugar stores. not so for someone in an office cubicle with nowhere to go. here are some suggestions. to kill carb cravings associated with caffeine ingestion make certain to eat a combo of protein and fiber. how about peanut or almond butter on a multigrain cracker? or have that caffeine with a yogurt and blueberries or eggs and veggies. you get the point. when you're downing lots of coffee with nothing in your stomach you're more likely to reach for sugary foods so watch out. or you can just drink beverages with less caffeine in them: 6 ounces brewed coffee 105 mg caffeine; 6 ounces instant coffee 55 mg; 12 ounces colas 35-45 mg; 6 ounces tea 35 mg. now remember when you go to one of your fancy schmancy coffee houses you'll often be purchasing at least 8 ounces of coffee and closer to 12 ounces so you're really consuming over 200 mg of caffeine. all the more reason to be cautious if you just happen to be one of those people who is affected by the sugar rush.
Tags: coffee
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