[PAGE 1]
ECM/RA Suby28J666734

ZJV000N ONT0C LIS9

[PAGE 2]
Purpose: To do exploratory recearch upon the relation of component patterns of measurements of physique (body typing) to petterns of personality characteristics (MULTRA 134).

Initiated: July 1961

as a grantee of thel Contractor:

Co3t: \$22,000.00

Status: Actual work is expected to commence-in-September 1961.

134-2

[PAGE 3]
No.3

Cost Account 11251391, 3902

Object Class

134-3

(When Filled In).

[PAGE 4]
DATS:\_29.May.1961

MENORANDUN FOR: TE COMPTROLLER

ATEERTION

: Finance Division

SUBJROT

: MULTRA, Subproject14

Ucder the authority arentoà-ln:tae ooeocerda dsted 13 April-l95s froa tha Do1 to tha Po/a, sed the extensioa of this autbority in aubsequeut renorarda,-Suproject134has.been appsovod,and\_\$22,000,00 of the over-all-Proteet-lULTRA-fumds bivo beanoblisated to cover-the euborojaet:a excenceo ardt-should:b5 charged to.cc5o centor2125:1392-J902.

Chie? TSD/Ressorch Branch

APPROVED FOR OBLIOASTCN ( FUDS:

A

I CERTIFY THAT FUNDS ARE AVARLABLS CRUCATON RSAENCE N SHARC JO NIONENT N 112513903902

Raseared Direor

Date: 121

Distpibution: Crig. à 2 - Addresase 1- TSD/FASS 2--TSD/RB

134-4

AUTHORZING CRFCER

[PAGE 5]
MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, Finance Divielon

1 TSD/Budget Oficer

SUBJECT

:MKULTRA, Subprojoct 134, Involee No, 1 Allotment 2125-1390-3902

1. Invoice No. 1 covering the above subproject ls attached. Payment should be roado as follows:

Cashier'g check in the amount of \$22, 000. 00 drawn on E I payablo to the

2. Pleaso forward tho.check to Chiof,: TSD/Research Branch through TSD/Budget Offcer by 24 July 1961. .:

3.  This ls a final invoico. Howovor, since It ls anticipated that additlonal funds will be obligated for this project, the files should not be closed,

7
Chtef
TSD/Research Branch

Attachment:

Involce & Cortifications

Diatributiont Orig & 2- Addreesee.

134-5

12 July 1961

[PAGE 8]
9-hE1

e   l .

[PAGE 9]
C Accounting of for grant from 9-1-61 to:8-31-62 \$22,000.00 Received from

Salary of Principal Investigator 10;800,00

Clerical and Testing Assit. 1,473;22

Fees=to Suojects 1,980.00

Cost of Computation -160.00

Traveluee. 307.70

Office-Expenses -1,285.65

Test Equipment 2,425.83

Books-and Journals 197.11

Mis0 197.99

Total-Exoenditures \$18,827.50

Balance to bo applied to next \$.3,172.50
year's grant

This is a true statement of accounting as reoorted to the Fund. A

February 1963

[PAGE 10]
Receipt is hereby acknowledged of Treasurer's Check No. 184788,

RECEIPT

[PAGE 11]
12 July 1961

MEMORANDUM FOR: Chtef, Flaance DIvleion

VIA

1TSD/Budget Oläcer

SUBJECT

r MKULTRA, Subproject :134, Involce No. 1 Allotmont 2125-1390-3902

1. –Iavoice No. 1 coveriag tho above subproject ia attachod. Paynent ahould bo made as followe:

Capbler's chock in tha amount of \$2z, 000.00 drawu cg a E payablo to the

2. Pleaso forward the check to Chlef, TSD/Research Dranch throu,b TSD/Budgot Offlcor by 24 July 1961.

3. Thlo is a flnal involce. Howover, since it is anticipatod that additloral fuads will be obligated for thie projoct, the filoe should not be closed.

A

Chles

TSD/Rescarch Branch

Attachmant: Involco & Certifcations

DstrlbuHont

Orig & 2- Addresseo

1- TSD/FASS

2TSD/RB

TSD/RBAA

134.9

[PAGE 12]
-\$23.000.03-

CERTIFICATIONS

(1) It is hereby certiried that this 1e Invoicet applyung to Bub-project RO°4 of MULTRA. that perforaance is satisfactbry, that servicce are being eccotfished in eccordance vith mutual agrcenents, that a deteiled agerda of the payments and receipts is\_on file\_in 1SD/RB, that this bill is Just and correct and that payeent theroof has not yet been made.

Chief, TSD/Reseurch Brench

Date:

(2) It 1s hereby certified that thie invoice applies to SubProject of MUlTRA which was duly aporoved, and that the project is teing carrled out in accordance vith the memorandum of 13 April 1953 froa the\_DCI to the DD/A, and the exteusion of this\_authority in subsequent temoranda.

Date:.

Yor Services

INVOICE

Reseorch Director

e

[PAGE 13]
DATS:.29 2ay 1961.

MEMORANDUH POR:-THE COPTROLLER

ATTERTION

:Finance Division

SURJET

-HULTRA, Subproject 134

Under the euthority grcntsd in the Eenorardun dated.l3 April l953 froa the DCI to the DD/A, aod ths extension of-this suthority in subsequent nerorendsy Subprojec134 has been approved, erd \$22, 000,00 of the over-all Project-MUtaRA fuods have been obligatel to cover tha subproject's expencea-and ehoula bs charged to coss center.2125-1390-J902.

Chief TSD/Research Branch

AFFROVED FCR OBLIGATICH OF FURDS:

Researen Director

Date:

Distribution: Qrig. & 2 - Addressee

1--TSD/FASS

2-TSD/RB

[PAGE 14]
Memorandum to: A

Subject: Recommendation for Funding- \$22,000.00

After considerable deliberation on the proposal, its funding is recommended, despite the superficiālity of the proposal and the questionoble products which have issued from previous research, It is contemplated thot Dr. Dr and Dr can strengthen the research accomplished through monitorship and close guidance. This is an important area of research ond one which we have wanted to start for a long time. We would like to get someone of better stature working in the area, but this appears to be the best we can accomplish ot the moment.

This work fils into our indirect assssment reguirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which Dr is engaging.

Its funding is recommended.

eb
Enc: 2 (proposal \_and\_comments by

June 9, 1961

[PAGE 15]
In accordance with your request, I am submitting a revised proposal and budget for a stidy in constitutional psychology. Diring the one-year period from September 1, 196l to August 31, l962, I propose to carry out an extonsion of the study which I reported to you last month:

The objective of this stidy 1s to exploro and define the nature and extent of relationships which, on the basis of the pilot study, appear to exist botween anthropometric diaensions doveloped by Sholdon and others and seleóted psychological dimensions of:tomperament, perception, learning, intelligence and personality. These psychological dimensions will be defined largoly as they were in the pilot project but with cortain changes and additions which vill be outlined in this lotter.

The "strategy" of this stidy is to gather a wide range or data, fron anthropometric measurements, through cognitive functions to personality dimensions, on a rolatively small mumber of subjects. Broadly stated, the purpose of this strategy is to elucidate and explain the inter-relatedness of hman behavior as it is manifested by an individual on sevoral different levels of functioning. I think that constitutional psychology offers some promise as a basis for the integration of observations from biology, psychology, and axiology into a coherent pattern of relationships.

As you know from roading my last report, the analysis of the pilot study is not completed, Nevertholess, the available analysis points cut the value of several changes in thinking and proceduret v

1. The pilot project was baged in părt on the ăssumption that Sheldon's nethod for classifying human physiques is paychologically meaningful. Rituire studies should view Sheldon's wethods nore critically, preferably fron a position of thorough familiarity with his methods.

The tiaing of this study makes this step essential becaise I will not bo able to roly on the use of pro-somatotyped subjects.

[PAGE 16]
2. The pilot project haă indicated that physical dimensions other than somatotype, such as height and head size, apparently correlate with psychological fnnctions. I plan to search the 1itorature for othor potentially significant physical dimonsions for inclusion in this research. Recent studies by Diddenhau and Vandenberg will be avilable for this puirpose.

3. With regard to the relationship between physique and temporament, the pilot study made an inobtrusive but productive break with Sholdonis thinking. Iatead of persisting in Sheldon's view that physique and temperamont aro two sides of the same coin, I worked vith the idea that the differences between tho components of:physimie and components of temperamont are significant in thoir owm right. Some of the highest correlations and most provocative findings emergod fron this doparturo. Those promising results underlino the valne of revising and refining the self-administered tomperament scalo. Thissumner, I plan to gather noré data on this test from somatotyped subjects. Other investigators have been working independontly on the task of devising a self-adninistered rating scale. I expect to be able to use their findings, too.

4. The pilot study sought correlations botween WaIs sub-tests and components of physique. Any Nuture study will use Saindors! factorial. studies of the Wechsler scales. It is wy hope that relationships which were merely suggestive but not statistically significant will be replaced by correlations which are statisticaliy stronger and psychologically more meaningful.

5. Both of the perceptial tasks used in the pilot stidy showed significant correlations with aspects of physique. Mis suggests that the field of porception may be an especially fnitful intermediate grcund between physique and-personality I intend to use additional perceptual tasks and wiil give primary congideration to those which have shown evidenco of rolatedness to perscnality=variables.

6. The results of the pilot projoct indicato several ways in which the battery of learning tasks could be rovised, One task, nonsense-syllable loarning, should probably be dropped. A conditioning experiment which uses a pleasant stimulus coild theoretically, lead to quito difeerent relaticnships with physique. Tho possibility of finding other simpler and purer learning tasks will bo explored.

7. Participants in the pilot project vere given three paporand-penoil porsonality testsi the MPI, the Nyers-Briggs, and the Rosenzveig Picture Frustration test. (To date, only the MMPI scores have been included in the statistical analysis). At tho present tine, two other tests are being considered for inclusion in the battery.The Guilford-Zinmermann Temporament Scalo-appears to bo closer in conception to Sheldon's ideas than any othor standard tost of its kind. Moreover, its dimensions are framed in terms of norually finctioning adults, the kind of subjects I intend to use.Forschachis ideas about the psychological-moaning

GO

OD

[PAGE 17]
of color, moveuont, and form responses to inkblots appear to parallel'the dimonsions of affect, conation, and cognition. Holtzman's veraion of Forschach's test may be a suitable vehicle for testing thoso rolationships,

8. I intend to collect preliminary data concerning value orientation, vocational specialisation, and transcendental and roligious axporiences. At this stage, these data would bo ossentially exploratory, My intention is to develop a battery of psychological scales which will provide as broad a crosssectional view of each subject as is practioal

9. Becaise this study is primarily concerned with the relationships botweon somatotype and pyschological funotions, it is most important to use subjects who represent the full ranges of each of the three somatotypo scales. This will be wy primaiy concorn in the selection of subjects. I am assured of an adequate supply of subjects from several sourcest collegos, servico organizations, an opinion polling concern, and a clinical training prograg.. In addition to group-administered tosts, I expect to spend the equivalent of a full day in face-to-face testing of each subject. Dnring the six-month poriod to bo devoted to the collection of data, I plan to test at least l00 subjects and possibly as many as 150.

Bidget

Stipond.. \$10,800
Clerical and testing assistance. 200
Fees to subjocts. 000
Cost of computation. 000
Cost.of pubiication. 600
Travel. 600
Office expensos. 1,500
Somatotyping equipsont and other
test equipmont.. 2,000
Books and journals 300
Contingencies 1,000

Approxiuata Tino Schecule Sept., Oct., and Nov. 196ltProparation of test batteiy and making arrangements for subjects.

Dec. 1961, Jan. to May 19621 Testing and data collection. June to Aig. 19621 Anaiysis of data and roporting of results.

I hope that this brief rovision will facilitate a favorabla decision concerning uy proposal. I am looking forvard

[PAGE 18]
to devoting y fnll attention to this project as goon as m present contract expiros at tho ond of June. I an ploased that has kindly agreed to act as a consultant to mo r tho varlons stages of this study.

Tanks again for yoir considoration and encouragement. Sincerely,

[PAGE 19]
1. The report as it stands-is poorly organized. (I presume it is not a final product.) It is hard to get. a clear picture of what he hasfound.

s satple (as he admits) is far from ideal in size and in its-highly selective character.

3. He-has more variables (60 to 70) than subjecte. A complete correlation natrix vould contain some 3,o0o coefficients.

4. I wish he had reported some means, etc., es a partjal check on the sample. Wechsler inter-r's vould.be espectally helpful.

5. The difference scores and ratio scores are deceptively= tricky. Correlations involving then are full of artifact.They cannot be used in factor analysis.

6. Nevertheless, some \_of the findings are provocative, and more work of this\_ sort should be done.I-would recommend a larger number of subjects, better representative of the general population. The data to be analyzed should be experimentallyiindependent (e.g., no difrerence or ratio scores). Rav" physical measurements as vell as somatotypes should be included.

C 7. should be consulted. He has\_done considerable work in sonatotypy

Conents onReport

Ph.D.

[PAGE 20]
MEMORANDUM-FOR:-THE RECORD

MKULTRA,Subproject 134

1. The purpose of this subproject is to support the research studies of Mr. C His proposal, including an estimated budget, and the results of earlier pilot studies which led tothe.prescnt proposal are attached.

2. The relevance of this study for the Agency, although frankly exploratory in nature, is inits potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment, i. e., without the subject's awareness. Previous work by Dr. and his associates, as well as others, has de- C veloped some promising but inexact relationships between body type and temperament (personality characteristics). It is fromthis earlier work that Mr. will develop his line of research, The departure from C earlier thinking which examines component patterns of physiques in relation to component patterns of temperament (see para 3of proposal) ap pears to be a productive approach. Dr. C has agreed to cohgüit-with M research will provide Dr on problems ot design and statistical analysis.. A-by-product of this additional data which will be useful C in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77).

Funding and monitoring of this project will be handled by in the regular manner. Accounting for the funds expended willfollow procedures previously established by the Permanent eguipmcnt required for the project will becorne the property of the

4. The-estimated cost of this-subproject will be \$22,000. 00 for a period of one year. Charges-should be madc agatnst Allotment No. 2125-1390-3902.

5. Mr. is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor,

[PAGE 21]
nor is there any intent to make him witting, Dr is a C cleared and witting consultant to the B

Distribution: Original\_Only

Attached: Proposal

APPROVED FOR OBLIGATION OF FUNDS

Date:

JUD 1561

[PAGE 22]
ORIENTATION:

The contention that\_ psychological functions vary in relation to physical structure is as old as the stusy of psychology. There has been much interest in the relationships between physique on tho one hand and temperament, disease, and psychosis on the other. Sore studles have been done of the relationship between physique and intelligence (Naccarati, Sholdon). One investigator (Morris) has attempted to relate value-orientation to physiqie. Very few studies are knowmn to exist of the relatlonships betwoen physiqie and such cognitive functions as perception and learning.

Tere aro several assumptions iaplicit in this study. The basic one is that an individual engages in ary activity in such a way that hia behavior is affected to soge extent by each aspect of his total being (as well as by the nature of the task, the time-space matrix in which it occurs, and the social meanings which are imputed to it). One's physiqne is a system which can, for experimental convonionce, be conçeptualized as a concatenation of several functional or stpuctural sub-systoms. Sheldonts method offers one way of conceptally analyzing the hnman organisa For the purposes of this study,it is assmmed that this method is meaningful in terms of cortain psychological variables. These variables are affect, conation, and cognition. Sheldon rofers to the endcmorphic component of physiqne as a measure of its

O

134-13

[PAGE 23]
tendoncy toseek and value affoctive experiences. Siuilarly, the mesomorphic coaponent is thoight to correlate with the urge for conative expression and the ectomorphic coaponent is seen by Sheldon as the index of cognitive awarenos. Jnst as endomorphy, mesomorphy, or ectomorphy cannot exist independently, neither singly nor in pairs, but only in different proportions to each other, it also appears that neither affect, conation, nor cognition can ever be observed withont tho active presence of each other.: The psychological act, no matter hoa strikingly it may appear to be purely affective, conative,! or cognitive, nst always incorporate at least minigal quanta of the other two psychological coaponents. The hman robot, the\_mystic, and the dreamer approach the asyoptotic extremes of absence of affect, conation, and cognition, respectively. i

Different theorles of learning have given differential emphases to the roles or man's affective, ccnative, and cognitive qalities. : Theories eaphasizing the roles of roward and punishment in learning have tended to miniuize intrinsic meaning in the content of the learning and to aake offort sub-sorve emotional needs. Sich theories could be considered primarily affective in their orientation. Pavlovian conditioning is considered a paradiga of "affective" learning. When an explanation of learing emphasizes drill, repotition, or exerciso, it tends to reduce both oaotion and meaning to subordanate and insignificant roles in their influence on the procoss. This approach is priuarily conative. It is illustrated by Thorndike's Lay of Exercise and Outhrie's smphasis on the necessity for contigaity between stimlns and action for learning to take place. The

[PAGE 24]
gestalt-psychological approach, in its emphases on the perceived meaning of the material to be learned and on the role of meaning in the learing process tends to miniaize the importance of both feelings and strivings. It therefore propcses a theory of learning which is primarily cognitive. The gestalt luws of organization emphasize the noatic process instead of feelings and strivings.

This sequenco of assumptions lies at the basis of the present studyt

1. Kantts trichotoaaus division of psycholorical man into affective, conative, and cognitive aspects is at least heuristically useMl.

2. Sheldon!s somatotypes function differentially so that endoaorphs seek affective experience, mesomorphs respond more effectively to conative opportunities, and ectomorphs are most sensitive to cognitive pattems.

3. Valid distinctions can be made betweon loarning theories according to the relative importance they ascribe to the affective, conative, and cognitive aspects or organismic behavior.

Enilding on these assumptions, it followg that if one develops a battery of learning tasks which are snfficlently different froa one another as to ovoke different levels of affective, conative, and cognitive behaviorj and if one administers this battery of tasks to soaatotypod subjects, the subjects shold dirfer signiricantly in their ability to learn tho different kinds of tasks accorling to differences in their somatotypes. HYPOTESRS CONCERNING LEARNINGI

1. Endonorohy correlatas poaitively vith anaceptibllity.to

[PAGE 25]
slassical conditioping. Conditioning can be viewed as the passive (non-conative) learning of an intrinsically meaningless (cognitively weak) relationship (e.g., light procedes air-pufr to eye) in order to attain a directly physical εratification or avoid a comparable discoafort.Sholdon says endomorphs tend to seek physical comtort. This is one aspect of their tendency to organize their lives along affectively satisfying lives.If he is right, then endomorphs shald learn a pain-reinforced CF aoro easily than either mesoaorphs or ectogorphs. For this perpose, eye-blink conditioning was nsed.

2. Yosouorphy correlates positively with the ability to learn kinaesthetic pattems of behayior. Sheldon's description of the soaatotonic teaporament (which for him isessentially synonymous with mesororphy) indicates a pleasure-in-finction in a physical sense, rgardless of the absence of the possibilities for deriving either cognitive meanings or affective\_&ratification froa the activity.He sees the mesomorph as orientod toward skeleto-muscular action for the sheer pleasure of the act itself. If so. then performance on a learning task which emphasizes drill of neuro-muscular responses in which neither fine cognitive discriminations nor affective satisfactions are of moment shoild correlate positively with mesoaorphy. To test this hypothesis, a finger-maze was\_used.

3. Ectonorphy correlates positively With the ability to leara coknitive patterns ani to order experionce meaningfully. Sheldon thinks that as octomorphy increases, there isian increasing reliance on cognition as the aajor moie of coping with life's

[PAGE 26]
problems. Habit-formation is weak and there is relatively less concern about physical comfort. Knowledge and unierstanding are more important than either power and achievement (the conativo goals) or security and comfort (the affective zoals). If this is so, then there shoald bo a positive correlation between ector morphy and both sensory discriminations and the learning of transferable principles. In order to test this hypothosis, two kinds of. tasks were used. One was a series of 60 "memory-for designs" problems given concurrently with the conditioning trials. The other was a modirication of Katona's match=stick experiment. It is expected that (a) ectomorphy vill sorrelate poaitively yith the ability to laarn and subsequently rocoenize ceometric figures and (b) vith the ability to develop anl utillze\_princioles in solying the. match-stick Droblena.

4. Bndopenia should correlate positively With the ability to learn new sensorimotor patterns whioh coapete With old ones. The reasoning behind this hypothesis is that while mesomorphy provides the needed sensorimotor skill and ectoaorphy provides the freedoe from established patterns ofirosponse, endogorphy conld ba expected to work against success on this kind of learning task becsuse no affectively meaningful goal is available. The task to bo nsod for correlation withiendopenia is mirror drawing:of a star pattem.This task will be scorod both for time and for accuracy. With regard to tiie, it is hypothesizod that actozorohy vill pra-dispoae subiects to\_more rapid oerformanca in airror-drawine bocause of freedou from bonndedness to established pattermns of eye-hand coordination. With regard to accuracy, it is hypothesized that pegosorphy yill correlsta yith

[PAGE 27]
Cevar axrora (line-crossings) in mirror-draying becanse of greater skeloto-mscular.control.

5. Mosopenia will correlate cositively yith unintentional, Incidantal learnins. Mesogorphs are characterized by Sheldon as practical, conative, and intentional initheir behavior. If so, then mesomopphy shonld militate against the passive learning of unintentional, apparently useless material, Moreover, the rolative passivity of emdomorphy and the hyperattentionality or ectogorphy shoald tend to enhance this kind of learning. As a moasure of incidental learning, a 50-item mltiple choice test was dovised from WAIS items. The WAIS was given to all smbjocts and the tost of incidental learning folloved the WAIS by abont

6. Fctopenia vlll correlate positivelyiyith rota laarnins. If ectosorbhs seek meaning in their cognitive experiences, it might be thought that ectopenes would be the most ready to accept and work with material which is designed to be as devold of meaning as possible. oreover, if, as Sheldon says, ectomorphs are relatively weak at memorization, then ectopenes might be bettar at a task of rote meaory than other somatotypes. To test this hypothesis, four series of nonsense syllables were used.  Each series of eight syllables vas loamed acoording to the serial anticipatlon mothod.

HYPOTHESES CONCERNING PERCEPTUAL FUNCTEONS

Proficioncy on the Eabodded-Figures Test (Witkin'a

Foru) has been shom to corrolate significantly With fieldindependence, vhioh, accoriing to Witkin et al., is woro coaaon in active poople who manifost high solf-esteea and considerable

[PAGE 28]
awaroness of their cwmn notives, Aocording to Sheldon, aotivity correlates with\_mesouorphy and self-awareness correlates with octo orphy. Endomorphs, being natural lyiss active and more extraverted affectively, would supposedly bo more field-dependent. It is therefore hypothesized that Rroficlenoy on the cabeddedfigares tost will correlate negatively with endomorphy.

People dirfer in the extent to Which they aro mubject to optical illusions. Conceivably, differences in sozatotype might cast some-light on the nature of the perceptual difference. Bctouorphy is thought by Sheldon to enhanccattentionality and cognitive vigilance. It makos for inhibitions of judgment and the exercise of care in arriving at decisiont. This-attitide should work against the effect of an optiçal illusion. The more spontaneaus rosponses af the ectopene should thoroforo tend to accept the illusion.  It was therefore hypothosized that auscaptibillty te tha Miller-Lxer Illneisn yill correlate necatively with setomorpby.

HYPOTHESES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSIQUE AND TEMPERAMENTI

Sheldonts findings concering the relationships botween physique and teaperamont have been critioizod on the grounds that the sane peraon (Sheldon) ratod his subjedts for both sozatotype and tomperazent. Since the publication of his original study, there have been no reports of attoapts to either replicate or disprove his findings. This present study includes an initial attempt to devise-an-"objective" self-rating scale vhich obstatea this important objection to Sheldonts mothod..A solf-rating acale of 178 itoms was propared froa Sheldon's descriptions of

[PAGE 29]
viscorotonia. somatotonia, and cerobrotonia. It is hypothesized that the following relations will be foundl

1. Endomorohy correlates cigniflcantly With yiscorotonia but yith neither sogatotonia nor cerobrotonia.

2. Nosogorphy correlatos signicisantlc with soaatotonta bit with peither yiscerotonia nor cexybrotooia.

3. Eotoaorphy correlatos slenicicantly with cerebrotonia bit with reither viscerotonia nor soaatotonia.

HYPOTHESES CONCERNING PHYSIQUE AND INTELLIGENCE:

Both Naccarati and Sheldon have done-studies thet demonstrated low positive correlations between IQ and linearity of physique.This finding in itself is of limitod interest. Since the time when these studies vere done; mich work has boen done on the meaning of sub-test profiles with the hope of developing profile patterns which correlato with aspects of personality. With varying decrees of systematization, psychologists cling to the notion that the specific varlances of sub-test ecores on such tosts:as=the WAIs provide inforaation about personality. Working on this assuaption, if signiricant correlations can be shown to exist betyeen WAIs snb-tests and sonatotype components and botween WAls sub-tests and toaperagent selr-ratings, one should bo able to make soue dednctions abont-the valuo of the WAIs for the description of porsonality.

We are therefore bypothesieing thatt

1. Ectonorphy corralates pogitively vith In.

2. Each of the ten Wals sub-taats corrolates.slgnificantly yith one or more of the six meamurps\_ ot phyalqua! Andoaorchy, gscaorpby. actonornhy. enlogania pasorepia,

[PAGE 30]
and ectopenla.

3. Lach of the ten Wals sub-tests corralatos sienificantly yith one or apre of the six noasures of temperament viscerotonia, soaatotonia, corebrctonia. yisceropenia, spmatopenia, and corebropenta.

4. Every significant correlation betweon a WiIs sub-test and a sonatotype rating is natshed by a alenificant correlatlon betwoen that Wols gub-tost and the parallel papect of temperament.

SAMPLEI

Fifty acult ualo Protestant theological stidents and ministers were used as subjects. They wero all photographed and somatotyped by, Sheldon or his assistanta. They constituited a fairiy homogeneous gronpin that all are college graciates, all have had some exposnre to clinical pastoral training as a part of their edncation for the ministry, and all are of Northern Buropean stock.

We would have preferred to have chosen air subjects on the basis of soqatotype, but because this was not practical, we had to work with a sample which was unselected according to this criterion. In his "Atlas of Men", Sheldon;gives the means and standard deviations for each coaponent, based on a sample of 12.000 subjects, as followst

domorphy3.34 1.10 Mesomorphy4.11 1.03 0 Bctomorphy3,42 1.18-

[PAGE 31]
For the 46 subjects from whon are obtained enongh test data to inclúde in our statistical analysis, the comparable figires arel

A cogparison of these tablos shows that our rango of mesogorphy is mich narrower than Sheldonts norus and that our subjects rank substantially higher in eniomorphy. The former shortcoaing will make it difficult for us to accept or reject hypotheses involving the influence of desomorphy unless the relevant correlations meet rigid tests of statistical significance

EXPERIMNTAL TEST BATTERYT

Each subject was given a maber of tęsts which included! 1. Soaatotyping.

2. "The Boston Scale for Temperamont", a self-rating scale based on Sheldon's "Varieties of Temperasent".

3. Two-trials on the Miller-Lyer Illnsion in a saall, hand-size vertz.

4. Witkinis fora of Gottschaldtis embedded-figures test.

5. A Bull. WAIs except for the Vocabulary sub-test. The Eancational Testing Service experimental version was usod but was soored in the staniard way.

6. Eight nuns on a finger-maze, scored for.tize, maber of blind alleys entered and mmber of directicnal reversals. This task was presented in two sessions of for trials each.

10

[PAGE 32]
7. Four series of eight nonsense syllables each, presented on a memory dma, scored for mimber of trials up to but not including two consecutive correct trials. This task was presented in two sessions of two series elch.

8. Sixteen miror drawings of a star, scored for both time and line-crossings. This task was presnntod in two sessions of eight trials each.

9. An especially prepared version of the Katona uatch-stick experiment which employed ten trials on fonr difforent probleus, scorod for time and mator of sccesses.

10. A measuro of incidental learning based on the WAIS, scored for maber of correct answers.

11. An eye-blink conditioning experiment, scored for anplitude of responses on a scale of 0 - 5 from whiich an indox of conditioning Was derived by dividing mean amplitude of rosponse to test trials by mean amplitide of response to acqiisition trials. The standard deviation of oach subject!s rosponse amplitides to all acqisi tion trials was coaputod as an index of variability of response.

12. A "memory-for-designs" task was developed priuarily to enhance attentiveness and cooperation dnring the eyeblink conditioning procedure.It is scored for maber of correct rosponses.

TREATMENT OF DATAI

l. Produot-moment correlations are the primary tools for the analysis of data. The uatrix of intercorrelations will be used for computing appropriate multiple and partial correlations

11

[PAGE 33]
and for factor analysis.

2. Special indicos have been computed from the soaatotype ratings for.endopenia, aesopenia, and ectopenia becanse of their theorotical:significance in Sheldon's systom.

3. Similar indices have been computed for the toaperamental components derived from "The Boston Scale for Temperamont".

4. Difference-scores will be coaputed betweent

a. Sum of somatotype compenents leas sua of temperament componentsEET

b. Visceropentai F-V

c. Somatoponiai M-S

d. Cerebropeniat X-C

o. CerebrosistXp-Cp

f. Viscerosist Ep-Vp

g. Somatorosisi Mp-Sp

These difference-scores wgre preparod because it is anticipated thet for some cognitive functions, the dirrerences botween phyaique and tomperament aay bo predictive of functions. The derivaticns: and meanings of those scores are explained in the glossary.

Other data ware collected on\_our subjocts without specific hypothesia as to hog they would correlated with the measyres around which the study was planned. They have- boen included in the correlation matrix and the factor analysis:.

1. Head lengths.

2. Head widths.

3. Sheldon's "andric" ratings.

4. Sheldon's "gynic" ratings.

5. mirtoen MPI scoresi L, F, X, He, D, Hy, P, Me, Pa, Pt, Se, Ha, S1.

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[PAGE 34]
Staniards of Lovola of sirnificance of coefficients of corxolation:

When N  46, the standard error of a coefficlent of correlation is ± .l49 if the population correlation is assumed to be zero, Therefore, coofficients of corrolation within this range will bo considered to be of insignificant magnitudo. The following table will be used for gauging the approxinate lovel of significance of the coofftclonts of correlationt

Love1 of s1gnificance1.10.05.02.01.005 Corrolation coofficiont:.246.292.347.384.419 The Rroblem of curyilinear ralationshlpat

The prosont method of analysis does not doal with the possibiiity that curvilinoar relationships may exist between soae of our dimensions. It is oniy in the use of scores for time that we have made an effort to avoid cnrvllinear functions. In those cases such as the time for performanco in the eabeddedfigures test, the fingor-maze, the mirrordrawing, etc., the total time taken by each subject was converted to its logarithm for correlational purposes.

With only 46 casos, we folt that it Was futile to attempt to estimate oither graphically or statistically the presence of curvilinoarity in the thousands of relationships included in this study. This study should therofore be evaluated with the erstanding that thero may be many "false negatives" in our results.

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[PAGE 35]
Possibhe. Outsomes.of Ihia Study

1. This stady may cast light on the feasibility of repllcating Sheldon's corrolations betveen physique and tomperament. By comparing Sheldon's concepts with a varioty of other paychological functions, patterns of order ind interdepondence may arise so that difrerences between individuals in learning and perceptual functions may-be clarified. On the other hand, information as to how to sharpen Seldonts concepts way grow:out of an application of the data in the opposite direotion. It may bo possible to devise cognitive tests of temperament which aro difficult to falsify because they laca face validity.

2. This study may help to extend constititional psychology beyond medical-psychiatric purlieus and to plant it more stably within the realm of psychology proper. Constitutional psychology may offer sone proaise for dofining the ranges of norual psychological funotions. It could conceivably contribute to a pluralistic psychology of individual differences.

3. If this study succeeds in elncidating soze of the inter relationships between stnctire, cognition, and personality, it will provide:experimental support for the doctripe of holisn and may also provide a new conceptaal approach for further studies. If it can beidemonstrated that significant portions of the variances of:a variety of psyohological funotions can be accounted for in terms:of atrictural differonces, a more stable basis for psychological systoa-building may be achievedi To this extent, the problem of explanation Would bo shinted to the biological, and presumably more controllable level of exiètence.

[PAGE 37]
RESULTS:

1. The experiment clearly rejocts the hypothosis that endoaorphy correlates with oye-blink conditianing (seo Figuro 1). Instead, it shovs that eyo-blink conlitioning correlatos at better than the .05 level with sotomorphy, and negutively with both ondo morphy and mosomorphy. Tho reason for the failure of tho oxperiment to support the hypothesis may bo bscause ve did not distinguiah between the adient and abient tendoncios ascribei-to endomorphy and ectonorphy. In chosing a conditioning:experiaent Which measured abient behavior (blinking in order to avoid un uncomfortable puffof air) as tho index of coniitioning, we have apparently created a situation in which the ectoaorphis tendency to withdrawal was ovoked. Q. the other hand, thoirosults suggest two things:

a. Sheldonis claia that ectomorphs tolerate, evon seek uncoafortable situations, craapedipostres, and the 1ike .soous.dubious.

b. Tho question arises is to whethorienlozorphs aight. condition gore readily than ectouorphs when tho CS is a pleusure-cvoking ono insteid!of a discooforting one.

In any cvent, the results indicite clcarly:that oase of oyee blink conditioning correlates significantly (+.34) with Sheldon's measure of ectomorphy and with solr-ratings for the temperamontal trait of cerebrotonia (+.33). This-is Durther supported by an r of +.25 with tho social introversion scalelof the MPI, which corrolates-t.50 with corobrotonia. Other corrolations of eyeblink conditioaing which attain tho.05 lovel-or-better aret

a. =.41 w1th\_ag9 b. +.31 with cophalic index

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[PAGE 38]
c. -.29 with visceropenia (the difference between endcuorphy and viseorotonia)

d. +.40 with the M scalo of the HOPI

In gumaary, the particnlar kind of CR evoked by this experizental setup ie aasociated With ectoaorphy, introversion, yoath, ronndheadedness, a feainold score on the MpI, and a tondency toward asceticiam.

2. According to the secead hypothesis, mospaorphy was expected to correlato vith perforaance on the finger maze. Tvo of the three measuros of perforsance (tioe and mmber of blind alleys entered) were uncorrelated with mesouorphys: but the third, mimber of direotion reversals, was faund to decrease significantiy as the nesosorphy of our sabjects increased (r -.34)-(see Figure 2). A partial r ruling out the effect of PSIQ bringa this up to +.38, nearly significant at the .Ol level. Moresver, correlations with endoaorphy and ostomorphy Wore nil (+.ll and +.08, respeotively).

In perforping a fingor-maze task, freedon froa direction

reversals correlates positively with masomorphy. It also cor rolates positively vith two WAIS sub-tests, Arithmetic\_(+.33) and Object Assembly (+.34). It correlatos +.4t with fuli-scale IQ and +.37 with porformance on the embegded-figures tost. It also correlates positively vith two geasures of loarningt

a. freedoa frca line-crossings on mirror drawing: +.47

b. profioiency at incidental leerningt +.35 Signiricant corrolations are fod vith foir of the MPI acalesl

2 205

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[PAGE 39]
One suggestive finding is that as the score for viscerosis (the dirrerence botweon endoponia and visceropenaa) grows, the frequency of direction-revorsals increases. The corrolation is +.30, which is signiricant at the .05 level. This is one of the several inlications from this exporigent that to some extent greater than chance, there are, cognitive fnctions which depand in part cn the rolationship botween one's physiqne and oneis temperanent. Findings of this sort appgar to be especially relovant for the devolopmont of: a usefil holistic psychology.

Our present scores for combinations of dimensions (such as viscerosis) suffer froa a weaknoss which will be corrected for subseqient analyses of the data. Becamse they are either ratios or differences of ratios, they tend to exaggerate dirferences on-one side of their aid-points and to miniatze differences on the other side. This flau has boen corrected for a re-analysis.

3.. Tvo hypotheses were made œoncerning the kinds of tasks which would correlate with ectomorphy. In neither case, Mexory-for Designs and the Katona Matoh-Stick Problems, were the hypotheses supported.

Memory-forDesigns corrolated-0.22 with ectosorphy and +.\$s with enicnorphy. The raot that data.froa only 37 cases were available suggests that with more data, mltiple correlations for MFD between enloaorphy and ectogorphy aight well weach a\_setisfactory level of statistical pignifioance (see Figure 3). But of more immediate interest is the -.39 correlation of gndopenia. Mis is significant at the .Ollevel and strongly suggests

17

[PAGE 40]
that perforaance on this tisk does vary with physiqe but in a aanner not anticipated by our theoiy. 1

MPDperforuance also correlates positively with rote

maze scores (BAt +.403 DRi +.231 Timet +.47)↓

It was hypothesized that proficiencyin the Katona Match-Stick Problem wonld correlate with ectomorphy.The experimental rosults clearly refnte the hypothesis both with rogard to speed and accnracy of performance. Althongh none of the three standard components of physique correlated significantly with either performance:score on this task, mesomorphy holds a\_clear edge both for speod and accuracy (+,23 and +.25). Sheldon's "andric" score, a moasure of masculinity of physigue (the details of which have not been peblished yet), correlates +.26 and +.29 With speed and accnracy,rospectively. The latter, figure is significant at the:.05 level.

A study-of the statistically sienificant correlations botween this-task and tho other dimonsions inçluded in this study evokes some altarnate hypotheses. Because snccess at the match-stick problems corrolates with mesoorphic (+.25), andric (t.29), and somatotonic (+.33) traits, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that this kind of learning is a speclalty of aggres sively mascnline\_men.But this\_ interprotation is complicated by the observaticn that tho endoaorph who suppresses his secnrity-soeking viscorotonio needs in fuvor of\_a\_moro ascetio orlentation seems to\_do well on tho match-stick probleas (t,31). Conversely, it is the endopene who describes himself as the solfindulgent viscerotonic who does moat poorly with this tagk (-.50).

[PAGE 41]
Here again is evidence to\_snggest that Sheldon's physical and temperamental concepttalizations may serve a gore dynaaic role in supporting the substmctuire of cognitive fnnctions than Sheldon himselr izagined. Or very failnre to replicate Seldon's high correlations-between physiçue and temperament may be the clue to even more interesting relationships.

Sccess on this task correlates positively with Verbal IQ (+.33), Pll=scale IQ (+.33), Dionysian temperanent (+.33), and the sum of andric-and gynic scores (+.31). It correlates negatively with the Christian temperament (-,31), tho ratio of viscerotonia to sozatotonia (-.35), and the Kscale of the PI (-.29).

Quick performance on the match-sticki problems corrolates positivoly With WAIS Simtlarities (+.31), Verbal IQ (+.30), Pll-scale IQ (t.34). It correlates negatively with the index for viscerosis(-.42). 1

4. Fote learning of nonsensc syllables is the-only cognitive task which did not show any correlations of note with Cheldon's components of physique. Nor, for that matter, did it correlate vith self-ratings of temperament. Through chance,=there happens to be a spidgeon of iaforaation which prevents this skiraish fron being a total defeat for constitutional psychology. Profioiency at the learning of nonsense syllables does correlute negativoly at better than the .05 level with à secondary measure of physique, Sheldon's recently doveloped "gynic", or feainoid score. There-are also thrue positive correlations to bo gleaned froa the intercorrelation aatrixt

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[PAGE 42]
a. Speed on the finger wazel +.30

b. Monory-for-Desienst +.41

c. The Pd scale of the MMPI:. +.33

Onr original hypothesis that rote learning wonld correlate with ectopenia mst be rejected. Becanse thero is no significant difference botween the porforaances of ectonorphs and actopenes on this task, S.eldonts statemont thit ectomorphs aro poor at rote laarning is\_cast into Jobt.

This task!s corrolation With Meuory-for-Designs Vas +.4l. This 1s not surprising in that both tasks involve\_rote learning of material which is presented vis, yally and roheirsed verbally.

an observation abont the perforaanco.of our subjects on this task may subsequently prove to bo of interost within the larger gicture. Proficiency on this task seens to decrease with age. The fact that\_our correlation was only-.22, hence not significant at the .05 level, may be dne to our rolatively narrow age range,froa 22 to 39. The nean age 1s 28.2 and the standard deviution is 5.4. This is obvignsly skewed toward the sido of youth, Had we used aore older sybjects, or had oir distribntion of agos been more nearly Ganssian, the evidence for a negative effect of age on rote learning ability mlght have been substantiated statisticully.

5. In the case of Mirror Drawing, both hypotheses reeeive qualified support frou the data. Ectomorphy correlates t.25 with speed of perforaance-(see Figure 6) while ectopenia correlates -.26 with that diaension. lowever, the.differences

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4

[PAGE 43]
in the correlation of speod alcng the ectomorphy-ectopenia dimension and along the endoaorphy-endoponia dimension are so slight that the question as to which of these two dimensions is the better predictor of speed of mirror-drawing is left open. Moreover, the ract that the three indices of physiqe which are positivoly correlated with speed all suppress endoaorphy,\_and the three which aro negatively correlated with speed inclnde endouorphy tend to indicate that a more intensive study with a wider range of somatotypes and more subjocts might indicate that the endoaorphy-andopenla disension is ths best\_somatotype indicator of speed or mirror-drawing.

A similar situation obtains with regard to the accuracy score for mirror-draving (see Fignre 7). Oir hypothesis that accuracy shaild correlate with mesomorphy is supported (+.36). It is enhanced by the fact that mosopenia shows the highest negative correlation with aconracy (-.26). (These findings are espeçially intorosting in view of the narrow range of mesoaorphy in onr aamplei It doos not seem nnreasonable to xpect that froa a sayple which represents an average distribition of sosomorphy, substantially larger correlaticns mAAst be obtaineg).

But again, when we comparo thoss indices of physique which corrolate positively with accuracy with those which correlate negatively, we find that with more data, it might have boen demonstratod that the ectosorphy-gctopenia diaension is a better predictor of mirrordraving accuraoy than the geaomorphyaasoponia dimansion. In either event, the prasent study indicates clearly that perforaance on airrordrawing, both in terns of speed and aconracy, corrolates significantly with somatotype.

0

O

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[PAGE 44]
If one wore to follow Sheldon!s thinking, one might expect that if a score on a cognitive task correlates with\_a compoaent of physiqe, it cauld be expected to correlate in the same direction with the corresponding aapect of teaperament. It has already been shown that this is pot necesaarily the case. The scale for mirror-drawing accnracy is a striking instance of a negation of the above supposition.Accnracy correlatos positively with mesoaorphy bit negatively with soaatotonia, its temperazental counterpart, (In this study mesoaorpky and somatotonia were essentially uncorrelated [+.04]). In fact, accuracy correlates t.47 with the difference between mesoqorphy:and soaatotonial This finding seems qiite plamsible when translatod into ordinary langnaget As a-personts physical potential for-assertive, aggressive action increases and as his selr-rating for his behavior becomas more passive and coupliant, then his teniency to perforu carefully and accurately on an unfaailiar-and rather tricky learningitask will increase.

We feol that this statistically nniapeachable finding is one of the most provocative resnlts of the present study. Like the varions studies of the rolaticnships between perception and personality done in the past twenty years, it provides a clne as to hov to map the nexns of inter-rglationships between the varions fnnctions of the organisa. But it goes one step farther than provious studies in that it correlates a stable physical measure with both.a cognitive and a personality\_moasmre. In\_so. doing, it points to how we aay baoaden the baso of paychological theory - and possibly stabilize this base by rooting it in a diological fondation.

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[PAGE 45]
The tige dimension on mirror-draving did not correlate at the .05 level with any other measure in this stndy. However the aconracy disension attained significant levels of correlation with several other dizensions. Thoso not mentioned in the previous discussion are i

a. The avoidance or blind alleys on the finger aaze (t.38).

b. The avoidance of direction roversals on the ringer maze (+.47).

c. Tho greater the difference between the sa of tho sonatotype components and the sna of the terporaaent self\~ ratings. the fowor the line-crossings (+.35).

d. The greater the difrerence betwean endoaorphy and viscerotonia. the fewer the line-crossings (+.3l).

e. The greater the differonce between ectopenia and cerebropenia. tho fower the line-crossings (+.34).

f. The greater the difference batwoen mosopenia and soaatopenia, the more froquent the line-crossings (-.35). (This is little more than a ro-statomont of the ralationahip batween accuiracy and the difference botween mosomorphy and somatotonia).

6. We mst rejeot the hypothesis that profioiancy at incidental learning corrolates vith mesoponia (see Figre 8). The corrolation 1s only +.ll bnt it 1s the highest positive corrolation between a somatotype rating and this learning task. Moreover, incidental learning correlates -.23 with wosoaorphy. Tho mltiplo correlation is +.28, still too\_low to satisty the 5% standard of signiricanco. A more carefnl study of this relationship may yot elther support the original hypothesis or strongly

23

[PAGE 46]
indicate an alternative bnt related ons, viz.; that inoidental learning correlates negatively with mesosorphy. The present test of the bypothesis is limited by the constricted range of sesomorphy in onr aaaple, the difricnlties entailed in procuring acores for incidental lgarning under standardized conditions, and the deficiency of our prasent scale of mesopenia. This last weakness is the easlest to improve. Dhis will be done for the. final report of our findings.

The only significant correlations of incidontal learning were with finger-mgze speed (+.46), freados fron direction roversals on the finger-maze (+.35), and the Mr scale of the MMPI (+.32)..

7. The hypothosis that the embedded-fignres test wonld correlate with endopania is not only decisively rejeoted bnt reveraed by our data. EPT corralates negatively with endopenia (-.33) and positively with. endoaorphy (+,33) (see Fignrei9). A similar but weakor relationship is foud between RFT and self-ratings for tomperament. EFT correlates to a significant degree with hoad s1se (+.3+), three WAIS sub-tests (DI +.34} FC: +.41) BD: +.29), all thrao fingernaze scores [BAi +331 [R1 +.371 Timo: +.37),PSIQ (+.36), and the Pa sçale of:the PI (-.34). Perforuance on this particular perceptnal task is obvionsly strongly related to physical, Cpgnitive, and porsonality meagnres. Dospite the unquestionable failnre of cur hypothesig, the data indicate that this measuro shonld be an especially nsefnl tgol for fyrther study of the inter-relationahips botveen stmotnro and fanetion,

24

[PAGE 47]
Since the work of Witkin et al., it has been knowm that men consistently cut-perforq women on this task. No satisfactory explanation of this difference has yot boon proposod, Onr cnde measnre of head size (length plns width) corzelates at better than the .05 level with proficiency at this task. We also know that ments heads have abont 7% more oranial capacity than woments. It may therefore be hypothesired that either head size or sose cther physical attribute closelyrelated to it (cranial capacity, inter-pnpillary distance, ete.) may account for mnch of the sex variance on this task.

8. Althogh tho data do not unoqnivocally support onr hypothesis that rosistance to the Miller-Lyer Illusion correlates with ectoxorphy, they do iniicate a significant relationship betwoen soaatotype and smsceptibility to the illusion (see Fignre l0). The diwension of physiqe which best predicts onr subjects resgonses to this test is endozorphy-ondopenia. Drit there is so littlo difrorence between the corrolations between these poles (-.22 and +.37) and those fond betyeen ectogorphy and ectopenia (t.25 and -.24) that it behoovgs-us to\_suspend Jridgment until a aorg caronil study is done nsing more subjects and a botter apparatus. In tho meamwhile. it:is of interest to note that the dimension of temperagent self-ratings which best predicts rosponse to this task is cerebrotonia-cerebropenia (+.41 and .28), . tho analoge of ectomorphyiectopenia. In this case, the difforence is significant at better than the .Ol level.

For our subiects. rasiatance to the Miller-Lyer Illusion correlates negativaly with age (-.3l), negatively with the ratio of viscerotonia tocerobrotonia (-.3l) and with two MpI scalea

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[PAGE 48]
(Li -.381 Ks-.32). It correlates positively with two other pI scales (:i +.361 S11 +.38) and with endcpenia (+.37).

HYPOTHESES CONCERNING PHYSIQUE AND TEMPERAENTI

Fndomorphy MasomorpbyEctomorphy Viscerotonia +.56 -.38 .39 Somatotonia +.05 +.04 +.04 Cerebrotonia -.33 t.04 1.28

Our first hypothesis is supported ty the datal enlomorphy cor relatos vith\_self-ratings from viscerotonia at far bettor than the .Ol level and lt correlates negatively with the other two somatotyps compononts at the.Ol level.

In the case of the seconi hypothesis, our data indicate no correlations at alll We think that this negative resnlt is not due to the lack of relationship betwsan moscqorphy and somatotonia, but rather to three possible faotors:

1. The narroy range of mosouorphy in our saaple.

2. The cnudity of onr preliainary atteapts to develop a scale for somatotonia.

3. mhe special naturo of our saaple which, being coaposed entirely of ministors and theological otidents, may be expected to havo moro conflict and confsien concerning the ageressive aspect of toaperamont than concerning the other two dspects.

The data also reject tho hypothesized relationships betveen cerabrotonia and physique. Cerebrotoniats correlation with eotomorphy falls jst below the .05 level of significance. But its correlation yith mosogorphy is niland with enomorphy is signiricantly negative.

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[PAGE 49]
In snmaury, ont of nine inter-correlations, seven fit onr hypotheses, one clearly rcjects It (moscucrphyesoaatotonia), and one is equivocal (ectoaorphy-cerebrotonia).Dnt this last item dces attain a significant levol whon the effect of height 1s partialled ont of ectcmorphy. This raises the r. to +.33 and suggests thit Seldonts present method for ratine ectozorphy may tend to alienate it froa cerebrotonia by being too closely tied to the aspect of heielt. (The correlation botween ecto morphy and height is .77).

In view of the shortcozings of aur sample and the ackngwledged deficiencies of aur preliminary instmumont for soasnring temperagont, re believe thit the present resnlts are good enough to jhustify  more intensive study with a refined instnuent on a more representative population.

Subjects who rate themselves as high in viscerotonia tond tobe scored high by Seldon on the gynic scale (r,37). They do relatively poorly at C (-.29) and DS (-.30) on the WaIs. On the pI they score high on Ha (+.34) and-low on Hs-(-.30),

Subjocts who rate theaselves as high in soaitotonia make more errors on the airror-drawing test: (+.30) bnt score more succossos on the match-stick problems (+.3).

Sibjects-who rate themsolves as hieh in cerebrotonia tend to be: the younger ores (-,61). They resist the hller-Lyer Illusion (t.4l). Tiey do well on the PA sb-test of the WAIS (+.36). Thoy condition roadily to the eye-blink procedure (+.33). On the pI, corebrotonia correlates positiyely with the D (+.46) and the Si (+.50) scalos, but negatively with tho K (-.34), Hs (-.38), and Hy (-.41) scales.

[PAGE 50]
HYPOTHESES CONCEINING PHYSIQUE AND INTELIGENCEL

The WaIs Full=Soale IQ\_correlates -. with eniomorphy, 0.0 with mesomorphy, and t,22 with eotouorphs. althouigh these results do not attain the uiniaal standard for statistical significance, they agrce witt. the previcusly repcrted findings of both liccarati and Sl.eldon.It might therefoie-seeq reasonablo to conclnde that when intelligence is consicered glo'ally, a saall but stable correlation obtains between it and an index of the lineartty and/orasthonta and/or thin-ness of physique. But Sheldon's present method of rating thiis aspect of physiqie, which he calls ectomorphy, corrolites with FsIq essentially because of its common variance with height lt.77), which, in

itself, correlates +.3l with FSIQt

The partial r botween ectomorphy and Iq with height hald constant = -.03.

Therofore height, the simpler measure, accomnts aore parsimoniasly for the increment in IQ which is assoclated with ectomorphy in our data.

Hill-scale-IQ correlates at the ,05 level or-better with perforaance on only three of our porceptnal ind learning tasks.

These aret

2. Finger-maze blind-alley avoidance: +.33

3. inger-maze direction-reversal avoidancet +.44

4. Finger-maze spead:-t.43

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[PAGE 51]
HYPOTHESES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIIPS BETWEEN WAIS SUD-TEST SCORES AND PHYSIQUE AND BETWEEN WAIS SUB-TEST SCORES AND TEMPERAMENTU

At the time of this writing, the available scales for endopenia, aesopenia, ectopenia and their temperamental counterparts are weakened by a rational limitation which prevents then froa being used in a dofinitive way in order to\_do a thorough check for relationships between sub-tost scores and both physique and teaperament. Therefore, final statements:concerming this part of the stidy will have to Wait until thorevised scales for certain physical ani temperamental aspects have been cor related with the WAIS data.

Howover it soeus plansible to expoct that when the new correlations are available, they will probably be at least as high as the present ones and in the sase directions. So the following initial findings frou the presentlylavailable correlation matrix are ofrered tentativelyt

1. Coaponents of physiqe havs correlated:significantly with three WAIS sub-tests at the .05 level or botterl

Partial r with helght nuled out a. PA correlates +.32 with ectomorphy! t.19 b. BD correlates +.29 with Nesopenla +,20= c. DB correlates +.33 with ectozorphy +.12

As in the case of the correlation botween FSIQ and ectomorphy, the influence of height, becauso of its participation in the scoro for ectomorphy, seems to be the main physical correlate of.high DS scoros. The partial r for DS and ectomorphy with height tuled ont a +.l2. To a lessor degree, this is also the case in regard to PA and BD. A partial r:for BD and məsopenia with height mled ont is only t.20. A partial r for PA and

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[PAGE 52]
ectouorphy with hoight mled out is only +l9.

2. Four sub-tests correlute it the .05 lovel or botter with components of temporament:

Partial r with height muled out

a. C correlates +.37 with visceropenia +.34

b.D correlates .30 with visceropenia=.33

c.D3 correlates -.30 with viscerotonia.22

4.pA-correlates +.36 with. cerebrotontat.36

The computation of partial r's in order to mle ont the inflnence of height only rednced the correlation botweon DS and crebrotonia bolow the .05 level of significance.

At this point in the analysis of the\_dati, PA is the only WAIs sub-test which wanifests both asignificant correlation with a dimension of physique and a significant corrolation with the corresponding diuension of temperament. There are several other sub-tests which approach these critoria with our presently available scores and which may geet them with the new acores. And again, tho problon of a restricted range of somatotype ratings-in or popnlation may accont for the pancity of significant r's in this aroa.

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COLCLUSIONS

The presently available results of this pilot project should be evaluated within the context of these liuitations and cautions:

l. Several of the. lnuped diaensions wiich wo have used for this analysis contain a weakness inherentiin their character as ratios. This has been mentioned oarlier in this report. These ratios will-bo replaced by difference-scores which more nearly approximate linear fnctions, and which shoild give more-accurate pictures of the inter-relationships. between the concepts which these scores:represent and air other dimensions.

2. The small number of subjects makes it impractical to check for curvilinearity of rolatiçnships.

3. The incoaplete and somewhat unrepresentative range of soaatotype scores in our sanple suggests that with a more normal:range of physiqies. the obtained:relationships could be quite different.

4. The honogeneons character of air samplairepresents both a strength and a weakness of the study. The latter is the oestion of the applicability of the findings to the general popmlation.

5. One rosult of this homogeneity of sample is the generally high verbal intelligence scores of aur subjects. Becmso subjects fregently approached or "hit the ceiling" of these sub-tebts, mmorons correlations which did not meet the

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standard tests of significance might conceivably have done so if the ceilings of the snb-tests had beon higher. A sebsequent analysis will check for this possibility by using the Anll ranges of the ETS wodification of the WAIs.

6. Althongh Sheldon's scores have been standardizod to a high degree of reliability, it 1s possible that with modifications in woightings of source data from which the soaatotype scores are-computed, physical indices which are psychologically more meaningfil may be derived. (An illustration of this possibility is the case of ectomorphy which correlates better With cerebrotonia after its high relationship with height is partialled out). For this pmrpose, both ponderal indices and tnnk indices which, along With height, are the main source data for somatotype ratings, vi11 be\_included in the next analysis

7. It aay well be possible to find learning and perceptual tasks which are more puroly representative-of affective, conative, or cognitive propensities than the ones nsed in this:study. Nonsanse-syllable learning is the most striking failnro in this respect.

8. hch can be done to improve the first oxperiagntal version of the Boston Soale for Temporament.   The resnlts of an independent atteapt to devise a solf-rating scale will soon bo available-for this purpose.

With these liaitatlons in mind, a roview of the fate of our hypotheses concorning learning and physiqne shows that two of thes, the relaticnship of finger-maze performance to meso morphy and-the relationship of mirror-drawing errors to

0

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mesomorphy,:are acceptable. Only ono hypothesis, the rolationship between ectopenia and the learming of nansense syllables, is rejected without any possible alternative explanations. Tvo hypotheses are-rejected, bnt in each case, a. non-hypothesized relationship was established to a statistically significant

degreet

1. Eye-blink conditioning did not correlate\_with endozorphy bnt did correlate with ectomorphy.

2. Memory-forDesigns did not correlate with: ectoaorphy bnt did correlate with endoponia.

One learning task showed a low but siggestive correlation consonant with the hypothesis.This is: the relationship between airror-drawing timo and ectoaorphy.

Two' other hypotheses are rejected, but alternatives which danot achieve significant levels of correlation are snggested by the datai

1. Match-stick test perforeance does not correlate with ectomorphy bnt does correlate suggestively with mososorphy.

2. Incidental learning does nbt correlate with uesopenia but does correlate nogatively with nesogorphy to a suggestive degree.

In the caso of ar perceptual tasks, the Eoboddod-Fignres Teat corrolated positively vith endoaorphy instead of negatively. This sienificant correlation flew in the face of tho hypothesized relationship.

Snsceptibility to the MllerLyer Illnaion correlatod vith its hypothesized aspeot of physiqe, but not to a significant

O

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degree. Instead, It correlated significantly with endopenia, a related measure.

of the nine hypothoses concerning the: relationships between physiqne and temperament, three predicted positive correlations and-six predicted either no correlations gr negative ones, Of the first three, one was supported uneqivocally, one was jnst as clearly rojected, while a third-had to be re-Jocted because-the correlation closely approached but did not quite attain the .05 level of significance. All six of the hypotheses of nil or negatite relationships wore accepted.

Our verions hypothesęs concerning the relationships between intalligence, physique,and temperament were reviewed tentatively. Many suggestive bnt statistically insigniricant relationships were fonnd. Three WAIS sub-tests (PA, BD, an& DS) correlated significantly with physique. Four WAIS sub-tests correlated significantly with temperament-(C, D, PA, DS). Only PA correlated significantly with both a component of physique and its corresponding component of temperament. The low positive correlation betveen IQ and linearity (ectomorphy) previasly found by both Naccarati and Sheldon was ropliçated.

A more thorough discussion of the results of this stndy shoild await refined statistical analysis. In the meanwhile, it seeas apparent that there are significant relationships between physiqe and psychological functions at sevaral different levels and that the present method of investigating these relationships is worthy of further explöitation.

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JOSSAY

Soveral lnuped parineters" were devised froa the scores for somatotype. and for temperament for tho purpose of correlating the with the scores on our cognitive and personality noisuros. Their meanings within Sheldonts systea and the ways in wtioh they were devised are listed bclow:

1. Endopenia (mesonorzny d ectoaorpby) is the measure of the endoaorphy distance at viloh a subject stands fron tho ondouorphic extreae, The-tendency toward lean, raw-boned amsqularity.

2. Mesoponiu (endoacrpiy t ectonorphy) is the gousure of the mesouorphy distance at whiich a person stands froa the pesomorpbic extrone. The tendency toward weakness and softness of- physiqe.

3. Ectoponia (epdomorphy. f nesomorphy) is the moasure of the ectonorply distance-at which a person stands froq the ectomorphic. extrenei The tenlency toward stocky, well-padded msgularity.

4. Dionyslanisn (Viscerotpnia.t soautotonia) is the measure f Cerobrotonia the distance at which a person rates hiuself from the cero brotonic extrene. The impulsive, expressive, aut-going temperanent.

5. Prouetheanisa (somatotoncerotcerobrotonia) is-trhe neasure of the distance nt which  person rates himself frou the viscerotonic extrene, The bold, adventuresome, hardy temperament.

6. Christianism (Xlacorotoula t cerebretonia) is the zeasure of somatotonli the distance at whtch a person ratos himself from the soaatotonic extreme.The passive, sensitive,self-denying temperaqent.

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7. Visceropenia (endogorphy less viscerotonia) is the measure of how greatly a snbjectts score for endomorphy exceeds his self-rating in viscorotonia. Asceticism and tie denial of needs for physical security.

8. Somatopenia (mesomorphy Less souatotonia) is the measure of how greatly a subject's score for mesouorphy exceods his self-rating in soatotonia. Passivity and the denial of aseertive-propensities.

9. Cerebropenia (ectomorphy less cerobrotonia) 1s the moasure of how greatly a subjectts score for ectouorphy exceeds his self-rating in cerebrotonia. Forced involvemont and tho denial of introversive needs.

10. Viscerosis (endoponia less Pronetheanism) is: the measure of how greatly a snbjectts self-ratings for:Promothoanisa are exceoded by his endopenia. Sybaritic grasping for pleasure and excitement.

11. Somatorósis\_(mesopenia less Christianisn) is the measure of how greatly a subject's solf-ratings foriChristianism are exceeded by his mesopenia. Exaggerated aggressivenoss and tension to dominate.

12. Corebrosis (ectopenia less Dionysianisa)iis the measure of how greatly a subjectts self-ratings for:Dionysianisa are exceeded by his ectopenia. Withdrawal into tho cala of one's inner life.