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1. CiA has had a. secuzring interest in behavioral drugs. The subject is of general interest because of the operational applications that cocid be made agaizst Agency employees by hostile forces, for which there would be a defensive requirement, as well as for possible use against foreigners to influence their behavior. The earliest record of this interest dates to the post-WWIi period when there, were indicatioas of Sovietinterest in the use of drugs for such purposes, the most famous example being the bizarre confessions of Cardinal Miadszenty in February 1949.

2. In the past CLA's interest in behavioral drugs was expressed in at least three programs, which have been identified. These programs: apparently proceeded on largely independent courses, subject to some informal coordination by a group referred to as the ARTlCHOKE Conittee which started in April 1952.'This mechanism provided the means for exchazging information and for deciding which components would assune responsibility for certain study and research. Representation on the ARTICHOKE Cormittee was from the Offices of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) and Medical Services (OMS) and the predecessor organizations of the Ofices of Security (CS) and Technicel Services (OTS). The ARTICHOKE Gommittce initially was concerned with drugs that would assist in interrogation, but the coacept expanded to include drugs that would serve as a defensé against hostile application to Agency employees as well as drugs that would afford some control whea administered to an individual. Remaining records, which are not complete, refer to sodiumn pentothal. and sodium amytal, as well as LSD.

BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE

3. In 1949 the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) undertook the analysis of foreign work on certain unconventional warfare technigues, including behavioral drugs, with an initial objective of developing a . capability to resist or offset the effect of behavioraldrugs....Preliminary. phases included the review of drug-related work at instituticns such as

There also wa. extensive review of foreign literature, particularly work

DATE, SUBJECT, PARAGRAPH 8 AND1DFNS 6-12 ARE DECLASSIFIEO BYAUTHORITY OF THE DCI ON 24 JULY1975. THE BALAICE OF THIS DOCUMENTRETATNS ITS SECRET CLASSIFICATIONAND SENSITIVE DESIGCATION.

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Bahaviora! Druss, and Testing

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in the Soviet Bloc. This program shortly became Project BLUEBIRD with the objectives of (e) discovering means of conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorized extraction of informatioa from them by known means, (b) investigating the possibility of obtaining control of an individual by applicatioa of special interrogation techniques, (c) memory enhanccment, and (d) establishing defensive means for preventing hostile -control of Agency persosnel.

4. Ln August 1957 Project BLUEBIRD was renamed Project ARTiCHCKE which, in 1952, was traasferred from OSi to the predecessor organization of the Office of Security. OSI did retain a responsibility for evaluation of foreiga intelligence aspects of the matter and in 1953 made a proposal that .. experiments be made in testing LSD with Agency volunteers; OSi records indicate that no-such experiments were made. OSI's involvement in this project was terminated in 1956. Meanwhile, the emphasis given ARTICHOKE in the predecessor organization to the Office of Security became that of vse of materials such as sodium pentothal in connection with interrogation techniques and with the polygraph.

. 5. There are references to ARTICHOKE Teams travelling to Europe and East Asia during the 1950s, for the -apparent purpose of interrogation of foreign agents, but the results of such operations are not revealed by cistizg'rcaordo.

MKDELTA/MKULTRA/MKSEARCH

6. On 29 October 1952 a formzl policy was established by the Deputy
Director of Plaus (as then styled, now Deputy Director for Operations) for
the use of biochemicals in clandestine operations (MKDELTA). This was
in anticipation of the development of behavioral drugs, but was never
implemented operationally. MKDELTA research was brought under a
special funding procedure established on 3 April 1953 (MKULTRA). The
program considsred various possible means for controlling huran behavior
of which drugs were only one aspect, others being radiation, electro
shock, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, harrassment
substazces, and paramilitary devices and materials. There were contacts
with individuals at such institutions es the sorand the . as well as with various pharmaceutical houses,
hospitals and federal institutions, the names of which are no longer available.

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Anong the materials studied were psylocbin from Mexican mushroomk, a fungus occurring in certain crops, and LSD. Following laboratory testing a seconä phase was begun which involved testing on voluntary participants. The final phase involved application on unwitting subjects, in normal social situations, commencing in 1955 under an informal arrangement with individuals in the Bureau c( Narcotics, Originally conducted on the West Coast, a similar arrangement was instituted in 196l on the East Coast. Such tests were conducted from time to time until 1963 when the Inspector General discovered the activity and questioned the program. At that time it was reported that in a number of instances test subjects becane ill for hours or days following the applicatioa, and there was one reported instance of hospitalization, the details of which are no longer available. Project records do not now exist, but it is reported that the project was decreased significantly each budget year untilit was completely terminated in the late 1960's.

7. Follwing the Inspector General's challenge of the program, there was a review of its nature and it was resubmitted for approval under the name of Project MKSEARCH. The written proposal did not 'specily whether testing was to be limited to volunteers. Records indicate that the DCI did not approve unwitting testing; it is understood that there was no renewal of this aspect of the activity. Funding for MKSEARCH commenced in FY-1966, running through 1972. There were various"research activities carried on under it, but the only aspect related to behavioral drugs deal with an inguiry in improvernent by drugs of learning ability and memory retention; under this there is a record oftesting at Iden 1 State Prison in Iden 5 .. on volunteers,

Drug-related Death of an Investigator

8. The predecessor organization of the Office of Technical Service was the focal point for the operationai investigation of behavioral drugs, although none of the office's records on this activity are in existence, having been destroyed in January 1973: As noted above it participated in the meetings of the sg-called ARTICHOKE Committee. That office maintained lizison with personnel at Iden 6 :, with whom meetings were held once or twice a year to discuss questions involving behavioral drugs. At one such meeting at Iden 7 in Maryland,

Iden 8 1953, vith seven representatives from Iden 6 ; and thrce from CLA, eight of those present were administered LSD which had been introduced into a bottle of Cointreau. Although records of an inquiry by thc Inspector General into the incident indicate that Ihose present

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discussed testing on enwitting persons, and agreed in principle that such z program should be explored, none of them were advised until some 20 minutes after they drank: the Cointreau that it had been treated with LSD. Of the two who did not take it, one did not drink alcoholic beverages at all and the other refrained because of a heart condition, . One of the members of the group, a civilian employee of the Department of Army named Iden 9, had , serious after-effects. He wzs sent at CIA expense, with an escort from CLA toNew York where he reccived treatment

from a psychiatrist, commencing Iden 10. While in New York for this treatment he threw bimself through a closed window in his room on the tenth floor of the Iden 1l, falling to his death. CIA, in a document of Iden 12, signed by its General Counsel., certified Iden 9 death resulted from "cirçumstances arising out of anexperiment undertaken in the course of his official duties for the United States Government." This was the official position of the Agency, established for the purpose of assuring that the survivors of Iden 9 received compensation from the BEC. Iden 9 had experienced some instability and delusions prior to the incident, and it was judged that the drug served to trigger the act leading to his death.. Reprimands were issued by the DCI to two CLA employees held responsible for the incident.

.OFTEN/CHICKWIT

9.- In 1967 the Office of Research and Development (ORD) and the Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories undertook a program for doing resezrch on the identification and characterization of drugs that could influence human behavior. Edgewood had the facilities for the full range of laboratory aad clinical testing. A phased program was envisioned that would consist of acquisition of drugs and chemical compounds believed to have effects on the behavior of humans,; and testing and evaluating these materials through laboratory procedures and toxicological studiec, Compounds believed promising aș a result of tests on-znimals were then to be evzluated clinically with human subjects at Edgewood. Substances of potential use would then be analyzed structurally as a basis for identifying and synthesizing .. possible new derivatives of greater utility.

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10. The program was divided into two projects. Project OFTEN was\_to deal with testing the toxicological, transmisivity and behavioral effects of drugs in animals and, ultimately. humans. Praject CHICKWIT was concerned with acquiring information on new drug developments in Europe and the Orient, and with acquiriag samples.

1l. Samples of drugs and chomicals were obtained from. drug and pharmaceutical companies, government agencies such as Edgewood, NIH, FDA and the-Veterans Acministration, as well as from research laboratories and individual researchers. Most of the materials came irom the drug industry, consisting largely of substances that had been'rejected because of undesired side effects from the point of view of medicinal use.

12. A panel was established to review the program, with membership from, and the predecessor organization of the Orweacaw Meetings were held periodically, and briefings were given senior officials from timeto time. The principal contractor under OFTEN was Iden 2, commencing FY-1966. The association with Edgewood started with'a transfer of funds to Eigewood in FY-1967, for work to be done by Iden 3 under CHICKWIT. Synthesis of new drugs and derivatives was contracted with Iden 4, starting FY-1971. Data from this program was merged sewith test dala and information from other sources. One substance identified as a potential incapacitant was in an area known to be the sebject of research by the Soviet Union, being considered 2 polential threat . to U.S. leaders because of the ease with which it could be administered

13. CLA's program was terminated in January 1973, its final billing from Edgewood being received in April of that year. Edgewood did not progress to testing materials on human volunteer subjects under the work sponsored by CLA.

14. With CLA's termination of the program, the program data was withdrawn ek and limited records being sequestered and stores under special controls where they still are.

( (

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ACTIVITY: Factors Influencing Human Behavior

PROGRNS: To uncerstand and identify factors which contribute or are bslieved to contribute to influencing human bahavior. The studies fall into. thrce categories: (a) personality factors; (b) techaiques; and (c) nethods to detect whether or not the techniques have heen used. The categories are interactivs, that is, it is impossiblc to do studies in category (c) without also going through procedures (b) and selection procedurs which fali in category (a).

. Because the terns "influencing behavior" or "controlling behavior" can readily be nisconstrued, it is important to define the terms and to understand the procedures that.were pursued, how and by whon. By "influence and. control" is neant increasing the probability of occurrence of an outcone at least for predictive purposes.Techniques that have been exanined i In each instance, our 2re projects effectively.supplemented a research progran that was already on-going in the principal investigator's facility, which was being funded by non-Agency sources and the results oi which had zlready been published, at least, in part in the open profossional liaterature.. In short, the unofficial. or at least not-fornalized policy has been to identify acknowledged axpertise through open professional literature and supplement already ongoing research prograns.. None of the work has been classified, the association with the Agency comnonly was classified. Conpleted studies of the research have been published without ackno: ledgnent of Agency sponsorship.

CONTRACTOR: Iden 1, 1965-1967

INFLUENCING HUMAN BEHAVTOR

460

75-98

CONTRACTOR:

1974

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A great nany of the Behavioral Science rescarch projocts are dependent upon hunan volunteer sübjects. Current practice .is to adhere strictly to the HEl guidelines concerning the use of hunan subjects and all current contracts carry language to that effect.as well as' assurances that the anonynity of voluntc subiects will be néintained. Prior to the existence oi the published HEW guidelines. the working policy followed by was to have the principal investigators adhere. to the institutir professional, and ethics criteria that were ordinarily used... in short, research subjects being used on Agency-sponsored roscarc: were to be treated no differently than research subjects on projects sponsored by other U.S. Government or private groups..

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