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HEORADU FOR F FLE:

SUBJLCT: Truth Drug (T.D.)

The following inforaation was passed out by indiscussionsthg on 30 and 31 January 19u6. This mem randuz should be rend in conjunction with the notes prepared by on this subject, and with tie report of the 05s board which conducted linical tests, copies of thich are altached.

A. THE DRUG:

1. Tha Drug is a liquid acetate preparation of cannibas indicia (marijuana or hashish). It is prepared only hy chenists of the and is vroduced as àn oll which has no taste, odor or colcr. The preparaticn is an invoived rocess, done principally in tho Laboratory. There is no reason to belicve that any other nation or group is familiar with the preparation and use of this particular druig. This drug. is almost impossible to analyze, and, for this reason, there would bo little'danrer of somproaise if samples were to be obtained by any untriendly agency. This oil is not miscible in any liquid except alcohol or similar product, and then only partially. Accordingly, it cannot noraally be used in a drink as it retains its globular -fora, and being henvier t.iat water will sink to the bottom. If vigorously shaken in a liquid, it will separate into tiny droplets and remain in a state of visible suspension until the froplets grndually sink. The is now experimenting withi a tincture wiich will allcw proper proporticns of the drug to be insorted into a Aninks

B. PREDARATION AD ADLIISTFATION

1. At the present tire the oil is prepared by the in amules of 3 c.c. Inasmuch as Lhe nuximum dose
is .03 c.c. the present ampules are too large for our use, and
it should be sugcested that anpules of .5 c.c. capacity be pre
pared. The normal minimum dosace is.Ol c. c. In any case, it

Ele m hay mMahe 32-1

F.f63, I, 64, 3.3

5 Apri1 1946

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has been found that the Drug mist bo ingested in order to be effective. This can be done either by eating, as in candy or food, or b, inhalation, by means of a cigarotte. It has been found that the cigarette method generally gives a quicker effect. In either case the drug is inserted into the food or tabacco by means of a hypodemic syringe. In thre:case of a cigarette, the noedle should be thrust into tàc cirarette along its axis for about cne inch. Slowly withdrawing the needle, the plunger should be slowly depressed so that the drug is deposited evonly along this portion of tln cigarette. Care muat be takcn to avoid the drug seeping thrugh and staining the papor. Thia procedure shoul8 to followed with both ends of the cigarette in order to isure tiat the minimum dosage is absorbed. It is cbvious tiat the smoling labits of an individual will largely determine the arount of the drug which he inhales. The operator should have observed these habits in order that, an adequate, but not excessive, dosage be insured. In othier cases, -the drug can be injected into any type of food, such as mashed potatoes, butter, saladdressing, or in such Lhings as candy. By this method a closer check can be maintained on the actual amount of the drg wich is ingosted.

C. SACB.S HR LPTECTS

1. The eperator can lonk for a reaction from the cigarobto mobhod in about'l5 minutos, and from Lhe food ncthod in about ono halr nour o 45 mimutes. These are not aimys deperlablo rulos. Tho bine of reaclion will diffor with each porson, and it depenis censidciably on the piysical coniition of the subjocs, the aazunt of fend or liquor he has alroady coisunod, tio length of time since his last monl, ctc. Tis oporaior must not boceme irpatient if the effoct is slow in appoaring. Caro must be taken not to adainiater unnecessary amounts of tio drie because, altouph the druig will nos injure the subjeét, it willaprobatly cause hin to lose consciousnoss in tio sase mamner as one wo is completely drunk, and no further qestionin: will te possible. An adninisurubion of Iron .0l c.c. to .03 c.c. will funorally hive an effect lasting about one hour. Howovor,it t ivo boen necesuary for the adainistration to take place ovor 2 or 3 hours. Therofore, it is essentiaì tiat an operalion of this kind not be attempted unless there is reasonable cortaint: that there will be no interruption over a period of several hours.

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2. Tho effects of tho drug aro similar in many ways to tho effocts produced by alcohol. The brain rencts as whan intoxicated, but no dolusións or halucinations nre produced às is the case in the use of drars such as scapolanine. Toe drug appears to rela: all inhibisions and to dcaden the areas ot te brain vaich govon an individual's discretion and caibion. It also accentnates the senses and mikes rahifest ank strong characteristies of Lle indivirunal. Sexual iniibitions are losored, ani the son-o of hunor ts accentuated to the point vhero any statonent or situation can boccme extremoly funny to Ce sutject. On the cther hand a person's unpleacant charactoristlcs miy also be leightoned. It may bo stated Uat, cenerally spcai inß, tho reaction will be cne of sreat loquacity and hilarity.

3. In all cases n praroquisito for te effective uso of this drug is the creation of a friendly, syrpathetic, informal basis for a discussion, vhich should extond over a period of several hours. It nust not bo used on a hostilo subjoct, but ay setimes be vsed on a cubject who is suapicious, bt not hostile. It may prove desimble to spend considorable time durins previousneetina and discussiena before briniinz about We proner environnent for tho uso of ths dnug. Somo cases of its uses fcllor:

a. As oxuples of Lla farogoing, the story vas told ef a visit to a Priioner of Tar Cazp in Virginia rhore cnly top-notch Ceman military prisoners wore kopt for intorrerations. One Geran sutnarine cemnñdler, wix was considered outstanding in his field, hai beon the sole survivor of his subnarine's sinling and it was Khought he iand valuablo information concorning: (1) the dopthi to wiich the submarinos could co sith safety, and (2) the morale of Gernvy subaarino crows. Both of thesc itens wore f oxtreno interest to our lavy at the time. lam atteapts imnd beun made to obtain thia informtion from the ccmnander vithoit success as ha nas extranely sar. At Dhe tiie of the visit In quostlon the comander vas invited over to tue officers' club for a few soclal drinks, which was rore or less custonary. After a fow drinks anì sore conversation, it coild ho seer tiat while lo would talk freely on mout all matters, he vas woll aware of the fact that an attempò micht be zade tc obèain tnforaaton fmn hiz. The cpicrtunity was fowd to cive hia a cisareste which had boen loaded and aftor approximately half an hour had passed fros the first administration, one of the crmpany, in a round-about and innocent minner. lead up to the question of maxixum dopth of the su

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The commander. although at this time definitely under the effects of the drug, was still wnry and indicated he-would not give information on this point. Some time laterr after two more cirarettes had been congumed, the talk was led around to morale and he freely convorsed about the general lowering of moralo of German submarine porsonnel. Howevor, no information was ever obtainod concerning maxinum depth. 1

b. Another caso is that of a notorious dope peddler and racketeer in New York City who was well-known to the operator from his days of law enforcement work. The dope peddler was telephoned and asked to come to see the operator who described himgolf as being connected with secret government work and who was in a position to Civo the dope peddler an opportunity to holp his country in tho War. Despite the character of the peddler, he ovidently harbored some feelings of patriotism and presented himself when it was explained that it was thought his connections in Sicily could be used for espionage purposes. Conversation along this line was carried on for 3ome tize aild no reference was made to any illegal activities of the dope peddler. Although.the:dope peddler did not drink liqubr, he was persuaded to take just one liqueur to keep the operator "company". Also during the time, three loaded cigarettes had been kiven to him at different timea. The effect was q: ite rapid and about 20 minutes after the third cigarette, the peddier told freely of the many illegal activities in which he had been and was then engaged concerning the smuggling of narcoticss He then also nomed many of his associates and officials who were also involved in this activity. although he was wcll aware that the person to whon he was talking vas, and might be in the future, connected with law enforcomont activity.

A little later tho peddler complained of foeling very light-headed, as though he had had too much liquor. He discurded this explanation, howcver, bocause he had had only ono drink. He did state that he had. been having. a little trouble with his digestion and ho had not" eaten for approximately 24 hours. The operator to cover up this situation convinced hin that the one liqueur on an empty stomach and his fasting had made him sick and susceptible to the alooholic fumes. Ho accepted this oxplanation.

c. Another case was one which illustrated tho rule that a friendly basis must first be established and that suspicion must be allayed: This case involved the questioning of approximately 30 army officers in tho space of one dsy. All of the officers were suspected of being Communist and the interview here being held to try to

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establish the suapicion. It should be noted that because of the speed with which the interrogations were carried out, no mutuality of feeling could be first established, and also because most of the men wore in fact Comunists and were suspicious, thcir fears concerning the questioning were not quieted. Nevertheless, the drug was administered in. cigarettes and five of the thirty, oven under the adyerse conditiona, gave full information concerning their comunist affiliations.

4. It must be remembered that when the effects of the drue wear off, it is probable that the gubject will be completely awared the fact that he talked freely and was .possibly indiacroet, For this renson, it is desirable whcre ever posaiblo to associate the use of the druc with liquor, in order that this effect will not arouse suepicion. Nevertheless, it chould alsb be remembercd that the subject subgequontly may bo oxpoctcd to feel remorse, embarrassment or alarn ovor things he knows he has saic. fxtrome roactions in such evont.couid be: a) flight; b) suicico, or c) peroonal darger for the operator. It is poseible that reactiona ofthis type micht outwoight the benefits which might be gained by the use of the drug.

D. COVER

l. Incsmuch as thc drug, syringe, alcohol' for cleaning, are all contained in a kit, thc posscssor of such a kit must have a logivai reason for its presence in his offects. The person in whose.care the drug and the equipment is entrüatod should be covered by a story, preferably backed by documentary medical evidence, which indicatos that le is roceiving insulin shots, self ndministored, allergy ahots, or something similar. le should be prepared to demonstrate his covor story if the occssion demands.

E. MISCELLANEOUS

1. Tests have shown that the drue my remain"potent in a cigarette for a couple of weeks snd In one caso it was found that considerable reaction was caused Ly 3 cigorette in whiich the drur. had been introduced approxinately six months before. As a genoral rule, the dr"g yould keep even better in food unleas the food itself were to spoil.

2. Possension of the drug is contrary to Foderal law,

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and a spocial license, obtainable from the Bureau of Narcotics is necessary to make legal its possession. This fact may be used to prevent the retention of this drug by peraons not in the employ of the Government and who should have no access to the drue.

3. The syringo must ba Eraduated in .01 cc. This is very important in order to mensure the dosogo accuratoly. A recommended model is that called the tuberculin ayringe, which is so graduated and which haa a capacity of .25 cc. After each use the syringe should be washed out with alcohol to prevent umning. The ampules containing the drug are now packed in 3 cc containers. This is too much, and a .5 cc or ameller ampule should be developod to our raquest. The entire set, including cover equipment should be oropared in a small medical kit. , shorld he contacted by. \_as a sourco of the drug and the equipment.

4. Regarding knowledge of this drug, it s eęms that a small number of psople in andare aware of its existence. The drug defies all but the most expert and searchinz annlysis,qnd for practical purposes can be considered beyond analysis.

C+19

.7.

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In the Sprin5 of 1942 General Donovon assembled a

group to inquire into the possibilities or developing à

drug whiich would have the characteriatic of causing a

subject'to.whom it was administored to tell the truth about

matters where it would be contrary to the interests of

subject. Prominent psychiatrists, biochemists, oté.,

collaborated undor the direction of Iof

Research and Development Department of OSS in an attempt to

produce such adrug.. It was alleged that the Russians had

such a substance and that the Germens also employed a drug

in connaction with the interrogation of prisoners of war.,

This group made extensive research on all possible irues

including scopalamine, barbituatea, peyoto,' etc., and found

none of theso aubotances to be satisfactory for vorious reasons.

One defect was the production of hnlucinntiuns, particularly

manifested in the vse of scopalamine. : The committee finally

decided that the most practical substance available was.a

deritive of cannabis Indicia (murijuane orhashish).

chemists developed an accetate of this substance which

representa the active ingredients and this is the "TD" now

available. Most of the technical experiment was first carried

on by who was

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then on the Planning Staff. Attempts were made to inject the substance into a room in a spray, but this was unsatisfactory because the carrying ogent was irritatine to throa't and eyes. The cirarette method was thon extenaively uaed with some succoss, except that it was found dosage could not be controllod. Later nnd myself obtained the assistance of the and made extensive experimonts wit) a Croup ofpersonnel on the various fors of administration, the results of which snemed to indicate internal adminiotration war the most satisfactory.

Numerous Yield expcrimonts vere carried on. by the writer in connection with the projcct under personal direction with some success. Some succoas was had qn projects undertaken on behalf of the locally. It was found that the greatest success was achieved when an opportunity was afforded to "set the stage" in such a fashion as to lull the suspicions of the subjnct that he mi\_ht be the object of interrogation. It waa used in conriection wkth formal POy interrogations with llttle or no rcsults. It was ysed in connection wlth informal Pow interrogntions whero somo degree of "poping" technique could te applied, with food rosults.

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IVISTITATION OF UCE OF TD IN IITERROTATION

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AIL

The obiect of this invostigation was to dlscover a drug or drugs that would induce the uctrayal of secret infornetion.

On April 1, 1945, th roup at

"began work on the assigned problon of

aserrteining whethor tetrakgdrocannabinal acetate, hercafter known as TD, is effective in oxtracting information during interrogation of individuals who aro reluctant te yicld it. Soon after this investiration wo: initinted, is was discovered that the dfectivenarr. of the druc depends to a large extent on the personslity and motivatisn of. the sutject being interrogated. The inveatiration was thorofore brondend to include a study of the druc in rolation to pereounlity and motivation.

LETROD

General Plan

Tho Goneral plan of thc cxporiment vas rs follov a: Personnel of the Offiec of Stratogic Serviccs who had information of a c onfidential or secret nature, wore to bo intorro-Eated before and after the administration of TD, to dotermine how much of this information they could be induced to reveal. If more information could be obtained while the individual

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was under the influence of TD than at othor tines, TD could be considered an cffective agont in interrogation. Inorder to deternine tho relation of personality to tho effectivoncss of TD, the personality ol cach subject was exumined b: means of psycholorical tests nni paychiatric interview.

Subjects

Forty subjects vere used in this exporirent, of whom twenty-four were unlisted ren md sizteen officers of tho Office of Strntegic Services. They had been morbers of tiis organization for perioda of tine varying fron one ronth to sovornl years, and had performed duties of varlous degrees of importance and rceponsibility.

All of the onlicted ren excopt two were -ont without special inotructiuns. They were tol only thaf trey would be psychological'tesling.- Two enlisted men and all of the officers had been given strict instructious befor suenitting to tie exporimont. This "brcifing" consisteù of instructions 1) that an attompt would be made po discorer what Jutiea they had performed and 2) that they were not to civulco this information. Tho socrot nature of thcir Incormation wias strecsed.

Ratinr or subjcets' personalities

A series of paycholgical rating instrunents was administored to each subject. Tho results of theso together with a psychiatric intorviow wore usod to determine the

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individual's structure. The following inatruments were used:

1. Rorschach Tnst

2. Cornell Indox

3. Cornali ord forn 3

4.Coodonough Drawing-a-man-test

5. Solf Rating tost

6. fork Intorest Blank

7. p-S Exporience lank

Paychiatric intorview

Interrogation

Each indivicual wns subjoctod to an interrogation

in andtompt to ciscovor wiat duties he had performcd. Interro-Cation was carriod out in an informal atmosphcro before, during, and nfter the edninistration of TD

Intorrocation war rocorùed by monns of a Dictaphone

Special Electricord Rocording-Roprodu-in; achine.. Tho.

subject was not aware tlnt his converaation vas being recorded. These recorüings formed a permanont rocord of tho psychiatric interview and of the interrogation of thn sutjecta, by neans of which it was possiblc to aucortain thc rate of spench and loquacity durinc any puridd. é

Rate of apoech an:! loquacity wcre aicertained by counting the number of words uttored by tlie sutjoct in two minutes out of every five during the intorrogotion and by meacurins the length of time he talked in any two minute period. By plotting thoso findings it was poasible to to present graphically the effect of TD on rate and loquacity.

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PART IT

PaychoCalvanometer

About one-half the subjects wero oxámined by

means of the psychocalvanomcter to explore the possibilities of using the teciuique for uncovering infor, atiion not easily elicited. The tcchnique employed was uscontiully that made use of, in "lie dotoction" nnd will be described below.

EISULE

Effective nmount of TD

In an attempt to dotormine the optiral nmunt or TD, various quantities fron .0l to .08 cc by inhalation and .01 to .02 cç by mouth, were administered to tho- forty eubjcete. It. was dincovered that by liinlntion amonnts fran .01 to .00 cc protuced littie or no cffecs and that amouts of .OB ec were toxic in mogt or Eic individuclc to whon they wrn iven ;.0l cc by mouth was discovoredto be efrective in four of rive incividuals, while a sLt. developod such a severe toxic reaction after .02 cc by mouth that this quantity was not given again. Tho optirml amount by Inhalation was found to be .04 cc in one cigarette, and .0l cc when administeret in food. The anounts refrrred reprosent the drur, before dilution; in terms of te volume of colution reeommenrded olove The optimnl amunt would to twiee thoso mcntioned.

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These quantities are avorage; with a few individuals they may cause toxic reations, whiile witli othiers they will be inadequnte in producing tho neaximum desired effcst on loquacity. There is uo metloù nvailatlo at pre: ent to determinc which individunls will become toxic with the rocommended quantities and which will require more than that rccommonded to obtain Lhe optirnl offct. It is, therefore, curcsted thrt the averago erpunt be given in all instaaces the first tine the drug ls "drinistered.

Latent Perioc

Mhen Ciyen by inlalntion, the effect: ot Ti) bocame anparent after a latent porioc of botween ben and tuenty minutes. When tven oy nouth the latent period was between one-half and one hour. Duration of action

When given by inhalation thc :aximun effect or TD wns nanifest In twenty to thirty ninuirs. Fron that time on it becomes less effoctive nnd ite act:on alrosl, entirely disappeared in two to threo hours.

When administored by mouth thc maximum effect is reached in one and one-half to two hours. This offect lasted

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several hours and then εradually disappoared over the coursc of six to ten hours. (soe tacle I)

Iffect of Ropented Administration

hon TD was givon a socond time by,inhalation within a lnlf to onc hour, tho effect was opproximately equivalent to that when doi:ulo the amount was givon Initially. (Administration by mouth wa: nover repcated on tho sure day)/ Mhen TD was ziven elthor by inhalation or by morth twenty-four houra after th firet auninistration tho second was rioro toxic then the oricinal even though both may have been of the same size. It would s eem from these findingo that the first administrations cneitizcs the individualuto the sccond and that the agent: should nol: te Elven a second time within twcnty-four hours. Toxic Effects'of TD

ahila in most subjects the effect of TD was mainly to incroaso feolings of woll beinc, sclf-confidonce, amiability and loquacity, in some instancos soxic renctions rosulted. Tlus, of Forty cubjocts studied five ind mildry toxic and three noderately toxic rucctions.

Tho mild roactions were all in persona who had tecoivod .05 or .04 cc of TD in one cigarotle and were generally manifested by slurring of spoech and sonotimos by sensations of warmth, rosltessness or irritability.

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of the nodorately toxic roactions ono took tho

form of an acute anxiety state charactorized by panic qnd vas the result of .O3 cc tD in one cigarotte. It is intorestin to note tlat while under the influence of TD this subject. divulced all his secret information iu e rualof talk. This subject's greatly incrosed loquacity vhile in a state of nenr panic, was in contrast to thc decrnaserl loquacity uruilly Pound in those vhose anxlcty rade thom cnutious or unfriendly.

The zecond subject in this group had boen ziven .03 ec of TD 1n n cicarotte on the firat day of his stay and again on the coconù dny. On the cecond Cny he Cevoloped such syptons ns dizziners, Cnstrointestinal distress, palpitation, intene lassituie, heacache,"sonse of impending disaster", difficulty in concentration and serious memorydefoct for recont eventa. His loquncity was Creatly dccrcased.

The third subject of this group tas the only person to vhom .u2 co was administered in fooo. His reaction wes one of oxtrome and inca:acitating enxioty, duping which he was irritable, threatening, complaincd or dizziness and, a feeling of "bring two diffrrent puople". Becaure of the nature of hic symptoms no attompt, wns rede at intorrogation. Although he talked a great deel during the espsode ho gave no military information.

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Effects of TD in terms of loquacity

The effect of TD on loquacity was to incrcase the output of words in a given period of time. This was accomnlished not so much by the subject's talking fastar but by his taking more of the time, that ls with foter or shortor pauses, and with loso prompting. As aiow in Tnblu II for eight "normal" subjocta the averago rates o apocch bnforo and after TD were 3.5 and 3.7 words per second, rcspectivoly. Thio represents an insignificant chance. Tio avcrac porcontpge of time talked (nuber of aecorls the subjcct talked, divided by the l20 seconds of the two minute perioc studied) howover, rosi from forty percont to fifty-six por ccnt, an ineronsa of forty per cent. The inererao in porccntage of time talked ranged.from ninetoen percent to cighty-foup per cent. In other words, subjects talked naither faster nor slower after TD, but they talked moreof the tire bcchuse they paused less often or for shorter periods, or noeúcd to be stimulated less often by comments fron the interrogator.

As shown in Tabln IIJ in tirree other. suticcts there was oither no inerenso or slifht dccronse iu loquacity. following the administration of TD. It is cignilicant thnt, vhile the eight suujects doscrlbed nbovo wrre jud cc t nve little or no porconality disturbances on the basis of paychiatric interview and psycholgical tests, these throo were juoged to havo gignificant degrees of poraonality disturbances as

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manifested in sutject H by an irmoture personality, and in subjects L and R by boti rebelliousnoss and lostility.

In brief, eight of eloven subjccts studied had significnnt increnso in loqunctty, ano had no inercaso and two tnlked less. The tfect o T then, was to, inertyce loquacity, except In toso inilviduals witl. porszuallty disturbançes manifested as im-aturity, rebclliousnrer or hostility.

In table Iv Is chown tho effect o" rearctrd nduinistrati ms o T) on lequacit. It will e reen in och instonce that while the effect of the first adninictrotion of TD was to incrrase loquacity tha secod decrcared loquacity. However, an the Cay' after the secord adninistret:on loquacity again ineroused.

It vould then peon Trom theae finiinge cet siall emount of TD stimulnte-loquacity in "nornnl" indiviüusls wihile yelativtlr laple amounts depress logracity.

In figures I:and If are shown two tyricel inctances of the cffecte of TD ou loquacity,

The subject whose loqunnity is sové in ilture I was given Tn by louth (eubjcct J). It will be coeh tlint th dny tofore TD the average percontaro of fime tnll-ed in onch two minute sample vas thirty-seyon norcont, anl that nfher TD was sixty-oight percent, an vichty-four percont ineronsc..

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This increase resulted bocaue the subjectts avcrage level of talk after TD was at tre level of output that represented his maximun before TD. Thus, tho higheat percentage of time talked in any two miuuto porior! before TD was cighty-four percent and after T waa eigity-seven ercent,.ilowezer, before TD the subjact wes extremoly varinblo in his output; the precentoge o? timo tclrod in each two minuto period variod frma seven to eighty-four. After Tb he consistontly talked at the high level, the seconds talicd in oach tyo minuto period varyinz from fifty to eigit-four. This is shown in another way b the standard deviation of twenty-, thrce before.TD and ten aftcr; and by the coefficlent of variabllity of fifty-one before and telve aftor. Those etatigtical data indicate thnt tefo"e Tt thc rubject sometine talked a Frrat ceal and sometimes very little, aiille for come time after the adminlstration of.TD the prcdictably talked a gront deal.

In figure ITis chyn the loqupcit: of a subject (Subject S) who was given Ti) by inhalation. It will tc s eon thgt in this rubject there was un increasr 2f sixt7 pércent in loquacity - fron an averace of al.irty-elghit percont of the two ninuto anrple spokon bcfore T t : pcsì:  s'xtyci-ht percent aftor TD, This inercasc was Feached in twenty minutes. Followiae this Incroasc there was a Cradual deorease in loquacity to thirty percent of the two minuto sample, which was reached eighty minutes after the administra-

10.

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Effecta of TD on self-confidonce and rannort.

From the point of view of interrogation an important effect: of TD wre, the induction.of o feeling of self-confidonce and security. During the period that tho subject was under the influence of TD thcy acted as if thay wore in command of the gltnation, aud z 1f lhey had the abtlity to direurs forbidden topies withont revccling importont nterlal. This as confirmd by the comunts of the cusjcct in reeponse to to n stion, "Did you feel differeutly on any day that you wore hereż" A typicsl rrsponse was, "on --naning Whe day-- I felt very sàlf-confisent and nr if I cuuld make you do what I wanted." The day mentioncd as in all cs:es Cho dey. on mhieh TD hod boen given. This effcct is sifilar, to that proánced by moderato amounts of alcoholic boverajes. It waa durin the period in which the subjcet hat sel: self-confidenco trat he rovenled signiCi ant in"orretion.

The following are ezamplcs of one mamner in which inforration wns revenled. Subject ii., a Cuartemmaster Corps officer, wiile under the jnfluence of tD snd nt a ,timowhen he wns exccedinly loquacions, unwittingly inrarted the Information that he had attended the Office of Stratogic Sorvices School in Wyoming. Sinco the school had beon in oporation only at a time when the subjoct claimed that he was abroad the digclosure of his attendance at this achool conatituted a break in his cover story.

11

tion of TD.

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Subject B, a medical officor, tried to convinco the intcrrogator that he worked with Chineso Cuerillas. to tennh thom modical practicos. liowever, wiilo unúor tho influence of TD he told a story of how he kept the veneroal disense rate low among his troops. le was aspdciallì oxplicit in what he did with troops. fresh from America. It was obvious from this information, t herefore, that this officer's duty consisted of work wit!: Amorlcnn troups an: not with Chineze Cuerilla's. Shortly nfter tellin this story the cubject apparently realisod thnt he had revenled information and attempted. a cover atory. It is ainificant th t without TD he did not discuss any cimilar military or mcdical exporlence that might lave revealed his dutics.

The relation of personality disturbauccs to lntorro-

cation with and without TD

Eachsubjoct as ratod by the investigatorgon sixty-four itons of anamnistic and porgonality duta. The criterion usod to judge the offectiveness of TD was whether or not nore information had boen obtained witl: thau without TD. Thie criterion was urrd egardlcss of whother the interrogotor had correctly Interpreted the information given. Tobulatlons of the amunt of nilitary inforrution obtoined from "aorral" indlividuals and thoso with neuruses revealed that information was more readily obtained from subjects who woro sociablo, cheerful and had outgoing

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personalities. It was more difficult to obtain information from subjects whose anxieties made them cautious and unfriondly. The reason for this is probably that those without perconality disturbances can foel onouch scls-confilenco to be willing to risk discussing signilicant topies, while those who are anxious areunwilling to tako this risk.

Cotion was carried out only on a small group of cubjocts in lower echelons. hether persons of greater responsibsility would be affectod in the sane way is not kown.

Part II. The nse of the psyehogalvnnomoter as a teclmique for tin dotection of concoalou infornntion.

Hethod.

Tho Sormmer-Tordham apcaratus consicting of a. Pathomoter and an Esterline-Angus continuous recorder was used.

The su':ject vas comfortatly zeated with his bnck to the apparatus. Zinc eloctrodes (2 x 3 cm) wore at:ached to the paln of tho hand and brachial.surface of ta forearm. These wero kept in place be moans of eloastic, bands, and. Cood sontact further insured by facin thie clretrodes with clcctroue jelly.

The resintanen of the subjnet andother bace readins were noted, and the nature of the experimonts explained to him.

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In each trial the Calvanomotric reodings were

taken to the nearest microamperc deflection and ranked as regards magnitude of calvanic response.

As in all exporiments with the psychogalvanonoter

it was assumed that those atimuli cliciting tho crratest

galvanic response were most sigiificant affectivaly to the

subject. In addition, two other criteria werc utilirod:

a) tho conaietenec of the subject': verbal geaponsc, and

し) the attenuating e ffoct o repotitio of stimuli in

successive trlals. àr In "lie dctcction" experinents it

vac acsumed that those stimull to which tiio subject gave

false responsds sore those which showed rolatiyely amall

decrcnec in calvanometric reaction in suceosuivo trlals.

Following eneh exporimcnt the roadinga on tho.

recordins tape and Pathometer were transcrlbed to record

sheets, tocether with the cubject's verbul rcsponce.

Subjects were studied under two oxporirontal

conditious. These are sutsequently designed as the "number experiment" andl the "informtion expuriment".

A. Éurber Ixperiment

In this cxperimont, which was usunlly carricd out firet, the subjrct was asked to keef in mind nxl noie n a sheet of paper a number fron ono to ten. this numbor was not mado kown to the opcrator. The subject was told that the operator would try to discover the number. The subject

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was instructed to answer "yes" or "no" whon he was asked if he were thinking of a particular number, not necessarily truthfully but with the intention of confusinc the oporator. The operator spoke each number in turn, repeating them for 1 several trials. As each number was called the response on the psychogalvanometer and the spoken response of the aubject were noted. The number consiatently evoking the Createst response from the apparatus was usually found to be tho one chosen by the subject.

Theae experiments were carried out at least once and more often two or three times, both before and after the administration 'of TD.

Each subject had brought with hin a list of five places where ha had worked and five jobs ho maj haye done. One of each or these was true, tho others false. It was the object of this experiment to determine tho corroct area and activity by means of an interpretation of the rcsponse of the subject to questining, as indicated on the psychogalvanometer.

The subject was prepared as for tho number experiment. The operator then asked twenty quéstions concerning the five areas and the five activities. The verbal response and the action of the psychogalvanometer were noted.

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Reaults

A. Number experiments

The procedure deacribed above was carried out on ten subjecta both before and after the acministration of the drug.

In two individuals in whom it was possiblo to draw the correct conclusion on the basis of Ealvanometric rcadings in l00% of the trials before the auministration of the drug, this was possibla in only fifty percent of the trials after the administration of TD.

In ono individual whose numters wore ascertainod in l00% of the triols bofore the administration of TD it was not poosible to draw the correct inseronce on thc basis of paychogalvanometric readings aftor the administration of TD.

In three individunls in whom the oorrect nuaber could be postulated on.the basis of paychogluanonctric roadings in fifty porcont of the trials boforo the administration of TD, this was poasible in l0os of the trials after the administration of TD.

In one individual in vhon correct inceronces based on the readings of thc peychognlvrnometer woro nevor possible before the administration of TD, they were possible in 100% of the trials after the administration of TD.

[PAGE 26]
ascortained in l00 of the trails bofore the administration of TD this accuracy was maintained after tho administration of the üruc.

In one individual it wns not possible to drav the correct conclusion on the basis of psychogalvanometric readinge either beforo or aftor tbe aoministration of TD.

Beforo the adniinistration of TD it. wns possible to sscertain on tho basis of psychogalvanometric readings, the correct nuaber in at least fifty percent of the trials in eirht of the ten subjocts.

After the adminiatration of TD it was possible to ascertain on the basis of paychogalvenometric rendings, the corrcct number in at lenrt fifty porcent of the triuls in eight of the ten subjeets.

Tho average percontage of acouracy for onch froup of eiht subje cts in whom it vas possible to drnw the correct conclusion of the basis of galvanonetric readings in at leagt half of the trials, was found to be cigHt-onn porcent. in the cight tosted before the administration of TD and eightysovon percent in the cight tosted after the adniniatration of TD.

In all. l4 subjocts wero tostod Lbofore the administration of TD. In fifty percent of the subjects the correct inference wag alwaya drawn on the basis of psychogalvanometric

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[PAGE 27]
readings; in eighty-six percent in half of the t rials; and in fourteen percent never.

In all, thirteen subjects were tested one to three hours after the administration of .03 - .06 cc of TD by inhalation or .0l cc by mouth. In sixty-one percent of the aubjects the correct conclusion was always drawn on the baais of psychogalvanometric readings; in seventy-seven percent in half of the trials; and in twenty-three porcent nover.

The following is a summary of the fi"ty-one number experiments performed on s eventeen subject, when the presence or absence of the drug is ignorod: In sixty-six pcrcent it was possible -o draw the correct conclusion on the basis of paychogalvanometric readings. In thirty-four this was not posaible.

This, while there is a better than chance possibi lity of ascertaining numbers by moans of nosponne on the psychogalvanometer, it will be seen that the uso of TD is of no value in increasing the usefulness-of this t echnique. It will benoted that in two-thirds of. the trials on soventeen aubjects, it wes possible by means of tho psychogalnanometer to ascortain the numler the cutject had chosen and was trying to hido. It will also be seen that TD has no influence"on determining the frequency with which 1t was possible to ascertain which number the subject had chosen, and th:t there was no correlation between the frequency with which the number of a single individual was ascertained before and

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[PAGE 28]
after TD. There was more often a change, cither an incroase or a dccrease (70s) than a consistency (30) in thc frequency with which it wes posoible to ascortain nn individual's number after TD..

B. Informution experimenta

Sevcnteen subjects were examined by moans of the poychojalvanoneter.

Of two lndivicuals tested both beforo and after
the acninistration of TD correct conclugions about the aroa
and activity wore drawn on tho basis of paychogalvanomotric
readinge in ore. In tho othor thls was not possible. of Seven testod before or at least twenty-four

hours rfter thc adninlstration of TD, correci. infcrénsos were crawm about the area and activity n the Kasis of 2o galvenomotric'readinrs, in four.In two, either the nrca or activit- was accertnincd andl in onc te roupnse of Mhe psychogalvanometer was entirely mislonding.

Of the ei:ht subjects teatcd me to four houra aftor tho adninistration of .03-.06 oc of TD  ihbalation .or ,0l co br mouth all inforntion was ascortáined-on the basie of alvanometric ponúings In fon. In the other four eithor the arca or activity was ascertuined.

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DISCUSSION

All akillful exsminors know and make use of tho fact that interrogation is facilitated if the subject can be πade to ovorcome his auapicions anù look on the axaniner in a friondly fashion. Ranport results in loquacity and loquacity usually results 'in the botrayal of guarded inforration.

Since loquacity Is affected by the attituie of the Individual tovard the person to whcm he is talkine, any drugs used in interrogatinn should be used in conjunction ith the tried and effective methois of conducting such inquiries. Ît ls ¬bvious, for instance, that the efficacy of a drug canbe dostroyed if thc avbjcet becores ostile to end svpicicus of the exantner and thereforé silent.. Thus, ono subject lad been talking volubly for almost two hours. At the end of that time he was 'ole that ttere was one topic he hnd been avoiding end tat tis made it appoar that thia topic was ixportant. Almest Limodiately the subject storped talking and it becnmé eyceedingly difricult for an hour theroafter to inthuco him to diseucs eyen the most innocuous toplco.

Thn chemical substance Tost wldely ured in facilitating interrogation Is alcohol. Like alcohol, ID is effective in facilitating interrogetion in that it encourages

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[PAGE 30]
aimiability and self-confldonco, thus establishing rupport, and directlys timulates loquacity. Another advantage of TD is the fact tlnt besanre of its tantelossnoss, and effoctivones in snall doees, it can be adninlstered withsut 1 the kowledge of the subject. Not only hasaicohol some of the disndvantecee of TD -- marked vnriability in indivi-2ual surpontibility and the devolonment of "drunkenners" it may also ensanior nuspiciouanoos in tho Undividual being plied with drink.

with tho subjfctta hostility and suapiciousness

lulled, he can be induced to liacuss Indirectly infomaation he wishes tohidn.. As in n pnyohothrrapoutic ,intorviaa, or whon undor the influence of alcohol, o subjeat unlor The, inCluonse o TD erbarks on c couvezaatlon  icl is continued even rhon gunrded material is approached, as long as hio is not aware of this nproach. Thus, the raterial should be uncovrred alosly and indiatly. Ten  bocores conscious of denzer,nnd the fact that his guard of the zacret informatiou is threatened, the oubject bocomos silent. For this roason dir:et jacstione piocla bo avoided, ezcent whero in the judpent o tho Interrogntor tha aro appropriato.

Interrocation in fnsilitate' when the eubjoct hs foclins of rusontment asout his Arry cxperience sinco these feelings: make him less sonsitive to innter warninga that he should not discuss secret information and make him more

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[PAGE 31]
amenable to having the conversation channelized in dosired directions. This is especially true if the subject welcomes an opportunity for mental catharsia.

TD, liko alcohol, should be administered only after some moasure of rapport has been established.. It is more effective when it is adminiatered during an interrogation that is carried out in a relaxed and informal social situation rather than in a formnl military or civilian intorrogation.

In the experiments reported here the establishment of rapport with all subjects was facilitated by the fact that tho exaniners were not the enomy, and by tho subject's knowledge that betrpyins information to the experimentors was not as dangerous as betraying it to the enomy. .This indicates that the drug would lose some of its .effcctiveness if the subject were being interrogated by an enemy agent, es long as the subject remained hostile and suapicious.

The inferences from these observations must, unfortunately, be limited since the work had to be diacontinued before suitable comparison of the effect of ID could be made with those of ceffeine, benzedrine, scopalamine and thc barbiturates.

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SUIDARY

l. Experiments were performed to ascertain

whether TD fncilitated intcrrogation.

2. TD was found to increase loquacity. This increase avoraged forty perccnt with a range of from ninetoen to elighty-four porcont.

3. In addition, TD improvos repport, and increases self-confidence and foelings of security in tho subject, so that he believes he can encage in convorsation without betraying confidenticl or secret information. TD induces the subject to relax his Cuard and to betray information, usually Indirectly.

4. In this limitod study anxious, cautious and obsessive persons were found to reveal infornation loss often than those ithout such personality.Cisturbances. In a few subjects with personality disturbances manifcsted by immaturity, hostility and rebelliousness it was found that loquacity decreased after the administration of TD.

5. TD can bo compared in estion ang effectiveness in intorrogation to alcoholic beverages. It has an added advantago in that it is admininstrable without the knowledgo of the subject ince 1t ia tnatcloaa nnd offectivo in small ancunts.

6. While there is sone evidence to indicate that the psychogalvanometer can be useful in uncovering information, TD does not increase this usefulness.

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