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Volano 6, Hurser 6, Kovorryr Decerbor :951, pasn 396.

Title of article:

T 1 1 1 r

Meosian authors:

S. D. Kirlien and V. K. Kirlian.

The presont paper gives the resuits of ous expeniments in photography, whioh were carried out fron :e pcint of viow of electpical. and optical phenouena. We crsatea a cezkod of photographing under the action of high frequency cuerenzs. The principle or thas method involves the transiormation of the non-olectrical properties of an object, the one being photographed, into eloctrical properties. This occurs under tho action of an electric field which causes a dislocation of charges, or a transfer of charges fronthe object to the photographio plate or to an optical screen.

It the platos of a condonser in an osci.\_isizg circuit or genorator of high Irequency eurxents are zovec,apart fron eesh-other, to a corsaiz distonce, while the oscillating

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hetvoon the platon. If thess piates aro thon moved closor to cach ot and upon ting thon, thore will ocour a hich frequeney spark discharge or breatdowe. Such a discharge. à cular distszce separatins the plates, deponds upon external factors (ions, free electrons, etc.); consoquontly, tho channels of such a breakdow dischargo cannot be repeated at will.

We have been ahlo to produce an electxical field whicz vhen placed under the correct corresponding conditions, wiil produce stable discharges, the channels of which are ropoatable.

If the condenser plates vere to be covered with a dielectric, for instance a shect. of celluloid, then under the actton of the field, the diolectric itself, becoming polariz od, will assune the role commonly played by. the plates. The charges (resulting,fron displacenent currents), are distributed evonly on the suriace of the dielectric, vhich by a cortain small amount exceeds the surface of the plates, or is somewhat higher than the surface of the plates.

In the case when we roduce or expand. the air gap (or inccease or decrcase the voltage in the oscillating circuit) botweon the dielectric covczod plates, there occurs a discharge vhich has entiroly different charactoristics froz

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C 1) 1 cono about C2 い.… 0o. od ¿cO of 总 dischargo chaanels

Ii-ve wero to place betveon tho plates sone kind oz object, and thon movo the plates away from each other in suck a way that betveen the suzfacc of tho object and the plate thero should be formed a corresponding air sap, the folloving offoct is produced: Upon applyins a voltage to the surface of tho objoct, certain olectrical chargos vill group or cluster together. The arrangements of those charges will be influonced by the topological configuration or the object, and the dielectric structure. Howover, if ve were to replace the dielectric, which now serves as tho plate, with a photographic filn (or if we were to place such a film on the dielectric) the role of the capacitor plates vill be assuned by the filn. The film is then polarized, and in tho presence of a certain detormined application of voltage, silent, stable discharges will bo emitted and this enission will occur betwoon the object and the photographic filn, across the air gap and along the clcctrical fiold which has been distorted by the objects The high froquoncy disoharges flow in both diroctions, or on both sides in the case of

symmetrically arxengod plates. Both the electrons and iops in the discharge curren while novi act upon the photo. graphic emulston in analogy to tho rays of light. Afton

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In tris syaton, 0 and broucht the dischacge sap to its csitical point ci. Cistonce, just short of spaok or broakdow. By so doing wo oroated conditions undor which the ftold intonsity. indcpondently of external causes, is in a condition to gezo rate an emission back fron the object. By this nethod, we obtained, under ordinary atmospheric pressure, a stable discharge in an autoelectronic fors. No matter where this dis chargo may occur, or vhere it may bo repeated, it will alrays occur fron the previous point and with one and the saze characteristic. Such a distribution of charges, with a sub soquent ejection oi these charges onto a photographic plate, we call the procedure of photographing by neans of high frequency cuxrents

Figure (1)

In figuro one, wo soe reprosented a schematic in three

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Erequotey cuaents. In pet one io rlora the protgotion of tho imaco projeotion of an object, conocted by apace charges with ground cnd tho gonorator. Part two shors a double.

oloctrode production of the inage projection of an object from both its sides. Part throo, shovs how vo can obtain ten photographs of five objccts, that have been arrenged in a . package, by the action of one single pulse of high frequency cuxrents pasaing simultaneously through all the objects.

Under these conditions, in a high frequency field, the omission images are obtained from objects having the most different proporties, orpossessins nost heterogencous properties (as conductors, dielectrics, semiconductors, ete.) under conditions of a very broad.xange of pressures.

Our investigations have. shown that, in a high frequency field, all natural bodies, including living organisns, have self-xadiations of an electronic and ionic nature. These we refor to as auto-electronic and autoionic enissions. In rocont Russian literature, these radiation patterns have been named the "bioplasma fiolds" of livins and natural bodias.

The configuration of the image projection in a high frequency field differs fron tine to time, even tho the obiect in question has a homogonoous structure. If the objoct has the property br conductivity, then we observe only an inage'

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Te z dnanimcto obdret (cae of non lavihs nature)

the donsity an Lon of tho during proicctien, is channelo, detorined also by the diolectric. par inclu sions in question. In addition to tho topographical configuration of the objoct, the imago also represents the electrical or dielectrical structure. of the complex of solective capacitances and conduetiyities. This structure always constant and can be precisely roproduced in any succossive photograph.

The electrical structure of a living organisn; however, is not constant. It depends on the, state, or varyins condi tion of the organisn. All chenges in the body's vital activities are accompanied by variations in it's dielectric structure.

In such a system, every discharge channel carries vith itsolf a potential configuration of the corrosponding segmont of a field that has been formed by a certain point of the object and it's characteristic. Therefore, the travor. sing discharge ropresents in its totality a group of channels which vary in donsity. These. channels apparently comprise, in their essence, the physical, chomical, and dynamic

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able to projoct thor onto a Theso tránofornad, cheractordsties photamph on a screon. produce an imago vhich io conditioned by tho. goonotry of phe specizon, its coloring, and its intexnal dynarics. A biological object, which is xadiating dischargos, "acts like a complex electrodc. Thorefore, it is apparont that each dis chargo channel has the spectrun of its bioelectrodes and of its components.

Having studied specinons with varying geonetrical confi gurations, together with their spectruns, and their dynamies of developsent, it is. apparently possible to make judgoments about the biological and pathological state of an organism and its organs.

Living organisms, such as the leaf of a tree or other plant, when introduced into the electrical. field of a condenser-capacitor, will distort the field according to the leafis dielectrical structure. No matter how many different species ox types of vegetation are photographed under identi cal conditions, each of them will display an aspect, of a very spocial character, that is different fron the aspects of all other, specios. Figure two, shows how these aspects vary from leaf to lef: Photograph (A), shows à violet, Photograph (B) reprosents a lcaf from a corn plant, photograph (C), shows a Geraniun loa², and photograph (D), shows a vorbona loaf.

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Figure (2)

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erysoss, Crenget, cd agng) cho Joas of a pieat riyos 6 cisferent iraso, iich chavactorisos only a given biological condition. An illustration of this is given n figure three: Photograph (A) shows the leaf of a hoclthy Agoratum, snd in photograph (3), we find tho sane lear which has beon allowed to wither a little.

We havo show, through practical experionce, that tze vital activities of a biological specimen is not upset when we make a photograph or projection or its auto-emission inage.

In concludins this survey, which concerns the principles underlying the formation of image projeotions, it is pernissible to state that tho biological conditions of living objects, while being photographed and subjected to hish frequoncy currents, are made visible by means of electrical quantities. Such an electronic-optical system is in a position to fix the topological and potential fiold distribution of a specimen.

Having cstablished the connection bstveen the inage projection of a specinen's electrical state, and its physiology, it is apparent that our nothod of photographins, by mcans of high froquenéy eurronts, cas be. utilized in

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e c 02 02 02 processes occurins. in them.

A' contact photograph unst be takon in ordex to obtain the oniosion image of an object. This is done with the aid of variously constructed capacitor-condenser plates. These plates are constructed according to the specific nature of the. object beins experimontod with. The sise, or magnitude of the specinen being studied dopends exactly on the dimenu sions of the capacitor plates and their principle of action.

Figure (4)

In figure (4), we have show a nunber of yarious plates: part (1) is an edge viow of a plato which is in the shape of

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of a maiativoy thin Ect oaicet ha cotails, ea ticole slese. ecnined vieh a nieroraton serew. aives the possdbility of singling out various biological dotalls frou the sano soction of the sample, for exerplo, an epidornd.s or outer skin layor. Part (2) shows plane, square capacitor plates. Part (3) shows two plates which are connected togethor by an insulating, floxible material so that the plates can be bent around to obtain images fron tho object or specinen. This type of plate can obtain images fron the feet, -hands and legs of a porson. Part (4) shows a condonser or capacitor plate systen. The sample, op object itself serves as a centrifugal plate. -The recording o2 the photograph is carried out by a writing pen, coubined with the plate. Part (5) shows a roller type plete, which is used to obtain a photograph of an object with a finite length. The object is photographed as the rolling capacitor plato moves past. The rollezs are interchangable and their width determinos the size or dimension or the photosraph. Part (6) shows an assembly or collection of rollers, or an assortmont of roller type plates vhose shapes aro detormined by the. configuration of the spccinens. Part (7) shows capacitor plates built in the shape of a frame; the photographs are obtained simultaneously fron soveral wide, plane objects and sizultancously from both or oithor sido vith ono inpulso only. In part (8), the capacitor has been constructod in tho foxn of pliers. or pin:

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poasttes o9 tho 2o. aad the cogtee cas Cecroo c2 coessare crated on Thas, type of photopirccrs allors us to photograph.vrious types of flat objeets. Part (9) shows sost, nd floxiblo plates whioh aro used to obtain image projoctions of the entire surface of objocts havins non-uniform shapos.

While photographing cortain types of objeots, we utilized only one plate of an oscillating circuit capacitor with a generator of high frequency currents. The other plate is actually the sample object itself, for example, a hunan being. During the photographic process, this plate person is connected with sround by a capacitor curzent, or the person may be in a closed circuit with the generator. If we are photographing a plant, the roots can serve as the ground. •

It should be noted that while usins a disk shaped plate and colored filn to photograph the skin of a living person, certain zones of the person's skin area are rendered by various colors. For examplc, the cardiac area gives a photograph with an intensive blue color, the shoulder region gives a sort of greonish-bluish color, while the hips or pelvis gives an olive colored photograph. Under cquel conditions of. photography, the color inheront to cach bodily physical area can be repeated exactly when reprodue.

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nicnces, (coe apte, tae on pds) tho eclor wexatdy intosont to thet paetieuaw rogion waal cheace also. To seeis to uo that thoso charactonistie phenomena coservo sone vory sorious. study. Thore are apperentky extnonoly valuable applications in the ficld of modical diagnosis, especially in tho early stagos of a disease.

With regerd to a deoper investigation of the clectrical. phenomona and processos occuring during the photographing of the surface of a living organism, a special interest is presented by the dynamic characteristics of these procosses and their connection vith the biological state of the sanple objoct. For the purposo of visually observins and fixins the dynamic development of such processas, we constructed a dischargeoptical-capacitor plate. With the aid of such a device, the observation is conducted without upsetting the vital activities of the object in its natural habitat ox ste 1 state.

This particular condenser plate, acting in the oscillat. ing circuit of a generator of hi.gh froquoncy currents, can be used as an additional dovice with other light.optical instrunents. The principle of action of the disoharge optical plato capacitor does not differ from the proviously desoribod onos. Shis plato has movable, or mobile details,

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chject wailo it is u

Figure (5)

Fi.gure (5) shows a schematic of the discharge optical plates. Part one,,is a transparent covering, or plate covering. Part two; is a tension, or traction nut. Part. three, is a locking ring. Part foux, is a movable traverse nember or cross beam. Part (5), is a recess grove, or hollow chamfex. Part (6), is a connectine branch or sleeve which is meant for pumping out the air. Part (7), is the tube of the lightoptical device, Part (8), is an adjustment for the sharpness of tho image projection, or in otherwords, it is a focusing adjustnent.

On the skin covordng of a hunan beins, or on the sursace of other objocts, both livine and nonlivins, thoro are

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Tho toporraphical. cistribution and the electrical charactoristics of the charges are dotehninod by the conzi aucation and the dieloctric structuro, of tho object.or spsei… non. With the aid or a discharge optical device, and in the presconce of a correspondins intonsity of a high frequency field, tho electrical chargcs on a polarized surface, like .the opidornis of a hunan being. were made visible by us ir the forn of discharge channels. These discharge channels are intorsectcd peroendicularly by tho lines of force of the elcctrical field around the object. These observations o the hunan. skin took placo under a magnification of 800X.

... When we consider that the arrangement for a visual obsorvation is unipolar, and that it is fed by high frequency tcurrents, whilo at the sane time, thé discharge chonnels :observed on the surface or the-skin,through the objective lens, are causad to converge by the capacitor current t :that flows tovard the generator or ground, we conclude that the discharge channels apparently possess a nature vhich is dixcctly relatod to the-nature of torch-liko discherges.

Lot us now exanine, a little closer, a cortain electrical phonomena which can be obsorved on the opidormis of a living porson. In tho fiold of vision, and on the background of the

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polnt lile, othors cre in the shape cl a coneza, otheea again lool liko torehoo, mnd varicus lumizous clustons are noticcd. These discharge channels kave various shados of colors, suah as light blue, aky bluo, lilae, purple, aza orange. Some of these colors are yery bright, while others look dim, pale, and discolored. Thon there are other colors which seem to bo continually burning,or flaning and scintil lating. So one observes periodically occuzing flareups and one notices that some discharge channels are immobile while othors continually moye about. Ali of those qualitative indicators, o2 the discharge channels, depend on tho type of activities or nechonisns contained in the human skin.

The distribution of the discharge channels is not uni forn everywhere. For exanple, on the skin of the fingertips, there occur disoharges in the for or torches which are arranged along the ductilescopic pattern of the skin as is shown in figure (6) and (7). On the forearm, the distribution or errangement of tho so called torches, forn certain . group like patterns vhich apparently are determined by the very structure of the epidermis. /If we were to blot out, or oxasc the ductilescopic patterns, the configuration of the torchos would ronain and tho akin pattorn could be restored according to the torch pattern, or arrangomont of the torchos

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Noxt to this ponexona probably yertain to sors substance iz the sin. Theso.clns toro haée vathor indosinito forms vhoso shapes are sudioct to change and that at tines assuno a spkerácal form. Sore clusters continually spill over fron one point of the skin onto another where they are obsorbec. Wo should mention in this contoxt that a cluster will not be absorbod wntil the previous one has beon spilled out or over. In some cases, for exanple, the luminous clustors have no definite orienta tion in thoir movezent. They move slowly among the torches and ultimately give off a final flare and then become extinguished or absorbed in space. The color of the clusters is either milky white, light blue, pale lilac, pale purple, or else gray orange.

In our opinion, the many fold coloration of the intermodlary sognents on zones of the disoharge current, testifies to. the fact that each system of epidermal biomochanism possess inherently its ow dofinite coloration. It is casy. to obsorve other characteristic phonomena in the field of vásion. For instance, in the case of a high ficld intonsity and a prolonged visual observation, (srom five to ter minutes) while obsorvirg the vory samo sogmert of skin, the eloctrical Phenomona. considorably -modify their size and shape or

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cnee tive cimutes, or attar a lige enacozsl refresmmont, muoh an xhins enes Sace E.ta tte, ta ppaviovs sictire is ro.cotablichod. It appeers to us that this mothod of photoscaphic indices, (indicos of the actiyity of biological nochaisms in tho skin) open up new ppssibilities of invos tigation and docuzontary fixatión in the domain of biology, botany and other areas of science, particularily nedicine.

In concluding, we aró going to give a description of condenser plates that are arranged according to an electronie / optical prirciple. If the sanple objects have various clectrical characteristics, such as those of porcolain, metal wood, synthetic glass or plastics, are coated with a liquid dielectric such as paraffin, then when we photograph then, with the aid of high frecuency currents, the photographs till reveal a recording of the configuration of those objects. These configurations occur in various densities correspondins to the dielectric parameters of each object and their spatial posdtion in relation to the suriace of the block which is covered with paraffin.

In the high,frequency fiold, the luminescence of the paraffin block is unique. It differs fron the shady ixradiation caused by X-rays and does not possess any pronounced elements of fluorescence. Such luminoscence is apparently -dotorxined by tho. capacitive and ohic conductivity under the conditioss of photograpby voins high froquency currents.

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fece. or Cha tocì : o:
h 2 . n
A101 in a Slald, my DOZVS as An P8 which ts elcetrica aeges fromn one side 02
surisco to the other Thus thoso photographs which wo obialn wieh the aid of hich frecuoney curront, directly from tho object, and those which po obtain through the dielectric obstacle. do not differ substantially fron cach other. We have coze to the conclusion that this peculerity of the electric can be utilized for the purposo of transmittins, across a dielectric barriex, the oloctrical chapacteristics of the object fron one mediur into another.

This possibility opened up a very attractive prospsctive, namely to enlist, the sorvices of electronic. optics in order to obtain an enlargod image projection or the electrical state of the object, without having to place it in a vacuum nediu.

Test involvins the transfor. of electrical characteris. tics of an object fron one mediun into another, across a diolectric barrier, and acconpanied by a subsequent enlarge mont of the image projection, led us to the dotection of the followins effect: If, in an oscillating circuit of a gonorator of high froquoney cunpents, we wore to connect, instead of tho caprcitor plate, a fluorescing sorcon, situatod.

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situated in the
obtain a syotem of a flat cn plane condonser that is structurcd as follows: Plate (objoct). dioloctric-plate (in the form of a screon).

Figure (8)

In. the schenatic of figure (8), we have presented the circuits of tho high froquency condenser which is an eleciron nicuorotonic optical device: Part 1, is the generator of high frequency currents, part 2, shows the olectrical feeders,part 3, is tho transparent cunront-conducting plate. part h, is a metallic plate, part 5, is a cross beam wi.th nosts for micro.objects, part 6, is a dioloctric, part. 7, is the axis of the. cross boen, part 8, is the flash, part 9. is a sink fox curont surges and sopves as protec tion fros the high froquency surfaco cischargos, part 10,

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6 the part is an of part 19, is a velve, part 20, is the cielectric trensmitcing the plectrical. charaotoristics of the object fxon tho nedius, at atmosohonic pressure, into a vacuun.

Whon in a vacuum flash, the pressure. does not exceed 3 X 103 or does not go bolow 8 X 105 Tor (), ad the generator operates at the normally ostablished frequency, then on the fluproscent scrsen, there appears the image of the polarized object. The diameter of the screen is 24Omm while the diameter of the aperture in the flash equals lmn, sec figure (8). Then the relationship of the aperture section to the area of the enclosed plate will be of the order of 1 to. 240; whereby, the minimal masnification of the image wiil be 2h0 times. The degree of enlargenent of the image on the screen can be increased within broad lizits, by.mcans of an additional supplemental plate, and can be regulated by shirting it along the axis of the instrument and also by changing the voltage cn the supplementary. plate. In this mannex, by noans of high frequoney currenta, the transmission o2 the imase ontó the fluorescent screon, in

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tho onjoct ane the ce oloctre bet
tho Snage be perfoumod by a solective capacitive cozcnotivii
and is actually transnittod fron tho xediun o2 atmosphorie
pressure into the trcuim flash by pressing tho objoct tightly
against the dielectric of the flash. Under such conditions,
the pattern of the electrical. state of an objoct is projectod,
not in the forn of electrical channels, but rather in the
form of goometrical figures havins varying donsity and
dynanies, The obtainins; however, of a magnified image
projoction on a fluorescont scrcen, is implemented by. varyins
the magnitudes of the operatins areas of the condenser plates.
Tho areas of these plates are greater in a gas of lower
pressure (screen) ana less at atmospheric pressure (gbjeot).
While those plates' guarantee, by virtue of the inhonegenity of the field, a continuously directed movenent of charges fros the smaller plate to the larger plate, they also form the inage projection itself.

In a low pressure gas, with the varying of the electrode axoas, tho directed movemont of the charged particles is usually regardod as a xectifying action. We have our owm point of viow regardins this question. The disforent geomotry of the electrodos in a low pressure gas, acts very much liko a pump which pumps tho charges from the smallor

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in accordanca to S cnd at 0
froquoecy in the oseillati
civos us a justification the olectronic optical dovices which ve have proposed are, indeod, true olectronic-protonic…optidal instruents.

This electronicprotonic.optical systen is in a positicz to transnit onto a fluorescont screen the masnifiod image os an obiccts electrical or bioplasna state. This can be done L without causing any physical harm to a living orgazisn, or ronoving it from its natural state.

In this fashion, the procedure for photographins or projecting the inage of an cbject on a screen, consists of contact photography, and a method for makrins a visual. obsorvation of the electrical phenomona taking place around a soecimon. indicating the processes takins place in the spocimen. This application of high.froquency capacitive, electronic-orotonic-opties zepresonts a mothod of transforming the non-electrical phonomena of livins and inaninate specinons into clectrical phenomona. This method sakes available,to both soienco and technology, a new means for the laboratory investigation waich will open up attractive pro. spectivos for the analysis and study of nature.

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