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e In the course of epproving the original TSS research and development progrem, the Project Reviev Comittee ani the DCr established procedures aad controls under wbich TSS was euthorized to bendle certain extremely sensitive research end development progranas. These procedures exempt TSS research and developnent expenditures in 'fields of influencing hucen bebavior end froa norrsl procurement practices and controls. Such expenditurea are mede under the project designation MULIRA and are authorized in amounts not to exceed twenty per cent of the annual research budget. Expenditures onl 11

Expenaitures during

the saze period by the Chenistry Division on the influencing of huan behevior total

f. MTRA is, in effect, no more than a funding procedure for these sensitive areas of activity. One specially clcered auditor fron the Comptroller's Ofrice checks the accounts under this project on a yearly basis. Careful records axe\_raintained and there is no\_indication that funds expended under MUITRA have been in eny way improperly handled. The Inspector General sees no reason vhy this funding procedure shoula not be continued under present controls and admintstratioa.

g.In addition to\_the major reliance placed by TSS upon civilian contractors, it also relies heavily upon the verious research and developoent and technical. agencies of the military departments and upon cther Governzent facilities such as thel

In the threo Fiścal Years 1954-1956, TSs transferred fuedo totaling

to other Governaent egencies in support of specifie research

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7. Influencing Human Bchavior

a. Influencing huran behavior is a most cozplex subjcct aul very difficult to deccribe and evaluate iu teras of cccouplistueit,

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cost, and potential benefit to clendestine oterations., The whole field includes nedical, physiological and psychological aspects and vhile there hes been much speculation on the subject very little of a positive nature is known about the extent to whtch hunan behavior can be predicted, directed and controlled. Chemicel Division has leunched a program having some specific goals in viev and hes now reeched a point. in progress where a review of the progrem should be pade to deternine ir the effort should be continued and what course it should take..

b. Because of the scarcity of positive kowledge, much tine and money is being spent on feirly basic research and extensive testing and experimentation. This type of activity caanot be neasured in terms of concrete results nor can dollar values be applied. It reguires an eppraisal of the objectives of the progran fron the point of view of the operational benefits to be derived, weighed egeinst the allocetion of R&D manpover and funds.

c. In considering the objectives, it is helpful to examine the operatiónal problems the progran is designed to meet.One of the major prohlens is that of iuproved interrogation techniques. Many different methods are used to break down en individual's resistance to interrogetion but there is alvays doubt about the accurecy and reliability of information obtained by the classical methods of prescure, duress or torture. The use of drugs or psychocbomicals in this respect is not pev. So-called "truth scrus" bave been uscd, sonetimes successfully but nore often not. The epproach being taken by Chemical Division:is to use psychochenicals to crcate within the individual a mental and emoticnol situation vhich will release him fron the rcstraint of self-control and induce bim to reveal infornation willingly under edroit nanipulation.

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d. Related to the irprovement of offensive interrogation techniques\_is the developaent of defensive meesures against-opposition interrogetions.Khowledge gained in the foner vill lead to countermeasures for the protection of Agency persopnel end infonation concerning Agency activities. This is enother oojective of the progrem.

o. The potentiel use of psychochenicels in politicel action operationsis well recogoized, although it has not been explored as thoroughly as might be expected. Chenical Division inelüdes it as an objective of its program to be prepared to support or make such operations possible. Non-chemical methods of accoaplishing political action operations are also included in the progrep.

f. Lesser objectives but perhsps of equal inportance ere

and practicel aid to cese officers in handling egents. In totel, the'objectives are coasidered to be sound. Certainly, research leading to a better understanding of the workings of the huzen pind is en essentiai element of Intelligence and enything that contributes to the prediction of humen tehavior or makes possible its direction or control is of inestimable value.

g. Sone concrete results have been echieved. Six specific products have been developed and are evailable for operational use. Thre of them, Pi, C1, end Cg, are discrediting and dicebling materials which can be aoninistered unittingly and peintt the exercise of a neasure of control over tbe actious of the subject.  These have been used,in six ditferent operations on a totel of 33 subjects. The other products are

201

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Kg, a knockout material. used to facilitäte unconsclousness; Kz, an alcoholextender which prcduces a degree of inebriation out of proportion to the emount of alcobol consumed and; A, which is a stimulant similer to Benzedrine in its effect but vithout its undesirable efter-effects. A manual has been produced which enalyzes nethpds used by Comunist security forces in the arrest, interrogation and indoctrination of "enemies of the state." Two other ranuals or lesser distinction have been published. One' describes methoda or administering drugs or chemical materials surreptitiously end misdirecting attentioa of a subject. The other is devoted to

end methods of influe. '

free croice. Other etudies are still in process which, it is anticipeted, vill produce more profound kowledge on the subject of influencing huen bebavior.

b. At the present time, there are a substantial nunber of cctive projecta concerned vith substentive research in the bebavioral field. Since nany of them include other activities, it is not practical to try to segregate those contracts wbich have direct application or to apportion those with multiple objectives. The total extent of the effort, hovever, can be' fairly accurately described.

i. Extensive research ie being conjucted by tuo organizations in vhich the Agency has substantial interests. One is the a research foundetion vith hecdquarters iu Washington. It is supported in part by the Agency and is used principally ag a funding mechenioa to finance research projecte. In addition to its use as\_a cover facility, it provides useful infornation in several arcas of Ecdical research and

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pernits the inclusion of areas of spccial intercst in research sponsored by The medical peaber of CD Stafr is accredited to The other organizs-

1 i This is vholly supported by:the Agcncy as a
cover fecility, The Society bas two full-tire emplcyees end a high-level
Board of Directors who ostensibly provide funds for research in the lesser
kown ecological aspects of huuanity. As a cover facility, it is rore .1
effective and less costly than the

J. Substantive reseerch in the behavloral field is being conducted uoder contract at\_ several universities throughout the country.The University of/ 1s exploring the effects on huan tissue of lysergic acid, the principal ingredient of P,: / Uaiversity ie working on knockout vaterials while/ University is searching for antidoteo for sinilar naterials. : At University, researchers are seeking an antegonist for cthyl alcobol to provide a defense against intoxication. At the University one of the country'e forcmost authorities on hypnotism is exemining the validity of the bypnotic state and measuring the effect of hypnosis on the buman nind. A project at University is coacerned with research in neurology to deternine the effect of emotional stress and tho resulting structurel damage to the brain or other tissue\_of\_the\_hunan body.

k. A rajor problen in the behaviorol progrem is that of arrenging for and conducting the essential tests and experirentation which produce the basic data for the developnent of techniquec ond the applicaticn of the end product to operational use, Thia is a tirie-consuing end costly

203

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process but \_one which must be eccoaplished carerully end thorouzhly. There ere no short-cuts or substitutes which cen be applied. Because of the uncoaventionel use of the raterials involved, CD hes had added difficulty in obtaining expert eervices and fecllities to conduct tests and experiments.= Some\_of\_the activities are ccasidered to be proressionally unethical and in some instances border on the illezal. These difficuities have not been entirely surmounted but good progress is being pade. Another problen is raised by the lack of professional knowledga of lysergie acid, the basic substance with which CD is concerned.' Very Jittle research has been done by the medical profession end CD. is breaking new ground in its efforts to develop this material for operational use.

1. Preliminary tests and experiments are generally conducted

一 The National Institute of Mental Health conducta\_tests on its epe colony to study the effects of P, and iockout raterisl and has provided much information of operational valuc. Human experisentation is nore difficult to accomplish. The best reeults bave been\_obtained from meatal institutions\_such as {

to proluce valueble results. Even with all the data éatbered froa these institutions there remaina a\_considerable area of doubt, These tests and experiments are conducted under controlled conditions and the results may bo qulte dirferent fron those obtained in the operationol use of the P

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raterial. In this respect,

be considercd as experinental as well. Mich more testing must be con-

ducted before the behavioral progran can be considered o tave acconplished

its objectives.

n. In almost five years since Fiscal 1952 the program has cost

approxdrately

Tis includes funds to support the/

and rart of the cost of suprorting

It also includes part of a Erant to

to aid in the construction of a wing devoted to mental illnesses.

Concrete results echleved thus far ore difficult to justify in relation

to cost, lo price can be atteched to tte intangible valus of the

extenoive contracts cstablished with outstandins meabers of the medical

must

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and other ccientific professions.\_At this point ip time it is jepossible to assess accurately the potential of the progrer or to estimate the velue of the anticipated results. It is believéd, hovever, that the . progran should be coatinued vith the adjuration tbat it be conducted as economically as possible.