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Washington 25, n. G.

Encloged far your files is the original cory of our Annual
Technical. Roport. on the uso f the side-tono telay instrvnont as an
interrogitional device. Also enclosed for your file is a report
on istrunentation for this project fron and 1

Also included in this folder are duplfeates of both reports, which procedure you requested in your letter to us dated February 20, 1953.

On March 5, 1953, the newest. instrument; developed by was delivered. It appears to bo much more rofined and to have groater durability tan the previous instrumonts.

Very trolr yuras

A/0,2,42,18

Harch 12, 1953

Enclosures

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ANIUAL T.C:NHIGAL TEPURT

March 9, 1953

Tho primary aim and. purposs of this orojact ia to obtain a euccessful interrogational device from the effoots of side-tom delay, togethor with an enpropriato procedure for its uce utth a minimum anount of attachronts.

The secondary aim, boing daveloped in this laboratory, is to obtain more easily interpreted polygraph records by use of side-tono delay in conjunotion with the polyraph.

It was first beliovod that the general effoct of delaying the side-tone on a subjoct was to rotard his speech and cauae a variance in his vocal intonsity. This balief waa based upon the findings of phenomonon only occasionally occurred. It is thcught by these investigators tht thn anount of difficulty em rienced by the subjoct might be based upon lis educition and/or intelligencé. In nost cases it appeare that tha nore education and higlor intellicence a sub jeet has the greater difficalty he will courience uith thv. effect. However, uhether tho subjoct experienced this phonomenon or not seemed unrelated

P/3,I,42,18

e.g• "Delayed side-tone typically ruduces rate and increases the sound prossure lovol of speech." "The Effect of Delayed Side-Tone upon Vocal Pate and Intensity,y Journal of Speech and Hlearing Miaorders, 16, l95l, 59-60.

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to whether a confeasion later resulted. Because of this, these investigators ricontly have not, been too concerned about theeffects of the sido-tone deiay on tie mubject, but. rather the, have bocn cencentrnting on she: procedures which ili more caslly and readily induce tho confossion.

The success of the side-tone delay (Sm) instrument is mainly depondent upon to things - the interrogator and his procedure. No instruront or dovice can fulfill the basic requirernnt of a good interrogator and he must havo a suitable procoduru(s) to use with the STD instrument.

In thesa investigaorg' first Ttitus Peport ui: different procodures were net forth. Tince Mhen Hhese procedures hva been further e xporimented with and utilized. They aro now again set forth along with a atatoment as to tlwir practicability.

A.Polygraph fiist used by itself to determine actual pointe of doception. Cidc-tonu dalry then used at points of doception, an determined fron dhe polygraph, by manuil manipulation of 'he offnd-on side-tono deliy suiteh."

Th's srocedure hac heen found, to be of grnat valuu for sovoral rensons. First, tho intorrogator must usually lon: heiher the subjoct is guilty or concealing information about the matter under imvestigation. Therefore, it is usually imperative that a corpetent polygraph examiner conduct this tosts first. Howaver, in a few cases it can be assumdd

.2.

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that the subject is lying if he is implicated in a trusbiorthy confession against, intorost by ono of his co-defendants, or when tho subjeet is a prisonor of war. In this lattar cass, the subjoct is probably vithholding infornutiop about his equipnent, doployment of his fellow troops, and other information that is of value to an intelligence ssction.

The second value of using this nrocedure is thit the STP is introduced nfter tào polygràph, therofora, the intorro ttor's psychological positlon is greatly strengthened just as the interrogation begins.

3. Use of Side-Tone Delay and Polypraph Jointly

1. "Hamunlly manipulating :Tl switei at points of

possible deception whilo the pulygraon io in actual.

operation. Thismethod has been found to ba only of

value when used for its psychological effect. This 1s

becausg the resulting polyipraph rocordg aro too Hg-

torted fora correct interpretation, therefore, tho ex-

aniner muut asoume baforehand that, the uubjoct is lying

about. the mntter undor investigation."

hit was oricintlly stated abeut this procodure, i.e., it hag

value only as a psychelorical device, still applias,

2. ":ide-Tone delay in operation throushout the

polygraph tests." Thismethod is ths most effeotive

if the STD and polygraph are to be in operation

simultaneously. Usually tire records arc not too dis-

torted for interpretation, in fact, somtimea the rocurds

3

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are believed to be more easily interpreted because of

the use of the side-tone delay.

C. Usa of .'ide-Tone Delay Alono for Interrogational Purpoies.

l. "Manual manipulation of STD switch during the

intorrogation at points of possible doception."

2. "ruring the intorrogation, while thie TD is

operatinz, tha subject is allawed to interrupt in order

to mako his denials. Tho examinor my then call the sub

ject to task for his falling to oxpross himself without

stuttoring and/or hesitation."

3. "The STD operating continuoualy and puròly as an

intorrogationrl device, witheut. any othrer attncinents or

devices. Tle oxaniner uses tho techniquu hora of immodiatoly

stopoing the subject from fully discuasing the case whilo an

anpeal for the truth is aade by tha exaniner. !en this apeal

appoars to change tho tonor of the subject's denials, ho is

thon allowed to mike any eolanition reg urding his pesition

in tho case. In doing so he will umrienca d'ficulty due

to the offocts of the TD. then tais difficulty is trought

to Ur suojcct's attontion it vill na'erially aid in obtain-

ing, adaigsionsagatnst intorest..."

Of the above procedures, C-l and 3 appear to be th most effective. Howover, the interrogator who uses the C-l procedure is at a great disadvantage in that the :TD must be in operation cach tine ths subjoct lies.

小

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This necessitates second-guessing on the part of the STD operator.

The interrogator tho uses the C-3 proceduro is et, a disadvantage when the cuatomary mlerophene is usad. This is because not only tha aubjoct's own talk but also thuo intsrrogator's talk is dolayed to th suoject through his earphones. This is construed by sore subjects as a warning that something is amiag ari that they should bo: very caroful of utrit they tell the interrogator.

As was stated previously in this peport, Ueso iaseatigators feel that usully the subject's guilt or innocence is gonrally not inown, unleas he had been exanined by the polygraph technique of detucting deception. Therefore, sectlons l, 2 and 3 may be utilised ,Itheut the uso of tho poly-raph. If any of thene tarea proceduros are usud, the intorrogator mugt be expertly trained in ordor to obtain saiisfactory results.

Since tho last Status Report (January 19, l953), 18 court ubjects hive boen exoerimonted uith at this laboratory. lovever, of theso only threo have beon expurimonted uith since ebruary 5, l953 because who is providing this laboratory vith tinse uojects, is on his vacation. It is expected that this laboratory's case load wili suo stantinlly inereace vith his vetarn on Niarch lé, l953. The results of those 1l cuojects are as follovs in Tablos i and 2:

A. Taole 1. Cutcome of tha  xaninationsa

C

As determined by the,Polygraph.and/or full confessions.

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Since Novomber 12, 1952, 27 STD subjecta have ppeared at this

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laboratory but then have refused to be examtned. Turing, thin same period tine was arrangod and set, acide for tho oxarination of h7 ubjocts who failed to ampoar or concel their appoinbnents.

These investigators belisve that no dofinite conclusion as to tho value of tha STD instrument can be determined at this time. It is hoped thit, b: the end of this coutract, May ?), l953, an opinion cun be given, Hatever, soveral opinions cin ha nov expreasad.

Gre of thane opinions is that the botter interrogator will obtain

botter rosul s with the use of the STD than the average or poor interrogator.

It ia analogous to a new tyoe of golf putter vhich thn xanufactura claims

is tha solution of cvery golfer's putting troubles. "he crofossional. tho

uses it :ill sttll ot hetter results with it thin th cuffer who plays

oce a month.

Annther opinion is that the examinor must usually first lnow whother

the subicet is guilty and/or concealing information about the metter undor

investigation, or vhether the suhjeet is innccent, T'or thase exparlments

this war usually detonined by uss of therolyyraph. Othurwise, the

interrogator wh only utilises the Tp sill. tsually ue much difficulty

in dociring if the sobject is telling th. truth or if ne is lying,

It is elso 'boliovod tha'. no false confonsions or vrissiene acainst

intorest will rosult from iniocent peraone vhen the St instrurent is properly

utilized, Almost every subject considered innocont by the uso of the lie-

detoctor was interrogatad with the STD to determino if its use would cause a

false confession. Not, ono of those innocunt subjucts nade an admission against

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Although no innocent pereon admitted any guiity knowlodge, many jurists are int to citogorizs its uss as duress and/or buteront cooreion whlch ia orohibited by the luth Amondmant to tho Uniter Stites Gonstitution. ror this roaron extrene caro should bo exercised when subjecting citizoaa of the United Statas to the STD techniqus even when they voluntarily consant to be examined. For this and other imoortant reasons, every interrogator nust be vory faniliar vith tha Lawe governins crininal interrogation.

The following is a list of all professional personnel employud part-tims or full time on this projeot since its inceptiont