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FRO Projeet Ceontinator

1. PRoELal.-To reexaaine tho CIA progren for developing trecial
techiguos for intarrogations (Project Artickoke), cnd to Cotoraina tha
most effective peans for carryins out this progtau. 2

n. Dosgite the fact thet on several occasions the cperational officeo have encountsred situations vhero edditioral interrogation procodares vera nooded, Siela tcsts utilisins cpecial tochmiques Zor intorrogation have not bean coniuctel as plenned in the Project Artichoke neorandua dated 13 Harch, 1951.

b. The princiylo reason for ths delay is a leck of confidenco on tho part of those responsible for ths Project in tho tochiques pressatiy available, and our inability to cons up vith any zos techniques offorins signiricant clvantnges over thece,

o. A major fcctor contritutins to the lnck of confidencs in present tochniques, as vell aa our inability to.davelop nev ones, has boen tha difficulty in obtaining competent medical cupport, both for tha operational tooss and for ths research effort.

d. The Cia Heäical Statf, vhich vas not iacladcs in tha originel progras, has recently revised ita plomnies in such a vay that it. ia in a positioz to,eosist in an evaluation o2 pressntly kooun techiquas.

e. Becmnse this is primrily a nedical problso, the CIa Hedica Steft may. de in a better position than cny of the oifices prescatly concerned in the Project to develop nev and ioproved techmiques.

e. The support of the CIh Hadicel Staff is essentinl to Project Artickoko if fiald tests are to be conducted as orisinally plamned.

201 Asaictant Director, Soisatifio Intclligsaca

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b. Pacanse this ds prinarily a medical probici, the CIA Necicel Staff nicht toll assee prianr7 rasponoibility for the Project.

5. ACTION COEED.

d. That consicsration to civen to tho facts cnd conclusions moted atovo, and if there sra cozcarred in dy the intcreated. acescy components, cpropriato oteps to ts taken to correct tho Projact sirectivo.

R. J. HILLINS Project Coorlinetor

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a. Projiect Artickoa is a specinl sgecy pmczan ootablished for the Aavslczuunt sni soslication of ceecial techiquen in CIA intarrocaticns ana in other cIA covert activities vhera control of an inaivicual is âesiret. Lctivities along ths liae of Frojoct Artichoke have tesn pursacd by various componsnto of CIa for at least four yaars, and previously oroaio efforts to dovelop ani mplz techniques of this rature vere reão by tho Aracd Sorvices end OsS Curing biIl.

b. A directive establishing Osl as ths coordizetor of an integrated CIa ani inter-sgezcy procres in this field vas approred on 13 Narch l95l. Sinco thab date 0sI has ezisavored to ovalunta kovn techniquos and to uncover nex oncs using constltaats, Araed Service coutects ard vbatever inforaatien my ba evsilable vithin CIA or througd other CIA ckomolo. At the snmo tins, OSI has endeatorel to ovaldate clnins thet the UseR and/or its ectellites nay have doveloped nss and sigaificant techniquos for this purpose.

e.. Rosults of the progran to date ere msted na followst

(1) Frerentiz taova technioues yhich hcve been ucet in pne for or cnother alone tho lines nf intorost to Ciál

(z) prues  Sodius pentathol, sodiar atal, barbituates in Eeneral. Tvalnationt Thess techniguos.. have boen proven to te effcctive and they involve little risk to the tabject if uininistored unier competcnt melical diraction. They will produco losãs pnd sone previouslz concseicd inornation in a mjority of cnsés. Reauiranonts aret Linitel necicul facilities; exgoriezced nesteal personnel;iintarrogation perconnal with backaround ans trinins in their application; preparatory mciicel sxaninntion to insura propor physicnl condition of cubject psyohological intsrvisu to deteraine (atrengths, veaimessos nnd tho moot productive pattora of iaterrogation to follov. Subject usunliy hes no kovlcdge of actual intorrvgtioz. Phyeinlogical astereffects aight ba annlyscd dy a doctor as on iniicaticn thst drass of soza kini had bson used.

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(b) Emaonin  vlnatinnt of cous valus in intarrogtiens and in controlling incividuals. iill not'to icot cuccossful ani requiros cooperation fros most cudjacts. Caostions erist rogrding crtont of control thát cen ba aolied, particalarly in acts estinst tho noral uiii of tha intividual. Also severel Doys pre-contitionins porioa zecossary in nost casos. -Peauires cperienced kopmotist but no other euprorting techeicil percornel. Sabject uscolly hns no poory of the ovent bat nd present thoro is 2o wa7 of doteraints that control is adially achioved (or that sabjoct ia fakinz subaiosion).

(o) aurocarriy ord alectrié shocs - Emluationt Whilo psychiatrio tca of thego tachniquea is videcpreed along thé lines of intsrest, the saverity of tha treatment, possibility of injary ent porzanent daaage to tho cabject, sd tha higly exporiszcel portonael rcquired, rale thsss techniqucs out for ths prosont.

(2) Cthos itezs uhich ara frequaatly uaed by police ea woll as intelligancs officozs on a routine basis aro moted for ths record cs folloves

(a) Stimlonta  bensedrize, caffaine, nicotize, etc. valnetioni Ucefulness, effoctivezoos and linitaticas ers camoaly koka. Frinarily of valuo becaasa thy assist the interrogator in gaining cccess to certain typos of iniiviñucls. Whan conbined vith psychologierl es physical strass, they incrcase tho tension and ultizotely ths erhenstion of tha subjact.

(b) Alohol  Evaluationt. Cononly consiáered the most pssful preseutly koun iten for sloosoning the tozgce.

(c) abit forins drues  haroin, marijena, ete. Evelutiont Thaso itens czn be ureful in reverse beccusa of tho stressos proñuced vhen thay are vithiraun fros thoss eädicted to thsir use. Also,. eozo claias oxist co to their usefulnoss in intarrogationo, dut this has not been verifieć by rosearch.

(a) Erot alkaloiás - lvcergic scid, eto. Evalnetiont thile definite reanlts hava doen nchieved in proiucing confusion eong cubjects trested withnimuto quontities, thosa items hevo not yet shova usañulnsss for intorrogation pposes.

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(a) Aaa to artration of Fcention  Tvelnetiont : The coconly úscd rolycreoh has a varicty of usnces tuit is.basically of value vhen usca on voluntary cubjacto endearoring to prova thet thoy havo nothing to hido. the uccd on this bnsis by a ohilled oporatos, it is .effoctiva in protucing uociul lonic.

Do ns tecmiques or matariala bavo boon uzeovered vhich shou siqificmt proniso elons tho linos of Projoct Artichoko. Priarilz, tuch rosoarch as CIA end the other agencies concarnea ara syoncorins is airccted tcmard prviding e bstter evoluation or improved ucago of tho itemo notod clove. Principlo prograns in this direction

(e): Tn Pel: Ao ageed in tho aocon or 13 March 195l, 0sI established a pozel of professionel porsemnsl to ovalnata possibilities and givo direction in tho fiold of rosserch ani cxperisentation for the developncat of this progra. pr. Caryl Hselins vas salected to hoad up tho Panel anl endeaoraf, in coz function vith Osl, to anlist ths cervices of other quelified profescicnal personel. Ve vers largely unsaccsssful in this ofsort ani efter four noutha there still vora no personnal on tho Panal or clearcã for concltation vlth it vho had erperionco cnd bacgrouna in the scicatific Siolio cozesrned. Furthormors, thore vas no svißezco st that tice that cach personnel vonll bo available in the imcdicte future. Despite thia kaméicap the Fazol nsãe evory effort to ba of sorvico, altbouch for tho most part thair asslotanee consinted of sussentiors epd aiviça of a mthar Caeral natare. In eaáiticn, tho indivijuals vho vore cervins on the Panel became more and more concarned with othor mattars more slons ths linss of their dadgrcmd aná cporicace. In a mesorariri to Dr, Chadvell datéa 2 Octobar 195l, Dr. Easkino indicated that ths Fanol had contributod cbout as much as it coald for ths prosent end umtil rosourcss were built up in tho egetcy to mdortako tho etaff and fiold vork necesszry, tho Fanel voula hold itself roady (ao inéividuel consultozti to be of eny further advicory assistanco.. In conversations vith Dr. Rackins, subsequent to tho above, arzangozants vera maãe vhorety tha Penel vould ceaso to operate as such. and use voula be pede of ths mezters inividually as zesacd and cvailablo. Little nced or opportuity for farthar use of the menbero hs ocanrred sinca that tineeq

(b)  Stz. Aa an alterata rasure to provice the best possitle proiensional pávice for tho project,

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the Roserch and Doveloptant Soant, at the reqnest of the Dol. han uniertnken a atuiy of.tho techaical fessibility of Artichoks-tps tochniquas.Althouch the Stuiy is designed oatensibly to provião CJk vith a botter dasis , for cveluatins Soviot cezabilitios i this fiold, it can ba usafl ia evluating and cuiing our ou.pro. Tho coznittro. renhrro hava been cslected, and, mbjcct to thsir availahility ani clonmnce, shouls do vorkiss on tho subjeot in ths near Suture.

(c) CIA Ranenrch Frortnia. CIA io caonsorirg reesarch to develop techniques for. isproving our cepabilities fer detocting decoption and to cvalunte certain typos of ¿nes having a potentinl for use in Project Artichoke. Toseazch on tho siaptability of hypnosio to the varioas arects of tho Project is baing conéucted vithis ths esancy. Linited facliities for tenting devices as they aro.leveloped hove besn epyroved ant pre boing established..

(a) Reletad TAC Prorrane.

On 2 Anril, 1951 tha Devaty Director bricfed tha Lao in Ezacativa Tession on tha projoct. Fach Service intelligonca chief agreed to assiat tho cgency in the mttar and tabsaquently, liaison officars vera. noninated for tho project. .She lioison officers havo been nost cooperativa tat, oπcopt for ths Navy desiczce, they have rot boen in a position to contribnts to the projoct. It is loped thist tho Rs Stusy soted abova, vhich vas plamed in coordination vith tho Lao desigzses. vill result in a batter picturs of Departsent of Dafensa rescarch ging on. In the neantine, infornation rsa ths Departsont of Defensa concerains nos techniques or materi vhich nlght ts cizptabls to Clà ogerationsi use Mns boon lnreely zegativeo

d. Evaluation of Soviet capzbilitiest

(1) A completo cvaluatioz of Soviet capabilities cemot te maie until tho R3 Study has estabiishod'a colia matriz of fact regardins the technicnl foaeibility of various Artichoke-tzpe techniques. A prelizinary evaluation of ths rather fragsntety informtion available does zot confir the nosertions in sozs quarters that tha Sovioto hato a hhonãer érugs or revolutionary ,tecimiqus for ncking ialivlluels tolk. Hogt of the cses czerined hars showa the sgo-old patters of torturs, exboustion and ultizte zentel and riysical collapse of tho sobjoct, Such usa of drugs es my heve taen inlicated, appcared to ba along the lines of incrcacins ths tension cnd thoreby hotening tho collopue of the subject.

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(2) to canint accegt thio lact of cridenco na proof that tho Sovists hiva rot (cvolopcd nes end effectivo tochniques. Cne of the conzon characteristics of nost poychiatrio tochniqucs ve have consllcrel has been a certcin count of crzooia vith. respoct to tho crant. It choula to cxosutod that porfcction of thase techniques vould inclolo perlccting tho aszouin charnatoriotio to such an catest that tho inaividual is totally unsyars that ho has civen enything at cll.

(3) Contributing to tho Soviet capabiilty in this ficld, uhatuver it tey Lo, is thoir rather prograssive ool forwerd loekins paycholegical ani pwchiatrie pasearch prgran. They are vell versed in all of the techniquos of vhich ve lrva kovlcigo. Lhile thers hava beon infeponces connectiag this progren uith thoir interogation persomeol, ro direct ovidence of such corncction las tacn fcuzd. A detailod stuly of their peychological ani peyehiatric resonre's progtao iu nov in proceso in ths Rosionl Divicion, Csi, ca it is hopod that this vill proâucs coco lesds inlicating vhother or mot they are spplying special techniques in interrogationse.,

(4) 0f interect in comection vith Boviet capabilities ara tvo itozs uhich vera fcunt on tro Soviet agonts intorcepted in Cemmy in tho semar of l95l. These consisted of identical plactio clinlers containins hpodersio noeeles attached to colispcibls cetol tudso sizilar to, tad about hlf es long as, ahaving croan containors. Ona of ths Des vao analyacd incomplately in ths field ens retnized thsre. Tha cthor was shipped to laohington tut, upon recsint by the Projeot Coontinat in leto Angist, the contmto of tàs tubs had been lost and the needle broken. Echauotiva chendcal and spoctroscopic onalyois of the cylinñor. the tube, the neoile ezi ccrapinga iron those iteno revealcd little iniornation of gigificance.

(5) Tho acaata cre quoted cs atatizs that the nscsles: whan copliea to sny vart of a victin would conss hin to becors enanabls to the vill of his captor. ahile this could meon a of a verioty or things, conelusive evidencs as to jaot vhat the dovices con or carnot accomplish is lackisg. Repeated efforts to obtain furlhor inioratioa, either fron tho egents or on the msterial enelyzed in Gerany have boen uncuccsssful.. er CIA Ogerational Possibilities.

(1) Dospito ths foct that vo have been unable to develop ney tocimiquos, thore is cufficient potential is thoso available originslly to justify consideration of their uss in the field. Principle haniicop to soch usa has bsen our igability to provide tho codical cometoncs for a final evaluation snd for such fiald tosting es tha evsluation inficates. Repested efiorta

138

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to recruid noticipersosnal have failed and umtil recently tho CIa Heaicsl-Staf has not been in a position to nocint.

(2). As tha redicel cuorort situation bccano incroncinglz acuto, elteraato mothots of obtaining assictanco varo consilerat Rocently plons verà dovelored vhorety certain clenrcd ccutacts voula uoécrt-ko to tmin rcdical perzomol for CIA for hs ficld testins prsron. Tho plen, in trier, contoplated establishins contracts through Dr. 2. H. Cushins, at thot tins Acoistant Hedical Director of ths Voterans Aeniniatration, for rcssarch and clucation, ant thouch Dr. Héstinga of tha Udrersity of Hinnecote. Upler thoce contrncto, porsomel vould de trained in tho use of áruco, electric shock end other potential fiolds, ostemsibly for tho purposo of coing roscarch in psychiatry. tne centretor, vks toula be fully clcnrod and briefed, voula evaluito troas techmigues ko consicered vortly of field testing and tould scrcsa tho perconrel. in training for the physical ent mntel cosituto for field vorz. Ths Henso and Personal Listory Statonents of pronising canvlidateo voule be tbuitted to Cla for vecurity scrooing. At tho eppropriata tico ths inaivicuels resting ell roquirsmonts voula teks leeva of abaenco Cron their rosonrch laboratory cnt da broucht to CIA fos icioctrination; efter which thsy voula proceed vith ths fiola tcatins program. Aftor suitable amplicntion of thsir techniquos under fiela conditions. they veula raturn to the U.s. whare the recults vould to svalunted in confanction vith tho contraotor and farther Ictoratory rosearch work conducted.

(3) Fs procsdnre was beld in ahoyaneo vhen it vas loarned that tha CIA Kanical Staff night noy bo in a position to prorido tho requicite evaluation ani euprort. In Sacts because of certnin yarallel progrens vhich tho CIa Nedical Stefs has recontly unéortoien, the entiro orcenizstion end respontibility for the projcct might voll ba rsvlcsed in ths Micht of their now reqponsiuilities and capabilitiass Certainly this is basicaliy a nelicsl progran requiring competont medicel cévice and discction. Even if it vero neccsoary to uso tho altsrate plan for provising podical support through tho contract progras notod alove, this might be aininiotered rore effectivoly by tho Cla Hedical Staff thn by Osl. Also it voula probably be uaeful to the CIA Nesical Stafr in other prograzs thay hsve eotnbliched.

(4) If the potonticl of. tpecial tecimiques for interrogations is to be exploitod to the fullest cztent by Cla, it is essential that a rore direct lise of couanna resconsibility be estabiished for the projsct. Thio was pointed out in a draft pemoranêm fron AD/st to DDc deted 4 Febrar7. l952. After diccuscions by DD(I) sma Col. Teylor ccting for rD(P) vith AD/SI cad tho Project

OFODRT

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Coordinaton it vas cocicet not to sena thia memoranãun forsard. Ths princinleg oprecced in thie pezorendus are etill velid cnl tho cAainiotrativo problczs occasionca by lack of accoptancs of ths princinlos ors juct as-comler anà pressing as thoy voro at thet tine.. Shoula it dovelop . that tha CLá Noaical Staff ia tha nconcy cosponont vhich caa bo given' tho ropponsibility pniautlurity for pursuing ceeressively all acpecta of this.catter, the full potanticl of the progrsa ruz yet te razlizeč.

TOD orAC?T