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IFORDUI FCr Deputy Dircctor of Central Lntelligenco

TROUOI Peputy Director (Intelligenco) Deputs Dirccter (rlas) DoputyDirector (Aasinistratien)

SUSJECT

: Special Intorrogations

REERMICE

:AD/SI lasrand. to DD/2 on Subject, dated 13 March1951.

1. MctEM.—o cotablish a interia fiold progran using special techniques in interrogations.

2. FAC EARES CI EE MROEIN

a. Ts zost precticalle way of initiating field wage of special technlqies in CIA interrogations is by assiging full authority ad responsibility, en a interin basis, to üe offices noted as follows:

(1) Ofcc of Inaneetion and Ecoitr:

Over-all authority and responsibility for Froject

Artichoke with spgcific responsibility for training personzel end aesianina thea to fisld corating wits vhero subjects are available and tho field situiation has teen evaluated by Iiso as cospatiblo ith CIa policymnd socurity intorests.

(2) CIA Ladical Staff:

Authority and responsitility Lor providing guicance and suport, including tho proeureznt and assigmnt of cpccially qualified aedical pcrconnel, to thc Office of Inspection and Secait.

(3) Office of Special Occrations:

Authority ad resonoibilits for providing selected subiccts and facilitics in tho fiald for uso by Iaco trained personnel, proviced that persoanel aro under the corand of the Chief of the ficld station concerned.

b. mhilo this arrancexnt is tho nost practicablo under edotina circrstaices, it ay not bo the best pernanent crrmjcsont.

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Tho offices corcurring in this proposal chould, theréforo, evaluato it aftor. six nonths vith this factor in nind.

.e. Paralleling this interin assigment of authority and responsitility, the rescarch pregran vill to rost effestive ir carrioi out as follcus:

(1) CIA Nedicel Staff:

Authority and responoibility for evaluatirs presently kecan techniques; detornining neans vberety they my to irprovad; and spensering research for develcpment . of nes techniques.

(2) Office of Inopection and feourit.:

Full responsibility for evaluatirg ard developing eids to detection of deccption (polyFeph, cte.) iich vill no longer te considered a part of Froject Artichoke. (In carrying cut this responsibility, the Ilso vold depond to the fullest extont prcoticable'on tho Technical Sorvices Staff for developnent of "gadgetry and hardxere" as necessary).

(3) Office of Scientific Intelli-cnce:

(a) Responsibildty fer ronitoring the Study non being undertaken by ihe Resecrch and Dovelopzent Ecard, Departnent of Dofense, as a basis for evaluating Soviet cepabilities in the field of Special Intorrogatiors. OSI to make availablo to the CIA Kedical Staff ard the other officos concerned results of the study.

. (b) Responsibility for ascossing and evaluating Soviet cepcbilities in this ficla.

(c) Fesponoitility for continuing the contect vith tho Departnent of Defonse ropresentatives cstallished at tho request of the Direstor in the LiC Dxccutive Session of 2 April 1951.

AOC

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3. DIEÇUSSIOH:-Seo Tab A.

h. CONCUSICS:

a. Ficld usaço of cpocial teckniqics in cIA interrozations may should to initiated as soon co praoticatle, and their uecgosca initiatod in ta ost exditious zacr in cccordonca with tho intoriz aragcacnts outlinod under "Facta" presented above.

b. Ts offices concarring in this propccal should revioa the intorin arraagazonts aftor thoy hevo been in eflect for six ronths and ra roeomendations reçarding the lest praoticahle peraarent errmgczent.

5.ACTION RICOTERED:

a. Tat tho interlo arrangennts outlinsd atovo to approved for inrediato inlezantation mith provision for revio» aftor six ronths ty tha officos concurrinz in this proposal.

ANTIS: Tab A

CONCJRTUNNES:

ACTION EY APFRCVIIO AUTIORITY:

Appzoved (disepproved), asceptions, if ay.

Assistrnt Direstor Scientific Intelligenco

Aosistant Lirector/Spocial Cporatiors . CiA Security Orficer

Assistant Ciractor/rolicy Coordinatica Chier, CiA Ledical Starr

Birtctor or iopaey Phector

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3. pISCUSSIOx.

a. "Project rtichoko io a epecial ageney progat ostasltshed for tha dovelonsoat and aonlication of spoeial cchsiczcs in'CIA jnterrojations end in othor CiA, covert astivities vhczo control of  Ludivicinl is dcgired,Activitiea along tho lino of Projeet Artichoke have boxn pursied by varions coponents of CIA for at loast fom yeara, anl previously aporadic offorts to devalop and gply techaigics of this naturo waro aads Ly tho Ard Services and sduring míl.

b."A directive establislinz Osí cs the. ccordinator of en intorated CIA and inter-agonsy pror in this fisldv as cooroved on 13 Karch l95l: Sinco that date 0sí has endcavored to evaluate hmom techaiqes end to uesrer naa encs asing consultets, Arzed Service contasts and uhatever inforzation pay bo avalablo vithin CLA or throbgh other CIk channelo. At the cece tize. ccí has codosrored to evaluate clciss thct tha tssR cz/or ito Satellites mar have Coveloped new and sigaificant techniquos for tis piupots.

e. Rssults of the ppograa to dato aro notod as folloso: (1) Presently iaom tachintcncs thich have boen wasd in ono fora or anoibor aleng tho lines of intaront to CTA:

(a) Rarco-kppnosis:-Sodiwa pentathol, codica agrtal, barbituates in conoral. Fvaluetioni Theso techniqies havo beon proven to. do effeetivu and ü.cy involve littlo risk to tho cubject if adninisterod uéer copetent mdical diroction. Zey mill produco leada and aoro previously concealod informtion in a najority of czses. Reqirezenta erer Linited uxdcal facilities; exqerioncod rodical porconnel;

Mof U TAD A

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interrozation personnel vith beckground cnd tralning in thoir spplication prepaatory Fedical exainátion

to insuro proner physical condition ef subject; paydhologieal intervior to btarsino strcngtho, toa:- posoes and Un post prodictiva pattern of icterrogation to follos. Subjeet usually has ao laónlodgo of actul intatoratlon,Rrslological after-offccts alght to analyzod by a doctor e3 an indication Ent drugo of soze kdnd had becn used,

(b) amnosis:-Ivalnctiont Of soz value in. • interrogatiens and in controlling incividicle. Hill not bo lcop successful and reqircs cooperation fren mst subjects,  qaotions edst regarding entent of control that can be applicd, párticularly in cots acainst tho rorzal vill of. the indivicial. Mco several dags pre-conéitioning pcriod rocessary in rost ccses. Reqiires experienced hyonotist bt no other qupportins tochnical persornel; Subject ucually hes UAy no maxry of the ¿voát bat at precant there is ro ray of dotorninine thatscontrol is cotuelly cohicved (or that subjeot io farinz sutaission). (c), Naurosurcery and elcotric check-Tvalnzt Miile psychiatrie aco of'theco teciniqaes is d despread along the lires of intorest, tio ccverity of tho treataont, possibility of injurs and perzrcnt daaze to tho. subjeet, cad the highly experionced persarnel roquired, mako further roseareh and cvaluation of teco techniTics cscential.

(2) Other itezs tich aro freqently usod by polico as vell ao intelligenco officcrs on a rontin basis aro noted

for te record es follorst

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tions ero cosunly kom. Frinarily of valuo becausa they cosist the Latarrogator in galaing ccecess to cortain typcs of indtvidals. When cozbined with psychological or pivsical sirods, ticy inereaso the tonsion and ultisstely tho achastion of tho subject.

(b) Aleshol:vatnattont Couenly considered the rost usefn prercally iom itea for "locsoning the toaguo."

(e) Hetit fouien drc-leroin, zarijuana, ete. Evaluatien: Theso itocs cen bo useful in reverco toccsre of the stresses prodused táen they mo vithdrin froz thoso adlictsd to thoir use. Also, sczo claizs exist s to theis usoftlress in intcnrogations, brt this has not toen verified by research.

(d) Frrot alkloidnLycorgic acid, ete, Evalnation: Talle definito results have teen achioved in prodncing confusion arons subjcots treatcá vith ninuto quatitics, theco itens hava not yet shorn uccfulness for interrozation purposcs.

(c) Aido to detection of Crcestien:-Dvaluatios: Tho cosnonly wed polyrap has a varioty of usages but is basically of vale rhen used en voluntary subjects endoavoring to prove that they hovo rothing to hide. When sssd on this Lasis by a skilled operator, it is effcctivo in producing vacful leads.

(3) lear Itezs aneovered.

No nar techlçies or materials have been wcovered Mich show sigificant prniso atong te linos of Project Artichole; Prinerily, such research cs CIA and the other

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acencies concernnd ro sponroriag in dlrccted tomard providing a better ovaluation or iproved usace of tho iters notad above. Principlo prorazs in this dirccticn

(a) To Panel:-is acreed ii the somoravka of 13 Karch l95l, 05I cutablisied a panel of proressiunal perconnel to'evaluate possibilitiss and givo direcbica in tho ficld of research aad exporisantation for tho developuent of this prou.prys selected to heád up tho Pael cnd endoarored, in ceni junctioa with Oí, to enlist the scrvices of other qaalified professional parsoarol. e wero lagcly msucceceful in t'is affort and after four months there still vero ro persopnel on the Panel or cleared for consultation wi th it to had cqericnce and background in tho sciantific fields concerned, Furthercere, thare vao ro cvicnce at that tio that snch perssmal t nld to availablo in Uhe inoriate futre. Despito this handicap, the Perel nade evtt effort to bo of service, altiouch for the zost part their essistance concisted of sugcstions and advico of a raker Ccneral natare. In addition, ths individiats who rere serving en the Panel tecaro tore cd mre concemed with othor wattars mre along tho Liries of their baekpromd and experience. In a zeaorasua" to Dr. Cdated 2 Cetober 1951, .y indicated that tho Panal had conuributed about an much as it could for tha present and u il resnrees vara built up in tho agency to uiertito the staff aad field vork necessay, tho Panel would hold itselr riais (as iadividual cocoultanto to bo of ay frtker alvicory assistanco. In cunversations

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with Dr, sbcopent to tho alove,arrangeento sero nalo theroby tho Pael would ceaso to operate a3 much, md uso rold bo sado or tho nebers individially es needed and available. Little ncod or opportunity for further uee of the soubors has cceurred sinco that tinc.

(b) RoB Stydz-la an altemáte roome to podéo the test poasible profescional aòrico for the projact, the Research and Developnent Soard, at the reqicot of tho DCI, has undertaken a stucy of the technical feasisility of Artichoke-type technigics. /lthough tho Stacy is écsiraed ostonnibly to provide CIa aith a better basis for ovaluatinz Sovict cacabilitins in this field, it con be roefal in eveluating and griding os om o. Te conittce conbers havo beon solccted, and, sabject to their avallability and clercance, shold be worids on tho cubjsct in the notr fatre.

.(c) CIA Pesearch Prorra-t-CIA is sponserins resecrch to devalop techiqaes for ioproving our capabilities for,dntecting deccption and to evaluzte cortain topes of draçs havins a potontial for uco in Project Artichokn, Recearch on tho acaptebility of hypnosis to the various coçects of tho Projcct in deins conductod ri thin tho agency. Lizited facilitiosfor testing doviees as tey are'doveloped have been aprored and aro being outabliched.

(d) felated I0 o-ma:- 2 Aril, 1951 the Deputy Diractor briofed Uhe IAC in Dxecntivo Socsien

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on the project. Fach Servléo intelliguce cief aTced to assist the agency in tho natter.and subseqzently, Maison officoro Tere noutnatod For tho projcot. Tho liaison cfficers have bern nost coopcrative bat, excent fer the Navy deslgnoe, they haro not becn in a positiez to contriluto to tha projact. It is hoped Chat tha RD3 Study noted akove, vhloh nas planed in cooréinaties nith the LAo Cesigicos, vill resalt in a better pictiro of Pepartpnt of Doferso rescarch goins on. In tha neantice, infornation fros tho Departant of Defonso concerning net techniqacs or materials ttich aigit bo adestable to CIk ovrational vsa kes teo lagcly nocativ

d. Evaluation of Covict cagabiliticst

(1) A cozplete cvaluation of Sovict capabilitics camnot be zale until the Ps Stuáy has astablinied a solid zatrix of fact regardios the technical feasibility of variozo Artichoko-type techniqaes. A preliatniry evatuntien of tho rather fragaentary inforsation avallablo Coes not coufira tho ascertions in souc quartors that tho Soviots have a woader drur" or revoluticnary ttchniqio for aaling indivihnals talk. Lost of the caces exanired heve shosn the cra-cld pattern of torturo, exhazstion and ultinate nantal adphysical collapss of tho cabjcct. Such use of drugs as nay heve boen Lndicated, appeared to be along the lines of inercasinz the tersioù and thertby hastenirs the collapco of the,cubject.

(2) to carmot cecept thio lask of cvicence as proof that thc Soviets havo rot déveloped ne and cffeetive techniqics. Oro of the cozpn chaaeterietics of rost psychiatrle teciniqus ve havo considred ha deen a certatn erozat of arecla with rospect to two event. It should bo cxqected that perfection os

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theso techniques tould ineludo perfecttng tho azesia. characteristic to such an cxtent that the indivicial is totally uncaro that ho has civen cythins at all. .

(3) Contributing to the Soviet capatility in this ficld, mhátever it zar be, is thcir rather progrcssive and fortard loolding psychological and paychiatrie resecrch prorza. Tacy are tcll versed in all of the tochniqics of tich te have knowledse, mhile there have becn inferences connccting this prograz with their interrogation personzel, no. direet évidczcs of such cozncction has been found. A dotailed stis -of their psychological and psychiatric rescarch prograus is zow in process in the Xedical Division, OsI, and it is hoped that this will produce coze lcads indicating whether or not they are applying special techniques in intorrogations.

(4) Of interost in conzeclion with Soriet cpabilitics ero tao iteza which vore found on tro Soviot agcnts intorccpted seveep in the sumer of l95l. Thcco corsisted of icenticel plastic cylinders containing hypoderalc needlcs attached to collapsiblo cotal tubes aiallar to, bit abozt half as long as, shaving creaa containors. Cne of the ites was analyzed incogplctely in the field and retaiced there, The other wes shipped to Tashington but, upon recoipt by the Project Coordinato in late Auqust, the contents of the tube had bcen lost and tho necdlo broken. Exhaustive chezical and spectroscopic analysis of the cylinder, the tube, the needle and serapinzs froz those itens revealed littlc inforzation sf aignificanec. 一

(5) Tho agents aro qaoted as statlae that the noédles, when applied to any. part of a victia wolld causo hia ts becoro axensble to the will ol his captor, thile this could nean ay of a variety of things, conclusive evidonco as to just what tho devlees can or cannot accozlish is laciin. Repcated offorto

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to obtain fmtier inforation, eiVier froa the agents'orion.
the material analyzed srzes have teen unsuccestenl.
e. CLA Cperational Fossibilitics.

(1) Despite the faet that we- have beea unalle to develop new techniqis, there is sufficient potential in those avallaile originally to justily considoratien of their use in the ficle. Principlo handicap to such uso has been our inability to provido the zedical cozpctence for a final evaluation and for such field testing as the evaluation indicates.. Eepcated efforts to recruit vedical persomel have failed and until recently the CIA Nedical Staff has not boen in a position to assist.

(2) As the nedical eupport situntion bscare increasingly acute, altermato methods of obtaining assistance nere consiccred. Recently plans were dovelopod whereby certain cleared contacts would undortake to train nedical personnel for CIA for the field testing prorai. The plan, in trief, conterplated eatablishing contracts tlirough the Veterans Adiinistration, and thrçach the Univcrsity of Iirnesota.. Uader these contrasts, persornel would be traíned in the use of drugs, cloctric szock and other potential Ifelds, ostensibly for the pupose of doing research in psychiatry. Tho contractor, who would be fully cleared and bricfed, mould evaluatc those teckiqies ho concidered vorthy of field testing and veuld sercen the personnel in. training for the physical and zental sptitudo for ficld rork. The naues and Porsonal History Statcncnts of proaising caadidates toald bo subuitted to CI/. far security screenin. At the appropriate time the incividals pecting al requircaents would tate leave of atsence fron thoir rescarch laboratory and be brought to Cla for incectrination, after thich they rould procced with the field testing progran.

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After suitable application of thcin tcchniq:es under field. conditions, they woald return to the United States where the results wonld be evaluated in conjanction vith the contractor end further laboratory reseach rork condcted.

(3) This proccdire vas. hold in abeyarce then it was leernod that the CIA edical Staff night now bo in a positton to provide the requisite cvaluation and support. In fact, becauso of certain porallel prograzs vhich the CIA Kedical Starf has reccatly undertaken, e entiro organization and responsitilits for the projsct night well be reviswed in tho light of their now responsicilitics and cepabilitics, Certainly ühis is basicelly a pedical prozra reqiiring copotent zedical aévice and diroction. Even if it vere necessary to use the alternato plan for providing nadical support urough te contract progran noted above, this night bo aduinistered sore effectively by the CIa Hedical Staff than by CsI. Also it would probably bo sseful to tie CLA Nedical Staff in other progrero they have cotablished.

(4) Under the ejrprstaces, an interin arrangerent appears to be tho most, practicablo wey of taking acvantago of tho potential wich is belicved to bo avallable in the use of special techniqies in CIà interrozations. Tis 1 arrangenent should provido the most direct line responsibilitics for carrying out spccific field usage of nareo-hypuosis and such other techniques as the CiA Ledical Staff may corsider to be feasible at this tine.

(5) An interin arrangenent is neccssay during tho initial staçes in order to atko full use of the rcsourees available in the various CIA offices. Also there is a nced at the besinning to provido full policy and sccurity control in operations.. At a later date a diffcrent nrazgornt ny

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provo to bo nore effcctire and also coapatiblo with to necessary policy and security considoratlons.

(6) Interii responsibilitics cen be assigned to tho. offices concerned as follovs:

(a) Orfice of Incocetion and Ccemritr: Authority and rrsponsibility to train perconnel and assicn thes to ficld operatins wits whero sudjeots aro avallable and tho field situatien has been cvaluated by Iaco as coupatible with CIA policy and security interests.

(b) CIA odical Staff: Authority and rosponsibility for providing giidance and support, including the prociremont and assigmont of spccially quelified zodical personnol, to the Cffics of Inspcction and Security.

(e) Office o2 Snccial Oncrationst Aathority and responsibility for providns selected subjects and facilities in tho ficld for use by Laso trained personnel, provided that persomnel are unier the comand of the Chief of the field statien concerned.

(7) A revier of the effectiveness of this arrangerent after six nonths and suitable recomencations for arrival at f tho best peroznent arrangeoent rould be in order.