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1. The attached memorandum is an Eyes Only report ∫or your study and consideration.

2. The writer has set down personal comnents relative the Bluehird operation and particularly contributions or rather lack of contributions to this effort by OSi. The writer has also com-\_mented relative matters involving the medical staff in relation to the Bluebird program.

3. The paper is not an official document, but rather a confidential report for I & SO information only.

h. If you have no further use for it after reading, I will retain it in our controlled files..

7. TINITET

A/B,4,23/32.

ANDAN TOR NL

Office Memorandum

DATE: 3 Harch 1952

SUIJBCT:..Attached

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1. EVALUATION OF THE MEDICAL STAFF'S CONIRIRRTION TO BLUERIRD

EVALUATION OF BLUEBIRD POTENTIAL BY THE FEDICAL STAFF

In view of'the fact that with the exception of the few days spent with Bluebird by Po. . no medical officer was assigned to the Eluebird stafi until mid-January l952 whcn. was designated by yo assist Bluebird from a medical" point of view, an evaluation of the contribution of the medical staff to Bluebird is impossible at this time. By the same token, it would be impossible for the medical staff to make any kind of evaluation of real merit whatsoever of the work done to date by the Bluebird staff and certainly to a lesser extent to the work done by OSI in this connection.

Irrespective of any evaluation whatsoever that the medical staff may place on the Bluebird work, it is the writer's emphatic opinion that this work reguires an extensive exploration of the entire medical field by competent medical authority. A survey of the literature in this connection reveals that a great deal of work along Bluehird lines is being dons by psychiatrists and psychologists all over the United States and elsowhere and according to much of the literature,-many renarkable results are obtained. Thess results are, in a great many instances,directly applicable to the Bluebird problem. Pasically, we know that the Iron Curtain "experts" have achieved amazing results (Moscow Purge Trials 1936,1937- etc.) and any negative answer or withdrawal of medical support would not be, in the opinion of the writer, in the best interests of the Agency or the United States Government for that matter. From a medical point of view, there is much to be done and the medical staff should be authorized to comb the counfry for answers to the medical staff's problems involved. The medical staff should seek out and determine the latest and most improved techniques, the finest instruments, and the latest medical theories in these matters, and a failure to do this may constitute a very grave error.

Since OSI may have done some of this searching or may be in the process., thermedical work should, of course, be "co-ordinated" through

2. EVALUATION OF THE INTELLIGENCE MATERÍAL ON BLUEBIRD

In the writer's opinion, the intelligence collected to date on Blusbird material,either from behind the Iron Curtain or clse-

A

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where is extremely poor. In general, it is the writsr's opinion that where 'there is a great deal of intelligence infornation, particularlyalong interrogation lines, there should be soms information concerning Bluebird or similar techniques as used by the Soviets and their Satellites and other countries. The information, however, that has been received is second or third-hand, rumors, unsupported statements, and non-factual. Along these lines, it shald be noted that this office has receiverl practically no intelligence information whatsoever to date from OSI and it is obvious that certain conclusions may be drawn from this, i.e.:

A) Material and intelligence are being withheld from us deliberately.

B) All projects, sources, or individuals that are being tapped for information are failures or not advanced far enough to produce concrete results.

C) OSI has not spread its net wide enough.

As stated above, pure intelligence alon, these lines obtained from all sources is regarded by the writer as being very, very weak. Particularly it is noted that there ars no large survey reports on d.p.s (particularly scientific men who might have knowledge of Bluebird-type activities) and it appears obvious that. this should be done if it has not been done to date.

3. FVALUATION OF THE WORK OF CHEMISTS, BIOCHEMISTS, ETC. IN THE UNITED STATES AND ELSEWHERE ALONG BLUEBIRD LINES

This question is related to No. 2 above and the same answers obtained in No. 2 apply here. To date, we have received very little information from scientific sources in this matter. It is obvious that in the United States alone there are innumerable private, educational, industrial, and commercial sources that have considerable information along these lines. There are a great many scientists in the United States who work in fields .related to Bluehird andi OSI or some designated staff of this Agency should tap every one of these sources for information.

It also seems obvious to the writer that the great chemical firms such as MERCK, JOHNSON and JOHNSON, DUPONT, MONSANTU, DOW,

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etc., etc. would have men whose inforation would be or value to us. Py the same token, the FELL LAPORATORIES, GFNERAL ELECTRIC, wESTINGHOUSE, etc. must have valuabls information in electronics, sound etc.

L. EVALUATION OF THE CONTRIRUTION OF OSI IN GENERAL TO PLUEPIRD

while the writer obviously does not know of all the efforts of OSI to obtain information in these fields, for a matter of record, it should be noted that to date, 29 January 1952, 05I has not given this office one valuable, new, usable paper, suggestion, drug,-instrument, technique, name of an individual, etc., etc.

5. VARIOUS PANELS PROPOSED AND WHAT THEY HAVE ACCOMPLISHED TO DATE OR IN THE FUTURE

The original panel as proposed and set up by OSI apparently died at birth. As far as the writer has been able to determine, the panel has never even been assembled in part and apparently has accomplished nothing.

At a recent informal conference, of7 re-proposed the same panel idea -- that is, that a panel of top-flight men be lined up and brought to a given point at a given time, be briefed on the Bluebird problem, and then given a series of questions, suppösitions, ideas, etc.,in writing, which they could then take to their various hones or places of business and study them and come up with any thoughts that they might have that would be of value to Bluebird. In the writer's opinion, this idea is sound, although it is an old one, but it would have to be laid on by proper authorities with considerable spade work in advance. It might be a sort of advanced seminar type of get-together.

It is the writer's opinion that within the Agency alone, either as consultants or as full-time employees of the Agency, there are a great many men who would come up with refreshing and sensible ideas.regarding Bluebird if given a proper briefing in this matter. It is certain that these individuals would know many individuals whom they could recommend for consultation.

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In this connection, it should be an absnlute ruln that if a group such as suggested above is ever assembled, each individual present should be requested to submit the nanes of individuals that are known by them who could possihly contribute knowledge or assistance to this work. These names obtained could be crosschecked and if subsequently determined that their information would in fact be valuahle, Security or OSI could line them up as consultants and they could be used in this work.

6. ESSENTIAL WORK TO BE DONE IN HYPNOSIS

The writer is quite aware that there are sone highly competent experts in this field, medical men and otherwlse. The writer contemplates visiting a3 many of these individuals as can be arranged from a security point of view as soon as possible. This office is continuing its experiments along these lines and hopes to obtain new volunteer assistance in the immediate future and in addition also hopes to obtain penission to conduct hypnotic experiments extending over long distances and involving complex set-ups.

The work to date, in the opinion of the writer, is encouraging with a number of interesting results obtained, at least from a physical point of view. Ohviously, continued research and experimentation is in order along these lines and will be continued by this office.

THE PRODLEM OF THE LONG-RANGE RESEARCH-AS OPPOSED TO IMMEDIATE ACTION ON CASES

It is obvious that both long-range research and preparation for the handling of operational cases as they arrive must be carried on at the same time. It has been long known to the writer and certainly must be known to evoryons interested in this work that the finding of a "wonder" drug or new uses for old drugs or techniques will only come as the result of slow, laborious, painstakine research conducted in properly equipped laboratories and carried out by·highly skilled mon of'science. This will cost large sums of money and will take a considerable amount of time before any concrete.results can be achieved. In the writer's

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oinion, however, it is absolutely essential that this Agency support this type of research, directly or indirectly, and give aid and encouragement wherever possible to other agencies or individuals working along these lines.

By the same token, the Pluebird teams must, have the best present knowledge available to apply to actual operational cases when they arise. To date, the writer has been unable to find "new" information on technigues .or administration of drugs to be used nor have we received any information on "new" drugs or techniques from OSI. It, therefore, should be understood that at the present time, if the Bluebird team has to handle any given case they will use their best present knowledge and weapons which. are such drugs as sodium amytal, sodium pentothal, etc. with an effort made at the tims of drug administration to gain hypnotic control of the subject.

While we have heard of various agencies and individuals who are making "remarkable" progress along "new lines" (such as lysergic acids, etc.), there is no indication that these techniques or new drugs are in any shape to he used against a given case at the present. As stated above, if these ncw technigues and drugs are usable, this office has not received any such information to date.

WHY HAVEN'T TOP-LEVEL PSYCHIATRISTS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS PEEN INIERVIEWED TO DATE?

In the United States there are a number of important hos
pitals, clinics, etc. where hypno and narco-analysis are con
stantly being used apparently with excellent results. Certain
places are immediately called to mind such as w etc., etc,

In addition to the hospitals and clinics that are using hypno and narco-analysis, there are, in the United States, a number of top-level psychiatrists and clinical psychologists who have done a great dealwof.research and practical work along these lines.Such men asl..

retc. should be pergonally interviewed and tneir work should be analyzed and studied from a Fluebird point of view. If the above named institutions and/or individuals have been covered by OSI, this offics has not heard of it.

H-B/3 H-Blb

.5.

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9. WHY HASN'T THIS OFFICE FEEN FURNISHED PROGRESS REFORTS OR STUDIES FROM CERTAIN LARGE PROJECTS IN WHICH WE HIAVE A DECIDED INTEREST?

This office has repeatedly requested achance to interview ho is in charge of the. iAlthough has been in town numerous times, we have had no opportunity of talking with him, nor have we seen any written material from this Project. It should be notothowsver for therecord, athatirea recent conference between.. .andicated that he thought arrangemenis couid be made along lines of interest to this offico relative the

Also, for a matter of record, it should be noted that we have received viarnly one report out of hich is dated l9u9 and is a short, useless, inconclusivcreport on mescaline. There may be other renorts from but we have as yet to sec them, althoug stated thar had abandoned working with the barbiturates and hc hinted that thoy were workingzwith "advanced" drugs. What we would like to know is, idsmhas abandoned working on the barbiturates for new material",

1) What are the new materials?

2) Have they developed any new techniques?

3) Why did they abandon the barbiturates?

L) And since it appears obvious that some reports would have been written concerning these items, why haven't we seen them?

A H-8/6 013

has informed us the. (who is working for thes has made remarkable discoveries on certain properties óf the lysergic acid groups. Since this offise-has long known of the lysercic acid groups and has had an interest in their reactions: reports (if any are availatle) would be of considerable interest

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10. IN VIEW OF OUR PERSONAL KNOJLEDGE OF FIELD OPFRATIONS, TIE HAN)JING IN THE AND RECEAT TRIP, IT IS FELT THAT CON-STDFRATION NUST PE GIVEN TO TIE FRIEFING OF ALL OPFRATIONAL OFFICIALS, HEADS OF MISSIONS, AND CHIEF AGENTS .RELATIVE BLUEPIRD AND RELATED MATTERS.

It is the opinion of the writer that operational officials, heads of missions, chief agents, etc. should be triefed on Iluebird along the following lines: 1

A) Have all agents maintain a constant watch for intelligence, mechanical gadgets or devices, medical reports, photographs, etc. on Aluebirdtype activity by Iron Curtain countries and by any country in which they are working.

B) Where possihle, drugs should be collected, (particularly new or unusual-type drugs), unusual gadgets, electronic devices including electric medical instruments, shock inducing machines, etc., pictures or descriptive literature of any of these items and rumors of new or unusual activities in this type of work.

C) All operational cases and certainly important cases should he examined with a view toward the use of Pluebird techniques. It should he clearly explained to our people that Bluebird should not necessarily be applied as a last resort, but can be applied anywhere along the line in working a / case.

D) Our people should be instructed to he on a constant watch for unusual activites, strange personality changes, pecularities, etc. that suddenly appear among our own people or people in whom we have an interest.

E) All overseas employees or individuals connected with any of our activities in foreign countries (particularly near the Iron Curtain or in dangerous areas) should be rewarned against any type of hospitalization, medical attention, psychiatry treatment., etc. except by fully authorized and trusted institutions and doctors.

.7.

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11. INFORATIONFROH-B3

It is the writer's understandirg that efforts have been made A 6ya and/or possibly others to ohtain scientific information fróm elative Bluebird-type activities and techniques. It is also my understending that these attempts have not been fruitful. Certainly this office has reccived no information from .ria any channels in relation to this work.

B13. It is obvious that and and relaled agencies in the J. 5. and elsewhere would receive information along Pluebird lines. While the writer is not aware of any use of Bluebird techniques by it seems obvious that1: would have studied and probably experimented with Pluebird-type techniques, etc.

It, is suggested that since QSI has not produced information
along these lines, that I & SQcould,prohably through their close
working association with set up an informal conference
between Security officers, Bluebird tean officers, anorerss ao consider these matters.

H-Bl3

informed the writer thar works very closely Wi and is capable of obtaining from them all necessary inlormation and drugs as needed.

To date, this office has received no information whatsoever that would indicate that  or.QSI for. thatmattersbas received information of any type Irom 0

would have produced written reports on all types of drugs,"drue sources, drug uses, etc., etc. While this material may contain nothing now, it nevertheless would probably be very authoritative material for our study, analysis, and use.

This proposal has been trought to the attention andby the writer orally on Beveral occasions.

.8.

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13.

has for many, many years sent plant experts, soil experts, etc. on missions all over the world.: These top-level scientists are, of course, familiar with plants that produce drugs and they are also, of course, familiar with the areas of the world from which drugs come. It is also quite likely that any new drugs or unusual drugs or plants that have a drug potentiality are very cerefully noted and even experimented with

This office has received. no information from any source indicating that has been requested to furnish information to us, or has furnished us information, or that any efforts have been made to tap this very excellent source.

This has been mentioned on severaleoccasicns orally topir

From many sources, the writer has learned that some of the most advanced experimentation and some of the finest knowledge of drugs and drug activity is held by the experts of the and in Darticular their men working at

It is also. knokn by the writer that the huge facilities of Thave experts and fine technical equipment that is "related to Bluebird work (electro-encophalographs, etc.). To date, we have received no information whatsoever from this obviously fertile field with the exception of. that material which the writer has examined through his own limited sources.

This source has on pumerous occasions heen called to the attention of and but to date the results have been negat

In connection with the one of the tcn snecialiats in the country in electro-encebhalograph is Tknowledge is of considersble

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1-8h intesest-to the writer and his name has been given to both and hould be interviewed.)

15.に格電

The uriter has been informed byn Chatthe facilities Care being used to our advantace throuebe who is one of the very top officials of who is a cleared consultant of this Agency.

e have to date had no written infornation about the work of along linesof interest to Bluebird, except several brier, oral reports?

The writer knows that the tas done a great deal of work in brain surgery (lobotomy, etc.). The results are of interest to us, but no reports have been received to date although it is possible that we will inuthensutere receive some information along these lines according toe However, it appears obvious to the writer that f.ssnust have numerous reports, papers, etc. on these matters and"the writer wouid like to see them.

NOTE: has article tating tn esigned Previous day. notiried of thds

16. PROPOSRIP

F

Practical work is required to perfect any technique. Hence, the proposeg Project appears worthy of serious consideration, in the opinion of the writer.

It should be noted thar. Fis basically a surgeon by training and has done no work along Bluehird lines whatsoever. He has only' had very general work in psychiatry and psychology and he is unfamiliar with the hypnotic technigues. Furthermore, barring the usual knowledge gained by doctors in school and medical practice, he has only a limited experiencesithdrugs, particularly those we are interested in. Hence, if is to evaluate or study the Bluebird program, he shouldhave rudimentary, basic; and practical experience before his evaluations can be regarded as authoritative.

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While the full ramifications of this Agency's intelligence gathering facilities are unknown to the writer, the writer knows F for fact that this Agency has a reasonably good working arrangement with It is also obvious to the writer thatth s aware of and would have information on Bluebird-type activities. Whether or not this obvious source has been tapped, is unkngwn to the writer and whether or not this could be done as a policy matter is also unknown. However, the writer feels that since the source would probably yield very good information, the matter should certainly be given consideration by the proper authorities of this Agency:

18. FURTHER COMENTS RELATIVE LODOTOMY

To date, there has been considerable discussion relative the possible use of the lobotomy-type operation ty this Agency as a neutralizing weapon. In general, it may be said that discussion of this idea with a view toward sterilizing an individual and rendering him harmless from a security point of view has been considered by many individuals. Just how effective this operative technique would he is unknown to the writer, but certain it is that the use of the lobotomy-type operation is fraught with many very serious problems:

1) The operation itself may be fatal.

2) The operation might not be successful from a security point of view.

3) Any operation requires cumbersome equipment, surgical rooms, and complex, specialized instruments and devices for anesthesia, transfusions, etc.

L) The operative technique of lobotomy-type operations requires expert, neuro-surgical knowledge.

5) The operation would undoubtedly require, an anesthetist and murse attendant.

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6) Even if successful, the disposal problem is not necessarily solved.

In addition to the above problems, discussion with medical officers very clearly reveals that, without exception, in their opinion, any reputable medical officer whether in military service or otherwise would

l) Strenuously object to the performing of.such an operation

2) And would in all probability refuse outright to perform such an operation if it were to be used for "Security" reasons.

The writer hinself is hasically and morally opposed to this type of thing although he readily recognizes that war is a very grim business. Certainly, it must be said from an Agency point of view that unless a situation of gravest importance arose, this technique, under no circumstances, should even be considered. Its exposure would cause irreparable damage to the reputation of this country and this Agency and to any claims we may have of virtue or high ideals.

\_ While we must recognize that the USSl and their satellites are capable of any conceivable atrocities against human beings to attain what they think are their ends -- we should not -- with our technical brilliance, our vast capacities for research, and our high regard for human life -- use these techniques unless by using then we save the lives of our own people and the situation is highly critical to the nation's safety. Other means should be found and can be found.

19. YET TO DE DONE

While our research to dats has given us somo information of merit on.techniques, chenicals and instrwnents for use with the Bluebird idea -- there are many fields untapped and crying for exploration. Whether OSi has made strides in any of these directions is unknown to the writer, but it is certain that we have to date received no information from OSI along these lines. In general terms, these fields are:

-12-

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1) Sound

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What use can be made of sound for Fluebird application? Consider ultra-sonics, UHF, vibrations, monotonous sounds, concussion, etc,,stc. (The Agency has contributed :.Tgcently to the "Side Tone Delay"-- a related matter but the answers along those lines are a year away probably.)

2) High and Low Pressures, Various Gases

Use of gas'as in the air-tight chamhers and the effects of various gases or lack of oxygen on individuals should be studied. The effects of high and low pressures and certain gases ), but pressure chamher 1B there has not been built.

3) Use of Hvpnotic Techniques and Chemicals in Connection with the Polygraph

Some work has been done by the writer and his associates in the hypnotic field with interesting results; however, insufficient work has been done to specifically state that individuals controlled hy hypnotism or operating under posthypnotics could

A) beat the polygraph

R) or take the polygraph examination without being detected.

Information relative chemicals and drugs which could be used in beating the polygraph is very sketchy and inaccurate. This type of testing cannot easily be carried on within the Agency and the few tests that have been observed by the writer were very poorly controlled and the results .at best were confusing.

Use of Bacteria, Plant Cultures, Fungi, Poisons of Various Types, Etc.

Whether any of these elements would be useful in Bluebird techniques are unknown to the writer and to date, research has developed no information

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that is usoful alonr, these lines. What elfect these elements would have on individuals who are under control is unknown. However, certain of these elements @ould produce bodily conditions such as high fever, delirium, etc., but it is doubted if these conditions could be exploited advantageously.

5) Dist

If individuals under strict control are continuously fed food or liquid containing high qnantities of salt, spices, etc. or if certain basic food elements (such as fats, starches, proteins, etc.) are continuously removed from the diet of controlled individuals, will they or can they thus be conditioned for Bluebird techniques?

There is considerable literature to indicate that a standard Soviet and satellite technique is the uge of food containing high salt content, which produces thirst in the subject to be interrogated. The exact reasons for this are unknown, but a mumber of intelligent guesses can be made.

20. FURTHER CONDENTS RELATIVE EIECTRO-SHOCK

As has been noted above and in conversation, there has been a considerable amount of discussion relative possible uses of electroshock as a weapon by Bluebird.

It has been reported to the writer that referred to above, believes that the electroshock or post clectroshock coma can.bexus Sphtaining information from individuals. According to Band his associates have heen able to obtain information from subjects after the electroshock convulsion and during the coma period following the convulsion after the initial electroshock. There is very little information on thls technique and while we are not certain that individuals who are attempting to conceal infommation coyld be forced to give up information through this method, the idea may have some merit, but it is apparently in experimental form only and has not heen widely tested. At least as far as the writer knows there is little, if any, literature available relative this technique.

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For a matter of record, it should be:noted that the writer has long considered the possibility of obtaining hypnotic control of subjects in the cona period following the electroshock convulsion. Some weeks ago in a conversation with the writer askedWhether or not any of his associates had ever attempted to secure hypnotic control of their patients during this period. stated that this had not been attempted but he would try to do this in the immediate future and he advised that he would let the writer know if this technique was successful. To date, we have received no informatiqn along these lines. In theory, at least, the idea does appear to have merit from an experimental point of view.

In addition, expressed the view that through continuous electroshock applications, the memory of an individual could be destroyed and conceivably the subject could be reduced to a."vegetable" state. The writer is not prepared to discuss total destruction of memory by electroshock, but is quite aware that electroshock treatments produce amnesia and gross memory defects in patients. There is much literature to support this. Furthermore, it is known that patients, after receiving electroshock treatments, as a rule, generally have no memory of the immediate time periods surrounding the electroshock treatments and, in general, memory is faulty for several weeks following the tlectroshock course. However, gradually, memory returns and approaches the condition prior to the electroshock, although there are some amnesias and gross impairments of memory functions that appear to be permanent.

The standard electroshock device is a small instrument, portable, or nearly so, and quite easily applied to a given individual. It could, undoubtedly, be used by any doctor since electroshock treatments, in certain typesof insanity, are widely used. Furthermore, purchase of this type equipment would not create any unusual notice since in all major cities of the United States there are many.electroshock machines being constantly used.

However, the objections that would apply to the lohotomy type operations would, of course, apply to the use of electroshock if the end result was the creation of a "vegetable". The writer believes that these techniques should not be considered except in gravest emergencies and neutralization by confinement and/or removal from the area of the subject would be far more appropriate and certainly safer:

A correlary to the two techniquss discussed above (lobotomy and electroshock) is that no Agency employee under any circumstances should submit to these techniques without the Agency being fully' aware of it even when medically indicated and without full knowledge of who was applying the techniques, the reason therefor, etc., etc.