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SUEJECT: PROJECT ARTICHOKE Evaluation of IssO roie

1. Organization of ARTICHOS.

The,organisation of the project as gained froz the files of Tasuledge of Ageucy organicetion, end material gleansi fron nzny conversstiozs, is as follows:

OSI under OSI uunder

has been nazed coordinetor for the project. with the liaison of the prolect., Csi thus tecozes the Pocai point 2or CIA, FBI,Treasury Departsent, and private contractors.I is also OStis-réuponsibility not cnly to receive steriel but to raceive new ideas, evaluate thac, decide vhich varrarts further stusy azd then to assign the researoh to the appronriate investigator. Uzoa receipt of intelligence inforation concerning the projeot it is the cuty of CSI to dissezinate the catorial to the intorostad perties.,, s,a further ramificatioa of the discovery of new ideas, Osl szould rave the responsibility of asgressively pursuing possible sources of irformatics pertaining to this subject.

Once O3I'has received raterial, that is valid, they in turn pess the inforation on to the ARTIcpoE tean of Taso for ilementatioz. The T&sO tean is, therefore, dependent upon OSI for tha nev develczments but also Loon the overseas stations to supply thei vith case material to evalunte under field conditions the developzents they have, been given.

It becomes obvious thet OSI controlsthe entire projest because of its strategic position in the project of receiving all inforzation and controllirg its dissenination.

2. Mission of the PROJECT.

The nission of the projcct can be stateà briefly in four parta:

(1) The evaluation and develeprant of any zethod by whicr ve can cet information fron e person agairst his vill and without his kovledge.

(2) lov can wa counter the above measures if they are nced ajainst us?

(3) Can ve get control of an individual to the peint vhere

25 January 1952

MEORNDUH FOR: Chief, Hedical Staff

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he will do our biddins ageinst ris vill and even against such fundazental lavs of nature such as self-preservation?

. (4) Fow coulć we counter such noasures if they vere used agaizst us? ownseed

3. Orcenization end Task of ARTIcEce Teen of Iso

ISy ras set up the follovins as their theoretical structure
of per snent tears to epply the ARricEoE sethods. The tean vill
consist of three zesbers; a traized interrogator who is skilled in
all the tcchniques of aávanced interrogation, a technicien whosa
task it would be to waintain all the technical equipzent necessary
for the operation of the teas,, such as recorders, polygrapks, etc.,
to supply redicsl support. At prosent the ceam consists of ,Vho is the, presant, chief of the toaz uier the directlon of Vho is the, presont, chief of the toaz unier the directlon of

and is the interrogator for the teas. His technical assistant is

The tosk of the Iaso team would te to Lzclezent the measures developed ana handed dom from CsI such ilazentation woud necessitate the saintenance of an up-to-the-cinute krovledge and ability to use the varicus techriques as they vere developed. The tear voulà have to. be ready on a zoxents cotice to travei to any part of the eerth to apply the techriques vhere they were needed. The teaa.xoula,, ofycourse, have the responsibility or reporting to Osi-the efsicacy or the various rethods used and the suggestion of practical applications as they partained in ths field.

wrrtis obvious that there is an avid interest on the part of I&so in this project since it would rake their task of security of the Agency a much sirpler one if efficient nathods were discovered.

4. Eveluation of the Present Teaz lembers.

the present tees chief, is en investigator of twenty years Eerience with Civil Service. He has been thoroughly trained in the use and limitation of the polygraph, received four days of instruetion froa a professional non-H.D. hypnotist in llew York City, and has read extensively in the overt material on hypnosis. He has had no scientific cockground other than that that dealt directly with his work in cririnoloy. He has had extensive contact with the comrunists in this county and kovs their rethods. It is not koowm whether he has a college desree.

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He is not an unusually intelligont mn but has a vivić Lragination that would bo rost valuable in the pursuit of this project. Ee has on several occasions created antagonisa in his co-workers because of tactless management, le tends to be cautious and conservative. lis lons covernnent service has soundly grounded his in the razification of intra-Ageney polities.

He has apparently becoze a rather able hypnotist, but is harpered in his efforts by his lack of confidence vhich it is felt steus froz his scientific void. He firly believes that we can get inforation froz the opposition snd protect our oim personnel fron certain aspects of interrogation through the use of hypnosis. Trere is eple evidense that unethical cctions can be accorplished through the use of hyonosis in our controlled situations. His present accomplishzents have been elenentary, however. He states that part of the reason that he has not Bccorplished more has been the fact that he has been restricted in his activity by his directors.

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It is felt by the writer that is a valuable adjunct to the ARTICEOE tean becauss of his long investigative exoerience, his knovledge of staniard police methods, but that it is tco much to exgect hin to produce scientific results in regarà to bypnosis and related subjects. It would be better to have a man assigned fuli tize to direct the scientifie pursuits of the tean vko vas well qualified in psychological fields and related subjects.

rais' the technician of the teaz and is a zan of unusual
mechanical ability and eptitule. Ne has no college education, is bsins
trained in the use of the polygraph and has been through the sane four
day course in hypnosis in Nev York City. He is also avialy interested
in the potential value of hypnosis, is decidedly less cautious than waa tends tovard unscrupulous use of this techniçue.

He vas a rember of the tean before vas given the control of the team, and resents the.fact that he was not given the job. He was unduly eritical of ";efforts and stated on several occasions to the writer that "I guess I talk too much." He has a rarked inferiority because of his srall size, his lack of education, end his low level position in the team. It was a simple ratter for the writor to exploit this feeling and it is felt that he provides fertile soil for exploitation by the opposition. In view of these findinzs, it is the fira conviction of the writer that his activity shoula ba relegated to the technical only and that he should be cut out of the sensitive advances in the ARTICECkE.\_ PROJECT.

5. Activities of the Present Teas.

The present tons is carrying out various technical tasks as requested by security, but very little cetual cffort in their offiee is going into the pursuit of Aicnoci research. They are spending tuo

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evenings a week for about two hours üeveloping their hyizotic teeh, niquos. Their accoaplishcents in this ficld have thus far teen purely elenentary and offer no proof that hypnosis can be induced azainst a. person's will, or that extended control can be acciired thrcugh cezditioned hypnotic control. They are et the prcsent tire occupied with making a cotion picture to demonstrate what they hare done wizh hypnosis as a. weapon to help thes win support fron their directors.

Durinz the day there was little discernible activip ay. kind directed tovard eny constructive progea alonz ARrIcFC3 lines. It vas stated by that they actuallyhad no progra inregard to their hypnotic eiperinents, but were for the tize beins content to develop and"perfect" their hypnotic techniques.

It eppeared to the writer that there was active enieevoz in te . direction of bringins political pressure to bear asainst OSi"so tzst they could force CsI to relezse all the material that vas fcrthcozins to then. This seezed to be their najor effort.

6. Present enticipated end real lines of attaok of the ARTI-CHONE PROJECT.

(1) Drugs.

It remains the drean of the interested egensies that a dnug is iminently forthconing that can be given a yersoz orally vithout his lanowledcs that will result in his revezling anythins the interested party would like to lunes, ard that the person would have colete canesia for the .svent. There are extensive projects going on now at er banrstrstaes Amy Chenical Warfare Researes Center and rany more. all dealing with the develorcent of druzs for this purcose. To date there has resulted a rezarlsble void in regard to results that would coly with tze acove eriteria. Nost of the projects are being approachei from a basic reseerch point of viev and are, therefors, long term projects, in the ters of years.

(2) Polygreph.

The polygraph has proved to be the rost reliable method discovered to date and there are severol projects directed toward furtherinc the perfection of this instrument. 二

(3) Mypnosis.

There is no known,lypnosis research being conäueted for ARTICHOE jmrposes in the United States toley, exeept

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vhat is being done by the narbers of the ARrrc Taan. Thore is evidence that unethical actions-are dafinitely vithin the reals of hypnosis and it has been proven by the present tean that a honotized perscn con bo rade to lic to the polygraph throuch airect hypnotic control or through post-hypnotic suscestion and that the physiological changes usually fourd on the polygraph when that sare perr son prevaricated cut of the hypnotic state vould not appear.

The use of hyonosis with drugs, after electric shock, during sleep, auditory stizulus, visual stinlus, after pbysicel duress sueh as forced vakeful state all rezain to. be evaluated for this purpose.

It is believeà by the writer that in this realn rezains the greatest poteuticl for this field.

(4) It is knoan that there is expressed interest in electropsycho-therapeutic techniques, psycho-surgery, supersonic radiations, and extra-sensory perception, but to the vriter's knowledge thare is little more than the interest. There is obviously a trezendous untapped field of scientific kzowledge end resezrch in these various enãeavors.

7. Sugsested reasons vay the project has failed to produce positive results.

From the writers viewocint on the I&so tean it is necessay to viev the entire projact since the success of this tean is dapendent upon vhat is proäuced in other areas. Adnittedly, soze of the conclusions are based upon inference derived froz relatively inor verifiable facts and the writer's position or the periphery of the focus of the project lizited the obtainins of irrefutable fects to support his thesis. The items are listed ani discussed in what the writer considers to be their order of importasce.

(1) Lack of new develcptents.

The developzent of new techniques and the disserination of the inforation concerpinz those dovelopzents is the responsibility of Csi. We múst assure fro the lack of new material that there has been a leck of edaquate exploitation of material in thə field on the part of osi: It was stated by OSI that there was ro rescerch on nypnosis or related subjects goins on in the United Stetes. This certainly is not trie and very recently Henninger Clinic was conductins raseareh in the therapzutic valua of hypnosis inpsychiatry.

At a recent neeting attonled by the writer, it vas stated bp the reprecentative of osr"that he thought it was a cood

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idea to zake e research project of all the people who had been in the hands of the Mussians in order to obtain interrogation natcrial direetly pertaining to this project. This scemed so elemental to the vriter that he had previously concluded that such a step would be autczatic at the tiza that the persons vere first contacted. ,This agais points up the apparent inadequacy of osI to seek raterial' in the strategic places.

(2) Lack of liaison and cooperation.

There exists a glaring lack of cooperation azong the verious intra-Agency groups fostered by petty jealousies end personality differences that result in the retarcation of the enhancinz and avancing of the Agency as a body. It files of Iaso, and it is knoum that for over a period of s two veeks there vas nothing forthcoring froa OsI.The fact that there was little inforation'of value in the files is due to tvo facts; first, on the admission of one of the members of the Isso tess, the files of the office were sterilized before the assigned nedical officer vas peraitted to heve access to then, a fact that points out that Lsocould not even cooperate with the ledical Office whose support they.vere attemptins to win, secordly, the fact that osr was not forra ing material to this Office of Iaso." There may be some reason for that in that the saze nezber of the teaa told the mutual distrust cni foolish coveting of materiel can only serve to deter the project.

It is. interesting to point out that as proof of the fact that there was not one note in the files ebout the research on hypnosis or any advances made that I&sO vas yisibly carrying on.

(3) Failure to get scientifically trained personnel in key positions in the project.

As was candidly stated by meabers of both O3I and IasO, they were harpered in their efforts to evaluate and rake ths eppropriate profossional contacts because they lackeà; first, the scientific lnov-how to approach thase problens, and secondly, the professional prestige to meet menbers of the medical and scientific professions en a comzon lcvel. There is a erying need for a seientifically trcined man on the cperational lovel of both offices. This is a purely scientifie field that eventuolly resolves itself into an alzost coplotely nodical field, hanee, it is doubtful that any real progress can be rade util professional scientific persoanel. are cads mozbers of the controllin; levels of tho operation. As it now standr. thore is no staff full tize seientific personnel to

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(4) Lack of Hadical Staff Support.

It wes clearly stated by Osi and Laso ts sey woule both be able to function much more effeétively and sith more prestige if the Hedical Office actively suppored this project. The sudden upsurge cf cooperative atticuis vhen the Hedical Office indicatcd interest in the srcjest is ample evidence of the fact that the Medical Office could play an active and effective, part in advazsins -he project. It was stated by IaSo thit they felt that es socn as the Hedical Office took an activé part in the project, they vould begin to get cases fron overseas posts. Contact during the pursuit of this report has revezled that the ledisat Office is held in the highest regerd largely because of its stebility and soundness, and the generel feeling tkst any decision that eminated' fron it is well-founied.

(5) Reluctance of the Oversces Stations to Refer Ceses to the Tean.

It is noteworthy that the teaz has hai accass to few cases, far less than would be indicated by the consern or operational nen regarding the credibility of certeiz of tzeir agents. It is felt by the vriter that the reason for this is that the overseas people realiże that if the teaz worked on their people there vould autoratically oyen a cirect route. to check on the overseas operatiors froi heshingtoz; in the sans vein, the inforzation obtaized night reveai traeches of accepted technique and policy that vould not enrance the operational staff's position. There are several fasts thet cen be presented to verify this. Follovins thair recent trip. to -ths tean was congratulated in a letter fron General S-ith for their excellant resuits but were wable to find out just how efficacious the tean had been frem the operational people.

The team reabers state that they uncovered pary Operational blunders on the part of the field stations. We can only theorize as to why the teaa was not given the opportunity to interrosate Vogeler, and the four fliers dewmed in Hungary, but we do know that they were not given that chance.

(6) Too Rigid Control by Security.

To queries as to why tho tean zazbers were not atterpting to progress in their thesis of hyprosis, thoir reply was that the directors of the Socurity Office vould zot perit thes to follow several sussestions, sueh as the use of pris-

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oners for such research, ard had even liziteć the area of their research to a relatively rrrow field. It is felt by the writer that even with the li-itei kowloige of the teaa rezbers they could have adverced in their resoarch had they been given a freer heni. This rigid control was apparently fostered by two things;. first, a fear that through operations for such research, eriticisz of the governzent interest in such activities ight, if discovered, result in irreparable political repercussions; seconily, there apparenty exdists a lack cf confiãence in the toan renbers on the yart cr the directors of the teau.

8. Recomendations.

The followins recomendations are respectfully subritted for your consideration as steps to reredy the stegrart state of the project:

(1) Until such tize es there is astive, accmete ard vorking liaison between the concerned intra-igeney offices, and extra-Agency groups there vill te negligible prog-ess. It is,susr gested that the Kedical Office-with the support of IaSo reconmend that a high level control of,the project be sét-up, to consist of civilians with no service arfiliation, vho are scientifically wall-qualified, end who would be full tize, to coordinate, evaluate and direct the ARTICHOKE FROJECT. They vould be isolated fron all other fiietions' in the Agency and heve only this airinistrative Suetion. They would ca under the control of the,Deputy Director of the Ageney oaly.

(2) It is sugsestei that a two-ran team be set up to consist of an M. D. trainad in psychiatry and related subjects, and a research pherracologist. These peozle woulá be full time and their task would be to systecatically investigate all universities of rajor inportance and such industrial latoratories as    and for terial relevant to the ARTICHOKE FROJECT. These people would be thoroughly briefed on the aizs cf the project, an would ce charged with forwerding inforeticn of value to the above stated control through pre-arranged comwnication channels, as soon as it was discovered.

(3) It is recomended that an H. D., e psychiatrist preferably who is well-qualified in relatad subjects be assiqned to take over the leadership of the present /STICEOE Toan.

(h) It is recommended that the present tear with the addition of the physician be relieved of any duties other than those

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pertaining to the project and that. this tear-vould then tour the various places vhere research ves in progress to be kept completely up to date on the developments anà the use of these developzents in the field.. This tcaa would then serve to assist the investigators to reproduce the field conditions under vhich the various zothods must work, and thus serve as the practical consultants of the Agency for the projects,

(5) It is recomrended that,an irzediate survey be rade of all the results that CsI has accuulated by cozpetent scientists, in order that this night ba made available to the present tean for imediate use end possibly as the best thins ve have available to the field stations.

(6) It is susgested that I&sorexert every effort in an attempt to surmownt the obstaeles to pursuing research of hypnosis ard allied subjects in the United Stetes.

(7) It is sincerely believed by the writer that the active support or the ledical Office of this project would enbancs the production of positive results, as exemlified,by, the, - recent sudden change of attitude of Osl. It woula be nighly advisable to have a physician cssigred to the tean to' prevent catastrophe that could wall occur without his consul.

9. Surzary and Opinion.

There is ample evidence in the reports of inoucerable interrogations -that the Comunists are utilizing drugs, physical. duress, electric shock,'and possibly hypnosis egainst their enezies. With such evidence it is difficult not to keep fron beconing rabid, about our apparent larity. We are forced by this xounting evidence to assume a more agressive role in the development of these techniques, but must be cautious to reintain strict and inviolable control because of the havoc that coulá be wrcught by these techniques in unscrupulous haads. It is the vriter's opiaion that the general project deserves complete support, if not active perticipatioa.