[PAGE 1]
HOULTRA Subproject

AV Date of Original PeriolTime ErtendedAllotzent Aecunt of Authorization Covered To Moaber Onligation

Additional PericdTise ErtondedAllotnaut Azouu't of Authoricstions Covered = To Mabor: Obligation

[PAGE 2]
TO:TSS/OC

1, Date of Obligatioe:\_\_N/A

2.-Purpose of Project;\_To provide funds for an-investigation of Emerging Images.

3. Progress to Date: Project being initiated.

4.Expiration Date: N/A

5. Project Monitor:

FROM: TSS/CD:

Room B-10,

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images in three countries pose: To stidy ewerging whose people have achieved varying stages of and pondence (MULTRA 123).

Initiated: September 1960 C B pas a grantee of.the Contrector:: Dr.

Costt\$20,000

Status; Approximately two-thirds coapleted.

[PAGE 5]
Incidentals

Materials \$ 600.00
Postage 150.00
Shipping (materials) 150.00
Miscellaneous 90.00

TOTAL EXPENDITURES \$20,000.00

I certify that this accounting on two pages is a correct accennting of therfinds granted to\_ne\_by\_the

I havo e expenaitu

[PAGE 6]
No.546

Cost Account11231029.1912

Object Class

(When Filled In)

[PAGE 7]
MEMRAKUN PORI COMOPTRCLLAR

AstenrrosFinnnco Divieion

EUBEC?1AULERA, Subprojeot 123

Upder the euthority grented 1n tho mooorandua dated

13 April 1953 fros the DCI to tha DD/A, end the extension of this authority in svbeequest miooranda, Suborojoct l23 has been approved end \$20,000.00 of the over-al1 MWLSRA projoct funda has toan obligated to cover the subproject'e exyenscs, this obligation of Sunds should bo charged to Allotaent 1525- 1009-1902.

TSD/Rescarch Brench

APPROVED POR OBLIGATIOH

OF PUMUSI

CERTIFY THAT FUNDS ARE AVAILABLE OUIGARON SUNCE SHARGE 1O ALLOTMENT NO.

Datel

17 SEP 1960

AUTHORIZING OFFICER

Pletributionl Crig a 2 = Mireseca

1 - TSD/0C >1-TSD/FASS

123-5

13 8eptomber 1960

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MEHORANUM PORI CHISF, FIKABCE DIVISION

VIA 1 TaD/Eudget Ofricer

: MLTRA, SbproJect 123, Invoice No. 1 A110tment 1125-1009-1902

l. Invoice No. l is attached covoring the above subprojoct. Paywent sbould be mode as folloval

2. The check should bo forvarded to Chier, Tso/Rescarch Branch, through Tsp/Budgot Officer, no later than Tuesday, 22 October 1960.

3. Thie ie a final invoice, Hovever, sioce it ia anticipated that additional funds vill be obligated for this project, the files ahould not bo closed,

Attachod Invoice & Certirications

TD/Rascarch Branch

CERRSY TU4T FLNODS ARS AVAILABUE 29 SEP 1960

Dietributionr

1125-109.1912

Orig & 2 - Addressce

1 --TSD/FASS

T LFBC

27 Eoptember 1960

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à

123

RECEIPT

Receipt is hereby acknowledged of the following check:

Cashier's Check Nowr dated Octoter 4, 1960, in the amount of \$20,000,00, drawm-on The payable to the

[PAGE 11]
27 8optember 1960

MENORANDUN POR: CHIEP, FINANCE DIVISION

1 T8D/Budget Orricer

SUBJECT

M, ubpoject 123, Invoce o. 1 A110tent 1125-1009-1902

l.: Invcice No. 1 is atteched covering the above. subprojoct. Payment ehould be mads as follove:

Cashier's cheok in the anouut of \$20,000,00

dravn on o payuble to tho B

2.: The check ahould be forwarded to Chier, Tso/Research branch, through 1SD/Buiget Officer, po later than Tueoday, 11 Octobor 1960.

3.: Thie is a final invcice. Hovever, sioce it is anticipated that additionel funds vill be ohligatel for this project,thefiles abouli rot bo alosed.

Attachodi

430/Research Branch

Invoico & Certificetians

Distributionr

Orig & 2- Addressee

1TSD/FASS

>2-TSD/RB

(27 Sept 60)

3

123-6

[PAGE 12]
Yor Services

CERTIPICATIONS

(1) It is herety certiried that this is Invoice No. l applyong to Sub. project No. 123 of HULTRA, that performance ie satiefactory, that services are being accoupliahed in sccoriance with mutual agreemente, that a dotailed agonda of the paymnente and recoipts is on file in TSD/ 5B, that this bill is just and correct and that payment thereof has not yet been made.

Chief, TSD/Rescarch Brench

Datei.

(2) It is hereby certiried that this invoice appliea to Subproject No. 123 of MaLTRA which waa duly approved, and that tho project 1s being carried cut in accordance vith the momorandum of 13 April l953 fro the pCI to the DD/A, and the extenslon of this authority in subsequont penoranda.

Research Director

Dato1

123-6

INVOICE

[PAGE 13]
MOMOEANDUN FORt CONPTROLLER

ASTENTIOG i Pinanco Divieion

8 NLrRA, SubproJest 123

Undor ths authority erented in the asooraodua deted 13 April 1953 froa tho DçI to tho Do/A, and the extenaioa of thie authority in subeequeot moaorania, Subproject 123 hae boea epproved and 820,000.00 o5 the over-al1 Ntl5RA projoat fuode has boen cbligated to cover the subproject's exponsoe. This obligatioo of fuvdy should bs charged to Allotaent 152s-1009-1202.

APPROVSO FOR CRLIGATICU OF FURDS:

Raseexch Diroetor

Dat

Diatributiont Grig b 2 - Addreeseo

1-TSD/0C

1- TSO/FASS

2 - TSD/RB

1237

15 Boptasber 1960

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: MKULTRA, Subproject 123

1. The purpose of Subproject 123 is to provide funds for an Investigation of Emerging Images. The research vill be conducted-by Dr. a negro social psychologist. The attached-proposal has been reviewed favorably by the Research Director ánd the Progran Director of the

2. This study is expected to add to our knowledge of how in different cultural strata are reacting to various stages of independence. During these periods of social upheaval the is expected to make a number of adjustments in his concept of his own role and his attitudes to the-varying pressures from vithin and without causing the social-change.In addition to throwing-light upon some fundamental-sociological-and psychological immediate.findings and contacts are potentially questions useful to thet Division. 3. Mr and Dr fof the Division have been brtefed, upon the nature and scope of this research.

123.8

DRAFT 15 September 1960

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page( missing

[PAGE 17]
For a leng mnber of yeara I have had a burning desire to leara pore abott Chrough atody and travel. I would like zow to eouplo thle denire with researoh whieh would eztond, I hope, far beyond any personal deeiro, and porheps indeed make a oontribution to the field of intornational rolatlone and tho epaing of group tonsions.

As an Amerioan Negro, living in the United States, I have experienoed on a pereonal level many of the vegaries of inter-othnio greup relatione, mhile living in the Midwest and Raet, and working and travoling in the South and Woet. With professional training in Sooial Payohology, I have been expoeod to the underlying i thooretioal construote and broader iaplioations of these diverse relatiopshipea I believe this baokground of personal involvenont and professional training hate i qualified no for the task I set.

One of the outetanding oharaotoriatice of othnio group interaotion ie that interaotion is ofton based upon genoralised concepte or perosivod images. Thone images inolude porooptions of othore as woll ea of solf. That these images have or do not have a basie. in objootive reality is of little consoquenoe, The quality and degres of interaotion ig dependent upon thege images. : Thus, an awarenese of those images beoones ceutral to any attompt to reduoe group tenaions and develop harmonious group relatione.

Group images devolop end aro raintained through the two dynamio interaoting foroes or the mass modia and personal ezperienoes and oontaote.Onoe oetabliahod, these conoepts are quite resistant to time and ovente. Phore personal eootaote are of a given quality, howover, and phere sooial interaction ie in great flux, these images gan and do under go modifidation.

In the United Statee, a fortile field of study haa been tho investigation of ethnie or national storeotypes. Mhile the majority of theso studies has dealt with majority group stereotypes, acms of thon have dealt with minority groups. One of these minority groupe has been the Amorioan Negro. A major finding here has been that atereotypes or images held by the Anerioan Nogro ere highly ooasistent with thoe

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held by the majority group (the Amorican Caito), inolndisg thece sterootypea of bis en group, tho Amsriean Bogro. The Anerioen Nogre tane has inoorporatod and poeoptod imagoe of his opa growys izaleéies nosative oaee, mhich hare been precoribed by the sajority groapi Underlying thie asoeptance ie the learaed eencepe of inferiority snd the subsequeat develogwent ef self-hato.

As the rolo of the Negro in the Umited States hae changod and oontianea to ahange, es the opportunlty for equal etatua interaotion expande, the Nogro's selr image is pndergoing change. Thie ohange ls celr image ia slow but peraieteat and refloote the ohançes and progross in ethoie group rolatlone in the Vaited States.

Wore sooial ohange le dronatio, the pnvelling lmagoe chould aleo bo dranatio. Mhore after goaoretioas of deptodanoy. natiase eporge isdopentpahbothe esorging solr-othor imgoe ot to crematio and cynanle. suon lioday.

mthoat attending to the hlstorieel and soeial peyebologieal tiee botweea the Nogro of Laoriea endthe Nogro o maar parallola ean bo drona, espeoielly im tho attomyta of both groups to rise froa sutaiopioa pnd sorritade to poeitione of squality pooag pan and pationa, Aa with the Amoricen Bogro, tho False haa ineorporatoi, la the peet, negative solf imaçes. "mnite doaination has unioubteály hod a troaratio ofcest spca the porocpallty of tho vte the elvilisatien le pat alose a difforens celel erganisatioa, it is the proof of the cuporiorirg of whive pan ovor blaer moa. go toashing of reeial priao or sueoaraçemena ex pativo arte oa the part of the wàito san esn reaove ths impliontica of blaak iufericritr. (l) Bat phat ef those ieagee vhen on antire eoatimnat ie in tarmoil?

The roalisatien le groving that the say satlona spe cach cther is parncouat to
iatorpatieonl rolavioaa eal the Seturo of tho verld. PAcontral question ln the
matter e? matiopal attitade and bollof ie tho cey mastere of eny givea patloa poreolra
the mmore of asothor.Sonerally the people of eap natioa cartor etoreotspod 0.

[PAGE 19]
images of other naticns.....Until some heedway le made, intoraational relationa mast alvaya de in danger of dooision baned on fentasy." (2)

As this avareness of the importanoe of images iu growing, the "underdevolopod" countries also are growiog, breaking out of traditional bounde, eatabliahing new ties pnd rolations.' Tho courae of aotion taken by these couotries will have great impaot on the Uuitod States, on on the world.

Thu and the quality of othor countriee relationships wit of great importanoe ow images are central, for future aotion ie greatly dopendent upon thie concopt of solf. Amages of peoples of other nations aro aleo osntral. Thie ie the purpose of xy proposal--through etudy and inrestigation to gain awaronesd of these emorging images and attitudes.

[PAGE 20]
Purposor To inveatigate emorging othnio imageo in the thres countries of rolated to natione and other nations whlch are exerting major influenoe in theso areas. These three countries represent different phases in development, with one countrs long baving independençe, another reoently having geindd indepondence, end the third belng giron independenoe thie year.

lethods mithin eeoh country, emorging and ohanging othnio imeges or storeotypes will bo asoertainod for self--that ie, own group--here the and for others-other natione of major influence in theso countrios, that is, the United States, and several other oountries. These inages will be exaained ét three lovels. The firet two lovels embraoe treditional teohniques doveloped in the fielda of Sooial Payohology and Sooiology, while the third level oombines techniquee developed in a pioneor etoreotype atudy and further refined in a dootoral study by tho prosent writor, and the approachee used by the group authorisod by ho otudy "Teneions Affeoting Intarnational Understanding",and the lao undor the auspiced of :B

The thrie lerola of exepination are: content analysis, peraonal interviovs, and imago-attitude maoures.

l, Contont Analyeiet Thio involves an examination of representative forma of the mass modle, spooirioally newapapers whioh began publication reoentlyor sinoe independenoe. Thie lovel of analyois should. reveal imageg and attitudos hold byer theasolves and peoples of othor nations, ee presented in tho pase modia.

2, Personal Intorviewe, These will bo intorriews oonduotod by the
writer with varioue leadere in Pepresontative positione in theee oountries.
This levelof inveatigation ehould reveal imagee and attitudee held by ho will be shaping tho deetinies of thecenatione and thoir

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[PAGE 21]
relationshipe with other nations of the world.

5. Inage Cheok-liet-Attitude Quostionnaire This phase will amolmdo an extonaity type chock liat and a series of attitudinal statoments, administerod

to reprosontative samples of poople from aolsoted groups.

A. The Image Cheok -Liet. This gonsiste of a series of group ohareotor traite (approximately 80), with an extenalty soale which pormits roupondente to determine the extent to whioh a particular cbaraoteristio is possessed by various groupe, inolgding their owa group, Suoh traite as "intelligont" "baokward", "hardworkipee "progressiva, and "pace-loving", can be aesigned peroentage .wise\_to ,the the , tho "Amerioan", the "Anoricen Nogro", and so on.

D. The Attitude Questionnaire. This oonsiots of a sories of statemonts rolatod to rarious aotiond whieh natione might take. (An exaepler l. An ennounoament is recolved that a oountry has begun large eeale diearpamant. Mioh eountry would thig most likely bet...Least likely bel. The Vaited States eto. 2. A hoopital is being built in your oity (town). Hodieal speolaliate (Dootors, Surgeons, eto.) are needed. From whioh country would you want then to oonet The Üaited States, eto.)

Both the cheok liot and the queationnaire will yield an objeotive meesure of own-other image as woll as a msasuromont of attitude tonard onn nation and other nations, as held by large munbora of pooples from various walks of life.

Procodurea Preliminary contacta will be establiseed prior to going to 1 These contaote will be at a bigh offioiri level and with persone afrillated with verious organizatione (oolleges, onurches, oto.) who nay provide guidance op the aotual research. (Initiation of these contacts has already been undortaken).

mile approximately four monthe will bo epent in each-oountry, bhe firat step will be to viait eech country for a period of tine to oonfirn contacta, initiate anaistant solostion, conduot protosting,,and in genoral lay the groundwork for the investigation proper.

The ptudy, as outlined, oalls for three lovols of oporetion--content analysis, porscnal intorview, and image-attitude poasurenent. While the beliof is that eaoh operation will bontributo to tho ovorall-image peroeption, greatest

123-9

[PAGE 22]
research emphaeie is plecod on the third mentioned oporation, the imageattitude xeasuremont.

There is a realiatio swaronoss of the scope end magnitude of the proposed study, end the poseibility that perhape tho investigator is being overly optimistic in expecting to encompass these three operations in the ellotod tipe. This may bo, Once in the field, a moro objeotivo appralsal can be made. In the field, if reviuions are necessary, in:the design, the contont analyais phase can bo elininated or at leaet alterod. (One possibility would be to seloot representatite newspapors, subacribe to them and have them sont to the United Statee where analyais oould be made at\_a lator date.)

The specirio prooedure for eaoh level of invostigation follows: Content Analysis: Int there is only one daily newspaper and two woekliee. In there aro a total of six daily:newspepors sith a total circulation of about ll0,000, and fivo wooklies, whilo in there. are sight dailies in the Wostera Rogion and three in the other two regions.

A tipe period for sampling of isaues will be set for one yoar, from Juno 1. l960 to Juno\_l. l96l (tentatively). In oaoh country, gampling will cover each zajor newspaper, for seldoted days, weeks, oto Isouss of the newspapers will bo selected on a rotating basis so thero will be an overall representation of oaoh day of the week, in the total samphe. (approxinatoly l44 per country). From the solectod iseues, the speoific oontont villibo drawn from page plaoament (front page btories). editorials, feature writors, and feature stories. (Seleotion of content vill te finally dotormined after preliminary sampling, ooding and analysie).

The following dimenaione will be examined, and analyted. Frequenoye-how often each of the oountries undor investigetion is mentioned (The Ul., Subjeot--wtat the atory or item is abogt. Position--whether the oountry ie presented in a rajor or minor role. Chareoterlstics--traits attrituted to eaoh

p1239

[PAGE 23]
country (the unit of moasuroment will be a combination of words and thomos-- simple senteuces). The themes will be coded under the larger categories of International Relationa end Tonsions, Dovelopment, Rumen Relations, and Westerniration. Direction--nhether the tone and overall perception is favorable or unfavorable.

Cognizanca ie teken of the faot that theee newspapere ero written in Englieh, have linited corteinly not roprosontative oirculation, and would reaoh only. the literate psople in the country. The attitudes and images presented in thesa papers could not be\_taken to represent the attitudes and images of the masses of poople. They vill ropresbnt the attitudes and images of those pdoplo mho holp pold the publio opinions!and outlooke, and thore of the litorato poople. The writers, tho newspapers, and the readors ere tha influencere of opinions. Thus, though they may ropresent only a small segment of the total population, they repreaent a powerful segnont of that population.

The investigator will seleot thres assietants to make the tabuletions. Part of the training of the assiutante inoludes reliebility checke botween the individuel:coders and internsl coneistenoy for each coder.

Analysis will be in teras of the dimeneions of frequency, subject, poaitiop charaoterisittce, and direotion, within eaoh of tho throe countrion and anong the three souutries, and for tho rarlous countrioe xentionod. Procddure-Peraonal Interview: These will be seni-atructured interviews conduoted by the inveatigator with varioua leadors in eaoh oountry. This will not be a "representative" sample ae euch, but rather an attempt to talk with and got impreselons of leaders, near leeders, and influential people. As conoeived, the totel number of interviews will be emall, oonfined only to these fow leaders.

The axact nature of tho intervlew, whether atruotured or unstructured, formal or inforal, will depend on tho inoliration of the respondent. 1

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A prine minister of a country or hie adminietrators will undoubtedly diotato the nature of the interriew. Rogardless of tho speoirio method of the intervlow, the neture of tho queations and oontont atructure will be the oame for saoh individual. The general themos are ths sare as those developed for the irage-attitude checklist, that is, the thenes of Intornational Relations and Tonsions, Human Righte, Westernisation, and Devolopment in "Underdovoloped" countrios.

The analyeis of these intervlews will be a form\_of contont analyeie with a formulation of overell themes, perception of own and other countrioe, and perooption of world issuos. These perceptions will be qualitatively compared and contrasted within eech country and aoroes aoh country.

Igain, tho responsea to these intervlewa will'not bo representative of tho larger massos of people, but wlll be a rofleotion of the attitudes add images of those pooplo who aro aotually setting the policy now, and those who may woll determine polioiés and directiona\_in the future.:

Procedure-Inage Attitude Chock Liat--The oheck list will be adninistered in groupa whore posaible. Svery fcurth respondent, rathor then roacting to tho cheok liet, will reepond to opon end questions. Theso open ond quootions will take ths forn of, "Desoribe (Charaotoriso) the and so ong for the same countrles which ara reacted to on thc cheok list. This providos 6 comparison botween struotured end unetruotured reactions.

Sampling vill be dons on a stratified and oluotor baaie, drawn from threa populations--from organired groups, unorgenised urban population, snd rural population.

The organised population will be made up of the major organizationa--education (oolleges), roligion (ohurohes), labor, and governmont. Approximatoly 250 subjeots will be drawn from eaoh of these four groipe.(-Variablo deponding on eonditione.)

[PAGE 25]
For the\_other two populations, unorganized urtan and rurela fcrm of oluster sampling will be used, made up of census trects if aveilable, or tax rolls, or city block desigraticns, or for the villages perhaps frou "Croptype Village" designations. Thers will undoubtedly be greater dirficulty in securing the generel urban and rural samples, from at least three stavdpointe. These people will not boloug to organized groups anc thus the admiristration of the check list will undoubtedly entail inaivlduel face to fece coctect. Also, this unorgarited urtan group, and corthinly ths rurel group, will be less literate than the orgenltod groupo In additior-to the use-of an interpreter, oither parallel rephresirg of the check=list questicns, or totel reliance'on open end questions will-be necessary. The open end quescicns wo.ld take the form of"deserite", or "characterito, or"hho ere you, wo are

the and so on, thus covering the sawe material snd areas, beinp, less struetured, but also being diroctly comparatle to the:every fourth respondent in the organized groupe. 1

Analy816

I. The Ivage Creck Liet 4641

l. The total porcenteges (weighted averages) essigned to each treit yielda the\_extensity score--the degreo to which. a-particular-treit is attributed to a given oountry. The extensity score then enebles a direct comer.son betwee trait assignments for each country, and ty the varicus respcndents (clsssificati brenks of oollege groups, labor, urban, rural, ete.). Tests of significance ere tests of proportional-differences.

2. The ratio betweon the frequency of assignments of high percenteges to sooially desirable traits, and low perceuteges to sociaily undesirable treits (chi square statiatic), yields a directional-score--the overall-toce of the imag whother it is-favorable or unfavoreble--for each country end withir. each elassification breek.

II. The Attitude Questionnaire

l. There will be at least five countries rated on a given mumcer-of sttamonts.Atotal soore will e derived for each country thus ontbiirg a rark order comparison among the five couctries, accordicg-te the. cross olassificatione data;, and according to the four generalareas fInternatiinal Rodaticns Hunen Reletions, Development, Nosternization)

2. Thoso additional stetements which are-responded to by an agreedisagree scale, yield a totel summated acore, with a high score being cost favorable and a low score least favorable. Agair, direot comperisons are possi for reapondents in the different clsssifications-oategories,and between the three countries, and within the four areas (Human Relations, otc.).

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[PAGE 26]
The investigation or onurring and changing ethuio images at the levole set Porth--from the printed page, from leaders and influential people, and from the people themselres, end within oountries with varying degrees of independence and world relations, ahould revoal images and attitudes with great scope end dopth.

Budget: The budget for tho project is based on a research plan whioh oovera Oue full yeer lncwith approximately four monthe in epoh or the three countriesi

Transportation to \$1500

8upplies (Materiala, otc.) 500

Internal Trevel (Within each country 3000 end to varioue countries)

Assiatenoe (\$l000 for each country) \$5000

Seoretarial Help 2000

living Expenses 8000

Frof Mteriale for Publlention 2020000

101239

[PAGE 27]
For the list or words bolow, place an X in the appropclate column for eaoh word
tho to indicate "That amount (peroont) of tho group The possass this trait."
The peroentages and their interpretations are as followsa
100 A1180% Most60% Nany40% Some20% Few00% Nono Please place an X in the appropriate colum for each word.

For the list of words below, do the same thing for the group, The "mhat amount (percont) of the group, Th aposses this treit.

The only capy

[PAGE 28]
Pelor is a list of statements---things that have been said,that have happened, something you might have read. For each atatament, indicate which country would be most-likely to do or say this.(give this country the pumbar 1). Then indicate whioh country would be least likely to do this. (Give this country number 5). Rate the other countries with the remaining numbe.3 2 through 4.

This would mean youldbe the most likely, Mext likely, then the United States, then and then east likely

1. A spokesman for a country.states\_that\_the. is not ready to take oare of himself, (Which country would this most likely be? Least likely be?)

2. An announconent is received that a country has begun large scale disarmament. (thich country would this most likely be? Least likoly bo?)

S. The statenent is mado that as ountries become independent, they should ba made uo of loosely organtzed territories rather than of a strokc central government.

4. A country offors add to the oountries and you can te rather sure there ero no strings attaohed(no obligations to copy that countries form of govornment).

5. The statement is made that-sinco wars must-be,a couztry should be.kept as militarily strong as possible.

6. The leaders of this country aro anong the most \_outstanding in-the world.

7. The suggestion is made that the United Nations has grown tco strong and should have some of its powers taken away.

8. In this country the wishes of the people aro best represonted.

9. If they had their way, thəy would like to gain (or keep) control of your country.

10. You hear what thepeds is strong central governnent.

ll. Aocoptance of aid from this country will probaoly be followed by attempts to have you acoept its fora of government.

12. There is an international dispute. One oountry threatens war.

13. This country undoubtedly has the best form of government today.

14. Tho statoment reads a new government can funetion best where there is an opposition party.

15. Is doing the most to aid and assist in the.emergence. end development of new nations.

16. The statemont is mede, "The United Natione is run primarily for the benefit and advantage of the lhite man."

17. This oountry has done the most to advance world peace..

F. .0 123-9

Stroy Are 9029y ded Stry Dre

[PAGE 29]
18. Here the power.of the government is placed before-the wishes of the poople.

19. You read that a country.has statpd;"Since the possibilities of wars can bo eliminatod around the-conference table, nations don't need strong armies.

20. The statement is made, alzost dictatorisl powers on the part of the goverunent are zecessary end desirable when a country is just developing.

21, An official states,"hithcut the guiding hand of thBor some white ill'slowly slip back to where it wts a hundred years ago."

22 nll soon teke their places ae Norld leeders.

23. On visiting this 'country, you find there are plades you cannot sit and eat because your skin is dark. :

24. Inhorertly, the and there equal.

25. It is said,are now illiterate because they are intollectually inferior.

26. The statenent is made that racial segregation should be totally done eway with.

27. You read theman is incapable of ruling himself and conducting good govermont.

28  in general are a happy people and ere-enite-eentent even with Thdeperdence will do little-to change their social and economical position in the world.

29. A road is to be built. You\_era told thh shauld provide\_only the\_ mamual work (digging and so on), not the skilled part.

30. Thile tha thas dcminated the foralong time, he has brought real development to these countries, and the should continue\_to accept his leadership now.

3l. A stateuent is made-that separation of the races should be maintained and enforced by the government.

32. An editor of a néwspaper states, the ternshoudd be used to distinguish the from the nom

33. Although the cen leern and perform highly skillod jobs, the actual manegenent and plenning should be left up to the

34. Theeliving in Amorica has done little to gain his freedom will the has done a-great deal.

35. If the4 s given-highly technicel-and skilled jobs in the factory, produotion will probably decrease.

36. Fecause of the treatment of one would have to say that most Christiens are poor Cnristiens.

37. Your country desires educational specialists to help strengthen the educaticnel system. They should come from.....

38. The highly educated person, the who has a College degree should not work with his hands..

[PAGE 30]
39. Yost so.it ls said, would still rather depend on their doctors than on the doctor who practices his western medieine.

40. A statbling and significant soientific discovery is made.

41.Is reported to have the best working conditions.

42. Religion pronotes brotherly relationships between people and nations.

43. A hospital is being built in yourlocality. Medicel specialists\_are needed. You would want them to come from what country?

44. Women should have the same eduçatioral opportunities as men

45. When an is ill, medicine as practiced by the Fshould be comtined with, treatrent to be nost effective.

46. Plans are being developed to creste modern industrial plents.\_\_Techniques for greatest production are needed.

47. This country has made the greatest scientific contritutions to the vorld.

48. The practices of the\_church represeut outgrown primitive beliefs based on superstition end megic.

49 You are offered a scholarship to study in any country you desire.hhere would you got

60. This country has done the most to industrialize the norld.

51.customs endsystems should be retained even though independence is gaindd.

52, Then ene pnetion gains independence and freedom, the people can expeot the living conditions to improve right away, since the government is now being run by its own people.

53. Industrialization-in the western-fashion is fine, but greatest emphasis should be given to the developontn of the land.

54. Commnal type liviag build around theTsysten is suporior to the kind of separation type living brought in bys

65. If a man believés he needs pore than cne wife, he should-have more than one.

56. This country ofrers the best chance of leading the kind of life you would like .to lead.

57. The can keep most of his customs snd rays of life-and still prove equal to people in the-rest of the world.

58. This country probably has the highest standard of living

69. The nay of living in-this country has the greatest influence on other rations.

60. The educated should adopt tho ideals and customs and throw off hissays as quickly as possible to prove he is equal to the

[PAGE 31]
MEMORANDUM FOR:THE\_REÇORD SUBJECT valof ATTENDANCE Cottlieb

SUMMARY: 1.It was agreed to approve \$20,000 for research. This project had been held up since consideration on 3 August (see Memo for the Record) until four specific steps could be taken;-All-conditions vere met.

2. Drs.eand pet with in an effort to get him to limit the scope"of his proposal. subsequent proposai proved an elaboration of his ideas rather than a trimming of his goals. Approval was granted on the condition, therefore, that another meeting with bim (by Drs.and wovlà be concerned specifically with lioiting the scope of his research,

3. Funding will beeffected through-the mechantm. wnl

4. A name check revealed that s name had been submitted for-security clearance for recruitment by the Division.Dr. Gottlieb established·that there was no current intent to recruit him for operations.-(See Memo for the Rec ord dtd, 10 Aug 60.)

12.3

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26 August 1960

[PAGE 32]
MEMORANIAM PORI THE RECORD

BUBJECT Ayproval of Dr. ATTENTANCE Cottliep,

BUMMAKSI 1.  It vas agreed to approve \$20,000 for ressarch., Thie projest hed been held up since considoration on 3 August (sea Meao for the Racord) until four specifio steps could be taken. All cooditione vore mot.

2.Drs. and net vith in an effort to get hia to limit thé acope of his proposal. Nis subsequent proposal proved an elaboration of his ideas rather than a trimming of his goale. Approval vas granted on the goodition, therefcre, that another meeting vith hia (by Dre.) Band ) vould be concerned spocifically vith limiting the scops of his research.

Funding vill td effectod through the cechantg rehaln wvitting of true Syonsor

h. A name check revealed thate nam had beep suboitted for security olearance for recruitoent by the Division. Dr. Gottliob established that thero vas no current intent to reoruit him for. operations. (See Memo for the Record dtd 10 Aug 60)

HBC

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26 August 1960

T8D/Rosearch Branch

Distribution1 Orig & 3 - TSD/R0

[PAGE 33]
123—10

MEMORANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

SUBJECT Diacussion with on the Proposa

On this date' the writer called. Mr to inform him of the fact that ve had found out through a name check that be had asked for a clearance on at one time. indicated that they had not ultimately contacted him and that we should feel free to proceed vith our proposal. thought that if, along with work inet he could also bo on"the lookout for apveals that would be meanful to the groups that he was studying, such information would be of interest to him Lagreed that the proposal tried to acconplish too much and should be cut dowa to a more limited area on which could focus more concentrately.

SIDNEY GOTTLIEB TSD/Research Branch

was granted a Covert Approval in January of 1959. (It wes approved for s use only.)

10 August 1960

[PAGE 34]
MEHORANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

SUBJECT

t Discussion of Dr Proposal: The Investigation of Eoerging Images

APTENDANCE

Dre. Oottlieh Hr.

SUMARY

t It vas agreed that further inveatigation of this proposal is called for before approving it. Doubte vero expressed about the reasonableness of the scopo of the proposal and Dr qualirications to achieve hia proposed aims Therefore, action on the proposal vas held up until the folloving epecific steps could be takent

1. Dr.could reviev it.

9B0R

2.Drcould reviev the proposel and tslk to Drd ebout it.

3. r. could talk to Dr. thesie chairwan and/or Prof. about qualifications.

h. A nore realistic proposal could be vritten.

Hr. suggestod that should be given sooe inforaation in order to maintain his intereat. It vas suggested that Mr. should infonu that ths propogal vas being looked uron favorably end that the

a consulting retalned vhile a boro realiatt posal is written with the help of Dr.

The above vas agreed upon and Dr. Gottliob and Mr. a vho are mocting vith Nre on-h Auguat agreed to convey thase points.

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3 Auguet 1960

TSD/Research Branch

[PAGE 35]
SUBJECT Discussion with Division-X the Proposals

1. At 1130 I ret with D hof the Division to B+6
inforn hin. of our intention to-support-the-proposals of Dr told"Dr that in the course-o
developing curownew look" we were maxingrevery effort to keep informed of
reseerch projeats being sponsored interested Agency components\_and H

2. Dr, s reaction vas relatively non-committalHe comnented initially-that-as-long-as it wés not his money he was-notgoing to offer any critique.=-He-noted nanes of principals, geograph ical areas, tentative dates-forstarting research,ete. He thanked me ani said that he would appreciate\_beirg kept informcd periodically.

Distribution; Orig & a -TSD/RE

(23-11

2 August-1960

MEMORANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

[PAGE 36]
Menorandum toA

Proposal-C

Dear

In view of my own exposure to the education problem in ry recent
trip and in view of the over-all styategic importance of and in the forthcorting years, it is my oplhion that
the attached proposal from Dr has more potentialfor
application at this time than does the proposal of Dr hwhich
previously,was approved and subnitted by th: Board. C 2

I have delayed sending this proposal because.I hoped that funds would be available from the to support the work. This does not appear to be rorthcomung in tite to get the work underway. Consequently. your consideration is requested for fundingthis research through the-Society.

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May 24, 1960

[PAGE 37]
Dear Mi Neur m

Hece is smy propoat for reaarck in Ifthere are any uncleur point, Iwould te glad to chaciss thers. F While I cint mention the Wedticaf atudy im nor plane for Traveling in olkle Countrsia in I certanly Kave them in mind.

From the buget stoupaint Ihave tre to wal it out on the buaia of converaatsns Witl pesple whs have hen To ank from in frmatm lterrture et I dont kaou hor realate it iss withen the framewsok of funila avuilabe to The Foun dlalion I must say thrugh that Iwouldl hile V'ey much to do thusi stuly, ans I ao more intersted in dorxy the study than I ami in ma king mory. So if my tudget

[PAGE 38]
123-12 to imake any aljustminta. lr sune rg

llro I deocuaset the project with Broy He saidl h

Would gladly Wriul you Conterning the merite of the study, my qualificatumi and osf on So if yoe want thea kin of information yor might lnlaet hum or let mu knos and I can have him Contact You Iwill looing foa  heing

[PAGE 39]
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[PAGE 40]
Por a long nurber or years I have hrd a burning desire to learn nore about othrough-study and travel. I would liko now to couple this desire with ressareh whiah would extend. I hope, far beyond any peraonal desire, and perhaps indeed make a eontribution to the field of international relations and the easing of group tenaions.

As an American Negro, living in tht United States, I have oxperioncsd on a porgonal level many of the vagaries of intor-othnie group relations, while living in the Midwest and Baat, and working and traveling in the South and West. With profossional training in Soeial Paychologs, I have been exposed to the-underlying theoretioal construets and broader implications of these diverse rolationshipe, I believe thie baekgrcund of personel involvement and profesaional training havo-qualified ne for the task I set.

Cne of the outstanding eharaeteristies of othnie group interaction is that interaction is often based upon generalised coneepts or peraeived images. These imegea include peroeptions of cthere as well as of solr. That theas imagos have or do not have a begls in otjoctive reelity ie or little oonsequonoe.The quality and degree of interaotion is dapendent uson theae images. Thue, an awarenosy oi theae image-becomes central to any attempt to roduoe grcup toneions and dovolcp more\_haraonious grouy reletions.

Grou» images develop and are maintained through tho two dynouie interacting foroes of the nass modia and personal exgorioncee and sontaots. Once osteblished, these conoapts\_are quite rosistant to tims and events. Whore peraonal contaets are of a given quality, hoyever, and whsre soeiel interastion is in great flux, these imagos san snd:do ander go modifisaticn.

In the Unitel States, & fertile fiold of study-has boen the investigation or sthnie or national storeotypes. Whilo.the majorityor

[PAGE 41]
these studies has dsalt with majority group stereotypes, aome of them have dealt with minority groupa. Cne of these minority groupa hen heen the American Negro. A mejor finding here has beon that stereotypes or images held by the Anerioan Negro are highly consistent with \_those\_hold by the majority grcup (the Anerican White), inoluding thoso atereotype of his own group, the Anorican Negro. The Anoriesn Negro thus has ineorporated and sccepted images of his own group, ineluding negative ones, which have beon preacribed by the ra jority group. Underlying this acceptence is the loarned coneept of inforiority and ths subsequent development of self-hate.

As the role of the Negro in the United States has chenged and continues to change,-as the opportunity for @qual atatus social interaotion expands, the Negroots selr image is undergoing ehange. Thie ehange in self image is slow but persistent and rofleeta the shanges\_and progreas in ethnie group rolations in the United Statos.

Where soeial ohange is dranatio, the unveiling images should also be draratie. Where after generations of dependeney, nations onerge independont. the enorging self-other inages must bo-drematie and dynaale. Sroh 1:2 day.

Without attenaing to the hiutorieal and souial psyohologisal tiee Latween the. Negro of Amerier and the Negro of many parallols ean be drawn, eapesially in the attempts of both groups to rise froa subnisaior and aervitude to positions or equality among mon snd nations.As.wlth the Amoriean Negro, the also has incorporated, in the past, nerative self images. "ahite doaination has undoubtedly had a traunatie offoot upon the perronnlity or tho ...To the eivilization is not alone a different sooial organization....., it is the

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[PAGE 42]
proof of the superiority of white men ovor blaok mon. No teaching of raeial pride or onaouragoment of nstive arts on the part of the white man can remove the implication of black inforiority." (1) But what of these images when-an entire continent is in\_turmoilt

The realization is growing that the way nations see each other is paremount to international robtions and the future of tho world. "A central question in the matter of national attitude and belief is the way members of any given nation peroeive the mebers of snothor... Generally the people or one nation.....harbor stereotyped inages or other nations......Until sane headway is made, international relations must always be in danger of deeision based on fantaaya" (2)\_

As this awareness of the importance of images is growing, the "underdevoloped". countries also aro growing, breaking out of traditional bounds, establishing new ties and rolations. The eourse of action takom by these countriea xill have great impaot on the:United Statda, on en the world.

Thus,and the quality of othor countries relationahips with metare of great importance. own imagos are central, for fature aotion is greatly dependent xpon this conoopt\_of\_selr. images of peoples-of other nationa are alao eentral. This is the purpose of my proposal---through study and inveatigation:to gain awarenesg or these emerging images and attitudes.

[PAGE 43]
Purpose: To investigate emorging othnic imagos in the: three cowntries an related to nations and other netiors whieh ars exorting najor influenco in these arens. These three countries represent different phases in development, with one country long having indopendenoe, another raeently hating gained indopendenco, and the, third being given independenee-this year.

d: Within each country, emerging ant ehanging-othnle group inagos
or sterootypes will bo ascertained for selr--that -is, own groip--here
the p and for others--other nation of major influono in
theso countries, that ls the United States,
and several: other countries. Theseeimages will be examined at
throe levels. The.first two lovels embraeetraditional toohniquoa
doveloped in the fields or Sooial Psychology and Sooiology, while
the third leval combines teohniques doveloped-by in
a pionesr etereotype study and further refined in a dootoral study
by tho'present writer, and the approaches used by the group
authorizod by ato study "Tensiona Affecting Internitional al8c
Underatanding",  and the
under the auepioes of

The three lovels are: sontent analysis, personal interviows, aad image-attitude measuree.

l. Contont Analysis: This envolves an exanination of reprosentative forms of the Mass media, apscirieally nowspapers which bagan publioation rooently or since indopendenoe. In

The Project

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[PAGE 44]
where there is only one daily newspaper and several wooklies, an analysis might be made of each newapaper sovering representative periods of. time. In other countries where.there are from six to twelve daily papers throughout the country; representative sampling will be ocndueted. This level of analysis:should reveal images and attitudes held by or thenselves and peoplos or other nations, as prosented in the mass medla.

2. Porsonal Intorviews: These will be atruetured interviows conducted by the writer with various leaders in representative . positions in\_the countries. This lovel or:investigation ahould roveal ixagos and attitudes hold by who will be shaping the dostinies of theseg enations and their rolationships with other nations of the world.

3. Imago Check-List-Attitude Questionnaire: Thia phase will include an extonsity type chsek list and a, series\_of attitudinal statementa, adminietored to represoutative sameles from gele ctod groups. Inoluded in this sampling will bo colloge atudenta, and membora of labor groups, religlous groups, government groups, other large groups, and if oossible, resoondonts. froa rural areas. While large numbora of reapondents will be involved, the aotual numbor ean be dotermined only upon aotual adminiatration of the quostionnair within eaoh country.

Ai The Image Check-Liat. This conslats of a serias or group
oharacter traits (approximately 30), with an extensity soal
whieh permits respondonts to detornine the extent towhioh a
particular oharastoristie is possessed by various groups,
ineluding their own groip. Sueh traits as "intelligent", "eaek
ward", "hardworking", "progreaaive", snd "poace-loying, can
be assigned percentage wise to ", the ,the ", the "Amerioan", the""Amerieen Nogro", and so on.

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[PAGE 45]
B. The Attitude Questionnaire. This consists of a aerios of statements related to various actions which nations might take. (An example: l.An announcement is roceived that a country has begun large saale disarmanert. Whieh country.would thie moat likely bo? Least likely be?---the United Statos,- ..etc. 2. A hospital is being built in yonr oity (town). Medicai apeoialists (Doctors, Surgeons ete.) aro needed. Proa which country would you want them to come?---the United Stetes, and so' on.)

Both the check list and the questionnaire will yield an objective measure of own-other image as well as a moaauremont of attitude toward own nation and othor nationa, as held by large numbers of peoplea from various walks or lire.

The investigation of emerging and ohanging ethnle images at the levels set forth--from the printed page, fron leadara and influential persona, and froa the people themsalvea, and within ocuntries with varying dogroes or independenee and world relations, should reveal imagos and attitudes with great seope and depth.

[PAGE 46]
Budget; The budget for the project is tased on a researoh plan which covere one full vear in with approximately four months in sach of the three eountriee.

Transportation tol \$1500

Supplies (Materials eto.) 500

Internal Travel (Within ach countrj 3000 and to various countries)

Assistance (\$lO00 for eaeh country) 3000

Secrstarial Help 2000

Living Expenses 8000

Froo. of Materials for Publication 2000

TOTAL \$20,000

[PAGE 47]
Dissertation Cormitteer

Shairman Nember of Committee Cember of Committee.

Submitted in partialfulfillment of'the. requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Joint Committee on Graduate Instruction

1958

[PAGE 48]
The present study investigated stereotypes held by Negro college students toward five ethic groups,-as relatel to variations in the students' regional background and college year status.The-dimensions of direction and extensity received primary focus with stereotype content being considered also.\_ Direction referred to the favorability-or unfavorability of the overall-ethnic perception. Extensity referred to the percent of the ethnic group perceived as possessing a characteristic, and content referred to frequency of trait assignment.

In addition, the study investigated stereotype persistenca.and respondent resistance to ethnic.group generalizing.

The subjects or the investigation were 717 male Nogro college students, of Northern and Southern background, who were attending three Border State, predominantly Negro universities. The subjects also were of freshman and junior-senior class status.

The question of primary concern was whother the different social patterns of living, and the subsequent differences in ethnic group interactions, encountered by Negroes who reside in Norther or Southern regions of the country, would be reflected in their ethnic perceptions, the stereotypes, they hold for the American White, the American Negro, the American Jew, theand the The instruments wore a check list and an extensity type measure.

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[PAGE 49]
The major findings-of-the-investigation were: There are significant differences in ethinc stereotypes held by Negro college freshmen of différent regional origin, in relat:on to direction and extensity..In general, Northern Negro college freshmen have more favorable perceptions of the American !hite, theand the than do Southern Negro college freshumen. F

There are no significant differences in ethnic stereotypes:held by Northern Negro college freehnen and senicrs who are attending universities in Souther regions in relation to direction and extensity.

There are no significant differences in ethnic stereotypes held-by Northem and Southern Negro college seniors who are attending universities in Southern regions,-in-relation-to direction.In extensity, Southern seniors tend to have\_a more favorable perception of the American-Negro.

There are sienificant differences in ethnic stereotypes held by Southern Negro college freshmen and seniors who are attending universities in Southern regions, in-relation to direction and extensity.Southern Negro college seniors have-more favorable parceptions of all five ethnic groups.

There are no marked differonces in the major components of ethnic atereotype content among Negro college students of different. regional background and college class status.Minor components of the stereotype tend to reflect the differences among the students however.

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[PAGE 50]
Among Negro college students, trait assignment by a check list technique and by an:extensity type cecsure procuces-highly, siailar results in stereotype content and direction

Among Negro college students, the stereot pes of five, ethnic groyps have not changed with a passage\_offifteen years, although the fade out tendency is present. However,the stereotypo of the has become more favorable, and the stereotype of-the American Negro/tends to indicate a changing concept of the Negro.

Among Negro college students,-there is resistance to assigning characteristics to ethnie groups.Sowevery-the-major portion of students do not offer resistance-to the procedure.

Conclusions

The results of the investigation indicate that while stereotype content, in general,-is resistive to regional and educational-differences, as well as time, the\_overall tone of the stereotype reflects-the diversities of the social patterms-of living, and the ethnic group interactions afforded these Negro college students. Northern froshren have developed a warmth toward ethnic groups which is-less highly\_developed-among Southern freshmen, while Northern and Southern seniors have blended in their perceptions. Northern seniors have maintained a fairly level perception while the Southern senior has moved toward the\_more favorable perceptions of the Norther-student.

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