[PAGE 1]
KKULTRA Subproject

At Pate of Original Perłcã Tire -Fxteaded- Alotazent Émçunt of Authorizatioq Covered To Muober Ogllgatica

Aaitionel PerioiTiee RtendsdAllotoone Azqut of Authorizatiops Covereà To - Mgoer Cblígatico

[PAGE 2]
Cost Account2125. 392: 9902

Object Class

[PAGE 3]
ATTENTION Finance Divioion SUBJECT MUTRA, Subproject 136

Under the authority granted in the meoorandum dated 13 April 1953 froa the DCI to the Do/A, and the exteneion of this authority-in aubeequent recorands, Suboroject 136 has been approved, and \$8,579.00 of the over-all Projeet MULTRA funds have teen cbligated to cover the subproject's expenaes and should be charged to ccut center 2125-l390-3902.

ChTer TSD/Reecarch Breoch

APPROVED YOR OBLIGATION OP PUNDS:I

Revearch Director

Dietributioo: Original & 2 - Addreasee 1-TSD/FASS 2TSD/RB

I CERTIFY THAT FLINDS ARE AVAILABLE OBUGATION RELRSNCE NS OW101139-3902

AUTHOR-ZING OFFICER

[PAGE 4]
MKULTRA, Subproject 136, Involco No. 1
Allotment No, 2125-1390-3902

1. Involce No. 1 la attached covering the above subproject. Payment should bo made aa followe:

Cashlar's check in tho amount of \$8, 579,00 draw on payablo to thos B

2. Tho chock should be forwarded to Chiof, TSD/Research Branch, through TSD/Budget Officer, as soon as possible,

3.. This lo a fnal Involce. However, alnco It is anticipated that additional funds will be obligated for thls project, the filea should not bo closed.

TSD/Research Branch

Attachraent: Invoice & Cortificatlona

[PAGE 6]
I have just diacovered, much to my enbarrassnent, that I did not send sn\_accounting to-the Fund lest-year. I believe-you told me that a brief -statement wcula be sufficient, and that this need not. be prepared by a Frofessional accountant.

The figures ziver are apiroximate ard hove been translated tra Ato'dollnrs.

\$3,600 Aseistarts 800 Clerical 150. Subjects 550, Traveltus 1,500 Alterations to premisea 550. Office Equipment. 300, Office Expenses (inc.'phone, poet) 350 Booke end Feriodicals 150. Hiec.(inc.currency exc.)..... 29.

Totsl=paia out 1 8,579.

Fleaee let me know ir ycu require\_more

[PAGE 7]
Receipt is hereby acknowledted of the following check:

TREASURER'S CHECK No. 091730 dated Stmher 13. 1961, in the amount of \$8, 579.00, drawn on th payable to the

[PAGE 8]
MKULTRA, Subproject 136, Iavotco No. 1
Allctmeat No. 2125-1390-3902

Iavolce No. 1ls atiached covering tho ebove sobprojoct. Payoicat should bo made ae follove:

The chock should be forwared to Chief, TsD/Roacarch Brancd, through TsD/Budgot Omlcer, as soon as posalble.

3. Tbis Is a linal lavolce. However, eince It le antcipated that addnoaal Sunde will ba cbllgated for this profoct, tho Alas should not be cloded.

Attachmont: Mavolcu & Cortifcetfons

[PAGE 9]
(1) It is heroby certifled that this is Lavolce: 1 applying to Sub-project No. 136 of MKULTRA, that performancd is satisfactory. that services are being accompliahed in accordance with mutual agree ments, that a detailed agenda of the payments and roceipts is cn file in TSD/RB. that this bill is just and correct and that payment therecf has not yet been made.

(2) It is hereby certifled that this involce applies to Subproject136 of MKULTRA which was duly approvad, and that the project is being carried out in accordance with the memorandum of 13 April 1953 from the DCi to tho DD/A, and the extension of this authority in subsequent memoranda.

[PAGE 10]
1. The purpose of this subproject is to support the research of

Analysis of Extrasensory Perception. A proposal describing his research activities is attached.

esearch effort is moving beyond the question of whether the phenomenon, extrasensory perception (ESP), -exists. He is attempting to approach the twin questions\_of\_what are the functional relationships between other personality factors and ESP skills, and what are the factors that must be considered in using ESP as a\_method of communication. Any positive results along these lines would have obvious utility for the Agency. It is not expected that answers would emerge fron initial efforts. He is one of the few individuals sophisticated in ESP research who has been willing, however, to orient his cfforts along thosc fundamental lines.

3. This project will be funded through the security and cover purposes, and the accounting for funds expénded shall conform to the established practices of that organization. The title to any equipment purchased shall remain with th lieu of higher ovérhead costs. BC

23 August 1961

MEMORANDUM FOR:THE RECORD

[PAGE 11]
4. The total cost of this research for a period of one year is

estimated not to excecd \$8, 579. 00, Charges should be made against

is not witting of any relationship between the

contact with the Director's office and may in time become aware of the

relationship, a rcquest for covert security approval has been

Chief TSD/Research Branch

Approved for Obligation of Funds:

Date

Distribution: Orlginal\_Only Attachment : -Proposal

[PAGE 12]
Principal Investigato

Title: Experimental Analysis of Extrasensory Perception

Desired Starting-Date: August, 1961

Period of time for which support is requcsted: 1 year

[PAGE 13]
When St. Denis was decapitated, he is supposed to have picked up his head and walked off with it. This led his custodian to coument, "Dans des-cas pareils, ce n'est que le premier .pes qui coüte.u Unfortunately, this maxim does not seem to apply to research in parapsychology. If extrasensory perception (Esp) exists, it is of fundamental iuportance, and-fundamental problems are never essy to soive. But a large body of evidence has been adouced in favor of the existence of ESP, and while this evidence has left most scientists unconvinced,there is general agreement that further research is-justified.In a survey of-349 fellows of the-American-Psychological Association, only 17% said that ESP was an -"established-fact" or a "likely possibility", but 90% considereo=its investigation a "legitimate scientific undertaking".(J Parapsychol Vol.16, 1952, pp.284-95)

I. Objectives-

It is dirficult to state-the long range objectives of a research-program in parapsychology. The present investigators are by no means certain that ESp exists or that it is possible-to-experiment-with-it. They do teel that the parapsychologists have made a strong case and are willing to devote research time to further study of this subject.

There\_are three overlapping areas which require special exploration and where it is hoped that substantial progress can be made. These are: the design of 'repeatable experiments; the determination of functional relationships between a variety of psychological variables and Esp testscores; and mapping limits for the utilization of the phenomenon,-with speciel reference to the channel capacity, the kinds of meseages which can be transmitted and spatioteuporal constraints.

The present research-toam have concluded that these objectives would be best served by initiating three closely connected. experimentalstudies. The first consists in conduoting group experiments, in which each individual is. treated as possessing a modicum of EsP and test scores are predicted on the basis of ratings on a number.of psychological and physiological scales.. The second is to develop a method to relate patterns of subjective probability

In such casos, only the first step requires any effort.

[PAGE 14]
reflected in responae sequences to test scores and to psychological and behavioural factors.The third is an exploration of the-postulated ESP abilities of a-few specially gifted subjects, who will be intensively studied\_ under flexible-conditions.

A large number of group experiments have been carried out by previous investigators. They have apparently succeeded in disoriminating between levels of scoring for persons characterised by different ratings on a number of pai-variables. These\_include IQ, extroversion, effects of certain drugs, Rorschach protocols, self-confidence, belief in ESP, subjeot-experimenter relations &c. But in each case only.one variable was studied at a time, even though it should have been clear that other variables than the one selected for analysis Were also influencing the results.

If a phenomenon 1s caused by a number of factors or if at:a given stage of iuvestigation it must be treated as if it were, it would be permissible to allow one factor to vary at a time, the other factors being held constant, or to cousider-the combined effect\_of a-number of relevant factors.: If one varied one-factor at a time and ignored-all the others,-he-would be ill informed about the-use-of experimental design. This is unfortunately the situation which obtains in parapsychology.

Experiments in which ESP emerges as a function of the interrelations of a number or psi-variables should yield results which meet any-reasonable criterion of repeatability. Comparatively orude one-variablc studies, such as those of Anderson and-White at Duke University where ESP depends on the inter-personal attitudes or school-children subjects and their teacher, experimenters have aprarently been successful about 50% of the time, even though-the variables have been dichotomous and significance has been estimated with relatively crude tests (a student either. likes or\_does qot like his-teacher and\_vice versa;-a student either scores above the expected mean or scores below it).

The study of response scquences is based upon the assumption, defensible in the light of recent psychological research, that guessing-patterns represent subjects evaluation-of the uncertainty situation in the experiment. There will. be certain gross departures from randomness for all subjects, but there will also be idiosyncratic departurcs. These arc related to general behaviouml differences, because what a person considers to-be-probable determines to an important extent what he will-do. It is predicted that

/when

[PAGE 15]
when subjects are divided into response types, these types will tend to score at different levels-in ESP tests.Of course it-is not assumed that adopting\_a\_particular pattern can in any way effect scores (except in experiments where the model iavolved in comparing guess and target sequences is the matching distribution rather than the binonial distribution, in which case the variance may be increased though the expectation -is not efrected).: It is assumed that thc guessing pattern and the ESP score are both related to a-third factor

The work with individual subjects who give pronise of extraordinary abilities\_will introduce a number of experimental techniques which have been ignored or barely hinted at in the past.A vericty of models of the manner in which information is transferred will be tested by simplc variation\_of the-tasks imposed on the\_subject Preliminary learning studies, in which feedback of results and other kinds-of reinforcement are utilised, -will be introduced at the same time. If a subject is found who can score reliably, an attempt will be made to increase the quantity of transmittedinformation without increasing the average probability of success, by making use-of straightforward techniques borroned from the mathematical theory of. communication.

:In working with individual subjeots, special attention will be given to disessociative states, which tend to accompany spontaneous ESp oxperiences. Such states can be induced\_and controlled to some-extent with hypnosis and drugs. Some of this work will make use of qualitative stimuli, such as drawings and ideas with spccial associations.

II. Methods

Group Experiments

Numerous mathematical models and experimental designs cnable the simultaneous assessment of two or more independent predictors.Chier among these are multiple regression analysis and factorial experimcntal designs, which are:closely related logically and mathematically. The essential\_idea of the. regression model is tbat cach individual's.scores on\_the n independent variables"and the ESP oritorion mey be located\~at a point in an n+ 1 dimensional space. The relation between the criterion and the predictors is given by a multiple regression equation which takos the form:

γ= A+βy1.23...N x1+βy2.134...nx2+..+Ayn.123...0-1x /where

[PAGE 16]
where A is an intercept and the coofficients of the X!s ore partial regression coerricients and indicate the weighting allottedto each predictor.

The regression cquation and cach of the, indepen predictors may be. tested for.significance. If the null hypothesis is rejected.the accuracy of prediction 1s of interest: This is-best considered-in-the language of estimation statistics, wherc one may speak of confidonce intervals.That is: for a subjeot characterised by a certain pattern of scores on the independent variables, one may predict with.95 confidence that:the subject's ESP score will fall somewhere betwcen A and B percont success. The clearest meaning\_of repeatability'is expressed in statements of this kind, whereby the results of a scrics of experiments, not the probabilities attached to them, may be compared to see-if they fit the same pattern. The-width of-the preoioted interval and the contidence coefficient of course vary inversely and the definition of'repeatability' depends on aasigning an a priori ESP-probability

The variablcs to be considered can be classed in several ways.They-will be intrinsicpsychological and physiological-factors and-experimontally manipulable factors.: Intrinsio factors may be temporary and characteristio of the experimental situation: such as annoyance.-or-general personalitycharacteristics,such as intelligence.Experimentally manipulable factors include induced attitudes. such as motivation produced by positivo-reinforcement,and\_purely formal factors, such as the number of ESp trials.yielding the most accurate predictions The selection of variables will depend on a detailed:analysis or the results of past research,incidental observations in experimcnts with.single.subjects, apparent common factors in spontaneous' ESP, and :intelligent guessing: In the\_selection of variables. special attention will be paid to technical problems-in scaling and-to the reliability and validity ofexisting scales. In some cases ad hoc procedures,-such as the Q sort, will be used.

Response-PatternsHunan beings are notoriously inefficient randomisers, so would not be inappropriate to treat response patterns as having two components, ESP and guessing habits. Guessing habits represent subjects subjective evaluation of-the-sequential-uncertainty situatioa in.the oxporimont anddepend on such factors as ability to judge probabilities and imitato randomness, compulsions with respeot to symmetry.&c. Such habits will necessarily.interfero with exercise of ESp. because every timo a choice is made-habit and psi-information sre in

/competition

[PAGE 17]
competition unless they-should agree fortuitously.It might be, for example. that tho- wel1 knovn decline efrect phenomena' are due to the gradual build up of habits and their dominance\_ovcrESP.

It 1s, however, not only desirable to correct for the destructive-effects of guessing habits. It mey be that such habits could be used to prediot ESP test scores. When cne dccides to-cross the street.his dccision about, when to cross depends on his estimate-of-the chancothat he will be run over. Bohaviour is lergely determined by concepts of probability, and systematic bias in assessments of uncertainty situations arē known to be related to personality types.It is-quite possible that sone of thcse types, whether or not they are similar to the oncs derived-by psychometrio techniques or ordinary comon sense, may be related to EsP-ability.It might in fact be possible to derive an ESP-typology from the non-ESp component or-the ESP guessing pattern.

The\_tcchniques-which will be used to-analyse response sequences are too complicated to enter into here but will include the informational estination of redundancy, as uscd in the study-of-languages and the construction of pscudo-languages, autocorrelation, and ad hoc methods to reduce and classiry the number of possibie patterns. The àctual analysis will bo carried out by an electronic computer. It should be madc clear that the quantity of ESP in the results of even the best subjects is-too-small to interfere with tho elucidation of guessing habits. The data used in this-study will be obtained from group ESP experiments-which-have yielded significant results,high scoring subjects:(including control serics and records taken after-theylosttheir ability), from special groups such as psychotios, children and mediums, and from psychological and educational tests in which answers are nop date.have-he of the multinle d promisedihy

Individual Subjects. The amount of information transmitted on the average per trial in ESP experiments 1s: 10g5 + (r/25)10g(r/25)+ 4[(25-r)/100] 10g [(25-r)/100] in binits, where r is the-number of correct guesses. (This appears to be the correct model, since there is evidence that subjects produce the same deviation from chance when aiming below it as when they aim\_above, in spite of the fact that p / 1/2). Good subjects wili tend to have somewhere between.2 and .6 bitsof. information-generally

/available

[PAGE 18]
available to them. This-is one of the reasons why ESP experiments. are so difficult. But it may still be poasible to learn a gooddeal-about the phenomenon, even if learning studies should fail. For it is possiblo to vary the experimental paradign to discriminate between various models for\_the operation of the phenomenon, such as: ESP occurs sporadically but gives perfeét information; ESP always occurs and multiplies chances of. successby à constapt factor; ESP tells the subjeotone of the things the target is not; ESp, when it occurs,-answers a question of the form- is the targot an X?. In addition to psi-models, it will also be necessaryito introduce modcls which provide more sensitive estinates of ESp. For example,: target matorial will be introduced whereby guesses instead of being of the all or nothing type can be more or less right. Again, a number of different p values will be introduced and intermixed to imitate real life situations.

Learning-studies will be institutedin which the subject will be-rewarded or punished for his overall performance and reinforced in various ways-by-being told whether he was-right, by being told,what the-target was, with electric shock etc. In addition, an attempt wili be made-toincrease=the-transmitted:information in cascs where the average probability of suocess remained constant. Thus if N,= the number of trials in- which the ith distinguishable target is guessed to be-the ath t = the frequency of as a target, ga = the frequency of guesses of A, and N= the number of trials, (Nia)N/ga(ti) which states the -ratio-of the frequency with which i-is guessed A.to tho expected frequency ir there wero no guessin preference, may-be-used-to deterinine which guess was the bost estimate of the.target, and the resultant estimate which will depend on the number of trials and the quantity of information available to the subject,. will approach certainty asymptotically.

But the main-consideration will-be the attitude and general-disposition-of-the-subject.Wherever-possible every attempt will be made to tailor the tasks required to his preferences and his estimato of good working conditions In one case the experimental proccdure will be designed-to achieve favorable:motivation by such devices as instructing him that he-is partioipating in a study of subception. In other casos drugs and psychologicaltricks will be used to modify his attitudes. Tho. experimenters, will be particularly interested in disassociative states, from the abaissement de niveau mental to multiple personality in so-called mediums, and an attempt will be made to induco-a number of states of this kind, using hypnosis.Hypnosisis seen not as a

/variable

[PAGE 19]
variable in itself but as a technique for creating various subjective states through suggestion.  In these studies and some others use may be made or qualitative target material which may be evaluated with the use of elaborate matching methods, which have their origin in Euler's solution of the 'Rencontre problem.

erseveraiyears The experid G. Soal did with iscussed in the book ModernExperiments in are  probably the best controlled and most convincing evidence vet offered for ESp. Exploratory experimonts with are already in-progress.

III. Time Required.

Support is boing roquested for. a twelve month period. This-witl=allow studics to be- carried out in each of the three areas discussed above. If at the end of that period no results favoring-the FSp hypothesis have been found, the project will be dropped.if the hypothesis is supportcd, the project will be revalued and its objectives will be.modified Then a further reouest tor sunport may be made to the

IV.Estimated Budget.

Amount Requested

\+ 15% indirect costs

[PAGE 20]
The provide and construct experiuental apparatus wrttout charge.

Will provide desk calculators, furniture, and a limited amount ofsecretarial and clerical-assistance without charge.

The has
allocated premises al to this p nithout
chargeThese-consistt schent of the about 570,square fect in area and comprising rooms and three large closets.

Experimental workers other than i11 contribute most-of their time without charge

There will be an informal advisory committec who' wili review the progress of the work, offer-suggestions about its conduct and consult on-techoical proglems.The members:of this committee are:

The chief investigator will be for the degree D.Phil. workiig undcr the ewasabornin

[PAGE 21]
who is ultimately responsible for the conduct of this rosearch is ioint editor of the and the author or three ot I-humerous technicalpapers on statistics and biometrics.

As the-project will.be carricd out end thear is willing to receive and dissemina.e the-funds-any-tunds-granted us should be considered tax exempt by the U:S.Government.

VI,Related Work at Other Universitics.

Thore are or have-been research centers for parapsychology at-Duke Univcrsity,Cambridge University, Čity College of New York,-Harvard University, Stanford University. The Universityof Chicago,Thc University of Utrecht (which has a chair of Parapsychology), London University, Pittsburgh Uniyersity-&c.

A general survey of tho methods. and findings of
parapsychology may be found in Rhine and Pratt (14), an
exhaustive analysisof the\_research\_up to 1940 in Rhine
et all (13),.and a general review of the subject in Soal
and Batemon(16). 1

/Research

[PAGE 22]
Researchinto-psi-variables.has been suomarised. by Mangan, 1959 (9). A recent review of the experiments initiatod by Anderson and White\_is Van de Castle (19). A detailed.account ofa major research project\_in this is Schmeidler & McConnell=(15).Work\_relevant-tothe study of response sequences has been done by Pratt and by Soal (10, 11, 12). General factors prcsumed related to ESP and studies of individual subjects are discussed-in(13) (14) and(16),- where rererences aregiven.

The idea of using multivariate designs in group experimcnts appears to-be original.Some of the ideas about fduduins.rasnonsc co.book to conversations vith

rdeas involved in the ave béen discusscd at\_one time or another in the past, but little has boon done about them. has done mathematical work on thò experimental discrimination of psi-models\_(18): the method of differential scoring is duc to

mas discussed the methoa mentioned (17). In general much useful-information-and-man Sor researoh bave cone out of conversations with

[PAGE 23]
BC D