[PAGE 1]
OUT OF SOVUT LAFORATORLES

[PAGE 2]
N DECEMBER 26, 194S, Joszef Cardinal Mindszenty, 56, Prince-Primate of Hungary, told the Hungarian people and the world: "1 have partaken of no conspiracy whatsoever [against the communist regime]. I shall not resign my episcopal see. I shall not make any confession. If, however, despite this, you shall read that I confessed or that I resigned, and even see it authenticated by my signature thereto, regard that as merely the consequenee of human frailty; and in advance I declare such acts null and void."

Less than a half hour later,'Cardinal Mindszenty was arrested by the Hungarian communist government.

[PAGE 3]
Fdase Re Cadad

O; t

Da da taa

An qu t: GOTO Cia. 3f

位 m.ST

[PAGE 4]
THIRTY-NINE DAYS LATER ON FEBRUARY 9, 1949 CARDINAL

MINDSZENTY WAS BROUGHT TO PUBLIC TRIAL. HE WAS

ACCUSED BY THE COMMUNIST REGIME OFSPYING, TREASON,

BLACK MARKETING AND PLOTTING TO RESTORE THE HAPSBURG

MONARCHY TO HUNGARY THRONE.

ON THE FIRST DAY HE CONFESSED I AM GUILTY IN PRINCIPLE

AND IN DETAIL OF MOST OF THE ACCUSATIONS MADE. ON THE

SECOND DAY OF THE TRIAL THE CARDINAL OFFERED TO RESIGN

FROM HIS HOLY OFFICE REPUDIATING HIS COURAGEOUS STATEMENT

OF DECEMBER 26.

ON FEBRUARY 8, 1949 THE COMMUNIST PEOPLE'S COURT

SENTENCED CARDINAL MINDSZENTY TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT.

IN 1955 SIX AND ONE HALF LONG YEARS LATER THE HARSH

DECREE WAS SUDDENLY SUSPENDED BY THE REGIME BECAUSE OF HIS

BAD HEALTH CONDITION AND HIS AGE.

BUT THE FREE WORLD HAS BEEN LEFT TO WONDER WHAT

HAPPENED TO CARDINAL MINDSZENTY IN THE 39 DAYS LEADING

UP TO HIS CONFESSION. WHY DID THIS OUTSTANDING MAN

CONFESS TO ACTS AND BELIEFS WHICH WERE SO COMPLETELY

ALIEN TO HIS LIFE. WHAT HAD HAPPENED TO HIS COURAGE AND

SPIRIT AND CONVICTION. WHAT HAD WROUGHT THE GREAT

TRANSFORMATION IN HIS APPEARANCE SO EVIDENT IN THIS

PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN DURING THE TRIAL.

THE ANSWER LIES IN A NEW TORTURE PERFEDTED BY THE

COMMUNIST - A TORTURE THAT ATTACKS NOT ONLY A MAN'S

body but also the mind and soul. IT IS CALLED BRAIN

WASHING A TERM FIRST USED BY THE CHINESE COMMUNISTS (

363

[PAGE 5]
BUT A WEAPON DEVELOPED BY THE SOVIET UNION TO CONQUER

THE MINDS OF MEN AS WELL AS THEIR BODIES. UNTIL

RECENTLY THE FREE WORLD KNEW LITTLE ABOUT THE COMMUNIST

TECHNIQUE FOR ENSLAVING MEN'S MINDS.. BUT AS KNOWLEDGE

INCREASED MEN RECOGNIZED THAT THE WEAPON IS A GRAVE THREAT

TO THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE OF ALL PEOPLE EVERYWHERE.

ALREADY IN THE COMMUNIST CONTROLLED COUNTRIES HUNDREDS

OF THOUSANDS OF INNOCENT VICTIMS HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED

TO THE BRAINWASHING PROCESS. AND WHEN COMMUNISH THREATENS

A NEW NATIONS THE SHADOW OF THIS EVIL MENACES NEW MEN.

IF MAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT ARE TO REMAIN FREE, IF HE IS

TO RESIST THIS COMMUNIST TECHNIQUE SUCCESSFULLY HE MUST

UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF THE THREAT. THIS IS WHAT

BRAINWASHING MEANS THIS IS HOW IT BEGAN THIS IS WHAT IT

363

PO3

[PAGE 6]
ditioning men's minds- started with the itleas and experiments of a hrilliant l9th century seientist nanedl Ivaa l'etrovieh Paviov.

This famous man grew up in Czarist Russia during the years when many. Russian people dreaned of political and sociad reform. Pavlov believed the key to socia progress lay in the field of seienee. He felt tiat men must first know themselves -understand the forees that make then think and aet as they do- before they could hope to live in peace with their fellow men. Only when armed with sueh self-knowledge would men be able to build a better world in which the rights of all tnen would be equally honored and proteeted.

In 1922, with the cotnmunists already in power in Russia, Pavlov said: "Only seience, exaet seience about huan nature itself, and the most sincere approach to it by the aid of the omnipotent scientifie method, will deliver man fron his present gloom, and will purge him of his contemporary shame in the sphere of interhuaan rekations."

The commumizs who seized power in Russia in 1917 fuliy appreciated the experimental work underway in Pavlov's laboratories, but for reasons other than those which motivated the hunxunitarian man of scienee.

The secret of howe a man's mind operates—what makes him think and reaet as he does to the conditions of every day life--is a priceless potential weapon for good or for evil. Such knowledge in the hands of a physieian, a psychologist, or an edlueator ean be used for a good purpose. It ean help in the eure of mental üilnesses, and in the edueation of people toward better citizenship. But the same knowledge in the hands of unprincipled men ean be distorted and used for inhuman purposes. In the hands of sueh men. the șeçret of how a man's mind funetions can be used to pervert-and destroy his ability to reason - to distinguish between good and bad, truth ant lies.

The new Soviet rulers realized very carly that the knowledge Pavlov sought for the betterment ef nankind eculd also he a powerful weapon in controlling men's minds. To then, Pavlov's theories aná experimental fandings offered a scientifie method for attacking and destroying mental and spiritual freedom- -an individual's last stronghold of ¿ssistanee to any form of totalitarianism. Using Pavlov's methods, they hoped to mold the Russian ciüizen into an unthinking, totally subservient "New Soviet Man.'

Accordingly, every step possible was taken to eneourage the development of his work. Lenin, the new head of state, issued a deeree (1921) aeknowledging ". . . the very exceptionál seientilic services of Aeademician 1. P. Pavlov, which have enormous significanee for the workers of the whole world." The decree provided spécial food rations and the "perpetual use" of an apariment for ihe scientist; for the furnishing of his "laboratory with the maximum convenienees;" and for immediate establishment of "the most favorable conditions

[PAGE 7]
for safegautarding the seientife work of . . . Pavlov and his colkaborators."

Despite the unlimaited fnaneial and material aid placed at his disposa) by Lenin, and kater greatly inereised by Stalin, Pavloy was openly hostile to the political ductrines of commniumism. Shortly after the comumnuinist coap d’chadt in 1917, Pavloy, at great risk to his own personal safety. stated in a publie leeture: "1f that whieh the Bolsheviks are doing with Russia is an experiment, for sueh an expériment I should regret giving eveù a frog.

In 1923, following a trip abroad, he told his students: "Nowhere are people living under such poor conditions as in the U. S. S. R., and in no country is freedonı ef thoughut so restricted as in Russia." In 1921, Pavlov resigned his professorship at the Military-Medical Academy in protest over a communist ediet banning higher education for children of the clergy.

Pavloy was dedieated to the same seareh for truth that inspires all true seientists. In 1929, when Stalin reorganized the renowned Russian Academy of Seienee to inelude men noted for loyalty to the Party rathe: than for scientifie aehievement, Paviov remarked: ". . . If we admnit such scientists to our Academy it will not be a seientifie institution but God knows what it will be. The Aeademy has been reorganized by people who do not undorstand anything about science and do not realize what the Acadeny should stand for."

One of Pavloy's most diainguished pupils, Academician I. A. Orbeli, wrote in 1910 that his great teaçher had viewed the comununist experiment in Russia with "repçated Gts of alarm for the fate of his country, apprehension for the fading rolə, as it were. of the Russian people, dread of eultural and political degeneraey, and so on."

One wonders whetlier Pavlov would not again have "répeated fits of alarm"—not only for his own people, but for every man in every country where communism threatens to seize power—if he could see today how his theories and scientific fndings have been twisted and used by the communists to "brainwash" those who stand in their way.

[PAGE 8]
WHAT PAVLOV BELIEVED

Anyone who has been to the zoo or to a cireus or has seen a traited bear or monkey perform in the strrets, has seen examples of Pavlov's famous theory of "conditioning" in action.

These captive animads have "learned," or in Pavlovian terms have been "conditioned," to perforhi eertain trieks previously unknown to them in their natural state and surroundings. They do these tricks in anticipation of receiving food. Every time the trained seal balanees a ball on the tip of his nose to the satisfaetion of his trainer and tho audience, he is rewarded with a fish. Thus, the promise oi food is used to train or condition the animal to react in theway the trainer desires.

Man's behavior, Pavlov claimed, can be "eonditioned" in the same way. The basie forces controlling the actions of men and higher animals like the dog he said, are hunger, fear, sex, survival (selí-defense), and the urge for freedom. These forees can: be controlled and manipulated so as to make. men and aimals behave automatieally in ways that are normally alien to them.  Such forces are manipulated by changes that are made in a map's or animal's environment—that is, in his living conditions.

Pavlov believed that everything a man or añimal does-evèry thought that he has or movement that he makes-is the result of some part of his environment or surroundings acting upon his brain through his nervous svstem.

For example, when a man accidentąlly touches fire or a hot stove (the fire or stove is a part of his environment), he jerks his hand away almnost justantly. According to Pavlov, this is because the heat of the fire or stove afeets the nerves in his hand, which in turn signal his brain through his central nervous system. His basic impulse toward self-defense is called into play and his brain transmits the impression to motor nerves which jerk the hand away.

The important thing here, Pavlov said, is that the fire or hot stoveand nol the man's brain-determined what his reaction would be. The brain acted only to relay the impression or signal, not to initiate or change it in any way.. Pavlov inaintained that this is the primary duty of the brain. He denied that man possesses a "free will," or that he is able to make independent decisions or initiate actions on his own.

All the thousands of things in a man's or animal's environmnent that act úpon him to formn his behavior, Pavlor called "stimuli." Stinuli that are common to all men, for instanee, are: sunshine, wind, rain, snow, food, and other human beings.

Man's behavior or reaetions to stimuli (like withdrawing his hand from

[PAGE 9]
Al phoojad honing stpurimcut: on animnls oud keenas heings ate ftou Saiel eansces.

the fire or hot stove in the case cited above), Pavlov said, are actions whieh he "learns" or "forins" from birth on. To these learned rtactions or behavior Pavlov gave the name "conditioned reflexes." But, he suid, "we recognize them in ourselves and in other people or animals under such names as 'education,' 'habits,' and 'training'...."

An animal, Paviov said, can come into dircet eontaet with his environment only through his senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste-and stimuli can only àet upon him through these senses. Compared with the thousands of environmental faetors that affect tnan, there are only a limited number and variety of stimuli that act upon animals.

In man's case, just as in the animal's, the real world aets upon him through his senses. But in addition, man possesses a unique and purely humau facility through which the real world also reaches him--the facility of speech and words.

This facility of man's. Pavlov claimed, is of the utmost importance. Through the medium of words, pictures, slogans, and symbols, man receives impressions of a real world far greater in extent than any with whieh he coutd ever come into direet physical contact. Yet these impressions whieh are conveyed to him through the medium of speech and words are just as real as though he were experieneing the aetaal stinnuli. Thus, while the dog.must actually see, hear, smell, or taste food in order to react to it, man can see the word "Sood" in print or hear the word or even think about the word himsel, and have an immediate reaction in the form of sudden hunger and desire for, or rejection of, the partieukar food. Words and speech, Pavlov asserted, play a dominant role in 'conditioning man's belravior.

[PAGE 10]
The ideas then that Pavlov advaneed are esseutially these:

1. The basie forees that move men and animnals are hunger, fear, sex, survival (self-defense), and the urge for freedom.

2. External conditions or "stimuli," acting upon thesé basie forees through a man's or an animal's nervous system and brain, determine that man's or animnal's behavior.

3. Man difiers fron animals in that speech and words also aet upon him to determine his benavior. These "symbols" of reality are far more jmportant in determining his behavior than is the real world itself.

4. A man's or an animal's "learned" behavior is called in Pavlovian terms "conditioned reflexes."

s. Daring their lifetime, animals and especially men form hundreds of such conditioned roßexes.

e. By controlling a man's or an animal's environment, one can also coutro! and direet what his resulting behavior will be.

a. Neither men nor animals possess any sueh thing as a "hree will" which they ean exert to direct and control their behavior in any way.

Many seientists today do not agree with or aecept all of Pavlov's ideas of how a man's mind fuuetions and low his behavior is conditioned and controlled by his surroundings. But in the Soviet Union and the coamunist bloe çountries, it. is mandatory for scientists to aecept these views and to continue Pavlév's line of experimentation.

To the communists, who demand total conformity and sutservience from their subjugated peoples, scientific proof that nan's behavior can be conditioned and directed along predetermined lines, would be of prine usefulness.

[PAGE 11]
THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH

Pavlov experimented on the brains of living aninrals. Never before had a technique been perfeeted that would permit man to peer inside a living brainand see what was going on, without cuusing major damage or loss of life to the animal. For this remarkable feat alone, in creating a new method of experimentation, Pavioy has secured for himself a lasting place among the world's great seientists.

Pavlov called his new technique of investigation the "conditioned reflex" method. If the primary job of the brain is to form mechanical-like conditioned refexes, he reasoned, why could not man learn what the brain is and how it works by seientifically studying how a conditioned reflex is formned?

For ethical, religious, and political reasons. not all people approve of seientifie uttempts to probe the brain. This is beeause the braia is generally , considered to be the site of all "psychie activity" in humans and animals— what men of different cultures call the soul, spirit, conseiousness, mind, intellect, or thought process.

Pavlov vehemently denied that he had any intention of trying to investigate this "psychie aetivity." The questien still remains, however, whether any scientifie study of the brain does not necessarily involve prying into these same unknown forces. This is the very aspeet of Pavlov's work that has been of most interest to the rulers of the Soviet Union in their search fer a quick means of creating a regimented hunan society.

Pavlov began his inyestigation of how the brain works and how behavior is formed by studying the dog. The dog was especjally suited to his purposes because structurally and functionally, it is relatively similar to man. Conceivably, what held true for the dog might also apply to man.

On eaeh dog that he used in his experiments Pavlov first performied a simple surgical operation." The end of the salivary gland duet (through which saliva fows into the mouth to aid in the digestion of food) was cut loose from

[PAGE 12]
its sorrounding tizae and huought through a slit in the fare to the outside of the dog's cheek. There it was fisedt in place and allowed to head in this position.

Pavloy then put caeh dog in asling-type harnees on a stand in an otherwise empty, souandprtofed cell. A bulblike container (sce sequenee of oflicial Sovict pictures of dog below). fasteued over the end of the duet, haud tulaes rumning toa. • registering appauratus in an adjoining roam. This device aecurately recorded •. the aount of saliva thét was seereted by the dog from time to time.

From a peephole in this adjoining room Pavloy and his assistants watehed the dog hour after hour, day after day, month after month under varied controlled conditions which they introduced into the dog's cell.

Test after test pointeá to the same conclusions:

• The dog's mental state and physical behavior were definitely affected by its environment, and

• The dog's mental state and physieal hehavior could be markedly couditioned and contrelled by regulatiag the factors of its enviroament.

For example, in one simple test. no one weat near a dog in his cell exeept a man who brought him food at regukar intervals.. Pavlov and his assistants noted that at each appearanee of the man with food, the dog would salivate profusely in anticipation of feeding. After a few days of this procedure, the man failed to appear at the usual time. Nevertheless, the dog began to salivate. He had become "conditioned" to expeet food at a defnite time!

In a more decisive test (see below actual Soviet pietures of this experiment in progress) a metronome, a tieking device with a swinging pendulun used in musie to mark exaet time, was placed to the right of a dog. In front of the dog Pavlev placed a box with a hole suflicientiy large for the dog to insert its head. For several days, cach time food was put into the box for the dog, the metronome was simultaneously set in motion, At the same time the amount of saliva which flowed into the dog's mouth at the sight of the food was carefully measured.

Then one day Pavlov set the metronome into motion-but no food was put into the box. The dog became extremely agitated, straining at its harness

[PAGE 13]
and vainly looking for food in the box. A glance at the registering apparatus showed that the dog's mouth was watering as much as it had earlier at the actual sight of food.

Pavloy had proved that by closely asscciating the sound of the metronome with (he sight of food in the beginning, the dog had been slowly "conditioned" to react to the fulse stimnulus of the metronome in the sume way it had previously reacted to the real stimvius of the food. The dog could no longer distinguish between reality and ilhusion! In a manner of speaking. its mind had been altered to make it aecept and act positively toward an environmental condition which previously it would have rejected or completely ignored.

In other tests, Pavlov proved that one basie motivating force, like hunger, could be played against another, like the vital foree for self-preservation, to "condition" the dog to accept situations that would normally be intolerable.

A dog's normal reaetion to a strong electrie shock is defensive in nature-- it draws away almost autotnatically from the souree of the pain. But in one test, one of Pavloy's assistaunts fed a dog immediately after each shuck application, After several repetitions of this procedure, when the electrie shoek was applied the dog began to salivate and lick its chops in auticipation of being fed. Only when the shock was so severe as to seriously threaten the dog's very existence, would it draw away.

10

[PAGE 14]
Sarviet acirntist peers thrgt a prep sle et the horasrd expctineutaf dag a the atjoitiae suvelpmofea erll. rom his cootrvl rrom he carrfuliy oberves and registers thr dag's reactioas the experinental candtioe introuced into the cel, With the pushbutons at his dingertins the scientist can lectricaliy shock the do; or stimulate ien with belis, buszers, blinking lights, uinous diskis, and other deviees. The pparatus on the dog's cheek and the be leading from it to the control raom zurately measure the oç's saliva flow.

None of Pavlov's remarkable findings were lost on Stalin and the men about him. Some two decades later, several ineidents in conmunist countries involving religious leaders, refugee children, and prisoners-of-war were to attract-world-wide attention. The basie principles involved in these cases were to bear striking resemblance to the principles Pavlov applied so successfully in conditioning the behavior of dogs.

During his experiments with dogs, Pavloy notieed something that eventuaily was to briog him to the study of hunan behavior probiems. He observed that'cach dog adjusted to changes in its living conditions at a different rate of speed and with varying degrees of suceçss. This, Pavlov said, was because dogs possess diferent types of temperament as do humran beings. 1ito n emperameic as uo nuapan pemgs.

Like people everyone has known, some dogs were quickly and easily excited; some were slow and dull; and still others wére neither exeitable nor dull but exhibited a temperaumnent bakanced between the two extremes. Pho doon 1:1. ue tno cxuemes.

The dogs in this latter group. Paviov found, were hetter able to withstand the conditioning experiments that he imposed upon then, without becoming distraught and unbalanced, than could either of the two extreme groups. But even they could not resist ail pressures. "By applying extremely strong and excessive mcaisures," Pavlov said, "it is possible to disturb even the equilibrium of animals belonging to the strong and well-bakaneed type."

[PAGE 15]
Pavlov'a obaarvation of tenoperamentad diflerenees in dogs now led him from the study of normal beliavior in auimals to the parobkem of abnormal behavior. The line that divides a beadaneed from an uabadaneed personality is a slender one. In severat of his kboratory experimeuts Pavloy suecceded in driving dogs over that line when the conditions he foreed upon them causéd too great a nervous strain.

Pavlov frst 'succeeded iù ehanging a normal dog “into a morbid, pathological state" with an experiment which forced the dog to distinguish between à perfectly round disk: and an egg-shaped one. Every time a round disk was plaeed before the dog he was then given food. But when an egg-shaped disk was displayed, the dog was not fed. The dog was soon able to recognize that the round disk meant he was to be fed.

Now cach successive time that the egg-shaped disk was placed before the dog, it was rounded otī slightly. Finally its form was aimost identical with that of the roud disk.. As the experiment contiaaed, the dge's problem in distinguishing the true round disk from the other becaue tore and more difficult. And the dog became more and more upset. L

Then suddenly the dog-seemed to lose all ability to tell one symbol from
the other. His whole behavior changed radieally. He lost his appetite for
food and showed no interest in life. He had become mentally and physically
ill fromn the great strain put upon his nervous system. P1

The disturbanees he ereated in dogs. Pavlov found, were usually relatively permanent, áffecting an animal for months or even years. In some cases, the mental health of the animal was restored, but only after months of rest and treatment with drugs.

.. Pavlov had always placed his hopes for a better world upon the aceomplishments of seience. As he experimented with dogs having nervous systems or temperaments that were weak and highly. sensitive to breakdowns and disorders, he wondered:

• Whether their undesirable traits could be eradicated and replaced with desirable ones, and

• Whether these new traits could be inherited by future generations. Parlor's work: now took two dircctions:

• He began to classify types oi temperaments in dogs with the intentión :1 of scientifically breeding oflspring with stable personalities from seleeted, dependable parental stock, and

• lle concentrated upon the study of disorders in human beings who were in clinies for the mentally ill.

. The new turn taken by Pavlov's jnvestigatior was of intense interest to

[PAGE 16]
the Soviet rulers. If Pavioy coald prove Hhad certain "hearned" or acquired behavior traits io dogs could be transmoitted to thcir offepring. why then could not the regime instill such habits in the Soviet people that they would bear future generattious wh from birth would be dedicated to the coomoit a.? a ue connmunst cause?

Every facility, every means of aid to funther his work, was pressed upon Pavlov by Stalia. Psychiatrie cliuies, laboratoric., assistants, funds--all-were placed at his disposal in uuiimited quaetity. Pavlov had no reason to question the political motives behind the' regitae's gencrosity. Ife accepted the assistance at face vaļue: as aid which wonld advance science. L Nne.

Pavlov became'convineed that ". . . the basic principies underlying . . . [brain) activity are the saune for both the human being and the higher aninals [dogs]. . . ." He saw close conneetions between the mental disorders he had cautsed in experimental dogs and the cases of hysteria, obsessions, and paranbia which he observed in mental clinies.

But Pavioy approaclied the study of man with extreme eaution. "Obviously," he warned his co-workers, ". . . caution must be used in attempting ... to apply our recently acquired knowledge concerning... the dog the more so, since the inecanparably greater development of te [brainj in man is pre-eminently that faetor which has raised man to his dominant position in the auimal world. It would be the height of presumption to regard these first steps . . . as solving the intricate problems of . . . man, when in fact at the present stage of our work no detailed applieation of its results to man is yet permissible. . . ." Even so, he had great hopes that the knowledge gained from his experimentation with animals would be of use in the analysis and treatment of mental iilness in human patients.

While stili on the threshold of'this vastly important venture, time ran out for the greąt experimenter. Only six days before his death in 1936, Pavlov had enthusiastically told associates:

"Now we can ani must go forward. . . . All of you physiologists should be acquainted with geneties in order to ereate an ideai type of {brain) of the dog--the strong, balaneed, alert type—in order that we may use alì of the experimental material for the investigation of the human being, striving to perfect the human race of the future."

Bu'. unknown to, Paviov, the communist regime had other plans. Once his students had reached a point where they could engage in independent research, they were transferred out of his laboratories and esuablished in others, There, despite Pavlov's previous warnings, they were foreed by Soviet leaders to experiment on human beings--but not with the intention of "striving to perfeet the human race."

[PAGE 17]
THE PERVERSIOR

These are facés of some of the Greck yo their famnilies and homes after six years cap of Eastern Europe.

The 1951 returnees were only a s:all ranging from two-year-olds to teep-ager; xh. munist guerrillas during their unsuccesial , ment in 191S. Foreed to mareh acros Gn Yugoslavia, the children were dispersed úir. into Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, an and Poland.

Over the years since the revolt wes so families have pleaded for the retutn of tie. to seeure the release of the children have ke:: Cross and the United Nations. But umai . regarded by the communit t..

comumst bloc countrics Oscar Thorsing of Sweden, ehairman of on the Repatriation of Greek Children, rep. November 1952, that "the humanitarias w with their families has met

as met with obstacles eike Why were these young children abézet. land? Why were they held so long ia the Why were they suddenlv at.

-, suuuemy returned years kier: The answers to these questions have èee laboratories of Pavlov, in the Hungarian prs in the Chinese communist prisoner-oi-vt ca daily lives of the people of the communst cou the same pattern, the same story of corman! "brainwash"--the minde of -

ue mnas of men as Pavie: dir A broadeast froa communist Rumia revcaled the commmumnists' purpose in a: iu broadeast that "the children {kidnapped G groups express their enthusiasm for the w.rk are preparing for the strurt. ..

e suuggle and their r.ar? Greek oficials are appalled that so mary
deliberately and systematieally “prepared" ior
is evidence that mauny of the repatriates èave
in the communist way of life and have be.a
underground communist party nucieus in Gr.

[PAGE 18]
N OF SCIENCE

youth who in 195t were returned (o zaptivity in the communist satellites

all portion of some 28,000 children who were kidnapped by Greek domul revolt against the Greçk Govern-Greece into Albania. Bulgaria, and throughout tie conmuaist worldand even to distaunt Fast Germany

; suppressed, thousands of grieving :heir children. Repented attempts eea made by the Internationai Red til late in 1551, all picas were dis-

of the U. N. Standing Comneittee reported to the United Nations in i work of reuniting Greek children which have proved insurmountable." ucted from their homes and native the communist satellite countries? aer?

been found in many places—in the prison ceil of Cardinal Mindszenty, y eamps, and in every facet of the countries. All of these are part of nunism's attempts to "condition"— did those of animaßs.

ia in January 1919, unvittingly jueting the children. The radio Arecks} enrolled in communist youth cork; of the groups and deckare they Surn to the liberated motherland."

ny of the abdueted children had been Tor their return to Greece. There have been thoroughly indoctrinated zen commissioned to serve as a new Greece. These men (after six an

[PAGE 19]
seven years a great many of the youth are in thcir late teens and caurly twenties) have bąen cabjeeted to the most rigorous education and traúning in çonanmumist theory and praetice. They have been totally isokated fromn the moderating influence of any other ideas durineg youth's most inopressionable yçars. They remember liutle of demoeratie ways and prneesses.

Most of therp were housed, fed, and treated, in general, far better than the native satellite children., Much of their training was supervised by fellow Greeks-members of the outlawed Greek Comuuunist Party, who direet subversive activities egainst the Greek Governnent from satellite bases.

A 17-year-old Greel: girl, foreibly detained for seven years by the communists and only released in April 1955, reported to Creek oflicials that when Stalin died all the children in her elass were lined up and ordered to ery. She alsę said that their teachers told them not to believe "all that silly stu about God. There is only one God," the teaehers said, "and his name is Lenin; and Stalin was his prophei."

Behind communist elforts to indoctrinate and train a new generation of Grecks in the philosophy of communism are long years of Pavlovian-type experimnentation---frst upon the peoples of the Soviet Unión, and later, upon the once-free peoples of Eastern Europe and China.

Shortly after the death of Paviov in 1936, Stalin began exerting inereasing : pressure upon the men trained in Pavlovian techniques to experiment upon human beings. The scientists protested strongly.: They remembered Pavlov's warning against a hasty transfer of preliminary findings about aninals to the intrieate mechanism that is man.

But Stalin disregarded their protests, and set aside even greater sums for the experimental work of the Pavlovian laboratories. Aceording to offcial Soviet records, in 1936, the year of Pavlov's death, Stalin had allocated 1,000,000 rubles for this work. 1n 1937, the sum was irereased to 1,500,000 rubles, and in 193S, the last year in which such statisties were published by the Soviet Government, to 2,100,000 rubies. The same records show that at Koltushy, the "city" of experimental Pavlovian laboratories. the number of scientife workers inereased from 172 in 1937 to 357 by 1938. The reason for Stalin's action is not hard to find.

The regime had begun to eollectivize farms and expand heavy industry at a ruthless tempo in the 1930's. The new Five Year Plan ealled for long hours of work and sacrifce on the part of the Soviet people; even fewer eonsumer goods and neeessities of life would be available. Every facet of Soviet life became inereasingly disciplined; terror and fear were struek into the minds of the people by the mass arrests and purges that Stalin loosed upon the countryside.

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But fear, terror. purges, and stern discipline were not enough for the Krenlin ruler. Stadin knew that umniess he eould renuake maa's spirituad being his mind - there would aleays be hatret annd resistance to comamunist rule.

The necris of world coamunism called for the imtoediate ereation of a "New Soviet Man"...a man embodying only communist ideas, motives, chauaeter, and sense of duty.

Stalin visuadizesd sueh a' man rising behind the harnessed animals in the Pavlovian laborhtories. If an animal eould be "conditioned" to aet in a certain preçetermined way merely by controlling his environment, the Soviet dietator reasoned, why then could not the Soviet eitizen be "conditioned" to behave in any manner the state, desired, merely by controlling what he could see, hear, and do?

If it was true that an animal was a helpless pawn in the hands of the experimenter, with no "free will" of its own, as Pavlov's experiments seemed to indicate, could not à race of men be created vho would move like puppets at the bidding of the hands that maaipulated them?

To Stalin and his cohorts, Pavlov's experimentation proved such a thing was possible. His findings, they believed, established that man was devoid of .soul and spirit, with a mental mechanism triggered by his baser nature. Just as seals can be made to performn in the cireus by rewarding them with food, so men, these communists believed, could be made to do what was required of them for the promisu of food. And in the same manner their oiher basic instinets--fear, sex, survivad, and the urge for freedom-could be so played upon and regulated as to leave them at the complete merey of the state. L sute.

Litlle is known in the free world today about the exact nature of the scientifie research being performed on human beings in the Soviet Union and the "people's demoeracies," for such information is a closely guarded seeret behind the Iron Curtain. Only rarely is the barriér inadvertently dropped to let the free world have a look. What people do see and hear, fills them with foreboding for man's future.

Such a rare opportunity came in 1950 when the Communist Party of the
U. S. S. R. called a conferenee of Soviet scientists. At this meeting seientists
working in every feld of study were severely upbraided by Stalin's spokesmen
for neglecting to ineorporate Pavlov's theories and findings in their work. t LCu woik.

They were told hy Prarda, the oflicial Communist Party newspaper: "The Soviet people are building a communist society hased on scientifie prineiples. The buikiing of conununism means not only the creation of the neccssary material and technologieal base but also the reeqnstruction of all aspeets of human life." Pavlov's findings, Praşda eontinued, have "tremendous significance . . . for our people, for the workers of the entire world."

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Man, the cominunists say, is only a machine ... and like machines . ..

easily manipulated and controlled. Hlere a Soviet experimenter . . .

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fits an apparatus, for measuring saliva fow, into the mouth of .

4 a human guinea pig. This young boy's normial behavior . . .

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[PAGE 24]
that he now automatically accepts and cats a distasteful pill . . .

[PAGE 25]
in prelerence to good food. Success with tesļs such as this . . .

led the Soviet regime to undertake creätion of the "New Soviet Man,"

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[PAGE 26]
At this confetrnce. the caicatit.. were paurticokaly criticized by the regine for averlooling the vital rohe that words and speek play in conditioning mun's laehavior. They were told to incorporate Pavhov's teachings into the fehd; of "ptnrtical medicine, pedagogy. pliysicad éducation, paycholoay, paychiatry" and related fields. Siganitiêmty. all of these felds are concerned with the foumnation, training, and treating of man's mind and body.

At the saune tiane that most, Soviet seientists were being chastised, the regime singled out two for high praise. These men. the Comnmunist Party reported, had aehieved cousiderable success in conditioning children's behavior in experiments they had condueted on orphans and mentally retarded children.

While an intensified seareh contiaues in the Soviet Uinion for a seientife way of creating a now race of "Socialist Men," the communist rulers have mobilizel every possible instrument of publie persuasion- the sehools, press, radio, television, cinema, the theater, arts--to retrain and condition the minds of the present generation. They have accepted as faet Pavlov's theory that for man, words and speech take the place of the real world about him and in this way play a dominant role in forming his Lehavior.

The conditions for the commanists' undertaking are ideal. The people behind the Iron Curtain are a vast captive audienee, shut off almost eompletely from any source of information not controlled 'by communism. Through constant repetition of the same ideas on every page of every-newspaper and book, over every radio, in every classroom, on every cinema screen, the communists hope to indoctrinate the people so thoroughly that eventually they will aecept everything the regime says as being the truth.

Orodoi Nercles, a magazine for kindergarien teachers in communist Hungary, explains the role of the school in these words: "The Soviet sehool capnot be satisfed to rear mereiy edueated persons. Basing itself on the faets and deductions of progressive seierge, it should instill the, ideology of communism in the minds of the young generation. slhape a Marxist-Leņinist world outluok and ineulcate the spirit ef Soviet patriotism and Bolshevik ideas in them. . . .

"According to. Pavlov's doetrine a ehild's every step must be watehed. We must strive to build up reflexes and impressións in ehildren whieh will form the basis for positive characteiisties. . . . By systematically exposing children to certain stimuli, certain changes can be brought about in their nervous systems and these changes may be directed toward the desired goals."

How this works in the eommunist elassroom is revealed by an exeerpt from Zemlya Russkaya, a book jublished for students' use by the Young Communist League: "Stalin! Always we hear in our souls his dear name. And here, in the . Kremłin, his presenee touches us at every step. We walk on stones which he may have trod. . . . let us fall on our knees ánd kiss those kolý footsteps."

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The ted. of the :cheod in the conummnid coauntice, like evety olher medium
of commmmication, is to de.toy all conventionad ties and memories. The fut
sote prai:e of Stalin was au attempt to tran fer a child's normad adfections for
home aund faaily to the Soviet dictator and the státe.. 1

How effeetive have the communist,; been in their ellort to use Pavlov's theories to reaake men's minds?

The record is both frightening and reassuring.

Wherever the communists have been able to isolate a man from all contact with the outside free world, wherever they have coupled physieal brutality with overwhelming psychological pressure, they have had some success in ehanging-"brainwashing"--a man's mind. Whenever the fear, the inhumán treatment, the humäiation, the thirst and hunger have become overwhelming. the cdmmumists have eaptured another vietim.

Not all men vill suecumb to the same pressures--nor with the same facility. Moreover, only a few of those who are broken remain indoctrinated communists if they escape to the frèe worid.

And there are many signs that the people of the communist worid are resisting the "conditioning" experts in every way possible. Thousands of Soviet soldiers defected to the Nazi armies during World War II. The communist press continually complains about work stoppages, shorteomings in the work of the collective farms, and sabotage in the faetories. There is a steady stream of refugees who risk certain death eseapine to tho froo weorl vetapnig to tne free worłd.

Today, Stalin's suecessors are intersifying their efforts to perfeet techniques for the enslavement of men's minds. But, unlike the dogs in Pavlov's laboratories, man possosses a powerful weapon to resist their experiments his uneonquerable spirit The struggle is not easy but it is being won.

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An idea of what it is like to be an experimental animal in communist hands was disclosed in a doeumented report given to the United Nations General Assembly in October 1953, by the world-famnous American seientist, Dr. Charls W. Mayo.

Dr. Mayo revealed how Ameriean soldiers, serving with the United Nations Conmand and captured daring the Korean War by Chinese and North Korcan communist forees, were foreed to confess to all manner of "erimes." This- is what he said;

"It is not a pretty story that confronts us. It is a story of terrible physical and moral degradation. lt concerns men shaken loose from their foundations

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Chinese comnunists petfected Soviet techniquez of physical and mental torture to"brainwaşh"UN POWs. To gain a "eonfession," this conumuaist has forced a l'OW' to dig and lie in his own grave.

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[PAGE 30]
of murad value men bradten dowa by the conditiening wfách the xcience of Paviov recarve. for dogs anud rats: all in a vicious attempt to make them accomplices to a frighthul lie.

"In an even deeper ser e. the :, we have to tell refeets a communist
system which deliberat y Coaits every prineiple of moraity and truth, devoting
itself to one sode cject. the progres: oí connnunism by any eflective moans,
no natter tov evil. 1

"... At the outset we should notice that the uortures used in these eases, aiihougdh they inehude many brutal physical injuries. are, pot like the medieval tortures oi . rack and the thumbserew. They are sibitler, more prolonged, and intenued ! oe ine.: terrible in their effeet.. They,are caleulated to disintegrate the mind of an iatoltige..t victim. tp,distort his sense of values, to a point where he will not simply. ery eut-1 did it!'-but will become a scemingly willing accomplice to the complete destructioa oí h's irgrity and the production of an elaborate fiction.

"The testimony in our' hands, from American prisoners, reveals the use of a detailed teethod desigaed te mold prisoners into the desired condition where they can be expioited to the naximum. It is a method obviously calculated by the communists to bring a man to the point where a dry erust of bread or a few hours' uninterrupted sleep is a great event in his life. All the prisoners victitnized were subjected to the same pattern ofintimidation, deprivation of basic physical needs. isolation, and physical and mental torture. The techriques varied only in detail, exeept that the extent of their use depended on the degree of resistance shown by the individual prisoners. The total picture presented is one of human beings reduced to à status lower than that of animals; filthy, full of lice, festered wounds full of maggois: their siekness regulated to a póint just short of death; umnshaven, without haireuts or baths for as neuch as a year; men in rags. exposed to the elemnents; fed with carefally measured minimum quamntities and lowest quality of feed and unsanitary water, served often in rusty cans; isolated, faced with squads of trained interrogators, bußlied ineessantly, deprived of sleep and browbeaten into mental anguish.

"Iinagine a human being in this condition. It. is a tragie pieture but it is true, and supported by hundreds of eyewiuness reports. Many other individuals died in this process and cannot add to the testimoay. We must remeunber that all this was not domne as mere senseless brutality; it was done for one single purpose; to make frce men serre comuaist ambitions "A e comnaasi ahtuionis.

"All this testimony on communist methods of extorting 'confessions' in Korea suggests a frightening pautern. m

"It suggests that the communists were deliberately perverting to their

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[PAGE 31]
ends caentiadly the sane teehniqu which the fammeas: Soviet biologiat Pavloy uad in hi: experinents on dogs and rats. This teehnique, as you all kanow, is called the 'conditioned retlex'. When a rat goes througdh the wrong door, he gets an electrie shock. Whuen he goes through the right door, he géts a bit of cheese. Before long. you can dispense with the shock and the cheee, because the rat has been conditioned to enter the door you want him tò enter. The Soviet regime has used this sune techmnique against its ¿wn people in efforts to dislodge them'from their traditional reverence for the Almighty and from their aspirations toward freedom; and to foree thenì willy-nilly into the communist slave pattern.

"This is the very technique which the communists appear to have used on their intended 'germn warfare' vietims. Resistaee was punished with kieł:s and slaps in the face, with worsened living conditions, with food rations lowered still further, with threats of death. This tightened grip was sometimes relaxed briefly when the uayielding vietim seemed in danger of dying. Signs of cooperatios, on the other haand, were rewarded with slight increases in rations, with: promises of better treatnent soon. No wonder that some of our prisoners, miserably weakened with weeks and months of mistreatment, were brought down to that animal level of response where resistance was associated with death, where yielding was associated with survival, and where survival on any terms seemed more important than the moral prineiples that distinguish men from beasts. Ianything is surprising to me, it is that so many of our soldiers--both those who confessed and those who did not--although for months they were treated like animals or worse, somchow eontinued throughout to act like men.

"Consider the evidence on those who did not yield. A prisoner whem the communists assume is already acting like an animal is offered in sharp terms a pu.ely animal stimulus: food or death. The obvious animal response is expected. Yet in one case, a man was senteneed to death 12 times, and he refusęd to yield. Another man was made to dig his own grave, was taken before a firing squad, heard the command to fire, and heard the pistols cliek on empty chambers; and he refused to yield.

"Such testimony as this seems to teach us that the spirit of man can run deeper than the reflexes of Pavlov. . . ."

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