[PAGE 1]
INCCCR CEFCK ITSR

Ma saprojost /L2

102-1

[PAGE 2]
No.1322
Cost Accouut 0525: 101: fu2

102-2

[PAGE 3]
7 poceabex 1059.

nvvnat, Cubpeojeot 102

Uader te cuthority ezented in the täcoranáua Cated 23 April 1953 Acoa te Ick to te Lo/a ena tha extensioa oa this cuthorliy in cutceçuset posopenãs, fubprojoat los hos boan epproved cnd 85,750.Co of tha over-all. Projeet ta5A Saala hevo beoa ctllyatad to cover tho cutgrojeot's cxpeases an shoala ta chacss0 to A1lotosat 0525-l009-kç03.

Chivz Te/chostcal Divietcn

F7145N2D FOQ GOLJO5TIGS GP IUROS1

CLRTISY THAT FUNOS PRE AVAILABLE 17 195 OSUIGATION REFEPEICE NO. CHARGE TO AGIT NO. 052.1009-4902

L1 /229

[PAGE 4]
5 Fetrvmry 1960

JOEOVNCAH FOD: CHIOV, FINAICE DIVISION

VIA

i Ts/noaget osflcer

SUTJET

KaA, Suberojeot 102, Zavoiee No. 1
Al1otant 05=5-1009-4902

1 1, Invoice No. 1 io ettsched covering tho cbova subprojeet. Paynoat shculd be sads as folloest

Cssbiers Cbeck in Oha cmount of <0,750.00, ¿remm

2. Plaaso forwant Uhe cboek to Chief, Cos/Chemieal Diviston throwh Ts/aeiget Crricsr by Fridey, 19 Febrvary 190.

Chio is a Rinal invoiez. Zovever. siros 1t is antieipatod Oat voaitlocal Dods vill te chligated for vaia projoet, the tiies ohoold Lod bo cloood.

Tss/cbenteal. Divisica

Attaolsontt Iuvoloa. & Certificetáons

COCAT:. 1222

Pictrlbotico; Orig à 2 » Aldressea -1- TSS/FASB

[PAGE 5]
I have your rcguest for an accounting of the grant made to me by Pin 1959. You did not indicate what sort of an accounting you desired, whether financial or other,

As I recall I submitted a budget with the request for the grant, and can say thc money was expended as budgeted.  One hundred dollars was expended for bocks and the remainder of \$2, 400 was expended for salary to me during the three sumrner-monthe,supporting my studies in communication theory.

The grant front supported the etudies which B led to a series of papers presented for various groupsto alterations in the content of my graduate courses-at and also to ny continuing work incomrnunication theory.

I hope that this information will fulfill your needs,and if not that you will let me know what additional information you desire.

Yours sincerely,

W cortify that services or materlals have bden batisfactorily received an? ihe cxpenditures wére incurred on officlal hustness.

February 13, 1963

[PAGE 6]
RECEIPT

Receipt is hereby acknowledged of the following:

Cashier's Check No, JM23077 in the amount of \$5,750.00, drawm . bavable to the.

D

[PAGE 7]
1Tcs/suagat orrteer

1 NaiaA, Gabprojoat 102, Involco No. 1 A11ote.6 0535-1002-4202

1. Tavoiee Fo. 1 1s etteobod covoring the sbovo subprojzot. : Pey-ant ahcald bs sado ao follovst

$\Re _ { \cdots } ^ { * }$ Pleaso forvaru the checka to Caiol. Tco/oeeical Division

thurada zes/ccegat Qftieor by Friday, 19 Pobreary 1900.

3. Thto is a Sinel inveice. Eocover, einee it is catielpated

that euuticral Calo vall te obltgatsd for Uio yroject, tha tilas Ccola pos to olcsed.

Ts9/Chonlcal Divsoion

Attactoout:

Ihvcdoo & Certafioations

Dictribattons

$$
\sin ^ { 2 } \alpha = \frac { \pi } { 2 } \approx \frac { \pi } { 2 } \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \cos \alpha = \frac { \pi } { 2 } \approx \frac { \pi } { 2 } \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx \frac { 2 \pi } { 2 } \pi \approx
$$

$$
1 = \sqrt [ n ] { \frac { 2 5 } { n + 2 } } \sqrt [ n ] { \frac { 2 5 } { n + 2 } } \sqrt [ n ] { 5 }
$$

$$
\cdots - 2 - \arg \int d \sin S / \cos \int C D
$$

TSS/CD/(5 Feb, 60)

5 Fobeoazy 1960

VIA

XC0.NAAN FOR:QLIDP. PIEAOR DIVISIG

[PAGE 8]
O

INVOICS

For corvices

\$5,750.00

CERTIFICATTORS

(1) It lo hercby certiried that thio is Invoice No. 1 epplying to Suproleet Ho. l02 of EXgEni, Uat perforaonco is setisfeotory, thet cervicas ora beieg aocosoliohod in cccordanco vith mttvol egreements, that a datalled egence or tho payaents cnd recoipts io oa file in Tus/cn, Cat this bill. io juat chd correct cud that payoont thereor has not yot been code.

Chier, T3/Chendcal Mvision

Dato:.

(2) It 1s horcby certified that thio iavolce apolies to Bubproject Ro. 102 of Mtra vhieh sas daly epprovod, cod taat tho project is baing cerrlod cut in cocondnace vith the teooroudus of 13 April l953 Tron tho vCX to tho Do/à, anl the extessioa of tats cuthority in aubsequmt naeioranoa.

Datst

[PAGE 9]
Jamm-ry 11, 1960

As nca koy.the Ps Lireesors hmva spaovot a gaue to Pothe e 1. tho amouot o9 5.750.t0 for cooroh on natuaal :poos nwar tko crsction of eofescor In socordhe. sath Trolessor! Fa pisiamp xe se sline We C Cest :aied.cu Me cant in to oount of 3.500.c0. /1vace fini the s clsok lor chás coount aitcelevt. i 0.

The Splloauat coacttiene appy An tha utilsation o. thene funlsr

1. A zerdnal cevort ia to te sobrictel acter the comdetion or tho pèano sf revenrch covred by tiis caot.

2. A tershed sceoutin o2 dds ex cndot in obtannins. prooezate: anì ro,ovtlng data aail oe provided 2or our reeords.

3. est arysood aath these furds clall to cowoyed to B "to in loa of ovorjecad.

1。 fhy totaioal reorte or papeps vkch pow cat or the study rorortd mte tle caet seail eecvun the folowag roticos stay u a oue orted ln pert ty a tront froa B

t)p tron t.: cbozo toaltens, it is pmizri tat tho fois bo ex io  rely o h rsn doeinvee ani th no faoats 1920 12 2 1

Oh aae o? Te etora ke: the seiontsio sovisoro to Uhe

[PAGE 10]
102F

December 24, 1959

C

Dear Dr. C

Ias plecsed to onnouoce thot our foard hes approved your grant In the amount of 55,750. 00. The Finance Committee bes approprioted the funds so we oro prepared to trcamit the first payusent in Jeruary. Would you pleoso provido Iostructions for the funJing procedures.

Best regords.

SIncerely yours,

102-9

Executivo Secretory

[PAGE 11]
7 Tocealor 1959

ITTCRO

IFlanco Bivieica

1 Halan, Susyrojoet 102

Undrx Co tuthorkty caentel in the fscorandua Cated

13 Apr11 1253 troa the ICt to the k/A eza tho extenstoa c2

this oulhoriiy in cabrequent maoreads, cvbgrojact Yod Las baas

orcred cod 65,750.00 of Co over-all Projeat k2027A Amks .

lava tooo obllraked to cover tto eulpcogceta exponees erd

chcal1 va cherned to A1lotoeot 0623-l00p-4g02.

5e/obeatcal l4vtelca

21 NG CL101103 F031

katat

$$
\sin x = \frac { \pi } { 2 } \times \frac { 5 } { 2 } \times \frac { 5 } { 2 } = \frac { 3 \times 7 } { 2 } = \frac { 7 } { 2 } \times \frac { 7 } { 2 } = \frac { 4 } { 2 }
$$

$$
x _ { 1 } = \lim \limits _ { x _ { 1 }  \ldots } \frac { 1 } { 4 } \sin ^ { 2 } x _ { 2 } ^ { 2 }
$$

$$
3 . 4 \times 5 = 1 2 5 . 5 \times 5 = 1 2 \times 5 \times 3 . 5 \times 3
$$

2 - TSS/CD

/02-10

[PAGE 12]
MEMORANDUM FOR: THE RECORD

SUBJECT : MKULTRA, Subproject102

1.: It is requested that Subproject 102? be approved to

support the research prograa of Dr. C

in his study of behavior of members of naturally formed groups aş a function of group membership in accordance with the attached. proposal. -

2. This project vill be funded through

and the eccountings for funds expended in it shall. conform to the established procedures of that organization... Any permanent equipuient required for the project will become the property of the University in lieu of bigher overhead charges.

3. The total cost of this project for a period of one year is estimated to be \$5,750.00 as indicated in the attached budget. Charges should te made against Allotment 0525-1009-4902.

DRATA 3 December 1959

102-11

[PAGE 13]
h. No cleared or witting persons ore concerned with the

conduct of this project.

A

Chief TSS/Chemical Division

Approved for Obligetion of Funds:

Date:

Attached: Proposal

Distribution: Criginel only

[PAGE 14]
B/c

ouuis for yove note or S.otaeter l0. I ton eajoyee our C cn in s 1 ye clihte by your itero in tha reaarah en netual creus th s I eireatec lut yerr cith the c) ort or sh hlo 1 pe vietstac Preevor rt ot ro.orrch coalnt-iat. Eot ta oer evevereasioaa eno ia tho crintod vaoort youv u, i  ctaa te rete theé tho intareielliaerg nrturo er cnr ricoorcà nc. it fecas oa rol: stog ths ocelecieel rottine to the bonvior or Ancivirul arsleitirs án-traneetivislea era in lin, lth t? tesíe orint dia of yaae

C crotora I at oroosiae throuch thts lotter pad tho enclosed uekerieln toveeveh olen far tate Zeop - ith sho roznzctes cuport vilt t: zlod te maa a tora for alized risteszzt threnh ths tdypity nttoritia tere, to have iacieteo thoix cuort of the noicct to rae

She oozettivo af tho roseeveh do tha ctuy of tohavtor of
nr: of pbrep seri e teu e e a Tanetioa er () croao
nrhie  (o) eierntietee ocolelel nuttinc in ureen
atcos of. the To vor rch ths xer ill h: eerriud 1a.:11l e.tand revipe ce aro cerria ovt lnet yor uer ny clnetten ia itine èv clorv sno contidous oneore

t re  t ra teinte  łntortat tha rvnt t

102-/2

5astober 26, 1959

[PAGE 15]
oi oeretloes corrieo out leat yoer tn  Thie roort csserlhes to nroescuris cetually carriod ont there, the extonaten naé welinonent or hicr vill bo on: of tho najar slme of this yeorls peored. Tro cacloecá ponrt inclucest

(1) Sote of cato to bo obtakned (o, l2).

(?) Stotoent ef ito ratlono:o, islucing its rslation to oor vrovious vork (oe, 20).

() Princl ml bypothoses and rolated messuronont mite (pp. k=6).

(4) nogiance ef rossereh oparations (po. 7-20).

lat Celcotion of áiffercaticted ecological (snd scctocultural) ercas-kthtn cities (pp. &-ll).

h3t Hetrods in tho intonsiva study of smell iaforaal Croups bittin o7ch eroa (op. l1-l8).

h0: Pata on oolf-ttitudos gna corls of agc-aates of croup serdor: in tha otuy eresv snd in diftarent nreas or tho tras city.

Fron this re rorb. I traot that. will poto thet the rocoorch ie bazed on eatabliched fiadiags ln both hraa oeolory ond tho stiy of esell grouns, bot soc'ts to crvolon fussidko reoooroh pattocs fer látorpalating ceolocieal cäd bekvioral dcta vithin a sinrho :lucy jlen. In siort, it rlrs to ersairs both thą cffoots of the ecoleriel cetting on tho tehavior of incivióvals os crouo nazhors within thaco pattipza ead tho cantrlbutlen or dcheviors of grouo poo\~ bers to sejor festucos or the ecologieel sottine itsolf, ds bolicvo thes this ybiie bosh frsivlo ond eruelnl in the doveloprent of reclrl rne tehsviseol acteacoo, az:oll se in evontaally developing recliatte przotteek passares port-lnirg to orobleas of croan life in urorn cettinçh.

1t «ill da l.ihly d-oirable to et-rt tbi? reseoreh cbaat Vov erber 35. loaver, ir tkare is ltkolihood of tho Sneioty inolenuting the naes bat c doly in roul svmort, I vlll morzoi-to coas notica à tris oeroct fren you. la csn st-rt with enr on rovoarees

a hè tiee t ais ta th: re aler tese oze yoer tnd fulltto in the swiiar. onsi cra pe.a dcr ata eotuethoa af tre folovhes

[PAGE 16]
(a) b en roleted to spectfied coolegiosl cottinge in

() r.to rolated so the ctruoture, preesloss, arad norna, and asuzal hiatory of czll inñoresl crcops vithin gech ares.

(c) e-sé conccraing solfrttituoos, eapir tions cnd spals of cglmcdos or croup ecaders livins in tho ciby (quotionaairo cstet.

Ga a sevar: to ahaat I sttuca a prorossd buárt séayuato to eunolerent availsblo fscllition for tlis sors tlis yonr. Zis iaortunco of ex» tontne th ok in d s ie cotenceo bz th) zcet thet tha olrteils of sho : have ex croozed Mholr decize to contiuo the ouk in  thin ycar on a Itaitod ceelo vméer ny ciroetien.. evea thevcs l hava roturnod to ny cutlos.at tao Laoiosentsttoa or tha projsos ond srlt tot orrtion, invalving tre too inotitutlone, aipco the roaletiene of te dd do not allov cunsort.or jsnsltatieno seteico ef g. Enecnea of last yeapa eroorioneoa ia moeicures sns the nlondle colisborasion of indivi cusla in the lee-licics inenmy ciroctioa df the contlnastion of this resrarch thare vorid cos fesslblo.

Do Lte.lanza ctiacllyo ia to cocaro noceosery deto in ea pany dterondi ta cil4 ia tra e 13 nossiblo. thue porattting stetiatioot coacorisero rong érmuoa -ituztcd la sinil-r gna differont urdoa erea. cs voll 1s crouo uith cóntrsttoe oroceeuoations end Cale (a.. "etiuanont" cad "noadaliaraant") sithia siodler aroas. Oviouely thie cnaorison racuiros rogosreh tuotics, vroczonreg cnd pararavant nits shic. ale propristo to Cicio coaditions vishous cohetentielly clbering the gituetion oains stuoieá, vàlch yield the rrcozsory iuforastion, nai vtich pro cosorcbla fror oae sotting to (nth r. da tho basts or tha .ork ono thle yuar, the eveatcal rin is e lerc-scilo "rojecs to rveaão os parrbla ceto in s resceesisble wsater er éisloe at tha pse tise, tor vhloh euo opt will do requsatud Fr a eo er th. nsieal fonoe ticas. Tha roret unviste vould havo tha bensrih o2 lodo cuevs cetz, clsea cuasss traet stotistics ere ona nojar sur? of cat? oa tha ceotoieul settias suoalomontod by bloc ohrveys of aoeiric ra soasei-ty to chuce en tloir kaoreniety tnd ko ootein veva cotelloc. ceta ex s vceial payekelogieal nature not ipotsead ia to coaauz.

102-12

eelezeeat Pever in st

[PAGE 17]
Eatlatod Padcot for kanoaroh cn Dvhavlor ena Oroup Procons in

1Afforontiated zcological cettingst

Frinoinal lavoetiator C tiue. Sopt.-Junet full tive. Proviaod by Jusa-lug.) tho Univeralty

Pororreh Anocinto (noar 2b.b.1 t tias for 9 months \$l,k50.0Q

to Obccrvers fer-iatonsiva cteiy of Grovpe (Prrtt179 bas1s, 6 uontto eceh) 1,000.00.

Sacuring cocicculturel dota rra cenmus stetiasics rad bloce surveye (vork on hourly besls)

Socrotaricl tad tubulction cesistunca

Fonicat (to stplosaat avoileblo meons of rdotozesshy and rocoruiag in tha flold vish ssrll portablo unita)

Travel in drea

102-12

[PAGE 18]
Novamber 6, 1937

MAEMCRANUA TC: The Dlrecten

UaJCCY: Projeet Proposol, Cetagery 3 - Or.

Invliad B At the tha onlosed rroporal. Pr. Pads cemomtrated a higa degres of productivity ln his vork on Jhos cocerocd Sir sel vita qn exivesely lnterevtina crone cultural orjuatmcnt problee whách itn rdecly vith she cyrrznt programe of the eo pucll crent of 0.7.d roquested by Dr.e wilt contlbuto oho C ta ha pe intorat In occosplishing groater geograpita diperlun In Ins gout.

102-13

Exocufive orrctary

Esct 5

[PAGE 19]
MEMORANDUM TO:

SUBJECT: Project Proposol - DOe

Enclosed is the proposal fromthat I described cn the tetephone to you, Do you feel thot it should be fronsmilted to the Board as a Category B or a Category C proposal?

Q 102-14

October 2, 1959

[PAGE 20]
Memo to C Subject: vuvJcv Proposal

are still waiting your reply tos memo on on Asproposal. B

Attached is.a letter from the about that may help you in coming to a C decision.

102-15

October 26, 1959

[PAGE 21]
has inrormed me that you 8re in terested in the research trorran he nes underaty on As he may have told you, the supported this work last yeer, and we are looking forvard. to exterding thie support-through-the -current year.Becsuse our is linited to research projects-in-the ve are unable to support those portiona of his project which ineiude

In my opinion, Dr. a project is highly aignificant because of its concen
tration upon group behavior in a naturel setting with a very winimua of intor
ference or artificiality, It say not be spparent from your correspondence yith that his gife vlll be a very active perticipant also. Mro. in the.nser future.. The two
or thca constitute a most able teea or-field-investigators.

mada en unugvally cood iapresslon upon corcunity vorkere in investicator ihot Lpaye asen in recout yoars, he ves able to obtsin the con- , vhere be vorked last yeer.. Bore than any other C fidence of sinority groups in gctting their fuli cuyport of his reggarch actyities. Be vees reletively naive but bighly notivated observers sho are elven sxciel training for this purpose. As a reoult his data aro quits fresh end sosi reealing of thingo that ere often hidden fron the individual in a vore profosscnal observer role.

If you or your coasultents have eny queotiona concerning thia project or. 's rols in supporting it, pleese do not hositate to call upon us ros furthor infozaation.

Cordially youts,

October 19, 1959

[PAGE 22]
Description of Research Work on Natural Groups (1958-59)

This renort describes social-psychelogieal-researeh on natural
groups in differentiated socio-cultural settings in severat cities C
during the period of October, 1958 --Augest-15,-1959-while thc writer
was The 'writer is grateful
to-the for
implementing this research and to Dr. or his understanding
interest in the project, officient support and for frequent stimulating
discussions while tho work vas\_in progress.It-is-also-a pleasure to
acknouledge the sympathetic intorest and encouragement received from Dr. C

The problęm of the study was the behavior of members of informally organized groups as a function of (a) group membership and (b) differentiated social stimulus situations constituting their particular settings. In order to interrelate the behavior of individuals to tho socio-cultural setting and significant itens of the setting to the behavior of individuals, three kinds of data were collected:

(1) Data related to specified settings (e.g.-living conditions, family size and stability, income, education, nobility).

(2) Data related to group structure (organization) and to group produèts (o.g. shared practices, values or noms, reactions to.

[PAGE 23]
doviation), based on the actual behaviors of individoal membors in the course of their jnteraction.

(3) Data, related to tho self-attitudes, aspirations and goals of the age-mates of group members living in areas representing the same and different.settings.

The Jatter aspect of the study was strategic in linking ecological data mentioned under (1) and group behavior mentioned under (2).

In the pariod of the project doscribed here, we were able to collect data dealing irith all the three aspects of the study in which city was our main concentration doring the period. Substantial progress has been made in the analysis of behavior. data obtained from interaction processes of groups, in background matorial, in tabulation and analysis of sociocultural\_data,-and tho resporses to the.Self-Radius-Goals Schedeles (see 3 above).\_.The results.and a discussion of the implications of:this study for pulling together experimontal and field approaches in' the stody of small groups will be incorporated in fuller technical reports. The present report includes a-statement of thc underlying rationale and principal hypotheses which\_determined the choice of cities, areas within them, and groups, and a description of what was done in regard to the three aspccts of the study mentionod.

Statement of the Rationale

The project represents a stage-of- development-in our efforts toward integrating the approaches of the field sted: and laboratory techniques in the investigation of small groups: Our basic methodological strategy followed in tho present research as well can be sunmarized briefly: (a) start with ompirical findings from studies of octual croups and their socio-cultural sottings, (b) formulate hypotheses for experimental units

102

-2

[PAGE 24]
on this basis, (c) attempt to apply indices developed in experimentation to actual interaction situations; The strategy requires roliance on findings and tectniques of sociology and cultural anthropology as well as experimental psychology.\_Tbe\_inter-disciplinary-nature of this strategy stems fron concern over formulation of valid problems and checking the validity of research findings. - The validity issue is raised frequently in social-psychological research by discrepancies betwoen generalisations based on empirical field investigatións and reported findings from the. laboratory.\_\_For\_exsmpile,-such diser pancies have occured relative to such central problens as the offects of group situations on individual bchavior, sõcial attitudes, coofornity-doviation and the specificity or.generality of-leadsrship:

In earlie efforts the writer had undertaken the laboratory verification of essential properties of groups which were-repeatcdly reported in empirical social science literature, including social norms and status relations.-From 19h8-195hy-studies-of-the-formation of small groups in controlled conditions involving life-like·problems were"carried out. It was fownd possible to replicate closely the formation and functioning of small groups and relations between them.

The present project extends the basic strategy to the attempt to utilize and test conceptual tools devèloped in earlier studies in the study of natural groups forned and functioning within the actualities of specified socio-cultural (ecological) settings. It follows that ecological. settings varying in specified ways be chosen and that groups be solected within those settings.

Natural groups formed in socio-cultaural settings undergoing differing dogreos of transition are most suitable for this purpose. This

O

O 102 16

-3-

[PAGE 25]
consideration determined that cities be chosen which are in the process. of salient and accelerated transition and that areas within them be selected whose populations are themselves in varying stoges of acculturation to dominant features of American life (e.g.

city). The sane consideration suggested that groups be choser. within the areas whose momberships were within the age-level of edolescence, since it is well-established that the effects of socio-cultural transition are reflected more acutely curing this developrental period.

While the present.project is mainly conçerned with theoretical and methodological issues, nanely integrating conceptual tools and methods of field and laboratory studies,it is\_asspmed that substantial advances in these respects are bound to have implications for more realistic and effective handling of (a) problems of intergroup relatiors in actual settings and for (b) devising measures for channeling socially undesirablo modes of behavior, exemplified in delinguency, into more constructive modes, insofar\_as these behaviors are a function of membership in groups and'socio-cultural (ecological) setting.

Frincipal Hypothsses and Related Measurenent Units.

One set of predietions was based on previous empirical findings and exporimental results and could be made without regard to variations in socio-cultural. settings... These predictions\_imply. definite research operations, and their svpport through data obtained from natural groups constitute validation of prior findings.

A. When two or more individuals have motives, interests, aspirations or frustrations experienced as comnon, they will tend to enter into repeated intopactions with one anothor, which can be moasured in terms of

102 16

-4-

[PAGE 26]
froquency of association over a time span.

B. Tn time the relationships among individuals thus interaoting are stabilized in differentiated status positions for cach, which compose a group structure or organization. The measure of status difforentiation is tho observed frequeney of effective initiative displayed by individual membcrs of the group. In the present project, indices of effective initiative were obtained both from the rankings by independent observors.. and by sociometric choices.

C. Along with the formation of group structure or organization, group products will emerge. Among then, the nost distinctive and xegulative of behavior is a set of values or ncrms related to activities significant tò tho group and hence to cormon motivations of members. The oporaticnal indices of values or norms are (a) frequency and regularity of obssrved practices by group members and (b) correctives or other reactions to deviation from such common practices, viz. sanotions.

Singling' out of motivationnlly relevant facilities, alternatives and regularities available in specified socio-cultural settings is bound to yield more specific predietions as to the typical activities, the group norms and behavior of individual members. Socio-cultural indices, in the form of social statisties for given urban areas (è.g. income, educaticn, housing facilities, fertility rates, family stability, vertical mobility) cən be taken as indicativo of the stimulus situations feced daily by the inhabitants of an aree and thus of a framcwork for motives. aspirations, frustrations and gratifications of those individuals, Such an inference from social statistics of an arca is predicated on demonstrated "homogeniety" of the area. Spocific cnocks·on intra-

-5-

O

O

102 16

[PAGE 27]
essontial in future work.

Variaticns in vhich the socio-culturel (ecclogical) setting must be considered-include the relative importance of their group to individual members compared with other aspects of social life (e.g. whethor or not it over-vides family and school), customary activities irportant in the group (as measured by frequency, duration and scope), the neture of activities singled out for normative concerns, and the goals of group interaction, as their renge and modes of attainment are restricted, enhanced or otherwise shaped by the ecclogical conditicns, Particularly in the sphere of normative products of the groaps, linked as they are to evaluations and aspirations of members, variations roflocting specified aspects of the particular socio-cultural. settings were predicted. These predictions and data relating to them will. be included in the repórt of the study.

In brief supaary, then, it was the oim of the study to validate (1) first, certain genoral properties as characteristic of iuformally organized groips regardloss of their settings, (2)and. then to relate variaticns in thoir content, in typical activities and goals of the group to distinctive featvres of the sottings in which the group functions. While most investiators of small groups are aware that behavioral data from group members are related to the setting in which the groups functicn, it has soldom been feasible to formulate specific hypotheses enabling diroet investigation of sucli relationships. A majer concern in the report of this n:oject will bo to demonstrate the feasibility of formulating hypothoscs portaining directly to functional relaticnships botwoon bohavior in groups and indicos of the socio-cultural. situation.

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The Sequence of Rosearch Operations and the Collaborators Fer the reasons montioned earlier, the cities .of

wero selected.Collaborators on wus svmvr
level cooperated in each city. The senior collaborators are persons C
who know the areas of the cities chosen intimatəly, who have relatively
easy access to them and vho covld effectively supervise and coordinato
the work of assistants on a junior levol. 1

sacrifice, devoting long and extended efforts to the project and bringing to it brpad experiences with the charecteristics and prcblems of the arcas studied.

In was the senior collaborator. The writer learned a great deal from Professor on the topics of ecological creas in social mobility and instability among thepopulation of that ciby, and other problems related to mctivaticnal aspocts of group formatien and funetioning there.

In March, 1959, the work alreody in progress in the other cities was extended to on a more limited sccpe, nancìy to the study of a grcup in à low socio-economic area -there and to collection of supplementory data from other groups. Mr.

carried out the supervisicn of observations on the group chosen and suppliod additional data requestod by the writer which strengthens the findings from a similar area in

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In all cases, data were collected by persons who were perçeived by group mombers or respondents, as the case might be, as "one of us". Thus the possibility that factors extraneous to the intercst of the. study which are unmistakably aroused by the presence or-inquirieo of a person who differs markedly in eppcarance, mode of interaction or "lingo" was greatly reduced. The time and effort-required for instrue. ting and trcinirg observers and ossistants to:insure.uniformity of proccdures were worthwhile investments, in viow of the necessity of perceived congruity between observer and subject.

I. Selection o differontiated socic-cultural areas in

The original plan'was to select a natural. group for, intensive study from each of three differentiated areas. in each city:

(a) One area representing the lower socio-economic stratum. this sample was also rclatively' less acculturated to culture.

(b) One area ropresonting a middle socio-economic stratum. In his sample was also relatively more acculturated.

(c) One area represonting an upper socio-economic stratum. In this area was also relatively the most acculturated of the threearcas.

The extent to which the plan was realized will be specified as this report pregressos.

The selccticn of differentiated erens within the cities was acccmplished initially with the scnior collaborators through reference to ccosus tract statisties and/or other locally availablo data, including

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the dircct cbservations and acquaintance with the aroas by the collaboraters.

In the areas thus selccted, in rank crder from low to high, were Shortly, spcciel prlens of considerable theorotical

and practical importanco were encountered in the stüdy of (highost rank area). Briefly, these problems arose from the greater acculturation, the fluidity of ethnic composition, the marginality problems and value conflicts in the erea, eech of which would have re-- quirod time and effort beyond the scope of the. presont project. Also, natural. groups in this ares were less amenable to direct cbservation because of relativo inaccessibility of their neeting places. Such practical ccnsiderations led us tc pcstpono the study of that area and a group within it fer"the present.

Since proposed census tracts wore drawn ind cnly,after the l950 census, it was necessary to assemble tract data from several. sources:

(a) By appropriately combining blcck data available in the 1950 Census of Housing for thcse blocks in cach area, a.task generously undertaken by the staff of the

(b) By reference to a voJune prepared locally by a civic committee primarily concerncd with recreational facilities but also including relcvant tract statistics.

(c) By ccllecting statistics on the tracts in question from various local agencios, particularly throvgh the efforts of Mrs. and Mr.and, in some cases, by tabulating city data by study oreas.

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[PAGE 31]
(d) By a block survey speciallydesigned by us with the collabora
tion of Mr, and conducted under Mr. b perscnal supervisiçn of
every tenth household in through:the stremous C
offorts of Mrs. assisted in the tabulations.

Tirough these means, relatively adequate socio-cultural data were obtained in the two areas studied in and these will-be analyaed in terns of ccmbincd neasures taken as sumnery indices of critical aspects of the socic-ovltural sctting. The indiccs are to be related both to the observaticnal data en small groups within the areas and thc questionnaire responses. (Self-Radivs - Goals Schedvle) of agemates in thesé and other areas secured in schocls. . For example, data on educational level of inhabitants of Traet h1 are related to the findin that over half of tho members\_of\_the. informal group studied there have left schcol, and that almost one-fcurth of the high schcol sample in that area identified a "person who wants to leave schoel" as someone "like mo." As ancther example, occupaticnal and inocme levels in the area are olcarly en aroher to exprossed ospirations of high schocl students for eccupational and financial achievement as well as the ranges of. thoir reforence scales defining ccmfort and poverty.: .Such. differentiated referonce scales aro alsc reflected in the observed experiences and expressed attitudes of members of small groups in the two areas toward cbtairing and helding jobs, and towards mothods of securing material rewards.

A tepical listing of scci-cultural data obtained in indicates tho scopo of the enalysis:

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Populaticà data: nationality, ethnic or language troup, ago, sex, deaths by group.
Hcusing data: e.g. owmer-renter occupied, conditien, single or multiple dwelling, persons per roem, rent, value, landscaping, type of art cbjects or decoration.
Family: fortility rates, number of-children, women in labor force, head of family, births by place and group.
Occupaticn and mumber of family nembers employed.
Edacational level
Income by heed of family end all members
Nobility: length of rosidence and desircd upward mobility
Recreational facilities
In additicn, qualitative data are available from Mr. and from re
search undertąken by graduate students at the In were"selected as; representing
lower, middle and upper.sccio-economic. levels in the areas. Dr. prepared a mimeographed -report for the project en the
populaticn of the city end the arcas chosen for study, Data in Dr. repert inclade thcse of tho statistics above available fren
the l950 census and local sources as well as measures.of traffic flow
and populaticn mobility. His report apprepriately focusses on indices
of mcbility and instability which are particularly salient to the pepulation in that rapidly groving city.

II. Intensive study of small informal. groups in cach area Tho guiding consideraticns in the seloctien and study of an informal

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[PAGE 33]
group were twc-fcld: first, to perform all research operations without unduly cluttoring the on-gcing processes in the group, insofar es possible; and sec,nd, to avoid as much as possible the pitzalls of observer bias. The first consideraticn necessitated a rather elaborate and repeated statement of instructions and precuations for observers.. The second dictated the use of a combiration of techniques to check and cross-check observer reports.

the task of singling out and obsérving natural groups in their respective areas with enthusiasm. It proved.to be feasible fcr their observaticns to continue only to the point where group strueture and nérms were ascertained.

In served
as cbserver inl It wes possible for the writer
and Kr. to meet regularly with theso obsorvers to discuss

Because of the value of comparison with comparable formations in an additional group from a lower sccio-ęconomic level was studied in The observer was

uniquo geographic location, ethnie composition end history of conflict botween mmall infrmal groups, is a geld mine for the study of natural groúps to test social-psychclogical principles and to examine their practical implications for tho pericd of adoloscence. This appraisal

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[PAGE 34]
was strengthened by conferonces with Mr. hduring the writer's two trips to

Bucause oftheir detail, the prccedural steps in the study of the infcrmal groups' can be deseribed mcst eccnorically in outline form. Tho roader mey discern that each procedural. step is relatod to the guiding censideratiuns already mentioned,

1. Th, area cf study was spec'fied to the observer. His initial task was to identify a grcup in that area composed.of no less than 7 and nc more than 12 male members within the age range cf lh-17 years.

(a) Frocedures fer identification-of-grovps:

Observers did nct identify groups by questioning of nembors or ef lccal edults. Groups were identified by cirect observation "et a distance" through repeated inspecticn cf-p.ssible gathering points in the area (e.g: playgrcunt, recreatien-center,-vacant lot; drugstcre). The initial, criterien fcr selecting a grcup fer cbservaticn was sinply cbserved frequency and recurrence of asscciation at specified locaticus in the arua. At no. time during tbis stags did the cbserver directly ccnverse er questien grovp members.

(b) Establishing ccntact and-rap ort with the group:

Once a group was identified on the besis f cbsorved frequency of asscciation, the cbseryer set, about to establish contact and a plausible pretext fcr his presencc in\_the area. (The real purpcse of his presence was explained cnly. to authurities in the area who might justifiably qucstion his presence.) The aim (f this prccess of establishing contaet vas to bring tho group to the observer rather than vice versa. Fer example, onc ehserver observed a bunch ef boys associating frequently to play basketball. After thus identifying

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[PAGE 35]
a group fcr study, he appeared on the scene with a new basketball, which socn attracted their attention. His pretext for being on tho scene was that he needed the exercise to lose sone weight.

Gaining rapport with the grcup, while still rofraining from becoming a directive fecter in their. interaction, was the mcst difficult task fer the ycung adults who served as observers, both because of their owm attitudes and the attitudes of adclesccnts toward young adults. Observers were persistently instrvcted to avoid all criticel corments about the greup of any members, to. avoid-initiating-a linc of activity, and in particular to avcid competition for suporicrity with group members in any of their usual activities, even if.this meant being surpaseed by group membere.

(c) Recording of. observatiçns:-

Observers refrained from writing observations in the

presence ef the group or in any other way letting then know that they wore cbserving grouy interacticn fer purposus f.a study. They were instructed to write dowm observations immediately upon leaving the group. It is obvious that the natural flcw ef any-interaction situation is so cemplex and compelling that selectivity of the observer is beund to enter into what he repcrts under such circumstances. The node of soluticn to this prcblem was to instruct the observer beforehand on the specific aspects of interacticn which he was to cbserve at cech stage and then, as nted below, to check his observaticns thrcugh cther tecìniques. The first focus cf observation in every case was the status differentiati in the greup.

2. The first fccus ef cbsorvatin boing status structure of the group, the following were spocified to bscrvers as tpics of observation

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[PAGE 36]
Placo and duration of interacticn, focus of activities or discussicn (é.g. probl ne, ovent-cycle), relative frequency of suggestions made by.different members, to whom communicaticns were addressed, reacticns by group merbers to suggesticns modo by the. various membors, decisions reched, actions taken cr planned.

(a) Status rankings: After each cbservation peried, the ob
servor attempted tc order the members observed on the basis cf the
relative effectivoness of initiative displayod... In initial. observa
ticns, specification of enly cne or twc.pcsitions was possitle. On.
the basis of repeated observations of the group, the observer was able
to specify et least the top three and bottom positions in the group.
At this peint, a reliability check wes iutrcduced for both groups in the independent ratins cf schcol authorities

provided such a check.

(b) Reliability check on observer ronkingsi Tho chock consisted cf devising a situation in which the resources f the group were chalienged in a natural fashion, namely prop:sing an athletic competition with another group - a natural activity to mcst American adolescont bcys. The independent rater participated in the situaticn as referee; he had pot previcusly observed the group nor been in:rmed ef the cbserver's ratings. Following the encountor, the indepondent rater' ranked group members on the basis of the same eriterion used by the cbserver.... In bcth grcups in the rank c rrelatien çcefficients between observer and independent rator rankings were high and significant.

(c) When sufficient rapport had been established so that.ccn-. -rsation with inoividual mombers was feasible withcut arousing suspicien,

10216

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and repcrts at that timo:

[PAGE 37]
sociometric chcices were cbtained through infermal conversations between observer and each momber of the group. Thus status strueture was established through independent observations by two individuals and by the percepticns of members themselves. 1n resoarch practice, the latter step was delayed until the final days of the study.

3. The second focus of observation yas group products suen as
ccmmon practices, values or norms and sanctions. The criteria fer such
products were obsorved recurrences over a pericd of tine of ccmnon
terms, comaon modes of apparel, cemmcn procedures in activities, and
specific reacticns to deviatien, sanctions, fron such customary bohaviors reported
on the part ¿f a member. For exomple, observers in
fer cach observaticn period the language spcken in the group, to whom (In the group
spcken and special terms in either C
in the lcvest secic-eccncmic area in groups was not obeerved. Conflict with the neighboring group had standardized definite ,excuses to use when beys, whe usually were victhey wanted to avcid playing with the tors in athletic ccmpetition. They would quickly assemble two teans and explain that the gune was filled.)

One finding concerning reaction te deviatiun, to be expanded in the rcp rting cf the stüdy, is of particuler interest. In tie lower socic-eccnomic area in , the grcup observed had considerably greater importance in the lives of its memcers than cther aspects of the sceial crganization of the area. The evidonce fur this lies in repcrts

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of tho wide range of activities covered by grcup nerms, in the rolative disregard for the treatment of brothers or sisters by other group members, end tho active dislike expressed fcr authority figures. Conse-.. quently, the group member suspected (as cne was) (f "squeaiing" cn the grcop was in trouble. .On the  ther hand, the norms of the group in the somewhat higher socio-eccnomic area wvere loss ccrprehensive in activisies cuvéred and observed reacticns to deviation were of a milder nature.

h. Reconstruction of the natural history of the Eroup: Toward the close of direct observation, the natural history of the group was constructed through all available sources of information. These includod interviows with group members and local, perscns acquainted with then, inclucing recreational personnel, social. wcrkers, teachers and officials. For both groups and the group ebserved in such "natural histcries" were adequately ccmpleted. In progrçyp, wè are particuviding backgrund material on cne larly indobted to Mr. whose close acquaintance with the grouj and invaluable prior observations permitted a ccmplete and detailed uatural histery. In hims lf contacted a variety of sources to provide the necessary historical. backgr vnd to the group obsorved.

The recénstructed "natural history", relying as it did on indepondont sourçes, was particularly valuable to check whether or nct the cbservers in this preject in any way affected the status structure or the group during the study peried. In additicn, it penmitted specification ef tho frmation f the groups, shifts in memborship, changes in erganizatin in the past, faotors responsible for such changes, and

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continuitiss in the "culture" and interests of the group. : Both in the lower socio-eccnomic area in and in continuity in the "culture" was fcund over a period of a mumber of years. -In the original members of the group were ascertained, the present "hard core" and the "juniors" of the present membership. During the course of this project, the trausition of scme juniors to "hard core" status was found when about a third of the hard ccre prepared tc depart fron the state in the face of official pressuros.

The ccntinuity of "culture" is conditional upcn the sclidarity. of the grcup, and one telling indication of such sclidarity is.the personsl sacrifice of time and effort that members cf atightly knit group underit was found that the dwellings of go to associate. In membors of the group in the low scciceconemic area spread over 10 city blocks east and west and 8 blccks ncrth and south, whereas the dwellings of members of the niddle area extended only 3 er 4 blocks. Bcth groups, ef ccurse, traveled. on foot, not by car. Members of tightly knit grcups, with consequentiel secrets, must be highly "choosy" or discriminating as to whon they aîmit to membership, and cannot afford has ccllected addito rely on sheer proximity as a basis;:Mr. ticnal material·in pertinent to these problems.

III. Qucstionnaire data: Self-Radius--Goals-Schedule

Research efforts utilizing socic-cultural data, on the one hand, and behavicral data frem specific individvals, on the ther, enecunter difficulty in establishing functional relationships between the two sets of data. The appreach to this prcblem in the present research is the utilization of a combination of mothods for checking indicated

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relaticnships throughcut. The quostionnairo data represent ancther such check, specifically bearing on the porcepticns of residents of an area as these relato to the sccic-cultural indices. In-addition, the respcnses of age-mates of the meabers of groups intensivelystudied prcvide a baseline fer assessment of the typicality or degree of atypicality of group members in given respects, relative to their own and other areas cf the city.

A schedule was prepared fer administration in high schcols, designed to be casily read and ccmplcted. The items pertained to solf concepticns, aspiraticns and gals ef adclescents. Topically, the contents can be grcuped according to the content of the socio-cultural data. Thus, there were items pertaining to residence and housing cenditicns, language usage and cvitural preferunces, attitudes toward educaticnal and cccupatieral achievanent, toward parents end authority figures, concepticns of financial achievement and deprivatieng-and finally friendship preferences as related to intergroup affinities ard rejections.

In effectively prcviding entrance into schcols, we are l and particularly gratefvl to Dr. to the schcol. principals and superintenderts whc ccoperated at her ro-- quest. Schedules were administered under the direct supervision of the Mr. writer by

Data were collceted from h62 subjects in seven seccndary schcols in and were tabulated in terms of four categcrios with the following charactcristicst.

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I. Twý scheols with English-speaking pcpulaticn locatod in high socic-economie areas of the city.

II. Two sehccls with mixed population from a middle sucio-economic level:

II A. English speaking

Iff. Three schools-in and near the areas-cf study with predcminatly pcpulations from the low sccio-economic level.

Those data are being analysed and are to be related epecifically to the socio-cultural indices. It is already elear that differences in the financial and cccupeticnal aspirations, as well as the actoal roference scales for evaluating success and failure in these respects, are closely related to differonces-in-tovet-of-financial and occupa-- ticnal achievement in the aroas.. For example, -the median estimate of weekly inccme needed to be "really-well.off" varies frcm \$82.60 in the low socio-nccncmic level spoaking area, to \$332.1h in the upper level, English speaking area. Such data, representing relatively "free" estimates of respcndents, are clearly significant psychclogically and are casily rclated to quantitative sccial statistics.

Reports on Data in Proparation

The foregcing report has:ccncentrated on operational aspects of tho project, vis. a brief outline of procedures. and the collaboration of varicus perscns in tho selected cities.-As tho writer resumes his respensibilities at the collatien and analysis of data will bo ccntimued as soen as focsible, and tho results incorporated in furthor reports. Specifically, tho socic-cultural data and obsorvation of groups in will bo written in collaboration

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with Er. One grcup was studied in and additional material on others was cbtained. It may be necessary to obtain additicnal data in that city before undertaking a report of the work in C in collaboration with Mr. Finaliy, tho data from the Self-Radius- Goals Schedule cbtcinod in ire tabulated and resolts will. be evaluated within the framewerk of the rationale and apprcach presented in this repcrt.. A report will be written in collaboration with who actively participated in the initiation of this aspect.

Submitted.by.

102. 1€