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1. Offices within CIA that were rcsponsiblc for monitoring or supporting experinentation involving human subjects arc the OfFice of Technical Services (OTS), Office of Rescarch and Development (ORU), Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), and the Office of Security (OS)..

A. Describe the functions and responsibilities of the offices.

OTS

Formerly known as Technical Services Staff (TSD), OTS provides a variety of technical and scientific support to the intelligence collection effort.

ORD

a. ORD "is responsible for research and exploratory development directed toward (a) anticipating intelligence problems and analyzing them in conjunction with the responsible or producing components to identify the range of possible solutions, (b) assessing and advancing emerging technologies, processing techniques, and analytical methodologies applicable to the identificd solutions, and (c) selectively investigating the feasibility of reducing the new concepis to practical use. Additionally, directed technical support is provided to other Agency components, as appropriate."

b. ORD fulfills those responsibilities through a many-disciplined research progran encompassing activities in the physical, life, and social sciences. Research program activities include life sciences rescarch in "behavioral scienccs, physiology, and the related physical science materials with emphasis on asscssment, health, bionics, narcotics, and biological and chemical warfare materials." Thesc responsibilities are specified by Agency regulation. It should be noted that the responsibility for "narcotics and biological and chomical warfare materials" is misleadin?. A more correct statcment would be "narcotics control and dctection/identification nethods for biolcgical and chcmical warfarc materjals." Ne have requested a change in the wording of the reguiation in order to convey the true responsibilities of the Office of Rescarch and Jlevelopacnt.

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The Office of Science and Intelligence is responsible for producing intelligencc on forcign scientific and engincering rcsearch and advanced technology in thc physical and life sciences. As part of this mission the Life Sciences Division produces intclligence on Sovict-and PRC biomedicine;

; biological and chemical warfare; vorldwide food research:, technology and practices; and on worldwide human and animal epidcmiology.

oS

Responsible for physical security of CIA facilities, property, and information; security clearances of personnel eaployed by, associated with,.or of interest to CIA; and security support to other components of CIA.

B. Describe the types of human use experiments monitored or supported directly or indirectly by these offices.

OTS

OTS was invclved in a program to monitor the behavior of individuals under the influcncc of drugs. Following laboratory testing, the second phase of the program involved drug testing on voluntary participants. The final phase (1955-1963) conducted in conjunction with officers of the Bureau of Narcotics, involved application on unwitting subjects in normal social situations.

ORD

a. The types of human experiments monitored or supported by ORD were essentially thosc of:

1) -Identifying personality traits, characteristics, skills or aptitudes that may be useful in the selection of Agency employees--including physiological means for establishing (crcdibility) bona fides of foreign agents.

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OSI

2

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10

Included in this category is rest ch leading to the-idcntification and codification of cultural, psychological, personality and conversational traits having a potential for use in developing modcls of culturai/personality profiles for asscssing foreign individuals. Such models would help to detcrnine observablc characteristics that indicate whether the foreign posscssor of intelligencc information is lying, bcing evasive, being candid and possibly susccptible to recruitment às an intclligence source. The models will also be used in assessing thc reliability and the bona fides of foreign agents vho are providing information. Such nodels would have application in the polygraph interview setting whcre-scnsors to measure physiological rcsponses are attached to the subject. They would also have application to direct conversation in which a forcign source may be assessed. In this setting, information could be obtained through proper exploitation of cultural, psychological and personal characteristics of the foreign individual.

No involvement.

OS studied the effects of various drugs, chemicals, and hypnosis for possiblc usc as interrogation aids.

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zation tran,.er of functions involvin munar L experint cation projects, the reasons for thc  rganization or transfer, and who ordered it.

OTS

In l962, OTS managenent bcgan to orient its behavioral activities toward the use of psychological assessments to support active operations and away from peripheral long-rangc research. This trend continued until the middle or latc 1950's when OTS totally discngaged fron human experimontation research.

ORD

No documentation relating to "a reorganization or transfer of functions involving human experimentation projects" was found in ORD files. People whose association with ORD dates back to the i968-69 period recall a redefinition of ORD/TSD responsibilities. at about that tine. Under the redefinition, ORD was to have a grcater role in research projects with.long term goals while TSD would concentrate nore on the short tern operational aspects.

OSI

No information.

oS

No information.

2. Was Dr. Sidney Gottlieb ever assigned to any office identified in question number 1? Whether or not he was assigned to such offices --

A. What was his position with the CIA?:

1951-1956- Chicf, Chenical Branch, Technical Services Staff

1957-1958 - Assigned overseas with the DDP with no technical rcsponsibilities.

1959-1960 - Assistant to the DDP for Scientific Matters :

196l-1962 - Acting Chief, Technical Servicc Division Research and Development (TSD/RSD)

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766-15 - Chief, TSD

B. What were his duties?

The organization and functions of TSD changed frcqucntly. Thc imediately available written records are not precisc on Gottlicb's specific duties. The responsibilities of the Chemical Branch in the early 50's were to:

1. Initiate and conduct a research and development program in chemistry and biology designed to provide nev or inproved capabilities, equipment, materials and techniques to support Clandestine Services Activities.

2. Request initiation of development and production contracts with other Government agencies, private firms, and monitor those activities.

3. Assist when called upon to solve technical problems in the chemical/biological field.

4. Advise and assist when required in technical aspects of operational planning.

5. A thorough study of the intelligence implications of selected drugs was one of the projects of the Chemical Branch.

C. When did he serve?

See 2A

D. Who was his immediate supericr?

Dr. Gottlieb's immediate supervisors were:

1952-1957- Chicf TSS
1960-1962 - Chief, TSS

1962-1966 - Chief, TSD

1966-1973 - The DDP

E. Who wers his subordinatcs?

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As Dr. Gottlieb occupicd increasing responsible positions, finally as Chief TSD, a large number of people in very diverse positions ultimatcly reported to hin.

3. Was Dr. Robert Lashbrook ever assigned to any office identified in question number l? Whether or not he was assigned to such offices --

A. What was his position vith the CIA?

From the memory of those associated with Dr. Lashbrook, he seryed as a chemist/biologist in Chemistry Branch and later in the Research Branch which was formed fron the Chemical Branch of TSD.

B. What were his duties?

Dr. Lashbrook's duties would have been to conduct research appropriate to the charter of the Chemical Branch described in the response to question f2. These duties are known to have included a study of the clfactory capability of dogs and work on selected drugs.

C. When did he serve?

Dr. Lashbrook is recalled to have been an employee of the Technical Service Division from about 1952 to 1964.

D. Who was his immediate superior?

Dr. Lashbrook's immediate superior was Dr. Gottlieb.

E. Who were his subordinates?

Dr. Lashbrook workcd alonc and with contractors. As far as can be recalled, he had no supcrvisory responsibility.

4. Who authorized Messrs. Gottlicb and Lashbrook to conduct the experiment that involved Dr. Frauk:Olsen and at lcast three others as human subjccts, and for what purposes was the experiment conducted?

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the  ic.brancl, inciuuce:

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A. iti the drugs or Cie" used inie expcrinent. . v

On 13 April 1953, Nr. Allen W. Dulles, Directot of Central Intelligencc, approved a program related to research and devclopmcnt of a capability in the covert use of biological and chemical materials. The subsequent experiment involving Dr. Frank Olsen was part of that progran and was conducted to obscrve the effects of a specific drug in a conference setting.

LSD was used in the,experinent.

B. How many times and at what dosc level were the drugs or chemicals administered to the subjects?

The drug was adninistered one time, at an unknown but apparently low level.

C. How were these drugs or chemicals administered to the subjects? 1

The drug was put in a bottle of cointreau.

D. hho administered the drugs or chemicals to the subjects?

The identity of the individual(s) actually administering the drug is unknown, although three CIA officers were reprimanded for their roles in the incident.

E. Was there medical supervision of the experiment?

There was apparently no medical supervision of the experiment.

5. Has CIA ever supported, directly or indirectly,
experiments involving human subjects at or through federal
facilities for drug research and rehabilition of drug addicts
in or near (sce letter cf 25 Septeaber from Senator Kennedy
for listing). 4

The records available to CIA do not contain a complete listing of fcdcral facilitics or other institutions pertinent to this question. From 1952 to 1962, the Agency had a classified contract with the National Institutc of Mental Health; U.S. Public Health Service with the purpose-of finding a synthetic

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or fer .an codoine. Actual testi of rugs wa: performed by Niiii at National Institut of Mental Hiealth, Addiction Center, Lexington, Kentucky. Testing was done on animals and human volunteers (patients at the facility in Lexington). The Agency terninated the contract in l962 with a report that the goals were realized. Apparcntly the projcct continued with NIMl financing.

Records also show funding of research may have been provided to The prccise nature of the activity has not been identified.

6. Please provide details of the nature of the records and documents that were destroyed in 1973 pertaining to human subjccts.

In Januaty 1973 d, advising that he was acting on instructions from DCI, Richard Helns, ordered the destruction of. all records association with drug research and testing. On 31 January 1973, seven boxes of progress reports fron 1953 through l967 were recalled from the archives and destroyed. In addition 25 copies of a booklet cntitled, "LSD-25, Some Un-Psychedelic Implications,"were destroyed.

7. Prior to and subsequent to 1973,what provisions did CIA make for medical follow-up on human subjects who participated in experimcnts that were supported or conducted, directly or indirectly, by CIA?

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Ned. supervision of the dru periments uy6 the Office of Technical Scrvice varied widely since they were conducted through a variety of different mechanisms. In the case of the Lenington,-Kentucky hospital, experiments were conducted by a well-trained and compotent staff of ND's and psychietrists. In other cases experiments were conducted with no apparent medical oversight. The nature of other experiments was such that no medical follow-up was required.

8. Prior to and subsequent to l973,-what control has CIA excrcised in monitoring and revieving human use in experiments that CiA supported or conducted, directly or indircctly, and in assuring that there was adequate informed consent from those human subjects involved in such experiments?

Some of the drug expcriments conducted by the Office of Technical Service were conducted on unwitting subjects. The bulk of the experiments as indicated in paragraph lb, however, involved consenting subjects. Prior to 1973 the Agency followed the normal practices and procedures established by the institutions where the work was conducted. Subsequent to latc FY 1973, the Agency has required in all new contracts that the institutions involved adhere. to HEW Guidelines by requiring compliance with the following contract provision:

"In the performance of this contract, the Contractor will assune responsibility for adhering to established and accepted professional, ethical, and legal practices in the usc of human subjccts for research purposes. This will include the maintenance of medical confidentiality of the individual subjects' records and the maintenance of anonymity in data forwarded to the Sponsor."

Once the research is underway these procedures are periodically reviewed by the project officer assigned' to monitor the research.

9. Have there been any deaths in connection with human use experiments that vere conducted or supported, directly or indirectly by CIA? If so, provide details.

We know of no'deaths in connection with hunan use experiments conducted or supported directly or indirectly by CIA other than the Dr, Olsen case.

10. Have there becn any injuries in conncction with - human use experiments that were conlucted or supported, directly or indirectly, by CIA? If so, providc details.

We know of no injuries in conncction with human usc experiments. ∴

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This has been done.

,the 12. Has CIA used the Je Fundthe Society e Fund, or s , Inc., as an intermediary in funding or supporting in any matter experiments involving human. subjects? If so, provide details.

CIA'records show that i , the Society ,andthe
K.e might-nave been used as intermediaries in funding
experiments involving hunan subjects.. Complete detaiis.
of their-use has not yet been developedIn FY l965,
funds-weretransforred to the-runder
anon-Ul S Government associatior agreement fat the
research-described in question-l3.Funds.were transferred .-in-1973
to
1975 for collation-and analysis-of psychological test
data of human sutjects.There-is.noindication.the.-
etrtamsswas used as anintcrmediaryin
fundingor-supporting-experiments-involving-hunian-subjects.

13. Have CIA personnel conducted experiments involving human subjects other than the experiment that involved Dr. Frank Olsen and at least three other persons?

ORD

The one instance in which ORD personnel have been directly involved in conducting experinents with human subjects occurred inOrlandoyFlorida during Decembera-l964. The subject allegedly had transdermal optical perception. The tests were observed by a contractor under a classified association contract that-had-been-fundcd.throughthe Fund. In addition to the contractor, the subject's father vas present during all testing. No drugs were used. With this one exception, all ORD sponsored research involving human subjects has been condučted by contractors.

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OSI

In 1971 thc Officc of Scientific Intelligence and thc Office of Security, did participate in a polygraph experinent on a voluntary humon subject. This subject was a yoga expert who claimed to be able to manipulate his autonomic nervous system and thus be able to "beat the polygraph." Our interest was in studying Sovict countcrmeasures to the polygraph.

.os

The Office of Sccurity conducted experiments with hypnosis in connection with the polygraph. The experiments (1951-1953) involved voluntcer Agency employees.

14. Besides those entities mentioned in question number 12, has CIA used any other domestic fund, foundation, society, private or Government agency, or organization as an intermediary in funding or supporting in any manner experiments involving hunan subjects?

OTS

The Office of Naval Research was uscd by the Office of Technical Service as an intermcdiary to fund a classified contract between CIA and NINH (952-l962) to test various drugs.

ORD

See Tab A.

OSI

None.

os

OS files indicatc that the  Foundation and the Foundation were uscd by other components acefunding intormediarias-in research, although thore is no direct refcrencc to human subject experimencation as a part.of the research.

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15. Hi CIA used any.forcign fund, founc cion socicty private or vernment agency, or organization as ai. nternediary in funding or supporting in any manner experiments involving hunar subjects?

le are not aware of any use of a forèign funding intcrmediary to support human experimentation.

16. Has CIA used the U.S. Navy, Air Force, Army, Marines, or Coast Guard as an intermediary in funding or supporting in any manner experiments involving human subjects?

OTS

The Office of Naval Research was used by the Office of Technical Service as an intermediary to fund a classified contract between CIA and NINH (1952-1962) to test various drugs.

ORD

See Tab B.

17. Has CIA ever madc arrangements, directly or in-.directly, to have a public, private, or military entity in a foreign country conduct experiments involving human subjects in a foreign country?

We are not aware of any arrangements for a public, .private, or military entity in a foreign country to conduct experiments involving humans in a foreign country. We are continuing our search for information on this question.

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