artichoke-cia-files

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CIA FILES

Operation ARTICHOKE

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CIA ARTICHOKE FILES

"Manchurian Candidate"ARTICHOKE CIA Files - ARTICHOKE was the CIA'S cryptonym for the study and/or use of special interrogation methods that have been known to included hypnosis, drugs and total isolation. It grew out of the Agency's Operation BLACKBIRD and was a forerunner to the Agency's MKULTRA.

Project ARTICHOKE also known as Operation ARTICHOKE was run by the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence. The project went deeper into interrogation methods studiedin the CIA's Project BLUEBIRD. ARTICHOKE offensivemindcontrol techniques experiments attemptedtoinduce amnesia and highly suggestive states in its subjects. ARTICHOKE focused on the use of hypnosis, forced morphine addiction, forced morphine addiction withdrawal,along with other drugs, chemicals, and techniques.

The main focus of the program was summarized in a January 1952 CIA memo, "Can we get control of an individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against fundamental laws of nature, such as self-preservation?"

One program experiment attempted to see if it was possible to produce a "Manchurian Candidate." In Richard Condon's 1959 novel "The Manchurian Candidate"an American soldier, who has been placed into a hypnotic state by Communist forces, returns home to assassinate on command. Five years earlier the CIA considered the possibility. A January 1954 CIA report asks the question, "Can an individual of [redacted] descent be made to perform an act of attempted assassination involuntarily under the influence of ARTICHOKE?"

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2 Reference is made to our recent convorsation regarding training of B ataff members 'in-hypnotic methods as. an essential background tò future S. I. work

In this connection, it may'be recalled that formerly of.I & S, 'took a special short course in hypnosis from a so-called he

attended from the end :

Aapecial investigation was run on talingthejcourse,. which disclosed that in many ways orior. t character;,however, judging solely upon rosults acheived in an unsavory case,the-course, apparently is successfully taught.

náme of one In connection with the above, a parallel investigation turned up the fa professional hypnotist who
bears an'excellent repuvation both professionally and ethucally. However,
the investigative ruport did not disclose whether
or. would teach hypnotism for a'fee. taught hypnotism

Sinco time ia. the essence.in this operation, it is:felt that (along the lines of-your 'ortginal suggestion) two. B staff memhers should. be authorized to socure "from shis special-short ceurses starting as. boon'as possibl

Itissuggested thatif possible be designated:toitakeithis:course.

:course, wuaraore,suggested:that immediately upon completion of this trecommendations to the Deputy Chief,
I & S, Pr.pBannermandiand toprallenof the B project, as to whether or not
:in their opinion 191. course'gives the required background for this work. In the event of a favorable:recommondation by
and
as set out above, this project will-immediately designate other stalf members for this special, course.: Howover, if the recommendation is unfavorahlo. it. is suggested.thatimmediate:-stepsbe taken to ascertain if
willteach hypnotism and under what.-circumstances this could be arranged.

DATE: 14 December 1950

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On 23 June 1951,

telephone 03 Fmas contacted by a lie detector operator, regirding a course ol instruction in hypnotism. At thät td that instruction could hepin anytime that the stadent nresentea mrself Stated

a1 On 2 July 1951 approximately 1:00 p.n. the instruction beran ith relating to the studont some of his sexual viporiences. tated
that, he had constantiy used hypnotism as a means or inducing young tirls to
engage Ên sexial intercourso with him. hrohéntnn - u performer in

under the influence of hypnotism. prchestra was forced to engage in sexial intorcourse vith Tilo Lstated that he first put ner into a hypnotic trenco and then suggestod' to har that he was her husoand and that sho desired sexual intercourse with him. going honeg Le vould use hyunotic suiggostion ta have a further stated that..many tinos thile girl turn around and walk to nin and,suggest sexual intercourse to him'ani tipt as a resplt of these suggestions induced by hiin he snent approxiinatoly tive nirits aweek avay from homo ongaging in sexual intercourse.

Claimed that during the Second vorld Tar he had workod fo (characterizod by as such a top socret intolligence orranisation that no was not permitted to give.the words that the initials: rcprosentod). His vork for consisted. in hypnotizing sugjects and cuusiiy; thea to"memorise detailed material while under the influence of hypnotism., Aftèr the subject\_vas avakened he vouid șo to some othor place and there be ro-hypnotisedl and repeat vorbatithé material he had .pemorizod thile previously under tho inflnence of hypnotim. tated that shile montally transporting this information the sribject could not be made to roveal any of the material as due to post hypnotic sugguslion he had.completely' forgottun it until he was re-hypnotizol.

and a former student. of wis considerably advancod in thought projection by lypnotism. could cause a subject ir hypnotic trancę to road fron a closed book a considerable distanco away. :stated that a'out one out of twenty subjucts have sufficient clairvo/ance to oe able to do thought projection.

On the last day of the period of training introducod the student to a man who was waiting for an appointmentitp The student was introduced as an expert hypnotist sho wished to try anr uo-rment on tho mon. The studont at that time hypnotised the man and suggested that ho would fool no pain. The student then suggestod that he would be ceaf for two minutes after ho aroke. , Wien the man, azoke he could hear nothine, and to test for fakery the

Date: 9 July 1951

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I. General Problem

For the rast several months Bluebird-has been:endeavoring to ascertain by research, study, instruction ond.some, practice wlat value (ir ary) can be derived from SI and H techniques when applied to war and specific Agoncy problems. These broad problems; using knourr SI and H techniques, may be classified as follows:

A. Can aecurate information be obtnined from willing er unwilling individuals.

B. Can Agoncy-personnel (or persons of interest to this ageney) be conditioned to prevent any outside pover from obtaining inforration from them by any l:nowm moans?

E C. Can we obtain control of the future activitics (phynical and mental) of any given individul, willing or unvilling ty application of SI and H technjquos?.

D. Can we provont any outside power fron gaining control of Duture activities (physical and-mental) of agoney personnel br nny knoim mcens? 二

Bluebird. bolieves that A (aboxe) can be nuswered in the affirnntive uning SI nnd H techniques. Dluebird is not fully satisfiod with-results to date, but belicves with-continued worl: and study romarkalle and profitable results can be obtnined rogularly.

llovevcr, B, C, and D (abovc) are ao yet unonsvereable although Eluebird is of the opinion that there ir a worthwhilc chance that all three my at some future date be answered affirmatively. This opinion is suported gencrally

13876

TO VIA TIA

SUBJECT

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by mmerous individunls having knowledgo of thone techniques and by much literature and intelligence in this field.

Since an offirmative proof of E, C and D would be of inerediblo value to this agency Bluebird's' gencral problem is to ret up, conduct and carry out .Tesearch (practicnl - not theoretical) in this direction.

Set out below is one.specific proposal nimed at achieving our ends as rapidly as possible and with a maximum of seéuritj'. 一

Through internal ngeney channels, Bvebird vas given the name of 7 an individual dr uxtraction nńd not a citizen of the United States who had been givon cortain operational security clearance. wos reported to have done considerable work in SI and H and to have an unusual and interesting general background. Was also reported as being reliable, trustworthy, a knowm anti-Communist. In view of the nbovc, and on the instructiono of the Director of I&SS, "was brought to a safe area near heodquarters and interviowed, interrogated and obsefved, by Mvebird on 19, 20 and 21 February l951. personality,"ability, intelligepce, sincerity and anpnrent security mindodness ere impressive. Blvebird officers were unable to find any indicntions of deviousness or pro-Soviet interests during these observations. only apparent obiious weaknesses wore his foreign background and non-Unitod States 二 citizenship.

According to|

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tho sindont auproaclod tho ran froa behisui andl slouted in his ear and clapuod his hanvls by his ear witl, absolutoly n :t apparent effect upon tho man's hearing. 1 r\_= +he

fas rost couperative througiiout thè lossons and paie for tha student s'series of tape L'ecording of his various methods of hypnotism.

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Fossible Fallibility.of;Folytrah Tosting of Sutjecta in Posthypnotic Statos

Sourca in saae/ fof a prordnoat poychiatric clinic and repcarch Foundaticn.. larr nou mtheua of psychognoais and poychothiarapy have beca dovelcped under source's Source has proviously subniited a roport eutitled.

1. Q.  tha baais of your kouledgo of hypnoloy, do you think that it vould bo posalble to induco a posthypmotic state on a subject in such a way. that his roactions to. poltraph testine, would be aigdficontly altored?

,. A.  orfhand, opinion is that this would bo quito posailio. Of courso it vould, be vory sirple ta conduct axporimanfa uhich could dofinitoly cccide this quostion ono way or anothor, bub.on the asmiption that ouch exporincnta have not yet beon carried out, I chould like, to commont brienlya tho, poosibilities to, bo conridered.

As I undorstand is, tho polyproph meacures unccnscious plgsical roactians to,the stisali of.sba batal disturbances caupod by the telline of doliberato lica. Thorefore,it vould appoar posaiblo that.a subject could possibly avoid theso ro-n actions -ir bo wero intorrogatod vhio in a, posthynotie stato and thus cstablish-1 his innocence far som inoriainating acta-or.associations.This ight be dono by tho inductica of posthypootic anosia Sor Wuo incrininating episodes and tha snbstitution of an alibi rituation-by tho establlshnent of falce recollectiono. In ordar vords, tho subject would be coovineed that be waa actually tellirg tho truth and would not heve tho poychososatic dioturbances neccssary for s polygraph renctioo. In addition to Lhis, comploto amogia af tho hypaotióun itsols can bo effocted and an affectivo dofenso con be oet up againot rohypnctization by anothor hopsotiot.. Farthororo, the cubjeat's roactions to othor quostions uocd.ia testing tha polypraphebility ofaoabjoct vould probobly.be norl:.

2... (Collector'a Notei, In adlition to the cconts reportod atovs, sourcs suaootod and supplied raforonce naturial which he faltsright provido somo beckround inferration on this subject. A brief revieu of noo of this literaturo was undcrtaken by the colloctor and tho cormonts listod bolow were abstrooted. Althouch they ofton support sourco'a opinions,,thoy nre by no neans droctly attributabls to his, ner can the conclnsions rosctod bo ccnstruod.as bearing his cndorscmnt. Abriof review of recent volunes of Psychiolo:ical. Abotrata (Abstracta) -(lator Wiaa l950) revoaled no articlos deacribing esperioonts involving postlypnotie bcharior in relation- to tho polygreh machino. .Thercforo tho following coments include other roforences which the colloctorconidora  poasibl epplicablo to Lho obla.)

a. The Rature of the Posthypctio arrzer State - In tho first place, there still seens to be a reat doal of corfusion ebout the actual nature of tho postiypnctic stato itoolr and about tho scope of influonco of-thc operator in tho subjoct's rosctions whon arake.. These queotions:wore clted by lenry Cuce of. Long Laland Univorsity, whe pointa out that thoy. hava, placyed imvestigators for muy years and bave reeeived no clarity in interprotation. lle gces cn to cay thot porhaps ovon more corplex is the question as to-hos a subject rospondo to the fact that hs is bahavins in a vay wich is dirforont fra hia urual behavicr. (1)He axplains that the "posthypotic

50312

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nct will ofton bave in it sn aspoct of remcrbrance as to tho suracstion civen in the tranco" but he adsls, "of courso, somo phenonan of a poptypnotic nature, such es hallucinatory eqerioncc,, nay bo aecoptel by tie subjeet an boing of unquostianablo zutbenticity.

b. Hypnosis sng Antisocial Condluct - Leopito an pctive controvorsy on tho subjoct, there is ruch evideco that hypnotio can induco antisocial Lohavior (2) In tiis comnctien it ahould bo brought ouit that much scts car bo acçerplishçd in the posthypmotie stato with no appuvut knoalodge or feoling on the part ofsiho subject. Sevoral parinonts have dhon thet cuch "subjects hanlled poculipritios in thcir posthypnotic notivitiep by accopting thon as conrous aspects of Wheir behavier. (3) Sech accoptance"or thg mnitisoclal aet of Ling richt well precluda aty pigsical reactions hich would be scasurable by the polyuraph.

In experinonts uith the bopotie and, post-hypnotic productien ef antisocial bchavior, attorpta aro often rado by cxporinntoro to broak the induced atate of posthypnotic amcoia coveral doys after tho oxperinoatalantisecial act er ncts have beon corsátted by ths mubject. The accusstions broupht cut in those intorrogations usually arouco aparently richteous indipnation or disbelicf on the part of the "uilty" subjoct. In ono such exporimnnt a young female subjoct had bean induced undor bypucsis to ,steal rooey from tho pockat or a strançer's ccat nfter muakoning from her tranco. (1) She waa tivon posthypnotio amosia for tho courco or tho corpuloion. Sho stola the.dollar and later spent it. Hhon confrestod with the facto several days letor she did not belimvo thon. On the basis'of her roactions tho orperirentor roported: as follovot "Tbeso comrents aro incluced to indicato the dirficultios a crosc-ezariner vould moot in atiopting to inring a confession fros a crizinal hypnotic subjoct. lias A's remer totrayod not tho mubtlost ovidoncs or cansciousness of guilt. I cannot saf, of course, what ricit have bemn hor roaction to a lic-detoctor or thiard-Jegree ethods."

Šubeoquently this sabject was again bypnotized and her amnosia for tho incident romoved. "iios A vas then nsked vlcther she thouglit she could in hnosis be incucud to coorit noro pericus crincs--such as to stosl inportant coverusont papers were sho a cecrntary in Washington. She oaid, 'Ieo, I think so.'. She hold to this belior toth.in the tranco' anc nercal atatos.

e. Training and Tooting -.In case posthypnotie corpulsion wore utilisod in an atterpt to circumvot lie dotection, tho nocesuarliy coapleto control ovor the.posthyrnotic behavior of a subject would require a pariod of intensive tralninyi and tosting. Subjoota vary widoly in thn hypnotisability. In other uerds, one porson tight shou little initial resistanco to trance induction but tho operator rgit fLul thot be would show a Ereat deal roro resistanco to illusion crcstion or to ono or moro of tho stendard eritoria for neccuring tho dapth of hyrnosis. (Such criteria ircluto (1) bypnotie analgeala to painful stimli, (2) nixd ollnctory rallucinations, (3) are represoión contrel, (L) posthymotic anesia, (5) ability to cnry out posthypotic mugcestions end the ranid induction ef tranen through an uarolated posthyrnotic sigal. (S) As P pointed cut, "To achiovo tho best rouults, one mst utilizo the individual claractoristies of ench sabject. (6) Thrcugh patient experioatation with deviouo' sugcestions usod to cirearvant the points of resistance,,very deep

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hypnosis ean usually be ebtained in a villiiy; mubjoct. 1t sleulo Uheu be possible to predict the effocto uhich tho subjoct's cm poculinr personality aad bypuctizatiiity charectoristics vill play in tho posthypnetie stato. Tho ultinato genl of the training vould bo the crcation of a state of hypnotisability whoroby tho cporater ccald rapidiy induco a poothypotic stato in which tlo gubject vould have no r conocious krovledge or ncnary of hia incriinating activitics or ccrnectiono.

In aduition to tho above goal, it wuld to aloo possible to incuce si tho subject a focility for mutohymosis. Leclie . loCrom er Loo Angoles ptatodthat it in difficult to bopmotise oniself et all dooply wnless a post lgpnozic sucsestion heo berm civen during hetcro-indced hypnosis to the efioct that tha persca can thoroaftor kypnotisa hizoc."(7)

d. Detection of Fosthypnotio Stato by Folygraph  As far as polytraph detectian of the post hypnotic stato itrolf is concernod, this scons unlliely in the licht of the negntivo and inconclusive rosultq of experisents conducted by Irue and Stepbonoon which corrolatod oloctrooncophalogran, puloo, and plantor reflexes in lopnoois with ase regresnion and induced emoticnol atatos. (6)

(1). Ouse, licry. "Posthypnotie Echavior and Feroonality," Ferswnality, Vel. l, No. , . 195, g 232.

Estabrooks, O.R.,"Tho Posoiblo Antisocial Uso of Rpnotia," PESOitaLITI, Vol.1, o.3,  1951,e 294-209.

(3) Quso, op cit pago 236.

(4) Bre mn, Yergarot, "Erporironts in the Hypnotic I'roductien of Antisccial end Gelr-Injuricus Eehavior," PuLar, Vol 3, No. 1, Fob 42, Pp 90-51.

Truo,"Robert M. ant'Stephenpon, Charles W., "Controlled Experirents Corrclating Electroencephalogras, Pulse and Flanter ferlmms vith Hypnotic Ago Eogrosaion and Inmcod Emotionai:States,." PESαALITI, Vol l, No 3, Nov 5i, pace 293.

LeCre, Loalie M.,A Study of the LNOTIABLLIY of Hypnotiste," PEESALIT 24
Vol 1, o 3, or 51,  301. .1

(8) True and Stephonson, ep cit pp 252-262

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discussed nt vrious times his vork and intcrest in tho SI and H techniques. lle claimed that most of his present work was along tho lines of hypotherapy which involvos post-H supfestion, but\_ndmitted that his experience with drugs, cases, ete., in eonjunction with S nnd H was somowhat limited, although he uas familiar with much of the litornture (U.S. nnd foreign) in these fields.

admitted that since he had been in tlie U.S. he had indused H conditions in at least several hundred individunls, male and fetale (in all nre grups). demonstrated successfully some of his operating methods before the B officers on the 19th, 20th and 21st.

For motter o record, Tas briofod on the sccurity aspects of B work and cautioned agninst all and ary'discussion outsido concerning these matlers. bigned the standnrd.seereey agreemont. - III. GEUERAL FROPOSALS

On the tasis of apparent ability, relatively simple and cary cover, background, porsonality and interest, it is proposed tha be oither dircetly employed or epntractunlly"employnd by Isss for the spocific purpose or engaging in quided rercarcl, tenting, and eperimentation along SI and H lines undor the geneal-direction of the Director of I&ss and under the immndinte direction of B. IV. SIECIFIC PROP SALS

A. It is proposed that bo breught to headqunrters immodietely and formally interviewd byy

hterview to include basis of arrangomonts, cover, locations, salary, operntional fungis, and securing of PHS).

B.  It is proposed that he given a full and detailed-Polycraph examintion byon material. preparod by

C. It is proposed thnt immediately a full ficld investigation be started on o include chocking of all names, places, squAdrons, ete., mentionod by him (HiGH PRIORITY).

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D. It is proposed that imodintely after as been given full socwrity elesronee he will be thoroughly briefed, civen all necessary, funds and instructed to begin research and testing along lines set out in 5 (below).

E. It is proposed that after n miņimm of time to perritA rull opportumnity to sàtisfnetorily become operntional, E oflicers and trninees will (under suitable cover) rarticipote in and assist. with the reroarch and tosting for purposes of training and experience.

V. BLUEEIND - SIECIFIC PRCELENS

Set out below' aro specifie problems which can only bo rrsolved by experiment, tosting and renearch as proposed in the paragraphs above. These are not in any sense all of the problems è is-considoring, but are merely'tapical and point up the need for, practical rozearch.

1. Cnn we "coiditi-n" ty post-H suggert:on agency employces (or persons of intorost to this ageney) to prevent thom from civing infommation to any unauthorized source or for conmitting ary act on behalf,of a foreign or domcstic onery?

2. Can we in n matter of an hour, two hours, one day, etc., induco an H condition in an unwilling subject to such an extsnt that he vill perform an net for our benefit?-(Long range).

3. Cnn ve crcate by post-I control an action contrary to an individunl's .bisic moral principles?

4. Could we seize n subject and in the space of an hour or two by post-H control have him \_crash an nirplano, wreck o train, ete.7 (Short, immodinto activity)

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5. Gan we ty SI nnd H. techniques foreo a subjeet (unwillinr; or othervise) to travol long distances, cpmmit specilied oets end return to us or bring -1 documents or matorials7 Can a person acting under post-H control successfully travel long distances?

6. Can we upe SI and H to combet fátigue, -piroduce extremo montal affort7

7. Can we gunrantoe total amnesia under any' and all conditinms?

8. Can we "alter" a person's Porsonnlity? Hou long will it hold?

9. Can we dosign tests to determipé whcther or not an anory agent has been conditioned by SI and H or any other method7

10. Can we dotoet SI and Hl ty use of SI and H (rogression)7.

ll. Can ue make a "conditioned" subjcct revenl by SI-and H specifically how they were conditioned (drugs, torture, fatigue, hostage pressure, tochniquos)?

12. Can we devise a systom for making umwilling subjocts into-villing agents and then transfer that control to untroined agency cgonts in the field by use of codes or identifying signs or ezedentials?

13. How long canwe sustoin a post-H suggestion-unaided-with reinforcement.

14. What wouldbe fastest way to induce SI and H conditions - with drugs- - or without any mochanicnl aids?

15. Can we devise a standard simplo relatively fnst technique for inducing SI and H conditions thnt ean be usod by untrained agents (with or vithout drugs)? 16. Is it posnibln to find etas that can le usod to gain SI control from

a gas pencil; odorless, colorJess; onc shot, otc.?

17.' Whit nre full-details on "slecp-inducing mchine"?

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18. low can sodium A or P or any othr slenp indncing agent te best concealed in a norml or commonplpce itcm, such as candy, cigarottes, liquior, wines, coffec, tea, becr, um water, aspirin tablets, common medicines, coke, tooth paste? 19. llow effective ean tho "carotid artery techniquo" be made? Can it be used while subject is upconscious? Is it faster than-other techniquos?

20. Can ve, using SI and H extraćt complicated formula frem sciontists, engineers, ete., if unwilling? Can we extract doteils of gun emplaccments, landing ficlds, factories, minos? 4

21. Can we, while a subject is under SI and l control, show thom a map and have thcm point out specific items, locntions, etc., on the map7 Can we rlso have thea make detailed drawincs, skotches, plans7

Could any of-tho above be done under field conditions and ine very short space of timo?

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5 Fatrirr 1952

MRi Jur A-atant Dirctor for Anrietent rireeter for Fesurity OCrieor/:JA Chief T5S

FUIIJECT t Foserrch Γrojects

l. Attached iπ en cutlino of sorn rerereh projeets we ere eoniderinr, in connection vith Frojet. trtlehoke.

2. I wanld precinte any corrents nr sucrostiona ou roy havo with rocct to thece or othor projct- whicli you ray feol we vould went to consider.

Attacht Outlino of nrojrets

Dato

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1. On Thursday, 21 February l952, the writer had an extended interview with

The conversation lasted 1rom Ji0O PM to approximately o:30 PH. The intarview was laid on through the Contact Branch and introductions.were made through Fof the Now York City Contaot Office.., No difficulties were onoountered in this matter..

2. is a professional hypnotist of exceptionally good reputation. He apparently has other means and has been a professional engineer and accountant, His apartment is in a deluxe apartment neighhorhood in and is in exceptionally good taste." resides there with.his sister. 4 +1

As about six feet tall, wéars horn-rim glasses, has a atrong, agressive look, and, physically, is quite impressive. He appears highly intelligent, was courteous, amiable, and co-operative throughout. Before getting to cases, the writer fenced with For approximately three-quarters of an hour, talking generally about hypnosis and not disclosing positive security interests. After establishing in the writar's mind that was competent and thoroughly understood the meaning of secrecy, the writer opened .up and discussed positive matters., Set cut belor are a series of questions and answers which cover, in substance, the details of the interview with

Q: What are your experiences in general with hypnotisn?

A: I have been a professional hypnotist for at least 15 years. At present, I am employed on a very confidential basis tvo days a week working in the

Ialso Mork conuantly

and I work continuously with all types of patients at I am not teaching hypnotism now, but I have taught many individuals hypnotism in the past.

Q: What part, do you'think, did hypnotism' play in the and other show trials by the USSR and their satellites?

A: .In my personal opinion, hypnosis possibly combined with

A Hr. K. L.SBannorman

A/3,Ⅲ,6,7

25 February 1952

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duress, and possibly drugs, is how the "confessiong" were brought about. I have long been interested in these trials and I believe it entirely possible to bring these things about through these techniques."It would take a great deal of continuous application and study of the individual to produce these results but the enemy has plenty of tims and is capable of using any methods.

Can you obtain information from an individual, villing or umwilling, by bypnotism?

Definitely, yes. Many of the medical casss I work on are involved in obtaining personal,intimate information and through hypnotism, I have been quite successful in obtaining this. If an individual refuses to co-operate with hypnosis, the doctors with whom I work use drugs, always sodium amytal.

Do you think that.this system would be useful.in obtaining information from a recalcitrant, obstinate, and entirely unco-operative individual?

Ies,"definitely.' That is the only'way to approach this type of individual, but even at that you would have to study your individual psyohologically and the matter would require great skill. All people have to be approached in different manners as far as hypnotism goes, but if you could gain their confidence or at least indicate so, they would clearly understand you were not hostile .to thea and your battle would -be more than half won,

How far do you think individuals could be controlled by hypnosia?

F This is a very difficult subject. Post-hypnotics will last twenty years and will be very strong if re-enforced from time to time. However, if direct control is wanted, and particularly without re-enforcement, perhaps twelve houra would be the most you could expect and even then a possibility exists that the person under bypnosis might suddenly be awakened by some external stimulus.

Q:. Have.you ever had any experience with drugs?

71 Ar , Ies, many times. I have worked with doctors using sodium amytal and pentothaland have obtained hypnotic control –2

[PAGE 23]
after the drugs were used. In fact, many times the drugs were used for the purpose of obtaining hypnotic control.

:Were any other drugs used? Do you know any "nev" drugs or are there.any "wonder" drugs that can be used in this business?

A: No. I have known doctors to try other drugs but they do not have any success and almost without exception in my work, sodiun anytal and pentothal are the weapons used. If I had to tackle a case, tough and umwilling, I would rely on.sodium amytal. I do not know of any "wonder" drugs. 'I do not beliave they exist-and none of the psy-
:: :chiatrists and doctors I work with use anything but those I have mentioned. =1

Have you ever heard of hypnosis being used in connection with electroshock7

No." I a familiar with the electroshock convulsion and coma but I have never attempted to-obtain hypnotic control-thereafter and have never heard of anyone doing this. However, some of my friends who are psychiatrists conatantly use electroshock and I have completa accesa to their work. I shall make some experiments along these lines in the near future and when I see you again, we will discuss the results of this.

Are there any individualo jou might know who would be worthhile in contacting along these lines?

Ar. Offhand, I cannot think of anyone except

is perhaps one o1 the outstanding

the country, thoroughly understands drugs and is well acquainted with my work. As far as hypnotists are concerned, I do not believe there are five competant professional hypnotists in the U.·S. today and I have nothing but contempt for the collegs professor who talks about hypnosis. Only the professional who can handle hypnosis in front of the public and on a large scale is capable of really giving first-rate advice or information on bypnotic work.

Qi Wonld vou be willing to act as a consultant to this Agency? . C was fully informed that the writer was maiing no

[PAGE 24]
offers and in no position to recruit personnel. This offer was being made in general terms.)

Ies, I feel that we are at war and ir I can be of any help whatsoever, I shall be glad to give my time. If you need me on any given case,'I will be glad to cone.

Would you accept pupils for private coaching? (Same explanation as above.)

Ies. I think I could train an individual or at least give him a substantial background.in two weeks, working out with him three timss a week.

Do you have any ideas that hypnotism could be used as a weapon?

Ies, I have thought about this often. It could certainly be used in obtaining information from recalcitrant people particularly with drugs: Furthermore, it can be used-as PT a morale factor and in addition, it could be used as a recruiting source for special types of work: I will explain the last two, You have large D.P: camps in Europe and Asia. Tou have to entertain these people. A good professional hypnotist is a good entortainer. Using mass hypnotic methods, he could drive home thoughts that would be of great benefit to our side. Individuals that he goined control of through hypnotic influence could te,converted to strong supporters of our vievpoint through suggestion. "The opposite of this, of course, would hold true. Furtheramore, along these lines a good hypnotist running hypnotic shows for entortainment would pick up a great many subjects,, some of whom might be exceptionally good subjects for-us:, These subjects could .easily be tabbed and put to cur use.

Have you ever been able to produce hypnosis without an individual's knowledge?

A: Yes, through the relaxing technique and on rare occasions been abls to produce hypnotisu against a parson's will. Hovever, you cannot count on this and to attempt to attack an individual who did not want to be hypnotized alone would be almost an impossible task. In that type of case, I would
.use sodium amytal and/or sodium pentothal.

[PAGE 25]
.Q: Do you have any special techniques that you think are valuable?

All techniques are valuable. I use about eighteon different approaches to individuals ranging froa fear to anxiety, to deception, etc., etc. All individuals are different and a hypnotist always studies his subjects carefully, psychologically and otherwise, before attempting hypnosis with then. Only skilled professional hypnotists have proper training and work at it often enough to be akilled hypnotists. I would be glad to show you all my techniques when we have time to discuss thes.

There is a peculiar and somewhat dangerous technique involving pressure on the carotid artery. The technique of using pressure on this artery is largely a matter of timing. Pressure in the right place cuts off the flow of blood to the brain, apparently causing a rapid comalike condition -- during this condition,"hypnotic control can sometimes be obtained. The technique is not easy to .learn. I have tried it only.a few times but it has been i.successful.

Q: How effective are post-hypnotics; over what distances and . time can they be effective?

Properly used post-hypnotics vill last twenty years. They can be made more effective by ro-enforcement froa time to .time. Post-hypnotics are not affected at all by time or travel or distance avay from the person who placed the posthypnotic. As a rule, post-hypnotics should be l0o% effective. in good subjects and they would certainly be more effective than a person operating under direct hypnotic control,since a person in a hypnotic trance can suddenly be brought out of : it for various reasons,particularly after many hours,while a post-hypnotic will always ramain strong.

Can individuals be made to do things under hypnosis that they would not do otherwise?

This is a muchly debated subject and, in my opinion, as a general rule, no individual will do anything against his moral code or upbringing under a hypnotic trance they would not do otherwise. However, it should te remembered that by the proper type of conditioning and a very intelligent and understanding approach using psychology, individuals could be taught to do anything inoluding murder, suicide, ete.'This would be diffi-:"» cult, but I believe it could be done by a careful process of

[PAGE 26]
conditioning a personpychologically while under a hypnotic state, sotting a stage for the act as it were. I do not have much faith in test experiments in colleges because they are, by their very nature, experiments or tests. I do believe " that you could carry out acts that would be against an individual's moral feelings if thsy wero rightly, psychologically couditioned. Of course, it would not bs as much of a problsn to have an imaoral person comit an imoral act or a murderer comnit a murder, since by their nature they would have no hesitancy to do such a thing in their normal life.

I do not knos of any drugs that would do this under any circumstances, but I do feel-that" thel Fand other faniliar cases in which individuals confessed to crimes which they could not have possibly committed wis brought'about by hypnosis, as I mentioned before, and lengthy psychological conditioning. The quastion itself, of course, is one that has been dobated a great many times but is difficult to actually arrange a "practical" test.

Do you hava any special techniques or ideas for detecting ifan individual is under hypnosis or not?

A: Ies. I have sevaral methods for dstecting this and if I see you again, I will go over them in detail with you. There are certain tests that I make which I think are very effective. Along this same line, I also use several methods for detecting when individuals are faking or play acting with ms or feigning

Q: Do you have any systen for' detecting good hypnotic subjects, . particularly not along tho lines. of stage antertainments?

A: No particular system, but there are certain techniques that I apply in looking for good subjects. Most of these are tasically standard tests and are, undoubtedly, known to you. (Reference was made to standerd tests for suggestibility, all known to the writer.) In this connection, when I see you again, I will show you some of the msthods I use along these lines.

Q: Can hypnosis be broken by another hypnotist if specific instructions have been given to a subject to prevent thia?

L I have been able to do this, but this is not easy and requires a great deal of time and.effort,but:I believe:that

[PAGE 27]
that almost any hypnotic control can be detected and broken if sufficient tine and a careful psychological approach ara used.

Does alcohol assist in the obtaining of hypnosis in a subject?

I do not beliove it helps. There are many other more important aids to hypnosis than a social drink or two. The first of these I believe would be anxiety, another would be fear, third might be exhaustion. Howèver, in many cases,aloohol does make-individuals more pliable and in that sense night have some results.

Do you have any material that you think night be of interest to me along thase linos?

Yes. As you know, an individual who has been hypnotized makes a very excellent courier. They can be givon messages : while under hypnosis which they themselves do not know and only an individual knowing the codo can get this message from this"courier. "Even assuing that the post-hypnotic control could be broken or the individual bypnotized, it could still be protected parhapa as follows:

A person could be regressed to a certain time and date and then given the message and unless the person who subsequently gained control of the subject regressed the subject to the correct date and time set out, he could not get the message. Even more secure would be to move the individual forward.: If hs were moved-from thirty years of age to thirty-five years of age at a given dato and time and then given the message, unless the individual could guess the age, the time; and date in the future, he could not obtain the message.

In my opinion, the use of this hypnotic techniqun is valuable from your point of view. Certain it is that by hypnotic control over an individual you can extract information probably hetter than any other known way: Furthermore, in good subjects you can create complete amnesias which should be helpful. In addition, as I mentioned above, I think this technique could bo.used on a mass scale as I explained both as a morale factor or for propaganda purposes. Some people in tho Army I know' are'giving'thought to these itens,but whether it can ever be sold at the top-level, I cannot say. I think it'would be very valuable. "n

[PAGE 28]
I will try when I return from my trip to contact a number of individuals, psychiatrists, and doctors that I know and without discussing any reasons, obtain from them any .information that they may have on new drugs or techniques. I do not believe that there are any new drugs and I do: not believe there is anything such as the "wonder" drugs which will produce instant talking when given to an individual. I halieve our hypnotic capacities are as good as the and I also beliave that they have no "wonder" drugs or any other drugs we do not know about. The only thing they have is plenty of time and they care nothing for normal conventions. + n" t

For matter of record,i professed great interest in this type of work stating that in his opinion, it had long been neglected by our Governsent. He stated he would contribute time and effort if he were called upon to do so and volunteered to assist in any case if he were called upon for assistance.

[PAGE 29]
(b)(3)

: Scientific Branch, Chief, Contaet Division ]and AG Chiof, orfice

1. A book published in ipaby tpshaute, Inc., entitled by heholsogewithoatrsingory on page contains the following:

"Today every litary doctor andtgwy nurse is traincd in hypnotiem, Theado have used lypnotism to an amazing extent in healing amnesia cases. Their paychologists use it for traumatie cases. Hypnoeia has indeed becoua themparamount weapon in the treatnent of war neuroses."

Will you please advise vhetherDr.-Yeager'fas any intereot in our finding out what faets, if any, the authoro have to support the statomonta contained in the above quotation? Such an investigation would wndoubtedly be time-consuming and vo do not wish to' embark upon it unless we have some assurance that the results might be of.value to CIA.

-2.Thia book on. pagesandalao contains the. following atatements whioh may be of interest toãe well as Usr: G

, a succegsful author of books on Bmits andi the one atep furthier. He has declared:

"'I can hypnotize a man--without his knovledge or consent--into comnitting treeson againat the United States. If I can do it, so could paychologists of other nationo in the event of another war.'

"Professor gabestm is nbeolutely right. I, too, could produce hypnotio secret agents and so coull bundreds of others trained in tho science of hypnotic suggestion. I vould be surprised if nany secret services are not now actualiy employing bypnotia methods for some of their underground activities.

"Soon after World Var II had startod, L.eitabropkewus called to Moshe Mgtonlle waa asked by intelligence officers about the possibility tlat emmg Intten and Jamsraessecret sorvices mighit be planning to use hypnotiom to obtain 1nformation.

APPROVED FOR RELEASE DATE:, JUN..2004.

4 March 1952

[PAGE 30]
mstthon made a moat provocntive and controversial otatoment when he told United States Iutelligonce officors:

."'Two hundred trained foretémzogeratore, trained in the United Statos, could develop a unique, dangerous aruy of hypnotically controlled agents""

[PAGE 31]
For :Shiert fio nrt Diviatn AG Chief,

1 A book publisled in énc. entitled vitii on pace contains tlie Tolloving:

"Today every" military doctor ands nuroe is trained in lopuotiem. Thec have used lvypnotics to an acnzing extont in healing amnesia cases. Their poychologists use it for troumntic cascs. Hypnosis hes indeed becoue the poramount weapon in the treatment of war neurosee."

Will you please advise vhethon fas any intercot in our finding out vhat facts, if any, the autloro have to.support the statomonto coutained in the above quotationt Ouch an investigation woull wndoubtedly be tine-congiming andt wo do not vish to'embark upon it unless we bave.some assuraoce that the results might be of:value.to CIA.

-.....2.  Tbis book on pagea ancr aleo containg the.following

n\_muccceaful author of boolts on Y and the vent one step further. lle has declared:

"'I can hypnotize a man--without his knovledge or conaent--into comitting trcason againat the United States. If I can do it, oo coulu psy-. ohologists of otber pntiono in the ovent of aother var.'

prio abeolutcly right. I, too, could produce hypnotic secret acento and so could lundredo of othero trained in tho seience of hypnotic suggestion. I would be surprised if many seeret oervices are not nov actually employing hypnotic mothods for some of their underground activities.

"Soon after World var II hod startod, S vas called tos Maes., le v9 aoked by intellirence officers about the possibility ti:āt andasecret services miglit be planning to use hypnotiom to obtain information.

A/837/1

4 Mareh 1952

[PAGE 32]
then madc a tost provoentive anl controversial otateinent wien ne told United States Intelligonce officers:

Two hundred trainedoperators,trained in the United Statcs, could develop a unique, dangorous ary of hpnotically controlled acents,'" 中电

[PAGE 33]
DATE: ll March 1952

MrarR.L.Banmermanin Morse Allen

Interview-With

A18,,2192

.52-91

1. Reference is made' to my memorandum dated 6 February 1952 requesting permission to interview in connection with the Artichoke problem.

2. On 7 March 1952 was interviewed from 10:00 AM to 11:50 AN by and the writer in

3. Although is a fully cleared Agency employee and holds a responsible position in fand the writer discussed random subjects with ahntil it was established that he-was competent, had a generalinterest in Artichoke type work, and appreciated the necessary secrecy involved in this type of discussion. Having established these premises, was interviewed along Artichoke lines. after having been given a brief resume of the Artichoke Work, stated that, whereas he was interested in the problem, he wanted it clearly understood that he felt morally opposed to the application of these techniques insofar as he personally is concerned. He stated. however. thst he recognized the fact that we are at war and the fare using Artichoke techniques and even more'trutal methods for obtaining their ends. He stated that while he could not carry out such techniques as injecting drugs. into an individual, he, nevertheless, felt that he could quite legitimately study the problem from a scientific point of view and from the point of view of one who is attempting to understand how the obtained the results they did in cases like thej trial.

4. thereafter, discussed at considerable length certain views that he holds on the psychological conditioning of individualsand how individuals could be conditioned to achieve most any result A provided time enough were taken and the individuals were studied in a clinical psychological manner. He suggested that, whereas psychologists and psychiatrists work toward the restoring and building up of a personality, it is obvious that the reverse of this would be true -- that a personality could be changed, intense mental confusion could be produced by deliberately attacking an individual along psychological lines.

5. stated that, whereas he had studied the case, it had never occurred to him that he would ever consicer using these techniques from an Agency point of view, but he felt that as far as he was concerned, he would gladly assist by attempting to figurs out from a ooint of view how they conditioned men like before their trials.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

[PAGE 34]
6. fand the writer talked at considsrable length about possibla uses of hypnotism in connection with the Artichoke work and, in general, it may be said thal felt that there was a positive use for hypnotisn. He agreeu that individuals under hypnotism will give information but he pointed out that it could not always- be regarded as accurate, since fantasy and even hallucinations are present in certain hypnotic states.

7. fstated that he had observed some work done with
drugs and he,. himself, had participated in attempting to extract infor
mation from individuals by drugs and hypnosis. In this connection, and the writer did not attempt to immediately pump for technical information or studies, since it was felt thiat au
ditional intervievs with Gill be held in the immediate future.

4 8. throughout'the interview, was entirely co-operative, appears highly intelligent, and obviously was intensely interested although he insisted that morally he could not carry out any of the Bluebird ideas although he recognized the necessity for such activity.

9. The writer very carefully pointed out to that the reason for this interview was not to obtain information from but rather to present a series of problems to him and let hin think of them' and consider them in his mind. was also specifically asked to consider any projects that he thought might be valuable or.individuals who could be contacted and who would have information of interest to us.

10 stated that the problem was of considerable interest and that he regretted that he was unable to'put full and immediate attention to it, but promised that he would gim the matters discussed very serious thought and would call for the writer when he had culled the various matters discussed over"in his mind and applied what knowledge he had in these connections.

11. and the writer feel that chfforts vill be profitable and both are of the impression tua Clinderstands the need for secrecy in this type of work.

12 For matter of record, it should be noted that in order to ask to come over to this office explained that the reason for the interview was in connection with the fact that knew fand his work at

A

-2-

[PAGE 35]
Office MenOrandum • UNITED STATEsS GOVERNMENT

TO FROM 4

1. You have asked me to put down in writing sone of my ideas on how-I would go about getting expert help on hypnotism. Above all, I . wculd rely upon proven experimental psychologists who have their feet on the ground on this subject and who have done plenty of research work on hypnotism.

2. The most extensive and careful series of experiments on
hypnetism were carried out by ver a ten-vesr
period. He began his work while he was still at the and finished his studies after he transferred te the His bcok, entitled

is a carefully decumented research classic which is a "must" reading for anybody who prefesses to be even sericusly interested in the subiect. Unfertunately, is no longer interested in hypnotism and moreover he has beccme ouite feeble, but his two principal research assistants are still active in psycholegy and would prove particularly valuable as consultants on a research orciect. on hypnotism. They are

velore he became a psychologist. He is an extremely competent, broad-minded, and non-dogmatic scientist. At the oresent time, he serves as a He has plenty of experience in research, experimental, clinicax, and business psychology. I would certainly trust his judgment on any problem deeling with hypnotism or drugs. An indiestion of his writing and thinking can be obtained from a recent article entitled

D4. I believe more than hes maintained an active interest in hypootism since their research days with fis the inventor\_of a test of sugcestibility which was Civen considerable emphasis in bock. The test. has bern used by other experimenters. who have published about it in thr literature. T

[PAGE 36]
D Frex tine te Lie writes artleles on hypnetism, or contributes chapters to text books on the subject. I have seen him hypnotize on many different occasions and I know that he is very jects. effective in producing all sorts of hypnotic phenomena in his sub-

5. I am sure that both yould be glad to cooperate with you on such a project. I think that they would make a good. team of advisers.

200

[PAGE 37]
52-239

Between the last 1ndicated date/(9 April 1952) and mid-October 1952, and the writer/conducted Artichoke experimentation fn two peparate trips. The first trip was in June and the second"trip extended from mid-August to early September. In view of these trips and in view of the additional work and confusion resulting rom preparations for the trips, it was agreed by all hands in both' instances to abaondon the H experimentation during the summer.

After returning from and the writer held a series\pf conferences concerning the H experimentation with Bbb Bannermanand it was decided that. the.experimentation ahould not only begin again, but it should be broadened and the experiments made mora compllcated and more of an operational type. rrebannermanrsupported these proposals and stated that he was certain that rouldnow give consent to more complicated experiments, particularly due to\the fact that I&SO was now to completely control the Artichoke work ànd that OSI was no longer to ba the controlling influence... F

andthe writer agreed to conduct work along two separate lines. The first would be a continuation of basic experiments with new personnel and\the second involving the more advanced type of work with thoroughly experienced individuals, particularly in regard to travel and operations involving long-range control both as to time and to space. It was alsdagreed that H experimentation would begin. st once.

.29 0ctober 1952

[PAGE 39]
PAGE /OF 3 PAGES COPY # B/3

Attachiment #

ARTICHOKE

B/3

1. The ARTICHOKE Team visited Huráng period 8 Jamary to 15 Jamary 1954. The purpose of the-visit was.to give an evaluation of hypothetical problem, namely: Can an individual of \*\* deseont be-made to perform an act of attempted assassination involuntarily under the influence of ARTICHCKE?

2.PROELEM:

a. The essential elements of the problem are as follows:

(1) As a"trigger, mechanism" for a bigger poject, it was proposed that an individual of \* descent, approximately 35 years old, well educated, proficient in English and well established socially and politically in the \*#\*\*\*\* Government be induced under ARTICHOKE to perform an act, involuntarily, of attempted assassination against a prominent \*\*\*\*\* politician or if necessary, ainst an American officialT The SUBJECT vas formerly in dgy but has since terminated and is äow employed with the \* Government. According to all available information, the SUBJECT would offer no further cooperation with

B/3

Access to the SUBJECT would be extremely limited, probably limited to a single social meeting. Because the SUBJECT is a heavy drinker, it was proposed:that the individual could be surreptitiously drugged through the mediim of an alcoholic cocktail at a social party, ARTICHOKE applied and. the SUBJECT induced to perform the act of attempted assassination at some later date. All the above was to be accomplished at oneinvoluntary uncontrolled social meoting. After the act of attempted ascassiration was performed, it was asstumed that the SUBJECT would be taken into custody by the \*\*\* Govermment and thereby "aisposedef." Other than personal reansur-. ances by Bhns of security involving the

B/3

[PAGE 40]
Attachment #

project, techniques, personnel and disposal of the SUBJECT were not indicated. Whether the proposed act of attempted assassination was carried out or not by the SÜEJECT was of no,great significance in relation to the overall project.

3. CONCLUSIONS:

a. In answer to the hypothetical question, can an .individual of \*\*\* descent be made to perform an act of attempted assassination, involuntarily, under ARTIGHCKE, according to the above 'conditions, the answer in this case was probably "No" because of the limitations imposed operation- ally as followst

unditting SUBJECT. (1) The SUBJEOT would be an involuntary and

(2) We would have none, or, at most, very limited physical control and custody of the SUBJECT.

(3) Access to the SUBJECT is strictly limited.
to a social engagement among a mixed group of both
cleared and uncleared personnel. 1F

i. 4. The final answer·was that in view of the faot that successful completion of this proposed act of attempted assassination was insignificant to the overall projeot; to wit, whether it was even carried out or not, that under "crash conditions" and appropriate authority from Headquarters, the ARTICHOKE Team yould undertake the problem in spite of the operatioml.limitations.

ADDENDUM:

Two main problems presented itself in relation to answering the above \_hypothetical-question.

a. Security: Insufficient consideration was given to the fact that any leakage of ARTICHOKE through performance of the proposed próblem would jeopardize the entire future application and preposed activity of the ARTICHOKE Team in the area. 4

B/3

PAGE 2OF3PAGÉES

[PAGE 41]
PAGE  OF 3 PAGES

CORX # B/3

Attachaent #

b., It was the unanimous opinion of all ARTICHOKE
members that unless the ARTICHCKE Tean had more detailed ac
cess to the operational plan it would be extremely difficult,
if not impossible, to carry cut the assigned mission. 王 A 1中

米 simolated only

I this would Ie made araelable when and if regeried-

[PAGE 42]
THE MILITARY APPLICATION OF HYPNTISM

54-99

I choose two practical applications from many with which to illustrate my propositioñ:

1. The safeguarding of the messages entrusted to douriers. In dotp hypnosis the subject, miiitary or cikilian, can be given a mcssare to be delivered to say Colonel X in Berlin. The subject may then be sent to Eerlin on any perfoctly routine assignment. The message will be porfectly safe and will be delivcred to the proper person bocause

a. the subject will have no memory whatsoever in the waking state as to the nature and contents of the message.

b. it-can be arranged thst the subject will have no knowledge of ever having been hypnotized.

c. It can be arranged that/one beside Colonel X - in Barlin can hypnotize the subject and recover .the message.

This hypnotic messenger, if I may use the phrase has in ny opinion at least two very definite advantages over the ordinary courior. First he will never under any circumstance by a slip of the tongue divulge the true nature of his mission for the very simple reason that he has nd conscious knowledge of what that mission may be. He is morely going on a routine replacement in say the Adjutant, General's Office." This will be his story and the story which. he believes.

June 22, 1954

A|B,5, 90/5

1 Da2 s 125

14

[PAGE 43]
Secondly, it be any chance,he is pickęd unthrough a lcakago, nf informationfromothor toarcesthe-essageis ahro.He"omcontorthrid degree tactics can pry it loosc, for he sirply does not have it in his conscious mind. Even if the enory suspects tho use of hypnotisn the message is still. safe for no one can hypnotiso him except this Colonel X in Berlin.

May I point cut that this technigue is one which tan be demonstrated under experimental conditions where you wish and when you wish allowing a'certain amount of time to train the subjects in question.

2. A specific counçerintelligence technique to be used against enemy agents. This particular use of hypnotism vould be more complicated and more difficult than the raher simple caso which I outlined in tle preceding paragraphs, but is, I assuro you, quite practical. I wil. take a number of men and will establish in them through the use of hymmotism the condition of split personality. Consciously they wiil be ardent Cohmunists, phanatical adherence to the party line, ready and eagor to submit to any discipline which the party may prescribe. Unconsciously they will be loyal Americans just as grimley determined to thwart tho Commuists at every-turn in the road.

These men again will have no knowledge of anything that occurs in the hypnotic state--wirl have no knowledge of ever having been hypnotized and can only"be hypnotized by sueh persons as the original opgrator may choose. Consciously they will associnte with the Comeunists and learn all the plans of the organisation. Once every month or at such time is advisable they will be contacted by a member of our intelligence dopartment, hypnotized, and as loyal Americans will tell what they. know. This sounds unbelievable, but I assure, you, it will work.

Once arain the advantages. Your hypothatical counter spy will be placed in a very difficuit situation--amounting at best to social ostracism, at worst criminal prosecution. Ho will not disclose his true role for the very simple reason that he can not.. Consciously he is a Communist and will not in a moment of woakess admit to his relatives or to his friends that he is anything but a Conumunist. Again, if"through some leakaige, he is suspected of being an informeer his true role is safely guarded, locked in the unconscious and impervious\_to all assults from the outside.

[PAGE 44]
I consider mysolf an authority on the theoretiel appiicationsor hypnotism to warfare and would point out that it is a highly specialized subject. The average psychologist or even psychiiatrist is. as at much of a loss here as would be the average chemist- or physicist if called on to supenvise a very :pecialized project for which he- had had no particular training. I claim that I can, demonstrate all my particular contentions to the satisfaction of the government agencies and request the opportunity so to do.

In closing, may I make one very significant point. The hussian literature is hard to get and carefully avoids any mention of the topic in question. Those Russian articles which I have been jble to get leave no doubt about the fact that the liussian is just as conversive about the field of hypnotism as are we..

Respectfully submitted,

[PAGE 45]
TO : Chief, Security Research Staff

FRoM : Chief, Technical Branch

1. I have examined proposals and I feel that I should make the following comments:

a) The idea of a courier that has been hypnotized is not new and I am absolutely certain did not invent this idea. We ourselves have carried out much more complex problems than this and in a general sense I will agree that it is feasible. However, there is no proof whatsoever that the hypnosis cannot be broken by another competent hypnotist feels this is possible) and the entire test has not yet been subjected to actual field conditions (long travel, time, etc.).

b) As far as third-degree tactics are concerned, we do not kow as yet what happens to an hypnotized individual.under the third-degree or plied.with chemicals of various types. Whether or not he will disclose hypnotic material or indicate he possesses same has not been determined. Again this is a test that'we hope to carry out in the future, as you know. a+

proposo that a subject "will have no knowledge of ever having been hypnotized" is debatable. In regard to this, we are not yet certain .but possibly through the use of subtle chemicals and/or a very careful cover, it might be done. It is conceivable it could be accomplished if the subject were not unduly suspicious,extremely naive or veny stupid but again this point is questionable.

proposal about using hypnotized individuals as counteragents is also not new and we, of course, have discussed this many times. Whother or not it can in fact be demonstrated we are not sure and it is hoped that the fieId tests we are working on may help us along these lines.

3

[PAGE 46]
proposals are, of course, lacking in details and I am quite certain he has never carried any of these things out except in laboratory tyce experiments. We, of course, have bcen able to produce these results but again only'in laboratory experiments and I assure you we would not be as emphatic about the success of these things as

f) I think it very important that if does come to Washington you and I should nave the opportunity to discuss at length and in detail his ideas.

g) .If yoù will recall, among others long ago proposed the courier idea and in sose wayst believes that given sufficient time and the opportunity for "correct training", he could condition individuals for these purposos if certain conditions wore met,- as you also recall is not greatly impressed by

[PAGE 47]
1. I apologize for subaitting a document ss long as this onc. The subject is highly contróvorsial and even this treatocnt, which may appear long, io abbreviated.
4

2. Frankly, I nov'distrust muoh of vhat is written by academic experts on hypnotiom. Partly thia is because many of them eppear to have generalized:frta a very few cases; partly because much of their cautious pessimism is contradicted by Agency experinenters; but more particularly because I personally have vitnessed behovior responses which respedted expcrts have paid are impossible to obtain. In no other field have I been so conscious,of the mental claustrophobia of book and lecture hall knowledge. I don't think we have enough evidence to say positively that hypnotism is a practicable covert weapon, but I do say that wo'll never knor whether it is or not unlosa we experiment in the field where ve can learn vhat is prnoticable (materially and psycbologically) in a vay that no laboratory vorker could possibly prove.

3. Even the terminology of hypnotism is in confuaion. I have used terms like "suggestibility", "catalepsy" and "fascination" becnuse they seeocd to se dcacriptive, but these are argued to be inaccurate in current journals. As on example of the confusion, FMr.MraeAller and I spent the better part of two days arguing with an academic practitioner of forwidable reputation before ve diocovered that hie vehement and perplexing disagreement with vhat we knew to be facts vas based on semantic hair-splitting and congealed pigheadednees. 2 #

4. If you decide that themd/p"sbould pursue this oubject 4 further, I suggost that you meet vith Horse Allenjand myself to discuss the first recouncndation ortue attached poper.

Orig. - Addressce 1 - C/Security

5 Ma 1955

MEMCRAIIDUN FOR:

Iypnotism ond Covert Operations

[PAGE 48]
CORTEINTS

I.YFROTISH

A- What Is Itt:

B. Who Can Be Rypnotized?

C. The Induction of Hypnosis

1. Pre-Testing for Suggestibility

2 Induction Frocedures

-a Verbel Suggestion

b. Foacination Plus Verbal Suggestion

c. Darco-Hyyaosis

:3. Awakening :

4. Post-Bypootic Sugggstions

5. Age Regression

D. Other Factors

1. What Makes a Good Subjeot?

2. What Charuoterizes à Cood Operatort

3. Stages of Hypnosis

4. "Lave of Hypnotisa"

5. Can s Subject be Eypnotized Against.Eis Will?

II. APPLICATICN OF EYFROGIS TO COVERT OPERATIONS

A. Disguised Pre-Testing

B. Disguised Induction

C. Specific Operstional Situations

III. RESEARCE

Iv. SURMARY of CONCLUSICS

V. RECOMENDATIONS

HYPNOTISM AID COVERT OFERATIONS

[PAGE 49]
Tho conmultant referTéd to above, vho has participatcd in Agency operations as a mcber of an Artichoke toam, feels that narco-hypnosis as he knows it is not as effective as it might oppear at first glance to be. He feels that tho stupor which ensues does not in avery case perait as deep a"stage of hypnosis, is very difficult to control and, further, certain pest-hypnotio phenomena, of great value in clandestine vork, may be laoking.(3) On the other hand, be agrees that Arug-assisted hypnosis is essential in CIA vork. à 1 3. Awakening

There is no recorded instance in which a bypnotized subject has failed to avaken. Not one subject in a hundred vill "sleop" beyond the hypnotist's euggestion, "In a mocent I am going to avmken you. You will feel fine, happy and checrful. There vill be no ill effecta-no hendache, drowainess, stiffness or other digcomfort. I am going to count to three, and at the count of three I vill snap wy fingers and you will be coupletely avake. One--you are.sleeping muoh more lightly. Tvo--almost avake nov. Three--(snap!)--you are vide awake!."

If for any renson a subject does not desire to awaken 2 (usually connected vith awtsh to continue the pleasure and confort of release from anxiety and vorry vhich accoapanics bypnosis, apparently), there ere several other techniquos to be tried.

3. Tand some other psychiatrists do not ogree, D at least insofar as the therapeutic use of narco-hypnosis is conoernod.

[PAGE 50]
I Ousc
But supposo that vhile umdor Hypoogt abJect is told thnt a loved ooe's life is in danger fros s maniac and that the
only means of rescue is to shoot a person 'designated as the
maniac? Three expert prsctitioners (two from universities and the Agency consultant quoted above) say that there is no doubt
on the Basis ef, their experience thattn such circumstancès 4
murder vould be attempted. The only requirement is that the
proposal be"put" "in a fora and manner accepteble to the subjeot."
Most modern sutborfties fepl that s subject vill carry out any
suggestion vhich be can rationalize within the framevork of. his moral code.

-(Currently, there is a murder trial in ln vhich the murderer bas been judged to have been under hypnosis at the tine of the crime. He has been retried, releascd and the hypnotist tried and convicted. The case is now under appeal. The comont of the three kovledgoable informants vas that the hypnotist must bave been a rank amsteur to bave"been found out since any experienced operator vould have kovu hov to suggest avay the fact that be had arranged the crime.)

II. APPLICATION OF HYPNOSIS TO COVERT OPERATIONS

Obviously, dieguiaod pre-testing and induction are neccasities for the use of bypnosis in clandestine opcrationa. Without at lenst the second of theso I am unable to see that any covert hypnotic tochnique

[PAGE 51]
requires operotioonl expcrimiertation. The poseibilities are not only interesting, they are frightening. A kind of doublethink Orvellian world of bypnosis, vhile unlikely, is not utterly fantastic. One thing is oleari ve really do not kno within what limits "belier" may be changed by hypndsis.

Based on,what I have read, I judge that tho FH huse an elabopate conditiomed-reflex procedure in their "brainivàshing". Even so, hypnosis my be able on tho ope hand to pre-condition a subject agninst the pressures, 7 or after the faot to help undo the damage.

Analogous Case #1

电 One of the foremost U.S. laboratory experimenters vith hypnosis on one ocoasion (1939) "coaverted" n campus atheiet to a devout believor. The sane operator vas on the point of trying a similar experiment in reverse vith a divinity student vhen the university authorities forbade further tests. Before the "conversion" to religion through hypnosis had been erasod by negative suggestions, the subject hod for over two weeks given every eign of being a dedicated rcligious convert. Ke vas restored to his former disbelief. I kow of no way of estimating how long the hypnotically-iuposed orientotion would have endured; but once inplanted, of course, circumstances tended to reinforce it. Given a subject who could be converted at all, the nev orientation might becoue permanent, the experimenter felt..

2. s As part of their indoctrination procedure, CIA staff personnel might be tested for hypnotic sysoeptibility. Actually, it appears to be ensier to hypnotize large numbers of people than a single subject, for the beet subjects go "under" quickly

[PAGE 52]
the statecenta in this paper are Juatified: DCr, D/mcI, D/P,

2. \_Authorize developoent in detail of the field-oriented : operutionnl.program skctched above.

3. Gelect ous/P.Diviaion as an initiol teot ares and designate s single individual in the operntional chain-of-commend as director of the program.

4. Bet as a re-opprnisol date either ono year from the tino the first toas nrrives in the test area or sooner if the directer of the progtaa feels that the teot progran has failed or is failing.

[PAGE 53]
A

Since the international situation is in its present state, I feel the need for positive action in the military application of hypnotism is imperative. In a field such as this you noed an individual, such as myself, who has lived with the problems of hypnotism and its military implications for many years.

H-B/6

I am very fortunate in having with me

this year

This man

He is thoroughly familiar with hypnotism at the theoretical level and has, above all things, the imagination and energy to carry on research work in this field.

Please look over the enclosed proposal and give me your reaction. The hypnotic messenger technique is relatively uncomplicated. There are several other projects which I could submit to you for consideration which are, in my opinion, even :more important than this but involve much more complicated techniques.

Since the time is short between now and
this sumner, we certainly appreciate your immediate
consideration of this matter. d

Cordially yours,

A1B. 5, 90/8

February G, 1957

4.

[PAGE 54]
MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD

SUBJECT: Project ARTICHOKE

ARTICHOKE is the Agency cryptonym for the study and/or use of "special" interrogation methods and techniques. These "spccial" interrogation methods have been known to include the use of drugs and chemicals, hypnosis, and "total isolation," a form of psychological harassment..

A review of available' file information obtained from Office of Security resources failed to reflect a comprehensive or complete picture of the ARTICHOKE program as participated in by the Office of Security. .Fragmentary information contained in a variety of files previously.maintained by the Security Rescarch Staff (SRS) reflected several basic. papers which described, in general terms,: the program known as ARTICHOKE. Information contained therein indicated that prior to l952. the Office of Security had studied the use of drugs and chemicals in "unconventional intèrrogation." Thcse studies were evidently coordinated with the Agency unit which was then called OSI. OSI. at that time apparently was the coordinating unit within CIA.

One paper reflected thatan Office of Security team as early as 194g-50 experimented with drugs and hypnosis under a project called BLUEBIRD. This paper also reflectcd that by igsi actual interrogations utilizing drugs were conducted by a combined team of Office of Security and Of.ice of Medical Services personnel, but fow details .were available.

File information indicated. that in l9s2, overall responsibility for Proiect ARTICHOKE passed from OSI to the Office of Security. References to operational use of drugs as an aid to interrogation since that time were found in various filcs, but few details concerning these experiments were reflectcd. A memorandum, subjéct title: Project ARTICHOKE dated 21 November 1952, by Mr. Sheffield EDWARDS,'reflected

.75-42.

31 JAN975

(4)

[PAGE 55]
transfer of control of Project ARTICHOKE from ,OSI to the Officc of Security.The memorandum indicated that I&so (Office of Security) should call unon the research and support facilities of the CIA Medical Staff and the Office of Technical Servicos as required. Responsibility for the evaluation of foreign intelligence aspects of the project were to remain with OSI.

The unit within the Office of Security which apparently coordinated Project ARTICHOKE activities was SRS,with Mr. Mesitis for many years the focal point. Details of Office of Security involvement:in individual Project ARTICHOkE operational utilizations were found in very few instances.A reference in an SRS log (195l-67) reflected, however, that SRS had been involved in the experimentation and use of hypnosis "from the start." In the same reference, it was stated that "SRS has examined and investigated numerous unusual techniques of interrogation including psychological harassment and such matters as 'total isolation!" The SRS log referred to above, which covered a period from l9sl. to 1967, indicated that, as of 1967,'the term ARTICHOKE is not in general use now, and drug interrogation is conducted from the recommendation of an Agency· committee of which the Chief, SRS, is the Office of Security representative." No record was found which reflected when or if overall tesponsibility for Project ARTICHOKE was transferred from the Office of Security to any other Agency component.

One of the few areas where detailed information was available was concerned with hypnotic experimentations. A log of hypnotic experiments conducted by Office of Security personnel was reviewed. The log reflected that numerous (probably several hundred) experiments with hypnotism were conducted'in Agency buildings, apparently utilizing the staff employee volunteers as subjects.In some instances,representatives from Agency components other than the Officc of Security.were present. The log retlected hypnotic experimentations during 1951, 1952, and 1953. It could not'be determined from available fiie information when the hypnotic experiments actually began or were caused to be ccased. No record was located which reflected hypnosis utilized as an actual operational tool in the·field. In connection with hypnotism, it appears that SRS utilized an Agency cmployee, one adieas an informant in various socictics dealing.with hypnotism to keep abreast of currcnt developments in the field.

Morse Alen

2

[PAGE 56]
Few referenccs werc found pertaining to the area of "total isolation" as an interrogation aid. A memorandum pertaining to this subject, dated 21 March 195S, was written by Mr. MofSRS.to the Director of Security. The paper discussed "total isolation" techniques as an operationaltool of potential. Another paper (a stcrilized version, probably written'by an element of' the Department of Defense) dated 16 March 1955, reflected the rcsults of "total isolation" experiments on six voluntcers, all members of the U.S. military. No reference was found to any additional experiments in this field, nor was any reference found which reflected actual'use of this technique in an operational situation.

As far as the experimentation and/or utilization of various drugs is concerned, references to a few instances were located, but little detail was available, and it was clear from the files that much of the detailed information probably was·maintained by Agency units other than the Office of Security, i.e., the Office of Medical Services and the Office of Technical Services.

1 Among the instances where details were located in which drugs were used in an operational environment under the auspices of Project ARTICHOKE, were the following:

(a) In 1954 chree subjects were interrogated by a Project ARTICHOKE team utilizing drugs of an unspecified nature.The three subjects were identifiedas,a andvotrsneamyin a memorandum dated 13 January 195s with a cover sheet signedby Mr.s The interrogations took place in Sam, and the memorandum mentioned injections of."solution al" and "solution 2." but these drugs were.not further identified. It was noted in the memorandum. that the cases were handled "under straight drug techniques -- hypnosis or narco-hypnosis was not attempted."

(b) A memorandum dated 20 January 1959 to Mr.ofrom indicated that a fiela request had been made for a "p-l interrogation." The writermidentified a ."p-l interrogation" as one using LSD. Approval. was grantcd on 27 January,l959 by the initials "prcsumablyMrNo further refcrence to the case could be found, thus no details were available.

3

[PAGE 57]
(c) A series of,cables betweenummms and Headquarters in l95Srequestcd ARTICHOKE interrogations for nine persons. No disposition in this instance was found, however, a transmittal slip affixed to the materials dated in l960 indicated that thc ARTICHOKE interrogations probably did not actually take place in Ss at that tine. :

(d) A memo contained in the security file of nszreflectedthatan ARTICHOKEteam was dispatched to pm in June1952 to conduct ARTICHOkE interrogationson.Nofurther reference to this operation was noted, and no disposition could be. found.

(e)Inthecase of , operationin ydrugswere utilizedinthe interrogation which tookplace ig Again, details of the operation.were not available. However, an interview with the Office of Security reprosentative who participated in the interrogation revealcd that.a form of LSD was used in this instance...In this casc, approval was granted'by Headquarters for the ARTICHOKE interrogation. A memorandum dated 6 July lg60, signed byMr.smsssereDeputyDirectorofSecurity, reflected that approval for usé of drugs in this case was granted at a meeting of the Drug Committee on: 1 July 1960 and cabled to.

As stated earlier, little detail.was available in file information. concerning the conduct ofactual cases utilizing Project ARTICHOKE techniques::It appearsobvious, however, that the few cases noted above were only a small part of. the actual utilization of ARTICHOKE techniques in the·ficld. For one thing, aimost no information wasavailable for the period prior to 1952. so that Project BLUEBIRD expcriments and operations were not noted specifically. In addition, annual reports of accomplishments found in SRS log materialsreflected asubstantial amount of activity in the Project ARTICHOKE area. The revicw for 1953-l954 stated in part that SRS had "dispatched an ARTICHOKE team for permanentlocation in an overscas area." The review for 1954-1955.stated in part that SRS conducted numerous ARTICHOKE experiments and "prepared and dispatched an ARTICHOKE tcam to an overseas arua to handle a number of sensitive cases."

:75-45

4

[PAGE 58]
Review of file materials consistently reflected that the Office of Security exercised caution in the utilization of drugsunder the ARTIChOKE Program. Although it is apparent that SRS for a nwnber of years was.engaged with certain other Agency components in research and operational work with hallucinogenic drugs, the work was apparently conducted under strict controls. As previously stated, no information pertaining to when or if control of Project ARTICHOKE was ·transfcrred from the Office of Security to another Agency component.was located. Apparently, SRS at one time maintained an inventory of ARTICHOKE materials. which contained numerous drugsof all types including LSD-2s. A memorandum dated 14 October 1957 requested authcrization for SRS to transfer ARTICHOKE materials and apparatus to Dr. Es of Medical Services. The memorandum was written byMr. mmand approval to transfer the materialswasgranted byMr.h on 17 Octoberl957.

In the review of file information contained in SRS. materials, one incident which occurred in November l953 appears worthy of note. Although it was not clear from file information whetheror not the incident occurred under the auspices of Project ARTICHOKE, the incident.did involve use of LSD in an experimental exercise. One Frank OLSON, a civilian employce of·the Department of the Army, committed suicide a week or so after having been administered LSD by an Agencyrepresentative. Details concerning this incident apparently will be reported in a separate memorandum, but it appears that the drug was administered to several unwitting subjects by a Dr. GOTTLIEB, at that time a branch chief in TSS (now OTS). A short time after the LSD was administered, the subjects were'told that they had been given LSD. On the day following the experiment, OLSON began to behave in a peculiar and erratic manner and was later placed undor the care of a psychiatrist. A.few days later, OlSON crashed through a window in a New York hotel in:an apparent suicide.

A memorandun dated.1 December 1953 from the IG Staff. caused the impoundment of all LSD materials. Information contained in the above mentioned files reflected that the drug had been administered without the prior knowledge.or approvalof the Office of Security or the Office of Medical Services.

5