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QUARTERL,Y TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT

1 February 1971 - 30 April 1971

Technical progress in this period was as follows:

ll Submission of possible schematics for a /type device.

2] Evaluation of a patent of an elcctrified projectile.

3) Completion of literature search of the following libraries:

Document collection Document Library Medical Library

Library

{Medical Library Police Ácademy Library

4) Presentation of a group of status reports to the Project Monitor during his visit on 20 April 1971. The items presented were:

a) a general outline of the Behavioral Control Support programs to date.

b) a summary of the Behavioral Control literature review

c) Brief descriptions of several real-life situations and possible incapacitating agents applicable to each (preliminary only)

d) Suggestions for future activities under Behavioral Control Support Project.

1. This report was submitted on 12 February 1971. The possible schematics Tor theare essentially:

a) an auto ignition system and

b) a DC to DC converter

An output voktage oi only t000 volts is specified in the postulated sysien (as opposed to 20 Kv for the jsystem) because oi the cxtrcmely ehort batiery

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life and arcing problems that would exist with the higher voltage system.

2. U.S. Patent 3, 523, 538 describes an electrical shock-producing projectile. The projcctile would be incapablc of producing the "false epilepsy," as claimed by the inventor, would have a limited range, and besides being ineffective it could possibly harm the victim.

3. A description of the literature search is given under 4(B).

4. The status reports presented to the Project Monitor will be found in attach ments A, B, C and D.

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BEHAVIORAL CONTROL SUPPORT

General Outline of Program

1. Review Literature

a) Police and criminology

b) Medical and scicntific

c) Patents and proposals

c) Military

f) Science fiction, comics, éte.

d) International

g) Other

2. Describe the factors which constitute the generalized conflict/control situations of intercst:

a) number of antagonists

b) number of protagonists

c) intensity range of hostilities (actual or predicted)

d) time scale

e) location/mobility/environmental factors

f) availability of additional support

g) effects desired

i) offensive (calm, disperse, arrest, subdue, incapacitate, immobilize)

ii) defensive (avoid hostilities, self-protection, escape/flight)

3. Prepare brief, representative real-life situations to serve as examples ard help generate ideas:

a) Surrounded automobile

b) Lone individual

d) the crowd

d) The snatch

e) Pursuit

f) Protection of individuals and property

4. Study available and proposed weapons/devices and strategies in light of desired effects and user-criteria dictated by various situations.

5. Compile lists of as yet undeveloped devices/weapons and recommend design and bench testing of those judged most valuable. Some possible examples:

a) for similar agent for rapid, transcutaneous administration of drugs

bł Synchrorized strobe lights and. sound stimuli at critical frequencies

c) Various undetectable (or subthreshold) physiological insults

d) Low-velocity. higk-mass, low psi projectiles: "jet-propelled medicine bal"

6. Respond to ad hoc requests for evaluation of concepts, proposals, patents, eic

c) Japanese palent

d) Others

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To date, our search for behavioral control litcrature has includcd the following local librarics, all of which yiclded some information:

Department - document library medical library

gencral library medical library

Police Academy

Thc original 50 documcnts rcccivcd at the start of the coniract have been thoroughly rcviewcd by Drs. /Those

publications, by nature of their pre-selection, pertinence and variety, are still the core of our incapacitation literature. Several of them were used in a pilot run in order to devise the evaluation form, shown in Attachmcnt A. This form will be used later to provide quick reference to factors from selected proposals and techniques.

In Fcbruary l97l, all the literature thcn in our possession was screcncd for . bibliographic rcferences to othcr works. A master list was made, from which library scarches were conducted. By March it had become obvious which material was not available locally, and those items remaining on the list were then ordered through the (28 unclassiiied documents) or through Washington (26 classificd items). As of April 19, sixtcen unclassified documents wcre still on order, along with the classified material.

Thc library work also included a scarch of card cataiogs and indiices oi abstracts f -yepertinent topics, as well as a seareh oi reeeni voiumes of appzoxinaciy 15 journais. All of the locably availoble liiezaiure has be procured. cross-indexed, sereencd aad Fled (rie cross-index caiegozies aze given in Attackment B)- The colletian consists of 135 itens ai ihis time.

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Aumi: B

BEIIAVIORAL CONTROL LITERATURE REVIEW

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Conclusions

Our literature search has been comprchensive cnough to draw the following conclusions:

1. As expected, thc open literature docs not mention any innovalive hardware which could be casily adapted to our purposcs.

2. The greatest concentration of published material has been in the categories of light (flashblindness), sound (all frcqucncics), clectricity (shock, electronarcosis, clcctromagnctic radiation) and chemicals (drugs and gascs). Very little opcn literature is available on biological weapons, odor, tcmperature, vibration or applicable psychological methods of incapacitation.

3. It appears that certain gaps in the litcrature-can be filled only by obtaining classified documents through Washington.

4. The police literature is mainly concerncd with riot control. The police appcar to be the recipients rather than the initiators of research into new techniques of behavioral control.

5. Our group now has a broad and general conception oi current incapacitation devices and techniques. The most profitable course ior further search of the litcrature would be to narrow our fields of interest (as proposed in the program for the coming months), and collect information in those spccialized areas. 1

6. An ongoing, general survey.of published material concerning personnel incapacitation will be maintained xegtpdress of ihe focus or cirsetion token-in our fature progran.

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evieweu by: \_\_Serial No. Pl-Doc. No.

Date: Title

Tcchniques!

Incapacitation Rcmarks: degree of vv

length of

Speed ol Action :

Residual Effects

Lethality·Rik

Dependability

Countermcasures

Range

Delivery System

Size/Weight

Covertness

She lf Life Scenarios:

Jafety/Training of User

ndividual vs. Group

inviront.ttal Iepehdence

b>ublic Image

Allachment A

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CROSS-INDEXCATEGORIES

AD number Authors Bibliography Biological Central Nervous Sy Chemical drugs gases
Eleetrical
Facilities
History
Impact
PI- number
Proposal
Psychological
Restraining
Sensory light odor pressure shock sound temperature vibration
Theory -
Titles
Tolerance/Antidote

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UNCLASSIFLED

Attachment B

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REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

(Diplomat; Policc; Stop and Search).

This situation entails one or two individuals inside thcir car, surrounded and outnumbcred by a hostilc group, in a potentially unfriendly environment such as a forcign country, riot area or inspection checkpoint. The confined space of thc automobile can be an asset and must not become a trap. Preinstalled incapacitation equipment can be utilized providing the individuals remain in their own car, otherwise portable equipment would be required. The least amount of force needed, either to calm the hostile group or to make a "gztaway,"would be highly desirable from the standpoint of good will; trying to calm the group can be expected to consume more time than getting away by car from a group which is on foot. Safety for innocent bystanders may be of limited concern.

Incapacitators

lures (hand-outs etc.)

aerosols; skin'penetrants

car-top sprinkler

fize extinguisher

blown sand, heat or smoke

marstnallow barrage

car-top ligkt

loud sound

insects (released outside car)

slick grornd suriace

clcc:rified car

Protection

bullet proofing
ear defenders
electric ground
gas mask
goggles
independent air supply
sealed car

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\* Protection is for the opcrators; some items listed could also be used by antagonists as countermeasures.

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Lone Individual

Perhaps the most vulnerable situation is that of a single person who may have numerical olds against hin, with no vehiele nor any other source of aid, who must protect hinself outdoors. His immcdiate need is for small, unobtrusive cquipincnt (and possibly protcctive gear) which he can instantly utilizc and rely on for complcte incapacitation of his-assailant(s). If the general environment is unfriendly, he may need to re-use the cquipment in ordcr to reach safety..

Incapacitators

stench
smoke screen
combined smoke and gas
tcar gas
acrosols; skin irritants
impact balls that brcak: smoke, stench, Mace
darts with drugs
marshmallow barrage
taffy pellets
night stick/baton
shock
karatc/judo
stun gun
big net
adhcsives
bolas
slick foam (sprayci or hurled)
heat-secking device to trip, tackle
loud SOUNO
ligbe
instant barrier
radio-contolled barrier

Protection

bullct-proof vest
car defenders
gas mask
gogglcs
inflatable plastic hclmet inflatable plastic shield. pocket bicycle

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The Snatch

In this situation the advantage is with scveral persons who wish to incapacitate one or two others, in an outdoor cnvironment such as a war zonc. Because the operation must be swift and pcrhaps surreptitious, it may well be nocturnal. Protection of bystandcrs or property is probably unneccssary. Incapacitation techniqucs must be fast-acting, may rcquire protection for the opcrators, and should lcave the victim in a subdued but movcable condition. Any devices used should be portable or -- il the location is known bcforehand -- deployable.

Incapacitators

instant barrier fcnce radio-controlled barrier with heat, light, 'smoke, stench plastic cocoon taffy pellets ncts, snares, adhesives darts with drugs water hose karate/judo dogs night stick/baton dyes (including inirared) chemicals/smoke tear gas Mace acrosols blown sand, dust swarm of insccts sound nght

Protection

beckccper's suits
camouflage suits
ear dcfenders
gas masks
goggles

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Behavioral control of a crowd is probably the most conplex situation to be considcred. Many individuals, potenlially hoslile as a "mob", must be controlled but not particularly harmed. In addition, Sringe participants and adjacent property should bc protected. A primary method of control is through dispersal of thc crowd, which mcans they must rctain their mobility to some degree. Techniques of control which allow gradations of intensity óf action and an expandable timc frame are recommcnded. Methods of control are more limited if the crowd is gathered indoors. Devices should be portable although their dcployment bcforchand may, in somc cases, be possible, and pre-installed devices on official vchicles may be available. Overt tcchnicues have positive and ncgative aspccts: they may intimidate the crowd or they may becomc targcts for the crowd's hostility. Sclective incapacitation of the crowd's leaders is an effective technique. The operators in this situation oftcn consist of a large, trained group such as the police; in any case, saíety of thc operators may depend on their protective gear.

Incapacitators

lures (spcctacle clsewhere etc.) rumor control/oratory loudhailer (pcrsuasion → drowning noise → synchronized sound) synchronized strobe + sound, pulscs robot rovers that emit flashes, heat, chemicals, smoke, stench, or preodcast exicndable buums that emit same light ioam; íoam grenades bubbles slick suriacefcil stench dye smoke chemicals: icar gas, Mace balls that brcak. cmitting, chemical. acrosols drug darts for ziag leaders car-top sprinkler night sticks/bxtoms

marshmallow barrage
nets/snares
barricades
dogs/horses
insects

Protection

beekecper's helmet
ear defenders
earphoncs
gas masks
gosgles
rubberboots

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Pursuit

This situation may follow that of the "Surrounded'Automobile:" one or two persons in a car are being pursued by the occupants of another car, in what must bc considcred an unSricndly cnvironmcnt. Thc advantages to be exploited are: mancuvcrability of the vehicle (to utilize wind direction, for example); pre-installation of duvices; protection afforded by thc car's own shiclding. Devices should bc covert when not in use, quick acting because the pursucrs may have lethal weapons, and capable of stopping tne chase. This. may be accomplished by: incapacitating the following driver, immobilizing the pursuit car, obscuring its path, barring its path, or disguising the operators' car or occupants. Re-use of the chosen techniques may bc required if more than one vehicle joints the pursuit.

Incapacitators

license-plate change
external change in car's color, etc. pop-up people in lead car
smoke screen
blown sand
paint on windshielc
foam (on road or windshield)
oil slick
light beam (nighttime)
instant barricr
wire across road, about 48" high extendable boom (if clòse behid)
pop-up ceterrent shapes
tetrahedrons
nails strewn on road
rolling shapes strewn on road
rolling barrier attached by wires to lead car
explosion under car
gas grenade

Protection

bullet proofing goggles

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A preventive and defensive situation occurs when the locale of a person (public spcaker) or a piecc of properiy (storc subjcct to looting) must be protected. Assailants can approaeh from any direction but theprotected object remains stationary. Onc or more "bodyguards" providc the ¿cfense against one or more assailants. A rcasonably friendly environment can be supposcd, which limits the uscable techniqucs to those which will not seriously affcct bystanders (nor the operators, thc protected individual or thc property). Thc devices should be aimed directly at the offenders only.. and should rcliably incapacitate thcm. The dcgrce of incapacitation can dcpend on thc severity of the attackers' intendcd crime. In all cases it secas desirable that the devices be quick-acting, portable and covert, so that they . can be used in a variety of "stay-put"circumstances.

Incapacitators

rhetoric
electrical shield
light beam
tafiy pellets
hurled foan, smoke
Macc
dart with drug
jet-propelled medicine ball
bola
karatc/judo
night stick/baton
stun gun
balance disruption

Protection

instant plastic shield

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Protection of Individuals and Property

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BEHAVIORAL CONTROL SUPPORT

Proposcd Program for Continuation of Work

1. Consider overall goals and strategy. Our inclination is to pursue an inno vative or creative approach to the probleni rather than to devote our encrgies to compiling yet another systeniatic review of currently available incapacitation and bchavioral control techniques. There is, of course, a possibility that no uscful new ideas would be produced, but a systematic approach, it would seem, would practically guarantee that result.

2. Proceed with further literature review. It appears that something like 90% of the information to be had in the ordinary literature is now in hand. Rather than waste much more time in assembling and screening masses of literature for a diminishing yield, the following steps are proposed:

a) continue general screening and search on a mnaintenance or loweffort basis.

b) spend a week browsing through allied fields:. anesthesiology, psychology, psychiatry, physiology, optics, etc. for fresh ideas..

c) consider spending several days to a week of intensive research at one or two of the best criminology or medical-legal collections or libraries available (FBI? Harvard? Justice? LEAA?).

d) consider examination of far-out literature: occult, science fiction, comic books, etc. on a low-effort basis.

e) consider foreign sources of information

3. Approach people with expertise and/or talent-if feasible, e.g.

Authorities on pertinent subjects (Lt. Col.; Riot Coatrol Specialist) (self defense) Army Research Centers, such as Edgewood Arsenal (projectiles}

4. Consicer holding an interdisciplinary workshop with individuals having technical expertise in appropriate areas such as criminology, weapons, psychoic etc.

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5. Conduc: fcasibility studics of promising new approaches. For example, onc potentially fruitful ruscarch area, probably worth evaluating, involves chemicals such as which rapidly penetratc the skin and may serve as carrier vehicles for chemical agcnts for behavioral control. The control agent (c.g., irritant, anesthetit, synaptic blocker, ctc) could be mixed with the skin penetrant and delivered in liquid, gel or aerosol form via projectiles, for accurate delivexy to individuals, or via sprayers, for group administration. Other techniques, such as could also be cvaluatcd.

6. Exploratory animal studies. Brief, preliminary studies with promising chemical or physical techniques may be attempted if time permits and conditions justify such an effort.

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