MORI 189903

[PAGE 1]
See Ethyl Alcohol Sedative Deprivations

See Deprivations

See Fungus Toxins

See Tetraethylammonium

2
455 P
469

AICCHCL

ANANITA luscaria Pantherina Phalloides

ALTERATICNS

[PAGE 2]
The constantly changing talances between these substences at imunerable pcints in the body, relate to the transniss ion of all nerve ipulses. "Crolinergic" and "Adrenergic" drugs throw the balance in one direction, or the other. "Ganglion-blcck" drugs have special relationships.See rve Gasos also.

Because of thebverall importancsin neurology and psychiatry, any psychiatric project needs to keep track of the litorature on Acetylcholin & Cholinesterase.

[PAGE 3]
A/BI 75-13

AMNESIA

One of the questions most commonly asked of A is, "Can you guarantee amnesia?" This, of course, is a very logical question and its answer--if it could be given in the affirmative would be of extreme importance in many types of operations as well as in A use. At present, however, we do not know of any technique, chemical, treatment, etc. which will guarantee complete amnesia. A is very interested in this problem but to date our research and experimentation is disappointing.

In hypnosis, certain of our good subjects have, with some degree of consistency, had ammesias but the same subjects in other tests have had recall even after the strongest suggestions were made for ammesia. It appears that under hypnosis, even if a complete ammesia cannot be obtained a blurred or fuzzy memory can be, induced and a partial amnesia is often obtained. Some subjects seem to experience memory blank when placed in deep hypnotic states without effcrts being made to produce an ammesia--but this too is not consistent.

Certain chemicals seem effective. Scopolamine, for instance, comes closer than the barbiturates although we have apparently produced good amnesias with amytal and pentothal. Some new chemicals may be valuable along these lines (LSD). However, our professional consultants emphatically support the A view that short of cutting a subject's throat, a true resini cannot be guaranteed.

It should be recalled also that most drugs leave a tell tale "hangover" with the subject and while he may be very vague as to what has occurred, he nevertheless will realize that something "unusual" has happened to him. Such chemicals as LSD, mescaline etc. having weird and bizarre effects in heavy dosages clearly indicate something has been done to the individual. Particularly sensitive to drugging, of course, would be

[PAGE 4]
good intelligence agents since drug effects are known by all the nations of the world and we believe are very well known by the Soviets.

The A group has considered shock--both electro and chemically-induced as an amnesiaproducing technique but even in this results are spotty and medical authorities are certainly not in agreement. This, coupled with the dangers involved, the clumsy apparatus necessary and the medical problems present more or less rule out shock for our use.

The A group would recommend this for research.

[PAGE 5]
Amnesia for words mentioned in the hypnotic state was suggested to a somnambule. Despite subject's inability to recognize or recall these words in the posthypnotic period, they could be determined from records of physiological changes which were made (polygraph) during the tests of recognition.

Bitterman & Marcuse (Cornell)

[PAGE 6]
ALFHETARIRS

See Narco-Anelysis, and Narcotizing Drl, Cobinations.

Cf the several in use, the best for larco-Analysis, either alone or for patially arousing the S. fron a drug-induced sleep, are the two:.ethodrin or Fervitin, and Dexeirin. rethedrin may be slightly more powerful. Either can be given orall or intravencusly. If I.V., then it ma, be wise to try a sall dose first before using an average dose. Soie persons are sensitive enough tc be convulsed on an average intravenous dose; anyone's convulsive threshcld will be lowered. There are reports of an acute psychosis being caused b an intravencus overdcse of ethedrin.

The convulsive threshold may be lowered enough to produce couvulsion on expos ire to Flicker, but the behavior of aphetamines is more erratic in this connection then is that of intravenous Azczol, or kietrazol.

Cne unsettled question here is: cculd enough Eenzedrin (another amp:hetamin, more volatile) be inhaled to produce a certain Flicker-convulsion, wit out producing too much other effect, chiefly too high a blood-pressurc? The answer seems to be "o".

Purther study of these Amrhetamins is recommiended.

Fervitin is said to have a marked objective sobering effect on alcoholic intoxication.

1A/135 25-15

[PAGE 7]
rerbal-facility Tal alntide + clary

[PAGE 8]
AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS

At present this brain-center can be specifically stimulated by a current passed through wires inserted through the brain by operation.

to This prejeer: to This projeet:

Such a procedure is obviously useless; but ultrasonics or other means of radiant energy may yet be improved or modified so that a "cross-fire" (as with X-rays) arrangement could be focusseda selected small region in the brain without affecting the surrcunding areas. A

The Amygdaloid nucleus is interesting because it has been stimulated in humans (as in first paragraph above); producing fear or anger. lionkeys' amygdaloids have been removed; producing tameness.

Temporary inhibition of this region (possibly also·of others), should tame humans.

A/13I 75.-16

[PAGE 9]
ANALGESIC DRUGS

BC C

that a new era in medicine was about to begin. He was referring to new drugs such as DOLITROllE which are capable of obliterating pain without renoving consciousness. whether or not these new drugs may be of value to ARTICllOKE remains to be seen but theoretically at least they are of interest to us both offensively and defensively.

Many questions arise in considering these drugs:

1) Is there a dissociation between feeling and thinking?

2) Is there a tendency toward euphoria?

3) Is ammesia develcped (some indication here)?

L) Could it serve as a defense against torture?

5) Would these drugs have any form of potentiating effect?

6) Could they be used as a confusion agent? After--or combined with other chemicals.

in Oćtober ABY 1954 and turned over to 'or research. (Dolitrone came from

See DOLITRONE

A/BI 75.17

[PAGE 10]
ANESTPETIC GASES

Fatients going under and coming cut of surgical anesthesia are notoricus for revealing material otherwise concealed.

! is too easily inflannable and explcspive, for one objection. There are also other Ithers than the common one, that, are faster - but likewise inflammable. This drug I would forget.

HIT?CUS OXID or "laughing gas" may cause uncontrollable laughing, or else weeping, for a good pert of an hour after recovery of conscidusness. Not enough usefulness to us. This too can be forgotten.

FL( ROFC. is worth remebering. A good deal of literature-searching might he requirel, but a cleared conact told us of an American Civil tiar case of an agent being questicned unler Chlerofor witì: remarkable success. It may be that other drugs could advantagecuslyyadded to Chloroform, while keeping its dose small because it can be fairly toxic to the liver.

[PAGE 11]
ANIMALTOXINS

l. Paralyzing toxins in the flesh of certain fishes, and shellfish (mussels especially), produce nunerous well known neurological effects. Psychological effects, if any, have not been emphasized. The literature deserves more study than this reporter has given it.

2. Toxins in the sting of most insects, seem of little or no interest. Again, the literature on black widow and other spiders, scorpions, etc., has not been closely searched.

3. Snake venoms (as cobra & rattlesnake) are most interesting, and have been used by injection:

(a) to reduce chronic pain; and

(b) to relieve symptoms of epilepsy.

These uses are not well or generally accepted medically; but they do suggest that further study of the literature may well bring out something of value.

[PAGE 12]
ANTI-HISTAMINICS

Anti-histaminic drugs such as Anahist, Benadryl and Pyribenzamine have two possibly useful properties.

l. They cause emotional instability in children; less so in adults, therefore some experimentation would be required to select the most generally disturbing one. Probably there is too little to be gained in this direction exclusively, but the other (doubtless related) property is more promising:

2. They sensitize a Subject to alcohol. People become intoxicated sooner and nearer semiccnsciousness with less alcohol. (A patient of mine fell asleep and fel down while climbing a stairway; it is notorious that persons under both drugs' influence may fall asleep suddenly if attempting to drive).

This condition seems well worth further study.

A/BT 75-20

[PAGE 13]
Anbinctabelites

(see also Deprivations, p. 2)

ar: of these substances are krown, eacl one of wdich is srecificel. antc eristic to tho cction of a cert: in ens,me, horxone, ctc.

E.s., the antimetabolite "desoxypyridoxin" counteracts the vitamin pyridoxin (B6) and so sensitizes the subject to convulsion;thereupen,a means intended to produce a convulsion will do so on shorter exposure and/or in smaller dose. If pyridoxin is counteracted rapidly and completely enough, a convulsion may be produced.

An antimetabolite to glutamin (glutamic acid, an amino-acid essential to human health) would likewise sensitize to convulsion; or produce one, if glutamin were counteracted rapidly and completely enough.

A diet naturally low in B6 could be fed, and drugged with the above autimetabolites.

It is also possible that edibles could be grown, under radioactivity, to contain less B6 than normally.

Research in experimentation along these lines is not worth the project's effqrt;
but the literature merits an occasional survey.

5/BI 75-21

[PAGE 14]
Recently a report has appeared that ascribes some Ccrtisone-cifect to Aspirin. Aspirin is such a comnonly used drug, and this property (if true) sc proapty suggests tliat cobinaticns of Aspirin with other dr.gs that we use may possibly distort their effects: a sharp eye should be directed at whatever further reports appear in this comection.

ASFIRIN

[PAGE 15]
ATMOSFHERIC PRESSURE

Low.

Low oxygen (12% to ll, i:e., about half-normal) for respiration has desirable effects (#L): exhilaration, talkativeness, over-confidence; but with poor memory and comprehension, also headache and nausea, and pugnacity.

A severe oxygen deprivation -- 6% 02 + 94.b N2-- produces unconsciousness gradually.

High.

Pure (l00) oxygen breathed can produce unconsciousness promptly, but this procedure is dangerous.

Measurable alteration in either direction, of the 02 for respiration, would require an oxygen-chamber type of installation. This seems not worthwhile.

Both.

Also:a means to protect the Operator from the same symptoms as the subject's, is not available.

A/BE 75-23

[PAGE 16]
ATRCEIN

See liarcotizing Drug Combinations.

Atropin is a belladonna derivative, used sometines in place of, or in addition to, Scopolanin in a Scopolanin + orphin technique ("twilight sleep").

Atropin is also an antidote, but not a fcod one, to the "nerve gases."

-4/1B = 75=-24

[PAGE 17]
A/13I 75-23-

[PAGE 18]
BACTERIAL TOXINS

Few if any bacterial toxins seein-to lend themselves to the project's aims.

Botulinun toxin imay have possibilities. This reporter has read too little, tc say .ore than that its literature deserves a survey.

A/8575-26

[PAGE 19]
BARBITURATES

See Ethyl Alcohol Sedative-Deorivations Unwitting Subject Narco Analysis

BLOOD ELECTROLYTES SeeElectrolytes

See Amygdaloid Nucleus Frontal Lobe Iontophoresis LSD-25 Lobotomy Radiant Energy Ultrasonics

See Potassium

[PAGE 20]
BRAIN-WASHING

Isolation as a means applied over an extended time, within a program of Brain-Washing, produces a Mental State of apathy and purposeless ness (a #ll). Whether isolation produces suggestibility (#6) when combined with other brainwashing techniques, is uncertain; a special form (see Isolation) does sometimes produce suggestibility.

Other elements of brainwashing may produce some confusion (#8); and a tendency too readily to fall asleep (#l0). See next page.

Overall, brainwashing has the medium- or long-term objective of weakening or eradicating a Subject's philosophy of life and his drive to pursue it, along with his allegiance and the motivation to maintain it.

A Mental State of degradation (#ll) may then improve the product of interrogation, by removing the Subject's motivation to conceal. However, in a short-term preparation for interrogation, degradation could do more harm than good.

First steps in brainwashing are deprivations:

A/BE 75-28

[PAGE 23]
BUFCTENIN

This substance has been synthesized, and is the equivalent of the narcotic principle of Cohoba Snuff, used.in the Antilles somewhat like Feyote in liort!: America.

Stud, of this drug is recomended.

A/BI75=-29

[PAGE 24]
BULBOCAPNIN

This drug is best known for its property of producing a cataleptic state, like catatonic schizophrenia in some respects, but only temporary. This state is abolished by cocain, or an amphetamin; rapidly, if either of these antidotes is injected; even more rapidly if a mixture of 40% C02 + 60% 02 is inhaled.

A smaller dose of bulbocapnin produces Under-Anxiety (col. l), a state of tranquillity which may include some degree of suggestibility.

Use of this drug in interrogation is well worth further study, both alone and in combination.

4B3R 75--30

[PAGE 25]
lost of the current ncdical literature on CO in treatment of psychiatric conditiors, describes methods that give 30 C0 + 70% 02, or 40 60 rospectively, through a facemask. Unconsciousness comes rather quickly, but there is mch anxiety (without anesia after awakening) involved, as well as apparatus and an anesthetist's skill.

There seems to be no future for this method, in Interrogation.

Small concentrations are much more promising. While an oxygen-chanber type of room would be desirable, it might not be necessary. The driver of an ordinary station-wagon fell asleen gradually on driving few blocks, after storing loo lb. dry ice.in the car, which had been standing in the sun. Under laboratory conditions, as low a concentration as 6% C0 causes headache and confusion; how long it wold take to produce unconscicusness, is uncertain. Eventually, as the S. breathes he increases the CO concentration, which complicates the problem. Also eventually, he ceases to breathe, and it will take artificial respiration for recovery. The safety margin at various ranges of concentration, must be determined.

This reporter guesses that he has not sufficiently searched the literature, and that already enough has been worked out to give CO, a place in our progran. If a rooml were only relatively tight, the amount of dry ice to be subli.ed to provide a given concentration of CO in a given cubic yardage, should be readily calculable; the Subject's breathing might, maintain or increase the concentration gradually. He inight well become unconscicus without being alarmed. lore difficult would be the problein of how to keep the Operator alert. at the saie time: nc answer to this, at the loment.

See Jnwit ing Subject (top of page 1)

A/BC 75-.3K

CARBON DIOXID

[PAGE 26]
4/8I 75-3/a

[PAGE 28]
CARCTID SINUS FRESSURE

Sudlon strong pressure on certain small areas on either side of the neck under the lower jaw, will alter the bloodsupply to parts of the brain and may cause fainting; in a few subjects, it may cause a convulsion.

In highly susceptible-subjects, a constant (not suiden) ilder pressure frcm too tight a collar, can produce similar results.

While it is truo that this carotid-sinus-reflex can be sharpened, or dulled, by one or another drug, research on this topic has not seemed to promise enough.return.

Our purpose does not contemplate judo-techniques among its orlinary means.

the r. called saribid anten lechmpe in H dris nrt afpio al all lotte. Uum will nst necessuiedy aid H and tenly n ontj is use. Tor sogn, ment ani —ot siH

2 è 2

BE75-33

[PAGE 29]
CENTERS, BRAIN

Changes in Temperature

See Brain Centers

See Heat Cold

Chemical Lobotomy

See Chloropromazine Cocain Lobotory

[PAGE 30]
Chloral, as knockout drops or ickey Finn, hes a better reputavxon for clandestine than for the medical production cf sleep. In niedicine it was deemed riskier for the heart than any barbiturate; but at this year's (l954) Amer. Psychiatric Assn. convention it had a renewed vogue. Two conercial firus, Squilb and Fellows, were there advertising preparations of Chloral for sleep-producing.

In a Subjet already alcoholized it is doubtless more potent and quicker-acting than when given alone.

See: Inwitting Sui ject (page 1) llarcctic Drug Combinations (item2) Sedative Deprivations (para. 1)

[PAGE 33]
CHLORPROIAZINE

This drug by mouth or intramuscular injection, produces under-anxiety (col. #1), through a ganglion-blocking property. Especially it tames a violent suiject; makes aggressive psychopaths less aggressive, and active paranoids less deluded.

Unlike Rauwolfia, Chlorpromazine is somewhat toxic;2 to 3 of subjects develop a liver complication. Itproduces a mild non-permanent lobotomy-like effect. Subject is dulled, sometimesbut not confused. Bloodpressure drops (sometimes too far for comfort) and pulse rises; this effect may alarm a neurotic subject. More details in Section 14 of my report on Amer. Psychiat. convention of l954.

No revealing-tendency seems to have been reported. Cardiovascular effects would make polygraphy difficult to interpret.

Further study of this drug is recommended for its anxiety-reducing and possibly other properties (as further study of other ganglion-blocking drugs seems worth a mild recommendation): its deconditioning property is inost interesting.

See Conditioning (foot of page).

[PAGE 34]
See Norve Gases Acetylcholin and Cholinesterase

[PAGE 35]
Sec Carbon Dioxide

[PAGE 36]
COCAIN

Cocain's general effects have been somewhat neglected. By injection this means will produce elation, talkativeness and etc. (h of liental States). Larger doses may cause fearfulness and alarming hallucinations.

It also counteracts the catatonia prcduced by bulbocapnin, and the catatonia of catatonic schizophrenia.

It seems worth further study.

COCAIN DERIVATIVES

Procaine injected into the brain's frontal lobes, through trephine holes in the skull, produced free and spontaneous speech within two days in mute schizophrenics.

Too surgical for our use.

However (see card on Iotophoresis) it is possible that such a drug could be gotten into the general circulation of a subject without surgery, hypodermic or feeding.

Possibility seems remote,and worth little if any further study.

[PAGE 38]
1/13I 75-43

See Deprivations (p.3).

There are nrocelures for making a huaan hibcrnate like a bear, and with relative sefety.
Since that objective secas outside this project, I have neglected it.

[PAGE 40]
COLORS

1. Colors notoriously influence the emotions.

2. Some iipression of a Subject's personality can be gained by his choices of, and reactions to, various colors.

This reporter has neglected colors, perhaps wrongly. They may belong in this project.

3. Ihe colored goggles used to avoid flicker-sickness in technicians and operators, are intended merely to reduce light-intensity.

lean t erln - faTeincncy preas painled in endarn erlno and color /fliobrog snay to wnth areidinalle itndy. close t, this,"/ coee, iv aat rj glace - ueny wirddy asd

4/1B[75.45

[PAGE 41]
See Aspi: Ethyl Alcohol Interrupted Sound liescalin llarcotizing Drug Combinations

[PAGE 42]
See Aspi EthylAlcohol Interrupted Sound liescalin llarcotizingDrugCombinations

COMBINATIONS

[PAGE 43]
COUDITIONING

(& Deconditioning)

Roughly stated, this training teaches the Subject to respond.to a signal or sybol, in the sane manner as he would respond to the stimuls for/thecsymbol stanis. Classically, Pavlov's dog's mouth waters when he hears the bell that goes with food - without the food. When food has been omitted often enough, the dog no longer responds to the signal; he is "deconditioned".

Jones learns to respond to stiuli intended for a Smith, as though he were that Sm' th.
He hasbeen "conditi ned" to Smith, "deconditioned" to Jones.

Such trainings are integrated onall levels, conscious and subconscious. ipnosis can assist in establishing thc desired conditioned responses.

A C. R. (conlit. resp.) is meant to stick. It can be interfered with, or abclished, by new training in another direction, or back to the earlier state.

Deccnditioning can probably be expedited by hypnotizing procedures. Also, a C.R. can be interfered with or abolished by violent physical shocks (e.g., electric shocks to the brain; although this reporter has not found a specific electric-shock procedure that would assuredly decondition ary particular kind or nuber of C.R.'s).

Still troblcmatic is the use of arugs for deconditioning. Chlcrpromazine (wiich see, cught theoreticall; to have some such value, and some deconditioning eifect has been produced ir laboratory animals. Hcwever,hospitalized patients taking daily doses of this drug seem to have been deconditioned only selectively, against certain psychotic behavior. It may be that this property is exactly what we are looking for; perhaps it could decondition an enely agent out of his siaulated personelity and back to his ral ae. econditioning possibilities demand more study, in this order: Iypn., Chlorpr., Elec.Shocks.

[PAGE 44]
Ethyl alcohol, barbiturates, varbiturate + amphetamin, scopolamin + morphin, and other combinations; marijuana, mescaline, LSD25: all can produce some form or degree of confusion, but are not ordinarily given for that purpose alone.

(Soe the individual cards for these specific chemical Means).

Confusion is better controlled during the period of recovery from, than during the poriod of sinking into, unconsciousness. A tendency to reveal, as well as to be confused, would be exp ected especially under barbiturate  amphetamin, or scopol.+mnorph.

Confusion is usual during recovery frol an epileptiforn convulsion. Its duration may be short or long, and it may ,be complicated by yiolent excitement. An especially

Sore confusion has been reported from electromagnetic and high frequency fields. Radar also may have confusing effects. No one of these three seems to have been used for the purpose; but a vast deal of literature is still unsearched, and deserves searching.

H/1BI 75-48

CONFUSION

[PAGE 45]
COlVULSICS (Epileptic-type Fits)

7 The A group has. fcr a long tire considered the possible uses of artificially induced convulsions for several interesting reasons:

a. The convulsion or fit itself, if capable of bcing induced at will, would be a very strong physical and psychological harrassment to any given subject particularly if used after threat, or to convince a subject of his "serious" illness.

b. The post-convulsion period is onc of confusion, disoricntation, wealmness and often a seri-comatcse condition. During this state, it is possible that a subject is more su;estible than normal and that conceivably hypnosis coula be achieved in an otherwise unwilling subject. This latter is theoretical only and requires research--medical literature is unavailable in this connection.)

c. Quite cften amnesia occurs for events just pricr to the convulsion, during the ccnvulsion and during the post seizure state. It is possible that hypnosis or hypnctic activity induced during the post-seizure state might be lost in amnesia. This would be very valuable.

In studying this prcblem, it is noted that convulsion can be produced in many ways-- chemically, electronically (shock) or through flicker or interrurted sound (particularly aiter sensitization by certain chemicals such as Isoniacid). (Note-(unfavoratle corments under Isoniazid) which of these techniçues that could be used in a surreptiticus manner or simply produced is at present unknown h:t. the A group feels that this field deserves more study.

[PAGE 46]
CUTLCJUT: Sensitizing to Convulsion, Flicker, Interrupted Sound,
See also: Intimetabolites, Convulsive Ihreshold Lowered, Convul. Thres. Reised, Deprivations, Sedative Jeprivations, Glectric Shocks, Vitamin B6, individual convulsant drugs as rctrazol, Amphetanins,c.

413.I 75-0-0

[PAGE 47]
See Sensitizing to Convulsion Convulsive Threshold Lowered

A|B= 75-5-1

CONVULSION-SENSITIZIIG

[PAGE 48]
Convulsive Thrshold Lovered

(this lovering is a mild degree of) A nu bor of meanswill lower the convulsive threshold/( 9, sensitising to convulsion).

In practical use is a (rug (.etrezol. or cauivalont) given intruvenousl. Flicker, applied after tlis injection, is said to convulse an Sibject.

uestion: can a biocheical or dietary mcans (appliod over a period of days, lover (the convulsive ihreshold fur enough to (assure t'at Ilickor will then convulse?

Fiore study seous worth while.

e:.etrazol. Cortisone. Sensitizing to Convulsion. Denrivations. Potassiun. Electrolytes. Glutamic Acid or Glutamin.

[PAGE 49]
CONVULSIVE THRESHOLD RAISED

A few reasonably normal persons will be markedly disturbed, or even convulsed, by Flicker, without having been sensitized beforehand.

Question: can a sure means be applied beforehand, to prevent a mild or serious effect of Flicker--so protecting an Operator exposed with his Subject?

More study seems worthwhile.

See: Chlorpromazine Barbiturates

AlBE 75-53

[PAGE 50]
al. pnet, toaci mmobrm r fenngi ae keig ssimn a fin A carifre rtody Iome speifea anar toig errted. 1

A/BI 75.54

COPRINUS ATRAMEHTARIUS

See Fungus Toxins

[PAGE 51]
CORTISCNE & A C T H

Cortisone may sensitize to convulsion, or convulse, persons who take it over a considerable pericd of tine; it is given by physicians for a ntiber of chronic illnesses - chiefly chronic arthritis, and chronic astluna - so that if a Subject has been taking it, his convulsive threshold may be appreciably lower than normal.

ACTh (alrenocort;icotropic hormone) stiulates the body's production of Cortisone, along with sone other effects. lhe Cortisone-effect, as above, might interest us.

leither of these would be used actually to sensitize or to convulse, for our purposes.
They would be too slow, and would involve a nuiber of (coimplications) ver, undesirable).

A/1BI 75. 5-5

[PAGE 52]
CURRENT, galvanic

Current, high frequency

See Iontophoresis

See Iontophoresis High Frequency and Radar Fields

Current, induced

Current, Alternating

See Electric Shocks Electromagnetic Field

See Electromagnetic Field Electric Shocks

[PAGE 53]
See Deprivations Sedative-Deprivations

See Conditioning

[PAGE 54]
DEPRIVATIONS

See Brainwashing. See alsO SEUATIVE DEFRIVATIONS; &,DEFRIVAI ICI OF FOOD,QUATTTATIVE.

Deprivations of dietary components, and Alterations of physical environments, can also be applied over a period of time (without other brainwashing stresses)/weaken a Subject non-specifically (#ll), i.e., to make him more easily fatigued and to lower his resistance generally.

Specifically desirable mental states should be sought, in addition to a non-specific (#ll) weakening of the Subject which would lower his resistance and make him more easily fatigued.

Nenticned under Brainwashing, is the drowsiness-tendency (#l0) produced by a mild degree of starvation.

Under Sensitizing to Convulsion (page 2) is a list of biochemical and dietary means that may so act, viz.

Af1BI 75-0-8

[PAGE 57]
DEPRIVATICN OF FCOD, QUAITITATIVE

See Erainwashing (page 2) Deprivations (" 2)

A l2-hour fast nakes subjects more liable to Flicker-Sickness (whicli see).

cuantitative focd. leprivations of differert luraticns doultless have n:nerous othier effects in great variety - like making males more fertile, possibly througha ductless-gland mechanism (pituitary gland?).

Ihe literature ought periodically to be searched to pick up dietary (quantitative t ualitative) influences ti at can add to, or subtract from, the effects of drugs & otherman

-A/BD 25-5-9

[PAGE 58]
See Amphetamins Unwitting Subject

See Deprivation of Food, Quantitative Deprivations Antimetabolites

See Barbiturate (see also other drugs) Equilibrium Flicker Sickmess Middle Ear Disorder MotionSickness Vibration

ATBE 75-60

[PAGE 59]
DISPOSAL PROELEMS (Disposal of Subjects)

A|BI 75=61

[PAGE 60]
DOLITRONE

l. Dolitrone is a new drug. Injected intravenously, it renders a subject insensible to pain but conscious, unparalyzed, and able to follow directions.

There is no report yet of any mental state useful to interrogation. whether some such drug could be or has been developed for oral use by an agent,as prophylaxis against third-degree methods, is unknown.

2. It is known that very rare individuals seem to be naturally insensitive to pain--not simply hardened or conditioned.

Research on the pharmacology of (1), and the pathology of (2), seemsworth following.

A/BI75-62

[PAGE 61]
Dorlison

This practicall; tasteless drug, given b; mouth in dosage of 0.25 to 2.5 gm., will produce a few hours' sleep fairly rapidly. However, since the stated range cf doses is so broad, it is ogicus that a relatively slall dose will producc sedation and not sleep in some Subjects. In intentionally small doses it reduces anxiety (col. #l).

Therefore to assure slee, a large dose is required. This is safe (but ma, make S. sleep longer than intended, if it is a large dose for him), since 2.5 gin. is believed non-toxic; 5.0 gn. may be toxic.

Dormison has this advantage over barbiturates, that is does not cause a hangover as the latter sometines do. It should not be given with barbiturates: effect, is excessive.

llothing found in the references read, to suggest that Doriison should not be given at, the same time as alcohol; nor is it statel whether such a combination has other effcctc.

i.o revealing-tendency reported. To ceduce anxiety, or to produce sleep - according to dose - seel tobe its only uses.

Soe Unwitting Subject.

ABI 75-63

[PAGE 62]
Dornison

This practicall; tasteless drus, given by mouth in dosage of 0.25 to 2.5 gm., will produce a few hours' sleep fairly rapidly. However, since the stated range cf doses is so broad, it is ogicus that a relatively slall dose will produce sedation and not sleep in some Subjects. In intentionally small doses it reduces anxiety (col. #l).

Therefore to assure sleep, a large dose is required. This is safe (but na, make S. sleep longer than intonded, if it is a large dose for him), since 2.5 gi. is believed non-toxic; 5.0 gn. may be toxic.

Dornison has this advantage over barbiturates, that is does not cause a hangover as the latter sometimes do. It should not be given with barbiturates: effect, is excessive.

Nothing found in the references read, to suggest tliat Doriison should not be given at, the sane time as alcohol; nor is it stated whether such a combination has other effecte.

i.o revealing-tendency reported. To reduce anxiely, or to produce sleep - according to dose  seem to be its orly uses.

Soe Unwitting Sibject.

ABI 75.63

[PAGE 63]
ELEC RIC  SHCCKS

in electric shock of high amperage (say 5Co to 800 aillia:peres), é0-cycle h.C., for a fraction of a sscond through the frontal area of a S ubject's brain, can give hin a sudlen epileptiform convulsion. ihis is more violent than an ordinary epileptic fit; also, breathing ceases and may not rosune srontaneously. .achines are aveilable to deliver differnt tynes, strengths, and durations of current for psychiatric uses.

Two to four operators shock one patient, iré fairly involved procedure that includes precautions against a fatal stray current through the heart, fractures of the sine, lislocaticn of the jaw, burns, &c. Artificial respiration is routinely given. Fracture conplications are not rare, even with a well-trained teen. A previous injection of curare or an equivalent will prsctically eliinate the dange of broken bones, but introduces cther dangers and adds another step to the procedure. If we desire an. epileptiform convulsion, it ought to be less viclent and complicated than that. A nunber of modifications are already in ps,chiatric use.

Hodified procedures with different types of current have succeeied in avoiling nost of the acove complications, but the current is so painful that the Sutject must be first anesthetized.

Possitle advantages of electric, instead of other, mcans of producing convulsion with unconsciousness, are suddenness and airmesia. A higt. anperage electric slock to the head acts somewhat like concussion froin a blow; afterrecovery from inconscicusness, there is a loss cf memory for the convulsion and also for a period of a few seconds' or minutes' time just preceding the convulsion. if the Cp. had had to give an intravenous anesthetic first, its adiinistraticn will bo remembered; giv ng a shock next, is pointless.

-A/1B.I 75-65

[PAGE 64]
ELECTRIC  SFCCKS

If the amnesia-for the-event, which the strong electric shock produces, would invariably extenl backard in tine far encugì: tc keen Shject frcl recalling that a pair of electrds had beon clappod on his head, then we would have a highly desirable anesia.

Since cne cannot be sure of this, Electric Shccks through lectroles applied to the hoad, ma; as well be lrocped.

Se3 Electro-llarcosis. Seealso, Cenditioning,

There is ancther vague possibility. Could a coil be arranged in chair or wall, so that switching it on would induce a current in Subject's head? Ferhaps; but tle inducing current would have to be uncon only heavy, while the induced current would stray all over anl as likely kill the S. as convulse hin. Electrical experts disapprove.

See Electromagnetic Field.

[PAGE 65]
ELECT ROLY TES

Fossibilities of so disturbing the electrolyte balances in the blcod as to produce a variety of recoverable weaknesses, confusions & convulsions, was intriguing when this project was joined by this reporter. Considerable realing persuades hi. that useful ones woulà be hard to attain, and many would as likely be non-recoverable.

Low total elect,roltes, low Fotassiwa, low ragnesiwn, mnay all lcwer the convulsive throshold and so dispose to convulsion; but too many corplications are involved, besides the problen of how cortainly to reshuffle the electrolytes to a desired ibalance. Ion-exchange resins were given up, and no other practicable procedures were found.

See: Ion Exchange. Fotassiu.

-A|13I 75=-6

[PAGE 66]
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

An alternating current in a Solenoid coil suspended around a subject's head, has been reported to distryb, confuse and cause a sensation of lights flashing at the rate of alternation.

C l. Could such effect be obtained by A.C. of practicable strength, if the coil were concealed beyond the room's walls?

Q 2. If the alternations were at the rates at which flashing lights may convulse a sensitized subject (see FLICKER), would these sensationsof-light be strong enough to give the same effect as actual lights?

These questions seem worth investigation--at a low priority.

A/BI75-67

[PAGE 67]
ELECTRO-IARCCSIS

So-called "Electro-Narcosis" is not so good as it scunds. i. bertiturate aust firet be given t: reech a lvel of anesthosia deep snough so that the Subject will not react to the painfulness of the unidirectional current to be used (10 milliamperes or more, for at least h minutes).

Sodiu.. pentothal, froi 50 to 60c mgm., is slowly injeced intravenously, with precantinns against giving too little or too much.

As good results for interrogation should be obtained by injecting the sodiu. entoihal and onitting thc electro-narcosis.

A/BZ 75-68

[PAGE 68]
ENERGY,Radiant

EPILEPSY EPILEPTIFORM CONVULSION

See Radiant Energy

See Deprivations

See Convulsion

[PAGE 69]
TOTILIFNUI

Disturbing a Sabject's equi'ibrii makes hin diszy. With disziness goes some irritability or nossibly considerable anxiety. Psychological i physiclogical security togetler, is threstened.

.an, conditions disturb equilibriu..: those that produce oticn Sickness, and Flicker Sickness, which see. hiddle ear disordors na; produce mild disziness; many irugs, mild or sevore dizsiness.

The Internal Ear's labyrinth controls equilibriua, hicl. is typically disoriered in Leniero's Disease (see PCTASSIJ).

This re orter has given up the notion of tinkering with tie blood-potassiwn, but still believes that Flicker Sickness is worth a laboratory experinent.

Severe :oticn Sickness is highly distressing; but for it to reech a revealing-tendency levol,it weuld anount rractically to a third-degree procedure. Seo the card on vioraticr for its producti n.

A/1BI:75.70

[PAGE 70]
A/13275-71

[PAGE 71]
A/1BI75-72

ETIAL ALCCICL

idrenalin or en Amphetain increases sensitivity to it

licotin acsravates its subjective sytons .orphin vorsens it by incrcasinz its jepressive signs

Levilose er Tructos slows it

Caffein .roderately counteracts its depressive sigus

It (alcoiclic intoxication) deejens 1 lcngthens the sleep produced by barbiturate

Forvitin (an mphetanin) has marked objective sotering effect

Cther Combinations

Alcohol + antihistaminic drugs may cause suiden unconsciousnoss.

Coprinus atramentarius (a. mushroc) may be edible alone, poisoncus if preceded or followed by alcohol.

[PAGE 72]
EXTRAVERT PERSONALITY

See Ion-Exchange

See Subject's Personality

A|BZ 75=73

[PAGE 73]
FEAR (Terror, Anxiety, Worry, Etc.)

All intelligence servides and police organizations use fear or its related psychological reactions as a weapon. This is particularly true in cormunist, areas or in dictator states. Its value as a weapon is enormous. Since we do not support third degree-type activities and even psychclogical harassment of the more severe variety would not te condoned, this very powerful weapon cannot be fully exploited by us. To offset this, we feel that research should be carried out to find how fear can be induced by chemistry or electronically without harm to the individual. This is an unexplored.fielc and wide open for exploitation. Commercially used psycho-chemicals or medicinal chemicals that would create terror, dread, anxiety, etc. would be thrown away in this country. For instance, Metrozal which has been very useful in shock therapy, is no longer popular because,for one thing it produces a feeling of overwhelming terror and doom prior to the convulsion.

But terror, anxiety, worry would be valuable fcr many purposes from our point of view. We have some information (not in detail and not confirmed) that the Soviets and their satellites have used drugs which work along these lines. Therefore, this should be studied both from our use offensively and defensively and to find antidotes or counteracting agents.

A/BI 75-74

[PAGE 74]
FLICKER

Flickerine light will produce an epileptiform convulsion in about 5% of so-callod "ncrmal" persons; these probably have, inherited or acquired, a low convulsive threshold. Flicker will - if the right rate is used (see below) - convulse an, Subject who has at the time been sufficiently sensitized by other means.

Of many possible sensitizers, ietrazol or Azozol is generally used.

letrazol by mouth in a heavy dose ( say between 700 .: lcc0 ingi.) will give most Subjects dizziness and nausea along with sensitization. Theoreticallj, the nausea ight be avoidei by a previous oral dose of Chlorpromazine for its anti-nsusea cffect; hotever, this drugco.ilbination I have not seen in the literature, and - until tried and found safe - it must be considered dargerous, since both .etrazol and Chlorproilazine would affet the heart.

etrazol in a smaller dose, given rapidlyby intravenous injection, will sensitize most Subjects enough for flicker to convulse thcil. Azozol is surer, can sensitize all Subjectsr

Light, of an intensity of fro.i lcC to 2Co foot-candles is interrupted by an electronically operated pendulun-type shutier, giving rates of from 2 to 3C flashes per second, from a lighted circle about 30 inches in diameter; the S. could, however, be surrounded by lucite -t;,pe walls so that he could not lock away froi the light (closing the eyes would not avoid the flicker-effect) (A 13 to l8 flash-rate is cst effective for most people, especially a rate of l6; 9 is more effective for a few.)

The Op, should be protected by ground-glass goggles, else he may prove to be one of thos tnormals who is either convulsed, or nauseated and distressed, by the Flicker alone. See FLICKER-SICKNESS.

A/BI-75.75

[PAGE 75]
"FLICKTR SICENESS"

Is note under Flicker, an anpropriate flash-rats convulses few nou-sensitized, or insufficiently sensitized, Subjects. iet it may produce sone dizziness, nausea, and particularly an Emotional Instability (coluan "3) of ore or less severity. Fersons alread, neurctic or unstable are the ore liable to flicker-sickness of this sort. The effect is culative; exosure for several hcurs daily, for days or weeks or longer, stanls a chance of producing flicker sickness in ayone, stable or not, who works with theapparatus.

When it occurs on one exposure, it may develop befcre, not instead of, a convulsion;
th is happening could mean that, the Subject had been insufficiently sensitized beforehani.

he emotionalism of flicker-sickness might be sought for its ou usefulness, in lace of a convulsion. In that, case, previous sensitizing would be omitted to avoid convulsion. On this roint, the rororter reccmmends an exeriment which could be set up with little trouble in alost any room, using any normal personnel as subjects, viz.:

Without too much instrumentation, it shculd be possible to set an ordinary two-bladed fan to give 16 flashes per second, the most disturbing rate for ost people (other rates bet weon 13 : 13 might be tried), when placed in front of a strong encugh light. The Subject wculd face this, the Cp. face away and wear hcavily colored or smoked goegles. (In a restaurant this reporter tined such a fan at about 6 or 8 flashes per second; too slow, but still it spoiled his appetite).

A/13I75.74

[PAGE 76]
FOOD DEPRIVATICN, QUANTITATIVE FREQUENCY

See Deprivation of Food, uantitative
See Flicker High Frequency

[PAGE 77]
FUNGUS TOXINS

Narcotic mushrooms have long been known - some, used by priitive peoples.

Ananita, Russula, Coprinus, are examplos of the comnoner genra recognized as toxic in one way cr another. A Coprinus that is customarily eaten without toxic effects, is reported to be toxic if Subject has taken alcohol at about the same time.

kost fungi. have been insufficiently studied, even by ugcologists, to allow our determining whether or how they could serve the project.See also Piule.

This vast, field seeiils well worth more exploration.

A/BI 75-78

[PAGE 78]
GAS CHAMBERS, AIRTIGHT ROOMS, ETC.

The possibility of using gas chambers or airtight rooms as a means for surreptitiously rendering a subject unconscious or to cause him to breathe some type of gas which would make the subject either more suggestible or pliable has been long considered. We have felt that this could possibly be done at a specially designed permanent-type installation but the chances of doing it in the normal safe house in the field or in open field conditions appears quite renote. Numerous problems obviously appear such as the preparation of the area, protection of.the operator to prevent his being affected by the fumes and inherent dangers such as lethal dose, etc.

The possibility of using an automobile with the windows closed has been explored but presents certain technical problems most of which are the same as outlined above.

Deprivation of oxygen, which could be brought about in specially-built roons, is commented on under Oxygen.

A/13275-79

A

[PAGE 79]
GLTFIC ACID or GLUTARII

I. low Glutaiic-acid (or Glutamin, a derivative or antecelent fors) content in the brain sensitizes to convulsion, of which it may be a conpetent-producing-cause.

See Deprivations (page 2).

Riht now tne relationships bet een Glutamin and epilepsy are being intensively studied by the Public Health at Fethesda. rore will be learned of Glutain metabolism, and the findings stand a good chance of being iportant to our project.

A/SE75.80

[PAGE 81]
GANGLION-blockingDRUGS

GASES

A18575=82

See Acetylcholin and Cholinesterase Chlorpromazine Tetraethylammonium

See Anesthetic Gases Carbon Dioxid Nerve Gases Oxygen

[PAGE 82]
HEAT

Artificial fover can be produced by certain high-frequenc-electrical, and other forms of apparatus used in physical medicine. These means have been neglected in this report; irascibility ight be produced, but with little else for a usable mental state, and too expensively.

A persistentl; hot climate makes for fatiguability and irritability, and seens to increase the body's requirements of Vitainins B and B-corplex. To soine extent it also increases sensitivity to alcohol. Undoubtedly it affects the action of other drugs in one way or another. This reporter has omitted to survey the relevant literature.

ATBE.75-83

[PAGE 83]
HIGH FREQUENCY AND RADAR FILLDS

HIGH FREQUENCY (sce also Iontophoresis, ite.l 2)

Persons working at the level of a highpowered sending antenna have been reported to become dizzy and confused.

Q. Could a high-frequency machine of medical tyce be modified to confuse a Subject, in another room (such machines, of old styles no longer permitted, did emit short radio waves)?

RADAR

This radiation confuses flying birds at considerable distances.

Q. Can it confuse (and not heat or otherwise injure) a subject, at low power?

Both these means deserve some research--the radar more so than the high frequency--but at a low priority, since confusion is too small a gain to warrant much expense.

AT1B:I 75.84

[PAGE 84]
HISTAHIN

Shock, sinilar to Insulin-shock, can be produced by histanin injections. anxiety may be caused, or aggravated.

Histanin alone seens not useful enough for our purposes. It may have a place if conbined with other drugs: to determine which ones, would call for more study than it has boen given. Since a barbiturate and an amrhetanin in alternation do provide a ty'e of confusion that includes some anxiety and revealing-tendency, an alternation of histamin with anti-histaninics so.nds promising.

Further study in this direction would take experimnentatirn too, which could be dangerous.

See also Inti-listaminics.

A./8I 75.85-

[PAGE 85]
HYOSCINE (same as Scopolamin)
HYOSCYAMIN

See Relative Humidity

See Narcotizing Drug Combinations

[PAGE 86]
IZDERUIN

This relatively new chemical is derived fro: ergot (alkalcid). Its patent is heli by Sandoz. Tho action of HYJEnGIi is sodative in a goneral. sense and probably would be used against hypertonsion, cxiety, ete. Houever, novies sheu and the lethal danger arparontly is ale lov.

[PAGE 87]
HYPNOSIS

Too extensive a topic for brief synopsis, it will be shortened hereto two phases.

or, unlwitilng l. Hypnotizing an unwilling/subject is apparently unusual but not unheard of. Much depends on subject's susceptibility (not easily assessed beforehand), and operator's skill--especially his ability to shift from one to another method, meeting unexpected obstacles. (See also, UNWITTIlIG SJEJECT).

One principle is certain: the operator says nothing about "sleep" He may be able to promote a subject's suggestibility, by telling him that certain visual phenomena wil occur under given experimental circwnstances: e.g., optical illusions, afterimages, color-contrasts. The operator must be very fariliar with these; and the subject very unfamiliar; the trick is, to claim that the phenomenaare suggested to the subject when actually they would occur naturally.

There are means of making any subject more easily hypnotized, before or during the process itself.

a) A state of mild narcosis, produced by any barbiturate.

b) A reclining, or at leastsemi-reclining and comfortable posture.

c) Deep breathing (a lowered O2 content of the air would automatically promcte this; or it might be suggested, for some cover reason; a metronome helps to hold a rate and also assists by a hypnotizing influence).

A7BC 75-88

[PAGE 88]
Chsmisuts tt doiensen rstine chumines thit at as " un and  ylimn Cfoornn 1121

ip 2h prstom 1 hypurt zng(t ang ex lent) the bntng intlg cff e sxtemty inprdat, Cn wnh in hypmn shous (ls.
A Indircluae, horr tran bnpnitrper ceeideni(y o
B y'ndividaais con br bypnitrzid tncnetly by th Ircalled "rolat atsmn "teckunyues.
C Peffraot nompoeth nbyit pr me ipuetn can be snecess futey hy,uitid by avrthe Honrvn - lt dontt if a mlyjeef u hr i lrally

ABI75.89

[PAGE 89]
tmuitluy andnomay itellgent aoned be 2 dhyprtoznd by bon opnehn cioue witlert lh of sme aid partsity a. chemecal - aindd lorn llin chemccat wtih coried ba grrn t a inly it wirlln) hn, trintadecone lceplsh l ae cisiusaet are - r 2y the Cart- rani. If Th, febd mvds a grent aeoit cessaceh aids link. Nuver kypnizs in nt sou but bi baf d anhe bos bern clinn alivg lkese lims -hoi zrn. witt wilrig sutytit n, me dene piat cenl5  h dtre seckrg aid (smealy filtni astanei).

[PAGE 90]
imuontiy speakuig, legun ralerhrte bearps 15
11
in maramsmt itr mit metendity beep,n binen
bypis itnt lag irmul M aerboenet
tyj meff n mph io.
Th: sami pphen to e prtecig dugs a dog)
Chirpetesty matad enntre.
P Ieeally, ut neas a chommit thnI ca tr jian in a commm tgrrid a fel clut ioee be. latict wien by bhin utjete Penthn ti Chomiene morI ny doin motalmitane 1 prta mggeititali - it erutlot oit  mentoe prresses on stntoti thm.

[PAGE 91]
In adaitin o il ppet on thn mlje7 shone la 4
aty mtthe , iJemetey mitricnet, pleasant
(if feid at all) cnd r/ imseeletl duestrin. Ihern
Ends an- hree to aheier. Horr te. thec
nre: a momba .I nen cbinoeai, thet shoed
tr tirted celpve thes -Cenes: A, hJD (a pom whr h loke a sntstel en snyyidetrly " in atann 2tys) B - amrtfea deLotts C Cherprrnoyme hnazn D - Drtit 2me

[PAGE 92]
E Deialison

[PAGE 93]
i) Comsvet o in Sineac resfpy iar n
2) tety wor fimm or hilll. T far to indridus rey 1) let n rnae only 1lny T3g- mrrst 2) " " poyciitros mly cillyuen unh 3) Hrilmg of stikr 1 2nty 126 nhr A Dihrir ixpirmmens ← smokeni D Britrsh xpnnnen? Tugh Tyjes, C Geman ua on cumnial D Cán adrainn E Caterirsly Sroul bave 25D
3) 755 a nvly  some lno  norz vt an upnts Ditrat

A|1BI 75-90

è

[PAGE 94]
THIRD DECKEE TACTICS 1) ifpically dis.pprone 1111

2) mekes sriseyeent mtunrg ai A - baudas lh sulij fi B - seilnially mlefu: patilaly ricul C — suluiolly mtufu 11

3) result gmaliy an notprod. lirll onfen h enngthmig if's Monqnt th benn — tut accue copooin is i drt
4) Ihrong prstogauden neopr-

[PAGE 95]
BRAIN WASITING  INDOCTIRINATION 1111

1) Show N 'mteest in suhy Sanculcy
21 Ir indccat ins I sperifn mu1

1) Duy

2) 1t But dililily - wecknn brouget n hy leck I poe' , cold, ex hanstno itr seen estarthec paltin estarhee' par ilL

3) Can ers han wash - lerm apielly  horr? "r- lu dorrnn-- " - in dortin at 11 11 I\~?

4) len we emnclitin cyairs hrarn wash > hn?

A/BI 75. 92

[PAGE 96]
PHYPOSPRAYS,GASES,AEROSOLS

As early as l95l, experimentation was carried out using the then standard Hypospray instrument as a possible weapon in the ARTICHOKE work. At that time, we felt that this technique had considerable merit. At least it presented the possibility that chemicals could be induced into the human body without noticeable rupture cf the skin or wcunding and to a large extent painlessly. We requested the Medical Livision to explore this further and the medics ultimately gave us a report of a negative nature.

The main difficulty with the Hypospray was that it could not penetrate through clothing and that unless it were carefully applied, it could create bruises or wounds and possibly other complications. Further there did not appear at this time a suitable agent for our purposes as yet developed (intra-muscular injection type).

Our last, informaticn was that Squibb was considering the development of superpowerful Hyposprays which, instead of being fired by a spring mechanism as in the common Hypospray, would be fired by a compressed gas which would be much more powerful. We do not have any details on this at the present tine.

Similar to the Hypospray, we have long thought that some technique could be devised whereby a gas,aerosol cr possibly a dust could be discharged at short range into the face of a person and produce a coma or other desired effect rapidly and quietly. We have experimented with tear-gas pencils and they are effective in closed areas at from six to ten feet. We feel that a fasgun cculd te designed, shaped like a pencil to discharge gas that might. have a coma-producing effect on a given subject. We have not yet been able to find any suitable device and we have as yet no knowledge of a gas, aerosol cr dust that fits this use.

A|BI 75\~93

[PAGE 97]
See Electric Shocks Electromagnetic Field

[PAGE 98]
IHGTLIN!

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatment of diabetes.

1. It reduces th blood-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blodsgar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large doses of insulin can eventually lower it encugh to produce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dangerous, and offers no advantage over other means of convulsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a neriod of time, Insulin:

a. Renders anxious neurotics scewhat loss so:

b. Ascists in some methods of treatment of drug addiction.

c. xpedites recovery fro.il chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by injection) + alcohol (by mcuth) are uncertain.

, Except possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this project.

A/BI 75=95

[PAGE 99]
LISTLIN

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatmont of diabetes.

l. It reduces th bloed-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blo dsugar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large dcses of insulin can eventually lcwer it encugl: to proiuce 'rconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This proceiure is dang?rous, and offers no advantage over other means of convuilsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Renders anious neurtics scewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methods of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. xpodites recovery fro. chronic illnesses marked by emaciatiol, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (b;, injection) + alcohol (by mcuth) are ucertain.

. Excent possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this project.

A/BI75=95

[PAGE 100]
LHISTLIN

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outsile the treatment cf diabetes.

l. It reduces th blood-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blc dsugar lowors the conv:lsive threshold. Large dcses of insulin can eventually lower it encugl to produce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dangerous, and offers no advantage over other means of convulsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a neriod of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neurtics scmewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in soie methods of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. Expodites recovery fro.i chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The efsects of Insulin (by, injection) + alcohol (by mouth) are mcertain.

, Excent possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin has lit.le or nothing to offer this projoct.

A/BI 75= 95

[PAGE 101]
IHSTLIN

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatment cf diabetes.

l. It reduces th blood-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blo:dsugar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large doses of insulin can eventually lower it encugli to proiuce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dangerous, and offers no advantage over other means of convulsing when convilsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neurtics scmewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in soe metheds of treatmneut of drug addiction.

c. Expodites recovery fro. chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The efsects of Insulin (by injection) + alcchol (by mcuth) are mcertain.

.Excent possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this project.

A/BI75=95

[PAGE 102]
INSTLIN

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatmont of diabetes.

l. It reduces th blcod-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blo dsigar lowirs the convulsive threshold. Large doses of insulin can eventually lower it encugh to proiuce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dang?rous, and offers no advantage over other means of convulsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neurotics scnewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in scme methods of treatment of drug addiction.

c. Emodites recovery fro.a chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by injection) + alcohol (by mouth) are ücertain.

.Excent possibly for Item(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this prcjoct.

A/BI 75=95

[PAGE 103]
INGTLIN!

By inj ction, Insulin has ceveral uses outside the treatmont of diabetes.

l. It reduces th blood-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blo dsngar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large dcses of insulin can eventually lower it encugl: to proiuce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dang?rous, and offers no advantage over other means of convulsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neur:tics scewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methods of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. modites recovery fro.it chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (b, injection)  alcohol (by mcuth) are ucertain.

.Except possibly for Iten(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this prcjoct.

A/BI 75=-95

[PAGE 104]
IHGTLIN!

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the trsatment cf diabetes.

1. It reduces th blood-sugar;.a far-encugh-reduced blo dsigar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large dcses of insulin can eventually lower it encuglh to proiuce 'rconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dangorous, and offers no advantage over other neans of convilsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In simaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neurtics scewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methods of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. xodites recovery fro. chronic illnesses marked byy emaciation, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by injection)  alcohol (by mouth) are uncertain.

. Excent possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin hes litile or nothing to offer this project.

A/BI 75=95

[PAGE 105]
IHSTLIN!

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatment. of diabetes.

l. It reduces th blood-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blodsigar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large doses of insulin can eventually lower it encugli to proiuce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dangorous, and offers no advantage over other means of convilsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Renders anxious neurtics scewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methods of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. xpodites recovery fro. chronic illnesses marked by emaciatiou, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by injection) + alcohol (by mouth) are uncertain.

.Excent possibly for Item(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this project.

A/BI 75=95

[PAGE 106]
IHSTLIN!

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatmont of diabetes.

1. It reduces th bloed-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blo dsigar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large doses of insulin can eventually lcwer it encugh to proiuce urconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This proceiure is dangerous, and offers no advantage over other means of convilsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In saller repeated doses. over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neurotics scmewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methods of treatment of drug addiction.

c.xodites recovery fro.l chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by injection) + alcohol (by mouth) are uncertain.

, Excent possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin has litile or nothing to offer this projoct.

A/BI 70=95

[PAGE 107]
IHGTLIN!

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatment cf diabetes.

l. It reduces th blcod-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blo dsugar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large doses of insulin can eventually lower it encugh to prciuce rconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This proceiure is dangerous, and offers no advantage over other means of convilsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In simaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Renders anxious neurtics scewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methods of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. xmodites recovery fro. chronic illnesses marked by emaciation, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by injection) + alcohol (by mcuth) are mcertain.

. Excent possibly for Item(3) above, Insulin hes litile or nothing to offer this prcject.

A/BI 75=95

[PAGE 108]
IHGTLIN

By inj ction, Insulin has several uses outside the treatment cf diabetes.

l. It reduces th blocd-sugar; a far-encugh-reduced blodsugar lowors the convulsive threshold. Large dcses of insulin can eventually lower it encugl: to proiuce 'rconscicusness, finally a convulsion. This procedure is dang?rous, and offers no advantage over other means of convilsing when convulsion is desired.

2. In smaller repeated doses over a period of time, Insulin:

a. Reniers anxious neurotics scmewhat loss so.

b. Ascists in some methcds of treatnent of drug addiction.

c. modites recovery fro. chronic illnesses marked by enaciatiou, or starvation.

3. The effects of Insulin (by, injection) + alcchol (by mcuth) are ucertain.

,Excent possibly for Iteu(3) above, Insulin has litile cr nothing to offer this projoct.

A/BI 75=95

[PAGE 109]
See Equilibrium

See Interrupted Sound

[PAGE 110]
INTERRUTED SCUD

Like Interrunted Light, Iuterrunted Sound also can nroduce convulsion in a sufficiently sensitized Subject. Cne loud sound alone, ma; produce it.

1. To attain tlis effect of lnterrupted Sound in lcO of Subjects, a heavier dcsc (perhars toc stron) cf sensitizing meens would be required. That is, a reasonable dose would yield convulsion always after Inter. Light, not quite always after Inter. Scund: while the literature is not so .sure as tc Scund,as it is for Light, it gives this impression.

2. Thc Cp., as well s other persons in the vicinity, could be less well prctected gainst Sd:

Hence Inter. Sound may as well be ouitted from consideration as a rracticable reans.

FTERRUFTED SOJID + ITZRRUFTID LIGET

A cchination of interruntions of both Sound & Light, ight be lore effoctive than either ipans alonc. Either a smaller sensitization,or a shorter exosre, might do. lowever, the literature I have read on this point has been unpromising.

2/13 = 75--97

[PAGE 111]
INTERRUPTED SOUND +INTERRUPTED LIGHT

INTOXICATION

INTROVERT PERSONALITY

See Interrupted Sounds (foot of page.

See Ethyl Alcohol

See Subject's Personality

A/B I 75= 98

[PAGE 112]
IOH EXCHAIGE

Ion-exchange resins (used coaercially to soften water) have been sugested for use in electrol,te disturbances; that is, when the blood-sodiwn and blood-potassiun balance is disordored as in iéniere's Disease (severe attacks of dizziness, sometimes with con- vulsion).

Fowever, it appeared that, resins for sucì: a purpose as upsetting electrolyte balances, would be toc bulky, unsppetizing and probably nauseating.

The ion-exchange-resin notion was dropped.

See FCTASSIJ., & ELECTRCLITES.

A|BI 75-99

[PAGE 114]
IONTOFHORESIS ( or IONIC GALVANISN)

A galvanic current can introduce the ions of soluble substances into body tissues.

l. If electrodes are applied to one hand for polygraph determnination of the psychogalvanic current -iontophoresis electrodes might be applied to another limb.

THIS IS PURE SPECULATION on my part; did not find it alluded to; it may have been explored and discarded. Such a circuit might inevitably interfere with the others.

2. Bombarding an area of the brain with ions by iontophoresis, or with molecules by a high frequency current, appears to be prevented by the skull's inpermeability.

The cocain ion of a dissolved cocain salt, will penetrate the skin from the positive pole. Ordinarily it will not pass deeply enough to enter the blood-strean and so produce a generalized effect. Cocain would also give a strong and undesirahle local effect.

Only, very powerful drugs could be so administered, since so little (if any) could be expected to enter the circulation; and the S. would be no ore unwitting than if very small doses had been given disguised by mouth. However, if gotten into the circulation at all, a smaller dose (than that by mouth) would be effective, and much more rapidly.

It might prove possible so to use an Antimetabolite, or a drug to disturb the cholincholinesterase balance: either one aimned at confusing, or sensitizing to convulsion.

More study, and vast experimentation, would be necessary; probably without success.

AlBI 75-101

[PAGE 115]
ISONIAZID

Isoniazid can be given orally, or by injection, to sensitize a subject to convulsion; specifically, enough so that Flicker (which see) will convulse. (Sce also ünwitting Subject)

However, the range of effective dosage is great (from 22 to 35 mgm. per kilogram of body weight); even at top dosage, an occasional subject will not convulse under flickering light. Also, these large sensitizing doses are nauseating, and definitely toxic.

It is recommended that this drug be given no further consideration in the project.

A|BI 75-1021

[PAGE 116]
See Potassium Electrolytes

A|BI 75-103

[PAGE 117]
LABYRINTH DISCRDERS See Equilibrium

Laughing Gas See Anesthetic Gases

Light, Colored See Colors

Light, Flickering See Flicker Interrupted

Lobectomy See Lobotory

A/BI 75=-104

[PAGE 118]
LOBOTOMY and Related Operations

See AMiESIA

The problem of disposal of subjects is constantly present in intelligence operations. Even with fully cooperative subjects the matter isssimple but where disposal involves totally unvilling subjects or subjects who cannot be trusted, the problen is complex, expensive and very difficult. Since disposal does not mean shooting a subject by our standards we are faced with at least three serious issues:

1) Placing the subject somewhere (confinement, re-settlement).
2)

Insuring his adherence to our views and/or

3) Preventing his giving away our secrets.

If by some means we could create a perfect and thoroughly controlled amnesia, the matter would be sirplified but amnesia is not certain and cannot be guaranteed. Because of this a number of individuals who'are fully cognizant of the disposal problem, suggested that LOBOTOlY or one of the related operations might be the answer or at least a partial solution. It was argued that in general a lobotomy wculd create a person "who no longer cared," who had lost initiative and drive, whose allegiance to ideal or motivating factors no longer existed and who would probably have, if not complete amnesia at least a fuzzy or spotty merory for recent and past events. It was also agreed that certain lobotomy types of operationwere simple, quickly performed and not too dangerous.

The A group examined the idea of LOBOTOMY for our purposes and are totally agreed that this technique has no place in our operations for the following reascns:

1) It is inhumane.

A/0I 75-105

[PAGE 119]
2) It is against all concepts of "fairplay" and the American way of life and it could never be officiallysanctioned or supported.

3) Its use, if discovered, would be a terrible propaganda weapon against us -- it would wreck our nation's prestige--it would tend to destroy the effectiveness of the Agency.

4) It is extremely dangerous

a) Surgical risk is great

b) Brain damage is extensive

c) It could, if faulty, produce a "vegetable."

5) It requires hospitalization, surgical ability, proper anesthesia.

6) It. is doubted if any American surgeon could be found to perform the operation for the above purposes.

7) It leaves a telltale scar.

8) It would invite horrible reprisals.

(See also following comments on LOBOTOlY by

[PAGE 120]
LOBOTOMY

Lobotomy of a Subject would produce several days of a gradually recovering confusion (#8). Against its use are: (a) the ordinary surgical risks; (b) the leaving of a scar; (c) the permanent brain-injury.

The simplest type--"transorbital lobotomy" or the "ice-pick operation"--involves little (a) or (b), but appreciable (c). little (a) or (b), but appreciacle (c). nermanently nermonently ("lh), (ac te reduce anxicty (f 1). (/"lh), fac te reduce anxiety (/ 1).

Lobotomy operaticns tend/to "tame" a violent Subject/ In psychiatric practice, he is usually a violent psychopathic-personality; or an insane or near-insane person with a corpulsion toward homicide or suicide.

A continuing check of the literature is desirable, as to three substitutes for lobotomy:

i) A so-called "chemical lcbotomy," viz., a taming but of temporary duration. See Rauwolfia, ani Chlorpromazine.

If one or more small regions in brain or brain-stem can be identified, whose stimulation woulà produce a temporary taming, then:

-A/1BI 75-106

[PAGE 121]
ii) A non-toxic drug may be found, by radioactive-tracer techniques, that will be attracted to such an area, and so produce a taming that can last for some time. See Amygdaloid Nucleus; also, Temporal Lobe.

iii) Ultrasonics, or some other radiating energy, may be developed to give a physical stimulus to such an area without injury. At present, Ultrasonics can produce a surgical-type (permanent) lobotomy; but the skull must be opened to apply it. See Ultrasonics.

[PAGE 122]
LOWERING, CONVULSIVE THRESHOLD

A/BE 75.1071

See Convulsive Threshold Lowered

[PAGE 123]
LSD25

Cf this ergot-lerivative or synthetic equivalent, hc to é0 gama or an even smaller single dose, is effective by mouth and practically tasteless. The effects resemble, also differ from, those seen in scme teporal lobe (of brain) disorders; and those caised by oscalin, iarijuana, Eufotenin, bulbocapnin, and aphetamins - these in an approximate descending crder of sinilarities.

For ths purroses of interrogation, one of LSD25's most inp:rtant featurcs is its tiny dose. (Se Unsitting Sul ject). It produces very marked eotional instability, of which both the cxcitements and the depressions may prove more hindrance than hèlp. There is little, ormuchcafusion, but no anesia af'terrecovery.

Surgestibility increases little if at all. Some Subjects have spontanecusl, undergone regression to childhocd or youth, soinewhat like that which is suggestible under lunosis. There are many distortions of timeiplace,and person, in all Subjects. Hallucinations ma, be pleasing, or terrif, ing/ büthotespecialig,helpful to an Cperator. During the several hours or day that the cffects remain prominent, there ma or may not bc periods marked by a strong revealing-tendency.

An LSD25 Subject tends te behave like a hobeplrenic schizophrenic ; a iescalin S., and a Sulbocapnin S. to a grcater or lcss extent (according tc the bulbocapnin dose), behaves like a catatonic schisophrenic.

LSD25 lowers the convulsive threshold; may occasionally convulse, as with larger doses.

At the moment, no knowm antidote is available; Serotonin iay prove to be one. Further study of LSD25 is strongl, recommmended.

A/B I 75-108

[PAGE 124]
HAGNESIUH See Electrolytes

MAREZINE See Chlorpromazine

MARIJUANA See Unwitting Subject

MEAS, Choice of See Subject's Personality

Meniere's DiseaseSee Potassium

Mephenesin See Myanesin

[PAGE 125]
WEECALIN

iescalin, or Feyote, derived fro.l a cactus, produces an artificial catatonic schizophrenia.
(See LSD25; and Bulbocapnin). It can be given by ..outh.

Compared with LSD25 effects, iescalin causes more prcnounced hallucinations, ore worsened critical juignent, less pronouncei euphoria(elaticn), more intense exprience of split personality, conon (instead of rare) persecutory and/or grandiose delusions.

Color sensations are brilliant, but colcrs change and are lisplaced, and ay give other senzations, e.g., a color may give the sensation of something tasted, or heard. As with LSD25, space, time, and the body-scheme, are distorted.

!escalin-symnotons have been terminatedwithSodiwl Succinate by mouth.

Given by itself, escalin see .s to offer Interrcgation less assistance than does LSD25.
However, its literature shculd not be neglected.

Of greater interest is the possibility of combining lescalin with some potato-plant-femily drug. escalin † straorua, it is reported, has caused crininals to confess. This lead is well worth fcllowing.

A/BE 75-110

[PAGE 126]
See Amphetamins Unwitting Subject

METHYLPENTYNOL

See Oblivon

[PAGE 127]
HETRAZOL

See Unwitting Subject.

Netrasol by mouth in a heavy dose ( say between 7C0  l00 mgm.) will givo most Subject dizziness ani nausea along with sensitisation. Theorctically, the nausea might be avoide by a previous oral dose of Chlorpromazine for its anti-nausea effect; however, this dru conbination I have not gaon in the literature, and - until tried and found safe - it qust be considered dangerous, since both .etrazol and Chlorprcmazine would affat the hoer .ctrazol in a smaller dose, given rapidly by intravenous injection, will sensitize most Subjects enough for flicker to convulse them. Azozol is surer, can sensitize all Subject:

A larger dose of ietrazol intravenously will convulse many Subjects forthwith, without the added means of Flicker. Fowever, a second injection may be required fif flicker is not to be ad:led), and even this may not convulse. These non-convulsing large doses do cause a terrifying anxiety and put considerable strain on the heart. If anxiety is the mental state desired; or else, convulsion: it would seem wiser to use a means that will definitely produce the one, and adiffaentheans to prcduce the other.

A/BE75=112

[PAGE 128]
Mg su Eleetrolytes

A/1BE75-113.

[PAGE 129]
IDDLE EAR DISORDRS

hen the Eustachian tube (connected with the midile ear) of one or both sides, is blocked - say by a mild infafuation - some psychological effect is expected. For a few days at least, until he becomes used to it or its intensity tends to lessen, the Subject is rendered irritable, sonetimes dizzy.

This finding is probably useless to the project.

A/BI. 75-114

[PAGE 130]
21 November 1955

Screen Hypnosis Dr. Med Hans Sutermeister

A reduction of alpha amplitudes is a symptom of general reduction in cortical activity.

Fsyohologically the general lowering of consciousness during the picture facilitates the phenomenon of identification and suggestion as in hypnosis.

Cohen-Seat, Gastaut, Bert: Modification de l'EEG pendant la projection cinematographique, Revue de Filmologie, V, 16, 3, Paris 1954

Cohen-Séat, Faure:Retentissemnent du "fait filmique".sur les rhythmes bioelectricues du cerveau. Rev de Filnol, V, 16, 7, Paris, 195h

Gastaut: Effects psychologiques, sonatiques et electro-encephalographiques du stimulus lumineux intermittent rhythmique. Rev. de Filmol. II, 7/8, 215, Paris, 1951

Heuyer, Cohen-Séat, Lebovici: Note sur l'electroencephalogranhic pendant la projection cinematographique chez des adolescents inadaptes. Rev. de Filmol, V, 16, 51, Paris, 1954.

Kluge, Friedel: leber die Einwirkung einformiger akustischer Reize auf den Funktiouszustand des Hirns. Zeitschrift, fuer Psychother und mediz. Psychol. 1953, 5, 212, 3tullgort, 1953

Pflanz, Einfluss rhythnischer Sinnenreize auf den Organismus. Deutscher medizinische Wochenschrift, 1953, 23/24, 579

Sutermeister: Film and Hental Health. Ges. N. Wohlf. Orell-Fussli, Zurich 1950, 2, 249. Film und Psychogiene, Praxis, 1955, 15, 328.

British Journal of Medical Hypnotisn, Vol. 7, No. 1, Autwn 1955

ABE75=115

Notion Picture Soreen

[PAGE 131]
MORPHINE

See Ethyl Alcohol

See Equilibrium

See Fungus Toxins

[PAGE 132]
nosin

iyanesin (icphencsin, Tolserol,  other synonyas) by mouth, reduces anziety milal,.
T: roluce only this efrect, its usefulness seems liited.

Toscibly it, could be used in conection with some other meuns, adventageously. The literet ere might be further searched; tore fruitfal, perhrs, thar searciine further for a siailar isefclnets ef Chliven,or Iorecthylaaicniua.

[PAGE 134]
NARCO-AMALYSIS

See Narcotizing Drug Combinations, & Twilight Sleep.

Ho conclusion has been reached here, on whether a barbiturate † an aphetamin/is generally superior to a belladonna derivative (or relative)+ an opiate. I a inclined to favor the former; possibly because of some psychiatric experience with it, and none with the scopolamin/morphin team.

Evidence favors one conclusion, that barbiturate t aphetanin is superior to a barbiturate alone. In soue circmstances, an amphctanin alone would be ucl more expcditious, since the Operator starts with the Subject as is, without having to put hii first to sleep

Anothor cowent; since the amphetamins Dexedrin and kethedrin are strong antagonists to any barbiturate, one mrust not give his amphetamin in so strong a dose as wholly to. destroy the barbit 'rate effect. He might as vell have omitted thie sleep-croducing drig altogether - unleus sleep was brought into the picture for sone other rcason.

Dexeurin or .etheirin can equall, well be used to lift a S. modorately out of an alcoholic narcosis.See hmrhetamins.

[PAGE 135]
SeeOxygen Narcotizing DrugCombinations See Narcotizing DrugCombinations

[PAGE 136]
Cur best-known chemical means can conveniently, if rather arbitrarily, be classed as: (1) "Twilight Sleep", and (2) "Narco-Analysis", which see. See also individual special psychiatric drugs like LSD25, iescalin, iarijuana, Bulbocapnin, Cocain, &c., which are arbitrarily left outside these two classes. See also Anesthetic Gases, sinilarly handled.

(1) A "potato-fainily" drug  an analgesic drug: Traditionally, scopolamin+ morphin. Nunerous coubinations of bella dcnna or its other derivatives (atropin, hyoscyamin, &c), or relatives (stramoniu; syntropan);  other opiates (heroin, &c), are used.

Since new combinations, and new applications of old ones, are frequently described, a constant check of the considerahle literature should be maintained on narcotic lrugs - the above, and others as they appear.

See "Twilight Slcep".

(2) A hypnotic (sleep-producing, not hypnotizing) drug  a stiuulant (which could produce an epileptifor convulsion, if given in a dose much larger than used in this connection). For the iental states produced, see Narcoanalysis.

Traditionally, a barbiturate ↓ an anphetamin.
In psychiatric medicine, the berbiturate may oftener te used alone; for our purposes
adding the amphetanin amplifies the take without over-complicating the procedure. S.J:.

By injection: or other barbiturate, or the related Chloral (slightly less safe). ethedrin or Dexedrin, to arouse (partially) the then sleeping Subject.

A/BI75-121

NARCOTISIIG DRUG COFBINATIONS

[PAGE 138]
NERVE GASES

The toxicit, of Parathione, "DFp", "TEFr", &c., derives chiefly froin their destructicn of Cholinesterase, and so allowing Acetylcholin to accmmulate and halt certain essential processes in the body econony.

So far as this repcrter has searched, he has not yet found a use for lerve Gases in Interrogetion. Scarch in other directions should be more productive.

[PAGE 139]
NICOTIN

(i.e.,Tobacco, not Nicotinic Acid) See Ethyl Alcohol 12

Nicotinic Acid

NITROGEN

See Deprivations (p.2, Niacin) n

NITROGEN NARCOSIS

See Atmospheric Pressure

NITROUS OXID

See Oxygen

NOVOCAINE

NUCLEUS

See Anesthetic Gases

See Iontophoresis

See Amygdaloid Nucleus

1BI 7s=129

[PAGE 140]
Cblivon

Zither Cblivon (ethylpentynol), or Tetraethyla..ioniun chlorid, in small dosage !, nouth, wil. reiuce anxiety. Effect is relativel; mild.

Since enxicty-reduction alone seems to have limited usefulness, further search of the literature in this connection seems unwarrented at the moment.

[PAGE 141]
OCORS

Odors give eulotional responses; hut this reporter has not hit upon one that could be usefully adapted to our purposes.

Among thirtdegree methods, terror has been produced by exposing the Subject,Cperator being masked, to a harmless odor (e.g., geraniun) simulating the smell of a lethal gas.

Als I75-126

[PAGE 142]
see EThyl Alcohol Sedative-Deprivations Twilight Sleep Narcotizing DrugCombinations

[PAGE 143]
OXYGEN

See Deprivaticns (foot of page 3)

Oxygen comprises about 2l% of the air at sea-level. A reduction of the concentraticn to about half-normal (12.5 to 1l.5 ), early affects the menory - before it is as low as 12.5%. With less 02 than that, judgment : concentration are worsened, while elation & over-talkativeness, irritability and a lack of self-criticisin, appear. When the C2 is around 1l.5% or below, emotional cutbursts are added. "his progression of symptoms goes on to some iegree with the passage of timne, even if the O2 falls little below 12.l,

As with Carton Dioxid (which see), it is a question of how tight a room, ani how close a measurement of gas, would be needed. .Ozygen might well take more fine detail in its use, than would CO, but it would produce a wider range of desirable mental states. Again the Q, how toprotect the Op. from the sane states: this I do not know either.

Hitrogen llarccsis.

Six  C2 + 9h% No causes confusion, then unconsciusness. This finding accounts for the "litrogen Narcosis" of "skin-divers" (who wear a tank, not a suit); they use up toc much of their O before they are aware of its lack.

It sounds as though there was too narrow a safety-margin here, for our use. I am too uninformed to have an cpinion as to this.

A|SI 75-128

[PAGE 144]
PAIN See Dolitrone PANAEOLUS See Piule Fungus Toxins

PENTYLENETETRAZOL See Metrazol

PETITE NAL See Unconsciousness

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT See Deprivations

[PAGE 145]
PIULE

(not Peyote)

If correctly read, Piule ia a Datura (a potato-family or belladonna-group, member), and its toxic principle is almost or quite the same as that of the fungus Panaeolus.

Whether superior or inferior to other belladonna relatives, for interrogation purposes, is unknown to me. Species of Panaeolus are very comnon, and their toxins might well repay investigation.

a canfue itudy a PIULE has brra wderway frn. a e nr wnthwhihe dato as yk Prüle hos vey uiteced ivg hi toij 4 is weed even liday in mexceain Indian cecemomials

[PAGE 146]
FL/NT TOXINS

Narcotic prcperties have been ascribed to hundreds, perhaps thousands, of plants, vines, shrubs i trees. A. small l933 volwne mentions nearly a hundred growing in the Pacific Coast region alone.

Other sources describe many plants in use by prinitive peoples for narcotic purposes.

A few have been noted individually in this card file. lost were not followed through.

The field as a whole deserves far more attention than this reporter has given it. It is also probable that much of the literature, while describing everything else abcut a plant,will have little to say of its toxicology. rch experiaentation is needed.

[PAGE 147]
See Fungus Bacterial Toxins Animal Plant

[PAGE 148]
Polyquph (iese I i cmoetni wlt A opuntos)
sese fue a. i ohek n soli aflin y befre "1 1 1 t
Psychiatnit (usefue lith as a levesin buedeng
lvenpme.  alsr t. jwa akditimal inp 2

[PAGE 149]
Sec also Fotassiua Chlorate.

(lowbloi-otassiu..) with a low
Low blood-potassiwa is associated/convulsive threshold; and it/is characteristic of
iéniere's Disease with its.severe attacks of disziners and so.eiimes convulsions. Bit cannot be sinulated b; merely reducing the blccd-potassiun; bosides, 11 11
such a reduction would be ver, hard to control, and not casy to ieasure, and could pro
gress to a fatality. ress a lardaine

If a low blood-potassiui should prove useful in any other way, it can be readily cbtained with the reservations alreat, noted - by adiinistering Desox, corticosterone.

Like Potassiun Chlorate (which see), the blood-notass ul sceis wrth no more attenticn.

A/BE 75=13.4

[PAGE 150]
PCTASSIU CHLORATE

It has been claied that. this chemical, added to Soking tobacco, gave a narcotic-like effect. Fot having tried to track this down, I do not know the mechanism or the effects,. and whether referable to the K or the ClC3 ions.

However, since Chlorate is fairly toxic, it seenedunprofitable to study it farther.

[PAGE 151]
See Narcotizing Drug Combinations

See Atmospheric Pressure Carotid Sinus Pressure

See Iontophoresis Cocain

[PAGE 152]
POTENTIATORSPOTENTIATING DROSSCHEMICALS

P Potlcolin by dfinif imn in "Ihe comtmid antin f tuvo due, teivig peate thm Cen sumy thn efpsets if caih used alme. In ronune a prlentiatr r prtin Kint rig dg chiomieal is me whih sus teemis n prositly enhauie then ffal Janrllu chemisol Ingnn peatn Wam oftanied by thn ner 7 ttu fist chemierl —aud wirlhout the wshned dargus Mf oven drse Eloysi cosn) I endit imnal amoent it thn puit chomera. i thin fuill chemeral. 1ll. is ven

A Frm an witellipue pont t veew thi is ven omprtent abek liltt if any nird bor tren doe

[PAGE 153]
mit - ot lcoit ts ou kuowecdge. 2
B Pecently we iven infosned thad Ranwoefio r on of it commusiee derivatrves hos a strory prtuteits ig iffaf when voed wirth alevhse , thio is intestd ing bnt bor rst been tested.
A Entcitokn cvoned like answes & thi frelruring : 1) Can we friud a chemieal whih well sustani a subjiut on thr rr calced" turrlight zone" fo nauo inteurqatiin ovr bony pesirdo y tine — but not calleig Mn upated crses n injetrnio. 2) Ean a polintearn be devrerped thar eooved hoed a snljcl In omssdmuaban pevirds 1 lerne on an imetriald stali , in a cnma, in any emotoinae" sFat.

[PAGE 154]
3) Cana botiwtiatr fa derreoped tiar woned loue inhitit nis, mincose suggstatkly ste fr lrg pirdo I trine.

[PAGE 155]
PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST REVEALING

Studies of how to encourage a revealing-tendency, engender notions of how to discourage.

l.Any enduring boost of a friendly agent's resistance to interrogation, would be valuable. Long-lasting antidotes to drugging may be available - this reporter has not found them. Required would be substances that the body could store (inobilize): in liver, muscle, bone , &c., and use (mobilize) on demand.

(a) NEBULOUS & SPECULATIVE

Calcium can be stored in bone; whether it could (& would) have usefulness beyond a possible mild prophylaxis against anxiety, is unknown to me
Vitamin C, if it could be rendered storable by some combination, might tend to postpone fatigue (alone, it is notoriously non-storable).
Serotonin, intensively studied recently by physiologists, may be promising.

(b)Fost-hypnotic Suggestion, or some further development of Conditioning & Deconditioning, .are the approaches that look most productive at this time.

2.The captured unfriendly agent inay have been well prepared by some such means. How well prepared, would be hard to say. Some drugs' influence could be detected by electroencephalography; offhand, this sounds profitless, as too little seems known about it.

Of the above, experiment with l(b) rates/good priority; the rest, a low one - or no study at all, except of Serotonin.

ABI 75-137

[PAGE 157]
QUANTITATIVE FOCD DEFRIVATIONS See Deprivation of Food,uantitative QUATERNARY AMIONIUM See Tetraethylammonium

[PAGE 159]
RIDIIET ENERGY, Uniientified.

Varicus electric cur ents, ultrasonics, tc., are noted elcewhere in tiis file. It is also possible that some newer foru of radiant energy, some atoic particles, could be aned at sleep centers in the brain , or at brain centers that, inhibit the aling state. S.dden sleeping might be produced in this way, with an unwitting subject if thc apparulus were wcrked froi another rom.

ihis renorter adnits that he has not found a hypothotical "sleep ray" i: tle literetire. He telieves it eitler is, cr :il ir, there. It would be so vauable that more searching is highly recounended. Certainly there are sleop-centers in the brain.

A/BI 75=141

[PAGE 161]
RAUWOLFIA

Raudixin (Squibb) and Serpasil (CIBA) are available and give approximately equivalent effects (but the dosages are different).

The drug "tames" the subject, producing essentially an under-anxiety (col. #l), along with some reduction of bloodpressure; notably, witlout drowsiness.

Given three times daily, it becomes effective gradually after several days.

One intravenous injection of Serpasil will produce tranquillity, with very little or no drowsiness, after 30 or 40 minutes and lasting several hours.

Subject under strong Rauwolfia influence is so unemotional and unresponsive to anxiety-provoking stimuli, that he would be expected to show nothing diagnostic on the polygraph.

It is likely that a dosage can be arrived at, to reduce anxiety enough and not too much for P.G. (ambulatory patients under daily oral doses of Rauwolfia carry on their business normally and do react appropriately--though less vigorously-- to anxiety-producing stimuli).

Experimentation with this drug is strongly recommended. It is so non-toxic that anyone should be willing to play guineapig.

Rauwolfia + amphetamin has been tried; should be compared with barbiturate + eilphetsin. Rauwolria followed by enougli alcohol to mildly intoxicate, may prod:ce the s,iptom of "perseveration" - S. says the sule thing over & over again. This would be disadvantageous.

Rauwolfia alone, lately reportod to cause bizarre dreans: ight be an alventageous prqerty.

[PAGE 162]
Nornal recall is more effeotive than hypnotic recall in the case of nonsense material, bus hypnotic recall is greater than 50% more effective than normal recall in the case of poetry, and over eighty percent more effective in the case of motion picture sereens.

Light trances (may be) more favorable tor hypermnesia than deoper nypnosis, at least for recent material.

Itens learned under anxiety producint conditions are nornally less well rocalled than tnose learned without anxiety. But this difierence is eliminated under hyonosis.

All the above refers to hypnotic recall of material learne? in the normal, ninhyonotic state.

1/3I 75-144

Recall

21 November 1955

Hypnodynarie Psychology by Milton V. Kline The Julian Press, 1955

[PAGE 163]
RELATIVE HUMIDITY

I. Low

(a) It is probable that a low relative humidity of the atmosphere (30 or below), tends to lower the convulsive threshold of persons in it. That is, means producing a convulsion will do so on shorter exposure, or in smalldoses.

(b) A low relative humidity tends to provoke irascibility.

(a) might be advantageous, (b) disadvantageous.

Since an artificially controlled humidity would require an oxygen-chamber type of installation, it seems not worthwhile.

However, the effects of a naturally occurring very low (say l0p) relative humidity-- on both subjects and operator--should be kept-in mind. It is possible that an operator could be protected from becoming irascible, by a tan ing drug (Rauwolfia).

II. High

When degradation is included in brain-washing, excessive dampness is commonly included in the dirty environment. Wetness add to discomfort and probably reduces resistance to respiratory illness.

[PAGE 164]
RESINS See Ion-Exchange

RUBBER ROOM See Vibration

RUSSULA EMETICA See Fungus Toxins

RESERPINE See Rauwolfia

[PAGE 165]
SALICYLATES See Aspirin

SCENTS See Odors

See Twilight Sleep SCOPOLAMIN NarcotizingDrugCombinations

See Narcoanalysis SECONAL UnwittingSubject

A/BI 75-1417

[PAGE 166]
SEDATIVE DEFRIVATICNS

When a Subject is addicted to the long-tern use of a sedative (probably of any type), e.g.,\_ Alcohol, Chloral, Barbiturate, Cpiate, and is suddenly and wholly denrived of his arug, then within several hours or a day he will have an epileptiform convulsion - perhaps a series of convulsions.

This fact might be put to use, with a known alcoholic Subject, if the Cperator were prepared to take advantage of the convulsion whenever it occurred. hether a post-convulsion confusion so procured wculd last longer, show more revealing tendency, cr be more rarely complicated by a disturbing excitement, than is an epileptifor convulsion produced by mcre lirect and immediate means, is uncertain.

A./BI 75=148

[PAGE 167]
SENSITIZING TO CONVULSION (i.e., a considerable Lowering of the Convulsive Threshold)

A sure and powerful means of sensitizing-to-convulsion (#9) is an intravenous injection of Metrazol or equivalent.

There are also various less potent means.

Question: could several such be combined advantageously? would their effects be additive, and so more potent? would certain ones tend to neutralize others, and so defeat the purpose ofcombination?

Further study seems worthwhile.

Next page gives table of various Means which produce sensitivity to convulsion (#9).

Theoretically, a large enough dose of most such means would go on to produce convulsion(#12).

Practically: some can be so used; others cannot be, since a convulsion-producing dose is too large, i.e., toxic in other respects.

See itemized eans for details.

Sorie such: reans produce a possibly-useful confusion (" 6), preceding or replacing fl2.

A|3I 75=149

[PAGE 168]
SESITTTTC TC CCIVULSICE

(mathan font) (rather fast)

iterature States, O? Sug ests, that peasonable doses of thes? Teans are sensitizing: (rather slow)

[PAGE 169]
SEROTONIN

Serotonin is a horcno derived from body tissues, lately publcizod as a "sanity hormone". LsD25 (which see) acts somcwhat like an antimetobolitc tovard Serotonin; thercfore the latter, possibly in some ccabination not yet discovered, may be useful in developing an antidote to LSJ25.

Further study of this substance' properties is strongly recomnended.

[PAGE 170]
SERPASIL SHOCKS,ELECTRIC

See Rauwolfia See Electric Shocks Conditioning

SINUS PRESSURE, Carotid SLEEP

See Carotid Sinus Pressure

See Anesthetic Gases Electric Shocks Electro-narcosis Hypnosis Narco-analysis Radiant Energy Twilight Sleep

SMELL See Odors

See Electrolytes

SOUND, INTERRUPTED

See Interrupted Sound

STARVATION

See Brainwashing Deprivation of Food, Quantitative Drprivations

A/BI75-151

[PAGE 171]
Sleep-atropine

Wehave found in our own research that if we inject atropine followed within thirty minutes by prostigmine and then finally acetylcholine, we produce in normals an increase in sleep both subjectively and objectively as measured with the electroencephalogram. - page ll

Atropine 3 mgm 1-M

30 mins. later give

Prostigmine SO4 2 mgm 1-M

15 mins. later give

Acetylcholine 200 mgm 1-V

Atropine was given to block the muscarine activity of acetylcholine while leaving its nicotinic activity untouched, and to protect the subject against acetylcholine induced cardiac arrhythmias. Atropine also inhibits acetylcholine esterase and thus elevates parasympathetic activity. Prostigmine markedly inhibits esterase. Acetylcholine was given to produce a sudden boost in parasympathetic activity.... after the injection of the acetylcholine there was a sudden production of sleep and fatigue in two of three normal subjects followed by sleep....the induction of high parasympathetic nicotinic activity by means of atropine, prostigmine and acetylcholine appears to decrease the level of consciousness...The change in the level of consciousness in normals was manifested by an increase in fatigue, in a desire to sleep, and a decrease in insight. - page 46

85% of normals show an increase in systolic pressure after atropine
81% of acute schizos show a decrease in 11 11 11
63% of chronic schizos" 11 1t 11 11 11 11

(over)

ABI 75-102

[PAGE 172]
Schizophrenia Research in Saskatchewan Project 607-5-135(Three-Year Report) Project 607-7-12 and 607-5-135 (1954 Annual Report)

[PAGE 173]
SOUND (General Conments)

It appears to be well established that harmonious sound (music) in certain industrial areas has markedly increased productive rates. Sound experts have told us that sound in the form of music or otherwise could also increase accidents, lower output and quite probably disrupt work almost completely or bring about a strike. Mocd music or background music is a comercial reality at present. Very intense sound or highly distracting sounds promote anxiety, nervous tension, instability and if carried to extremes can cause physical damage. Whether or not sound can be used in the A techniques is unknown but the effects of sounds (within or above or below the human range) might be a worthwhile subject for advanced study although cost would probably be high.

we believe.that monotonous sounds have somewhat of a hypnotic effect. We have reports of psychiatrists using slowly timed metronomes to assist in hypnotic induction. The effects of drums or tom-toms may be along these lines. One specialist in accoustics believes that sleep could be induced by sound.

There is scme inforration available that nigh-pitched scwnds, "enorated continuously in a conlincd area tend to lower the resistance to sugestion cr roscibly have a sedative quality. This infermatior is not confirmed by acceptablc authority. It could, however, be fairly easily tested.

[PAGE 174]
mimeted that he i tsenved

centann intecestmg effeils dunig AiDiomETER tessm hnineelf ad Wallin Reed'. He staled Char he shservas hign piteked sonud - . a) leaes th appaint sensatin oy sremnd in luis caus fr sone tisne aflin the rowds had bern n faed cut f by the apecaton I th leslrig derrie.

[PAGE 175]
STRAOIITI

iixture of alkaloids, chiefly Scopolanin (which see) and Atropin.

See also: Narcotizing Drug Combinations

[PAGE 176]
SUBJECT'S FERSCIALITY

(1

'The out-dated typing of persons as Introvert. &. Extrovert, while oversinplified, is useful.

Ro-hly, the Introvert. is the lean thinker, self-absorbed & self-critical, interested in fil? detail. The Extrovert is the better-fed doer, the outgoing friendly fellow with high self-confidence and low opinion of fine detail. The Iverage lan has soie introvert traits, sone extravert, and scie indistinguishable.

Hore exact  and more complicated  is a three-way instead of a two-wa, scheme. Again roughly, it, describes cerebral, visceral, anà muscular types: several such classifications.

For our purposes, the INTRCVERT-EXTRAVERT classification will do.

Introvert Types

tond to be:

Extravert Tyres

1. Eetter able to pursue two ideas or purnoses at one timie.

2. Less easily diagnosed as to emotional feclings - emotions are more mixed, & less openly expressed.

3. ore compulsive  i.e., mcre determined in a narrow course of action, and less able to shift promptl;  consistently to a different and more expedient course.

4. Probably more responsive to some drugs - a

5. Kore interested in tobacco.

moot point. Certainly, not true for all drugs.

l. iore one-track-minded.

2. kore ccnsistent,.in emotions — i.e., more whole-heartelly nonchalant, fearful, angry,&c, at any one tine.

3. Fore responsive to the Cperator's mocd.

4. riore easily hpnotized.

5. More interested in food.

1.BI 75-15-7

[PAGE 177]
SURJECT'S FERSCNALITY

There is rlenty of literature that would be applicable in suiting keans to Perscnality - tle Subject's, and also the Cp.'s. This repcrter has not siudied it closely encugh to add further sug "stions to the page preceding.

Exp rienced Cperatcrs learn by practice what, Feans are the more effective for a given S.
Their rough appraisal will be mcre useful than the elaboratirns of a fornal asscssment.
Corrcctions of the moment, to vary a leans or go on to another one, may bo required.

Gen rall;, heavicr and older Subjocts tak higher doses of irugs for effectiveness. Clironic alcoholics require heavier doses of sleep-producing drugs to attain sleep. To a S. already under the influence of alcohol, other drugs' addition ustpregulated accordingly (those that then becone more powerful or dangerous,are referred to elsewhere in these cards).

Further study of the suiting of reans to S's Fersonality, is recomiended. 11 11 " combinations of other drugs with alcohol, 11 11 rorestrongl

fersomality is referred to alio under Adrenalin(which see)

[PAGE 179]
Zamingsee (Lobotomy Rauwolfia Chlorpromazine
Lemfuretnure Chiangos sec SHeat Cold

[PAGE 180]
Tetraethylammonium

ithor Oblivon (Methylpentynol), or Tetracthyllaaoniun chlorid, ii swall dosage, b; mcutli, will reduce anxiety. ffect is relativoly mild.

Since anxiety-reduction alone scens to huve liuited usefulness, further search of the literature in this connection seems urvarranted at the ¿oment.

[PAGE 181]
See Chlorpromazine

See Convulsive Threshold Lowered Convulsive Threshold Raised

[PAGE 182]
TOBACCO

(which see)

1. Nicotin/is not a leans (to produce a Mental State), although it may produce one that is undesirable, viz.: it heightens the subjective sensations of alcoholic intoxication, making a Subject feel more drunk than he is. We would prefer hin to feel less drunk.

2. Tobacco is noted here as a vehicle for other Means:

a) for LSD25. (See Unwitting Subject)

b) for Potassium Chlorate (which see).

1A/13 D 75-162.

[PAGE 183]
TOLSEROL See Myanesin

TOPECTOMY See Lobotomy

TOXIC See Aninal
TOXINS Bacterial Toxins Fungus Plant

TRANSORBITAL LOBOTOMY See Lobotomy

[PAGE 184]
TRACER TECHNIQUES

The use of certain types of liquids and solids which can be traced in their passage through the human body is well known. We have been advised that either at the Massachusetts General Hospital or in one of the Harvard units that there was a very advanced unit being developed for the tracing of radio-active material throughout the human body and particularly in the brain. It is also believed that advanced work along these lines has been done at Mayo and Johns Hopkins. Some of the large drug and chemical manufac-.turing companies are also working in this field.

We have received information from competent people that almost any element can be made "active" in some way or another and its passage throughout the body and to the brain can be observed.

Our information concerning the equipment to conduct tracer tests is to the effect that the equipment is bulky and quite. expensive.

Along these lines, several of our most important consults have constantly urged explgration of the tracer techniques as a method of advancing ARTICHOKE studies.

AOI 75-164.

[PAGE 185]
TWILIGIT SLEEP

See lercotising mug Combinations, larco-hnalysis.

Ho ceneiusion hes beon reached here, on whether a tarbiturate + an ae hctanin is cenerally sperior to a telladonno derivative or relative + an opiate. I al inclined to favor the forr; rcssibly because cf sano psyciiatric exrcrience with it, and none with the sconolarir/ertin tcas.

Besides the latter, stramcniwl with morphin; or, either stranoniwl or scopolamin with heroin: the less failiar combinaticns like these shculd of course be f\_rst sought out in the literature. Fiule (which see) might be tried.

nost important would be, to leave out the opiate - provided the authorities say nothing against this plan. Using the apiate and onitting the belladonna, would certainly be far less useful than the other wey around; this I wauld rocoimnend against..

Cnitting the opiate and using the scopolanin, has another variant recoiLuended in the literature: insteal of scopolanin alone, cne authority (one whose report I can take at par) used scopochloralose with most satisfactor, results of interrogation.

A/OI 75-165

[PAGE 186]
ULTR/.SCNICS

Tso windows, each an inch in diameter, must be cut through the top of the skull. An applicator cup that transmits the ultrasonic beam, is placed on the meucrance that covers the brain. The bean of high intensity ultra-sounì waves (far be ond the range of hearing),is aimed and concentrated through lenses: direct, 5 min.; then sweeping, 7in. A lolctot (which see) effect is oltained, resertling a localized concussion of the frontal lobes.

irough iprobable, it is rossible that a teporal approach (insteud of the present vertical aprroach) will eventually be devised without the cutting of a hole in the skull. low, ard then too, sc.e of tie lobotoity-effect is temporary, some permanent. odifications in techniques that use Ultrasonic energy shculd be followed for our purposes. It may be that not only frontal lobes, but temporal lobes, aygdaloid nuclei, sleep-centcrs, etc., can eventually be usefully stiaulated without being destroyel, by (ltrasonics.

A/BI 75-166

[PAGE 187]
UNWITTING SUBJECTS

The problem of how to effect control of a subject by the use of hypnosis or chemicals or a combination thereof, without the subject being aware that he is being approached attmed), is one of the most interesting and complex problens studied by the ARTICHOKE group. This' approach could (can) be made through any of the following techniques:

a) The subject who is brought under H control by the use of the indirect techniques (relax-rest or possibly monotonous sounds, etc.).

b) The subject who falls under H control by accident.

c) Use of "medical cover" for:

1) Narco-interrogation and control;

2) Narco-hypnotic interrogation and control.

d) Use of surreptitious agents

1) Concealable chemicals

2) Odorless gases or aerosols

3) Dusts

4) Possible deprivation of oxygen or food

e) By-products of medical treatment

1) Shock therapy

2) Medical pre-conditioning with chemicals, etc.

3) Medical treatment for illness or accident

4) Psycho-analysis or psycho-therapy

A/0I 75-167

[PAGE 188]
Certain comments can be made in connection with the above categories:

a) The A group has experimentally placed a great number of individuals under hypnosis by the indirect techniquesbut it is doubted if this would apply to hardcore-agent types done on individual basis although it is possible that it might be done disguised as sone type of group activity or entertainnent.

b) In the A experimentation, we have noted a number of people who have been placed in hypnotic trances by accident. Again it is doubted if this could be done directly against a hardcore or intelligent type. It might be done through some type of group activity or entertainment. For the record, it should be noted that this has not yet been attempted against personnel of interest to us from an operations point of view.

c) At the present time, the use of a carefully laid on medical cover to obtain either a narco-interrogation or narco-hypnotic interrogation appears to be the best weapon presently available. It is not necessary to go into detail as to how this is done but experience indicates it is our best technique.

d) Always linked to the problem of the unwitting subject is the technique of giving a chemical in any form to the subject without his knowledge. Many gadgets and ideas have been considered. Micropellets, substances that can be concealed in common liquids, odorless gases, electric currents, magnetic currents, dusts, aerosols, etc., but each one of these presents a difficult problem. At present, the closest approach appears to be a potent, tasteless, odorless chemical such as LSD but at the present time the value of these chemicals in interrogation or control work is very, very uncertain.

[PAGE 189]
It seems pertinent to comment that the ARTICHOKE group feels that by depriving subjects of food over a considerable period of time, the will to resist can gradually be worn dowm. This appears to be part of the Communist brainwashing technique which we have been able to observe from our examination of the P.O.W.'s in Korea. The A group feels that food deprivation and possibly oxygen deprivation if carried on over a long period of time might be valuable in these techniques, but this would call for extensive research and in the case of oxygen deprivation specially built interrogation chambers which would possibly rule out this approach.

e) The A group feels that possibly chemical or hypnotic control could be induced as a by-product. of certain parts of medical treatment such as elecctroshock or by placing of an individual under medical prescription over a considerable period of time. Certainly an ideal approach could be made to any subject if that subject had offered himself for or was taking psychoanalysis. This is a very strong reason for prohibiting Agency personnel overseas from being treated in any way except by fully authorized physicians, psychiatrists or company doctors.

Closely coupled with the above is the related problem: if a subject can successfully and unwittingly be approached and rendered either unconscious or hypno- or narco-controlled, how can his memory be made blank for events leading up to the coma or trance and for what transpired while under control and/or possibly extending throughout the "hangover" period after he awakens. Ideally, control of the subject obtained without his knowledge or consent and followed by a total amnesia is the goal but at the present time this appears impossible. Much research and experimentation is necessary to achieve

[PAGE 190]
these ends and as stated above, for the present at least a smooth, carefully designed medical cover appears the best approach. (See also Ammesia)

Finally some words should be noted in regard to the use of chemicals (or hypnosis in some ways for that matter) which complicate the problem of the unwitting subject--and in a large sense recommend the use of medical cover.

a)Certain chemicals such as LSD, mescaline, cannabis, opium produce bizarre, weird and startling effects. A person experiencing these effects would recognize this and undoubtedly suspect something unusual had occurred to him.

b) Most chemicals, in effective dosages, carry some type of hangover. This can take the form of confusion, nausea, illness, sweating, headache, tremors, or combinations of these, etc. Again, a subject would suspect the reason.

c) Human beings do not respond in identical ways to identical dosages of chemicals. A dose that may have no noticeable effect on one subject might produce a convulsion or even death in another. The best results are always obtained in using chemicals by competent medical personnel using special knowledge of chemical reactions. A subject in a coma is useless for interrogation or control and an underdose may blow an operation.

d) Under the Heading AMNESIA, we commented on attempts to produce ammesias on hypnotic subjects. For the record, it should also

[PAGE 191]
be noted that quite often a hangover effect is felt from deep hypnosis. The ARTICHOKE group has seen subjects emerging from hypnosis effected in the following ways:

1) Illness--including nausea, headache, sweating.

2) Psychological reactions--fear, hysteria, confusion, disorientation.

3) Extreme fatigue, tendencies to return to sleep states, feeling ofweakness.

Hence, even if a good amnesia is developed, a subject could certainly suspect he had been subjected to something unusual.

[PAGE 194]
See Barbiturate"(also other drugs) Equilibrium Flicker Sickness Middle Ear Disorder Motion Sickness Vibration

[PAGE 195]
VIBRATION

1. A rubber room that vibrated in several directions was reported used by Russians to produce overanzxiety and emotional instability (columns numbered 2 and 3 of Mental States). Even the bouncing tendency fp a soft rubber floor will produce some sense of insecurity; a famous piece of rubber pavement yars ago in Edinburgh wassaid to alarm and confuse pedestrians.

For our purpose a quaking room is too much of a torture chamber; however, if some third-degree approach is contemplated at a permanent installation, this one is interesting.

2. Less formidable would be some possible modification of the "Anatometer", exhibited this year at the American Psychiatric convention (illustrated and described in Section 26 of my report thereon). As manufactured, it is a padded table on which subject lies; it slides back and forth longitudinally, and is intended to make him calm, perhaps drowsy. Naturally it dces not vibrate; but if vibration were added,and tipping and sliding were in the directions most conducive to motionsickness, an apparatus of this sort could be devastating to a subject's mental as well as physical equilibrium.

Again, too third-degree for any but exceptional use.

3. Another form of vibration is in relatively low-frequency sound waves, below the range of hearing. Frequencies below 2000 cycles per second cause a strong sense of vibration thrcughout the head; half an hour's exposure, at l45 to 150 decibels,

A/BZ 75-170.

[PAGE 196]
VITAMINS Effects on Intoxication, of Other Drugs (Before, With or After) Alcohol
ALCOHCL plus Vitamins A, B1, B2, and B2-complex, and C: effects uncertain
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)--see Deprivations
Vitamin C (Pyridoxin)--see Prophylaxis against Revealing

[PAGE 198]
Induction,"disguised"

Author treats method of inducing hypnosis without apprising cooperative subject (patient) of condition desired (hypnosis) ascribing the desired end result as relaxation.

"I shall teach you to relax and concentrate." Seat subject in comfortable armchair. Subject is told to let all muscles go limp; head should be inclined slightly forward; arms should rest fully on chair arms with hands hanging limoly over edge. Ask subject to fix gaze on thumb and forefinger of one of his hands. Then state, "I am going to ask you to close your eyes soon, but continue to concentrate on your thumb and forefinger. As you concentrate, I shall count and as I count you will become more and more relaxed. As you do so, you will feel your thumb and forefinger draw closer and closer together. When they touch, you will then know you are in a deep state of relaxation."

Synchronize count with respirations and continue indefinitely. Repeat the directions re feeling more relaxed and re Apposition of thumb and forefinger as count reaches l00, and continue. After x repeats add that "as your state of relaxation becomes more and more complete your arm will rise to touch your forehead, etc."

Adler, M.H. and Secunda, L. Indirect technique to induce hypnosis Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases Vo1. 106, pp 190-193, August 1947

[PAGE 199]
Induction

Subjects who prove refractory to the induction of hypnosis may be rendered more susceptible by being placed in the hypnogogic state through use of drugs and then teing instructed that they could enter a similar state the next time the operator attempted verbal hypnosis.(Wolberg l948)

Baernstein (1928) found scopolamine hydrobromide use resulted in heightened susceptibilityto suggestion l00% of time. (Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1929)

Wilson (1927) reports that by the breathing of a mixture of nitrous oxide and air, nitrous oxide and oxygen, a perfectly suggestible state may be produced without loss of consciousness.

, Gorton, Bernard E. - Physiology of Hypnosis Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 23: 457-485, July 1949

A/1BZ 75-174

[PAGE 200]
BMR

The basal metabolic rate is decreased by l0% in sleep. It is not affected by hypnosis.

Anxiety or apprehension increases the BMR. Elation, depression, or irritability do not affect the BMR.

Some say rate of breathing is same in sleep and hypnosis; some say rate of breathing is decreased in hyonosis.

Hypeventilation causes an alkalosis which causes vagotonic action which causes sleep.

GORTON, Bernard E. - Physiology of Hypnosis ,Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 23, pp 317-343, April 1949

[PAGE 201]
Physiology

Pavlov's is the most comprehensive explanation of the physiology of hypnosis ever devised. He equated inhibition, ordinary sleep and hypnosis with one another, but has been proved erroneous by at least Hilgard and Marquis in 1940.

Conditioned reflexes are acquired with greater facility in the hypnotic than in the waking state.

P.C. Young has explanations for psychology of hypnosis.

GORTON, Bernard E.- Physiology of Hypnosis Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 23, pp 317-343, April 1949 and pp 457-485, July1949

A/B= 75=176

[PAGE 203]
Electroencephalography

There is no difference between cortical electrical activity on the EEG of a person in a deep hypnotic trance and that of the sane person in the waking state.

Dynes, John B. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry Vol. 57, pp 84-93, Jan. 1947

The electrical activity of the cerebral cortex is the same in waking and hypnotic states. Alpha waves disappear when the eyes are open. Loomis, et al, made alpha waves reappear by hypnotic suggestion of blindness with eyes taped open. Lundholm and Lowenback could notduplicate Loomis'finding. They and other investigators have found that hallucinations of audition and vision do not change the EEG. Emotional changes induced under hypnosis do change the EEG.

Gorton, Bernard E. - Physiology of Hypnosis Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 23: pp 317-343, April 1949

[PAGE 204]
11/2/55

[PAGE 207]
With fifty-two subjects, all showed a decrease in BMR while under hypnosis. Range of decrease was 0.6 - 8.3% Average decrease was 3.88%

11/2/55

A/1[75-182

[PAGE 208]
PREDICTION OF HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY FROM A KNONLEDGE OF SUBJECTIS ATTITUDES

Frediction was based on subject's reaction by introducing a picture. of hypnosis into the Thematic Apperception Test (See Morgau, C.D. and Murray, H.A., iren. leurol. Psychiat. 1935, 34:289-306). In this test the subject is shown series of nictures  asked in each case to make up a story for which the ight sr as an illustration. He could scarcely obey this irstructien in regard to the hinosis picture without revealing some attitude toward htisn or at laas soe notion of its nature.

Two other factors are M-Defererce and M-Affiliati'n (n- need fcr). In. their everydey behavior they are much irclined:

(a) to find and follow leaders, gladly yieldirg to their influence, and

(b) to seek the corpany of friendly persons, endeavorirg, to please them and win their affection.

Frediction of Hrpnotizabhility

15 November 1955

[PAGE 209]
Skin Resistance

Subjects who achieve lethargic state show lowered skin resistance.

Subjects who achieve active state show no change in skin resistance from waking state.

Davis

11/2/55

[PAGE 210]
Suggestibility

Earliest test of suggestibility was the hypnoscope employed by Ochorowicz in l887. A steel magnet, bent in the form of a ring, was placed on the subject's finger. Susceptible individuals experienced a sensation of numbness and stiffness, and sometimes the finger became stiff and immovable. Ochorowicz believed this to be the result of suggestion, and he judged such subjects to be amenable to hypnotic treatment.

Arcieri, Libero

Differences in the Degree of Susceptibility

Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 23, pp41-58, 1949

[PAGE 212]
Narcoanalysis--

Contraindications for narcoanalysis--

1) Old age - an indication for smaller dose

2) Nephritis - long acting barbiturates should not be used

3) Liver disease - this is main contraindication

L) Advanced cardiovascular disease - doses should be small and infrequent

5) Any tendency to respiratory spasm is an indicator for special caution

6) Toxemia - an indication for caution - nevertheless, the barbiturates if used with discrimination are of undoubted value in states of toxemia and exhaustion.

[PAGE 213]
Dicarbamate Comounds il d Rrobamuti

Miltown
2-methyl-2-n-propyl-l, 3 propanediol dicarbamate L00 mg. tablets
Wallace Laboratories
Division of Carter Products, Inc.
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Equanil
2-methyl-2-n-propyl-1, 3 propanediol dicarbamate
400 mg. tablets
Wyeth
Philadalphia, Pennsylvania

[PAGE 214]
Equanil

One of a group of chemically unrelated drugs that promote equanimity known as ataraxics.

Oral, muscle relaxant, no autonomic effects. ,

Usual equanimity producing dose - one 400 mg. tablet after each meal and one at bedtime (Q.I.D.) (One acutely tense patient required double this dose for three weeks before dosage reduction.) The dose is reduced and withdrawn as soon as possible. baanme mone

"Patients with whom the physician could not obtain rapport...became more responsive to suggestion, to hypnosis, and to free association (conversational or discursive) therapy. Equanil brought about a feeling of ease and relaxation which increased the patients confidence in the physician and broke down his emotional defenses."

Adverse effects: 3 in 187 patients

Fainting and hyperthermia (102) 2 hours after 800 mg.

Angioedema after six days.

Urticaria after four days.

Overdosage - In two cases of overdosage (20 Gm. and 40 Gm in less than twenty-four hours) black coffee and constant movement for two hours permitted recovery and subsequently normal sleep.

Equanil is not habit formirg. Equanil is not naoit lormirg.

It relaxes the patient for natural sleep rather than forcing sleep.

(over)

A/B3I 75-189

[PAGE 215]
Selling, L.S: JAlA 157:1594, 30 April 1955
Borrus, J.C. JAMA 157:1596, 30 April 1955

[PAGE 216]
Hallucinogens

Most of known hallucinogens are indoles. These include lysergic acid diethylamide, harmine, ibogaine, yohimbine,bufotenine. (Mescaline is not an indole but has the possibility of forming indoles.) Indoles in the body are formed endogenously from tryptophane and adrenalin-like compounds. As indole compounds, most of known hallucinogens are related to adrenochrome and its precursor adrenaline.

Schizophrenia Research in Saskatchewan Project 607-5-135 (Three-Year Report)

A/1Bz-75-190

[PAGE 217]
LSD

Subjects presenting symptoms of free floating anxiety and high blood pressure have a markedly atypical reaction to LSD, p. 35

Schizophrenia Research in Saskatchewan Project 607-5-135(Three-Year Report)

[PAGE 218]
Prevention of Psychosis

The gamna isomer of Meratran, alpha-(4-pideridyl) benzhydrol hydrochloride, may inhibit psychotic behavior. Hallucinations, delusions, and dissociation syndromes, which usually appear in healthy individuals after ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide, are prevented by premedication with the Meratran isomer, reports Dr. Howard D. Fabing of Cincinnati. When no premedication is given, the psychotic state can be rapidly terminated by intravenous administration of the blocking agent.

Science 121:208-210, 1955

-A/BI 75-1.92

[PAGE 219]
Biological and Psychological Effects of Ultrasonics
by Hallowell Davis
Journal of the Acoustical Society. of America, Vol. 20, No. 3, pps 605-607,
September 1948

Ultrasonics Panel of the Aeronautical Board\* should be made a clearing house for all reasonatly controlled biological and psychological effects that are observed systematically or incidentally by those working with high frequency or high intensity "sonics".

\*Chairman, H. Davis - Central Institute for the Deaf, St. Louis Secretary, H.O. Parrack - Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio