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RADLATION HAZARD MONITOR

: OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR MODEL 3

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Description of Instrument
1.4 Summary of R-F Radiation Hazard Standards

2.0INSTALLATION

2.1 Selection of Operating Site
2.2Handling

3.0 OPERATION

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Power Sources

3.2.1 General
3.2.2. Adjustment of the Instrument to Use Available Power Line Voltage
3.2.3 Power Switch

3.3 Loading the Recording Paper into the Pen Recorder

3.4Selecting the Output Indicator

3.5 Placing the Microwave Radiation Hazard Monitor Into Operation

3.5.1 General
3.5.2 Applying Power
3.5.3 Bridge Balance
3.5.4 Interpretation of Readings

4.0. THEORY OF OPERATION.

4.1 Concept
4.2 Description of the Sensor
4.3 Functional Description, of tbe Ínstrument
4.4 Field Pattern Considerations

5.0 MAINTENANCE

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE

This manual contains information on the application, installation, operation and maintenance of tbs Microwave Radiation Hazard Monitor.

1.2 PURPOSE

The purpose of the Microwave Radiation Hazard Mouitor is to mezsure and record the levels of field strength due to microwave radiation which may cause bodily harm. The method of measuring the r-f'radiation field strength used by this instrument differs radically from the normal method which utilizes an antenna and detector.  The normal antennadetector method of measuring field strength gives a reading of the field strength at the antenna location wbich is the vector sum of all of the r-f propagation paths to tbis particular antenna location. At microwave frequencies due to the scattering of the transmitted r-f signal, it has been shown by experirental tests that the antenna-detector type measurements can be as great as 15 db in error. This error results in readings which are less than the actual field strength and bodily harm can result before the true field is determined. The measuring technique.used by the Micro wave Radiation Hazard Monitor described in this Operating and Maintenance Manual measures the r-f energy which flows through a specified volume. This technique measures the power in each of thé signal vectors which make up the received signal and adds the power in each vector in à scalar fashion to indicate the true field strength." This method of operation is similar to the operation by which the r-í field beats the human body. i.e. the humian body is beated by each of the scattered, radiated, wave. fronts which pass through the body volume. Tbe theory of operation for this Microwave Radiation Hazard Monitor is described in detail in Section 4 of this Operating and Maintenance Manual.

i.3DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT

An external'view of the equipment with the Sensor Unit in operating position and the front access door open is sbown in Figure I-l. Tbe

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cabinet mcasures 7-3/8 incbcs x 15-i/4 inchcs x 10-1/2 inches bigh. whcn both doors are closed, and complete instrument wcighs approximately 23 pounds. Tbc instrument consists of three units, the Housing Unit (cabinet), the Indicator Unit, and the Sensor Unit. The Sensor Unit is'a black rectangular plastic box which is raised abcve the top of the cabinet for operation and lowered into the cabinet and the top door closed for bridge balance adjustment. Tbe Indicator Unit is visible through the open front cabinet door.

To service or replaçe the Sensor Unit, it may be detacbed from the Housing Unit by removing the wooden panel on the bottor of the cabinet just below the Sensor Unit. This wooden panel is beld in place by four wood screws. When this panel is removed, it will be seen that three miniature coaxial çables and a tetber are the only itemis limiting movement of the Sensor Unit.

The recorder is mounted so as to appear as part of the Indicator Unit front panel. Also located on the Indicator Unit front panel are a radiation'indicating meter, a recorder "on-off.switch, a power switch, two fuse extractors, bridge balance adjustment controls and a high range indicator light.

1.4 SUMMARY OF R-F RADLATION HAZARD STANDARDS

There is a wide variety of radiation hazárd standards and the attached discussion is by no mezns complete. However, the following listed standards offer a guideline that can be used for personnel safety.

The standards for radiation hazard and/or safety are not as yet. fixed standards; bowever, the branches of the Armed Forces have adopted. tentative specifications which they are in the process of approving. There are two standards under consideration; one, jointly by the Navy and ASA, and the second a joint consideration by the Army and the Air Force.

The ASA/Navy proposed standare(l) in essence sets the following levels:

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(1)Proposed Standard ASA/Navy, see Appendix

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F(mw/cm²) = 60 T (minutes)

Safe Power Level for Time  6minutes

≤ 10.mw/cm2

The Army/AF proposed standard(2) calls for the following:

P(mw/cm²) =. V 6000 T(minutes)

Hazard Power Level (mw/cm) for zero time exposure = 100 mw/cm

Safe Power Level (mw/cm2) for time greater 6 min ≤ 33 mw/cm²

These two curves are plotted for comparison in Figure l-2. Interestingly enougb, these two standards do not vary appreciably between the safe limit and an exposure time of 30 seconds or more..

(2)Result of personal conversations between BBC personncl and repre-

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Hazard Power Level = P

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2. INSTALLATION

2.1 SELECTION OF OPERATING SITE

The cquipment will operate directly from its internal battery or from any of three AC line voltages--115 volts AC, 160 volts AC, or 220 volts AC--at power frequencies from 48 to 72·cps. Thus input power requirements are not a major restriction in selecting an operating site. Operationally, the equipment can be operated in almost any location. The only restriction is that the instrument sbould not be in direct sunlight or any other directional source of heat. Sun doading o the Sensor Unit wil cause unequal heating of the Sensor, interfere with the bridge balance, and result in false indications.. In selecting ¿n operation site, it will be well to keep in mind that the equipment is essentially a laboratory instru. ment andnot an item of military field equipment.

During operation, the equipment sbould be placed in a location where there are no metal obstructions in the near vicinity whosé elevations are above the base plane of the instrument. These obstructions. may shield the r-f sensor from the radiation field, and cause erroneous readings."

2.2 HANDLING

The instrument will survive the handling normzlly accorded to laboratory ecuipment.·There is notbing basic to any of the components that is fragile or requires special consideration in handling. .The only consideration in bandling is to remember that it should be treated like, laboratory equipment and bas not been ruggedized for operation in full \_field environments.

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3. OPERATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This section describes in sequence the steps which are neccssary to place the Radiation Hazard Monitor, Model 3, into operation. The sequence is as follows:

Keference Paragraph

Operation

(1) Internally adjust the instrument to use the available -AC voltage from the-localpower-mains--The power from the mains is used to eitber operate the instrument and/or to recbarge its internal battery.

3.3.(2) Load the recording paper into the pen recorder.

(3) Select the output indicator to be used, that is read the internal meter or record the output on the pen'recorder.

3.2(4) Select the desired power source by positioning the front panel power switch.

(5) Turn the instrument on, using the selected power source and'4 or 5 minutes later balance the bridge using the balance controls on the front panel of the Indicator Unit.

(6) Raise the Sensor Unit into operating position and collect readings.

(7) Interpretation of readings.

The details associated with each of these steps are described in this section, and the descriptions follow the above sequence.

(1 G

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3.2 POWER SOURCES

3.2.1 General

CAUTION

Do not connect this instrument to the power line mains before the voltage selector switch bas been set to the available power line voltage.. .:

The equipment will operate directly from its internal battery or from any of the three AC linevoltages115 yolts AC,. 160 volts AC, or 220 volts AC--ar power frequencies-from \_48 to 72 cps.

There are three positions on the front panel power switch--an "off" position, a "cbarge" position, and an "on" position. In the "charge'r pōsition, the internal-battery ischarged from the. external AC line power. and the equipment is otberwise inoperative. In the "on" position, the equipment operates from the external AC line power,and at the same time, the internal batiery is given a trickle charge, If there is no connection made to the AC power line or the line voltage is too low placing the power switch in the "on" position will cause the equipmeat to operate from the. internal battery.

The internal battery wben ully charged will operate the instrument for about 12 bours with the recorder turned "on" and.somewhat longer with the recorder turned "off".

Operation of the instrument from the AC mains may be contiruous.. .Battery recharge from-a fully-discharged condition is achieved in about 24 bours during a cbarge cycle whose only purpose is to recbarge the battery.

The battery-is constructed from bermetically sealed nickelcadmium cells. The charge rate bas been selected so that tbey car be continuously cbarged witbout damage.\_and\_this applies to both methods of operation, i.e. cbarge alone, or charge and operation of the instrument. These batteries'will-not normally require servicing of any kind and are designed for a service life of approximately l000 cycles of zero cbarge to full cbarge. 8

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3.2.2 Adjustment of the Instrument to Use Available Power Line Voltage

The voltage selector switch is located\_on the left hand side of the Indicator Unit near the bottom. To change the input voltzge selection, the Indicator Unit must be witbdrawn from the cabinet (Housing Unit). To accomplisb this, remove the plastic cleat at the base of the front panel of the Indicator Unit by'removing the three wood screws and pull the Indicator Unit from the cabinet. The voltage selector switch is the screwdriver operated switch Located at the bottom left'side of the Indicator Unit. The markings 115, 160, and 220 are easily visible. The voltage selector switch is seen in Figures 5-1 and 5-3.

Control of the power applied to the instrument is achieved.by means of a three position switch on the IndicatorUnit front panel-The three positions are marked "offr, "cbarge" and "on".

"OFF" position : turns off both the battery and AC line power.

"CHARGE" position - with the line cord connected between the instrument and the local power source, the battery is placed on charge.-It will require approximately 24 hours to completely recharge the battery pack from zero cbarge. Charging beyond the time when full charge is achieved will cause no damage to the battery pack or the instrument.

"ON' position - Two modes of operation can occur in this switch position and the method of operation depends upon wbether the power line cord is used. If the power cord is connected between the instrument and the local power line, the instrument operates on AC power and aiso"trickle" charges the batteries. Continued operation in this switch position will maintain the batteries at full charge. Tbe second mode of operation in this.switch. position isfrom tbe battery. Battezy operation is achieved by disconnecting the power cord from the AC line. It can be removed completely from the

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instrument if desired. Thc battery, if fully chargcd, will power the unit for approximatcly 12 hours with the pen recorder in operation, or somewhat longcr when only the internal meter is used, and thc pen recorder is disconnected.

3.3. LOADING THE RECORDING.PAPER INTOTHE PEN RECORDER

The pen recorder is a modified Model 146 Rustrack Pen Recorder. The modification is-in the type of drive\_motor, a DC motor is used, and the calibration of the meter scale. The meter scale bas been modified to. display a two cycle logarithmic reading: The recording paper which . matches this scale is special. .It is available from The Rust Industrial Company, of Manchester, New Hampshire as Type B3339. The Rust Industrial Company's specification control drawing for this paper is attached as Figure 3-1:

The instrument loading of this recording- papet is the same as for any Rustrack Pen Recorder. "The threading miethod'is described in Figure 3-2. Additionally, 'there is a tbreading drawing in the case of each Rustrack pen recorder. Loading can'be accomplished with the recorder mounted in place.

3.4SELECTING THE OUTPUT INDICATOR

There are two indicators available, an internal meter and a pen recorder. The Microwave Radiometer is designed to operzte only one of these indicators at any time, i.e. it will not drive both simultaneously. Simultaneous drive of both the meter and recorder is not required since. both indicators have meter faces'which can be read directly..

The choice of meter or recorder is made by means of a slide action switch mounted on the Indicator Unit front panel.

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APPROVED FOR PRODUCTION

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JW TO LOAD AND SET CHART PAPER IN RECORDER (Operoling power disconnccted)

1. Unscrew knurled thumb-serew ot upper Ielt corner of front ponel ond swing recorder open.

2. Push the !wo relaining clips up; remove emply supply rollzr and toke-up roller with cordboord spool supplied.

3. Insert suppiy roller Into cardboord spool of chort poper so thot the perforations in the paper ere odjacent to the roller's knurled shoulder.

4. Remove picce of mosking tope to relcose end of chort papcr (reuse tope in step S). Roll oul opprox. 8 inches of chort poper, keeping perforaled edge to ihe leit ond bock (dork) side up..

5. Kceping edges of chort poper' in elignment with ends of cordboord spool, atioch end of chart poper lo cerdboard tube on the toke-up spool with the piece o! tope soved from slep 4. Roll up several turns ef chort pcper on tokeup spool, with chort side (groph over white).out and visible,

6. With anangulor motion (see Fig. 1)slide the lpo of popers between the right side plote ond the pointer quord.

" An initial cardboard tube is shipped in place wich the recorder, its use permits removal of the chart papér roll after recording is completed. Subsequent tubes are available from the used-up supply roll: should be transferred to che cake-up spool for reloading.

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Loading Instructions for Pen Recorder

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7. Bring toke-up spool up so thol che:t poper lies smoethly over top rolicr, ploce toke-up spool end pivots in their slois.

8, With Iclt shumb, squceze brake oside, insert end pivols of supply roll in thcir slots while toking up excess of chart poper loop ond engoging poper perforations with the sprocket nubs on the drive drum. Releose brake. ase Drake,

9. Push down on retaining elips, locking supply ond roke-up spools in sheir ploces.

10. Disengage geor train on left sido of recorder chossis (sce Fig. 2) by pressing gear train unit in direction ol arrew , . Inscribed thereon.

Figure 2. Lelt Side View of Recórder

11. While goar train:is disengoged, pull fake-up spool in its takp-up direction until the desised starting time LESS TWO HOURS just oppeors on the front of the TOP roller. This operation should take-up oll the slock in the chort poper ond olign the ACTUAL desired time with the scale on the front of the recorder. Check sprocket nubs for positive engogement.

12. Close recorder; engoge knuried thumb-screw ond tighten.
13. Apply power and signol-ond begin7ecording.

14. Check for preper operation ebout 15 minutes aiter stort oi pecording.

15. When chort poper soll is exhousted, relopd ot once.

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3.5 PLACING THE MICROWAVE RADIATION HAZARDMONITOR INTO OPERATION

3.5.1 General

CAUTION

Do not connect the instrument to the local

power lines until tbe-voltage selectpr. šwitch bas beeñ set to.thé available line

voltage. Otherwise the power supply

and/or tbe battery pack may be destroyed..

The previous sections 3.1 through 3.4 havè described bow the Microwave Radiation Hazard Monitor is adjusted to use the locally' available electrical power, how the pen recorder ts'loaded and how either..: 4 the internal meter er the pen récorder is selected toindicate the measured power. When the above adjustments bave been accomplisbed, the instrument is ready for use.

The different ways the Microwave Radiation Hazard Monitor may be placed in operation are listed below and cross referenced to the applicable paragraphs of this Operating and-Maintenance Manual which -describes in detail:the particular adjustments and/or the output indications.

(A) Using the Internal Battery and the Indicating Meter Component Position Power Line Cord Disconnected Recorder Switch OFF Power Switch ON

(B) 'Using the Internal Battery and the Paper Recorder Component Position Section Power Line Cord Disconnected 3.2 Recorder Switch ON 3.4 Power Switch ON 3.2

(C).. Using the Power Line and the Indicating Meter Component Position. Section. Power Line Cord Connected 3.2 Recorder Switch OFF.·. 3.4· Power Switch ON 3.2

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(D) Using the Power Line and the Paper Recorder

3.5.2 Applying Power

The operation of this instrument is essentialiy the same whether
the power source used is tbe internal battery or the AC power mains. When
the power switch is rotated to the "on" position, and the indicating meter has
been selected, the range change light will blink for a few seconds, and the
meter will read upscale. The same output indication will be noted uhen the 12
pen recorder is used as the output indicator. In this case, the range cbange
indicator (event marker) will record a change of scale for several seconds
before stabilizing to the correct range. .After power has been applied for four
or five minutes, bridge balance shouid be checked and adjusted if necessary.

3.5.3 Bridge Balance

Tbere are three bridge balancing controls on the front panel of the Indicator Unit, a coarse resistive balance, a fine resistive balance and a capacitive balance. The resistive balance should be checked ánd these two contrcls adjusted if necessary four or five minutes after each time the equipment is turned on, After the initial bridge balance adjustment, the balance.. should be checked perhaps twice at 10-or 15 minute intervals. If adjustments are needed," care sbould be taken to avoid oversbooting the nark by intentionally adjusting less than all the way to zerp indicator meter reading.. The resistive balance controls are finger knobs while tbe capacitive balance control is a screwdriver adjustment. The capacitive balance control will rarely require adjustment except wben Sensor Units are interchanged. To accomplisb bridge balance,-the-Sensor Unit sbould be com-

pletely lowered inside the cabinet and the top door closed. With the recorder turned olf, the balance controls sbould be adjusted for minimum indicator 16 16

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meter reading, taking care to avoid overshooting the mark as mentioned above. This adjustment can also bc accornplished with the recorder turned on by adjusting for minimum recorder indication.

3.5.4 Interpretation of Readings

The field strength of the radiation fieid is indicatcdon either the internal meter or thé pen recorderThese two readings are identical within the indicating accuracies of the meter, and it is immaterial as to which method is used. The scales of the output indicators, indicator meter or pen recorder are identical.  Tbey are calibrated to indicate
he r-f radiation licld strength in mw/cm. There are four logarithmic scales which are calibrated to indicate 0.05 to 0.5 mw/cm; 0.5 to 5.0 EL scale deflectionof the meter's needle reads across two of the four logarith
mic scales; thus one range change is required to present all four scales. This range change is accomplished automatically. When the field strength is greater than 5.0 mw/cm², the instrument automatically changes ranges and presents the two upper logarithmic scales, i.e. 5.0 to 50.0 and 50.0 to 500. 0 mw/cm², The range change is indicated by 2 flasbing light on-the front panel of the Radiomieter sensor wben the indicator meter is in use and by a recording channel (event marker) when the pen recorder is in use.

The sensor bas a thermal time constant and the output ieading is the average power value. The averaging time is approximately 1 second. The rapid switching of indicator position during the tail-off for the high range cases is due to automatic.range changing- The range change indicator will show high range signal present for a longer period than the signal is present due to the thermal time constant of the sensor...".

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4. THEORY OF OPERATION

4.1 CONCEPT

The concept of operation of the Microwave Radiometer is very simple in principle. It operates in a manner which is almost opposite from the way a normal radio receiver operates. In the normal radio receiver, the antenna is designed to bave a low insertion loss so that a majority of the intercepted r-f energy win be'délivered io the r-f. detector. Tbe advantage of the normal receiver's operation is that it

delivers a maximum amount of energy to the detector for demodulationand recovery of the modwiated intelligence. The recovery ofintelligence is the main purpose of a communications system. its disadvantage is that 1. the antenna delivers to the detector, for vector summation, voltages from each of the radiated signal'rays'which have arrived at the particular antennz location via a multiplicity of paths.- The-Vector summation which results frorm this multipath situation can and does result in cancellation or suppression of portions of the received signal. In practice, to maintain an adequate signal level at a communications site, the well-known techniques of space and polarization diversity are used.

The Radiation Hazard Monitor ohthe other handis not zequired to demodulate any signals but instead it must accuratelymeasure the indident field strength at a particular point. The Microwave Radiation Monitor accomplishes the above requir'ements by using a sensor wbich is essentially a very "lossy" antenna. This sensor achieves both the effects of polarization and space diversity by adding, as scalar quantities, the power received from all of the various r-f mültipath signals which arrive withinits effective volume. Its manner of operation Is very similar to the way the buman body captures r-f radiation, and this operationis achieved by winding a sensor (antenna) which consists of a series of bigb loss conductors which are evenly distributed. These "lossy'conductors are linearly coupled to the electromagnetic field, and wben excited by'the electromagnetic field, a current flows wbich is proportional to the fieldstrength. This current causes 1R beating of the "lossy" conductors whicb cbanges their temperature and'their resistance. A measure of

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the change of resistance is an accuratc mcasurc of thc incident ficld strength.

The scnsor is implemented in practice by winding a continuous lcngth of very small diametcr wire evenly distributed over the surface of a sphere, the length of the wire being much larger than the circumference of the spbere. The wire is selected to bave a bigh temperatureccefficient-of-resistance; i.e. a small change in temperature of thewire will produce a large change in the resistance of the wire.  It is then possible to measure the change in temperature caused by the heating

effect of the incident electromagnetic field strength simply by measuring the change of the resistance in an impedance bridge, A témperature change in tbe sensor element can also be caused. H by a change in the ambient temperature. The effect of ambient tempera-.

ture is compensated for by baving an identical sensor which is at tbe.. same ambient temperature as the sensor,, but isolated from the electroz mégnetic-fierd. This reference sensor is placéd in the comparison arm of the impedance bridge; thus, ambient temperature effects are greatly reduced,

Further, in order to maximize the change in temperature, which a small incident electromagnetic field would cause, the sensor and-its. reference element are placed in an evacuated chamber-which decreases the thermal coupling of the antenna to the outside zmbient..

4.2DESCRIPTION OF THE SENSOR

The sensor wbich is used in the Microwa"e Radiation Hazard Monitor consists of two2 inch sensor-spberes,:mounted inside of two larger diameter bell jars whicb have been mounted base to base on a glass mounting fixture whicb.also provides electrical feed-through connections. A photograph of the sensor is shown in iigure 5-4. The interiors of the bell jars bave been evacuated, Eacb of the sensor spheres have been\_wownd with 60\_incbes-gf.D.0005incb-diameter:Balcowire:- The windings on the 2 inch spberes are eontrolled so-fhat eachsensor-is nearly identical to the other. \_This is necessary so'that each sensor will have' the same thcrmal impedance with the ambient. Inside tbe bell jars and between

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thc two scnsors is mounted a microwave absorbcnt material whosc purpose is to r-f shicld the scnsor used lor thermal comparison. An absorbent material is used to reduce any rcflection of the received signal wbich would result from this shicld. It must be remcmbered that this instrument will add the power of all rcceived signal vectors regardless of source, and a reflected signal would distort the field pattern of. tbe sensor.

4.3FUNCTIONALDESCRIPTIONOF:THE INSTRUMENT-

The instrument consists of two sensors--one exposed to the incident microwave radiation and the other shielded from it. -The two antennae (sensors) are connected in a bridge circuitin & menner such that thermal 三 effects are canceled but microwave radiation is detected. Tbe bridge is excited from an AC power source.". The AC bridge unbalance voltage is passed through a narrow band filter centered at the excitationTrequency and amplinea. The ampined sina is ten prcessed n paranel byan automatic range cbange gate and a logarithmic network. -Tbe logarithmic network output is connected to either the indicating meter or the pen recorder according to the operator's choice.

4.4FIELD PATTERN CONSIDERATIONS

\- .. All of-the outside metal parts of the major subassemblies of the .Microwave Radiation Hazard Monitor are covered with a material that. absorbs microwave radiation. This is done so that the presence of the instrument within the radiation field will not disturb the distribution of the field in a way that an erroneous reading may result..Without the absorbing material, there would be reflections of the r-f energy from metallic portions-of the instrument, and these.reflections have the effect of cbanging tbe sensors'antenna pattern.As supplied,-the measured pattern is bemispherical for frequencies above 2 KM and a distorted hemispbere in the Irequency range of 1 to 2 KMC.

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5. MAINTENANCE

5.1 GENERAL

Figurcs 5-1 through 5-4 are photographs of the equipment from which various instrument adjustments can bc located. The voltage sclector switch can be seen in Figure 5-1 and aiso in Figure 5-3. .The calibration adjustment is seen in Figure 5-4. The bridge excitation voltage adjustment is seen in Figure 5-3. Finally, the voltage regulator adjustment is seen in both Figures 5-3 and 5-4..

Figure 5-5 is a pbotograpb of the Sensor and its bousing. When
the Sensor is installed in this bousing. the unit so constituted is referred
to as the Sensor Unit: Figure 5-6 is-a-scbematic wiring diagram of the-entire instrument.

5.2 CALIBRATION

Galibration of the indicator Unit Scale fzctor is accomplished by raising the Sensor Unit to its operating position and placing the Sensor Unit in a radiation field of known power density. A field density of about 200 microwatts per square.cm is suggested. Calibration may then be accomplished by adjusting the calibration potentiometer which is located. on the right hand side. of the Indicator Unit.: This calibration adjustment is a 30 turn, screwdriver, adjustment potentiometer which is reacbed by withdrawing the Indicator Unit from the cabinet. This may be done by removing the black plastic cleat at the base of the Indicator Unit front panel which is beld in place by three wood screws. Tbere is an arrow on the right hand side of the recorder case identifying the calibration adjustment; also this adjustment may be seen in Figure 5-4. Calibration adjustment should only rarely be necessary.

5.3 BRIDGE EXCITATION VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT

The instrument was delivered with the bridge excitation voltage set at the maximum value of 68 volts peak to peak.' If for any reason it is.. desired to adjust this excitation to a lower voltage, this control is

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Figure 5-5. Sanen…

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identified in Figurc 5-3. -The voltagc may be measured at the secondary (terminals 4 and 5) of the bridge drive transformer which is sccn in Figure 5-3 just bclow the line cord plug. Either sidc of this transformer secondary may be temporarily connected to case (common ground) for the purpose of this adjustment, if desired. It must be remiembcred that the waveform at this point is a nominal square wave and thcrefore the type of voltmeter used must be taken into account in interpreting readings. Tbat is, an average reading meter will respond differently than an rms type meter. A peak reading meter is not recommended because of the sbort lived oversboot spikes produced by passing-the square wave through th transformer. A calibrated-oscilloscope could be used for approximate measurements.
.. 5.4:.TESTING.THESENSOR
It is relatively easy to test the Sensor and determine whether the evacuation is still effectively providing adequate sensitivity at this point in the circuit. To accomplish this, remove the wood panel on the bottom of the cabinet. This panel is beld in place by four wood screws. When this panel is removed, disconnect the three miniature coaxial çables fsom the Sensor Unit. -Cohnect a measured 35 volts DC between the center connectors of coaxial jacks A and B on the Sensor Unit and measure the DC current drawn by the Sensor. The lower the current, the better the vacuum and, therefore, the grezter the sensitivity of the Sensor. DC currents greater than 6 milliamperes at 35 volts DC indicate a poor vacuum. Figure 5-7 is a data sbeet relating results of previous tests of the Sensor delivered with the instrument.

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.8 Expoccd Antenna 2420 Refcrence Antenna 2

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CEIOR TEST DATA

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HEMORANDUM FOR:EEIESRTSERSIREESF

SUBJLCT

; Hecommendallon toes Blological Mcasurements of TUris Radiation Eliecto

1.The cosembled by Mr. E on 10 February Lo67, has been charged with the task of working cp a list of etudics to be performed ca personzel asslgnedt to the Vaited Stotes Embaesy is Moscow thich vovld be moet Hlkely to reveal aoy blological or periormonce effects thich couid result iroro exposure to the Ttns. radiation. The group vas slso inctructed to submit its recoameaiations by 27 Febrvary 1067, said recommendeticns to be lirzited to ezlsting standardized tests vbich could be Lmplemented duriag tbe rezt teo moalhs.

2.With respect to tre overall tcst eliort, the Crsesaa Fsrecomcnds at the ontact that tnless sone clecr-cut positive Eain in teras ci Laterpretable and reliable reguls, eiber positive or pcgalive, is a reavoazble espectatioa cf tís sbori tera ad toc approcck, that it voald be betler to pot éo teo studies at all.. In aay F case, Cerecommeads that cocsiderabie thought be givea to the possble coasequcnccs aed securlly risks oi conducting the stedy and taat commensurate thougat be given to tbe tstablishmeni of a piausibie cover for doisg the tests. There is every rcason to believe that in the rormal course of events non-Anerican memters ef the diplomstic corpe is kioscow v-ill become sware cí the testing aad thal soon tiereelter it till become keova to te prces corps. It is seggested that oae epproach izht be to pu! the sbole thing on c military perlormacce stuly basis, tegicning witu ceutrol group testing of Miliery sttoches iu V.ashingtos, thes Je Helsuaki, barsar cnd bioecow. and incitduna Ciste peruecsel en a "volvatary'busiu 14 lielsioki, varsaw mnd moscow as aon-military comlparisos Eroups.

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3. It Is mderatood that the otier membcrs ci te F 1 will be reconmenllng a epeckrpa of studies declgred to racasure tehavioral and periormaace peramelers. The F F \coadltiocally recoomends the foloslg etudy os occon Eabzssy personntl enly as potentially of uso lo detectiag trccclest physlelogical changes vhich reportedly result from exposure to low pozer levels of microvave radiation. The test ans coadkions are cet forth belos:

a. .Measurement ci Sernn Complematst Levels.

This measuremect is based vpon the observalloa o? a . reductlon (10s - 207) in serum complement titers ja gulnea pigs exposed to 10 M/Ch² and 20 sn/Cu2 of microwave (s-bana) rediatioa for a perlod of eix (c) hours. Sce atlackment.

· It ia recommended that zerar complemeat Uters be perlormed cn per arrivals al the Nioseov Emtassy anl i the end of one veck exposvre to the microwave envirenmsnt. Esch subject vill serve es fls céin costrol. Theso pairei stusies shoula be compared sitt complement cerus titers oo the same kavllvidhals eíer remorei fron the ricrorave esvlrenmest lor a period of zeven days.

4. This reepgmeadatian Is rade vit the assmmptian that tis test caa be performed la Ue kebatsy. Furiker, this recommesdatioa is made oaly tn the coadities that a reliable cover for eumcuetsg ühe test . can and vll be eikabliared.

5. The ratiohale for recommeodine lhíe lest rests opoa lbe fsct that If the radisllo power debslty of the verk and batitlion envirezsest is is the mlllivak per sqcare certimeter range, this test, stich provides edequaie experlcsntal coztrol, msy chov a traosieot tielogical eect. There is po prool tbat such as cllect vculd te barmiul btt the bnrden of proel sould be oa the side of aopone cosiendlag that It was cot barafwl. And thissoald be escecdlszly diliicnlt to show,

6. On balarce, however, if the etvlronmestal porsr densiiy Is is the microvett per eqliare centiecter raoge, Lhtre Ls no rezsoa to beliove tbat this Lest, or acy oller test persoroed trithin tbe rostrlctive caniines of thls particular work environmest, would ebow posiüve resulis. Even roder the best of cperinental cosditions I is exceedingty Coubtiui Lál ang Unitel Strtcs esperlmcatal group would be ahle to codirm la heaans what they tave falled to accompllsh ia esperineatal scinals, and that is to coafra Sovlet claims ofprodecieg measvrahle blological und psycbosomatic chorgce eiih reicrovati pover level of mirroaave radlauos.

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7. Thereiore, lf Uhe average redfation porer denalty is Iound to lic below one-teau: of a millivatt per equare centimeter ead there ere po significant surges of power above thls level, it is recommeaded that the serum cosplement titer measurements not be conc. Uoder such circunstances ve do rot believe tbat anyihing is to be gained. evea lu a pegative Eenge, by thls tcst.

e. Lu cuio, If the pover level Is above one-tenta of a mllliwatt per square centimetor, F \recommerds that the serua complemept tlter test be periormed as described ebove. li Cie power level is below one-tenth: of a mlllivelt per equare centimcter, F .jrecommeade tbat the test not be dose.

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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROHAVE RADIATIO!\*

Copy ∂

for presentation at the B meetingB 1964, in B BI

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This study was.done to investigate the biologicel effects of X-band microwave radiation waves -- on the serus and central rervcus systes of cuinea pigs. X-band microwaves are 3 cm waves of the electronagnetic spectrum.

Many studies have been perforned on the biological effects of short ! vavelength electrocagnetic.radiatioa- such es gamma rays, X-reys, and ultraviolet radiation., Relatively few studies have been done on low intensity microvave radiation. Application of microvava radiation to problens in co=zunication,. ranging, and medicine has made it desirable to assess the biological effects of low intensity microwaves. The first slide gives en outline of the electroragnetic spectrun to sbos where the 3 cm vavelength occurs in relationship to the remainder of the spectrum.

Microwave radiation is electrozagnetic radiation of frequency fron about 1,000 to 30,000 Mc. Tcis includes the L-, S-, X-, K-, Kis-, and C-baads of radar. These bands are nared rather arbitrarily. They designate frequency ranges of available klystrons and magnetrons.

The objectives of the study described bere were the determination of imtunological and CNS. effects of 3 cm ricrovave radiatior. To achieve this end: our expericental plan included ten radiation groups that vere scheduled for different procedures weekly. On DAY ONE, anicals were irradiated and bled for serum compiement titration. On D/Y SEvEN, we bled animols for serua coxplement titration to compare each anizel to itself and to assess tesporary radiction effects. On DAY FOURTEEN, animals vere given intradcrmal injections of neural

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tissue to cause eutoinoune discase. In Dost aninels, serus cosplenen? was stulied after disease sy=ptons appeared, usually before Diy 2a in irradiated eninals.

Six fenale Hartley strain guinea pigs were used for each of the ten radiation experiments. The average weight vas 350 g. For each radiation experizent,. three of the áninals were placed in & polystyrene cage in a radio-. frequency anechoic charber, as showm here. Cage dimensions were 26 x 26 x 21 cn. Microwave radiation wes introduced to the chanber through the hora (shown here), end pcver reting vas calculated according to distance from the horn. Ho food or water was available to the aninals during irradiation.· The control end experirental aninals vere bendled in identical fashion except for exposure. to zicrosave raliation. Control animals vere held in the znechoic charber while tne experizental anizals were irradieted, but were not exposed to the micrcwave radiation.

. is table-surarizes our results on serua ccmplezent levels as titrated by a standard immunological nethod vith sheep cells. These figures represent the highest serum dilution giving complete hezolysis in the standard complement titration test: The bigher:the mumberz- the-higner the serus cooplement level. It will be noted that the serun levels on the irradiated anizals ere lover -.over l0 per cent lover-- than those of the control groups on the. X-band irradiated animals.

The chart shows two different wevelengths whichvere used: X-band microwave radiation of 3 cm, and L-band, or 10 cn vavelength. The X-band-

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irradiations were perforzed continuously for é hr at a poser density of l0 millivatts per sq cm and 20 milliwatts per sq cm. Since-soce heat is produced by X-band radiation, we set up L-band radiation experizents (L-band produces much more beat in vivo) to check if the biological changes were đue solely to a thermal effect'or to some other facet of microwave radiation.

. L-band iradiations were carried out at three different exposure times and power densities: 36 min. at l00 milliwatts per sq c, 1l5 min. at 31 m/c2, and finally the sare pcwer density employed with X-band irradiationsi 6 hr at 10 milliwatts'per sq cm. The first L-band irradiation at l00.milliwatts power density killed the animals in less than a half hour. On cozplecent titration of the serun from the L-band irrediated giinea pigs, we noted no change in serua co=p-ement levels or electrophoretic pattera of the irradiated serum. The cceplezent levels on the L-band irradiated aninals were about the sace as the L-band control, and exactly the saze as the serun ccoplecent levels of the X-band control group. We decided on the basis of these experiments that L-band (10 cm microwave) radiation does not change serun coaplerent levels. Therefore, the coaplecent depression found after X-band radiation.vasdue-to a microwave effect that was not beat.

Our nethods of collecting serum for these complezent tests were.

as follows: the control and experimental animals vere bled by intracardiac puncture imnediately folloving the irradiation period, and the ccmplerent levels on thc serum of cach animal vere titrated the following day. One veek folloving radiation, the control and irradiated animals were again bled by intracardiac

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puncture and the conplerent levels titrated again. In this vay, each aninal served as its om control, and we could assess the pcrzanency of the coxplenent depression. At the second titration,one week following radiation the complement levels are nearly identical. A comparison of mean serun cosplement figures indicates a P less than O.001 calculated by the Student "t" test for X-band irradiated and control groups on DiY ZERo. Behevioral responses to thé X-band microwave radiation were also noted. Guinea pigs irradiated at'lo and 20 milliwatts power density positioned themselves·at the rear of the polystyrene cage. A higherdefecation response by irradiated anizals was also noted. Both positicning and defecation response could be a result of the heat stress, althougā the statistically significant increase in defecation respoase during ... frradiaticn could also nirror ceotral nervous systen changes.

Aliquots of the seruo sanples taken for coaplemeat studies vere run on a Beckman-Spinco paper electrophoresis epparatus. Ten nicroliters of each seri sanple were rúin for l8 hrat 3 milliaaps constant current in pa 8.6 ... veronal buffer:' The stained striys were examined for differences in senum migration patterns but no marked dirferences were observed ia any irradiated animals when corpared with controls. This negative finding in electrophoretic r analisis could be- expected.- The snallcbanges. in serua coaplezent vould not b shown because complenent represents such a small per cent of the totel plasca protein material. Furthermore, complement decrease could rciresent an inectivātion vitbout actual protein loss.

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Since the ccoplecent level sboved an irmunologicel change es a result of X-band nicrowave irradiation, it was decided to test the enizals in their response to allergic encephelcoyelitis (EAE).

The autoimJune discase allcrgic encephalcsyelitis'is a central nervous system pathology in which the animal becanes allergie to its own neurel tissue and myelin loss results. External symptoms in the guinea pigs include atexia, paralysis, end emaciation.

Between one to two veeks folloving irradiation, all the aninals, control end radiated, were injected intraderoelly'vith an EaE-inducing mixture, bovine spinal cord hozogenate and Freund's co=plete edjuvant, l:l. Two teaths milliliter of this nixture was injected into the footped of each guinéa pig. Using crude vhole-cord extracts as the ZiE-inducing mixturejwe cbtained about 60 per cent incidence of the disease in the control anizals. The control animals that did develop the disease contracted it in an average tize of l4.9 days, which is just about the average time founi in previous work. The irradiated animals, 27 however, shoved both increased susceptibility to the autoallergic disease, over 90 per cent incideuce, and faster development, only 9.7 days.

EAE occurred nore readily in L-bend irradiatel anicals thar in the L-band controls, although no serum coaplepent change with L-band was observed. This could be due to the small sempling of L-band irradizted anicels (only six lived) or to thermal injury tbat increased susceptibility of the aninals to EAE. while not affecting cosplement levels.

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Ten groups of six guinea pigs were subjected to low poser nicrowave •. radiation to assess biological changes incurred.

There is,first, a significant lover of senu coplecent levels in guinea pigs soon after three cm X-band irradiation, but these levels gradually return to normal. The susceptibility of these sane guinea pigs to allergic encephalozyelitis induced by intradermal injection of neural tissue and adjuvant wes significently increased over the controls.. Finally, the defecation response of the animals. âuring the irradiation period vas increased.

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: r 1.

DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE)

Radiation Wavelength, Controls Irradiated Power. Density Days before Signs Days before : and Time of EAE of EAE

(3.groups,6 in each)

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MENORANDUM FOR THE RECORD

SUJCT:Mcetingvich, Dr, Joseph Brady and Dr. Joseph-Sher?, Walter Peed, on Project TU9, 10 Fcbruary .1967

1.Dr.  and were requested to meet with Subject officers at on this date to participate in the development of a research progran to be carried out on U.s. Embassy personoel la Moscow for the purpose of detecting any biological or behavioral effects, which could be caused by exposure to the Moscow signal.

2. Mr. i stated that he had been directed by the sh to establish a progra of research studies and to present them on 15 Fcbruary 1967 (Wednesday). The studies are to be carried out within thc next month, or perhaps two, by one or more persons who will travel to Moscow for that purpose.

3. The ceeting ylelded the following proposed studies:

à. Behavioral/performance Stuiles:

1) Discrimination Thresholds Visual Auditory

2). Reaction Time Avoldance (non-noxious)

3) Vigilance Perforvance

4) Attention Span

5) Cognitive Ability

6) Dynaaic Muocle Strength.

7) Critical Flicl:er Fusion

Phyoiological/Biochemical

1) Ncw tcste - none

463

2) Dr.ißrady was asked to obtain the results of all the previous studies. i.c., chromosonal, ctc., perforned and to report to Mr.before 15 February. :SEF TYL

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6

SUBJECT: Mceting re Project TUS; 10 Feb 67

c. Concerning other studies, it was agreed that meaourerento such as anxicty scalos, onalysis of prevalent cooplaints and job perforcance decrecent would be usclcas uniess similar studies could bo made on control groups in other U.S. Embassies behind the Iron Curtain.

4. I pointed out that unleso sonc clear-cut positive gain could reasonably be expected to result from these studies, it would be better not to do them at all. In auy case, considerablo thought should be given to the extablishment of a plausible cover for doing the tests because in the norl course of events tho dsr will learn of the testing end subsequently the press corps will learn : of it, probably within two days of beglnning testing. I suggested that the whole thing night be put on a military personnel perforeancc basis, beginning with control group testing of Military Attaches in Washingtoo, then in Helsinki, Waraaw and-Moscow and including State porsonnel on a "voluntary" basis in Helsinki,.Wurssw and Mexico. es non-military control groups. Testing of returnees should also be serlously considcred.

5. A draft working paper will be made aveilable for revicw, probably on 14 February. A

6. Dr. and I vill prepare a cemorandu containing our recomendations to

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Attachcd is.nregcest irom(art\~Theodore-Vea,\~Office) ofSosuriey Depertaent. of State;. requesting essistonce in contracting Tor a uedical henards racigheter for ProjecteTUns. The tisely. Cevelopment of a suitatle-facioneter for this aproject is iuportont emee to theDepart nent of.State.:..I belicve the vec of -your food oifices ond. ofthc profcssionél. conpetence oi sourofliccrs at oa inthis case vould matcrialiy sosist the.Departzent ct State in mceting. its.ceadlines. nnd accomplishing its tacks es.the dopartrent:principlyresponoible for Project(Tune.

2. Atteched isa copy of the A
costract proposal cited by Nr.(ver)and a megorandua of pre
lininarydiscussionebetvcenH.Veand-zspersonnel
arronged by Dr.irm F D

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DreotorF

DireetorF

Initietisn of Nay Tack vith. A Ifor en R.P. Rediation lazaro Rentcsrina Syeten.. H.

1.The F F thas beer i skod bz. the Dop
Stote, thrsuch tho F to Coveisp en R.F.
Rediotion. Harard Ninicorina Syoten as. dcceribed in A PropocelHCatee 13 Anguct 19s.

. 2..It is tharoforg requeatel thet a rsu tock be iscued to.A. tnffor the vork Gesoribed es Phaco I  H/ Roquisition MeD Ce-lco is atteched for this perpose, ensucbering e B.Jvnder ellotnent H i These furds are rotgturaable to the Arehey urdee Docerimons or Scete Fend B.e L Atlstnont H OblicetisnH./(Pacesraph 5. Actschrent 1)

TC wOrK to be thlo tack and AFene3 as8001 b:3 eneinser is

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(3) 613

15 September 1971

MEMORANDUM FOR:ES F SUBJECT: A F

-Ar l. In answer toe questionsconcerning the A preliminary report by S on biological effects of microwaves, I suggest the following:

a acan easily keep track of this work through A eWe are now making arrengements to be placed on distribution.

b. The power levels are in fact many orders of magnitude higher than the TUMSsignal measurements.

c. The research reported here appears to be quite basic, thorough, and of good quality. /

2. I have passed the original material on to Dr. ot for his comments as you requested.

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I. Statement of Problen

Because of the scarcity of informatlon on the effects of lou Lntensity microwove radiations on CNs functloning, the following initial experiment 1s proposed. It is sssuned that the effects, if any, vill be subtle.. Therefore, the behavloral bioasssy techniques must be Bensitive to subtle sosatle changes. Techniques similar to those proposed here have been showa to be adequate for psychopharmacology and brain physiology studies end are felt to be adequate for the initial Btudies on the effects of low inteasity microwaves, 1.e., below 4 millivatts/cm². In addition, these methods should yield first approximations on sensory discrimination, temporal interreloticnships, fatigue factors and various crude homeostatic mechanisms such as water intake-output, body weight, and, possibly, body temperatures.

11.Methods

a. General procedure: Male primates (macaca mulatta) will be trained to perform various tasks for their daily ration of water and food. After obtaining a high level of stable perforwance, each animal will be exposed to various microwave environments. It i1s expected that any effect of thls exposure will be reflected in one or Beveral of the behavioral and/or physiological indicators. After exposure, each snimal will be maintained on the same progtam'for one week to determine any latent effecte, At the

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conclusion of all experiments, selected enimols will be Bacrificed for anatomical end physiological study.

"b. Bchavioral performance procedures: Zoch animol will be trained to perform three different tasks. They sre: 1)  progressive ratio technique which will require the animal to presa a manipulandum a progressively increasing number of times for esch succceding pellet of food. 2) a differential xeinforcement -- low rate (DRL) schedule of reinforcenent which requires a single response after a spccified duration in order to receive the allotted food pellet. If the response is made too "early" the timer shich controls the'reinforcement contingencies vill be reset and the Bnimal must wait for the specified time to elapse before again responding. 3) a "time out" period during which the animal wust make no response in order to move into the next reinforcement condition. Each of these three discriminately different performance requirements vill be eignaled to the monkey via s series of colored lights or changes in an suditory signel. For example, s tone of 8,000 cps will indicate to the trained monkey that he is in the time out condition and must avoid responding for three minutes in order to be switched into the DRL condition. hhen the monkey has waited through the three minutes,a 9,000 cps tone will indicate the DRL component is now operative and he must time his responses in order to be xeinForced. After five successful responses the 8,O00 cpe tonn  n!9!thes cn and the mcley must walt, without lesponding, for another three pinutes after which a yellow light indicates the progressive

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ratio component is in operation. The conditions which the monkey must meet to $B E = \sum \limits _ { S } ^ { \infty } u E$ of the progressive ratio conponent are of an either-or nature. Either the animal "rune" through the entire flve steps of the ratio, i.e.-putsout u total of 2,580 responses for five pellets of food, or, exceeds a post-reinforcement pause duration which has been empiricsliy derived. What this Iatter condition means is that following reinforcement there is a predictable pause before the animal starts to work on the next higher ratio. If he should exceed a duration which under noroal control condition was never reached, be vill be sutomatically switched into the time out component and then on to the DRL component. The entire cycle is then repeated. It i1s felt that thri progressive'ratio couponent taps fatigue and motivational variables which sre relatively free from cooplex CNS function. Since the DRL component will yield information on the proficiency of being able to keep track of time by some internal mechanism snd is relatively free fros motivational variables, it should yield information on 'higher nervous activities."

c. Metabolic snd physiological proceduress Of course, the total food intake will be determined by efficlency of the behavioral perforxance. At verious intervals the ponkey will be signaled vis a green Iight that by pressing a nose key he can receive  Bpecifled quantity of water. The amount and time of drinking will be measured. Ürine will be collected on a 24-hour basis and total body weights taken before and after each exposure. Various methods of remotely determining body tempersture wiil be Investigated, The method of choice should measure temperatures of O.lc.

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d. Microwave exposure procedures: Microwave characteristics will be determined by non-WRAIR personnel, but should be so chosen as to optimize the probability of cousing measurable somatic (Mhence behsvioral) elfects. The duration of any one exposure will be less than 10 hours and no more than 30 successive exposures for sny one monkey. Details of the exposure porameters should be finalized snd submitted to WRAIR for planning purposes.

II. Trestment of Results

a. All behavioral data will be evaluated quantitatively. That is, no attempt will be made ot"clinicel interpretation" or "general evalustion of activity." etc. For example, the quantitative evaluation of the data collected from performance on the progressive patio will be handled in the following manner:

l. The particular ratio where the animal finally stops working for his next pellet of food will be determined.

2. The speed with which the animal "runs off" each of the ratios (response time) and,

3. The duratlon of the post-reinforcement pause for each of the various ratios will be recorded.

. b. The efficlency of the behavior in the DRL component will be determined by plotting the interresponse times for each DRL sesslon. This wlll give not only an efficlency rating, but an opportunity to explore the effects on s relatlvely complex task over a 10-hour perlod.

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c. Ihe latency and accuracy of responding following a stimulus change, e.B., from one tone to another, vill provide preliminsry information of alertness and perceptual scuity.

d. Changes in food and water intake, urine (and possibly steroids) output, body weight and temperatures vill all be related to behavioral pertubations and microwave manipulations.

.IV. Conclusions and Puture Experiments:

a. If no behavioral or physiological changes are detected by the above techniques, one of three coutses are open:

1. Conclude the experiments and do no further work.

2. Design different and, perhaps, more sensitive behavioral and physiological techniques using the same or different organisms.

3. Increase, or in some other wsy, alter the microwave environpent to further optimize any effects on already monitored systens.

b. The deslgn of future experiments, if, indeed, there are to be any, should rest upon information obtained from the initisl studies. However, it is felt by WRAIR that some definitive statement about what kind and how much negative inforwatlon is necessary to terwinate these experiments.

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:c:  : Trip Report

This report summarlzes the Jüne 24, 1964, through July, 7, 1964, vistt of Dr. Ito the customer's facility...

-.. . .The purpose of this Initial trip Included the following objectives:.

1. . To acquaint key members of the the sponsor's personnel Involved In this program.

(team with

2. To study the present methods of stress measurement and chart interpretation.

To obtain data samples for manual analysls prior to the availability of magnetically recorded test data.

To diecuss the implementation of the automatic recordin'g equipment.

To investigate means of collecting supplementary test data;
e. g., the operator's comments, operator code, subject code, etc.

To examine the availablity and potential of biographic and psychological data in this study.

These objectives were accomplished as described in the following section.

Work Accomplished

The major part of the first week and one-half was devoted to work with the Keeler polygraph and its application. First, we were subjected to the. device; then we were instructed in the physlological parameters measured, application of the sensors, and the adjustment and operation of the equipment. We then received a concentrated course on chart interpretation and the types of tests performed. While there are classic patterns indicative of stress for each of the three measured parameters, no absolute criteria is known to specifically distinguish elther the presence or amount of stress. Ratber, a norm must be established for each test record (not person), and deviations from this norm used as an indication of stress. The type of test (e.g., Peak of Tenslon, 3-5-8, etc.) wll also modify the manlfestation of stress. Identification of normal patterns and the Loterpretation of deviations form the basic problems in pattern recognition.

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Having gained some appreciation of the factors involved in chart interpretation, we procceded to select some 125 samples lor manual analysis. These are to be reproduced and copies sent to [for use in evaluating the digital transiormations to be performed on the analog data prior to input to the pattern recognition program.

Various methods of coliecting supplementary data from the examiner and correlating this information with the analog data were discussed. The primary considerations in this area are to identify the question, the time correlation of each question, and the operator's comments on the response without imposing new or additional tasks on the examiner during the intervicw or modifying the present techniques. It was tentalively decided that a voice operated switch would be provided to mark the chart during each qucstion and answer and simultaneously record a timing signal with thc analog data. Following the interview, the operator will fill out a form, similar to the attached sample, to provide the necessary information identifying each test and the tinme cues. Igroup have been asked to give some thought to this proposed interview form and be prepared to discuss modifications during the August visit.

: EKG records made during examinations and correlated with the usual parameters were briefly studied. Problems of pickup artifacts and cross-coupling between the ED and EKG measurement equipment were also discussed.

The latter period of the visit was spent discussing biographic and psychological factors which effect the test results. It is fclt that such tests as the CPI, MMPI, or PET B, may provide significant information in interpreting response patterns.

However, 'the tests used in this study should correspond to tests used by other investigators in this field. Therefore, it is nectssary to determine which tests are normally given to company employees, the various grades receiving these tests, and the availability of test results.

Follow-Up Required:

1. lis to see that selected charts and EKG book are reproduced and forwarded by 24 July.

2.EKG probes will be shipped toas soon as poss(ble.

3.will get information regarding psychological testing.

4. Someone from Igroup should investigate procedures to be used in getting tabulated interview data transcribed to punched cards. We would also like to know as soon as possible whether binary coding. Hollerith code, or both, is available.

5.Next visit planned for mid-August.

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)

INTERVIEW DATA SHEET (To be Completed by Examiner)

Subject LD\_

Examiner ID

General Class of Respondér? BP Resp ED

Type of Test

Date

Chart # 1 2 3456789 10

Degrce?

Suggest Subject "attitude" pre-test.

TEST INFORMATION

Comments.

Related to Specific Questions?

Related to Test in General:

Number of Cues Listed on Interview Data Sheet?

Number of Cues Noted on Chart?

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MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director

SUBJECT : \Requirement for Redearch in the Life Sciences

I. Recently, reports from various sources on life scicnce research in the Soviet Union have been called to my attention. These reports indicate a current preoccupation by an important sector of Soviet biological science with cybernetice, telepathy. hypnosis, and related subjects. Stimulated by theee reports,I would like to pass on to you some thoughts on the possible significance of these activities to the

2. Prior to the creation of the Office (a small group in lettempted to follow current research in the life aciences. Their particular Interest was in the Kind cf scientific progress that indicated the feasibility of developing operationally useable systems. After ten years of following this subject, 1 reading was that, with minor exceptions, the fields of hypnosis, 'telepathy, and general control of human behavior were not ready for operational applications.

3. I feel thcre is a need for a continuing search and reexamination of this somewhat esoteric (and perhaps scientifically disreputable) range of activities toward the end of useable techniques for the current mission has been oriented away from this sort of basic research activity and towards closc-in support of

ioperations. In the light of the reports mentioned
above, I am concerned that recent reported.advances in these fields
may indicate more potential than we believed existed...I can percelve
operational applications, for the jin the areas of 1 L 'and in the general area of control

ai  su gucas arca of hunan behavior, should breakthroughs in our understanding of these phenomena occur.

4. I am assuming that your research group is taling this area . of activity under their cognizance and they will, through their contacts in. Ibring to our attention any indications of practical

RELEASED\_\_\_SEEJ03------ 475

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utility that can be made of theéc techniques so that 'can proceed toward specific operational applications.

5. I am happy to note that !are proceeding with a aeries.of monthly mectings to developing an underatanding in depth of 'requirements in thcse and other fields. This note is not meant to supplant such a series of discussions as it applies to behavioral activities. I mcrely want to reinforce the dependence of the on your office for these matters.

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STUDIES IN ELECIRONARCOSIS by M. G. Anan'yev, et al -USSR.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CLEARINGHOUSE FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE Building Tempo E Adoms Drive, 4th and 6ih Streets, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20443

I-C 477

RELEASED-

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JPRS: 31,018 12 July 1965

TT: 65-31516

Price: \$ 2.00

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FOREWORD

This publication was prepared under contract for the Joint Publications Research Service as a translation or foreign-language research service to the various federal government departments.

The contents of this material in no way represent the policies, views or attitudes of the U. S. Government or of the parties to any distribution arrangement.

PROCUREMENT OF JPRS REPORTS

All JPRS reports may be ordered from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. Reports published prior to 1 February l963 can be provided, for the most part, only in photocopy (xerox). Those published after 1 February 1963 will be provided in printed form.

Details on special subscription arrangements for any JPRS report will be provided upon request.

All current JPRS reports are listed in the Monthly Catalog of U. S. Covernment Publications which is available on subscription at \$4.50 per year (\$6.00 foreign) from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Both prices include an annual index.

and subject-currenscient ficstatocaporticatctaloged :) Issued semimonthly by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information and is available on subscription (\$l2.00 per year donestic, \$16.00 foreign) from the Superintendent of Documents. Semiannual indexes to Technical Translations are available at additional cost.

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Following is a translation of sclections from the Russianlanguage took entitled Sovrenennava Tekhnika v Khirurgti: Materialy VI Nauchnoy Sessii NIIEKha i I (Present-Day Technique in Surgery: Data of the Sixth Scientific Session of the Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Surgical Apparatus and Instruments), edited by M. G. Anan'yev, A. M. Geselevich, and Yu. Ya. Gritsman, Moscow,1965, pp. 30-9? and 162-168.

CONTENTS

Electronarcosis Under Experimental Conditions and in Clinical·Practice....... 1

I. .Electronarcosis Under Experimental Conditions....... 1

II. Electronarcosis Produced by Interference Currents in Clinical Practice....i...... 4

Some Technical Problems in Designing Equipmeiit for Electronarcosis....... 6

Changes in Peripheral Blood During Electronarcosis in Dogs and Monkeys....... 8

Principal Neuromorphological Changes During Electronarcosis Under Experimental Conditions.............. 11

. Electronarcosis at the Contemporary Stage of Anesthesiology....... 14

Table of Contents of the Book Sovremennaya Tekhnika y Khirurgii (Present-Day Technique in Surgery)........ 16

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STUDIES IN ELECTRONARCOSIS

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ELECTRONARCOSIS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

[Following is s translation of a series of two articles by V. L. Deryabina, V. D. Zhukovskiy, M. I. Kuzin and V. I. Sachkov, in the Russian-language book Sovremennava tekhniks y khirurgii (Present-Day Technique In Surgery), edited by M. G. Anan'yev, A. M. Geselevich, and Yu. Ya. Gritsman, Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Surgicpl Equipment and Instruments, Ministry of Health USSR, Mosecw, 1965, pages 90-93.]

I. Electronarcosis Under Exoerimental Conditions

by V. L. Deryabina

Pages 90-91

l. A comparative experimental investigation of electric currents was conducted for obtaining electronarcosis: square pulse in combination with direct current (the so-called supplementary constant component .- S.C.C.), and without this, altemating sinusoidal and interfering currents with various locations of electrodes, various operating programs and methods.

In the experiments electronarcosis equipment developed

\* Participating in the experimental work were V. S. Gutkir, L. A. Kashchevskaya, N. I. Kondrat'yeva, L. A. Levitskaya, N. G. Tyshkovskayä, V. I. Unik, and Enginieer Yu. B. Khudyy.)

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by NIIEinAiI (designer Yu. B. Khudyy), the industrial generator model ZG-10, and equipoent or electronarcosis using interference current, model I KOLI iceni I. M. Sechenov were used.

2. The experinental subjects were healthy ecrErel &ogs and nacaque wonkeys -- Rhesus and green carzosets. The oojects of the study were pure electronarcosis, its coaplica tions and nethods of overcoming then, plus copbined ciccto narcosis in adjunct with varicus pharsacologieal preparre tions, with various anestheniolocicai gethods, with anc without operations. In all, six series of experinonts wor conducted: 77 on dogs and 10 on monkeys.

3. Of the types or currént and the methods stodied ths most effective for obtaining electronarcosis under experisental conditions were the following: square pulse current without S.C.C., 700 cycles frequency, duration of impulse 0.24 millisecond, repid program of feeding the oriertinz narcotic dosage of current, bitesporal position cf eleutrcdss and interfering current of 4,300 to 4,100 cycles (pulsataons Prequency 200 cycles), with tesporal-occipital erossins or two pairs of electrodes.

4. The depth of the narcotized state achieved in the dog usually corresponds to tre first to third level or enalcesia accordins to Artuzio; under equel conãitions the surgical stage of the first or second level sooetioes is ettained vith wonkeys, which is aáequete for surgicsl operatior.

Addition of preparations such as atropine, prozszui, papaverine, masnesius sulfate, and novocaine not only resove or considerably reduce negative phenomena of electronarcosis (convulsions, vascular spasns, hypertension, salivation, etc.) but also deepen the desree or anesthesis, thereby craating better conditions for perforzance of operations.

5, The experiments on electronarcosis in conkeye, which we were the first to conduct in the country, and cwoua ths .) few published accounts in the world literature enabled sla"- ification of their particular charecteristics in regar ts electronarcosis.The course of electronercosis in ths e key. particularly durins the period of entering εrá recos in? fron narcosis, approximate clinical narcosis in ss, Under identical experimental conditions, electronercoci the monkey is much deeper than in the cog. -Morphclccirel differences in the central nervous systea of the gonkey are less pronounced than in the dor.

6. In the interest or further successful study

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of the problez or electronercosis as a whole, at the present time it is necessary to cnsure coaplex, thorcugh investigations on this prooleo, concentrating attention on a series of questions: selectionof the optinal characteristics and paraneters or cürrent for desisn of the electronarcosis equipment; selection of thc best sites for locationor electrodes, their material conpositicn and means of attaching then; study ef the possibilities of recording the" electroencephalcnras in the project of developing ub jective-tests-of-tne dcpth-or-the narcotized strfeucisred;-study-of-the"peculiaritles cf the anesthesiclceical picture and the pechaniep of electronarcosis;.porc prcoine deteroination of the experisental and clinical mcthcôs or anesthesia by means or an electric current; stuáy of the Fenesis of negative phenozena of electrorarcosie ani cethods for their eliminationi investiration of the necessary pherpacolorical coaponents and copposition of medicines based on the pathogenic principle for combined electronarcosia.

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II. Electronarcosls Produced sy interference Currents in Clinical rractice

by K. I. Kuzin, V. I. Sachkov and V. D. Zhukovskiy (xoscow)

Pages 92-93

1. In electronarcosis producei ry square pulsen ci low frequency and sinuscidal current unconfcrtabiv suosations are observed at the site o contact of the eleotrocna with the skin of the patisnt, cifiicult respiration as e result of general Buscular spasm and laryngospaso, tachy cardia, and a significant increase in arterial pressure.

2. At the contenporary stage of multi-component anesthesia electronarcosis becage combined with the use of introductory pharnacological narcosis, controlleã respirasick, muscular relaxants, and ganglion-blocking and nsuroplesic preparations. This rade possible che first steps in tho introduction of electronarcosis into elinical practica, overcosing zusculer spesm and hindering cf respiration wiiz ta strengtheningof the current. hcosiortasle sensctiona r ins the passage of current and hemcdynasic shifts have boen retained under similar conditions.

3. It is necessary to study the possibility of applicetion or more complex fores of impulsea and higher frequeusies for electronarcosis than those used earlier. Ose o trsss foras is interference current. Special equipoent hes besn prepared for the study of the possioiilties of applicaticn o interference currents in cocbined anesthesla for surgical operations.

4. Surgery was perforzed on 70 patients under ccssisea electronarcosis usins interrerence currents at the Facults Sursical Clinic of I NOLiI izeni Sechenov. The duration of was condicted according to the universally accepted proerss for podern coobined anesthesia, with the exception that s wain narsotic was replaced with an interference currez.

5.An interference current o. 50 to 150 nilliazpsze and pulsation rate of 40 to é0C cycles enatled opereticns be perrorced on 65 of 70 patients vnder nercosis of suaces I1 to Ilizi anesthesia was incdequate in four patients.

5. Stage IIIi mey be attained only by cogbining electric current and potentiating druss. Electronarcosis in

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pure sors produced unconscioulsness only for a short time in the majorit: or cases, enabling operations to be performed at stase Iz of narcosis.

7. This method cay occupy a desirite place in todern anesthesiolosy, but it requires intensive further ágvelopwent.

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SOKE TECHNICAL PROBLDIS IN DESIGNING EQUIP!IENT FOR ELECTRONARCOSIS

LFollowing 1s a transletion of an article by Yu. B. Kudyy, Moscow, in the Russian-language book Sovremennaya tekhnika v khirurgii (Present-Day Technique in Surgery), edited by k. G. Anan'yev, A. M. Geselevich, and Yu. Ya. Gritazan, Scientific-Research Institute of Expericental Surgical Equipoent and Instrugents, Miniszrr of Health USSR, Mcscow, 1965, pages 93-94.

1. In the production of electronarcosis a square pulse Is most often used, in a frequency ranεe of 100, 700, 1,000 and 1,500cycles,with impluse porosity of 1:10, 1:8, 1:5, 1:3: etc. A sinusoidal current in a frequency rango of 7oC, :.Coc. or 1,500 cycles is used most often for producins electrenarcosis.

2. For the purpose of conductins reseerch on the prcblen of electronarcosis, the electronarcosis equipment podeis EN-5, EN-62 and EN-64 were built under our direction at the NIlEhAiI. In the course of electronarcosis investigations the sinusoidal current fora obtained froo an industrial cenerator of the ZG-lo type, having e range of generetsà frequencies of 20 to 20,C00 cycles was used under exps-icczal conditions. In addition, investigation is beins corcucied at the present time at the NIIEhAiI on interferense currente, for which the I NOLxi imeni I. X. Sechenov interference .- rent Benerator is used.

3. The Ei-57 equipment of NIisnAiI produces anpulncurrent of rectansular shape, and at the option of the cperator a supplezentary constant couponent (S.C.C.) say be adù- ed within the lioits of 0 to 50 percent or the pulss poten-

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tial oy changing the prorram of oporation of the final output stage. A particular feature of tne equipzent is the inclusion or the sbject in the cathode circuit, thus affordins complete protection to the subject in the event of malfunction. Tnis safety feature ensures safe operation or the equipnent under the fiven prorrea of operation, guaranteeing the life of the experisental animal.

The rance of working frequencies of the Ex-57 covers the entire field frog 1 to 130 cycles. The duration of 1apulses may range fros 0.005 to 8 el/sec.

4. The EN-52 differs froo the EN-57 unit in that the range of working frequencies is expanded to 100 cycles, plus the fact that in accordance vith its mission the suppleuentary Calvanic cooponent (S.G.C.) has been excluded. Ths EN-64 differs froo the Ei-52 in that its renge of generatcd frequencies 1s expanded to 1,580 cycles, plus the fact thst its independent regulation has been increased to 30 willi amperes for investigation of the salvanic current couponoat. The lower frequency lizit of the Ell-54 unit ie o0 cyclos. This unit includes separate Deasuresent of iopejcrce.at thy poirts of application of the electrodes for both diroct surrent and pulse current for the conversion methods racozmended by us, in wnich the ebsolute value of iepedonce au a siven noment or the experiment cay be measureß.

In the EN-62 and E064 units regulation of frequency and duraticn ere independent of each other. The new E-E unit includes two pieces of equipaent which ere integra\_ly pounted on a single wobile platforc. The second or thr two 1s the ZG-10 industrial unit.

5. Nathematical analysis of the Nazek currents -- interference currents -- reveals that the shape of the curve at low frequency is sinusoidal, because the eoplitude cf the curve varies froz zero to double magnitude for each cycle of frequency.

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CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD DURING ELEOTRONARCOSIS IN DCGS AND NOFIEYS

Following is a translation of an article by N. I. Kondrat'yeva and L. A. Levitskaya, Koscow, in the Russian-lansuaze oook Sovrezennfve taihnika v khirurcii (Fresent-Daj Teornique in Surgery), editea by k. G. Anan'yev, A. N. Geseievich, and Yu. Ya. Gritsnan, Soientisic-Ressarsh Institute of Experiqental Suraical Eouipmert ari Inetruzents, Ninistry cf Health USsR, Noscow, !OSS. pases 94-96.

The aim of the present work wes investigstien cr the peripheral blood durins electronarcosis, coused.= tze application of square end sinusoidel currents ac a funetion of irequency, and the zethods of their epplication.

The peripheral olood (hezoglooin content, number er erythrocytes, leucocytes, throzbocytes, hesatocrytes, viscosity, and the reaction of precipitation of erythrocytesi was investigated under dynanic conditions: before the experizent, before turning on the current, et the height of current ection, and after current ection. Excsinations rz performed on é7 dogs and 7 monleys, and control tests wire made on 19 cnleys.

Investigations of blood under analgesis (Il - Ig) procuccć : application of a square-wave current of 980 cycles frequency vizhsu: supplementary constant component (S.C.C.), with lobar-occipital incet:cn of electrodes, gradual current feed and with S.C.C. from 5 to 60 persta:, and frequency 700 to 980 cycles, bitemporal positioning of electrsuss: and feeding current from a narcotic dose, [revealed] fluctuations in the nurber of leucocytes which did not exceed the limits of

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the norz. In the leucocyte rorla the neutrophilic shist was due to an increase in seroonto-nuclear elements. The erythrocyte precipitation reaction reqainei within the limits of the nore.

In obtaining a stable analcesic effect a tendency toward reluction in the number of lcuccoytes (a drep of two thousand froo startins veiues) was roted, siziler to that observed by L. N. Anikine (1954) during pharsaeolocical anesthcsia.

In the cases in which analcesis was not obtainsi in docs with the application of a square impluse current tha blood change depended upon the impulce frequency ani the S.C.c. Thus with the use of a current witi frecuency g2c cycles without S.C.C., with lcbar-occipital positionin; cr electródes end graduei current feed, changes in the nupber of shaped elcmonts did not exceed the limits of the ncra. At a frequency of 100 cycles, with S.C.C. of 30 percent. lobar-occipital positioning of elcctrcdes enc srsducl current feed, at the hoight or current acticn the ruober o: leucocytes increased to 16,000 .(average deta p <0.02), the neutrophilic shirt in foroula due to sermento-nuclsar elesents Eave a value of (p <0.01), and the nurber e monocytes and eiosinophils showed a decrease of eppro:zvately tworold (p <0.o1).

with the epplication of a sinusoidal current of 92o cycles and current feed at electroshock doaace with subeequent decrease to electronarcosis dosase, no substsntisz chanres were noted in the blood coaposition. Feliovin making of the current leucocytosis was observed to the extent of 15,000 cells (p<C.05), with a neutrophilic shift in the leucocyte forgule due to an increase in sesmento-nuclear elements and a decrease in the nuzber of lymphocytes (p < 0.01).

In the cases or electronarcosis acconpanied by en increase in teaperature or one to two degrees Centigrais; excitation of the anical and sirnificant shortness of breath, leucocytosis regularly was observed in the biooc.

In animals dying under electronarcosis an incress. in hezozlooin content, in the nunber of erythroojtes an leucocytes, and in blood viscosity was noted.

A state of analgesis (I2 to I=) was obtained in \~. keys wit the application of e squaré ixpulse current cr 100 cycles with S.C.C., and 70C cycles without S.C.C., aa with biterporal positicnins of electrodes. At the heisk

\* [Translator's Note: Foregoing sentence appears peculiar in its original Russian.] -9-

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of current cction, and astcr the current vas broken, leucocytosis, neutrophilic shirt or the leucocytic forsuia due to sersento-nuclear elements, and a decrease in the nusber of ponocytes and lyophocytes were roted.

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PRINCIPAL NEUROKORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING ELECTRONARCOSIS UNDER EXPERINENTAL COKDITIONS

rollowing is a translation of an article by y. S. Gutkin, koscow, in the Russian-languags book Sovrenennoye telhnike v hhirurcil (Presert-Day Technique in Surcery), Eàited by ;. G. Anan'yev, A. M. Geselevich, and Yu. Ya. Grirgaan Scientific-Research Institute of Expericental Sursical Equipaent and Instrueents, kiristzy of Heaith USSR, Moscow, 1965, pasos 96-98.

A study was made of the zorpholcsical changes of the central nervous systen or animals following the aotio ef an electric current of various characteristics: a scaira i-puies current with constant component (S.C.S.) end withcut it, as alternating sinusoidal current and interference currents. The paraoeters of the current, the feed prograz and wethods of its feeding to the brain, and also the conditions end method or the experizents (pure, or combined electronarcceis, with and without operation) differed in different serles ci experisents. The changes acons the series observed by us had different degrees of expression; sharp differences in the cases in which electronarcosis was achievel, end ncne were noted when electronarcosis was not attained.

The central nervous systen was studlel in 65 dcr: a 8 conkeys killed at various intervals of tioe efter sh t pericent by injection of a lC-percent solution or neutrei formalin into the subarachnoid spece (suboccipital rostej. The cephalic, and individual segments of the spinal co-i were fixed in a l0-percent solution of neutrel forgelin, pieces of the brain fron the region of the ceretra! cortex, redulla oblonsatta, aid-brain and interoediate triin. cerebellue, and the Horn of Azoon were imbedded in psraffia and the sectlons were stained with hematoxylin-eosin by the method Nisssl'.

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Histomorpholozical exaninaticn enable detersination of the basic categories of changes couocn to all expcri-Dents.

The responsible reaction of the nervous tissue under experizental electronarcosis is coxposed of vascular dinturbances, changes of neurons end flial reaction. Th? ca. zents of their appearance, degree of exprossion ara . .e. of reduction processes are different in dirferert ceries experiments. In other words, these changes create the üefinite peculiarity of each series of experizents.

Tre vascular disturbances appear in the fcrz o5 perlvascular edena with swelling or the vascular wells and occasionally delemination of the endothelium, of e Dulticuãc of minute and larger hemorrhages, vascular dystonin (ais of soge vessels and spass of others, with the appeerenos er "aneurhythnic" protrusions and shapes of apparert figua. irreguler convolution of vessels, ctc.).

Neuron rodifications are dystrophie in charcctar. They often were reversible, but occasionally ettains á grees resulting in the death of nerve cells. In this cess portions of precipitation are observed at later stages st the site of dying neurons (cortex of cerebellug aná of the cerebral hemispheres).

Nodifications of the glie appear in the for or Cir fuse hyperplasia of various types of glial cells, mcinly astrocytes; as a rule, glial reaction is expressed cost markedly in the sections of Ereatest affection of neurons, where the phenosena of perivascular and perineuronal sliosis, and occasionally neurophagia are observed. In some cases the Flial reaction is ebsent, which pay be explained by depression of the reactive properties of the organieo under the influence of the corresponding actions.

Korpholosical modificetions are less narkoii? ez pressei in monkeys after electronarccsis experiments vaz in dogs under sisilar conditions. In particuiar, a prnounced heporrhesic conponent in the fors or a cuititucs e: perivagcular hegorrhages is less oarked in monkeys thar :.. dors. Tnis apparently is connectod with anatooic-pinyazoloñical peculiarities of the vaacular systes in dirferon. species of arimalg.

The main categories of morphological oodificatlcss

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described in the above is, in our opinion, the result of both direct action of the electric current on the nervous systez, and also arises indirectly throush circulatory processes, as well as in connection vith hypoxia, hypertheroia, disturbance of the metabolic processes, convulsicns, etc., which occur during the experinents, especially aurin, pure electronarcosis.In cogbined electronarcosis, wits the addition of drugs. vasculer disturbances are less prcncuncel. The decrease in dystrophic codificationc of neurcns unur the action of electric current is produced throuzh seiv:- tion of its optioal cheracteristlcs.. Froa tbs fcrsgcl; Li. follows that at the present tlze realiatic ways ir wihica the degree of oxpression of both dyatonic modifications of blood vessels and dystrophic oodifications of ncrve ceils of the central nervous systeg of cxperigental anizai3 Crs in view.

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ELECTRONARCOSIS AT THE CONTEIPOPARY STAGE OF ANESTHESIOLOGY

Following is a translation of an article by K. A. Ivanov-Nuromskiy, E. T. Golovan', end V. G. Nel'nikov, Kiev, in the Rusaian-icngucse book Soyrenennava teknnika y khirurgii (Present-Day Technique in Surgcry), edited by K. G. Anan'yev, A. M. Geselovich, end Yu. Na. Onitcson. Scientific-Resaarch Instituto of Expar1centsi Surgical Equiyment and Instruments, Mnistry cr Health, UssR Xoscow, 1965, pases 98-99.

1. The superiority of electronarcosis over the knoxn narcotics is indisputable. It has the characterictise o speed in attainins a narcotic state and recovery frcs thin stete; lack of consequences and complications inherent in pharmacolosical narcosis; action concentrated mainly on the brain; considerable limitation of c⊃ntraindications; good control properties.

2. We pust agree with the opinion of R. Szith ard D. Cullen (1962) that electronarcosis still is in the perlod of trial ani error. The phases of generalized sxcitation, unpleasant sensations at the site of appilcation of electrodes, laryngospasns and elevated blood pressura (sibeit transitory) that unavoidably appear to varioug dersss under the ordinary wethods or electronarcosis ccope z clinicians to harbor a sceptical attitude towara ths poieibilities of introduction of tnis method into prectise.

The difficulties confronting investigators are ezgravated by the lack of standard oethods, by theobtci=ire of different pictures of narcosis with identical peracetsrz or iopulse currents, the lack or universal thecretical con-

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cepts of the mechanis of elcctronarcosis based on the latest neurophysiolosical and biocybernetic data.

3. Selection of the optinal paraseters of a narcctizing current ensures an insigniricant shift in hosecstosis of the organism under experimental conditions. In this respost the following nay be recomacnded: test iepulse fresueney 1 kiloccle with impulse duretion of 0.1 to 0.3 m/sen, jorering the potential gracient in tho ispulse, and c ccnstant copponent equal to 20 to 25 percent ef the ispulse. lien sufgested are orbital (gleznichnoye) positionin; o ths electrodes and "massaging" introduction of current witr. the aid of a process we have nased the "polyelectrotonos.

4. Generalization of tre gaterials obteined in the literary data provides the possioility of develcping vhe hypothesis previously expounded by us (1953-1957) on the mechanis or electronarcosis, and to represent it as a systenic reaction or the organisa in which the leadirg siv is played by autoregulation of the ceretral cortex, realizin & prograo of protection or an ultrasteble systsz fror. factors of the external zediuu.

5. At the present-day staze of anesthesiology is is possible to utilise electronarcosis as a link in combinsù anesthesia. At the present time, on the basis of stiil s?- etively stall clinical experience, it is possiole to introduce into clinical practice & modulated impulse current or 100 cycles frequency, and also "interference currents," i" conbination with injection of narcotics and relexonts.Fur the prevention of burns at oráinary coses it is necessa to exclude the constant cooponent of the iopulse current aná to utilize hydrochlorineted silver electrodes in a porolon envelope. In its present isperfest fors electronarcosis Day find extensive application in extern enesthesiology, with extensive burns, for deteroinins the ection of poisons.

6. The experinental-clinical work performed by us Ssy .3 serve as the basis for further seerch for pethods ensu-irz loss of consciousness in all cases of narcosis, end ths abolition of narcosis by injection. The basic recuislts for development of autogatic electronarcosis have bsen secured.

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TABLE OF COITENT3 OF TIE BOOK SOVRDIENNAYA TEXNIKA V KHIRURGII (PRESERT-DAY TECHNIQUE IN SURGERY)

Following is a translation of the Teble cr Contents of the book Sovrcnennava tekhnike y khiruraii (Present-Day Techniquo in Sirger). edited by l. G. Anan'yev, A. . Geseievich, sni Yu. Ya. Gritsman, Scientific-Rescarch Inetitute or Experimental Surgical Eouipaent and Inftruents,Ministry of Health JSSR, Moscow, i9s. pases 162-168.7

Foreword

K. G. Anan'yev, S. I. Pabkin end N. N. Anteshira, New Surgical Equipment ená Instruzents

G. y. Astar'yev, S. I. Babkin, A. H. Geselevich, and Yu. Ya. Gritsman, Suturin; Equipqent and Its Place in Present-Day Surgery

O. S. Shkrob and A. S. Tatevosyen, Experience in the Application of Suturins Equipzent in Pulmonary Surgery

S. L. Libov end H. R. Rokitskiy, Cperations en the Lunes with Application or the NIIEGAiI Suturing Eouipment

M. I. Perel'zan and V. D. Kolesnikov, Applicaticn of Suturing Equipnent in Luns Surgery

Ya. G. Rozinov and i. Strel'nikov, Xethod of Use of Suturing Equipment in Luns Operations

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A. V. Grisoryan, B. P. Fedorov and L. :. Kedvetskaya, a, Application of lechanical Suturinc, in Radical Lung Operations 11

I. K. Svinkin and A. S. Al'bort, On the Techniçue. or Extencive Intrapericardial Pncunectooy with Appl1cation of the UAF-20, UUS-23 end UKB-25 Units

E. A. Stepanov and S. P. Oricvskiy, Application or the UKL-40 and UUS-23 in Luna Rescction in Childrén

A. K. Raskina and L. A. Nigal', On the Nethod of Sutural Closure of Bronchial Fistulae with the UKL Apperatus

G. K. Tlachenko, 3. S. Fashev, Yu. N. Bryakin end N. S. Volkov, Experience in the Application of Suturing Equipment in Chest Sursery

I. D. Garin and A. K. Trakhtenbers, Application of the UKL-50 end PKS-25 Units in Pulnonary and Caráiac Operations in Connection with Cancer

S. I. Babichev and T. P. Androsova Experience in the Application of the UTL-70 Unit in Lung Surgery

G. D. Vilyavin and B. A. 3eraov, Suturing Equipment in Surgery of the Gastrointestinal Tract

P. I. Androsov and A. A. Strelopytov, Equipment for Sutural Closure or Tissues by a Double-Layered Hidden Suture and Experience in Its Ciinical Application

T. v. Kalinina, The Fate of kechanical Stepled Suture Applied by Various Devices in Anastogoses of the Aligentary Tract

N, P. Vilyanskiy, L. V. Polue:tov, A. G. Barbanchix, N. N."Tsycankov, G. K. Chulovskiy eni S. I. Griko, Kechanical Suturirg in Aoäosinal Surcery

L. S. Zhuravskiy. Experience in the Application of Kechanical Suturins

S. Ye. Murlaza and I. U. Laptun, Our Experience in the Application or Suturine; Equipzent in Surgery

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y. I. Kukosh and Yu. v. Kiaol', Sevcral Probleas of the Application of Suturing Eouiprent and Their Cocbinations in Gastric Resections in Connection with Ulcerous Diseasos

L. V. Poluektov, Epcrience in the Application of Suturins Equipnent in Surgical Trcatsent of Diseases of the Íncised Stomach and Coaplicctions Followine Gastroenterostomy

A. S. Shevchenko and N. Ya. Tercoevich, kecranlcel. Suturins in Gastric Reeecticn with the Csc of tic NIIZhAiI SuturinG Apparatuses

A. V. Korshunov, Experience in the Arplication of Mechanical Suturing in Gastric Resection in a Rura-Hospital

T. A. Kunitsyna, On the Hethod of Applicstion e the PK3-25

A. G. Parbanchik, On the Use or the P.S-25 Uait in Gastrectomy and Rescction of the Cardial Reslon of the Stomach

K. I. Kuzin and v. G. Ryabtsev, Eperience in 100 Total Gastrectooies with Applicction of the PKS-25 Unit

K. I. Nyshkin, Cosplicatlons Connected with Aoslicetion of the PKS-25 Device

v. I. Kukosh. T. N. kiknaylova, Ye. H. Budarina, Yu. v. Xisel' and N. F. Volkov, Experience in Application of Mechanical Suturins Devices in Stocash and Esophagus Resection in Connection with Cancer

N. G. Alhalaya, Hidden SuturinE, in Surgery of the Esophagus and Stogach

T. V. Kalinina and V. S. Kasulin, Xethoi or Application of the KTs-28 Device for Suturirs the Large or Siall Intestine to the Rectus

Ye. S. Sairnova, Kn. F. Gureyeva and Yu. L. Rozancv, Anterior Resection in Cancer of the Reotur and Distal Portions of the Sigmoid, with Application of the KTs-28 Device

Kn. F. Gureyeva, Experience in Clinical Application

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33

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of Mechanical S:turing of Anastososis in Resection of the Rectal and Distal Portlons or the Lorge Intestine

A. N. Burtsev, A Device for Superpositloning Lateral Esophageal Anastocoses (Esophafeal-Intestinal, Escphaceal-Gastric) Without Using Auxiliary Sutures of Soft Ligatures

R. V. Bogoslavskiy and G. A. Kaneristyy, Fundamentals of"Kechanical Suturin 1n Intraeticminel Resection of the Rectum

Yu. A. Ratner, N. A. Kolsanov, R. K. Kharitonov, N. G. Bashirove, V. N. Daitriyevsliy and B. L. Yelysshevich, Application of Suturin≈ Devices in Intestinal Operations

A. I. Borisov, Application of Suturing Devices in Operative Treataent of External Intestinel Fistulae

N. A. Sviridov, Applicetion or Suturins Devices According to the Materials of the Tula Oncological Dispensary

S. S. Nesterov, The UKL-60 Xechanical Suturing Apparatus in Resections of the Pancreas

M. 2. Sigal, Transillusination Control or Tantalua echanical Suture

G. V. Astaf'yev, Experimental Investigation of Wall or Organs of the Digestive Tract and Method of Determininz the Slack of Sutures

G. N. Zakharova, B. I. Nikiforov, 3. F. Orlovskiy and Ye. A. Roslova, Experience in the Application of Xechanical Suturing in Operations on Blood Vessels on the Gastrointestinal Tract

Yu. v. Sazilevskaya. Appllcation of the Vasculer Suturing Cevice In Trauna of 3lood Vessels of the Extrenitles

I. I. Shinanko. Experience in the Clinical Use of the Vascular Suturins Device in Defects of the Blood Vessels and Tneir Consequences

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N. N. Kapitanov, N. 2. Petrove ana N. y. Yurasova, Shunting, Frosthetization end Suturin- In "Patches in Blood Vessels with the Aid of a New Device

L. P. Shtuchnaya, Experience in the Applicaticn of Hechanical Suturing of Blood Vessels

I. K. Ivinskaya, Alloplasty or the Acrte of the Growing Organisu with the Vse or hechanical Suturins under Experimental Concitisns

V. Amosova, Superposition of Kacsary-Coronary Anastoaosis with the Vasculer Suturins Device AsTs-4

O. K. Natyugina, Experionce in the Application of Vascular Suturins Devices in the Suporpositicning of Venous Porto-Caval Anastoposes Under Experimontal Conditions

V. P. Aratskiy, Superpositioning of Azyeo-Atriai Anastocosis with the USTs-3 Vascuiar Suturins Devioe

y. I. Frantsev and A. S. Artyukov, Indications. for the Use of Kechanical Suturine, in Sureical Trestment of Open Arterial Flow

O. R. Bogomolova, Pathohistological Changes in the Aorta all Arisine After Superpositionins of kechenical Sutures

S. I. Sinyakin, Experlence in the Utilization ci Vascular Suturin5 Devices (ASTs-4. USTs-3) for Restoration of the Perzeability of the Fallopian Tubules under Sxperioental Conditions

R. I. Iokton, Operating on the Urinary Zladder with the Use of the UMP-74 ani U:?-75 Suturins Devices Designed by the NIiEhaiI

v. I. Gudkov,' Mechanical Suturins of the Ureter in Plaatic Operations in Conrection with Hydronephro3is

A. I. Prozument, Blind Neohanicel Suturins o: the Urinary Blaider with the UP-75 Device

A. F. Uchucina and L. I. Kazimirov, Application of the Vascular Suturing Apparatus in Plastic ahd Reconstructive Cperations on the Ureter

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v. I. Kukosh and A. F. Uchuzine, Kechanical Suturing 79 79 of the Vascular Stes or the Kidney in llephrectosy

V. I. Anan'yev, T. A. Sultanov and I. 2. Berezin, Oxyeen Barochaober and Perspectives or its Utilization in ¿elicine

R. Ya. Gershtenlern and Yu. 3. Kochetovskiy, Patno-Fenic Foundations and Prelicinary xperierce in the. Therapy of Subjest exposed to Extended Crushing Effects of Oxygen under Increased Pressure in the Barocheober

M. Z. Sical, On Adequate Oxygen Regizen Durinz an Operation

V. L. Deryabina, V. D. Zhukovskiy, M. I. Yuzin and v. I. Sachkov, Electronarcosis unier Experimentai Conditions and in Clinical Practice

Yu. B. :hudyy Sone Technical Problens of Designing Equipment for Electronarcosis

N. I. Kondrat'yeva and L. A. Levitskaya, Cnange in the Peripheral Blood Durins Electronarcosis of the Dog and konkey

v.S. Gutkin, Pasic Neurooorpholosical Changes During Mlectronarcosis Under Experigental Conditions

K. A. Ivanov-kurosskiy, E. T. Golovan' and V. G. Kel'nikov, Electronarcosis at the Conteoporary Stage of Anesthesiolosy

B. S. Bobrov, S. A. Mushegyan and N. A. Super, New Devices for Artificial Blood Circulation end Experience in Their Experimental and Clinical Use

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Neoplasms with Chenotherapy by the Nothod of Local Regional Perfusion

N. ?. Vilyanskiy, L. V. Polucktov, K. v. Kagorodova, Yu. A. Kotserov and A. I. Kolesnikova, Role of Regional Perfusion vith the AIK RP-52 Equipment in Treatment of Diseases and Dacage of thc Loter Ligbs 118

I. K. Rykalin and V. I. Semenov, Preliminary Experience with Cosbined Therapy or Sereosa of the Eitrenities with Applicatios ci the Nethod of Reclonal Perfusion 119

X. K. Averbakh, N. I. Gerasioenko, S. A. Mushegrsn, N. A. Super, V. K. Apaxidze, E. L. Elokh and A. P. Davydov, Prerequisites for Chemotherapy or Diffuse Desiructive Forms of Tuberculosis of the Lunss by the Perfuslon Nethod 122

V. M. Shlinak, Nathezatical Koceling of Processes in the Artificial Kidney

I. H. Epshteyn, M, I. Kuzin, . I. Sorokina, Ye. K. Chilincaridi and L. N. Kuz'min, 700 Hezodialysis Operations with the Dooestic "Artificlal Kidney" Equipaent, Desirmed by NiIEmhil

N. D. Levushkina, Ye, X. Chilingaridi end Ye. B. Gorbovitskiy, Cnanñe in Osmotic Pressure, Urea and Creatinin, Serun and Cerebrospinal Fluid Durins the Course or Hezodialysis in Patlerts with Acute Renel Insufficiency

N. I. Sorokina, Ye. K. Chilingaridi, B. D. Verkhovskiy. N. D. Levushkina, Yu. k. Kozlov, Ye. B. Gorbovitskiy and A. S. Tkachenko, Coaplications During Kedodialysie Operations 131

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G. P. Kulakov, A. N. Keliken, K. M. Hendel'son, A. V. Trikashnyy and V. N. Shabalkina, Sone Probless of the Application of the Artificial Kidney

S. G. Orel, Sone Problems of Utilication of the "Artificial Kidney" EquipDent or NIIEKnAiI

K. T. Ovnatanyan, P. S. Sernyak, V. Ya. Safronov, P. v. Novosad, k. I. lncayclova ane H. N. Sersiyene, Eperience in the Applicaticn of the "Artiriniai Kidney" Equipnent of KIlEKnAii ir the Ccntrol or Reni Insufficlency 135

P. ?. Alekoeyev, V. P. Kozlov, and S. Ya. Yakushev, Coaplex Treatment of Acute and Chronic Renal Insufficiency with Application of the "Artiricial Kidney" Equipment of NIIEChAiI in the City or Szlensk

E. D. Kostin, h. S. Pevzner, O. I. Sanäler, and k. N. Smolenskiy, Operatins Requirenents Set fer the Hemodialysis Equipment

L. A. Kashchevskaya aná V. I. Unik, Testin6 tha Quality of Celophane Mesbranes for the "Artifieial Kidney" Equipsent

B. G. Gol'dina, Soce Pathoanatooical Date on Acute Renal Insufriciency Treated by Hesodialysis 141

A. A. Chersinsliy, Yu. I. Nalyshev, A. K. Desonsrevi, G. V. Kondranin and L. P. Teplova, Experience in werains at the Kidney Center and in Application of the "Artificial Kidney" Equipment 143

N. T. Terekhov, V. V. Volkov and V. A. Chistyakov, Eoerience in Treatment of Acute Ronal Isufticieney with the Aid of the "Artificial Kidney" or NiiErhAii 144

M. F. Sakayeva end R. N. Urazeyev, On Clinical Use of the "Artificial Kidney" Equipzent of NIIEHA1I

Ye. B. Gorbovitskiy and D. G. Ravich, Cn the Efricacy of Fractional Peritoneal Dialysis

K. G. Anan'yev. V. P. Perepelkin, G. V. Shalukhanor. A. A. Lenisova and v. A. Pankov, Cosposition lieterisia in edical Technique and the Perspectives of Their Use 19

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B. A. Sagotokin and v. I. Grcbenyuk, Sperience With, and Perspectives of Application of Cheaical Materials in Neurosurgery

V. A.. Pankov, I. P. Rotenbero, A. I. Trutnikov arna V. M. Padalka, Application of Porous Coaposition Materials as Bandagins iaterial

N. S. Koroleva, Study o ths Possibility of Application of Copposition Kateriuis in Tracheal Surgery

A. A. Shayn, Appiication of Polyethyiene Prosthctics for Intubation or the Esophacus 1

N. V. Kaygorodova and A. S. Zinov'yev, Expericnce in the Application of Porolon in Liver Resection 155

N. G. Akhalaya, Hethods of Suturing 3lood Vessols with the Aid of Cooposition ateriel Structures 1

V. A. Pankov, G. V. Shchegalova, V. N. Fadalka and L. A. Vol'r, On Utilisstion of Antimicrocial Polyinzlaicohol Fibers in the Freperation of Bandasine Katericls 157

Ye. A. Nikhaskina, On the Problea of Prosthetizatic: of the Ureter with Piastic Naterials Under Experizental 153 Conditions

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TREATMENT OF DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BY ELECTRICALLY INDUCED SLEEP by K. O. Ivanoy-Muromskiy USSR

PE MTN TO 6F-E3

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

CLEARINGHOUSE FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE Building Tempo E Adoms Drive, 4th and 6th Streets, S.W. Woshington, D.C. 20443

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JPRS: 31,347 2 August 1965

TT: 65-31844

Price: \$1.00

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TREATMENT OF DISORDERS OF THE NERVCUS SYSTEM BY ELECTRICALLY INDOCED SLEEP

-USSR-

[Following is the translation of e soction of the Uirainian-languago booklot Splyachyy Mozok (rhe Sloeping Brain), by R. 0. Ivanov-Muromskiy, Xiev, 1964, pp 64-76.].

The Science of Triumphant Life

The great scientiet agitatodly lookod into the faco of the man lying before him. The year was 1918. In the peychiatrie bospital whore I.P. Favlov had como to study the mentally ill it was cold and. there was little food. But this patiept had no sense of all th difficulties of the tize - he slept, had alroady been pleeping bis ex-. traordinazy slumber these...twenty-two years. Ae was fed through a tube and carefully lookod after.

Finally, the pationt began to move, and then he raised himaelf up and began', speak. The sleep of lethargy was over. The patient told Pavlov that he had undoretood everything, had hsard everythingi but had folt a "terrible, irresistible burden" whioh would pot lot hie move evsn a muscle. a:

The acientiet observed other patients,who had coze down with the dreadrul montal illness of schizophrenia. Many of them stayed fixed. for a long tims in soms imnovablo position.

Of course, I.P. Pavlov could not koep from pondering the pature of these phenomena. But the mein task of physiology is to forge weapons to battle for the life and health of man. It was not without good cause that I.P. Favlov cailed it the "science of triumphant life."

Investigation of the vitel procosses in norzality ecables their peculiarities under pathological conditions to be explainod, whon tho organiam hae fallen ill. It was in juet this way that the school of I.P. Pavlov discovered the defensive role of inhibition in the central nervous syeten. The cortical cells, which have the greatest reaotivity. must be exposed to the greatest denger of destruction - exhaustion. To save thes from porishing thia furious rate of metaboliam must be elowed down and it muet be dirocted toward restoring its expendod onorgy resorves. This inhibition which prevents our cortical neurone trom the exháuation whioh sets in when tho linit of our capacity for work ie passed occurs daily in tho foro of sleep.

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The cortical ooll has a limit to its capacity for work, boyond whioh, in order to provent excessive functional outlay on the cell's part, inhibition etarte. More than thirty years ago ibe great physiologist wrote that the limit to the woridng capacity was not a conotant value, but one which ohanges both acutely and chronically - in fatigue, kypnosie, illmse, and ago. This inhibition, which might be called extralimital (to incorporato tho idea of limit introduced above) somotines appears suddoniy and at other times manifests itself only when above-maximum stimuli are repoated. This izhibition also bae its analogue in tho lower divisions of the central nervoue eystem. s-Lisislan an tha neripherv is This enaloguo to extralimital inhibition on tao porzpus -
the "pessimu" with which we are alroady familiar. As eariy aa l891
one of H.Yo..Vvedenskiy's works drew attontion to the fact that pes
simum inhibition protocted muscle tiseue Srom an excossive flow of
norvo impulaes. Much lator, in the 1930's, EA, Asratyan pointed out
that the pessimuz and extralimital inhibition are related phenomene. s-a dnhihiian ravive the nerve cell?

Wo boliove that it can. Wo boliove tnat it can.

Mumsrous and very accurate exporiments have shown that parebiosis is not only not, as many thought, accoepaniad by energy burning." but, on the contrary, during parabiosis the motabolie proceesee are roduced, heat production is decrease, and the afficiency of the reflex apparatus is restored. apparatus ls rostorous AL- -a-ntascn ↓ht marebiosis

Prof. A.A. Zubkov has oven drawn the conolueicn that parebiosie reaults from the surplue production of onergy-rich phoephorus-containing compounds, Steiting from concepts of rural apparatue as ganerators of nonlinsar oecillations he coneidere that in the case of parabiosie the autooscillatory generators lock themselves into a surplue power supply. This original point of view can be met with a mober of rejoinders, but this approach to solving the problem is worth attention. Let ue mention, by ths way, that even Aristotle associated aloep and alinsntation procosess (his idea wae that sleep arises from the extalations" which come from food). whien coa o s

Extralimital inhibition, of course, does not occur only in the oase of ordinary slesp. In various states which are burdensone to the: organiem the norve ceile try to pull themeelves through by covoring themeelves with protective inhibition, as with a shieid  in bunger or cold, ovorheating or lack of oxygen, during the offoct of brought from the outeide or generated within the organiem, and under the effoct of radiation. raciation. ALa hat Anv01

It y encopaes only dolimited regions, say, those that control motor and epeoch eotivity. And then the person is imeraod in a state of lethargic sleep. In another caee the surrogate" for nervous Bysten activity, aa Pavlov called inhibition, is bot switohed on at all - and illnpss starte. illnpss starts. AL- -neana venuira sagista

Paviov made the logical conclusion - the nourons require aauistance, protective inhibition must be stopped up or "poured" fro the individual divisions over the wholo brain and brought back to ite norcal channel. Prof..E.A, Asratyan later callod this procoes wholo-protective inhibition.

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. And hare is Pavlov's olosost student, M.R. Potrova, using eleep and bronine in porbid conditions of tho animal norvous syste and immodiately obtaining results. Koreover both norvous dieturbanoes and diseasos of other organs - uicers, eczemas, alopecia, malignant and benign tumors  are also treated.

At the same timo another student of the great scientist, Prof. O.G, Ivanov-Smolonskdy. direotor of the psychiairio elinic at the Pavlov Latoratory. io entruoted with setting up sleep therapy for schizophrenice. It ahould be said that even earlier clinical practitioners ondeavored to treat peychotice and neurotics vith protraoted narcotie sleop, but the soporifio was used at random and succose ofton altornated with failure. But when mattors beceme goal-sirected and the solid ground of an orderly theory was folt beneath our foot success stopped being a random affair.

In the lg2o'g foreign psychiatriets began to use protracted narcosis to relieve excitation in tho mentally ill. It started to bo eucceesfully ueed for this purpose in tho USSR from 1934 on the initiative of Prof. V.P. Protopopov. But the high toxicity of the narcotics employed very ofton led to sorioua disturbances of the respiratory and cardiovapcular systems, and frequently was the cause of death.

In the thirtiee Clorette proposed a spocial mixture for narcosio. It was aleo decided to use this mixture in the Favlov Ciinic, not, bowever, only for oxcited petients, as was done before, tut in caees whore it vas poceseary to deepon an already existing inhibition.

As early as l935 the first results of "sloop" therapy convinced O.G. Ivanov-Smolenskdy of the need for rovising the method and tactice of its smploymont. The prolonged toxio narcoeis wae repilaced by therapeutie sleep, or the prolongetion of ordirary sloop, which was brought about by barbituratee of low toxieity. Ths adviaability was ackoncwledged of combining therapeutic sleep with other sthods of treatzent (electrio and insulin shook, injection of stimulante liko carfeine and phenomine), especially in schizophrenia, alcoholic psychosie. and corobral trauma.

Sleep therapy bogsn à vigorous developzent. Lator, during the Groat Patriotic War [world war Ill, it was extensively used in injuries to the csntral nervous system and traumatio and burn shock.

The torrible pain. so-called causalgia. tor=ented those wounded having damaged peripheral narve trunks, Every touch, loud noise, or moroly light caused suoh sufroring that the porson ohriokod. Such a wounded pereon could sit for daye with the affocted oxtromity in a pail of water (this alloviated the pain) and his head wrapped in a quilt in order to protect himself fron light or loud noise.

Here, too, sleep therspy gave the pationte a repriove from pain and illnose. D.O. Lapitaidy, a otudent of Prof. L.L. Vasil'yev, etarted from the idea of tho parabiotio origin of causalgia and propoeed applying the poeitive d.o. pole to the painful epot (anolectrotonus). The mothod proved to bo effective -- aftor five to ten treatzents at a low ourrsnt (up to 5 ma) 72o/o of tho patiente reportod that the pain had dieappeared or eignificantiy decreasod.

Aftor th war narcotio sleep bogan to be succossfully used to

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treat ulcerative or bypertonic patiente. Euthusiaem for."sleep' therpy rapidly grew. Hundreds of printod works appeared, whossauthore desoribed cases treatmont of different diseases by eleep. Interesting findings of biological experimonts were published. Prof. S.N. Braynes, for example, succeeded in inhibiting the aging process in dogs by therapoutic Bloep.

What diseases did they not try to troat with sleep! And it muet be said t hat beeides tho enthueiaam for the new method the atmosphsre of a cult of the individual made itself felt with its dogatie incompatibility with other viows in regard to socething once "eanctified" on high. Sober voices were drowned in a sea of aduletion.

In 1955 Prof. 0.G. Ivanov-Soolonskiy that the advance of sleep therapy vould not depond on "creeping empiricies" ("it is possible it might help even here"), but on carofully weighed deponstrationa, proper choice of type of sleep, and organization of the conditions for sleep therapy.

But, "pore catholio than the pope himself," opportuniets and simple enthusiasts vulgarizing Pavlov's concept in thoir enthueiasm did their work. Tho Blow process of discreditation began, In addition it bocaze very quickly apparont that prolonged slubor induced by a soporifie frequently led to complications (headache, vomiting, visual and aural sensory illusions, and pathological shifts in blood and urine). Ths patiente' temperatures ofton rose and normal activity of tte gastrointeetinal tract. was disturbed.

T'e rush was on to eeek out new meane for inducing Bleep. Firet of all wae enlisted the aid of hypncsis, conditioned-roflox sleep, caused by a combination of various light and sound stiquli plus the action of soporifics and the uee of conditioned reflsxes doveloped during our lives. The Kiev physician and author P.Ye. Beylin and the collective of the Maarovaldy-Rayon Hoepital consulted by him initiated the uso of these methods.

But here, too, there were many instances of lack of moderation and excessive Paith in tho thaumaturgical propertisa of eleep, even in cases where its use could givo no porcoptible affect.

Fig. 1l. Visw of tho "Eloktroson ("Eloctrosleep") Transistorized

Electrically induced sloep, which quickly found rocognition in the Soviet Union and countries of populer democracy, proved to be very proising. This method aroused serious interest in the United Statee, England, Italy, Japaa, Braeil, Austria, the German

Unit Developed in Biocybernotice Division, Academy of Science, Uirainian SSR. This apparatus is domonstratod at the Exhibition of Achievemente of the National Econoay in Klev. Powerod by'portable 'or flashlicht batteries. Froquoney and pulse duration cán be changed'to allow for individual dirferoncoe in typo and condition of patient'a nervous syatom, Koyi (a) A=plitudo (b) Frequoney (e) Switoh.

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Federel Ropublic, and other countries. Perlected equipcont was created, including a small transistorized unit devoloped in tho Divieon of Biological Cybernetics of the Oybernetics Institute of tho Academy of Sciencos, Ukrainian SSR (Fig. l1).

Analysis of thousande of cass hietories indicates the offoctiveness of electroeleep in some forcs of schizophrenia, hypertonie an ulserative diseases, neuroole, tho incipient etages of athersolerosis, in brain injuries and the sequelae of oncepaiitis, cases of nourodermitis (oczema), bronchial asthma, toxio pregnancy, speech disturbances in children, oto.

Prof. G.V. Sorgsyev, for oxample, troated 350 petionta in diffor-. ent stages of hytsrtonia with electrosleep. Tho result was a roduction in arterial prensure, improvoment in sleop, and restoration of working eapacity in 2ll and reetoration of working capacity without reduction of blood pisssure in ll8. The therapoutie effect was insignificant in -only 8o/o of the petients. It is, by the way, obeerved oven when the individual does not fall asleep (and this is almost alwaye the cass in the first sessiona). The therapeutio effoct of electrosloop 1s especially clearly manifest in combination vith certain medicamente - bronine, ressrpin, inoulin, oto.

Electrosleep aleo copes rather well with other Besignzento - protecting brain cells against pre- and postoperative "discharge," alleviating tho effeot of the haraful iopulses which bombard tbe brain during operation under local aneethosia.

Ae the observations of Drs. S.R. Roytenburd and O.M. Rashkoveidy and of tho author of this booklet have shown, all pationts who underwent the oloctroeleep procedure preoperativoly, and particularly during operation, withstood ths operative intervention - during the oporation their pulse, respiration, and blood pressure "jusped' substantially lees than did those of otherg. And thsir poetoperative period also took a ssoother course.

Under district hoepital conditions, bowaver, L.G. Zhukovslaya seven'yeare ago for the firet time approved the sleep-inducing method which we proposed and called (frankly epoaiing, very grandiloquently) radiosleep.

It wae not by chance that we arrivod at thie cothod. The fact is that patiente! attitude toward electrosleep, espocially to the Sirst atep, is a bit tonae. This is natural, too  alwoet everyors rezssbers being shit" by a current, and here eloctricity is being "passed" through one'e hoad.

This is the reason that fros the first stepe in electrcsleop therapy wo rofrained from applying oloctrodee to the eyoball (nis frightenod the patient oven more), but bandaged then to the forohead and ozoiput. And still the peychological "reoietance" still rossined.

Cannot sleep bo induced, we reflected, without applying olectrodee to the head? Cannot, for exazple, an ultrahigh-frequency electric field be ooployod? But UnF, to use the abbreviation, is rather extersively . utilized in mdicins for tho deop beating of tiosuee in various inflan-

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matory processes (surunclos, highaoritis, puloonary abecesses, ote.), in neuralgia, radiculitis, cortein nourovascular disoases, illnesses of the opinal cord and brain, and brorohial asthaa.

Host scientists havo associated tho therapeutic effect of the field with the heat genorated, although rosearchers have omphasized tho presence of a non-thermal "specific" Un influenco chiofly effactuated through the nervous systez. Oniy of late years with tho development of radar technology, which, as ie known, oparates at superhigh frequencios, has the action of this rogion of electromagnetio radiation poctrum on ths human and aninal organisa begun to be deeply etudied.

It has been found that, depanding on doeage and place of action, now the inhibitory, now tho excitatory process can be made to be predominant in the central nervous syetem.

Heiicine has boegun to use the UHF impulse field for treating hypertonis, naurosis, and certain other illnesses. Hore the field acte for several microseconds and then there is a pause l000 timss longer than the impulse. The result ie that strong izpulees (up to 15 kr) get into the body and cauee oxtralimital (parabiotic) inhibition, but the thermal effect, because of the long pause, is revealed to be very inalgnificent.

Thsn caze alarm signals. Foreign sciontiste gave the information that whon monkays wero irradiated with waves close to a meter in'length at a gənerator power of only l00 w brain dazage was detected. Anid one American Bcientiat stated in 1960 that in the 350-500 Me frequency range he had obeerved the Bpecific offect of "individual" frequencies. Individuals who had been tosted told of feeling "puleation in thoir brains, .ringing in their eare, and a deeire to sink thoir teeth in the peareet experinenter."

te navertheloss docided to tost the offect of a dincoutimuoue UHF field at very low powere. The field parameters were to be substantially different -- in the diroction of roduced power and puleation frequency - fro those used in odicine.

Experiosnts on ani=ale and on ourselves dezonstrated tbe baralessnoss of the procedure. Then Dr. Zhukovskaya ueed this method to treat a young woman torosnted with inoomnia and roceivirg no holp from soporirice, even in large doses.

Placing the electrodos 5 cm from the patient's teoplee we gensrated a UhF field betwoen then which wae broken sovoral score tioss a second. In sovon mimutes the patient fell aoleep. The apparatus was switched off in 15 mir, but tho women kopt on sleeping for several hours. A positive. aspect of "radioeleep" also proved to be the Bimplified mothod of procedure.

Meantipe electrosleep had already won the confidence of putients and people stopped fearing "eloctrization." But our radiosleep unit was not always reliablo in action and for this roaeon we lost interest in it.

But the idoa of "radiosleep wao taken up by Prof. O.S. Putilin, Head of tho Phyeics Department of Kiehinov Hodica: Ingtitute, L.Ya. Rabyobov. physioian and neuropathologiet, and Encinsor L.P. Xernitskdy, who in l958 dovised an inetrunont which thoy called a "romoto iopulee unit for

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electrohypnoais."

Along with the intorrupted UF fiold they used a souree of infrared (heat) rays, a blue-colored lap, and a buzzer. Bundles of light, host, and eound impulses were emitted in symchronization with the UHF field pulaation. The eoporifie offect or the oloctrical factor was hore amplifiod; influence wae exerted on the visual, dormal, and aural anaiysors.

Theso are, of course, only first attompte. Thors is no denying that it is poesiblo to solect parameters for the phyeical agonts such that under any conditions bealthful sleep will bo induced. But in modern psdicine the therapeutic rolo of inhibition is atill far from being completely utilized. And the question is not mrely one of correctiy choosing the method of producing sleep and the tacties of ueing it.

In our time we oan no longer boiievo that the nsrvous systom, particularly ite higher lovele, "organizes" disoase. Whilo paying the corebral cortex its due wo cannot now reduce the origin of the pathological process meroly to thə appoarance of "congasted foci cf exeitation" in it, as was don until quite rocently. Ths easence of disease lies in the shift in homoostasis - the dynamic stability of the self-rogulatory systems of the orgsnism on all levele, froa tho cellular to tho organic. Of especial eignificance hore is the functional displacement of the neurohumoral mochanisms -- the fora of physiological process regulgtion in which the pural impulses and the substancee transported by the fluide circulating in the organism act in succession.

I.P. Pavlov taught that diseaso is tho organism's reaction to etimuletion by onvironental factors which leads to injury and dorence against it. Ro callod the latter tho physiological measure of dofonce.

On the baeis of the physiological is ongendered the pathological - the nsw qualitative state of the organis where it operates by now, quartitatively and qualitatively rigidly dofird lavs. we must tak into consideration that the organiss falls ill as a whole and that the pervoue system in any disease is always a part of this whole.

Prof. M.M. Amosov is right  dissase is composed of two olemente, displacepsnts of the norm (positive feedback) and accom=odation theroto (defence, negative feedback). This state is oharacterized by its own peculiar play of the basic neural procosoes  excitation and inhibition, the oporation of the roflex apparatus peculiar to and inherent in the given patho\_ogical process. According to I.P. Pavloy's ideas the Bubetance of the etudy of the reflex mschaniea roduces to effoctuating spatial relationships and dotermining ths routes over which stimulation propagates and gathere.

By ixterrupting at our discretion the paths of circulation of "pathological information," regulating its extont at the various levele of the organism, and disooiving tho pathological conditiongd-reflex eonnections we will be able to thruat tho "progras" of convalescence on the organism.

This is a matter for the future, but we are now already able to assist in tho solution of mny probleme of controlling groupe of colle

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or organs and in liquidating a muober of pathologieal procesees whea we uss the relatively local effeot of chomical substances or electrio impulsed.

It ie therofore important to utilize the protective function of iuhibition not merely as elesp or narcosis, but also as the destruction of the pathological complex which is firot put togethor somewhere on tho periphary and as a method of balancing the nourel procoeses in the centor, aud, finally as a means of changing the reactivity of the colle, tissues, and tho entire organism as a whole.

To illuétrate we will point out tho data obtaimd by Acadenician O.D. Speranskdly and his students. The experiwonts in question very graphically define tho role of the periphoral.divisions of the prvoue eyeton. (Thie scientist developed a thoory of tho norvous eyotez's role in the mechanisms of felling ill, convaloscence, and troatzent. Be aitted a number of inaccurate definitions which in tbeir tizo gave ziee to sharp critioiom and ho did not always devote enough attentioa to the role of tho higher divieions of the centrol nervous systom, neverthelees the onormous amount of theoretical material which he amassed should bo extensivoly used in conetructing tho. theory of medioin.)

It ie known that overtension of tho oural process in the oerebral cortex, the. "gidrmishing" between oxcitation and inhibition, leads to the appearance on the animul body of ulcere, oczema, and other so-callod trophic dieturbances.

Experizonte indicate the significance of disturtance of the normal functioning of the cerebral cortex for tho gonesie of a morbid process.·But to roduce the matter morely to that would bo to eimplify tha Saoto.

Here a dog'a sciatic neive has been Bevered. In this caso a trophie ulcer of the extremity rarely occurs,'But it is worthwhile to aocompany this severance with injection of a drop of formalin or bile into the nerve  and an ulcer will develop in all experipents as a result of the supplemontary stimulation of the periphsral portion of the amlysor.

Sever tho auricular nerves of guinea pigs. The xt day you will seo that In most of them the ear has atrophied and cropped dowa, while nome of the experimental animals have not reactod to ths severance at all. Nevertholess it is worthwnilo sovering, say, thsir aciatic norves,when the ear of each one will atrohy.

Totanus ie kowa to bo ccompanied by contimuous exeitation of the extonsor muscles of ths extrezities, but if before infection or at the monent of infection the extremity is given a bent position and is fixod in plastor the disoase does not develop.

And tak the therapoutic offect of a local injéciion of novocaite (the so-callod povocain biock proposed by Prof. O.v. Vishnevakdy) in diseases of the internl organs. Diroctly opposite results may be attainod by aotion on the roceptors. Interesting experimsnts have boen made. It has bean dezonstrated that when soze of the internal receptors in rabbits infeoted with tuberoulosis are put out of action by novocain injsotions the tuberoular procese shows up earlier then in animale of

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the control group and takoa a graver course. But the slight stimulating action of a novocain block on the yogetative nervous syste delaya the development of the tubercular process and favors a lighter course for.. the disoaso, When thie pothod was brought into a ciinie whare ohildren with tuberouloeis were boing treated a positive effoct wae obtained in a mumbor of caees.

What hae been advanced above ay be corroborated by mmsroue examplos froo the practioo of clinicians. Here is ons of them.

In 195 tis Soviet psychonsurologist F.D. Gorbov deseribed some cases of "troublesome" pathological reflexes in airmen. These excellontly traird, extornally hoalthy people sonehow developed a vomiting when fastening the etrapo of thsir throat-ciorophones around their neck and fros that tize were poreietently pursued by it.

A delicate analyeis conductod by a scientiet showed that the: zatter was not only to change the dymazics of ths cortical process, but also to change the sensitivity of the peripheral receptor field. Xoreover tho state o the vegotative nervous systme played a gront rolo.

The pationts were cured by e very simplo method -- phyoical preswas exerted on the rocoptore of the nck and contiruously incrsased, while modicanents wero administered which depress the parasyepathotie nervous syetez, And a physician with a dogeatic attitudo toward the doctrine of protective inhibition would have put the patient to "sleep."

On the pther hand inhibition of the brain may change the reactivity of the body.

The collaborators of Prof. V.S. Galiin and Irof. O.O. Viehnevekdy in thsir time discovored that yperite and lewieite applied to the skin of narcotized anicals do pot cauee the ueual lesion, the danger of injury by electrie current ia sharply roduced, the shock ordinarily caused by the transfusion of unztched blood does not occur, and the offoct of. bacterial and neural poisons is significantly reetricted.

After reading of V.S. Galkin's experizents the phyeician A.R. Ror decided to uee naroosis in treating people brought into the hospital in hopeless condition after using as food à vegetable-like plant coutaining the powerful poison of oowbane, and ths pooplo rocovered.

A therapeutic narcosis wes developed ánd used in the postoperative poriod in Prof. B.I. Potrovskiy's clinic. It gots rid of the puin and is instrumonta: in the rarer occurrence of postoperative ccmplications. The ecientist also thinks that such narcosis is effective in myocardial infarction and should bocoze irreplaceablo when bandaging wouyids in acute pain.

It must not be thought that ail thoso qualitioe are inhoront only in chenical narcoeis. Evon in 1953 we succossfully dancnstrated that electric narcosie provente the manifestation of tho poiaonous effect of eyanide oospounds on tho rabsit organisa, ani aftorwards at our suggestion L.V. Huravyov began to uoo electroeleep to treat acute pulmonary edema caused in doge by sulfur dioxido poisoning.

There is no doubt but ttat the zodioine of the future will exten-. sively utilize the marvelous properties of intibition. And among other

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methode the position of honor will be occupiod by profound inhibition of the vital functions by rsans of cold (anabiosis). Even now as a reeult of oombining deep refrigoration of ths brain with light rofrigoration of the wholo body it has been possiblo to clain tio survival of animaly after almost complote drainage of blood from tho brain for. a poriod of 1 hr to 1 hr 10 pin (the brain usually dies in 5-6 min). Lot ue try to igin vi sov tn imagin the medicins of our Tomorrow. In its ar- anrolled

senal will be automatic diagnoctie mchines, autonaticaliy controliea
prcstheses of different organiems, apparatus which enit electric i
pulsos of dirfering oharacteristice and radiate electromagnetic fields
which pormit tho inhibition of any part of the nervous syates, and,
finally, chezicot,herapoutic remedies which, liko a "magio bullet."
find the enemy -- the disease-- in the body and oxterminato it. -uviua at these advances by basing itself on the Kedicine will arrive at truee of

now oonquosts of physiology, th oognition of the darkast secrots or tho human bcdy, and, in partioular, of the state where our brain sleepe.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRIC SLEEP TREATMENT IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES , by S. F. Shatrova

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE Buirding T-30 . Ohio Drive and Independence Avanue, S.W. Washington 25, D. C.

Price: \$.50

SEP 1283

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4 November 1963

OTS: 63-41052

USSR

RELEASED.

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FOREWORD

This publication was prepared under contract for the Joint Publications Research Service as a translation or fcreign-language research service to the varlous federal government departments.

The contents of this materlal in no wey represent the policies, views or attitudes of the U. S. Government or of the fartles to any distribution arrangement.

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Details on special subscription arrangements for JPRS social sclence reports will be provided upon request.

No cumulative subject index or catalog of all JPRS reports has been compiled.

All JPRS reports are listed in the Monthly Catalog of U. S. Government Publications, available on subscription at \$4.50 per year (\$6.00 foreign), including an annual index, from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

All JPRS scientific and technical reports ere cataloged and subject-indexed In Technical Translations, published semimonthly by the Office of Technical Services, and also available on subscriptlon (\$12,00 per year domestic, \$16.00 forelgn) from the Superintendent of Docum:nts. Semiannual indexes to Technical Translations are avallable at additional cost.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRIC SLEEP TREATMENT IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

Following is a translation of an article by S. P. Shatrova (Gor'kiy), in the Russianlanguage journal Gigiyena Truda i Professional' nyye Zabolevaniya (Labor Hygiene and Occupational Discases), Vol 7, No 9, Moscow, Sept 63, pp 45-47.7

Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases

(Received by editors 5 October 196l)

According to the theory of I. P. Pavlov on sleep and inhibition, sleep therapy in neuroses is pathogenetically valid and efficacious. At the same time it is known that sleep .medically induced by pharmacological agents. in some cases does turn out to have an effect upon the patient. It is necessary to exercise special caution in diseases in whose etiology is the effect of a toxic factor. For this reason the use
of electric sleep in such cases takes on great importance. Numerous studies have shown that electric sleep is analogous to physiological sleep or is simular to the state of drowsiness. I'he method of electric sleep first found use

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in psychiatric clinics. V. A. Gilyarovskiy, N. M. Liventsev, Z. A. Kirillova in l950 for the first time used electric sleep in the treatment of mentally-ill patients and obtained favorablo results in a number of cases. S. D. Rasin and v. A. Vernikcva, A. A. Golubchik and G. G. Fabish treated patients by a method of electric sleep and conditioped-roflex sleep based on electric sleep. The authors observed the best therapeutic effect in patients with a reactive state and acute asthenia. M. A. Titayeva points out the favorable results in treatment of patients with neuroses and psychogenic reactions. M. V. Rumyantseva-Russkikh, who used electric sleep in the treatment of patients with neuroses of a different type and also in insomnia not responding to the action of pharmacological agents, noted the effectiveness of this method of treatment.

It is necessary to point out that in subsequent years electric sleep came to be used not solelyin the treatment of psychotic and neurotic conditions. This method found its way into clinics of neurology, internal medicine and other diseases.

Proceeding from the information cited above, we set ourselves the goal of investigating the effectiveness of the action of an impulse current in the treatment of certain occupational diseases the clinical picture of which is characterized by the presence of neurotic manifestations. So far as we know, treatment with electric sleep had not been used in an occupational-disense clinic.

We: used pulse current for treating 40 patients, of whom 16 suffered with chronic tetraethyl lead poisoning, 14 with chronic lead poisoning, and l0 patients with. vibration sickness. Their age ranged on the whole fron 30 to 50 years. Irrespective of the nature of the disease,in the clinical picture of the diseases of all

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of these patients, a neurotic-state syndrome occupied the leading place, and practically all of the patients complained of sleep disturbance. In addition, headaches, malaise, and a depressed frane of mind were noted. The complaints of the patients varied somewhat depending on the type of poisoning. It is necessary to mention that in addition to the neurotic manifestations, specific symptoms peculiar only to the'given poisoning were also noted.

Treatment was carried out by means of an apparatus, assembled in the experimental workshop, designed for each patient in the conventional methods. A course of treatment consisted of 10-15 treatments lasting from 15 minutes to 1 hour and 30 minutes. The frequency and intensity of the current were selected individually and amounted to 7-20 impulses per second at O.5-0.7 mA. The effect of the impulse current on the patients was expressed in the following: from 5-7th treatment (in some cases earlier) the patients, as a rule, fell asleep during the procedure but at first their sleep was not deep.enough. With every subsequent treatment sleep became deeper. Dreams appeared to some (24 patients) during the electric sleep treatments. In a portion of the subjects sleep lasted not only during the treatment,but also. continued for some time After the current had been shut off.

Analyzing the effectiveness of electric sleep we evaluated it from the point of view of the effect on the condition of neuro-psychic spheres and of autonomic-vascular tone.

In studying the state of the nervous system, in addition to the usual methods of investigation(cranial, motor, sensory, and reflex spheres, coordination studies), we studied the state of the cerebral, cardiac reflexes (oculo-cardiac,clino-and-orthostatic), of autonomic-vascular innervation (dermatographia, acrocyanosis, change in

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pulse, temperature, blood pressure) bilaterally. In addition to this, in studying vascular tone we resorted to special fuuctional tests with the ingestion of phenamine and glyceryl trinitrate. The oacillometric index was determined. For studying the functionil lability of the cerebral cortex, the: method of adequate optic chronaxy in secondary dark adaptation was used. For estimating therapeutic effectiveness detailed studies of a simular sort were carried out before and after treatment.

Curves of adequate-optic chronaxy before and after treatment of patient R., age46. Diagnosis: chronic lead poisoning.

On axis of abscissa-time of secondary dark adaptation (in minutes), on axis of ordinate - magnitude of adequate-optic chronaxy (in m/sec.) and photo-sensitivity thresholds(in relative units); A - before treatment; B- after treatment; 1) adequate-optic.. chronaxy, 2) optic.. rheobase (photosenaitivity thresholds).

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Treatment with impulse current proved to be effective to some degree in 39 persons; in l subject the effect was insignificant, The nocturnal sleep of all patients improved; after 3-6 trentments sleep became more prolonged, less shallow, the process of falling asleep accelerated, interrupted sleep decreased, and sleep became "refreshing". It should be emphasized that the general condition and nocturnal sleep also improved in those cases when during the treatment the patients did not fall asleep. At the saze time the patients' appetite incrensed, their mood improved, they becams less troubled, more equable, less irritable. Many noticed a decrease in headaches and in pains in the cardiac region.

The subjective improvement in well-being, the decrease in number of complaints. the objectively observed improvement in m^od .and sleep were accompanied by a certain normalization on the part of cortical activity and autonomic processes.

For a morc detailed investigation of the functional state of the central nervous system we used the method of adequate-optic: chronaxy in secondary dark adaptation. We carried out these observations before and after treatment with electric sleep. Study of adequate-optic chronaxy wes carried out in 9 patients. In all, l80 studies were carried out. For investigating the adequate-optic . chronaxy under conditions of secondary dark adaptation we used an adequate-optic

chronaxymeter constructed by Prof. P. O. Makarov "OX - 3". The usual experimental procedure was carried out. For illustration a graph is presented (see figure).

If before treatment with electric sleep the curves mainly had an irregulor shape, with marked variations, the initial and terminal magnitudes cxceeded 13O m/sec, the phase of atabilization was ahsent, then after treatment the variations became less marked, initial and terminal magnitudes were reduced and did not exceed (with the exception of one

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case) l30 m/sec, in 5 cases the phase of stahilization was pregent.

Examination of the oculo-cardiac, normal and pathognomonic reflex before and after treatment revenled some sort of normalization of these reflexes after treatment. The oscillatory index in all of the patients incrcased and became on an average 3 - 5 mm higher than before treatment.

The results of special functional tests with the intake of phenamine and glyceryl trinitrate also testify to the improvement in vascular control after treatment with electric sleep. In carrying them out we used the methods suggested by Ya,Yu, Shpirt. The patient was given glyceryl trinitrate (0.C005 g) or phenamine (0.015 g). After the intake of glyceryl trinitrate, for 2 hours every 5 - 10, then 30 minutes, and after the intake of phenamine for 2 hours every 30 minutes the blood pressure was repeated measured. All blood pressure changes were recorded oscillographically. .For purposes of comparison the indices of maximal variations of the arterial pressure were studied. These variations,in patients examined by the conducting of functional tests before treatment with electric sleep, were .:significant. In isolated patients these displacements reached 20 - 35 mm. After . finishing a course of treatment the fluctuations of maximal pressure in all of the examined patients did not excced 10 mm after the intake of phenamine and glyceryl and only in one patient the minimal arterial pressure was reduced 15mm after the intake of glyceryl trinitrate.

It should be noted that we carried out olectric sleep treatment in combination with c.rtain other methods commonly used in the treatmont of patients with one, or another poisoning: hovever, the use of soporific substances was completely excluded, which permits us to attribute the normalization of sleep to the favorable effect of the impulse current. As for the

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long-range results of electric sleep treatment, followed in 32 patients for 2 years, it should be pointed out that in 15 of them improved general state of being and sleep were enjoyed for 2 - 5 months after trentment and 17 individuals felt well for 8 - 9 months.

Thus the data obtained permits the following conclusions to be made:

The method of olectric sleep can be recommended in occupational-disease clinics for treatment of those poisonings and occupational diseases in which the clinical picture of neurotic reactions predominates. Therapeutic effectiveness is shown in improvement of sleep, of the general state of being and of the patient's frame of mind. In this connection there is observed'a certain normalization bf indices of autonomic-vascular control (cercbral-cardiac reflexes, osciliatory index, and other indices of the state of irritability of higher centers in the central nervous system. Obviously à, "supporting" course of electric sleep treatment should be repeated in a number of cases.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gilyarovskiy V. A., Liventsev N. M., Segal' Yu.Ye. and others. Electric sleep. Kliniko-fiziologicheskoye issledovanive (Clinico-physiological research), M., L958.- Makarov P. O. Nevrodinamika zritel'noy sistemy cheloveka (Neurodynamics of tho human optic system). (Adequate optic chronaxymetry in physiology and the clinic.) L., l952. -Rasin S. D., Yernikova. R.. A. .Vrach. delo (bedícal Affairs),'l952, No 5, column 393. -Rasin S. D., Golubchik A. A. , Fabish G.G. Zh. nevropatol. (Journal of ncuropathology), 1954, No 1, page 14.. -Rumyantseva-Husskikh' M. V. In book:'Voprosy pátogeneza, kliniki i lecheniya nevrozov (Questions of the pathogenesis, clinical aspects. and treatment of neuroses). Xoscow, J: p l95.- Shpirt, Ya. Yu..Gipertonicheskaya bolezn'(Hypertension), Hos, 1949.

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METHODS USED IN ADMINISTRATIGN OF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED SLEEP by M. M. Zheltakov, et al . USSR -

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE Building T-30 Ohio Drive and Independence Avenue, S,W. Washington 25, D. C.

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.FOREWORD

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METHODS USED IN ADMIIISTRATION OF ELECTRICALLY DDUCED SLEEP

[Foiiowing 1s a transiation of Chapter VI and the Table of Contents of the Russian-ianguage book by M. M. Zheltakov, Yu. K. Skripkin, and B. A. Somov entitied Elektroson i Gipnoz v Dermatologii (Electricaily Induced Sieep and. hypnosis in Dermatcicgy), Medgiz, Moscc:, 19o3, pp 99-113 and 307-306.]

Chapter VI, Methoás used in Aoministration of Elcctricaiiy Induced Sleep.

Varisus methcds for the application of electrically 1nduced sieep have been dcscribed in the literature. V. A. Gilyarovskiy, Yu. Ye. Segal', N. M. Liventsev, and Z. à. Kiriilova (ig54) distinguished between the foilowins types of treatment with electric slecp: 1) long perioas cf treatment in which the current was applied for a period cr up to two hours; 2) medium periods of treatment in which the current was appiied for 40-60 minutes; 3) short perioas cf treatment or conditioned reflex sleep, in which the current was applied only uitil the moment that the patient feil asleep.

In all types of treatment sleep continued until natural awakening and had an average duration of 2-3 hours.

Acccrding to these authors, a conditioned refiex sleep induced elcctrically is very effective in psychiatric clinical use for the treatment of neurcses, reactive conaitions, and persistent asthenic and astheno-depressive states.

Acccrding to M. G. &nan'yev, Ye. V. Gurova, and I. V. Golubeva (l957), in order to accelerate the onset of sleep on

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appiicaticn of a pulse current, deep direct action of the current on the brain, such as that which takes place when the electrodes are applied to the eyes and the back of the head, 1s not necessary. On the other hand, a parailel arrangement of the electrcdes on the skin of the head side b side in the same plane (octh of them en the forehead) precludes deep passag? of the current, in the opinion of the authcrs. Experimental investigations made it possible to subject to thorough study this prcblem from the standpoint of reinforcement of the reflex action and reduction of the direçt action of the current cn the brain.

0. V. Kerbikov (1955) in the treatment of mentally diseased patients applied a current with a strength of 5-l5 ma, a freouency of l-20 pulses per second, and a puise duration of 0.2- 0.3 mi1lisecond.

Banay (1952) in the treatment of schizophrenia patients applied Reyter apparatus with the following pulse current parameters:

1) Frequency: usuaiiy 30 pulses per second. The frequency cf the current was regulated during the procedure, 1.e., either increased or reduced. however, the author did not make use of the possibility of individuai regulation of the current frequency depending on the functionel stete or the nervous systen aná the degree to which neurotic disturoances were pronounced; 2) Current strength from 1.5 - 2.5 to 11 ma. In 2 number -of cases the initial current strength reached 2-3 ma.

In carrying out treatment with electricaliy induced sleep of patients with remote after-effects of closed cranialcereorel trauna in the stage of decompensation, Ye. I. Lebedinskaye (1g5?) empioyed the following puise current paramettrs (on a "GIF""apparatus): frequency 5 puises, duration of pulse 0.2 millisecond, current strength 8-25 ma. In connection with this method, the best therapeutic erfect was observed in patients with disturbed sleep due tc insufficient magnitude of protective inhibition. When weakmess of nervous processes was present, as indicated by persistent inscmnia, a longer ccurse of treatmcnt with electrically induced sleep was reouired in order to obtain a therapeutic efrect.

In the treatment of l64 patients with residuai manifestations of spring-summer (tici-born) encephalitis, Ss. S. Magazanik (1957) recommenced appiication of a pulse current with frecuency of l0 cycles and pulse duration of 0.1 - 0.5 millisecond. The duraticn or applications of elcctrically induced sieep varied within the limits of 30-E0 minutes and duration of treatment amounted to l2-15 days. Pulse current

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with the characteristics mentioned, as had been establisheá in eiectroencephalcgrapnic studies by the euthor, exerted e beneficiai effect upcn the biolectric activity of the brain.

In the opinion of A. I. Nazarenko and T. A. Savel'yava (1957), whc applied electricaliy induced sleep for the treatment of tumors of the stomach and the duodenun, sood therapeutic results were ootained by applying the folicwing method: arrancement of the electrodos on the eyes and the back of the heać, current of rectangular shape (NIlEKhAiI apparetus) and a current strength of 0.5-2 ma. The treatment was carried out in the morning and during the day (from l100 to 1300), and the paticnts received up to 20 electric sleep sessions in the course of treatment.

I. s. Robiner (1957) assumes that the favorable functionai shifts produced in the central nervous system under the efrect of a pulse current persist after the application of the current has been disccntinued. Experimental investigations by this author incicate that the positive affect of the pulse current on the nervous system persisted for a'longer time wien the action of the puise current was lonzer. These observations leaá to the ccnciusion that appiicstion of several frictional treatments during a day, t inoreasing the total period of action of the pulse current, bring about a strengthening and possibiy a retention of the rovcrcbie shifts in the functionai stete of the nervous soten which have been produced as a resuit of treatment with e\_ectricaily induced sleep.

S. A. Roytenbura (1S57), who applied eiectricaily induced sieen in the surgical department or a raycn hospital, increased the duraticn of sieep (in combination with the regular night sleep) to 14-i0 hours per day. The patients were treated for 3-5 days befcre the operation and 3-4 days after the operation.

As had been established by V. I. Rusakov (1957), who observed l67 patients with neurotic, asthenic, end asthenodeprossive conditions, the áuration of electriccily induced sleep was 2-3 hours. In Rusakcv's opinion, the best parameters or the pulse cùrrent are sub-threshholá doses with a frequcncy of 5-l0 pulses per second. Upon excossive puise current dosages apathy, weakness, listiessness, and intensification of morbid symptoms (side effects cf eiectricaliy induced sleep) were ooserved. To treat inscmnia, Rusakov, on modifyins the method, applied evening electric sleep sessions (before the night's sleep), whereafter the patient remained in bed until morning. No sleep-inducing drugs ror suggestion

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therapy were administered to the patients durins the course of treatment.

In the treatment of 338 patients with high ölcod pressura, G. V. Sergeyev (1S57) used a pulse current with the folloving characteristics: constant polarization, rectangular shape of pulses, puise Guration O.2 milliseconá, current strength (with respect to its amplitude values) varied within a 15-l0 ma, range frequency of pulses 18 per secona. The current strength was both increased and decreased slowly within 3 minuzes. Electrical sleep sessions were conducted daily efter breakfast from ll00 to 1300 for a duration or 30 minutes to two hours. The first 2-3 procedures were corducted without cutting in the current, until the patient became accustomcd to the sensations cf the attached electrodes. The total number of procedures during the cour'se of treatment amounted to 17-20. Positive results in the treatment with electrically inäuced sleep of persons who had high blocd pressure were obtained whenevcr the method was appiieá in cases in which the basic nervous processes were disturoed and there was no pronounced manifestation of excitation processes..

L. V. Dymetskaya (1954:) applied a frequency of 12-16 pulses per second and then changeć to lover frequercies, down to five pulses per secona. During the first fev treatments the most favorable freouency for the patient wss selected. This frequency was then cppiied in all subsazuent treatments. We do nct quite agree with this prcceáure, because it is avisable to increase the current frequency scmewhat as the neurotic disturbances are alleviated end reduce it when the neurotic disturbances become stronger.

In the treatment of patients at psychiatric ciinics, a good therapeutic effect was obtained by applyins a current of low frequency, 1.e., 2-5 puises per second.

For patients with after erfects of an open trauma of the cranium, currents of medium frequencies had the greatest effect, i.e., currents with l0-l2 puises per seccnà (N. M. Liventsev, V. S. Vozávizhenskaya, and A. F. Strelkeva, 1S54).

At therapeutic ciinics, pulse current with a hisher frequency, i.e., 8o-l00 puises per second, was used successfully.

For instance, L. A. Studnitsina (1957) applied a current with the following characteristics: rectangular shape of pulses, constant polarization, length cf puises 0.2 - 0.3 millisecond, frequency 10-15-80 puises per sucond, current

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strength S-17 ma. The nogative electrode was placed on the closeć cyes aná the positive electrode on the mastoid proces3es.

The inhibitory effcct of the current increased with increasing frequencies, but at the frequency of S0 puises per second sone patients with a pronounced weakening of tre basic nervous processes suffered from headaches and general weakness aftor the treatmehts. The length of treatments was adapteá to individual patients: for patients with small weakening of the excitation-inhibition process, the length of treatments was i-2 hours, while in the case of patients with a pronounced veakening of excitation and inhibition processes, electricaliy induced slcep continuing for 20-50 minutes was applied., The treatments were applied in the ward frcm i0oo to l200 in'the morning four to six times per week. The course of treatnent consisted of 10-20 individual treatments.

n apparatus deveioped by U. B. Khudyy (1s57) generates current with the foilowine characteristics: 1) pulses or rectanguiar shape with the possibility of changing the irecuency in the l-20 cycles range at lengths of pulse ancuntins to 0.2 - 0.3 miliiseccnds; 2) a puise current cf rectanguler shape with the possibility of chaneing the frequeney within a range of 40-l00 cycles at pulse durations cf 0. - 1.i miiliseconds; 3) a pulsc current of combined shape with the poscisility cf changing the frequency within a range of i-l30 cycies at puise duraticns o 0.3-l.2 miliiseconos. Two- and seven-channel equipment of this type is availabie. An imorovement that has been embodied consists of automaticaliy wetted eiectrcdes desigrec en the principle or a non-spilling inkweil.

S, S. Magazenii (is55) useć a "GIR" apparatus. Tre pulse freouency was l-20 cycies. In a number of cases the patients were treated with a current at a puise freouency cf 10 cycles, a pulse duratior of 0.3 - 1 millisecond, aná a current anplitude of 10-15 ma. Soft electrcces having the shape of spectacles and ear flaps were used; the iotter were applied in the region o the mastoid prccesses. ∴ltogether about 1,5co 1ndividual troatments were applied withcut any compliceticns or side effects.

The compiete harnicssness of electricaily induced sieep treatments was emcnasized by V. I, Rusal:ov (i95o). The author treated with electricuiiy induceć sleep patients sufferins from insomnia. Thc patients were treated under ambulatory conditions by the fcllowing original methcd.

The ambulatory patients were subcivided intc Eroups.

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Towarüs iO P.M. they camo to the dispensary and spent the night there after appiicaticn of electrically induced sleep for 2 hours. The advantases of this method consist in temporary elimination of conflict situations that may arise at home and the aosence of undcsirabie phenomena which result from the application of sleep-inducing drugs.

The wards in which electrically induced sleep was applieć were isoiated from noise and ventilated. Eiectrically induceá sieep was applied daily except on holiáays. Four paticnts were treateć simultaneousiy. The duretion of an individual treatment was two cr three hours. Altosether the patients received 15-20 individual treatments. Tne current strensth was adapted to ináividual requirements according to generaiiy accepted principles.

R. L. Syrkina in the treatment with eiectrically induced sieep of patients with an acute trauma of the cranium varicd the current strength within the limits of 0.2 - 0.3 ma. At this current strength sleep resulted in the majority of patients. Higher current strength was epplied oy :. V. Rümyantseva-Russkikh (1959) in the treatment of neuroses: the current strength was 13-22 ma at a frequency or 1.5 - 135 cycles, depending cn the cesree to which neurotic cisturbances were epressed. It was esteolished by the author that the application cf a pulse current with these characteristics brought about improvement cf sleep on the 4th - 7th day after treatment had teen initiated.

In another ccmmunication M. V. Rumyantseva-Russkikh (195s) reported on the trectnent of patients with varicus types cf neuroses by appiying a current strength cf 5-25 ma at a puise freçuency of 5- 135 per second. Irdividual treatments were continued for periods of 15 minutes to 2 hours. Critcria of the reacticn to current strength were a sersaticn (under the electrodes) of vibration in the region cf the back of the head, light prickiing under the eye eiectrodes, a feeling of pressure in the eyes, etc. Tre best results were obtained at a length of treatment amounting to 1.5 hours. À conáitioned reflex to time was developed after 7 - 10 treatments.

À current of lower frequency (5-l2 puises per second) was most effective in' patients with sharply expressed symptoms of neurasthenia: an increase in the frequency of the pulse current from 5 - 12 to 100 cycles produced in these patients a less sound sleep at night and increased irritability. Currents of higher frequency were applied in the case of patients who had neurotic disturbances of a less pronounceá type. Thus,

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in five pitients, a positive therapeutic efrect vas ooserved only wien the frequency was increased from 10 to 100 cycles. Accordins tc the author, the current strength presumably does not piay c decisive role and should be modified deyending on the individual sensitivit or the patient.

V. A. G1lyarovskiy and N. M. Liventsev (195C, 195S) alsc empnacized the importance of the pulse frequency for brinsing about inhibition in cells of the cercbral cortex. According to the data reported by these authors, the best effect was obtained on using-frequencies within the range of 5-25 cycles.

In crder not to make the equipment too complicated with respect to control, the puise duration was made constant by then within limits corresnonding to the motor chronaxy of the cential nerve formations. The pulse duration was 0.3- 0.5 milliseccnd. Longer puises produced unpieasant sensations, while shcrter pulses wero not very effective. It is recommended that the current be made as strone as pessible in order that action be exerted en the nerve ceiis and that diffuse inhibition, i.e., sleep, be produced. The necassity is emphasized of taking care that the sensations aricin when the current is increased in order that the optimum individual dosage of current strength may be sslected do not have an unpieasant character.

According to otsorvaticns by V. A. Giiyarcvskiy and his co-workers, the average current strength in en eiectric sleep treatment was 10-12 ma aná the lowest dosage was 6-5 ma.

As typical for the eiectrically induced sleep method (in contra-distinction to electric anesthesia) the auther regards an action of a current of low strength, the upper limit of whicn is the threshclù at which disturting or disagreeabie sensaticns arise in the regions through which the current is passed. he electrodes were attached to the eyes and to the back cf the head. Of interest are also the following data given by the author. Out or i,Cco patients ooservod 27E aid not fall asleep during the treatments, 285 exhibited sieepiness, 62 feil asleep after the current was cut cut, and 377 slept during the treatment. The current strength was somewhat reduced after unpleasant sensations were felt ir the region through which the current was passed.

A. I. Nazarenko and T. A. Savel'yeva (1958) applied the following method in the treatment of gastro-intestinai ulcers with a NIIEknAiI apparatus and other equipment: the electrcdes were piaced on the eyes, the shape of the pulses was rectangular, and the current strength was 0.05- 2 ma at a puise

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frequency of l00 per second. Slectrical sleep therepy was carried out simultaneously on four patients in smail wards. The therapy was usualiy appiied between 1100 and 1300. The length of the first treatment was 30 minutes; then the length of the individual treatments was gradually increased to 2 hours.

The Bulgarian authcrs Vranski, Ivancv, Kasabov, Marinov, and Korueva (1954) applied a weak puise current at a frequency of 2.5 cycies.

Acccrding to N. S. Smelcva and associates (i959), in the treatment of eczema and neurodermatosis a current with a frequency of 8 or 12 pulses per second, a pulse duration of 0.2- 0.3 milliseconds, rectangular puise shape, and a current strength of l-2 ma shouid be applied.

S. R. Roytencurd (1956) in electricai sleep therapy applied an Ml-3 apparatus deveicped b: K. D. Ivanov-Mromskiy (is55) with speciai blocking which prevents the current. strength from exceeding 0.03 ma. The humming oi one cf the pcwer transforners was subsequently used as a ccnáiticned refle: stimulus. The electrodes were applied to the fcrehead and to the back of the head. Treatment cf 3-6 patients was carried out simuitaneousls in a darkened rocm. Baginning with the 3rd to 6th treatment, réflex reacticn to the scund developed. The sound enitted by the apparatus was initated by the humming of a sounc cenerator. In this manner conditioneá refiex sleep was prccuced. The patients slept an average or l4-l6 hcurs per day, inciuding the night's sieep. The sleep during the night was improved under the effect of electricaliy induced sleep.

In aćministering electrically induced sieep for the treatment cf obliterating enácarthritis ty means of a NIIEkrAiI apparatus, S. R. Roytenburü (iS53) developed an original method of treatment under ambuiatory conditions. The authcr started from the premise that by the epplication of ambulatcry therapy of this disease the stagnation cf biood circulaticn in the legs, which is unavoidaoie in treatment under stationary ccnditions, is eliminated. Another advantege of this methcdof treatment was that the patient could remain in his eccustomed surroundings. In treating with electricaily inducec sieep patients with obliteratine endoarteritis, the author applied a pulse currert with a strength of 0.3-0.8 ma. An individual treatment usually continued for i.5 hours. All petierts showed an increased length end normalization cf the nignt's sleep. Appiication of this method indicated that a thera= peutic effect is obtained even in patients whc did not sleep

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during the treatment. This again indicates that a pulse current exerts a neurogenic action. The complete harmlessness of electricaiiy induced sleep therapy is emphasized.

M. Z. Konovalova (1957), in treating l22 patients with acute ciosed cranial-cerebral traumas, edministered individual treatments twice per day. The first treatment continued for 45-S0 minutes and the time elapsed between treatments was 3-4 hcurs. The patients were subjected to 10-20 treatments, dependin? on the clinical course of the disease. Conditioned reflex sleep was induced after 5-7 treatments in which a current was epplied. The conditioned reflex sleep was induced during the same hours as sleep under the action of pulse current. Ali procedures applied in inducing electric sleep were carried out; the electrodes were attached, but the current was pot crt'in. As has already been pointed out, conditioned refiex slees developed under the condition that the patients had been subsected for at least 5-7 times to electrically induced sleep.

In the treatment of patients with light traumás or traumas of medium severity, electrically induced sleep was successrully applied in combination with smali ccses of sodiun bromide, soporifice given at night, and other types er treatment.

A. S. Zubova (ig57) estaolished that innibition of nervous activity in the form of sleep is achieved in schizcphrepia patients at iow current strength (0.l-l.5 ma) and a duration of individual treatinents amounting to1.5hours.

K. N. Afonskiy and M. I. Fel' (l957), in devalcping eouipment for the incuction or electrical sleep, tcok intc consideration the necessity cf altering the frecuency or puises. On this principle, they designed an apparatus with an extensive frequency range. Tnis design makes it possible to select the characteristics or electric pulses which produce the best effect. This was achieved by means or e muitivibrator. ppiication of a multivioratcr nade it possible to modify the characteristics of the oscillations generated by simpie switchings over and regulation.

It is assumed by D. V. Afanas'yev (1957) that a shcrtccming of electrically inouced sleep consists in an insufficiently strong action on the organism of the petient. As a result, en insufficient therapeutic effect is exerted in a number of cases. To reduce this shortcoming, the author recomnends the following method:

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a) An intensiried variant of electrically induce sleep (on the application of which headaches develop, hcwever);

0) "Condensed prcceçures" (application of individual treatments 4-5 times per day). 4

The application of these methods bring about summation of the action of subsequent treatment with the residual effect of the preceding treatment. The methods in question are based on the principles of summation of irritaticns formulated by N. Ye. Vvedenskiy and the effect of the time fectcr pointed out by A. A. Ukhtomskiy. In practice D. V. Afanas'yev's method prcduced gocd results in the treatment of the effect of abstinence in narcotic addicts.

N. M. Shcherbakov aná B. V. 3olcgov (iS5E) described the apparatus for producing electric sieep, which they designed. As the "EM - OPNI," where the puise is beil-shaped in V. À. Gilyarovskiy's apperatus it is rectangular and in D. V. Afanas'yev's apparatus it is trapezcidai. In the .epparatus cescribed, the pulse frequency is constent and eouals 100 per second. N. M. Shcheroakov (1955, 1953) rezards acquisition of a rhythm es the basic principie of eiectrically inóuced sleep therapy and the leaáing factors in it are as follcws: a) electro-tonic effects observed also in ordinary galvinization; b) normalization of the rhythm of impuisatien in the centrai nervous system by acguisition of the rhytrm cf the pulses being applied; c) protective inhibiticn (tre latter is not regarded as essentiai by the euthor, becausc therapeutic action is achieved even in cases when the patient does not sleep).

In the opinion o a number of authors (. Ys. Shcherbak, 1937; A. R. Kirichinsl:iy, 1935, and others), with the transcarebral or ocuiar-cccipitai arrangement cf the electrodes, the current enters into the craniun throvgh siits end cpenings in the eye hollciis and also tnrough the thin bones which fcrm the walls and the tack of the eye hoilow as well as throush the large temporal opening ana the thin cellular bones cf the mastoid processes. This is the best method of introducing the current into the cranium and for making it penetrate into the substance of the brain. Research oy V. A. Gilyarovskiy, N. M. Liventsev (1950, l95S) anā otrers inüicated that the current passes through the soft tissues surrounding the cranium as weli.

In experiments on animals Kleinsorge, Rosner, and Dressier applied electrically incuced sleep on l,000 cuinea pigs and 50 rabbits, using a current with the following

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characteristics: a rectangular current shape with a delayed rise,current strength i-5 aná l-40 ma, frequency 6-i8 pulses per second, pulse duration 0.3 - 0.6 millisecond. These authors attach great importance to the factor of susgestion in electrically induced sleep therapy under clinical conditions.

The procedure of I. M. Vish and V. P. Laricnov (1557), who appiied electrically induced sleep in the treatment of alcohoiism consisted of the ccmbined use of electricaily induced sleep hypnosis, aná apomorphine, whereby in contrast to our prccedure (1956), hypnotic suggestions were made first, and then electrically induced sleep was applied.

The method applied by us was as follows. We used two "Eiektroson" apparatuses designed by N. M. Liventsev and manufactured by the experimental workshop cf the Physico-Chemical Division of the State Institute of Physical Therapy, Ministry or Health USSR. jn epparatus of this type is designed for the simultaneous treatment of four tatients. On one or them, which is of an oláer design, the freouency of pulses is reguiated by means of a potenticmeter tret is conmon for all four channeis, while the current strerger. is reguiateć individualiy for every patient of the four who are treated simuitaneously.

In the other, imoroved apparatus both the current strength and the frequency is regulated for every patient, 1.e., every patient of the four treated simultaneously cen oe given current with a different puise frequency (from i to i30 cyeles). In this apparatus a potenticmeter that regulctes the puise frequency is provided fcr every channel of thc four (Fic li). The current strength in ooth models of the apparatus is measured in milliamperes according to the indications of tre green line serving as pointer of the oscillagraph tube. The current supply was from the city pcwer line.

The principai part of the epparatus is a blcciing generator, which is a seif-excitins generator of csciliaticns of the raiaxation type without tunins in the anodic er principal circuit and with a strong feedback (Fig. l2). : generai viow of the control panei of the "Elektroson" apparatus is shown in Fig. 13.

inen an electrically induced sleep treatment is applieć, the principal characteristics of the pulse current of lov frequency and icw strength applied to induce sleep are as foilows:

a) frequency of pulses in the apparatus of oid design

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Circult diagram of ∴pparotus lor elcctrica.iy induced sleep with separate frequency control in cvery channel.

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1-80 cycles per second and that of the new design l-l30 cycles (we selocted a frequency depending on the desree to which neurotic disturbances were pronounced and the functional state of thc norvcus system of patients, generally from 5 to 90 cycles);

b) the duration of the pulse was constent (within the 1imits of 0.2 - 0.3 miliiseconas);

c) the shape of the pulses was rectangular and the polarity constant;

á) the current strength was one to 50 ma (averaging 8 - 23ma for men and 4 - 20 ma for women).

."The negative eiectrode havins the shape or spectacles was pieced cn the eyes ana the positiva electrode in the form of earmusfs on the mastoid processes. A tignt fit of the electrode masks to the skin was secured (Fig. i4).

The electrodes (piece of absortent cotton placed in corresponding grooves or the masks) were moistenec with a physiological salt solution or warm water. In the case of patients who had inflammatory ccnditions on the skin or the face or in the region or the eyes (erythema, eccc) treatments were carried out after these conditions were cileviated. As a liquid for moistening electrodes warm water vas usually applieá in the case of such patients. This did nct recuce the effectiveness of electrically induced sleep. s the negative eye electrodes dried, they were moisteneć by means or liquia from a pipette.

After the electric current had been switched on, a current passed from the eres to the back of the hcad. when treatment with electricaliy induced sleep was appiied, the current strength was resulatea indivicually not criy for every patient, but for every application. The current strength was estabiished at a level at :hich no unpleasant seuscticns resulted from its passage, and the onset of sieep was not interfered with thercby.

The reaction of patients to swtiching on of the current consisted in a sensaticn o weak and pleasant prickling, stroking, light vibration, tivitching, and goose fiesh in the region in which the eye eiectroces were attached, more rarely in the resion in which the ear electrodes were attached. These sensations did not reach a degree at which they were unpleasant. This is a condition which limits the current strength which is simultaneously controlled accoráins to the

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oscilicgraph of the "Eleltroson" apparatus for each. of the four chennels separately, 1.e., for every patient or the four who are simultaneously treated with electrically induced sleep and hypnosis.

We increased the current strength to the optimum magnitude (which does not produce unpleasant sensaticn in the paticnts) and decreased the current strength to zero at the end or the treatment. As a rule we gradualiy increased the current streneth for the mzjority cf patients from treatment to treatment and sometimes during individuai treatments.

[Captions to fisures not reproduced here]

Fis. ll [p. l0e] General view of refined apparatus for electricaily induced sleep with individuel freccency controi for cach of four patients receiving electric sieep treatment simultaneously.

Fis. 13 [p ill] General view of distributicn panel of the "Eiektrcson" apparatus.

1 - oscillograph tube; 2- frequency controi áial; 3- áial for regulating pulse current strength; 4, 5, ó- jecks for cutting in of electrodes anù the cut-in eiectroies; 7- controliing device fcr frequency controi diai; S - frequency control dial switch; 9- channel control switch; 10 - connection to networi.

Fie. 14 [p il2] Pcsition of electrcde masks en eyesocket region and the mastoid processes.

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Table of Contents

Prece Page

Part l. Electrically Induced Sleep

Chapter I. Brief historical outline of the develcpment
of the theory of electricaily ináuced sieep .... 8
Chapter II. Therapeutic appiication of electricaily
induced sleep. 10
Electrically induced sleep in psychiatry .... i1
Electrically induced sieep in neuropetholcs .... 14
Electrically induced sleep in therapy ...... 20
Electrically induced sieep in surgery, obstotrics,
and gynecoicgy 27
Electrically induced sleep in dermatology ...... 31
Chapter III. Physiological nature and mechanism of
ection of electrically induced sleep ..... 40
General information .. 4C
Effect of current upen brain tissue . 43
The depth of electrically induced sleep ..... 49
Effect of electrically induced sleep upon meta
bolism 52

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Pase
Mechanism of action of electrically inluced
sleep and ganglion-blocking agents 56
Chapter IV. Effect or elcctrically induced sleep upon
some physiological ináices of the organism 62
Recults of pletismographic investigations .. €2
Initial pletismogram and the effect .of treatment
with electricaliy induced sleep upon uncon
ditioned vascular reflexes .. 63
Effcct of treatment with electrically induccá
sleep upon conditioned vascular rerlcxes €8
Effect of electrically induced sleep upon elec
troencephalogram indices 74
Erfect of electrically induced slcep upon the
magnitude of sensory chronaxy 78
Effect of electriccliy induced sleep upcn mag
nitude of artorial pressure and epicutz
neous reactions 79
Chapter V. Indicaticns. for aiministration cf electri
caily induced slcep in dermatclogy εO
Chapter VI. Methods for cdministraticn of electricaiiy
induceá sleep 99
Part 2. Hypnosis
Chaoten ViI. Historicai outline or development cf the
thecry of hypnosis 124
Chapter VIII. Therapeutic use of hypnosis in Germa
tology 137
Chapter IX. Hypnosis and sleep in the light of I. P.
Pavioy's teachines .. 157
Chapter X. Effect of hypnosis upon physiolosicai pro
cesses in the organism. 1€€
Chapter XI. Mechanism of the therapeutic action of
hypnosis .. 167

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Page
Chapter XiI. Indications for administration of hyp
nosisin dermatology 198
Chapter XIII. Combined application of hypnosis and
conditioned rerlex therapy 205
Conditioned refle: sleep 210
Chapter XIv. Classification and determination of degree
of aepth of hypnosis . 211
Chapter XV. Methods for application of hypnosis .. 219
Part 3. Combined appiication of electrically
induced sleep and hypnosis
Chapter XVI. Methods ... 235
Electrically induced sleep in combinaticn with
soporofic druzs 241
Electrically induced sleep in comoinaticn with
conditicned pefiex sleep .. 242
Chapter XVII. Physioiogical prerecuisites for epplica
tion of electricaily induced sleep in combination
with hypnosis .. 244
Chapter XVIII. Therapeutic results ootained by com
bined application of electricaily induced sleep
and hypnosis 251
Treatnent of patients with eczema and neuroder
matosis .. 251
Nornalizing effect of electrical sleep therapy
and hypnosis upon the duration and depth of
sleep in patients with eczema and neurcder
matosis. 253
Acticn of electrically induced sleep in alleviat
ing itching .... 259
Intensification of depth of the hypnotic state in
patients with eczema and neurodermatosis
under the effect of electrically induced
sleep ..... 263

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Paze Treatment of patients with psoriasis, lichen ruber, nettie rash, and other dermatoses .. 271

Complex treatment of patients with neuroáermatosis, eczema, aná other dermatoses by means of hypnosis,'electrically inauced sleep, and corticosteroids .............

Chapter XIx. Results and prcspects ................... 281

Bibliography286

END

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U. S. DEPARTRENT OF COMDERCE OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES JCINT PUCLICATIOS RESEARCH SERVICE Be:ldint T-30 Ctio Dr. and Incszendence Ave., S.W. Wesliln3tcn 25, D. C.

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JPRS: 17,498 6 February 1963

OTS: 63-21086

Price: \$.75

FFIFA

[PAGE 133]
FOREWORD

This publicaticn was prepared under controct for the Joint Fub!lcations iesesrch Service. en organizotion estoblishcd to service.the translation and fcreign-langunge research nceds of the various federal governmcnt deportments.

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Fhotocopies of ary JiRS report are avallable (price upon request) from: i'hctoduplication serviep, Librors of tongress. Wianhington 25., D. C.

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TPANELATICS MO! SOVET KAYA MEDTTEINA

[ Following is e tratultion of ceicctel articles ron thc Ruesian-lvgisge perioáicel Sotetshuya Meñiteloe (Soviet Heaicize), Mosccs, val. 25, 01,P0g3 5-3110-23;42-45;110-14.

Tetle of Contents

D. V. Fstrcvakiy and VS. Frplcy. The furrert Sratus of VesouterSurgery

V. N. Keslcrekiy. Lipoid and FroteinMotabolisn ir Fetisnts with hrtarioscleroeit.

/G. y. Sorgeyev. Electria Sloop es a Methcd of limrctsopio Treetert of Fesentiel Hyyertension....

K. A. Ravonort. Hyrienie Bvnluutisr end tho Vee af Undernour Mais of Chlerin (Vimi Forchloriee) for Therepeutlefurposce....

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Tha Cuorent Status of Vascaler Surgery

Proieleor 5. V. Petecvakiy, Lesic Piss vinne anà active serber of tis dcacagr cf Meiicel Sciences DEs3, and V. S. Kryiov.

fran the Depsrteeat of Bospitel Lmpsr? (Esed-. Prolucsor E. F. Potrevskiz) ef tks First Mosoor Meiioal Institate Lncai I. M. Seobaror.

at the pressnt tius, rastcrative vasculer barery has zace cos cideranie scnieresate as le on the road to rapii developeant. Tho sargical suocssnes sbsrved in the past 10-l2 peare on the acrta are rain roscals are eplained ty the prolcnged porioi of developesit wne Cergose ty vasoalsr murgers as vell as br rroeass in the techriqre and La crte chnicis. The cozhinztion ot these thres aspects has ade it poscitla fer the smgeos to periera operaticns vhich very reecntly onaed imvesihle.

To maia sin of. cny operatlo: o2 6 dload vescel is prasurvtics of its Fsnoiina, azd tho zsin fuctioa of s bioca veasal is that of certyire bioci. The srgaon nov oen not onlr preseve the edsaing Ioctics, bat can slss restore the passs o2 tloci throcgh a tlood vessel viich bas besn lnnaires thrvie travas or disetze.

Is sraviers years zazy sur voes io variots comtries verkad cut rescalar sutars is detail. In this fiald, à Gect sotribttisa ves eate br kussien agtone, Nenaliver, Nkhes, Dtroval'sktsa, Erartegy ard Scfeisor. Hosever, the llustrions derslopst of vacctiar cutus et thit tine did pot afsoré ts possibilitr of usir it elinicall on s trcsd seais, becaves th: ierltotion ef the inetraonts, Reecies, me turv tatsiial as rell as ths ssance ef antiocagnierts, makire it pos-Biti to proince à tomceray eruiieil kapbilse to the pecassart d grec snd or the nececeary paind cf tize, led to the rsot that the perosriage af cascs of thronbotis vas hisk, atd vaceaiar mtare cotlá te sssá iy oniy inliriderl ingealcas ergsnas.

Relsccsrt ol a vascaier delost is nssossky ir -ail operctions in Mich thie desect is pore than terothree cestiueters Lcrs. Mi a teoto st trinsplartutiou, eside Iras transmiartetioc es te patisit's ovr: vels in eacotionel cases, est vith allure, pertlr fer ressons precxtei sixve and purtly bessuse of infeotion io the roand, rits vhich it vas izossitle to copo beiore the airent o antibiotios.

Atteupts at vesoalar trsasplnntation, inerlective for leng Feers, since to tire cf Cerrel, ereztcatss wits the triwph of the idea cf trencriastation at the cnd os the lg4o'e. Dofecte is the sorte ani perinksrtl arterios bazus to bs fille! in daccosenlly wita preserved iaccilar haitraesolante, ad for a long size they pertcrasd the Saue tiony of a blood vessel. lefects in presavei boactranspiants shiat bacaze alehr in the oourse of tias gave riss to nes methoás of prese vatioz, partiolarir, thc roszebine mothcd, mica aliordid tce pos. sibilisy of presarvinc tho tleoi vessel for a yesr er mere.

Llone vith the iepeoveant of raseuiar kopstrsanlestation

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Ianoticer treid vas dovaioped, tho tcilieation of izrr aterial prcs thesas. kitemts at using artoriai prosthesos wers kace at the end or the past centay (Payr, Fistse, Carral); tonever, those stteoto vere without roults, booause mstal, gless, and rabber tutes inoritasly trer bosed. Lan suocassfalcolution of this post disiouit protleo becare possiilc cnlr vith the advant of plastios, whon the csrdinal propert of poiyterio materials vas desoastratete thsir resietance and cucsicel arsactivits. This maio it poesible to epproach Do prcble of foreige boiieg in tha oreni raz a  anele.

Syntheiic arterial prosthesas vreetod an the pest ire yearg toocze, sc to soezk, a part of the boty ater transnlantation, "erov ixto it. Feing porous, thoso prostheses aro pervaded vitk oarnoctirs tissss. Each titre of the prcstbesis E surroundte by a oui? of the resipiants connectiva tissus. eo that on ths bacis of the transplarted plastie prsthoses a new vessel is fored. Tais nou vescel wili be more of. su auto- than a hetarctranspiant. In its wall the prostiesis florss plsy the part of a strozs frae, en elastis atrowa. Pe this reascz noisro pemesble arterisl prostheses ars aelled iraxe" prcstheses.

In the courss of tire daloots anl savertezes os prostbeses over bozotrensplante vere domcpetrited, Frecen-dried hoactrenspiants uadarsent artoriosclerotie changes altar transplentetios to the body. Me elastie zeixrase of the homotrarepiant not wcoecsls thins out, besosss frapaanteá and car lend to the lometion of a eneicper afst 20 moctts or cors sfter the tranopiartation. Prcathsacs bade of plastiss ara devciá os thess dsfests, Eovever, the elastisitr of ihe plastic tuds is less than that of the horotrarsplant.

Tne 6lasticity of the prosthesis depenis nu ths tachricel meteod of its propvratisp, tho mctkod of kitting and tis quality of tho trsatnout, of the finisheć prostheeis. The Dast muthol of eivire elas ticity te prostuases is that of ar mping. Criuped rsosthsens are sere olstis, zaking it prssitie to trassplast then te ssctiens of blosd vesesis vnich uier ordizzry cenditions ars ecnstantlg suject to besd ing (the ilias artery over the hip joint, the Icpiiteal arterp).

Fozssity ie of a vary gruat importanso for th Iate of the transplartsd prosthoses. Daring the operázion axcessive porosits lavdo to s Pery considercble boorrhago through tho wall of the pmstbrsis dorinz tis firet fer einvtes afies it is csnnsoted intc the sirculation. befcre the fitric depositine ou its valls Eakas this prcethesis Lnçeraesbis te the kicoć.

At tae Hoepitai Suralcel Clinio of the First Nescme Mecical Ip eiituve iaeri I. M. Secbenov vascala alloplasty bes tean deveicved er. parinentallj since l9só. Kore than 200 erperisents hava beon pericrnoi en tus transplantrtion o various types of plastic prrctheses into defests in ths aorte nd peripheral sovories on trogs (P. S. Errlev, D. D. Veneiktov, H. S. Yurnclinasy). The earisesal Pork moce it possirle to demcnstrave ths beet xstariais and snapes of prosthescs.

it tbe prcrcnt time, expsrimantal staiies are being naée fer the creation of Laineuganecus prosikecec vhich have tuc kinds of fitrss in tielr valls. Scms, atrong fibres, vouid ransin an the boás perinuntl.

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I wearoce ethers, viich vovid ds rosortei, weald crstte tie nocessirs 1 dessity et the wall far the perivi ie shieh the prootbesis ie beias iccirdsd is too airealetion end imxsdiately aftes the operetior. In tris vay. duing transplcatatior tre prcsthosis suuid bavs greater dos sity of tho vall, but. Dftuvanis erly a amuperetiraly thin Irascaerk of strene plastio sihree vald remais in tha vill.

Piasiio pecotneses aleo beve . ruaber of othe atvantages orar bosotrausplauts, asrir, sieriicity of etmrece, sterlizatior, the possibalily cf hsvig a set of such proetbesen of the peocssar callbers sri thspes at uard all. the tisn. Fiastie peestheses csn be prepered in Vic icra ui tas prerthesis for the ontirs aortie crch tagather vith Lts branrhec cr for tas thoracc-eldosinal ssotion of the arta vith the branchss goiac to the irtornal sbdainal crgans.

Te uss 01 arterial prestheses hes ocncrortes mogvons end biclagiats vitb a Doxhe cf nes biclogical. problecs, vhich ut ths prezret tire are far from belne comlctels aoivoi; bcatver, ths iniorsatinn which ve noa hars at our disposal maies it possikis in 9 msbar of cescs to pertcra reconstrurtien opsrztioás quts sacessfully on the sore ane on the arierian vith the uss of tranpimnts. Nc little part in ths muccces of thess opurations is pleped ty the ase o2 aticcagu-Larts, partieclsris cecerta, For a cariain perioi af tiza afier ths apantier, it is zccessay to protso? the prestheais acainst the coagulation of the blood in it by sean! of the ereeticr of artieisisl huzc phiiis. Lftee a caveir tirs, it is esseutial te repiacs tho heçaris vith cther anticoagwiantscf the couearin series. voh the pstient contivnes to toke, soatimte for mazy snika cr yekrs. In sraa trpes c opsretiune, particularly ia operetions for thabcsis or atolise of biood vesccs, elors tzs patient aireair has a prououncad tsnieser tusani inoreaced blosé aagnieticn, ths aeo of eaasiáarable dssos cf autieoaiants is en unattetle conilticn fer the succoss of the spereta.

A new chaptsr in thio prcbier was the aec of fihriraiytis prep arations vhics poavess the powar o dssolving evae tercati vhish. tav? eiracir Serirj.Tezs prearettezcMbrirlrsic cni vlssin nyei Fasexertly enrls and in eleqeate doscs cen dissoire icirataaeular thrsstá. Pheszin treatrent. is fest tegtairg to be ireluéed in the arseral ef sru'csons, tut the futaro ci theso preparatiens praaises to to frvitiul.

Azcurss at the socadinz Lrts. and aortis aron wtil recenty vare sot epepated on. it tin prsaant tiso, vo dar prevont She darzer os suide denth ef patiests viih enenzs ef ths therasze corta (bots ths asearding porttou ei the arch). I the eaeirss tesie drreatlr ot tho sortic velves, the eperution of excision of tho acetrra ani romlneavart of the nortio descct wiob a prortleste cas de puriorset any yit E. Enatun for axtrioorporeal eireuieticn beceevs ouez aon of the aorte. is the asonrdins poriicu for the tias tconesans lor the oceraticn erestes ocricus pruslecs of assoring bhacá suppiy to the beain fen this peint. A aravicte kctrasenerasl sivoriztien 1e irecosccaded. viarsie the varue blood fron the righ. side ef tho beart

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i goas throuch catheters plrced in the venpe cavas into  appuratur in which it is cxrgeratsd. After thie, tes blond is retnrted to the body thcugh a caeter Anserted inte the inocaisate and let ccssr carotid ertrins and thecags a oathoter izecrtsd into the lalt fcmoral atary. In uie vay, tho problni of providine the brus ani ths lowe poriiens e the tois vits e biood mrply duing the cperatiou os the asceniine porta ie colvsá. Sses actbors (Banacs, de Bukey) nse. in séditioa. perirsion of the oeronary arteries daring the peiod of ertracorporsal oirculetion for the pumpoze of provcaticg pyccardial Lrpexia.

If the areyss sfecte ths arot of the sorte, lesrine an s quste sereet of the sortis vall in ite ascerize portica, the opera tiou van be yerforaed sitkoat an ertrsccrpereai circvlation ty ssaa o applinstioa cf a testorary eatectsl bypass froa tre asoenling acrsa te the descendiss sorts with aa adáitiotal trarch to tho carotid ani the Amnsirato artarics (de Bakey). This sbant, whiek cessists oe a pisstis dheros precthcvis, is ssam uto the srie ef ths sortio vail sith a barclip sitor, sheresy ths blood fos in ths aorte is not interrpted (a vl:le clap is appliod to the aor.2).

Lortic aueujsns, locstod úistai to the leit oxzmon castid crtery can to excissd by zoans of a ahurt or by the use e an eriraoérperkal. sirsulation; hevever, in this cass it is dons without an ax gaastor. The arterini hicod is collesved fxa the ioft atriea throngh a ceststur pessed through tha left auriele ani introduced ints the boy throuss the isaoral artety. Aneuryses is this locatica, pariionisrly thoso vaich begin bele the point et wica tas left subcicvicn arlery cazes ofr, san ha excised uniar ti: prtectior of a taporary internel shui, a polyothviene tabe ineerted intc the sertée luren Urough an opeslg in the subalaran artery.

À puticularly dirficult task is the mrgicel tresteact of aoeuryals locatai ia the taoreco-abdaninal portion of the arta. Ls is vell khove, Ln thie section the celiac axde and swrrior mssentorie arter) cna ofe tba acria ar, aetat bolon it, botà rena ataca branch vel. Corprossiom of thcse vital arteries for & laue tso, rccessary 1or pikcszent of anastoaoses betuven ths prostiesis and ths sorta, ls impioscibis, bovevor, plaotie prostheses maks it possitls to rosa tas aleryss 1n this prtion elro tois lollvrirz zsihod. First, a tosposery ehmut. is applied in tbs rogion ef the ansrryst dy msans of s plasias prosthesis of tha sorta of tha appropriate calsber. Thon, peecessivaly all ths mais srtariet coaiag ofi the anerjus ars sutores intc this shants ealicc exis, Buarior assontarie als bote: ranal arterios. The pariot ci onpiete cupreninn of eacn ertary doss not esseed lu-20 siantas, thst in, is vithin linits of tolerance fos these crgane. Lrtes the acccaplis'mrst of this stey, the comectisa of cii the bain treacheoof the abáceinal, serte váthi tho bopuse, the awae mra 19 exladed fras the circilatien ai cxeieed oapletelr, and ths tererizy bypass vith the branobes to todozinal organs suturel irte it js isit ar a peuansat bypaso. Te principlo ofcsnnerting a te porary lato a peimanezt bypise ba sade it possible to solve a ver disficult probleo oi reseoting ancurysus in tie thorcoo-abdainel resion.

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Comvression of the sllominal. sort: belor tis pcirts at viaié 1 tos renl arteriee none cis is telerated satisfaetorily by the hots Lor " relatively lorc pelcd of tiae (op to an kour or semcmat wore). Thic mskes it passblo to rtset ahdaehial aneurtaes witrout aditioual reseret. Por the propose cf replasing a dufoct in the acrtic bino cution ar tenuinl portion of the sciocirel asrta a epecial plestic iiiecatloz prcstassis is nsed, waich makes it possibln to fill in a doieet not cals in the sorte tut alco ia the iliae artarios end, in !csuuoy ccscs, to placs an srsstomosis vith even tha feoral arteriss.

In ous clinic. thecu vero 10 patiats wit'i anewjsss v? tbe ab áoniná asrtel of these, fovr vare subsectec to radical cperaticus (lirvs paliezts reccvucel). The eoise! suouryss in thsce patients was prplacca uith a plectis bifmcaviot prosthesis. Be prormel ansste rusis vee piacod betuavn the prortkosis and tha acrta belos the point et vaics the runal ersories onas on; the distul enssteposis, betvees ita branches of the prosthecis cnd the itac srtarios. Flastie proethose: ueis it porsirle io ore cus: (atient D.) te pisco an anastocoris totaces ts proatbesin an? tàe iae artary uf the cnd-to-sile !ype.

Fiactis prorthesce, the Lentlhs of vrich are prazticallr wiisited, oan bs aoed not only au tracinianls fer fnllins in deiects in ricod vesnla bit zles as topesass, as nes ticod resaels alongside the altactod ouee. Ts priraiple ef tio bypess bas prcvsi to be cacsscire-2f esiestivs in a uetor er martans disoeoss ef tle vasculer oyota, chielly in scltrotic lasicns, whars eclerotic ooalveioa acfsots thn tloa rassel ova? a considerehis wstert ani he resoetien cf such a seunl nicozes virs traxatis, ard moi wcorroriy an inteioratle procevur for ths patient. Ip these cases, the bypets operatior becozcs the cnis casace oi sevinc the patiet.

The posstbilstiee of vascular traneelartetior bave radicalis changeé the nztare ci ths cpertticn or aiurjezs of periprsral arter les. list wosneorly. whe aais in of uo oreratica is the restcration c. tin sain circuatior, aliciuttton o an arterisl vemus sasterosis, thar. , the izinaten el We basis patelegioci ccnditions e istirr sn anoeyszs, and tlln asz cse be achieved much more easily than pinvkorslv. vaes the mmgeon oculd pot traaeplat biood vesrsls cn 8 irrgr scaz. Ths patsaey uf anterieo in arteslal aneoysx can bs re store? oy poans of rneostion end replacement of tbs arteriai sesand vtk a viastie troathosis. The wreuryaeal sac thrruby is ezoised. Uoder costn erooctens, tks suseesu con anosorter eanditioas is ieh he eer perzoru tay tyacs oprttion sith aa ed-to-side plaserant cf anartnes betwan, the artay a Uhe prosthosis. These auastaoses can ba plscei at n ralrtive eistaace free the aznurgsa, that is, unáor coriitioni of a ralativeiy hoaitky blsod vozeei vall, vuich puts these aicutneses wvirr good cirelatery coratiabs and œetributes to the sucers o the opmation,Jn artwiovauus anmnrsas the anourl sac sciotites sun to leit aftar its caçleto and careslexclusioa ro te eircniatipu. Revsl of suc a see arte te main crelatien bas

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beer restoral and the sas itoalt exaladed frcs the circulation becmes edditional traca to the putient and, tharolore, cat be acocplished.

Fnil, 1n éee forzs of srtis aneys anl aecry oº the peipheral erterios srteriovenous fistalas (uhcrs s eiple tying-ofs of the fistils is impoasitie becanso of its grest máse)-Ate operatias can bo perforzrd in tns folloving vay. dster isolstion of the afisrant ant oiccrent ands of ths srtarias end voins, tho fistals bstzeen the blecd vossals is separatsd ss that ths delect is ths vein can be octaed. witkoat comiicatirns and the inteerity of the vein rostored. A éctect of an alliptisal shape La ths vail of the etery car to filled in sith a patoh psie of the fabris of tho veoular prostbosls (kaitted deoron lahric). Tns patat is Bcturod ints the arterial dcioct wits & tranefiziss eutwre throgt all the lsrers vith a atauatic neoilo. In this raliunt, the eporation Eptroeckes ths idenls the integrity of both tha arlery aol vein is restered, sterety this is dons vith a einimr quentily cf traneplzst.

Be zathod cf placiig the patai: deseribed atove is applicsble also to certain fars ef anerrysts of the thoraciy sorte. Inetesd'of totui srrisian of tre estire sneuryms end subcataost mutioins of a tab wlar presthssis Lato it, a tangeatiel esdsos ef the anesyss is per forwxi, ii tas corstion ef the acrtic sall peaits, ad the aortis da fest is rslasel viti & plastio pata. The operetica becoass lesa traumatie, eni its daration is relacai b? tmras tises. We bave st oar éis pocal expaianoc in 15 operations for erteriel eneozya with the use of p?astio prosthosee.

Cpoaticns for selerotie lesions of the aorta and paripherel moin erteaies hars boen progressively dovelopod in roosrt yaars. Sot onr salaotic ccciusions of the ardadaal corte, ths rezicd of its bie freztíaa ani 1liss arterieo bet aloo sclerctio occlusione of the fer oral cnd poplitosi amerioa, corditioas whish are Lroaently idsntitied with obliteratinc encarteritie bas vhlcl are purlectly distinet froe it, bave beccuo ebíeots for operatias. Sargiea? assistenco can be girer also for sclorotic occiusios of osretid arteries ttick are the cazses of ceraaral erterisl insafiicieser. Isolated occiusions of reval an teriae, accenating Icr ralienant bperteeior is a puata o pailents. bave bxone objeets ef aperation. Ii Opeptom oozrics of isalated eclstctic etanoole e? the sparisr sesgatarie artery tas bess distiaguisted, vnich can slse be ouroi srgioelkt,  zeans ol a restorstive oporatien, raveecnlarzratics 62 the oneztaric atey. All these o trpos of opaatione ocnoiat of orariaed or dsolated sypliocticy of threc zethods of operstiou on ths blood resnels resoction with re rlssezent of the dalect, the opsretion of rasovizg tho intima of tho biesé veseal alcne wits tho aclarotio plaqao, ans-teroetozs, and, finiliy. tho oveatioz o a pemassst dspaes in tho roeion of te affected blocd vessol. Thene thrse types of roconetrtcticn oparatians osn be soebioat dopedire ou tho obaraotsistics of the case.

Periormance of all thssa operaticns is pescible enls en ths basis of scetrate diactoaie, that is, dotarsinstion es tho site e the!

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; lesion, its extant, tre niiure of tiocl vaeseis distal to the site efl the Lesior. Is the caso cf sclarotic occiusicns tho ponairility ef a rostorstive operution is coriitioned ty the fact. thst suck ocolveion of tks bloxd vesesl 10 simoet novar oomrlete and, so a ruie, ranins looslieed for a leng tize. Thereioro, ths distei segnent of a blood vessei, petart to tha blocd end o adsquato lengts and oaliber. ramains. Tho operation coneists of ctilitirg thio distel segzent of theblood vossel and restorirg the msin blcod Nov throveh it. The suoceseful operation untirelf eliminates tàs iscbenia of carresponding orcans or perts of the body, that is, while beine syeptomctie in its prinoiplo it is, at the eams time, a "eurative" operaticn.

At ths prooent tizs, vr bave parřermod 25 ogcrztiono vith the use cf plagtio yrostheses far a selerotio ocolasioz of tha bifursation of tke sorta and ilise artorios, the Lsriche syndmme. Hainly, & perzanant bypass aortic-lascrul atunt oparation bas bsen used. This cpe etion, corpletely roslozing ths blood fos and beine "oretive," is less traumatis than aortio rosectioa, Tae rssulto, stucied in soxe easas as lorg as tuo cd a hrlf years, are very etable. In the rssote postoperztive paricd vs bavo not vbserved a sizgle cace cf thrsabosie of the prouthesis.

¿s kave alss pericrmed 33 operations for sclerotic lesions os tho ferrral wud popllteal-arteries. The opereticn of the paruseart bypass bore has alsc soaplctelv cispiaced rosecticn ad traneplastatior. previossly perforned. The, resulte are also very satisiestcry: bovever, the numce of osses of throrhosis of the transplant is grester (five fallures is 33 operaticns in tke eerly poetoperative parioc).

Aucng tae Rary methods of diagrovisg Rcrie leeiocs and lesions f ths Esis artarios, the most iaportant is x-ray costraat stuás cf the worta ans blocd vessels (acrtio anglography). This atody aakes it poesitle to obtain data ooncernite tho locziization of tho lesion, its fors. and ahsrsoter, iaomstion abost the conditicn o ths dietal vascular bed eu! the condition of the coliateral oirevletiea, and in some ceses makes 1t poisills to judge tho ouazitios of the tlood vessel vall. With a oorrectly perfomod srterlogram it is possible to detarins the ináication for operacion sad tho Lature of the Miture operation. Serial stuty of tae blood vesesls is perticulerly valvatle: bowetar, i preotice e singlo x-ray file is potfectly eáequste. No kave described the
tesinique of x-rey contrast stuty of the sorte and erteriss in pravioys
lv pudlished articles (soe Binistuskaze Keiiteire (Clinicel Medicine. No. 2, 1951).

Nunarous functlonal mottods of studyinz the eorte aud paripheral vecvier bed unfortunatcly aro of sukordinate signiricarce, bezause they give ro indicatiors o. the eite of. ths lesion and perait judging the conéition ci ths circulation in the orean or extremity oniy very approzinately. Vr-ious methods of roocriing thc roluoetsio pulss (plettysmorapcy, rhocvuscgrepkr) are of reiue caly vhen usai by comarisen, and at the current lerel do not. make quautitetive detaniration coesitle, Sphrgeraoby, whiob mekes ii possiblo to judge the elasticity jo the blood vesacl vall (the rate of propagatiou os the palss vave)

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;e c2 a oertain vius. The mothcd. of cleararce of radlvactiro sodios (tho "scdium clezrazse test) cen give eneaary Leta aort tho degree I circviation in varicus szeas. Tes moot effectivo mstkoi, makine it ocelbie to characterise oiroalatory dissriers quentitetiveiy for vurious sain tlood vecscle is direot deternination or tis biood preesuro and the provsare graásant ia varions aroas. Hovever, this asthc re quires arterial punotire with a soctle ani oaaret alrars te used. Do terinotion of' the zss of paesing bisod vita variors flcvueters is a vers prozising methos but it has harsly coue ott of the sperinental reex. Vucsubtails, tae developsont of famctieral rstixis of dizncsis wiil even Zurtrer atteni ths postibllities for reccrstruction epsretiono on ticod resosle.

Long witk Jmrovemeat in tho Cisgnosis of vesauler lesioce far ther saprovenent cf vascular transplart proetiesee is sesessay. Tis vork in bsizg soasastei alere to linas: firat, ty maans of inprove Bent or táclcgicsl. hoao aad heterotranrlants an, sosanay, by mecs of the creaticd of pe, mare persect plaitie prostheses- iibnrogececus prostheoes ccusistirs of mcatsnrbable retecinla aná abocrbabis sabe starees of biclogioal origis. vhiah serve orly tatpcramily, fer the period of "imiastatiol" of the preit inte the bot of the roeipient.

Te dovelopuivnt of rosonetmietirs aagers of t's blocd vessels dsnegáe pot onlv on tha succesetl Crvriopaeat el eolsrtisio ená re sutrch prehies mmtioned stovo but sise, to a conriierebie depree, ea the soiutioa of creaziintional prciiens. Fe prebles of sucrlfins ser geoca vith moden inctrmente Icr oyerstiens on blocd possals is e va? poupnaat ane. The liet of apperates, emcs and Lastrzats nacessary for dieynools of end eperatios on vasoaier lesias is ory eztarsire. it inelaics epsoial aduptatiene fos eeriai anrtic angierracky aní the restlon of peeiest r-rsy ooatrest agents kissh frs mot tato, as vell .s tds creutice ant ininstalal produetlon of perlsot iumirumzrts for parations er bioad rovsnls, atrotsatie raodlos, and, fraliy, gocd ascaiss prcetheses.

Oresiicetios el lerge, vell eqtippat ani specialissi deçartzcnte er tatisata Tith vesculer leaieno isabsciutalt recssoery. Muie will Ess it poseinle to vcrk out ssisatifioalp ani at a zore rapid zats the post daportart current protles of ateris as veoue peibclozs and serzecta practical eid to the pepalatáon far thoss d.scases.

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Iipcld ené Prctela Maiabalia in F. tienta vith Arterioaalertsis

P. k. Icslovokir, Candicnte of Kadical Scieicae

From tes Mais Malitary Enspital inens N. . Bardanko (Chia, L. I. Lorlir: Cbies Inieraist. M. I. Tesdori)

ius of the rosi ieporkant prcklane of modara vecicina ie the Fretie of niaricoclerosis, whiot, sccording to A. L. Hyasniror, is tze ruglt al pralonass anl gresrclls built diroónrs e tha oorticc-vasceral reguiatlca orprotein-fe, partislnrly oiolsoterol, motebclia," Io cobnection vith this, consiáeraals attontien kar bea girn to tha siudy cf disorders of lipcid od protein estabolies ie. patients With arteriosolerocis.

ke have sot bafors ovreaives thc tesk of stabing ths soréitisa of the aiozá and protein setcbelisa ie petients vlts artaricoclevsis acccróirg ta oertain bincbesiaal bivod intioecs hy chelesteroivzie. the lsclikin-delseterol ratle. lipmotains ars protsin fracticzs, ani otugrlce the poealvilits of utllislrg thosa iriicss for the áiazwsis of arteriohelrrouis.

Thesre xae tstieats with arteriosclerccis, obisfly of tho ecr onery artartes ol Chs beert, wiibout eigne ef evreulatar? 2acrdsr, wtnot infiszstory er ncorotis processes And vitzout posouncsi ksé- por or lirer pathoiozy, nader cur obearvaiica. Fur the mcet pert, thees wore pen ron 3i to E pears o2 ro: in tho mzscrity et casas, foz 40 to 60 yaars.

1.. L. Messuikov.B. . D'inekir ani otber suthors paint cet Vat brorchclesterclmia, as a rale, is cteervai iz patiante vii Moze otlvy andranidiy prcfzecsire enieriorolarosd. P. Ye. Laho skss fowi byrxehulestercleala in 56.7 per cept es 4ro pstierts vità ocrorary totariosinotis. Lororá Le to te date of arkaro at the Inntitvta ef Ipintv". Fcéioire vt cne Laacay of Mexdical Sczonces lESa. tb. Iroueney a increased cholezteol Ln tne blo ir aeriosclerc eis vas lod te t vval to 76 per seat (. L. Mnkov).

At the easo tize, & nveber cf cathare pol to the abseres of E ccuoacliss bevocu the ievel of tieod cholesienl end éegrte n dereLopaart ef wierissolerosis (steals, Fetezson ed othere) (2elie I). hi detasines ts celocterel content 1n ths serm of 2,02l p tiarcs vith artaristalecsis..

Tzs eerex ckrisstarel vie deter ize br tho bieer rieracethol. ¿ chuiveteral ceuteut, in the serar viibia lisits cs 150-zce rill5- t po ce vae taksn aa rosvel. Le is eest ox Taile I, thn sholssterol coutart in the serus vae tound to be iacrasesd ia 56.3 par cent or the casos with artaricscleosis, end in 43.7 per coat it ves within purzz limits or even decreased (9.8 per caat), iu te liieratame, thoro is Eratiou et Ree vstatiore in the chcleeterol content c tt: asrvs, of haaltiy psrzous. For ensslo, 1t is telievsd that the greatost dnoranse in n cholssterol ocatsnt in the serus of bexltlr

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Table I

1. Hiood ciolestrrel (in zilligrem F): 2. total patients: 3. le.:
4, over 40ü; 5. tciel; 6. wder 150.

men is obourved at the age e about 55 (N. V. Skuner). On comsrine the tincd cholestaml leve ani ago ef pationts with arterlosalerosie, ve, like F. In. Lukuaskiy, ncted that the oneitstarol content in the seun of patients of different ages differs ittle, The rante o pavigrr vitn hporenolesierolers in varioas age greupe amounts to 2.8 to 5c2 ps cent.

we stuied the elfect of essantial hypertsnsien on the chelsstero: lsvsl ol pastients with arteriosciernsis, beoezss there are con troversial data cn te subjaet. Thue, ü. K. Furitelo found an inosees ej cuclesterol content Ln the seraa  2s out of 4t paiients wiin artericsclercsis (ja.j per cat), iá an incrense in te choiectersl cer tant in comsination wath essonsial hyperténcion vas noted in 33 out of i patients wits arterioslerosis (75 rer cet). j. Ye. Larorskiy did net fiud we essential difiarerce bstveen tha cholesierol cortsnt e the seru o patients vith ateriosolervsis vith and vthout es-Bentinl hypercusion.

On the haris of a stuy of ths seru chelesterol levei or 4éi pitiunts with artarioscleronis and essential Moartension ani So petimits with artoriosclerosis bit without esssntial hyeartension. the consivsien var reache that porchoivsterolens in theat erops of patierto is encointerod in pfzxinately the sane percentage o caser: in .3 per cent of patients with krteriosclerosis snd essertial hypertsnsion ans in Si. per cent ef tie pstienis with ertericselarosis bui without sesential hypertensier.

Corciderabio igcrtance is aaurtrel to the interseisrionstén (betreen tha sem cteinstercl ave phoaholipic (leeithin) canent. Iz

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Iis bslisved that tho lecithin bolde the cholesterci in an omaleoid f atato aná preveats iis being dezosited on the blood vessel vells. We deterained tho lecithin content in ths blccd by tho Eloor zethod; leeithis-cholestorol ratio figiros atove one vere taken as pormal. 0f 812 patients. a reiuoticz in tho lecitbin-ekolestrcl ratio ris obsarved in 57.6 par cant.

It the presert tiac, it bas beeri astetlished thet blood lipoids are not in the Pree stete bat ratber iu combination vith proteins in tho form 0 ciant mclecules. lipoproteine.

Ey means of eitctrophorosis, ve isolatod tuo fractionst alpba-1ipoproteins, in wics the lipids (cholesterel, lecittin and fatty ) acids) aro bound to alpha-globalirs, and bsta-lipoproteins, in whics 1ha lipics are bourd to beta-globmline. Alrks- ai beta-lipoproteins havo difiarant cheical ocmpoaitione, possess dirlerent physicel cheri-(el propsrties; thir sienificence in the pethogenesis of artericscler esis is diffezent. Alpba-lipoprotoins ooataia a large quantity of protein and & considerably smalisr qusutit? of chsiestercl than beta-liposrotair; the lecitrin content in ths alpia- and bota-liroprotsine is approxirately the sara.

Lipuproteion, partielarly bsis-lipoprctoins. ae anstable coz peands. Lipeproteins, particniaris coarsely dispersed (betc-iipoproteias), pagzire throuzh ths blocd vesael wail and brealirg dewe. iato their consiituerts, Liay e part tnase vords are Epparontly omitte in tho mrptcgenesis of artaricsolercsis. Insclatis components- cholosterol, fetty Loids, are retaired in the blocd vescel vell and cause infiltration of it. waich is tho first worphologic exreesicn cf artaicssleroais (5. . Aaichkov, . V. Okinev, Page aud otbers).

He stadiad the lipoprotein contant in thesan of 215 petieuts with arteriosalerccis. Die lipoproteias vere decersdcud by asane of prper clootropboresie with preliminary staine of the ocrn with a suturatei sciution ef Sudan biaok in alcohol (McDonald and Sersas).

Beta-lipoprcteizs maonuted to 61 to 65 percent in the sera 0f 21 healtir parsons from 26 to 48 gears of agei se sccept these iniices 182.

The rosnlts ef the Lovestigatios of samem lipoprotaine ef 215 petlents vith arteriosclerosis are ahowr is Tabio I.

K. V. Earina an X. Iu. Maiiiova found an. Lnoreased oontent of beta-lipoprctoize in 48 out of 49 patienta vitt ccroy sclerosis. P. Io. Lukoskiy noted an insrease in tho beta-lipoprctain fraction in 192 (96 per cent) of 200 patients vith coronary arta-icsclerosis. !isbu, who made 4,526 detaminatiois of the lipoprotsin ortont in paints vitb arteriosclerosis, found on increase of beta-licoproteins in ) per oant. Corparing the rosulte of the investigation of ciciestaral .al tho lecithin-cholosterol ratio L: 215 patiaie vith arte-iotcluro-: n vith the indices for the buta-lipoprotoins ef tihe blocd, vs noted inoressec bota-lipoprotein oontast in mamr patients vitk a morzal i slesterol leval in the serus (whieh ves previousiy poirted out by

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Beta-lipoprotein Contcui in the Ser:u of Patienta with Ltarlcsalaroels

1. Bota-lipoproteins (in 9): 2. total pationts; 3. No.: 4. ereud total.

F. Ye. Lekvaskiy) and a noreal leciihirnolasterol ratio.

Tnctefore: inarenss in tho cat'ant of the tlood bate-lipopctcins is a pcre frequet sigh thn roperctoiestercleze or reluction of the Locithin-chcicstarol retic.

Hacentl, considereble attention hss bogan to cs glven to ths shuds ef disordurs of protsin potaboiie in pstients witk ateriosclercsis. M. G. Rritman end Y. V. Bavina noted  rednetien oi the nlhimiin frasticn and an inereste in the inrei of beta- ad gamsaglebulins in eoerinental ariericsolerosis in rabbits. V. M. Zavtsar, through electroploretic study of protein fracticas of blopi in l0 patiente vith gunoi arterisoclercsie, foad E redveticz in tao cimuain coutsnt cin an Lacrsase ia the giobsian leval, chiets of hotu-elobuliri, in tho maiority of thea. re. V. Sidozova end A, A. Voionushina founi & recuction in total protein in 90 out of l60 pstiants sith artericsclcrcaia, vhile in the protain fractiors cf 39 out of 52 peticats teer Pound ohanges in tho draction ef gioboiin. F. Iu. Lukoacky, through a atudy of potein metabolim ir 2oo patieais witt coronzry elerosis, ctservti a marksd retaesion un ths al. buzin fractios and au Anorvase in all frections c 44.épx oent; the alphag- ani eaas-elocrlins vare fod to te particrlarly inersiseil the sipha-- sn! beta-globuline vere inorcecel to e acterict loosor degree.

Wa detmrmalnsd the proteon frastions by tho matrot of paper eltctrophoresis ia Bl pationts vit arterinsclerosin, Tho total prutein wee detemised refractocstrically.

Ou tho basis of a study of ths protein fraotions of tho totel protoir in 23 beeitcy pernone, ths fullovine Siawras varo tacon es

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mri: a total protein of 7-9 per cunt; albumis, 55-65 pe cent; ! phe-globuiin, 35 pr oont alphaz-iobulia, ?-5pr cant; beta-giobulin, 12-13 per cent eaa-lonuin, 15-28 per cot (Tslle I).

Tstle MI

Frotein Frectiuns in Patiants vith Artaiosciecsis

1. Centent ef protein tractions; 2. sibuin: 3. aiptal-ciobulinsi 4. alphageglobuns; 5. beta-globulini E. gea-giotulini 7. ouzber ef patiests; 8. increasad; 9. vcral: 10. decresni; ll. tetal.

as is sesn fror Tale Iti, in the xajority of patients vith artetiorclerosis we, like cther evvbsrs, fomnd aypeaibuinaria, u. ir. craaeo dn the aiphaz- and gauma-elotriin freotions end particularls in whe Elphei-elcbuiin freations. The totsl protein content was within moral liaits is Rlmostaii patisnts.

Coc lceiocs

1. In petients vith Nrterioscleroais mrs or less prunoinced changus in ths biochezicel Lrdices of the lipoid aed protein netabolien are cbecrvei (increaso Ln the totu-ligoprntain fraction, radaction of te lscitriu-cbclesterol ratio, hoporcholosterolemia, hooalbunipoaie, Lucreise in the alphal, alpba- endguza-glovlin fractions).

2. 0f all thoes indicee of tho lipeiá wnd protein metatoiis the eost ccspon iu patists vitn art.ricsclsrosic is an Sncrense in the blood centait. of the tota-lipoprctein frsctions (in 95.3 per cent).

3. Eectoraination of seru lizopretoine in a rbiration vith certain eiinica? eigns, insiuding ico data of wzminatioa ty Lnstrments, can be vsoi in ths áizgncsis of arterioacietsis.

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bib.iograty

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Zottric Sleep as a Kethod of Nearctrcpic Irtatmant of Sssectiel Eyportezsicr

0. 9. Se6e547

Fron the Instituta of Irterael Heticine (Pirzctor, Astive Bor ber ct the kcadesy ci Hsdical Seiszoes Eisk Frolessor A. L. Kyeazikor) of tbu Losday of Medicr Scisnces Esk

Ths elortric slcep Lelectrusleen rethod cansists of scting on the centrad. nervoue bysten with a vaek lew fraquosey pulsating cerrert with. crbito-mistoii plassmset of th: ectrodas.

Froblenc ef the method and cechiique of amlicstior of aloctris sleet bavs benn arnlvsed in pre ieuo staiiee. In tho stade of kicher nervous estivity and its dirordas in ratierte the follevirs mathair vars usei: i) the clisicnl zethod of questionire and obstrvaticn of the petlet's bebaviour; 2) conditionei motor refletes vith spessn reinorcenent (ty ths à. G.Ivanov-Smclszskig me od)i 3) conditicped and wnconditiored verciar refiaxes vith pletysographic recoriing (a variant of fivger plethpamographe).

Lt the lustitete of Intarnel Hodicine of tha Acades of Meiies? Ssicroes Ussa treatacnt vitr ritctrle alop vas giver to patients with esscntizl hpertension vith derinite oiene o2peurosis end alosp die orders.

Depeadinc on the disorde: of blehar nervous activity,the patiorro vare diviáod Lnto threa greus (Table I).

Siectric sleep troatcunt vas giren te 350 paticats vits essential bvpertension. Tirlesn paraons vere in gs ; 52, Ib; 192, I1A; 76. IB:17, IIA.

Fro= Tablo I, ii Lo esen that it is nt possihis to find a cloerout Lutorrelettonship beseen thy ooniitien of higbsr nervevs cotinity anl the stage of essentinl brpertcasion.

The main indvas in tbe evaiuaticn of tae results of treutcat with. cloctrin sleep vere the followini: a) retustion of tiood pressvre: b) pmaalizstion or slsepi e) inrorzent in ts canral cevi

Lcccrding to tha rosults cf eleotrio sleep treetzant ell tie data car be dividoi ioto foar greps (Table Il).

Ls 1s seoc fron Talis Ii, the clirioal efsestivssss of aleotric slaan trestant of patiate sith essantial kopetsnsicn ir. 2i persorc(gruur 1) vas chirasterlze Ly restoration o the abilit to wert End norralizstion of slesp vi ca a pronounsed reductica in blced pressurc. Oe henczed and eie!seen person (group B) ooaletcd electric slesp treatcent vits good genorsl oiinieal resalto tut withoat redvciion ir bood prosswre. Iu 13 pernors (grop c) oziy a cstain prolouçation of sleup vitbout inprovezcbi of it vas notd in ta sb sencs os a redcotion in blood pressure. In eight pssos (grcap D) elseisic sieep treatselt gsvo no resúts.

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TalO I

Distribatlon of Fatieste ty higba kervovs áctivity Oroups w Siages 01 Fssercill 23yertebsnct

2. bicber pervous actitity Fois; 2. nmber c2 patiests secordine to stages ef essential bypertousion; 3. tetal muater of potiente; 4. nedaraie retictiop in ths strawgth of bcth nervous processos; siiuht reduetien in the dagres of thelr sobility, vitheet prenomced intalane; 5. distuot redoctios in 2e strength su motilit o5 both narvous procosses. Imbaancr of thase procecses vith perisiie preicninanas of tin azcitstory process; 6. veakening chiefkv of the ichibitory prouess vitt markad adl parsistmat prodcdmance of the excitatory precers. Prcrawncal disnder of motilsiy of tota norvoas prcceszes.

It vas fouzi that the protective thera5 method (electris aless) cives a banoflctal effsot in patiants c the ret and escond grouzs. In patiants shes ve categorised in the thid group socording to tae ccndition of tholr higber Lervous activity, electrie alecp trestmert is not ouccessfuil.

ip means o lae lvanov-Suolenski? rsthod, vo sado a simctaneous persilel stady of higuer nerrous actirit of patiente witn essenr tial bypartensioivhich vas not direetiy releted to tho vascular eyster or its Lervous regaletion, uslng the retbod o recealsr roflexes !with ths vte of plethyinogrerhie recerdin? (a variant of ringer

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Tabie I

Resilte ef octric Slep Troateont of Essontial Hopertension

I. stage of essentisl hyperlarsion; 2. total nwober of observaticne; 3. roiaution c2 blocá pressure. Proienatioa sni iprovczent or slaor. à. prclongstzon and ieproveaait of elaep:5. proicneation of slscp; 6. trastsent vithous rosulte; 7. total.

plethysenaphr), demoneiretiag disoriers in higher berrous regllatirn vi vosoisr tona ar vasoiar reacticu. These Fiudies sers made becro cnd after elretris slop treatseot, shich made it possible icr us to judgo the reuroifoasie chsages vsich ocenrre!.

Thir coabined stucy was mado in 40 patiects vith esseotiel hypertonrion in stagt Il. In all of tlhea there vare a pronoanctà aleep disrdas, direrde o. lelence ant notility ef the basio reve procetsos. but vichaut aariod prodoninance of the ercitetes prccesses.

Xe cividei all the treated patients into to groapsi 27 par iens cazpirtel the elcetrie sisop treatmuit with a good tharapoatic resiz vith e prvtoenend tlood presme, reduction: iu 13, a good genersi enlire cr wali-beire. momelishtiou cf eleop vers notei, but the clood pressnre cevtirued te ba bigh.

Cheigus is The bighur pervous astivity of patlects ef the firs: arcv veu characterizei tv a veakenire or the associaticnforts lunesion of the cortes, iy a daley ir. the dlevelcprent of ditfepanktztion, of tho etsrectpoe. by éisordars in toruine fcr selectve trarsiusin ci scitatery ani Lbibito pocesses e the first tigiel svetss to tho secood, Mese cbenges eccur ed in dicferc dugrets of epcasclon su in esferent corinatioss in 22 patients of the Mrst crour Ca ssdy o ths aitiesee ws mccnditlonee

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1iegrnes of ahezgos s0 one or perl tess vore peted i a2l 27 pe donts of tsis grorp: reiuction of the axplitude of tce palse vaves. molongation ef tke latent period of both aneonditianod ard coaditionad refiezes, inrsicn of the rsastion or ahsence of roasticn afior the action of an wnconditionel stisuins (oold, hoat), poor rosetions fros tin spplicetion cf a conditicces atizvlus ("I am piying coid.I az applyiac heata) ae voll ao depmessor resotiene irrsaud ef the norzal prussor ores in doing sisple mental vork (zeatal comitirg).

Stucy of the bigher nerrons activity of patiants of the second group both bs the motor metbod vith epeach roiaforcenent and ty the plothrsaograpkic method retseled tao Bane Cisorders aa in patiante of tha first grcp, bet their dectes of-apresoion vas greater.

Couirel eladies which ws made in the sacs patiants ater olectria alom treatmsnt gare the following resulto. In the firet group. staiiei by toy mctor mothnd vith spuech roinforcezrnt, patlologianl sigas vera. found in orls foer patiants. docordire to plethvecgraphie dete a civance is te wave sepiitade vas noted: los serlitcis motet besore trsatsint in 19 petierts vas pot foaad 10 8 sirzle patiant aft treatmert. bodersto isplituie vas cbcerved pis:lonsls in eigkt petiants bat after treatzast ndtd aisctric sleer. in only siz. & hich aalitude, not Latel a sirzls tise teiore trest uart, vus found ia 2l patisnta after troyiment.

Petkological recctions to nnoonciticnrd and comlitionod ctiiali (eoid, beat, moutai courting) vere poted bafore tsataent in al 27 patiazte in a miter o teste; Ltor treataent sith aisctric eleep, in 24 tstients tat only cu sepurato tests. Tharaby, it ehculd be notei that tiere was e partiouler rstiction in ths mibsr of petbologiczi vascular roactions in patients of the first proop in respoass to corr ditioned ctimuli. Waiio after trarmmnt varions patholcgical reactions to uzcoritioned stirnli vere focad in 2 patients, th vere touó to coniiticked stimil in only tue. Te rezctios to mentai oantirs was abnorxal befora treatzant in 2i petiente; after tresteant, in six patiante.

Derefore, is the Mirst cup, which oapioted electric slosp troatcsat vith a gocé therepsutis resiut and prcsounced reduction e! tlcod presore, posilive etenges vero obserret botk in the genarel hicber perctyratics and in bigior pewrevasoaiar reguiatioz. In fstiuts of the eecori crop, who completed electrie eleop treatsant with gocd genoral alinical rerlte bn't vitaout pronoczced recuctioa of blood prossare, the follonicg wai estatllahad.

Acoording to tir deta af the motor mathod eits spoesh roinforce msnt, patbclogioui eteness bafore traataant were Scuni in 10 ost of 13 oubjecte; atter treatzaut, in Sive. Acconding to the dsta of the plgthrmoeraotis methcl, Do rroncuncad ohangos vere found in the direction or noroalisation or tho varoular rolexas.. A log pnlse vave anplitade bafory trostrant was mrtod in l putiests; a sodarato oce. ia two; a bigh aplicuda ves pot obsezro at all. On a oostrcl atedy 0f thess patisrte afvo eleclris aleey bcatoent: a low aplitude ras eund in four posanisi moderate, is Pire and a bish amlitode, is

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fou. Coucitioned and wnconjitioned patbcicglcai refiezes, noted before trcatment in 13 patients, reonined in all after krvatsmnt but vere Less pronounond.

An cbnorasl vasoular roaction to mentai couting baiore treataent was coted in li patiertsi aftor treatsent, in fivs.

Hormelicstion 02 tho conditionol patlologlcul vsscular refloxes, otserfsj Li c conaiderabla wuarbor of petients in the firot group (the pathcioginal vascnlar reslezes, bots trconcitsoned sná oanditioned, raaaized unubanved in patisnts cf tha seccnd groun) is interesting.

The obiservaticns presonted percit us to oonlude thet in the stuty of higir zervoue astivity of peticnts it is aávisablo to doterains the comlition cf the hizhes nervous aotivity ss a whoie and cbanges is. bigher nervous regaieiion ef orgtps or bystere of organs aifactes ty this disease separateiy. In a petient vith essentisl hypsrtensier, a detatlel stuáy is needed o ths bigher Dervous recalstion or tre vascelar ssta. Tc iaitar is of eseeatial ipoanos, beczusa, as bss beuns peinted out ty I. i. Paviov, asiie frea the general disréiers cf procasses of higher pervous sctivity, "sick points cccer in the bigher osrotrel couters of the patiaata.

The patbclogicai obaness at thoss poiate rar te copaidrratly difierent frcs clurges in other centers ei the ountrrl rervéus eyeter bote in thek pature roi in their dagr o. Changes of bizber nervous ectivity unee the Lfinonce of treczart era difierant vita rezpect to eli cf its centsre and vith reayost to the "siak pointe" in particular. Tncns dillerrrces are not orly ef thenetical signiicance fer mierstiniine comwseel nearoses ad their tenásncies tovurd procucing eflacts on fuñotions of various crgans end syctaes but are slco lapor. tant in a practical respoet in ths pense of seiecting a treatusnt poin od eni avaicating ita results.

Insre is zcasot to b-lieve tbet alectric 6leep 6s a methos of proiective tuerayy in petients cf the firot group rrimalises the proceseec of genoral hagher nerveus sotivi.5. simvitensovsly excrtinc a berefiotal. infivenios on the eick pointe" of the corter aná tho ie diste subcortes at the locatioas of the centers fmr licher vasculer replatino. In. pelients of tho Bcccnc groap, tho remaerisins Lrluencs of cicetrie sleep un nurvcae prosssses of the cerarsi kicher nerrous sctivit is rot assoniatec vith beneiicial irilunce on the "slck points" of te corter and the imstiete Fubcortaz, wiak is remponsibls for the maintenance of the pathologicel vetculer unconditioned and conditianed reilcxss as veil as the ahsence of a brataasive esfet. This cirss ae reison fer conolucine that seirotropis thesaps (elnctric sisep) axa-ta difrruzt sfecte cn the gunrel hicher nervus sotive lty ef petiaute ani un ths "sick poirts, whiah in essential hopartensicn is rulztud tc cators of Eigber nourovascular rogulaticn.

Foscibl5, : patients vith eslatinl hvpetensior ar. iportent pert in the disodery of pecrovasutier regilution is played bs dicorcers not only in tas bighe conters of tre cettral nervous system but. also at thu peripbery.

Thoroñors, in the corhired therapr of a mnber of patiests vithj vnaouier centers ea well as op the lcves norvcue appéretuaes,

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Syeienic Svaltstion tnd the Uoe of Unlsrwoar Mate of Chlorin (Vinel-Perchioride) Scr Tharapectic Puzposss

5. k. Papoart, Caniidats of Biological Soiesves

Pron tho Iustitete of Ganeral and Comnnity Ergiost imani A. Y. Sysin of the Locdaay of Bedicsl Sciesoes USss

For tuo yasrs ve hava ssudied the bogienio prozerties of icritted uniarzear made of tho sputhetio cubstanoe, onlorir, shics tas boen cal lnt "therapoutle wademvear."

Chlorin iecoc of the polyrnyl ahicriie derivatives, (Caz-CHa)u, couiaiuine 62-65 per cont ahlorino. Until recartly. the questicn of tsine chiarin for the prudtetioa of clothes fabris rarained soct.

Undervear end ciéthing made of polyrini obleride fiter firot beza to be used in Prance (roville Lil). and leter (eade of a rigylnerckloriãe reiin) in othes oourtries siso. In the melicei and textile resiciioal press thare are a rusber ol repcrte cn tho tharapeutio etect, of articlos redo ot poiyvinvi ahloride fibers in rhemtic fever. uthritis, necralgin and traus (lenla, Roober, Froger, Teenbuer).

At the present tias, a ptady Las be made p. Soviet chicrin er tiales vith the aim of salectirg he best zodais for sass productior (9. 2. Firsnssteyo, i. D. Freivxiitele, E. A. Rcpocort &rd oc-sutio). Por tho popogs of stuáyine tho kain brgicnie properties speciears or chlorin knittei fabrics nade in tao Csss ware usod (ses tarle). an as-Borbant af undiveer knits mide o sotton, wool aná raven sorrei se controls. The mep fsbris zaie ot ohlorin vas of tho greattet thiakteSs.

In ths tabie the results are giver ef a stut ef the scieizre absorptiol, vapor perseability, tocal thermel resistiris and sir perzs ahility of chlorn.

d ie sean Ira the tahlc, the noistore absorptica ef the kit maiv of ohlorin vas l0 tiess or pore less than that af cottos, sool, or particuleris raven, ender oorditicas of loe relazive bwoidity, urier sentitions of ooatort for the aicvalimete anier the olothes, and under coristions of marimm bunicity. Te vepor parearilit cf tha chicrin kait ves aleost two tiass greater than trav of oontroi fakriss wads or peturai end smtbetic fibsrs. Mis eeans that the chlorir kcit readily porcits the passage of evenorated perspiretia, hios ehovld contrikuto to keepine the wndorwar ary and, therecre, stouid increace itc bect.proceotive propertiss.

Frr the tabls it is sean that the thermal resistivity (best inaulation) is groatest in thg cave of labzics mde cf vap oaiorin. Cais 8sntbetie mip fabrin has tho grsatest porosity vith a lov volure veicit aal a low degrus of wator permsability, thet iz, it has a con-Aeerablo euprly of stationary sir, which is responsible for its ereat est-protootiro effact. Pebrio mzte of No 40 chlorin Jara (spun) aleo

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1. fekeid mriente: 2. eolatan shsarptios ix & vith & raietivo buá eity es: 3. vapor perssebiiit (in zillies per cs per bowr); 4. thiclaess of the labrie (is ma): 5. cceffisient er therasl resistivits incuhre 6. pameebliity to ais in ca.7. lco-plie, chúoris fabrkc nase of Ne 40 + 20 yara; 6. loop Labrie ade ef No 40 crloria n: ?. Locp piaited falrio zsda of chlcrin Eo 60 thresć nra No 40 n: 10. Lcop ramie ueie 0 islaset chle No60 thren; 12. b falric nada a? No 6o criorin jar; l2. losp fabio medn ef cettoa No 40 yaini 13. i0ep fetzis meãe of woolen Ao 52 yarn; 14. loop fakrio rade er bo 6C razon.

has better Viarmul prirertios ther voolou and cotton kaits. Ehlle the phaiied lalric meie o chrioris lo 6C throsd (cottimous filiazant) ans ko 4c yarn (azan) is warrar then thie knttted cotton febrio. Terfero. voderisar caa bo cttaired. tos chlcran siieh is warac than vroleh

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Iundawoar. It stould also be noted that vita respeet to liquis-croplet moisture, acsordine to the date of a stut of eapillsrity, soisture capacity, and evaporetion, chlorin is clesur to vocì than tc cotton or rayon.

wiith the ais of detemmlning the checical stability cf chlcrin, based on its chenical structure a isterninatia of frec chlorire ard chleriuccontainine substarcos was rade after hocting the ctlorin ser ples to body teporature. froe cilorive vas not feund, tut before iaurcering the presence of ctlorino-sontaining substances ves detected in nes articles, and tha gurntity of these sinstances dereasxc appreciably aloug with the reductiun in the cccr of chlorine with lewdor res.

For purposes or checkin? ths phvsiological-hvgienis ani tharzpeetic proçerties,ef chiorin uniarvoir thres exuiuenis of voarn the undervear wore perfozned ancng outpatients in the Finic of Nervors Disossan of the First Noscow Medical. Lnstitirte ineni J, H. Seohecv ard in the Rhevmatic Ceriiolo:ical Girics of the First City Eospital ineri N. I. Piroguv and the Goildren's Folyelinie No 25 ef Lerinskiy Rayen in Noccow. (In tie periorance of these exparimnenial tests of vearine mderuear anon: ths patients newropathologist O. P. Tojevodins ani rhesmatolokistc K. M. Koga and E. G. Gorclik partieiated).

In ail, there were 72 person, wnáe observation (47 adults and 25 chilaren). There were 26 pat-.ents with rhennztic fever; 15, vith ersenéc tonsillitis; nine, win polyattritis; eight, vith renieulitis: 24 persons had luntocc, spenylosis, ryctitis, residuals of poliosyelitis, keahtorev's disease er asthna. In the majority e? patientc prcnorncoi sigrs o tolve-threleis were retec. hs a rule, for the experinent of wearin: the wdarvear each patinnt vas issued a set cf kiittei wdervear mide of utlorin, ani in the cese of pcin in the mali points of the hands or fect, stockings, sooks or nitters nadt of chiorin yar. lore than 2on koctted chlorin a-ticles cf farale, aale snd cbiidran's apparel were tested.

Dirise the erporinent of vearine the chiorin unzervear hygienéc obsermtione ccnsisted of a study of the zsat prcteetive prorcrties of tha dertear, successral elisnation of perairatia and the prsvencs cf alectrottetic phocmann. For this purooss, a psasurezent ves rade ef the ski, teperature, the intasity of perspiration (accordine to the dste of the cutazesus eiectrical resistarce), ihe terpereture ani hunidity of the eir wder the olothes, the siga an uagrátuce of the acctrostatio enavae on the wrerwear ahen it was Ham. in adiitien, the pationte were questicned concerning how ther flt. the therepeutie efluct of tie chlcrsn undervear, the sensations of heat, ant ihe skin was eanined.

The majority of patiente (sh per cent) notei that when thes wore te cilorin wxlerear there vaa an sporeviable retuction anc in soze cases a conlete dicappeorance of painful sensaticns. This is in coplete acreercnt with a jarce ruribsr or lottere received by tis Krasnaya Zarya Kittirg Mill,vhieh makes the ahiorr wnderwear. at the IClinic cf Lervous Diasasos three out of 24 potients observed moted thel

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theraçeutis effect of the chlorin undervear. Therfty, coplete eliminatisn of the pain occurred in one patient; eppreciable irprovenent, in rine, ani slight improvesent 1. 13 patients.

02 22 adcit pstients wits rnoumitic fevar, 21 statei that there vas a therapeutic effect of chlcrin undervear: 10, goci; ll, satisfaotory: no efiect in one patient. Twenty-three out of 25 children noted a reduction of painful sansations. Objecttve signe of olinical exirination of a grouo of patients vith chronic rheumatic fever bofore aird after the experiment ef vearirg the undervear (analysis of tlood, wrine, electrocardiogras, phonocardiogram, and blood pressure) remained without dynenic changes.

Ls a rule, the reports o a therapeuti? offoct vere given after wearing the underwear for one-tuo vecks. Eren earlier. the beat protoctive properties of the undorvear were noted.  distinct aivantage . of chiorin undervear over ordinary undervear wes foond durins the first launduring of this underwear, vhan the patiants changed back to underuear made ef natural yarn.

Scuce patients noted an increase in painful sensations, which vare ranidy replaood by relief, durirg the first few days of vear int the corin undsrwesr, particuarlv at ight in plsces covered by the undorvear. Lr. patients with polyarthralgie of rhematis orizin, vhere tiere was e reluction of pein in placés covared by the underwear the pain continued La places wiich vero not covered by the undarwear, or en inerease in then vas even cbeerved. Thus, with reduction or dissppearanos of paine in the olbow or knae jolits pein was fovad in the emall joirts of the hand, feet, fingcrs, wbich wars elieinated throuah vearing exerimertai mittens or socks mais of chlorin. We obsarvei the phanomenon of radiatien of pein in one patient vith redivuiitis ani in four petionts vith rheuratic ferer. Thare vare no genersl earcleraeculer  symptoms in connecticn wit the experinsrs o wearise the underwear vhica would mae the suojects stop using it.

As the result of the oxporiients of wearing the unicrvear, ve becaus coninced that chlcrin wnderwear did rot cause Lrritation of the skin, bet pirt of the eubjects sozetimos noted urasusl tactile senestions in the fors of prielding and elight tarning.

The chlorin wndevear was mors quickly diruied bs skin exareticns thar the ordirery uniervear; hovever, thie contaniretion vas mot Locozparied by a sors abondant growts of the bectarial ficra of the ekin than in the case of urdervear rade of natuural material. The shlorin undersoar should be laundcred more oftco than boce a wesk.

Study of the skiz terperatures. perspiratica ans microalinzte arcer tho ciothes during the wsaring of eperimental indervear revocied the presence of indioes of ounfort, characterizins the grect acat-protective prcperties of chlorin undervear. The avarage skin tan pmrature (4o0 obsuevations) on the chest, back and loins vas equal to 34.3-34.6 degrees. ad on the extremitie6 (foot, hand), 30.9-3ã.5 degrees, bein higher thas einilar figures for the etraaities in control egerimenta vith cotion miervear by alsost three degrees. The

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therasl properties of nep chlorin crüerwoa vere considorably erester nnt orls than thoge of cther chloria artieles tut alse of koits eede of kigh quality wocl. The aversge relative haziaits of toe air anier the clothes vas 4i per cent in the osse of axperioental wnásrvear; in the case o? a contrel cctton undervaar, 40per cert. This is evidance to the efiect that despits tho vaterrepsllint noture of chioris, the eiiaination of peropiratio ves nct ancmbared. Detsrairation of the perspiraticn lovai in comarativo aperinente vith nztusi underez did rot ehow  unfarorablo chcraotieistica of chlorin undervsar, Dempite tha fact that chlort wdnrvear ie distinguiekes by a lon degres cf aoeorptios, nevertkeless it readily transmite pespirstion czcruted by the skia becauãe of its high vapor parseability (ese Lablc). Derini tho courso of voarins tho dllorin wceiwsarit did Dot becoze noist, cxd tharsiore did not cauee chillici er the cther haud, the patients Loted tha seneotion o pleasent Gry beat.

Alcnc witi thogreat bsat-p: steotive propatias and hrircphobic nature of it, ths chlorin firer, in coutrast te natural ficero, canass tho scourllation cf a larze negetive sioctrostetic charee on the surfnce of tho fibars when it rube acainst the human skin. By asaswring ths dessity of tho chuarees of statle electricity of ths chloris wndor wou on a person, figuros of the order of 25o-500 voits per centisoter wera obtainad. In tha caso of aiight fricticn, a field vsltage ot one tre kilcvolts per centinster ves fowd, vhsroas ths chece of the urderwcar itseli was usually at tre levei of So-l50 vcite per centizeter. Thorofore, during the use cf this wdcear Ut sliztt producticn of alectrcstetic cizrgss ocours trrougk friction of the undsrvoar asainst the skis. Thsrebr. ve also observed an Lnorosse in the air Lonisatice, drticles wade of nap fatric had the createst chargs; then oano articiss mede of spu and piaited Satrice, Aftor contrninstion of tia wicrwoar sitd akin ararotiers, the sigtitude of ths chsrzo ércreased, but aft.r iswderine the crieinal charye vas rgsined on the eurfaco of the dey undoweas. With searing of th chorin underwear dring the covrso of the yoar, ro roduction in the magnitide ef tho olarce vas ohsarvod.

Statio ciectrisits in ihe andervear ará clothes maác of ply vinvl ehioride pocurring iroe frictien evarts e therapsutic eireet, in the opinion of French suthers (bordker, Rocher aed Proger). Tssobner, a Ceiar invastigator ef vinyi-porciloriis undervear, conrscto the thorspsutic eifect o the letter chiiefly vith the thaasi propurtiss ani vits the evaporatien of pormgiration vitbout ecalire.

By usue the vethod of detaralatien of the ciroilstion tise ds peans of e radicoeiivs ecdiun isotops, we observed an increase in tho circulstion in he d:in and ir the oveclcs of petiemcs after the amviicetion cf cuzfe mzde of cllerin np febric. Apparenily, e certain physiothempoutie effeot of ohe-in unisrvear ahould te oglained ty the inmuence or the exhinatinn of areat. thurpal-protoctive prvpurties with ils wetor-repellent nature, goed vapor pareetility and thn presenco of s ccnaiieratio and stabis necativo alectrical charre lon the sirmvlattou. 1

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In conciusirn, vo shorlá considsr 8 property, moot typical o the new types of Amthetic natoriala for olotles as vall es fer chlor in, the absance uf a hyirophilic tendoncy, fres a Apgisris stentcint. The bygienic recuirent thst moist ne (porspirotion) bs rosoved frou the anin surincs vitt ths aia of protoctinz egainat cocling ané for the purposo of realizine the axcrutory functicn of the ir is n ináuitebie on. Skin moistuo is ueaally abeorbed by tho lazer ef anderuaar lecsusa cf tho tvgtoscopie neture and cepiilarit of fatries aado of mtural sutstances. In this case, the sndervaar moistened sith psropirstion munt be chengsd frequently. It would seen that the acscluts bytrophobio nature ot chicrin would be unfamrabla for the boey becaue of the retetion of perspiretion on the sidn. boxtrer. sovauss of its high dceree of vapor peneabiiity the perspiration is eretei througt the uniervear witkut diilioulty. because of vhch. dry waéerweer is meintained nert to ths skin.

it the presont tice. Sovist inausty Ls produeinz chlorin tharécontic uneervear in a very liaitedl assortrent and cniy for the adilt popuistion. Ts experiment of voaring ths mderwsar shored thzt for tierapeutic and prophclzotis pupcsos not oniy the develsprens of the rass prodetiop ef wniarwoer, stockines and aittens sade of ckiozin sarn is dececsary for auits and chtldren but sc slss is the firthe perfection of Soviet materiels fer clothes made of poisnirzl chioride.

Bibiograhy

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