// Vulnerability label: RENT
pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

/**
 * @title Math
 * @dev Assorted math operations
 */
library Math {
  function max64(uint64 a, uint64 b) internal pure returns (uint64) {
    return a >= b ? a : b;
  }

  function min64(uint64 a, uint64 b) internal pure returns (uint64) {
    return a < b ? a : b;
  }

  function max256(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    return a >= b ? a : b;
  }

  function min256(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    return a < b ? a : b;
  }
}

/**
 * @title ERC20Basic
 * @dev Simpler version of ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/179
 */
contract ERC20Basic {
  function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
  function balanceOf(address who) public view returns (uint256);
  function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}

/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
  function allowance(address owner, address spender)
    public view returns (uint256);

  function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    public returns (bool);

  function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Approval(
    address indexed owner,
    address indexed spender,
    uint256 value
  );
}

contract IERC20 is ERC20 {

    function decreaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint _subtractedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool);

    function increaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint _addedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool);
}

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {

  /**
  * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
    // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than asserting 'a' not being zero, but the
    // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
    // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }

    c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
  */
  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    // uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return a / b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
  */
  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
    c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Basic token
 * @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
 */
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  mapping(address => uint256) balances;

  uint256 totalSupply_;

  /**
  * @dev total number of tokens in existence
  */
  function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
    return totalSupply_;
  }

  /**
  * @dev transfer token for a specified address
  * @param _to The address to transfer to.
  * @param _value The amount to be transferred.
  */
  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    require(_to != address(0));
    require(_value <= balances[msg.sender]);

    balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
  * @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
  * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
  */
  function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
    return balances[_owner];
  }

}

/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * @dev https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 * @dev Based on code by FirstBlood: https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 */
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {

  mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal allowed;


  /**
   * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
   * @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
   * @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
   * @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
   */
  function transferFrom(
    address _from,
    address _to,
    uint256 _value
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    require(_to != address(0));
    require(_value <= balances[_from]);
    require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender]);

    balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
    emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
   *
   * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
   * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
   * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
   * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
   */
  function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
   * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
   * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
   */
  function allowance(
    address _owner,
    address _spender
   )
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
  {
    return allowed[_owner][_spender];
  }

  /**
   * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   *
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
   */
  function increaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint _addedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = (
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue));
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   *
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
   */
  function decreaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint _subtractedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    uint oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
    if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
    } else {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
    }
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

}

/**
 * @title DetailedERC20 token
 * @dev The decimals are only for visualization purposes.
 * All the operations are done using the smallest and indivisible token unit,
 * just as on Ethereum all the operations are done in wei.
 */
contract DetailedERC20 is ERC20 {
  string public name;
  string public symbol;
  uint8 public decimals;

  constructor(string _name, string _symbol, uint8 _decimals) public {
    name = _name;
    symbol = _symbol;
    decimals = _decimals;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Interface for the ST20 token standard
 */
contract IST20 is StandardToken, DetailedERC20 {

    // off-chain hash
    string public tokenDetails;

    //transfer, transferFrom must respect use respect the result of verifyTransfer
    function verifyTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _amount) public returns (bool success);

    /**
     * @notice mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * Can only be called by the STO attached to the token (Or by the ST owner if there's no STO attached yet)
     */
    function mint(address _investor, uint256 _amount) public returns (bool success);

    /**
     * @notice Burn function used to burn the securityToken
     * @param _value No. of token that get burned
     */
    function burn(uint256 _value) public;

    event Minted(address indexed to, uint256 amount);
    event Burnt(address indexed _burner, uint256 _value);

}

/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
  address public owner;


  event OwnershipRenounced(address indexed previousOwner);
  event OwnershipTransferred(
    address indexed previousOwner,
    address indexed newOwner
  );


  /**
   * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
   * account.
   */
  constructor() public {
    owner = msg.sender;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
   */
  modifier onlyOwner() {
    require(msg.sender == owner);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
   */
  function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
    emit OwnershipRenounced(owner);
    owner = address(0);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function transferOwnership(address _newOwner) public onlyOwner {
    _transferOwnership(_newOwner);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function _transferOwnership(address _newOwner) internal {
    require(_newOwner != address(0));
    emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, _newOwner);
    owner = _newOwner;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Interface for all security tokens
 */
contract ISecurityToken is IST20, Ownable {

    uint8 public constant PERMISSIONMANAGER_KEY = 1;
    uint8 public constant TRANSFERMANAGER_KEY = 2;
    uint8 public constant STO_KEY = 3;
    uint8 public constant CHECKPOINT_KEY = 4;
    uint256 public granularity;

    // Value of current checkpoint
    uint256 public currentCheckpointId;

    // Total number of non-zero token holders
    uint256 public investorCount;

    // List of token holders
    address[] public investors;

    // Permissions this to a Permission module, which has a key of 1
    // If no Permission return false - note that IModule withPerm will allow ST owner all permissions anyway
    // this allows individual modules to override this logic if needed (to not allow ST owner all permissions)
    function checkPermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) public view returns(bool);

    /**
     * @notice returns module list for a module type
     * @param _moduleType is which type of module we are trying to remove
     * @param _moduleIndex is the index of the module within the chosen type
     */
    function getModule(uint8 _moduleType, uint _moduleIndex) public view returns (bytes32, address);

    /**
     * @notice returns module list for a module name - will return first match
     * @param _moduleType is which type of module we are trying to remove
     * @param _name is the name of the module within the chosen type
     */
    function getModuleByName(uint8 _moduleType, bytes32 _name) public view returns (bytes32, address);

    /**
     * @notice Queries totalSupply as of a defined checkpoint
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query as of
     */
    function totalSupplyAt(uint256 _checkpointId) public view returns(uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Queries balances as of a defined checkpoint
     * @param _investor Investor to query balance for
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query as of
     */
    function balanceOfAt(address _investor, uint256 _checkpointId) public view returns(uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Creates a checkpoint that can be used to query historical balances / totalSuppy
     */
    function createCheckpoint() public returns(uint256);

    /**
     * @notice gets length of investors array
     * NB - this length may differ from investorCount if list has not been pruned of zero balance investors
     * @return length
     */
    function getInvestorsLength() public view returns(uint256);

}

/**
 * @title Interface that any module factory contract should implement
 */
contract IModuleFactory is Ownable {

    ERC20 public polyToken;
    uint256 public setupCost;
    uint256 public usageCost;
    uint256 public monthlySubscriptionCost;

    event LogChangeFactorySetupFee(uint256 _oldSetupcost, uint256 _newSetupCost, address _moduleFactory);
    event LogChangeFactoryUsageFee(uint256 _oldUsageCost, uint256 _newUsageCost, address _moduleFactory);
    event LogChangeFactorySubscriptionFee(uint256 _oldSubscriptionCost, uint256 _newMonthlySubscriptionCost, address _moduleFactory);
    event LogGenerateModuleFromFactory(address _module, bytes32 indexed _moduleName, address indexed _moduleFactory, address _creator, uint256 _timestamp);

    /**
     * @notice Constructor
     * @param _polyAddress Address of the polytoken
     */
    constructor (address _polyAddress, uint256 _setupCost, uint256 _usageCost, uint256 _subscriptionCost) public {
      polyToken = ERC20(_polyAddress);
      setupCost = _setupCost;
      usageCost = _usageCost;
      monthlySubscriptionCost = _subscriptionCost;
    }

    //Should create an instance of the Module, or throw
    function deploy(bytes _data) external returns(address);

    /**
     * @notice Type of the Module factory
     */
    function getType() public view returns(uint8);

    /**
     * @notice Get the name of the Module
     */
    function getName() public view returns(bytes32);

    /**
     * @notice Get the description of the Module
     */
    function getDescription() public view returns(string);

    /**
     * @notice Get the title of the Module
     */
    function getTitle() public view returns(string);

    /**
     * @notice Get the Instructions that helped to used the module
     */
    function getInstructions() public view returns (string);

    /**
     * @notice Get the tags related to the module factory
     */
    function getTags() public view returns (bytes32[]);

    //Pull function sig from _data
    function getSig(bytes _data) internal pure returns (bytes4 sig) {
        uint len = _data.length < 4 ? _data.length : 4;
        for (uint i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            sig = bytes4(uint(sig) + uint(_data[i]) * (2 ** (8 * (len - 1 - i))));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice used to change the fee of the setup cost
     * @param _newSetupCost new setup cost
     */
    function changeFactorySetupFee(uint256 _newSetupCost) public onlyOwner {
        emit LogChangeFactorySetupFee(setupCost, _newSetupCost, address(this));
        setupCost = _newSetupCost;
    }

    /**
     * @notice used to change the fee of the usage cost
     * @param _newUsageCost new usage cost
     */
    function changeFactoryUsageFee(uint256 _newUsageCost) public onlyOwner {
        emit LogChangeFactoryUsageFee(usageCost, _newUsageCost, address(this));
        usageCost = _newUsageCost;
    }

    /**
     * @notice used to change the fee of the subscription cost
     * @param _newSubscriptionCost new subscription cost
     */
    function changeFactorySubscriptionFee(uint256 _newSubscriptionCost) public onlyOwner {
        emit LogChangeFactorySubscriptionFee(monthlySubscriptionCost, _newSubscriptionCost, address(this));
        monthlySubscriptionCost = _newSubscriptionCost;
        
    }

}

/**
 * @title Interface that any module contract should implement
 */
contract IModule {

    address public factory;

    address public securityToken;

    bytes32 public constant FEE_ADMIN = "FEE_ADMIN";

    ERC20 public polyToken;

    /**
     * @notice Constructor
     * @param _securityToken Address of the security token
     * @param _polyAddress Address of the polytoken
     */
    constructor (address _securityToken, address _polyAddress) public {
        securityToken = _securityToken;
        factory = msg.sender;
        polyToken = ERC20(_polyAddress);
    }

    /**
     * @notice This function returns the signature of configure function
     */
    function getInitFunction() public pure returns (bytes4);

    //Allows owner, factory or permissioned delegate
    modifier withPerm(bytes32 _perm) {
        bool isOwner = msg.sender == ISecurityToken(securityToken).owner();
        bool isFactory = msg.sender == factory;
        require(isOwner||isFactory||ISecurityToken(securityToken).checkPermission(msg.sender, address(this), _perm), "Permission check failed");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        require(msg.sender == ISecurityToken(securityToken).owner(), "Sender is not owner");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyFactory {
        require(msg.sender == factory, "Sender is not factory");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyFactoryOwner {
        require(msg.sender == IModuleFactory(factory).owner(), "Sender is not factory owner");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Return the permissions flag that are associated with Module
     */
    function getPermissions() public view returns(bytes32[]);

    /**
     * @notice used to withdraw the fee by the factory owner
     */
    function takeFee(uint256 _amount) public withPerm(FEE_ADMIN) returns(bool) {
        require(polyToken.transferFrom(address(this), IModuleFactory(factory).owner(), _amount), "Unable to take fee");
        return true;
    }
}

/**
 * @title Interface for the polymath module registry contract
 */
contract IModuleRegistry {

    /**
     * @notice Called by a security token to notify the registry it is using a module
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the relevant module factory
     */
    function useModule(address _moduleFactory) external;

    /**
     * @notice Called by moduleFactory owner to register new modules for SecurityToken to use
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be registered
     */
    function registerModule(address _moduleFactory) external returns(bool);

    /**
     * @notice Use to get all the tags releated to the functionality of the Module Factory.
     * @param _moduleType Type of module
     */
    function getTagByModuleType(uint8 _moduleType) public view returns(bytes32[]);

}

/**
 * @title Utility contract to allow pausing and unpausing of certain functions
 */
contract Pausable {

    event Pause(uint256 _timestammp);
    event Unpause(uint256 _timestamp);

    bool public paused = false;

    /**
    * @notice Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
    */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        require(!paused);
        _;
    }

    /**
    * @notice Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
    */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        require(paused);
        _;
    }

   /**
    * @notice called by the owner to pause, triggers stopped state
    */
    function _pause() internal {
        require(!paused);
        paused = true;
        emit Pause(now);
    }

    /**
    * @notice called by the owner to unpause, returns to normal state
    */
    function _unpause() internal {
        require(paused);
        paused = false;
        emit Unpause(now);
    }

}

/**
 * @title Interface to be implemented by all Transfer Manager modules
 */
contract ITransferManager is IModule, Pausable {

    //If verifyTransfer returns:
    //  FORCE_VALID, the transaction will always be valid, regardless of other TM results
    //  INVALID, then the transfer should not be allowed regardless of other TM results
    //  VALID, then the transfer is valid for this TM
    //  NA, then the result from this TM is ignored
    enum Result {INVALID, NA, VALID, FORCE_VALID}

    function verifyTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _amount, bool _isTransfer) public returns(Result);

    function unpause() onlyOwner public {
        super._unpause();
    }

    function pause() onlyOwner public {
        super._pause();
    }
}

/**
 * @title Interface to be implemented by all permission manager modules
 */
contract IPermissionManager is IModule {

    function checkPermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) public view returns(bool);

    function changePermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm, bool _valid) public returns(bool);

    function getDelegateDetails(address _delegate) public view returns(bytes32);

}

/**
 * @title Interface for the token burner contract
 */
interface ITokenBurner {

    function burn(address _burner, uint256  _value ) external returns(bool);

}

/**
 * @title Utility contract to allow owner to retreive any ERC20 sent to the contract
 */
contract ReclaimTokens is Ownable {

    /**
    * @notice Reclaim all ERC20Basic compatible tokens
    * @param _tokenContract The address of the token contract
    */
    function reclaimERC20(address _tokenContract) external onlyOwner {
        require(_tokenContract != address(0));
        ERC20Basic token = ERC20Basic(_tokenContract);
        uint256 balance = token.balanceOf(address(this));
        require(token.transfer(owner, balance));
    }
}

/**
 * @title Core functionality for registry upgradability
 */
contract PolymathRegistry is ReclaimTokens {

    mapping (bytes32 => address) public storedAddresses;

    event LogChangeAddress(string _nameKey, address indexed _oldAddress, address indexed _newAddress);

    /**
     * @notice Get the contract address
     * @param _nameKey is the key for the contract address mapping
     * @return address
     */
    function getAddress(string _nameKey) view public returns(address) {
        bytes32 key = keccak256(bytes(_nameKey));
        require(storedAddresses[key] != address(0), "Invalid address key");
        return storedAddresses[key];
    }

    /**
     * @notice change the contract address
     * @param _nameKey is the key for the contract address mapping
     * @param _newAddress is the new contract address
     */
    function changeAddress(string _nameKey, address _newAddress) public onlyOwner {
        bytes32 key = keccak256(bytes(_nameKey));
        emit LogChangeAddress(_nameKey, storedAddresses[key], _newAddress);
        storedAddresses[key] = _newAddress;
    }


}

contract RegistryUpdater is Ownable {

    address public polymathRegistry;
    address public moduleRegistry;
    address public securityTokenRegistry;
    address public tickerRegistry;
    address public polyToken;

    constructor (address _polymathRegistry) public {
        require(_polymathRegistry != address(0));
        polymathRegistry = _polymathRegistry;
    }

    function updateFromRegistry() onlyOwner public {
        moduleRegistry = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("ModuleRegistry");
        securityTokenRegistry = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("SecurityTokenRegistry");
        tickerRegistry = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("TickerRegistry");
        polyToken = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("PolyToken");
    }

}

/**
 * @title Helps contracts guard agains reentrancy attacks.
 * @author Remco Bloemen <remco@2π.com>
 * @notice If you mark a function `nonReentrant`, you should also
 * mark it `external`.
 */
contract ReentrancyGuard {

  /**
   * @dev We use a single lock for the whole contract.
   */
  bool private reentrancyLock = false;

  /**
   * @dev Prevents a contract from calling itself, directly or indirectly.
   * @notice If you mark a function `nonReentrant`, you should also
   * mark it `external`. Calling one nonReentrant function from
   * another is not supported. Instead, you can implement a
   * `private` function doing the actual work, and a `external`
   * wrapper marked as `nonReentrant`.
   */
  modifier nonReentrant() {
    require(!reentrancyLock);
    reentrancyLock = true;
    _;
    reentrancyLock = false;
  }

}

/**
* @title Security Token contract
* @notice SecurityToken is an ERC20 token with added capabilities:
* @notice - Implements the ST-20 Interface
* @notice - Transfers are restricted
* @notice - Modules can be attached to it to control its behaviour
* @notice - ST should not be deployed directly, but rather the SecurityTokenRegistry should be used
*/
contract SecurityToken is ISecurityToken, ReentrancyGuard, RegistryUpdater {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    bytes32 public constant securityTokenVersion = "0.0.1";

    // Reference to token burner contract
    ITokenBurner public tokenBurner;

    // Use to halt all the transactions
    bool public freeze = false;

    struct ModuleData {
        bytes32 name;
        address moduleAddress;
    }

    // Structures to maintain checkpoints of balances for governance / dividends
    struct Checkpoint {
        uint256 checkpointId;
        uint256 value;
    }

    mapping (address => Checkpoint[]) public checkpointBalances;
    Checkpoint[] public checkpointTotalSupply;

    bool public finishedIssuerMinting = false;
    bool public finishedSTOMinting = false;

    mapping (bytes4 => bool) transferFunctions;

    // Module list should be order agnostic!
    mapping (uint8 => ModuleData[]) public modules;

    uint8 public constant MAX_MODULES = 20;

    mapping (address => bool) public investorListed;

    // Emit at the time when module get added
    event LogModuleAdded(
        uint8 indexed _type,
        bytes32 _name,
        address _moduleFactory,
        address _module,
        uint256 _moduleCost,
        uint256 _budget,
        uint256 _timestamp
    );

    // Emit when the token details get updated
    event LogUpdateTokenDetails(string _oldDetails, string _newDetails);
    // Emit when the granularity get changed
    event LogGranularityChanged(uint256 _oldGranularity, uint256 _newGranularity);
    // Emit when Module get removed from the securityToken
    event LogModuleRemoved(uint8 indexed _type, address _module, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when the budget allocated to a module is changed
    event LogModuleBudgetChanged(uint8 indexed _moduleType, address _module, uint256 _budget);
    // Emit when all the transfers get freeze
    event LogFreezeTransfers(bool _freeze, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when new checkpoint created
    event LogCheckpointCreated(uint256 indexed _checkpointId, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when the minting get finished for the Issuer
    event LogFinishMintingIssuer(uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when the minting get finished for the STOs
    event LogFinishMintingSTO(uint256 _timestamp);
    // Change the STR address in the event of a upgrade
    event LogChangeSTRAddress(address indexed _oldAddress, address indexed _newAddress);

    // If _fallback is true, then for STO module type we only allow the module if it is set, if it is not set we only allow the owner
    // for other _moduleType we allow both issuer and module.
    modifier onlyModule(uint8 _moduleType, bool _fallback) {
      //Loop over all modules of type _moduleType
        bool isModuleType = false;
        for (uint8 i = 0; i < modules[_moduleType].length; i++) {
            isModuleType = isModuleType || (modules[_moduleType][i].moduleAddress == msg.sender);
        }
        if (_fallback && !isModuleType) {
            if (_moduleType == STO_KEY)
                require(modules[_moduleType].length == 0 && msg.sender == owner, "Sender is not owner or STO module is attached");
            else
                require(msg.sender == owner, "Sender is not owner");
        } else {
            require(isModuleType, "Sender is not correct module type");
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier checkGranularity(uint256 _amount) {
        require(_amount % granularity == 0, "Unable to modify token balances at this granularity");
        _;
    }

    // Checks whether the minting is allowed or not, check for the owner if owner is no the msg.sender then check
    // for the finishedSTOMinting flag because only STOs and owner are allowed for minting
    modifier isMintingAllowed() {
        if (msg.sender == owner) {
            require(!finishedIssuerMinting, "Minting is finished for Issuer");
        } else {
            require(!finishedSTOMinting, "Minting is finished for STOs");
        }
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Constructor
     * @param _name Name of the SecurityToken
     * @param _symbol Symbol of the Token
     * @param _decimals Decimals for the securityToken
     * @param _granularity granular level of the token
     * @param _tokenDetails Details of the token that are stored off-chain (IPFS hash)
     * @param _polymathRegistry Contract address of the polymath registry
     */
    constructor (
        string _name,
        string _symbol,
        uint8 _decimals,
        uint256 _granularity,
        string _tokenDetails,
        address _polymathRegistry
    )
    public
    DetailedERC20(_name, _symbol, _decimals)
    RegistryUpdater(_polymathRegistry)
    {
        //When it is created, the owner is the STR
        updateFromRegistry();
        tokenDetails = _tokenDetails;
        granularity = _granularity;
        transferFunctions[bytes4(keccak256("transfer(address,uint256)"))] = true;
        transferFunctions[bytes4(keccak256("transferFrom(address,address,uint256)"))] = true;
        transferFunctions[bytes4(keccak256("mint(address,uint256)"))] = true;
        transferFunctions[bytes4(keccak256("burn(uint256)"))] = true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Function used to attach the module in security token
     * @param _moduleFactory Contract address of the module factory that needs to be attached
     * @param _data Data used for the intialization of the module factory variables
     * @param _maxCost Maximum cost of the Module factory
     * @param _budget Budget of the Module factory
     */
    function addModule(
        address _moduleFactory,
        bytes _data,
        uint256 _maxCost,
        uint256 _budget
    ) external onlyOwner nonReentrant {
        _addModule(_moduleFactory, _data, _maxCost, _budget);
    }

    /**
    * @notice _addModule handles the attachment (or replacement) of modules for the ST
    * @dev  E.G.: On deployment (through the STR) ST gets a TransferManager module attached to it
    * @dev to control restrictions on transfers.
    * @dev You are allowed to add a new moduleType if:
    * @dev - there is no existing module of that type yet added
    * @dev - the last member of the module list is replacable
    * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be added
    * @param _data is data packed into bytes used to further configure the module (See STO usage)
    * @param _maxCost max amount of POLY willing to pay to module. (WIP)
    */
    function _addModule(address _moduleFactory, bytes _data, uint256 _maxCost, uint256 _budget) internal {
        //Check that module exists in registry - will throw otherwise
        IModuleRegistry(moduleRegistry).useModule(_moduleFactory);
        IModuleFactory moduleFactory = IModuleFactory(_moduleFactory);
        uint8 moduleType = moduleFactory.getType();
        require(modules[moduleType].length < MAX_MODULES, "Limit of MAX MODULES is reached");
        uint256 moduleCost = moduleFactory.setupCost();
        require(moduleCost <= _maxCost, "Max Cost is always be greater than module cost");
        //Approve fee for module
        require(ERC20(polyToken).approve(_moduleFactory, moduleCost), "Not able to approve the module cost");
        //Creates instance of module from factory
        address module = moduleFactory.deploy(_data);
        //Approve ongoing budget
        require(ERC20(polyToken).approve(module, _budget), "Not able to approve the budget");
        //Add to SecurityToken module map
        bytes32 moduleName = moduleFactory.getName();
        modules[moduleType].push(ModuleData(moduleName, module));
        //Emit log event
        emit LogModuleAdded(moduleType, moduleName, _moduleFactory, module, moduleCost, _budget, now);
    }

    /**
    * @notice Removes a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _moduleType is which type of module we are trying to remove
    * @param _moduleIndex is the index of the module within the chosen type
    */
    function removeModule(uint8 _moduleType, uint8 _moduleIndex) external onlyOwner {
        require(_moduleIndex < modules[_moduleType].length,
        "Module index doesn't exist as per the choosen module type");
        require(modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress != address(0),
        "Module contract address should not be 0x");
        //Take the last member of the list, and replace _moduleIndex with this, then shorten the list by one
        emit LogModuleRemoved(_moduleType, modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress, now);
        modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex] = modules[_moduleType][modules[_moduleType].length - 1];
        modules[_moduleType].length = modules[_moduleType].length - 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns module list for a module type
     * @param _moduleType is which type of module we are trying to get
     * @param _moduleIndex is the index of the module within the chosen type
     * @return bytes32
     * @return address
     */
    function getModule(uint8 _moduleType, uint _moduleIndex) public view returns (bytes32, address) {
        if (modules[_moduleType].length > 0) {
            return (
                modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].name,
                modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress
            );
        } else {
            return ("", address(0));
        }

    }

    /**
     * @notice returns module list for a module name - will return first match
     * @param _moduleType is which type of module we are trying to get
     * @param _name is the name of the module within the chosen type
     * @return bytes32
     * @return address
     */
    function getModuleByName(uint8 _moduleType, bytes32 _name) public view returns (bytes32, address) {
        if (modules[_moduleType].length > 0) {
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < modules[_moduleType].length; i++) {
                if (modules[_moduleType][i].name == _name) {
                  return (
                      modules[_moduleType][i].name,
                      modules[_moduleType][i].moduleAddress
                  );
                }
            }
            return ("", address(0));
        } else {
            return ("", address(0));
        }
    }

    /**
    * @notice allows the owner to withdraw unspent POLY stored by them on the ST.
    * @dev Owner can transfer POLY to the ST which will be used to pay for modules that require a POLY fee.
    * @param _amount amount of POLY to withdraw
    */
    function withdrawPoly(uint256 _amount) public onlyOwner {
        require(ERC20(polyToken).transfer(owner, _amount), "In-sufficient balance");
    }

    /**
    * @notice allows owner to approve more POLY to one of the modules
    * @param _moduleType module type
    * @param _moduleIndex module index
    * @param _budget new budget
    */
    function changeModuleBudget(uint8 _moduleType, uint8 _moduleIndex, uint256 _budget) public onlyOwner {
        require(_moduleType != 0, "Module type cannot be zero");
        require(_moduleIndex < modules[_moduleType].length, "Incorrrect module index");
        uint256 _currentAllowance = IERC20(polyToken).allowance(address(this), modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress);
        if (_budget < _currentAllowance) {
            require(IERC20(polyToken).decreaseApproval(modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress, _currentAllowance.sub(_budget)), "Insufficient balance to decreaseApproval");
        } else {
            require(IERC20(polyToken).increaseApproval(modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress, _budget.sub(_currentAllowance)), "Insufficient balance to increaseApproval");
        }
        emit LogModuleBudgetChanged(_moduleType, modules[_moduleType][_moduleIndex].moduleAddress, _budget);
    }

    /**
     * @notice change the tokenDetails
     * @param _newTokenDetails New token details
     */
    function updateTokenDetails(string _newTokenDetails) public onlyOwner {
        emit LogUpdateTokenDetails(tokenDetails, _newTokenDetails);
        tokenDetails = _newTokenDetails;
    }

    /**
    * @notice allows owner to change token granularity
    * @param _granularity granularity level of the token
    */
    function changeGranularity(uint256 _granularity) public onlyOwner {
        require(_granularity != 0, "Granularity can not be 0");
        emit LogGranularityChanged(granularity, _granularity);
        granularity = _granularity;
    }

    /**
    * @notice keeps track of the number of non-zero token holders
    * @param _from sender of transfer
    * @param _to receiver of transfer
    * @param _value value of transfer
    */
    function adjustInvestorCount(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) internal {
        if ((_value == 0) || (_from == _to)) {
            return;
        }
        // Check whether receiver is a new token holder
        if ((balanceOf(_to) == 0) && (_to != address(0))) {
            investorCount = investorCount.add(1);
        }
        // Check whether sender is moving all of their tokens
        if (_value == balanceOf(_from)) {
            investorCount = investorCount.sub(1);
        }
        //Also adjust investor list
        if (!investorListed[_to] && (_to != address(0))) {
            investors.push(_to);
            investorListed[_to] = true;
        }

    }

    /**
    * @notice removes addresses with zero balances from the investors list
    * @param _start Index in investor list at which to start removing zero balances
    * @param _iters Max number of iterations of the for loop
    * NB - pruning this list will mean you may not be able to iterate over investors on-chain as of a historical checkpoint
    */
    function pruneInvestors(uint256 _start, uint256 _iters) public onlyOwner {
        for (uint256 i = _start; i < Math.min256(_start.add(_iters), investors.length); i++) {
            if ((i < investors.length) && (balanceOf(investors[i]) == 0)) {
                investorListed[investors[i]] = false;
                investors[i] = investors[investors.length - 1];
                investors.length--;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice gets length of investors array
     * NB - this length may differ from investorCount if list has not been pruned of zero balance investors
     * @return length
     */
    function getInvestorsLength() public view returns(uint256) {
        return investors.length;
    }

    /**
     * @notice freeze all the transfers
     */
    function freezeTransfers() public onlyOwner {
        require(!freeze);
        freeze = true;
        emit LogFreezeTransfers(freeze, now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice un-freeze all the transfers
     */
    function unfreezeTransfers() public onlyOwner {
        require(freeze);
        freeze = false;
        emit LogFreezeTransfers(freeze, now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice adjust totalsupply at checkpoint after minting or burning tokens
     */
    function adjustTotalSupplyCheckpoints() internal {
        adjustCheckpoints(checkpointTotalSupply, totalSupply());
    }

    /**
     * @notice adjust token holder balance at checkpoint after a token transfer
     * @param _investor address of the token holder affected
     */
    function adjustBalanceCheckpoints(address _investor) internal {
        adjustCheckpoints(checkpointBalances[_investor], balanceOf(_investor));
    }

    /**
     * @notice store the changes to the checkpoint objects
     * @param _checkpoints the affected checkpoint object array
     * @param _newValue the new value that needs to be stored
     */
    function adjustCheckpoints(Checkpoint[] storage _checkpoints, uint256 _newValue) internal {
        //No checkpoints set yet
        if (currentCheckpointId == 0) {
            return;
        }
        //No previous checkpoint data - add current balance against checkpoint
        if (_checkpoints.length == 0) {
            _checkpoints.push(
                Checkpoint({
                    checkpointId: currentCheckpointId,
                    value: _newValue
                })
            );
            return;
        }
        //No new checkpoints since last update
        if (_checkpoints[_checkpoints.length - 1].checkpointId == currentCheckpointId) {
            return;
        }
        //New checkpoint, so record balance
        _checkpoints.push(
            Checkpoint({
                checkpointId: currentCheckpointId,
                value: _newValue
            })
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Overloaded version of the transfer function
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @return bool success
     */
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        adjustInvestorCount(msg.sender, _to, _value);
        require(verifyTransfer(msg.sender, _to, _value), "Transfer is not valid");
        adjustBalanceCheckpoints(msg.sender);
        adjustBalanceCheckpoints(_to);
        require(super.transfer(_to, _value));
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Overloaded version of the transferFrom function
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @return bool success
     */
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        adjustInvestorCount(_from, _to, _value);
        require(verifyTransfer(_from, _to, _value), "Transfer is not valid");
        adjustBalanceCheckpoints(_from);
        adjustBalanceCheckpoints(_to);
        require(super.transferFrom(_from, _to, _value));
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice validate transfer with TransferManager module if it exists
     * @dev TransferManager module has a key of 2
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _amount value of transfer
     * @return bool
     */
    function verifyTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _amount) public checkGranularity(_amount) returns (bool) {
        if (!freeze) {
            bool isTransfer = false;
            if (transferFunctions[getSig(msg.data)]) {
              isTransfer = true;
            }
            if (modules[TRANSFERMANAGER_KEY].length == 0) {
                return true;
            }
            bool isInvalid = false;
            bool isValid = false;
            bool isForceValid = false;
            for (uint8 i = 0; i < modules[TRANSFERMANAGER_KEY].length; i++) {
                ITransferManager.Result valid = ITransferManager(modules[TRANSFERMANAGER_KEY][i].moduleAddress).verifyTransfer(_from, _to, _amount, isTransfer);
                if (valid == ITransferManager.Result.INVALID) {
                    isInvalid = true;
                }
                if (valid == ITransferManager.Result.VALID) {
                    isValid = true;
                }
                if (valid == ITransferManager.Result.FORCE_VALID) {
                    isForceValid = true;
                }
            }
            return isForceValid ? true : (isInvalid ? false : isValid);
      }
      return false;
    }

    /**
     * @notice End token minting period permanently for Issuer
     */
    function finishMintingIssuer() public onlyOwner {
        finishedIssuerMinting = true;
        emit LogFinishMintingIssuer(now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice End token minting period permanently for STOs
     */
    function finishMintingSTO() public onlyOwner {
        finishedSTOMinting = true;
        emit LogFinishMintingSTO(now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * @dev Can only be called by the STO attached to the token (Or by the ST owner if there's no STO attached yet)
     * @param _investor Address to whom the minted tokens will be dilivered
     * @param _amount Number of tokens get minted
     * @return success
     */
    function mint(address _investor, uint256 _amount) public onlyModule(STO_KEY, true) checkGranularity(_amount) isMintingAllowed() returns (bool success) {
        require(_investor != address(0), "Investor address should not be 0x");
        adjustInvestorCount(address(0), _investor, _amount);
        require(verifyTransfer(address(0), _investor, _amount), "Transfer is not valid");
        adjustBalanceCheckpoints(_investor);
        adjustTotalSupplyCheckpoints();
        totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(_amount);
        balances[_investor] = balances[_investor].add(_amount);
        emit Minted(_investor, _amount);
        emit Transfer(address(0), _investor, _amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * Can only be called by the STO attached to the token (Or by the ST owner if there's no STO attached yet)
     * @param _investors A list of addresses to whom the minted tokens will be dilivered
     * @param _amounts A list of number of tokens get minted and transfer to corresponding address of the investor from _investor[] list
     * @return success
     */
    function mintMulti(address[] _investors, uint256[] _amounts) public onlyModule(STO_KEY, true) returns (bool success) {
        require(_investors.length == _amounts.length, "Mis-match in the length of the arrays");
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < _investors.length; i++) {
            mint(_investors[i], _amounts[i]);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Validate permissions with PermissionManager if it exists, If no Permission return false
     * @dev Note that IModule withPerm will allow ST owner all permissions anyway
     * @dev this allows individual modules to override this logic if needed (to not allow ST owner all permissions)
     * @param _delegate address of delegate
     * @param _module address of PermissionManager module
     * @param _perm the permissions
     * @return success
     */
    function checkPermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) public view returns(bool) {
        if (modules[PERMISSIONMANAGER_KEY].length == 0) {
            return false;
        }

        for (uint8 i = 0; i < modules[PERMISSIONMANAGER_KEY].length; i++) {
            if (IPermissionManager(modules[PERMISSIONMANAGER_KEY][i].moduleAddress).checkPermission(_delegate, _module, _perm)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice used to set the token Burner address. It only be called by the owner
     * @param _tokenBurner Address of the token burner contract
     */
    function setTokenBurner(address _tokenBurner) public onlyOwner {
        tokenBurner = ITokenBurner(_tokenBurner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Burn function used to burn the securityToken
     * @param _value No. of token that get burned
     */
    function burn(uint256 _value) checkGranularity(_value) public {
        adjustInvestorCount(msg.sender, address(0), _value);
        require(tokenBurner != address(0), "Token Burner contract address is not set yet");
        require(verifyTransfer(msg.sender, address(0), _value), "Transfer is not valid");
        require(_value <= balances[msg.sender], "Value should no be greater than the balance of msg.sender");
        adjustBalanceCheckpoints(msg.sender);
        adjustTotalSupplyCheckpoints();
        // no need to require value <= totalSupply, since that would imply the
        // sender's balance is greater than the totalSupply, which *should* be an assertion failure

        balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
        require(tokenBurner.burn(msg.sender, _value), "Token burner process is not validated");
        totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.sub(_value);
        emit Burnt(msg.sender, _value);
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, address(0), _value);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get function signature from _data
     * @param _data passed data
     * @return bytes4 sig
     */
    function getSig(bytes _data) internal pure returns (bytes4 sig) {
        uint len = _data.length < 4 ? _data.length : 4;
        for (uint i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            sig = bytes4(uint(sig) + uint(_data[i]) * (2 ** (8 * (len - 1 - i))));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Creates a checkpoint that can be used to query historical balances / totalSuppy
     * @return uint256
     */
    function createCheckpoint() public onlyModule(CHECKPOINT_KEY, true) returns(uint256) {
        require(currentCheckpointId < 2**256 - 1);
        currentCheckpointId = currentCheckpointId + 1;
        emit LogCheckpointCreated(currentCheckpointId, now);
        return currentCheckpointId;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries totalSupply as of a defined checkpoint
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query
     * @return uint256
     */
    function totalSupplyAt(uint256 _checkpointId) public view returns(uint256) {
        return getValueAt(checkpointTotalSupply, _checkpointId, totalSupply());
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries value at a defined checkpoint
     * @param checkpoints is array of Checkpoint objects
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query
     * @param _currentValue Current value of checkpoint
     * @return uint256
     */
    function getValueAt(Checkpoint[] storage checkpoints, uint256 _checkpointId, uint256 _currentValue) internal view returns(uint256) {
        require(_checkpointId <= currentCheckpointId);
        //Checkpoint id 0 is when the token is first created - everyone has a zero balance
        if (_checkpointId == 0) {
          return 0;
        }
        if (checkpoints.length == 0) {
            return _currentValue;
        }
        if (checkpoints[0].checkpointId >= _checkpointId) {
            return checkpoints[0].value;
        }
        if (checkpoints[checkpoints.length - 1].checkpointId < _checkpointId) {
            return _currentValue;
        }
        if (checkpoints[checkpoints.length - 1].checkpointId == _checkpointId) {
            return checkpoints[checkpoints.length - 1].value;
        }
        uint256 min = 0;
        uint256 max = checkpoints.length - 1;
        while (max > min) {
            uint256 mid = (max + min) / 2;
            if (checkpoints[mid].checkpointId == _checkpointId) {
                max = mid;
                break;
            }
            if (checkpoints[mid].checkpointId < _checkpointId) {
                min = mid + 1;
            } else {
                max = mid;
            }
        }
        return checkpoints[max].value;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries balances as of a defined checkpoint
     * @param _investor Investor to query balance for
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query as of
     */
    function balanceOfAt(address _investor, uint256 _checkpointId) public view returns(uint256) {
        return getValueAt(checkpointBalances[_investor], _checkpointId, balanceOf(_investor));
    }

}