// Vulnerability label: ARTHM_RENT
pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

/**
 * @title Math
 * @dev Assorted math operations
 */
library Math {
  function max64(uint64 a, uint64 b) internal pure returns (uint64) {
    return a >= b ? a : b;
  }

  function min64(uint64 a, uint64 b) internal pure returns (uint64) {
    return a < b ? a : b;
  }

  function max256(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    return a >= b ? a : b;
  }

  function min256(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    return a < b ? a : b;
  }
}

/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
interface IERC20 {
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
    function balanceOf(address _owner) external view returns (uint256);
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) external view returns (uint256);
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) external returns (bool);
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) external returns (bool);
    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) external returns (bool);
    function decreaseApproval(address _spender, uint _subtractedValue) external returns (bool);
    function increaseApproval(address _spender, uint _addedValue) external returns (bool);
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

/**
 * @title Interface that every module contract should implement
 */
interface IModule {

    /**
     * @notice This function returns the signature of configure function
     */
    function getInitFunction() external pure returns (bytes4);

    /**
     * @notice Return the permission flags that are associated with a module
     */
    function getPermissions() external view returns(bytes32[]);

    /**
     * @notice Used to withdraw the fee by the factory owner
     */
    function takeFee(uint256 _amount) external returns(bool);

}

/**
 * @title Interface that every module factory contract should implement
 */
interface IModuleFactory {

    event ChangeFactorySetupFee(uint256 _oldSetupCost, uint256 _newSetupCost, address _moduleFactory);
    event ChangeFactoryUsageFee(uint256 _oldUsageCost, uint256 _newUsageCost, address _moduleFactory);
    event ChangeFactorySubscriptionFee(uint256 _oldSubscriptionCost, uint256 _newMonthlySubscriptionCost, address _moduleFactory);
    event GenerateModuleFromFactory(
        address _module,
        bytes32 indexed _moduleName,
        address indexed _moduleFactory,
        address _creator,
        uint256 _setupCost,
        uint256 _timestamp
    );
    event ChangeSTVersionBound(string _boundType, uint8 _major, uint8 _minor, uint8 _patch);

    //Should create an instance of the Module, or throw
    function deploy(bytes _data) external returns(address);

    /**
     * @notice Type of the Module factory
     */
    function getTypes() external view returns(uint8[]);

    /**
     * @notice Get the name of the Module
     */
    function getName() external view returns(bytes32);

    /**
     * @notice Returns the instructions associated with the module
     */
    function getInstructions() external view returns (string);

    /**
     * @notice Get the tags related to the module factory
     */
    function getTags() external view returns (bytes32[]);

    /**
     * @notice Used to change the setup fee
     * @param _newSetupCost New setup fee
     */
    function changeFactorySetupFee(uint256 _newSetupCost) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used to change the usage fee
     * @param _newUsageCost New usage fee
     */
    function changeFactoryUsageFee(uint256 _newUsageCost) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used to change the subscription fee
     * @param _newSubscriptionCost New subscription fee
     */
    function changeFactorySubscriptionFee(uint256 _newSubscriptionCost) external;

    /**
     * @notice Function use to change the lower and upper bound of the compatible version st
     * @param _boundType Type of bound
     * @param _newVersion New version array
     */
    function changeSTVersionBounds(string _boundType, uint8[] _newVersion) external;

   /**
     * @notice Get the setup cost of the module
     */
    function getSetupCost() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Used to get the lower bound
     * @return Lower bound
     */
    function getLowerSTVersionBounds() external view returns(uint8[]);

     /**
     * @notice Used to get the upper bound
     * @return Upper bound
     */
    function getUpperSTVersionBounds() external view returns(uint8[]);

}

/**
 * @title Interface for the Polymath Module Registry contract
 */
interface IModuleRegistry {

    /**
     * @notice Called by a security token to notify the registry it is using a module
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the relevant module factory
     */
    function useModule(address _moduleFactory) external;

    /**
     * @notice Called by the ModuleFactory owner to register new modules for SecurityToken to use
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be registered
     */
    function registerModule(address _moduleFactory) external;

    /**
     * @notice Called by the ModuleFactory owner or registry curator to delete a ModuleFactory
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be deleted
     */
    function removeModule(address _moduleFactory) external;

    /**
    * @notice Called by Polymath to verify modules for SecurityToken to use.
    * @notice A module can not be used by an ST unless first approved/verified by Polymath
    * @notice (The only exception to this is that the author of the module is the owner of the ST - Only if enabled by the FeatureRegistry)
    * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be registered
    */
    function verifyModule(address _moduleFactory, bool _verified) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used to get the reputation of a Module Factory
     * @param _factoryAddress address of the Module Factory
     * @return address array which has the list of securityToken's uses that module factory
     */
    function getReputationByFactory(address _factoryAddress) external view returns(address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Returns all the tags related to the a module type which are valid for the given token
     * @param _moduleType is the module type
     * @param _securityToken is the token
     * @return list of tags
     * @return corresponding list of module factories
     */
    function getTagsByTypeAndToken(uint8 _moduleType, address _securityToken) external view returns(bytes32[], address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Returns all the tags related to the a module type which are valid for the given token
     * @param _moduleType is the module type
     * @return list of tags
     * @return corresponding list of module factories
     */
    function getTagsByType(uint8 _moduleType) external view returns(bytes32[], address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Returns the list of addresses of Module Factory of a particular type
     * @param _moduleType Type of Module
     * @return address array that contains the list of addresses of module factory contracts.
     */
    function getModulesByType(uint8 _moduleType) external view returns(address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Returns the list of available Module factory addresses of a particular type for a given token.
     * @param _moduleType is the module type to look for
     * @param _securityToken is the address of SecurityToken
     * @return address array that contains the list of available addresses of module factory contracts.
     */
    function getModulesByTypeAndToken(uint8 _moduleType, address _securityToken) external view returns (address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Use to get the latest contract address of the regstries
     */
    function updateFromRegistry() external;

    /**
     * @notice Get the owner of the contract
     * @return address owner
     */
    function owner() external view returns(address);

    /**
     * @notice Check whether the contract operations is paused or not
     * @return bool 
     */
    function isPaused() external view returns(bool);

}

/**
 * @title Interface for managing polymath feature switches
 */
interface IFeatureRegistry {

    /**
     * @notice Get the status of a feature
     * @param _nameKey is the key for the feature status mapping
     * @return bool
     */
    function getFeatureStatus(string _nameKey) external view returns(bool);

}

/**
 * @title Utility contract to allow pausing and unpausing of certain functions
 */
contract Pausable {

    event Pause(uint256 _timestammp);
    event Unpause(uint256 _timestamp);

    bool public paused = false;

    /**
    * @notice Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
    */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        require(!paused, "Contract is paused");
        _;
    }

    /**
    * @notice Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
    */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        require(paused, "Contract is not paused");
        _;
    }

   /**
    * @notice Called by the owner to pause, triggers stopped state
    */
    function _pause() internal whenNotPaused {
        paused = true;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit Pause(now);
    }

    /**
    * @notice Called by the owner to unpause, returns to normal state
    */
    function _unpause() internal whenPaused {
        paused = false;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit Unpause(now);
    }

}

/**
 * @title Interface for all security tokens
 */
interface ISecurityToken {

    // Standard ERC20 interface
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
    function balanceOf(address _owner) external view returns (uint256);
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) external view returns (uint256);
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) external returns (bool);
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) external returns (bool);
    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) external returns (bool);
    function decreaseApproval(address _spender, uint _subtractedValue) external returns (bool);
    function increaseApproval(address _spender, uint _addedValue) external returns (bool);
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    //transfer, transferFrom must respect the result of verifyTransfer
    function verifyTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) external returns (bool success);

    /**
     * @notice Mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * Can only be called by the STO attached to the token (Or by the ST owner if there's no STO attached yet)
     * @param _investor Address the tokens will be minted to
     * @param _value is the amount of tokens that will be minted to the investor
     */
    function mint(address _investor, uint256 _value) external returns (bool success);

    /**
     * @notice Mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * Can only be called by the STO attached to the token (Or by the ST owner if there's no STO attached yet)
     * @param _investor Address the tokens will be minted to
     * @param _value is The amount of tokens that will be minted to the investor
     * @param _data Data to indicate validation
     */
    function mintWithData(address _investor, uint256 _value, bytes _data) external returns (bool success);

    /**
     * @notice Used to burn the securityToken on behalf of someone else
     * @param _from Address for whom to burn tokens
     * @param _value No. of tokens to be burned
     * @param _data Data to indicate validation
     */
    function burnFromWithData(address _from, uint256 _value, bytes _data) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used to burn the securityToken
     * @param _value No. of tokens to be burned
     * @param _data Data to indicate validation
     */
    function burnWithData(uint256 _value, bytes _data) external;

    event Minted(address indexed _to, uint256 _value);
    event Burnt(address indexed _burner, uint256 _value);

    // Permissions this to a Permission module, which has a key of 1
    // If no Permission return false - note that IModule withPerm will allow ST owner all permissions anyway
    // this allows individual modules to override this logic if needed (to not allow ST owner all permissions)
    function checkPermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @notice Returns module list for a module type
     * @param _module Address of the module
     * @return bytes32 Name
     * @return address Module address
     * @return address Module factory address
     * @return bool Module archived
     * @return uint8 Module type
     * @return uint256 Module index
     * @return uint256 Name index

     */
    function getModule(address _module) external view returns(bytes32, address, address, bool, uint8, uint256, uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Returns module list for a module name
     * @param _name Name of the module
     * @return address[] List of modules with this name
     */
    function getModulesByName(bytes32 _name) external view returns (address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Returns module list for a module type
     * @param _type Type of the module
     * @return address[] List of modules with this type
     */
    function getModulesByType(uint8 _type) external view returns (address[]);

    /**
     * @notice Queries totalSupply at a specified checkpoint
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query as of
     */
    function totalSupplyAt(uint256 _checkpointId) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Queries balance at a specified checkpoint
     * @param _investor Investor to query balance for
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query as of
     */
    function balanceOfAt(address _investor, uint256 _checkpointId) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Creates a checkpoint that can be used to query historical balances / totalSuppy
     */
    function createCheckpoint() external returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Gets length of investors array
     * NB - this length may differ from investorCount if the list has not been pruned of zero-balance investors
     * @return Length
     */
    function getInvestors() external view returns (address[]);

    /**
     * @notice returns an array of investors at a given checkpoint
     * NB - this length may differ from investorCount as it contains all investors that ever held tokens
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint id at which investor list is to be populated
     * @return list of investors
     */
    function getInvestorsAt(uint256 _checkpointId) external view returns(address[]);

    /**
     * @notice generates subset of investors
     * NB - can be used in batches if investor list is large
     * @param _start Position of investor to start iteration from
     * @param _end Position of investor to stop iteration at
     * @return list of investors
     */
    function iterateInvestors(uint256 _start, uint256 _end) external view returns(address[]);
    
    /**
     * @notice Gets current checkpoint ID
     * @return Id
     */
    function currentCheckpointId() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
    * @notice Gets an investor at a particular index
    * @param _index Index to return address from
    * @return Investor address
    */
    function investors(uint256 _index) external view returns (address);

   /**
    * @notice Allows the owner to withdraw unspent POLY stored by them on the ST or any ERC20 token.
    * @dev Owner can transfer POLY to the ST which will be used to pay for modules that require a POLY fee.
    * @param _tokenContract Address of the ERC20Basic compliance token
    * @param _value Amount of POLY to withdraw
    */
    function withdrawERC20(address _tokenContract, uint256 _value) external;

    /**
    * @notice Allows owner to approve more POLY to one of the modules
    * @param _module Module address
    * @param _budget New budget
    */
    function changeModuleBudget(address _module, uint256 _budget) external;

    /**
     * @notice Changes the tokenDetails
     * @param _newTokenDetails New token details
     */
    function updateTokenDetails(string _newTokenDetails) external;

    /**
    * @notice Allows the owner to change token granularity
    * @param _granularity Granularity level of the token
    */
    function changeGranularity(uint256 _granularity) external;

    /**
    * @notice Removes addresses with zero balances from the investors list
    * @param _start Index in investors list at which to start removing zero balances
    * @param _iters Max number of iterations of the for loop
    * NB - pruning this list will mean you may not be able to iterate over investors on-chain as of a historical checkpoint
    */
    function pruneInvestors(uint256 _start, uint256 _iters) external;

    /**
     * @notice Freezes all the transfers
     */
    function freezeTransfers() external;

    /**
     * @notice Un-freezes all the transfers
     */
    function unfreezeTransfers() external;

    /**
     * @notice Ends token minting period permanently
     */
    function freezeMinting() external;

    /**
     * @notice Mints new tokens and assigns them to the target investors.
     * Can only be called by the STO attached to the token or by the Issuer (Security Token contract owner)
     * @param _investors A list of addresses to whom the minted tokens will be delivered
     * @param _values A list of the amount of tokens to mint to corresponding addresses from _investor[] list
     * @return Success
     */
    function mintMulti(address[] _investors, uint256[] _values) external returns (bool success);

    /**
     * @notice Function used to attach a module to the security token
     * @dev  E.G.: On deployment (through the STR) ST gets a TransferManager module attached to it
     * @dev to control restrictions on transfers.
     * @dev You are allowed to add a new moduleType if:
     * @dev - there is no existing module of that type yet added
     * @dev - the last member of the module list is replacable
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be added
     * @param _data is data packed into bytes used to further configure the module (See STO usage)
     * @param _maxCost max amount of POLY willing to pay to module. (WIP)
     */
    function addModule(
        address _moduleFactory,
        bytes _data,
        uint256 _maxCost,
        uint256 _budget
    ) external;

    /**
    * @notice Archives a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _module address of module to archive
    */
    function archiveModule(address _module) external;

    /**
    * @notice Unarchives a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _module address of module to unarchive
    */
    function unarchiveModule(address _module) external;

    /**
    * @notice Removes a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _module address of module to archive
    */
    function removeModule(address _module) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used by the issuer to set the controller addresses
     * @param _controller address of the controller
     */
    function setController(address _controller) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used by a controller to execute a forced transfer
     * @param _from address from which to take tokens
     * @param _to address where to send tokens
     * @param _value amount of tokens to transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @param _log data attached to the transfer by controller to emit in event
     */
    function forceTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data, bytes _log) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used by a controller to execute a foced burn
     * @param _from address from which to take tokens
     * @param _value amount of tokens to transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @param _log data attached to the transfer by controller to emit in event
     */
    function forceBurn(address _from, uint256 _value, bytes _data, bytes _log) external;

    /**
     * @notice Used by the issuer to permanently disable controller functionality
     * @dev enabled via feature switch "disableControllerAllowed"
     */
     function disableController() external;

     /**
     * @notice Used to get the version of the securityToken
     */
     function getVersion() external view returns(uint8[]);

     /**
     * @notice Gets the investor count
     */
     function getInvestorCount() external view returns(uint256);

     /**
      * @notice Overloaded version of the transfer function
      * @param _to receiver of transfer
      * @param _value value of transfer
      * @param _data data to indicate validation
      * @return bool success
      */
     function transferWithData(address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data) external returns (bool success);

     /**
      * @notice Overloaded version of the transferFrom function
      * @param _from sender of transfer
      * @param _to receiver of transfer
      * @param _value value of transfer
      * @param _data data to indicate validation
      * @return bool success
      */
     function transferFromWithData(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data) external returns(bool);

     /**
      * @notice Provides the granularity of the token
      * @return uint256
      */
     function granularity() external view returns(uint256);
}

/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
  address public owner;


  event OwnershipRenounced(address indexed previousOwner);
  event OwnershipTransferred(
    address indexed previousOwner,
    address indexed newOwner
  );


  /**
   * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
   * account.
   */
  constructor() public {
    owner = msg.sender;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
   */
  modifier onlyOwner() {
    require(msg.sender == owner);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
   */
  function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
    emit OwnershipRenounced(owner);
    owner = address(0);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function transferOwnership(address _newOwner) public onlyOwner {
    _transferOwnership(_newOwner);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function _transferOwnership(address _newOwner) internal {
    require(_newOwner != address(0));
    emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, _newOwner);
    owner = _newOwner;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Interface that any module contract should implement
 * @notice Contract is abstract
 */
contract Module is IModule {

    address public factory;

    address public securityToken;

    bytes32 public constant FEE_ADMIN = "FEE_ADMIN";

    IERC20 public polyToken;

    /**
     * @notice Constructor
     * @param _securityToken Address of the security token
     * @param _polyAddress Address of the polytoken
     */
    constructor (address _securityToken, address _polyAddress) public {
        securityToken = _securityToken;
        factory = msg.sender;
        polyToken = IERC20(_polyAddress);
    }

    //Allows owner, factory or permissioned delegate
    modifier withPerm(bytes32 _perm) {
        bool isOwner = msg.sender == Ownable(securityToken).owner();
        bool isFactory = msg.sender == factory;
        require(isOwner||isFactory||ISecurityToken(securityToken).checkPermission(msg.sender, address(this), _perm), "Permission check failed");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        require(msg.sender == Ownable(securityToken).owner(), "Sender is not owner");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyFactory {
        require(msg.sender == factory, "Sender is not factory");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyFactoryOwner {
        require(msg.sender == Ownable(factory).owner(), "Sender is not factory owner");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyFactoryOrOwner {
        require((msg.sender == Ownable(securityToken).owner()) || (msg.sender == factory), "Sender is not factory or owner");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice used to withdraw the fee by the factory owner
     */
    function takeFee(uint256 _amount) public withPerm(FEE_ADMIN) returns(bool) {
        require(polyToken.transferFrom(securityToken, Ownable(factory).owner(), _amount), "Unable to take fee");
        return true;
    }
}

/**
 * @title Interface to be implemented by all Transfer Manager modules
 * @dev abstract contract
 */
contract ITransferManager is Module, Pausable {

    //If verifyTransfer returns:
    //  FORCE_VALID, the transaction will always be valid, regardless of other TM results
    //  INVALID, then the transfer should not be allowed regardless of other TM results
    //  VALID, then the transfer is valid for this TM
    //  NA, then the result from this TM is ignored
    enum Result {INVALID, NA, VALID, FORCE_VALID}

    function verifyTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _amount, bytes _data, bool _isTransfer) public returns(Result);

    function unpause() public onlyOwner {
        super._unpause();
    }

    function pause() public onlyOwner {
        super._pause();
    }
}

/**
 * @title Utility contract to allow owner to retreive any ERC20 sent to the contract
 */
contract ReclaimTokens is Ownable {

    /**
    * @notice Reclaim all ERC20Basic compatible tokens
    * @param _tokenContract The address of the token contract
    */
    function reclaimERC20(address _tokenContract) external onlyOwner {
        require(_tokenContract != address(0), "Invalid address");
        IERC20 token = IERC20(_tokenContract);
        uint256 balance = token.balanceOf(address(this));
        require(token.transfer(owner, balance), "Transfer failed");
    }
}

/**
 * @title Core functionality for registry upgradability
 */
contract PolymathRegistry is ReclaimTokens {

    mapping (bytes32 => address) public storedAddresses;

    event ChangeAddress(string _nameKey, address indexed _oldAddress, address indexed _newAddress);

    /**
     * @notice Gets the contract address
     * @param _nameKey is the key for the contract address mapping
     * @return address
     */
    function getAddress(string _nameKey) external view returns(address) {
        bytes32 key = keccak256(bytes(_nameKey));
        require(storedAddresses[key] != address(0), "Invalid address key");
        return storedAddresses[key];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Changes the contract address
     * @param _nameKey is the key for the contract address mapping
     * @param _newAddress is the new contract address
     */
    function changeAddress(string _nameKey, address _newAddress) external onlyOwner {
        bytes32 key = keccak256(bytes(_nameKey));
        emit ChangeAddress(_nameKey, storedAddresses[key], _newAddress);
        storedAddresses[key] = _newAddress;
    }


}

contract RegistryUpdater is Ownable {

    address public polymathRegistry;
    address public moduleRegistry;
    address public securityTokenRegistry;
    address public featureRegistry;
    address public polyToken;

    constructor (address _polymathRegistry) public {
        require(_polymathRegistry != address(0), "Invalid address");
        polymathRegistry = _polymathRegistry;
    }

    function updateFromRegistry() public onlyOwner {
        moduleRegistry = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("ModuleRegistry");
        securityTokenRegistry = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("SecurityTokenRegistry");
        featureRegistry = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("FeatureRegistry");
        polyToken = PolymathRegistry(polymathRegistry).getAddress("PolyToken");
    }

}

/**
 * @title Utility contract for reusable code
 */
library Util {

   /**
    * @notice Changes a string to upper case
    * @param _base String to change
    */
    function upper(string _base) internal pure returns (string) {
        bytes memory _baseBytes = bytes(_base);
        for (uint i = 0; i < _baseBytes.length; i++) {
            bytes1 b1 = _baseBytes[i];
            if (b1 >= 0x61 && b1 <= 0x7A) {
                b1 = bytes1(uint8(b1)-32);
            }
            _baseBytes[i] = b1;
        }
        return string(_baseBytes);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Changes the string into bytes32
     * @param _source String that need to convert into bytes32
     */
    /// Notice - Maximum Length for _source will be 32 chars otherwise returned bytes32 value will have lossy value.
    function stringToBytes32(string memory _source) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return bytesToBytes32(bytes(_source), 0);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Changes bytes into bytes32
     * @param _b Bytes that need to convert into bytes32
     * @param _offset Offset from which to begin conversion
     */
    /// Notice - Maximum length for _source will be 32 chars otherwise returned bytes32 value will have lossy value.
    function bytesToBytes32(bytes _b, uint _offset) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        bytes32 result;

        for (uint i = 0; i < _b.length; i++) {
            result |= bytes32(_b[_offset + i] & 0xFF) >> (i * 8);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Changes the bytes32 into string
     * @param _source that need to convert into string
     */
    function bytes32ToString(bytes32 _source) internal pure returns (string result) {
        bytes memory bytesString = new bytes(32);
        uint charCount = 0;
        for (uint j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
            byte char = byte(bytes32(uint(_source) * 2 ** (8 * j)));
            if (char != 0) {
                bytesString[charCount] = char;
                charCount++;
            }
        }
        bytes memory bytesStringTrimmed = new bytes(charCount);
        for (j = 0; j < charCount; j++) {
            bytesStringTrimmed[j] = bytesString[j];
        }
        return string(bytesStringTrimmed);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Gets function signature from _data
     * @param _data Passed data
     * @return bytes4 sig
     */
    function getSig(bytes _data) internal pure returns (bytes4 sig) {
        uint len = _data.length < 4 ? _data.length : 4;
        for (uint i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            sig = bytes4(uint(sig) + uint(_data[i]) * (2 ** (8 * (len - 1 - i))));
        }
    }


}

/**
 * @title Helps contracts guard agains reentrancy attacks.
 * @author Remco Bloemen <remco@2π.com>
 * @notice If you mark a function `nonReentrant`, you should also
 * mark it `external`.
 */
contract ReentrancyGuard {

  /**
   * @dev We use a single lock for the whole contract.
   */
  bool private reentrancyLock = false;

  /**
   * @dev Prevents a contract from calling itself, directly or indirectly.
   * @notice If you mark a function `nonReentrant`, you should also
   * mark it `external`. Calling one nonReentrant function from
   * another is not supported. Instead, you can implement a
   * `private` function doing the actual work, and a `external`
   * wrapper marked as `nonReentrant`.
   */
  modifier nonReentrant() {
    require(!reentrancyLock);
    reentrancyLock = true;
    _;
    reentrancyLock = false;
  }

}

/**
 * @title ERC20Basic
 * @dev Simpler version of ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/179
 */
contract ERC20Basic {
  function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
  function balanceOf(address who) public view returns (uint256);
  function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {

  /**
  * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
    // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than asserting 'a' not being zero, but the
    // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
    // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }

    c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
  */
  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    // uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return a / b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
  */
  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
    c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Basic token
 * @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
 */
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  mapping(address => uint256) balances;

  uint256 totalSupply_;

  /**
  * @dev total number of tokens in existence
  */
  function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
    return totalSupply_;
  }

  /**
  * @dev transfer token for a specified address
  * @param _to The address to transfer to.
  * @param _value The amount to be transferred.
  */
  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    require(_to != address(0));
    require(_value <= balances[msg.sender]);

    balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
  * @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
  * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
  */
  function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
    return balances[_owner];
  }

}

/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
  function allowance(address owner, address spender)
    public view returns (uint256);

  function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    public returns (bool);

  function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Approval(
    address indexed owner,
    address indexed spender,
    uint256 value
  );
}

/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * @dev https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 * @dev Based on code by FirstBlood: https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 */
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {

  mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal allowed;


  /**
   * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
   * @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
   * @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
   * @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
   */
  function transferFrom(
    address _from,
    address _to,
    uint256 _value
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    require(_to != address(0));
    require(_value <= balances[_from]);
    require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender]);

    balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
    emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
   *
   * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
   * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
   * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
   * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
   */
  function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
   * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
   * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
   */
  function allowance(
    address _owner,
    address _spender
   )
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
  {
    return allowed[_owner][_spender];
  }

  /**
   * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   *
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
   */
  function increaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint _addedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = (
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue));
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   *
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
   */
  function decreaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint _subtractedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    uint oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
    if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
    } else {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
    }
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

}

/**
 * @title DetailedERC20 token
 * @dev The decimals are only for visualization purposes.
 * All the operations are done using the smallest and indivisible token unit,
 * just as on Ethereum all the operations are done in wei.
 */
contract DetailedERC20 is ERC20 {
  string public name;
  string public symbol;
  uint8 public decimals;

  constructor(string _name, string _symbol, uint8 _decimals) public {
    name = _name;
    symbol = _symbol;
    decimals = _decimals;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Interface to be implemented by all permission manager modules
 */
interface IPermissionManager {

    /**
    * @notice Used to check the permission on delegate corresponds to module contract address
    * @param _delegate Ethereum address of the delegate
    * @param _module Ethereum contract address of the module
    * @param _perm Permission flag
    * @return bool
    */
    function checkPermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) external view returns(bool);

    /**
    * @notice Used to add a delegate
    * @param _delegate Ethereum address of the delegate
    * @param _details Details about the delegate i.e `Belongs to financial firm`
    */
    function addDelegate(address _delegate, bytes32 _details) external;

    /**
    * @notice Used to delete a delegate
    * @param _delegate Ethereum address of the delegate
    */
    function deleteDelegate(address _delegate) external;

    /**
    * @notice Used to check if an address is a delegate or not
    * @param _potentialDelegate the address of potential delegate
    * @return bool
    */
    function checkDelegate(address _potentialDelegate) external view returns(bool);

    /**
    * @notice Used to provide/change the permission to the delegate corresponds to the module contract
    * @param _delegate Ethereum address of the delegate
    * @param _module Ethereum contract address of the module
    * @param _perm Permission flag
    * @param _valid Bool flag use to switch on/off the permission
    * @return bool
    */
    function changePermission(
        address _delegate,
        address _module,
        bytes32 _perm,
        bool _valid
    )
    external;

    /**
    * @notice Used to change one or more permissions for a single delegate at once
    * @param _delegate Ethereum address of the delegate
    * @param _modules Multiple module matching the multiperms, needs to be same length
    * @param _perms Multiple permission flag needs to be changed
    * @param _valids Bool array consist the flag to switch on/off the permission
    * @return nothing
    */
    function changePermissionMulti(
        address _delegate,
        address[] _modules,
        bytes32[] _perms,
        bool[] _valids
    )
    external;

    /**
    * @notice Used to return all delegates with a given permission and module
    * @param _module Ethereum contract address of the module
    * @param _perm Permission flag
    * @return address[]
    */
    function getAllDelegatesWithPerm(address _module, bytes32 _perm) external view returns(address[]);

     /**
    * @notice Used to return all permission of a single or multiple module
    * @dev possible that function get out of gas is there are lot of modules and perm related to them
    * @param _delegate Ethereum address of the delegate
    * @param _types uint8[] of types
    * @return address[] the address array of Modules this delegate has permission
    * @return bytes32[] the permission array of the corresponding Modules
    */
    function getAllModulesAndPermsFromTypes(address _delegate, uint8[] _types) external view returns(address[], bytes32[]);

    /**
    * @notice Used to get the Permission flag related the `this` contract
    * @return Array of permission flags
    */
    function getPermissions() external view returns(bytes32[]);

    /**
    * @notice Used to get all delegates
    * @return address[]
    */
    function getAllDelegates() external view returns(address[]);

}

library TokenLib {

    using SafeMath for uint256;

    // Struct for module data
    struct ModuleData {
        bytes32 name;
        address module;
        address moduleFactory;
        bool isArchived;
        uint8[] moduleTypes;
        uint256[] moduleIndexes;
        uint256 nameIndex;
    }

    // Structures to maintain checkpoints of balances for governance / dividends
    struct Checkpoint {
        uint256 checkpointId;
        uint256 value;
    }

    struct InvestorDataStorage {
        // List of investors who have ever held a non-zero token balance
        mapping (address => bool) investorListed;
        // List of token holders
        address[] investors;
        // Total number of non-zero token holders
        uint256 investorCount;
    }

    // Emit when Module is archived from the SecurityToken
    event ModuleArchived(uint8[] _types, address _module, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when Module is unarchived from the SecurityToken
    event ModuleUnarchived(uint8[] _types, address _module, uint256 _timestamp);

    /**
    * @notice Archives a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _moduleData Storage data
    * @param _module Address of module to archive
    */
    function archiveModule(ModuleData storage _moduleData, address _module) public {
        require(!_moduleData.isArchived, "Module archived");
        require(_moduleData.module != address(0), "Module missing");
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit ModuleArchived(_moduleData.moduleTypes, _module, now);
        _moduleData.isArchived = true;
    }

    /**
    * @notice Unarchives a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _moduleData Storage data
    * @param _module Address of module to unarchive
    */
    function unarchiveModule(ModuleData storage _moduleData, address _module) public {
        require(_moduleData.isArchived, "Module unarchived");
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit ModuleUnarchived(_moduleData.moduleTypes, _module, now);
        _moduleData.isArchived = false;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Validates permissions with PermissionManager if it exists. If there's no permission return false
     * @dev Note that IModule withPerm will allow ST owner all permissions by default
     * @dev this allows individual modules to override this logic if needed (to not allow ST owner all permissions)
     * @param _modules is the modules to check permissions on
     * @param _delegate is the address of the delegate
     * @param _module is the address of the PermissionManager module
     * @param _perm is the permissions data
     * @return success
     */
    function checkPermission(address[] storage _modules, address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) public view returns(bool) {
        if (_modules.length == 0) {
            return false;
        }

        for (uint8 i = 0; i < _modules.length; i++) {
            if (IPermissionManager(_modules[i]).checkPermission(_delegate, _module, _perm)) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries a value at a defined checkpoint
     * @param _checkpoints is array of Checkpoint objects
     * @param _checkpointId is the Checkpoint ID to query
     * @param _currentValue is the Current value of checkpoint
     * @return uint256
     */
    function getValueAt(Checkpoint[] storage _checkpoints, uint256 _checkpointId, uint256 _currentValue) public view returns(uint256) {
        //Checkpoint id 0 is when the token is first created - everyone has a zero balance
        if (_checkpointId == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (_checkpoints.length == 0) {
            return _currentValue;
        }
        if (_checkpoints[0].checkpointId >= _checkpointId) {
            return _checkpoints[0].value;
        }
        if (_checkpoints[_checkpoints.length - 1].checkpointId < _checkpointId) {
            return _currentValue;
        }
        if (_checkpoints[_checkpoints.length - 1].checkpointId == _checkpointId) {
            return _checkpoints[_checkpoints.length - 1].value;
        }
        uint256 min = 0;
        uint256 max = _checkpoints.length - 1;
        while (max > min) {
            uint256 mid = (max + min) / 2;
            if (_checkpoints[mid].checkpointId == _checkpointId) {
                max = mid;
                break;
            }
            if (_checkpoints[mid].checkpointId < _checkpointId) {
                min = mid + 1;
            } else {
                max = mid;
            }
        }
        return _checkpoints[max].value;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Stores the changes to the checkpoint objects
     * @param _checkpoints is the affected checkpoint object array
     * @param _newValue is the new value that needs to be stored
     */
    function adjustCheckpoints(TokenLib.Checkpoint[] storage _checkpoints, uint256 _newValue, uint256 _currentCheckpointId) public {
        //No checkpoints set yet
        if (_currentCheckpointId == 0) {
            return;
        }
        //No new checkpoints since last update
        if ((_checkpoints.length > 0) && (_checkpoints[_checkpoints.length - 1].checkpointId == _currentCheckpointId)) {
            return;
        }
        //New checkpoint, so record balance
        _checkpoints.push(
            TokenLib.Checkpoint({
                checkpointId: _currentCheckpointId,
                value: _newValue
            })
        );
    }

    /**
    * @notice Keeps track of the number of non-zero token holders
    * @param _investorData Date releated to investor metrics
    * @param _from Sender of transfer
    * @param _to Receiver of transfer
    * @param _value Value of transfer
    * @param _balanceTo Balance of the _to address
    * @param _balanceFrom Balance of the _from address
    */
    function adjustInvestorCount(
        InvestorDataStorage storage _investorData,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        uint256 _balanceTo,
        uint256 _balanceFrom
        ) public  {
        if ((_value == 0) || (_from == _to)) {
            return;
        }
        // Check whether receiver is a new token holder
        if ((_balanceTo == 0) && (_to != address(0))) {
            _investorData.investorCount = (_investorData.investorCount).add(1);
        }
        // Check whether sender is moving all of their tokens
        if (_value == _balanceFrom) {
            _investorData.investorCount = (_investorData.investorCount).sub(1);
        }
        //Also adjust investor list
        if (!_investorData.investorListed[_to] && (_to != address(0))) {
            _investorData.investors.push(_to);
            _investorData.investorListed[_to] = true;
        }

    }

}

/**
* @title Security Token contract
* @notice SecurityToken is an ERC20 token with added capabilities:
* @notice - Implements the ST-20 Interface
* @notice - Transfers are restricted
* @notice - Modules can be attached to it to control its behaviour
* @notice - ST should not be deployed directly, but rather the SecurityTokenRegistry should be used
* @notice - ST does not inherit from ISecurityToken due to:
* @notice - https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4847
*/
contract SecurityToken is StandardToken, DetailedERC20, ReentrancyGuard, RegistryUpdater {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    TokenLib.InvestorDataStorage investorData;

    // Used to hold the semantic version data
    struct SemanticVersion {
        uint8 major;
        uint8 minor;
        uint8 patch;
    }

    SemanticVersion securityTokenVersion;

    // off-chain data
    string public tokenDetails;

    uint8 constant PERMISSION_KEY = 1;
    uint8 constant TRANSFER_KEY = 2;
    uint8 constant MINT_KEY = 3;
    uint8 constant CHECKPOINT_KEY = 4;
    uint8 constant BURN_KEY = 5;

    uint256 public granularity;

    // Value of current checkpoint
    uint256 public currentCheckpointId;

    // Used to temporarily halt all transactions
    bool public transfersFrozen;

    // Used to permanently halt all minting
    bool public mintingFrozen;

    // Used to permanently halt controller actions
    bool public controllerDisabled;

    // Address whitelisted by issuer as controller
    address public controller;

    // Records added modules - module list should be order agnostic!
    mapping (uint8 => address[]) modules;

    // Records information about the module
    mapping (address => TokenLib.ModuleData) modulesToData;

    // Records added module names - module list should be order agnostic!
    mapping (bytes32 => address[]) names;

    // Map each investor to a series of checkpoints
    mapping (address => TokenLib.Checkpoint[]) checkpointBalances;

    // List of checkpoints that relate to total supply
    TokenLib.Checkpoint[] checkpointTotalSupply;

    // Times at which each checkpoint was created
    uint256[] checkpointTimes;

    // Emit at the time when module get added
    event ModuleAdded(
        uint8[] _types,
        bytes32 _name,
        address _moduleFactory,
        address _module,
        uint256 _moduleCost,
        uint256 _budget,
        uint256 _timestamp
    );

    // Emit when the token details get updated
    event UpdateTokenDetails(string _oldDetails, string _newDetails);
    // Emit when the granularity get changed
    event GranularityChanged(uint256 _oldGranularity, uint256 _newGranularity);
    // Emit when Module get archived from the securityToken
    event ModuleArchived(uint8[] _types, address _module, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when Module get unarchived from the securityToken
    event ModuleUnarchived(uint8[] _types, address _module, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when Module get removed from the securityToken
    event ModuleRemoved(uint8[] _types, address _module, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when the budget allocated to a module is changed
    event ModuleBudgetChanged(uint8[] _moduleTypes, address _module, uint256 _oldBudget, uint256 _budget);
    // Emit when transfers are frozen or unfrozen
    event FreezeTransfers(bool _status, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when new checkpoint created
    event CheckpointCreated(uint256 indexed _checkpointId, uint256 _timestamp);
    // Emit when is permanently frozen by the issuer
    event FreezeMinting(uint256 _timestamp);
    // Events to log minting and burning
    event Minted(address indexed _to, uint256 _value);
    event Burnt(address indexed _from, uint256 _value);

    // Events to log controller actions
    event SetController(address indexed _oldController, address indexed _newController);
    event ForceTransfer(
        address indexed _controller,
        address indexed _from,
        address indexed _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bool _verifyTransfer,
        bytes _data
    );
    event ForceBurn(
        address indexed _controller,
        address indexed _from,
        uint256 _value,
        bool _verifyTransfer,
        bytes _data
    );
    event DisableController(uint256 _timestamp);

    function _isModule(address _module, uint8 _type) internal view returns (bool) {
        require(modulesToData[_module].module == _module, "Wrong address");
        require(!modulesToData[_module].isArchived, "Module archived");
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < modulesToData[_module].moduleTypes.length; i++) {
            if (modulesToData[_module].moduleTypes[i] == _type) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    // Require msg.sender to be the specified module type
    modifier onlyModule(uint8 _type) {
        require(_isModule(msg.sender, _type));
        _;
    }

    // Require msg.sender to be the specified module type or the owner of the token
    modifier onlyModuleOrOwner(uint8 _type) {
        if (msg.sender == owner) {
            _;
        } else {
            require(_isModule(msg.sender, _type));
            _;
        }
    }

    modifier checkGranularity(uint256 _value) {
        require(_value % granularity == 0, "Invalid granularity");
        _;
    }

    modifier isMintingAllowed() {
        require(!mintingFrozen, "Minting frozen");
        _;
    }

    modifier isEnabled(string _nameKey) {
        require(IFeatureRegistry(featureRegistry).getFeatureStatus(_nameKey));
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Revert if called by an account which is not a controller
     */
    modifier onlyController() {
        require(msg.sender == controller, "Not controller");
        require(!controllerDisabled, "Controller disabled");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Constructor
     * @param _name Name of the SecurityToken
     * @param _symbol Symbol of the Token
     * @param _decimals Decimals for the securityToken
     * @param _granularity granular level of the token
     * @param _tokenDetails Details of the token that are stored off-chain
     * @param _polymathRegistry Contract address of the polymath registry
     */
    constructor (
        string _name,
        string _symbol,
        uint8 _decimals,
        uint256 _granularity,
        string _tokenDetails,
        address _polymathRegistry
    )
    public
    DetailedERC20(_name, _symbol, _decimals)
    RegistryUpdater(_polymathRegistry)
    {
        //When it is created, the owner is the STR
        updateFromRegistry();
        tokenDetails = _tokenDetails;
        granularity = _granularity;
        securityTokenVersion = SemanticVersion(2,0,0);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Attachs a module to the SecurityToken
     * @dev  E.G.: On deployment (through the STR) ST gets a TransferManager module attached to it
     * @dev to control restrictions on transfers.
     * @param _moduleFactory is the address of the module factory to be added
     * @param _data is data packed into bytes used to further configure the module (See STO usage)
     * @param _maxCost max amount of POLY willing to pay to the module.
     * @param _budget max amount of ongoing POLY willing to assign to the module.
     */
    function addModule(
        address _moduleFactory,
        bytes _data,
        uint256 _maxCost,
        uint256 _budget
    ) external onlyOwner nonReentrant {
        //Check that the module factory exists in the ModuleRegistry - will throw otherwise
        IModuleRegistry(moduleRegistry).useModule(_moduleFactory);
        IModuleFactory moduleFactory = IModuleFactory(_moduleFactory);
        uint8[] memory moduleTypes = moduleFactory.getTypes();
        uint256 moduleCost = moduleFactory.getSetupCost();
        require(moduleCost <= _maxCost, "Invalid cost");
        //Approve fee for module
        ERC20(polyToken).approve(_moduleFactory, moduleCost);
        //Creates instance of module from factory
        address module = moduleFactory.deploy(_data);
        require(modulesToData[module].module == address(0), "Module exists");
        //Approve ongoing budget
        ERC20(polyToken).approve(module, _budget);
        //Add to SecurityToken module map
        bytes32 moduleName = moduleFactory.getName();
        uint256[] memory moduleIndexes = new uint256[](moduleTypes.length);
        uint256 i;
        for (i = 0; i < moduleTypes.length; i++) {
            moduleIndexes[i] = modules[moduleTypes[i]].length;
            modules[moduleTypes[i]].push(module);
        }
        modulesToData[module] = TokenLib.ModuleData(
            moduleName, module, _moduleFactory, false, moduleTypes, moduleIndexes, names[moduleName].length
        );
        names[moduleName].push(module);
        //Emit log event
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit ModuleAdded(moduleTypes, moduleName, _moduleFactory, module, moduleCost, _budget, now);
    }

    /**
    * @notice Archives a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _module address of module to archive
    */
    function archiveModule(address _module) external onlyOwner {
        TokenLib.archiveModule(modulesToData[_module], _module);
    }

    /**
    * @notice Unarchives a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _module address of module to unarchive
    */
    function unarchiveModule(address _module) external onlyOwner {
        TokenLib.unarchiveModule(modulesToData[_module], _module);
    }

    /**
    * @notice Removes a module attached to the SecurityToken
    * @param _module address of module to unarchive
    */
    function removeModule(address _module) external onlyOwner {
        require(modulesToData[_module].isArchived, "Not archived");
        require(modulesToData[_module].module != address(0), "Module missing");
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit ModuleRemoved(modulesToData[_module].moduleTypes, _module, now);
        // Remove from module type list
        uint8[] memory moduleTypes = modulesToData[_module].moduleTypes;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < moduleTypes.length; i++) {
            _removeModuleWithIndex(moduleTypes[i], modulesToData[_module].moduleIndexes[i]);
            /* modulesToData[_module].moduleType[moduleTypes[i]] = false; */
        }
        // Remove from module names list
        uint256 index = modulesToData[_module].nameIndex;
        bytes32 name = modulesToData[_module].name;
        uint256 length = names[name].length;
        names[name][index] = names[name][length - 1];
        names[name].length = length - 1;
        if ((length - 1) != index) {
            modulesToData[names[name][index]].nameIndex = index;
        }
        // Remove from modulesToData
        delete modulesToData[_module];
    }

    /**
    * @notice Internal - Removes a module attached to the SecurityToken by index
    */
    function _removeModuleWithIndex(uint8 _type, uint256 _index) internal {
        uint256 length = modules[_type].length;
        modules[_type][_index] = modules[_type][length - 1];
        modules[_type].length = length - 1;

        if ((length - 1) != _index) {
            //Need to find index of _type in moduleTypes of module we are moving
            uint8[] memory newTypes = modulesToData[modules[_type][_index]].moduleTypes;
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < newTypes.length; i++) {
                if (newTypes[i] == _type) {
                    modulesToData[modules[_type][_index]].moduleIndexes[i] = _index;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the data associated to a module
     * @param _module address of the module
     * @return bytes32 name
     * @return address module address
     * @return address module factory address
     * @return bool module archived
     * @return uint8 module type
     */
    function getModule(address _module) external view returns (bytes32, address, address, bool, uint8[]) {
        return (modulesToData[_module].name,
        modulesToData[_module].module,
        modulesToData[_module].moduleFactory,
        modulesToData[_module].isArchived,
        modulesToData[_module].moduleTypes);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns a list of modules that match the provided name
     * @param _name name of the module
     * @return address[] list of modules with this name
     */
    function getModulesByName(bytes32 _name) external view returns (address[]) {
        return names[_name];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns a list of modules that match the provided module type
     * @param _type type of the module
     * @return address[] list of modules with this type
     */
    function getModulesByType(uint8 _type) external view returns (address[]) {
        return modules[_type];
    }

   /**
    * @notice Allows the owner to withdraw unspent POLY stored by them on the ST or any ERC20 token.
    * @dev Owner can transfer POLY to the ST which will be used to pay for modules that require a POLY fee.
    * @param _tokenContract Address of the ERC20Basic compliance token
    * @param _value amount of POLY to withdraw
    */
    function withdrawERC20(address _tokenContract, uint256 _value) external onlyOwner {
        require(_tokenContract != address(0));
        IERC20 token = IERC20(_tokenContract);
        require(token.transfer(owner, _value));
    }

    /**

    * @notice allows owner to increase/decrease POLY approval of one of the modules
    * @param _module module address
    * @param _change change in allowance
    * @param _increase true if budget has to be increased, false if decrease
    */
    function changeModuleBudget(address _module, uint256 _change, bool _increase) external onlyOwner {
        require(modulesToData[_module].module != address(0), "Module missing");
        uint256 currentAllowance = IERC20(polyToken).allowance(address(this), _module);
        uint256 newAllowance;
        if (_increase) {
            require(IERC20(polyToken).increaseApproval(_module, _change), "IncreaseApproval fail");
            newAllowance = currentAllowance.add(_change);
        } else {
            require(IERC20(polyToken).decreaseApproval(_module, _change), "Insufficient allowance");
            newAllowance = currentAllowance.sub(_change);
        }
        emit ModuleBudgetChanged(modulesToData[_module].moduleTypes, _module, currentAllowance, newAllowance);
    }

    /**
     * @notice updates the tokenDetails associated with the token
     * @param _newTokenDetails New token details
     */
    function updateTokenDetails(string _newTokenDetails) external onlyOwner {
        emit UpdateTokenDetails(tokenDetails, _newTokenDetails);
        tokenDetails = _newTokenDetails;
    }

    /**
    * @notice Allows owner to change token granularity
    * @param _granularity granularity level of the token
    */
    function changeGranularity(uint256 _granularity) external onlyOwner {
        require(_granularity != 0, "Invalid granularity");
        emit GranularityChanged(granularity, _granularity);
        granularity = _granularity;
    }

    /**
    * @notice Keeps track of the number of non-zero token holders
    * @param _from sender of transfer
    * @param _to receiver of transfer
    * @param _value value of transfer
    */
    function _adjustInvestorCount(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) internal {
        TokenLib.adjustInvestorCount(investorData, _from, _to, _value, balanceOf(_to), balanceOf(_from));
    }

    /**
     * @notice returns an array of investors
     * NB - this length may differ from investorCount as it contains all investors that ever held tokens
     * @return list of addresses
     */
    function getInvestors() external view returns(address[]) {
        return investorData.investors;
    }

    /**
     * @notice returns an array of investors at a given checkpoint
     * NB - this length may differ from investorCount as it contains all investors that ever held tokens
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint id at which investor list is to be populated
     * @return list of investors
     */
    function getInvestorsAt(uint256 _checkpointId) external view returns(address[]) {
        uint256 count = 0;
        uint256 i;
        for (i = 0; i < investorData.investors.length; i++) {
            if (balanceOfAt(investorData.investors[i], _checkpointId) > 0) {
                count++;
            }
        }
        address[] memory investors = new address[](count);
        count = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < investorData.investors.length; i++) {
            if (balanceOfAt(investorData.investors[i], _checkpointId) > 0) {
                investors[count] = investorData.investors[i];
                count++;
            }
        }
        return investors;
    }

    /**
     * @notice generates subset of investors
     * NB - can be used in batches if investor list is large
     * @param _start Position of investor to start iteration from
     * @param _end Position of investor to stop iteration at
     * @return list of investors
     */
    function iterateInvestors(uint256 _start, uint256 _end) external view returns(address[]) {
        require(_end <= investorData.investors.length, "Invalid end");
        address[] memory investors = new address[](_end.sub(_start));
        uint256 index = 0;
        for (uint256 i = _start; i < _end; i++) {
            investors[index] = investorData.investors[i];
            index++;
        }
        return investors;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the investor count
     * @return Investor count
     */
    function getInvestorCount() external view returns(uint256) {
        return investorData.investorCount;
    }

    /**
     * @notice freezes transfers
     */
    function freezeTransfers() external onlyOwner {
        require(!transfersFrozen, "Already frozen");
        transfersFrozen = true;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit FreezeTransfers(true, now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Unfreeze transfers
     */
    function unfreezeTransfers() external onlyOwner {
        require(transfersFrozen, "Not frozen");
        transfersFrozen = false;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit FreezeTransfers(false, now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal - adjusts totalSupply at checkpoint after minting or burning tokens
     */
    function _adjustTotalSupplyCheckpoints() internal {
        TokenLib.adjustCheckpoints(checkpointTotalSupply, totalSupply(), currentCheckpointId);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal - adjusts token holder balance at checkpoint after a token transfer
     * @param _investor address of the token holder affected
     */
    function _adjustBalanceCheckpoints(address _investor) internal {
        TokenLib.adjustCheckpoints(checkpointBalances[_investor], balanceOf(_investor), currentCheckpointId);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Overloaded version of the transfer function
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @return bool success
     */
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        return transferWithData(_to, _value, "");
    }

    /**
     * @notice Overloaded version of the transfer function
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @return bool success
     */
    function transferWithData(address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data) public returns (bool success) {
        require(_updateTransfer(msg.sender, _to, _value, _data), "Transfer invalid");
        require(super.transfer(_to, _value));
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Overloaded version of the transferFrom function
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @return bool success
     */
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns(bool) {
        return transferFromWithData(_from, _to, _value, "");
    }

    /**
     * @notice Overloaded version of the transferFrom function
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @return bool success
     */
    function transferFromWithData(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data) public returns(bool) {
        require(_updateTransfer(_from, _to, _value, _data), "Transfer invalid");
        require(super.transferFrom(_from, _to, _value));
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates internal variables when performing a transfer
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @return bool success
     */
    function _updateTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data) internal nonReentrant returns(bool) {
        // NB - the ordering in this function implies the following:
        //  - investor counts are updated before transfer managers are called - i.e. transfer managers will see
        //investor counts including the current transfer.
        //  - checkpoints are updated after the transfer managers are called. This allows TMs to create
        //checkpoints as though they have been created before the current transactions,
        //  - to avoid the situation where a transfer manager transfers tokens, and this function is called recursively,
        //the function is marked as nonReentrant. This means that no TM can transfer (or mint / burn) tokens.
        _adjustInvestorCount(_from, _to, _value);
        bool verified = _verifyTransfer(_from, _to, _value, _data, true);
        _adjustBalanceCheckpoints(_from);
        _adjustBalanceCheckpoints(_to);
        return verified;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Validate transfer with TransferManager module if it exists
     * @dev TransferManager module has a key of 2
     * @dev _isTransfer boolean flag is the deciding factor for whether the
     * state variables gets modified or not within the different modules. i.e isTransfer = true
     * leads to change in the modules environment otherwise _verifyTransfer() works as a read-only
     * function (no change in the state).
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @param _isTransfer whether transfer is being executed
     * @return bool
     */
    function _verifyTransfer(
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes _data,
        bool _isTransfer
    ) internal checkGranularity(_value) returns (bool) {
        if (!transfersFrozen) {
            bool isInvalid = false;
            bool isValid = false;
            bool isForceValid = false;
            bool unarchived = false;
            address module;
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < modules[TRANSFER_KEY].length; i++) {
                module = modules[TRANSFER_KEY][i];
                if (!modulesToData[module].isArchived) {
                    unarchived = true;
                    ITransferManager.Result valid = ITransferManager(module).verifyTransfer(_from, _to, _value, _data, _isTransfer);
                    if (valid == ITransferManager.Result.INVALID) {
                        isInvalid = true;
                    } else if (valid == ITransferManager.Result.VALID) {
                        isValid = true;
                    } else if (valid == ITransferManager.Result.FORCE_VALID) {
                        isForceValid = true;
                    }
                }
            }
            // If no unarchived modules, return true by default
            return unarchived ? (isForceValid ? true : (isInvalid ? false : isValid)) : true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Validates a transfer with a TransferManager module if it exists
     * @dev TransferManager module has a key of 2
     * @param _from sender of transfer
     * @param _to receiver of transfer
     * @param _value value of transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @return bool
     */
    function verifyTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data) public returns (bool) {
        return _verifyTransfer(_from, _to, _value, _data, false);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Permanently freeze minting of this security token.
     * @dev It MUST NOT be possible to increase `totalSuppy` after this function is called.
     */
    function freezeMinting() external isMintingAllowed() isEnabled("freezeMintingAllowed") onlyOwner {
        mintingFrozen = true;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit FreezeMinting(now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * @dev Can only be called by the issuer or STO attached to the token
     * @param _investor Address where the minted tokens will be delivered
     * @param _value Number of tokens be minted
     * @return success
     */
    function mint(address _investor, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        return mintWithData(_investor, _value, "");
    }

    /**
     * @notice mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * @dev Can only be called by the issuer or STO attached to the token
     * @param _investor Address where the minted tokens will be delivered
     * @param _value Number of tokens be minted
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @return success
     */
    function mintWithData(
        address _investor,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes _data
        ) public onlyModuleOrOwner(MINT_KEY) isMintingAllowed() returns (bool success) {
        require(_investor != address(0), "Investor is 0");
        require(_updateTransfer(address(0), _investor, _value, _data), "Transfer invalid");
        _adjustTotalSupplyCheckpoints();
        totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(_value);
        balances[_investor] = balances[_investor].add(_value);
        emit Minted(_investor, _value);
        emit Transfer(address(0), _investor, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Mints new tokens and assigns them to the target _investor.
     * @dev Can only be called by the issuer or STO attached to the token.
     * @param _investors A list of addresses to whom the minted tokens will be dilivered
     * @param _values A list of number of tokens get minted and transfer to corresponding address of the investor from _investor[] list
     * @return success
     */
    function mintMulti(address[] _investors, uint256[] _values) external returns (bool success) {
        require(_investors.length == _values.length, "Incorrect inputs");
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < _investors.length; i++) {
            mint(_investors[i], _values[i]);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Validate permissions with PermissionManager if it exists, If no Permission return false
     * @dev Note that IModule withPerm will allow ST owner all permissions anyway
     * @dev this allows individual modules to override this logic if needed (to not allow ST owner all permissions)
     * @param _delegate address of delegate
     * @param _module address of PermissionManager module
     * @param _perm the permissions
     * @return success
     */
    function checkPermission(address _delegate, address _module, bytes32 _perm) public view returns(bool) {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < modules[PERMISSION_KEY].length; i++) {
            if (!modulesToData[modules[PERMISSION_KEY][i]].isArchived)
                return TokenLib.checkPermission(modules[PERMISSION_KEY], _delegate, _module, _perm);
        }
        return false;
    }

    function _burn(address _from, uint256 _value, bytes _data) internal returns(bool) {
        require(_value <= balances[_from], "Value too high");
        bool verified = _updateTransfer(_from, address(0), _value, _data);
        _adjustTotalSupplyCheckpoints();
        balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
        totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.sub(_value);
        emit Burnt(_from, _value);
        emit Transfer(_from, address(0), _value);
        return verified;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Burn function used to burn the securityToken
     * @param _value No. of tokens that get burned
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     */
    function burnWithData(uint256 _value, bytes _data) public onlyModule(BURN_KEY) {
        require(_burn(msg.sender, _value, _data), "Burn invalid");
    }

    /**
     * @notice Burn function used to burn the securityToken on behalf of someone else
     * @param _from Address for whom to burn tokens
     * @param _value No. of tokens that get burned
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     */
    function burnFromWithData(address _from, uint256 _value, bytes _data) public onlyModule(BURN_KEY) {
        require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender], "Value too high");
        allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
        require(_burn(_from, _value, _data), "Burn invalid");
    }

    /**
     * @notice Creates a checkpoint that can be used to query historical balances / totalSuppy
     * @return uint256
     */
    function createCheckpoint() external onlyModuleOrOwner(CHECKPOINT_KEY) returns(uint256) {
        require(currentCheckpointId < 2**256 - 1);
        currentCheckpointId = currentCheckpointId + 1;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        checkpointTimes.push(now);
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit CheckpointCreated(currentCheckpointId, now);
        return currentCheckpointId;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Gets list of times that checkpoints were created
     * @return List of checkpoint times
     */
    function getCheckpointTimes() external view returns(uint256[]) {
        return checkpointTimes;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries totalSupply as of a defined checkpoint
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query
     * @return uint256
     */
    function totalSupplyAt(uint256 _checkpointId) external view returns(uint256) {
        require(_checkpointId <= currentCheckpointId);
        return TokenLib.getValueAt(checkpointTotalSupply, _checkpointId, totalSupply());
    }

    /**
     * @notice Queries balances as of a defined checkpoint
     * @param _investor Investor to query balance for
     * @param _checkpointId Checkpoint ID to query as of
     */
    function balanceOfAt(address _investor, uint256 _checkpointId) public view returns(uint256) {
        require(_checkpointId <= currentCheckpointId);
        return TokenLib.getValueAt(checkpointBalances[_investor], _checkpointId, balanceOf(_investor));
    }

    /**
     * @notice Used by the issuer to set the controller addresses
     * @param _controller address of the controller
     */
    function setController(address _controller) public onlyOwner {
        require(!controllerDisabled);
        emit SetController(controller, _controller);
        controller = _controller;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Used by the issuer to permanently disable controller functionality
     * @dev enabled via feature switch "disableControllerAllowed"
     */
    function disableController() external isEnabled("disableControllerAllowed") onlyOwner {
        require(!controllerDisabled);
        controllerDisabled = true;
        delete controller;
        /*solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members*/
        emit DisableController(now);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Used by a controller to execute a forced transfer
     * @param _from address from which to take tokens
     * @param _to address where to send tokens
     * @param _value amount of tokens to transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @param _log data attached to the transfer by controller to emit in event
     */
    function forceTransfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value, bytes _data, bytes _log) public onlyController {
        require(_to != address(0));
        require(_value <= balances[_from]);
        bool verified = _updateTransfer(_from, _to, _value, _data);
        balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
        emit ForceTransfer(msg.sender, _from, _to, _value, verified, _log);
        emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Used by a controller to execute a forced burn
     * @param _from address from which to take tokens
     * @param _value amount of tokens to transfer
     * @param _data data to indicate validation
     * @param _log data attached to the transfer by controller to emit in event
     */
    function forceBurn(address _from, uint256 _value, bytes _data, bytes _log) public onlyController {
        bool verified = _burn(_from, _value, _data);
        emit ForceBurn(msg.sender, _from, _value, verified, _log);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the version of the SecurityToken
     */
    function getVersion() external view returns(uint8[]) {
        uint8[] memory _version = new uint8[](3);
        _version[0] = securityTokenVersion.major;
        _version[1] = securityTokenVersion.minor;
        _version[2] = securityTokenVersion.patch;
        return _version;
    }

}