// Vulnerability label: LE_TimeO
pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

interface IArbitrable {

    event MetaEvidence(uint indexed _metaEvidenceID, string _evidence);

    event Dispute(Arbitrator indexed _arbitrator, uint indexed _disputeID, uint _metaEvidenceID, uint _evidenceGroupID);

    event Evidence(Arbitrator indexed _arbitrator, uint indexed _evidenceGroupID, address indexed _party, string _evidence);

    event Ruling(Arbitrator indexed _arbitrator, uint indexed _disputeID, uint _ruling);

    function rule(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) external;
}

contract Arbitrable is IArbitrable {
    Arbitrator public arbitrator;
    bytes public arbitratorExtraData;

    modifier onlyArbitrator {require(msg.sender == address(arbitrator), "Can only be called by the arbitrator."); _;}

    constructor(Arbitrator _arbitrator, bytes memory _arbitratorExtraData) public {
        arbitrator = _arbitrator;
        arbitratorExtraData = _arbitratorExtraData;
    }

    function rule(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) public onlyArbitrator {
        emit Ruling(Arbitrator(msg.sender),_disputeID,_ruling);

        executeRuling(_disputeID,_ruling);
    }

    function executeRuling(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) internal;
}

contract Arbitrator {

    enum DisputeStatus {Waiting, Appealable, Solved}

    modifier requireArbitrationFee(bytes memory _extraData) {
        require(msg.value >= arbitrationCost(_extraData), "Not enough ETH to cover arbitration costs.");
        _;
    }
    modifier requireAppealFee(uint _disputeID, bytes memory _extraData) {
        require(msg.value >= appealCost(_disputeID, _extraData), "Not enough ETH to cover appeal costs.");
        _;
    }

    event DisputeCreation(uint indexed _disputeID, Arbitrable indexed _arbitrable);

    event AppealPossible(uint indexed _disputeID, Arbitrable indexed _arbitrable);

    event AppealDecision(uint indexed _disputeID, Arbitrable indexed _arbitrable);

    function createDispute(uint _choices, bytes memory _extraData) public requireArbitrationFee(_extraData) payable returns(uint disputeID) {}

    function arbitrationCost(bytes memory _extraData) public view returns(uint fee);

    function appeal(uint _disputeID, bytes memory _extraData) public requireAppealFee(_disputeID,_extraData) payable {
        emit AppealDecision(_disputeID, Arbitrable(msg.sender));
    }

    function appealCost(uint _disputeID, bytes memory _extraData) public view returns(uint fee);

    function appealPeriod(uint _disputeID) public view returns(uint start, uint end) {}

    function disputeStatus(uint _disputeID) public view returns(DisputeStatus status);

    function currentRuling(uint _disputeID) public view returns(uint ruling);
}

/**
 *  @authors: [@clesaege, @n1c01a5, @epiqueras, @ferittuncer]
 *  @reviewers: [@clesaege*, @unknownunknown1*]
 *  @auditors: []
 *  @bounties: []
 *  @deployments: []
 */


/** @title Centralized Arbitrator
 *  @dev This is a centralized arbitrator deciding alone on the result of disputes. No appeals are possible.
 */
contract CentralizedArbitrator is Arbitrator {

    address public owner = msg.sender;
    uint arbitrationPrice; // Not public because arbitrationCost already acts as an accessor.
    uint constant NOT_PAYABLE_VALUE = (2**256-2)/2; // High value to be sure that the appeal is too expensive.

    struct DisputeStruct {
        Arbitrable arbitrated;
        uint choices;
        uint fee;
        uint ruling;
        DisputeStatus status;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {require(msg.sender==owner, "Can only be called by the owner."); _;}

    DisputeStruct[] public disputes;

    /** @dev Constructor. Set the initial arbitration price.
     *  @param _arbitrationPrice Amount to be paid for arbitration.
     */
    constructor(uint _arbitrationPrice) public {
        arbitrationPrice = _arbitrationPrice;
    }

    /** @dev Set the arbitration price. Only callable by the owner.
     *  @param _arbitrationPrice Amount to be paid for arbitration.
     */
    function setArbitrationPrice(uint _arbitrationPrice) public onlyOwner {
        arbitrationPrice = _arbitrationPrice;
    }

    /** @dev Cost of arbitration. Accessor to arbitrationPrice.
     *  @param _extraData Not used by this contract.
     *  @return fee Amount to be paid.
     */
    function arbitrationCost(bytes _extraData) public view returns(uint fee) {
        return arbitrationPrice;
    }

    /** @dev Cost of appeal. Since it is not possible, it's a high value which can never be paid.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute to be appealed. Not used by this contract.
     *  @param _extraData Not used by this contract.
     *  @return fee Amount to be paid.
     */
    function appealCost(uint _disputeID, bytes _extraData) public view returns(uint fee) {
        return NOT_PAYABLE_VALUE;
    }

    /** @dev Create a dispute. Must be called by the arbitrable contract.
     *  Must be paid at least arbitrationCost().
     *  @param _choices Amount of choices the arbitrator can make in this dispute. When ruling ruling<=choices.
     *  @param _extraData Can be used to give additional info on the dispute to be created.
     *  @return disputeID ID of the dispute created.
     */
    function createDispute(uint _choices, bytes _extraData) public payable returns(uint disputeID)  {
        super.createDispute(_choices, _extraData);
        disputeID = disputes.push(DisputeStruct({
            arbitrated: Arbitrable(msg.sender),
            choices: _choices,
            fee: msg.value,
            ruling: 0,
            status: DisputeStatus.Waiting
            })) - 1; // Create the dispute and return its number.
        emit DisputeCreation(disputeID, Arbitrable(msg.sender));
    }

    /** @dev Give a ruling. UNTRUSTED.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute to rule.
     *  @param _ruling Ruling given by the arbitrator. Note that 0 means "Not able/wanting to make a decision".
     */
    function _giveRuling(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) internal {
        DisputeStruct storage dispute = disputes[_disputeID];
        require(_ruling <= dispute.choices, "Invalid ruling.");
        require(dispute.status != DisputeStatus.Solved, "The dispute must not be solved already.");

        dispute.ruling = _ruling;
        dispute.status = DisputeStatus.Solved;

        msg.sender.send(dispute.fee); // Avoid blocking.
        dispute.arbitrated.rule(_disputeID,_ruling);
    }

    /** @dev Give a ruling. UNTRUSTED.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute to rule.
     *  @param _ruling Ruling given by the arbitrator. Note that 0 means "Not able/wanting to make a decision".
     */
    function giveRuling(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) public onlyOwner {
        return _giveRuling(_disputeID, _ruling);
    }

    /** @dev Return the status of a dispute.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute to rule.
     *  @return status The status of the dispute.
     */
    function disputeStatus(uint _disputeID) public view returns(DisputeStatus status) {
        return disputes[_disputeID].status;
    }

    /** @dev Return the ruling of a dispute.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute to rule.
     *  @return ruling The ruling which would or has been given.
     */
    function currentRuling(uint _disputeID) public view returns(uint ruling) {
        return disputes[_disputeID].ruling;
    }
}


/**
 *  @title AppealableArbitrator
 *  @author Enrique Piqueras - <epiquerass@gmail.com>
 *  @dev A centralized arbitrator that can be appealed.
 */
contract AppealableArbitrator is CentralizedArbitrator, Arbitrable {
    /* Structs */

    struct AppealDispute {
        uint rulingTime;
        Arbitrator arbitrator;
        uint appealDisputeID;
    }

    /* Storage */

    uint public timeOut;
    mapping(uint => AppealDispute) public appealDisputes;
    mapping(uint => uint) public appealDisputeIDsToDisputeIDs;

    /* Constructor */

    /** @dev Constructs the `AppealableArbitrator` contract.
     *  @param _arbitrationPrice The amount to be paid for arbitration.
     *  @param _arbitrator The back up arbitrator.
     *  @param _arbitratorExtraData Not used by this contract.
     *  @param _timeOut The time out for the appeal period.
     */
    constructor(
        uint _arbitrationPrice,
        Arbitrator _arbitrator,
        bytes _arbitratorExtraData,
        uint _timeOut
    ) public CentralizedArbitrator(_arbitrationPrice) Arbitrable(_arbitrator, _arbitratorExtraData) {
        timeOut = _timeOut;
    }

    /* External */

    /** @dev Changes the back up arbitrator.
     *  @param _arbitrator The new back up arbitrator.
     */
    function changeArbitrator(Arbitrator _arbitrator) external onlyOwner {
        arbitrator = _arbitrator;
    }

    /** @dev Changes the time out.
     *  @param _timeOut The new time out.
     */
    function changeTimeOut(uint _timeOut) external onlyOwner {
        timeOut = _timeOut;
    }

    /* External Views */

    /** @dev Gets the specified dispute's latest appeal ID.
     *  @param _disputeID The ID of the dispute.
     */
    function getAppealDisputeID(uint _disputeID) external view returns(uint disputeID) {
        if (appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator != Arbitrator(address(0)))
            disputeID = AppealableArbitrator(appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator).getAppealDisputeID(appealDisputes[_disputeID].appealDisputeID);
        else disputeID = _disputeID;
    }

    /* Public */

    /** @dev Appeals a ruling.
     *  @param _disputeID The ID of the dispute.
     *  @param _extraData Additional info about the appeal.
     */
    function appeal(uint _disputeID, bytes _extraData) public payable requireAppealFee(_disputeID, _extraData) {
        super.appeal(_disputeID, _extraData);
        if (appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator != Arbitrator(address(0)))
            appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator.appeal.value(msg.value)(appealDisputes[_disputeID].appealDisputeID, _extraData);
        else {
            appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator = arbitrator;
            appealDisputes[_disputeID].appealDisputeID = arbitrator.createDispute.value(msg.value)(disputes[_disputeID].choices, _extraData);
            appealDisputeIDsToDisputeIDs[appealDisputes[_disputeID].appealDisputeID] = _disputeID;
        }
    }

    /** @dev Gives a ruling.
     *  @param _disputeID The ID of the dispute.
     *  @param _ruling The ruling.
     */
    function giveRuling(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) public {
        require(disputes[_disputeID].status != DisputeStatus.Solved, "The specified dispute is already resolved.");
        if (appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator != Arbitrator(address(0))) {
            require(Arbitrator(msg.sender) == appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator, "Appealed disputes must be ruled by their back up arbitrator.");
            super._giveRuling(_disputeID, _ruling);
        } else {
            require(msg.sender == owner, "Not appealed disputes must be ruled by the owner.");
            if (disputes[_disputeID].status == DisputeStatus.Appealable) {
                if (now - appealDisputes[_disputeID].rulingTime > timeOut)
                    super._giveRuling(_disputeID, disputes[_disputeID].ruling);
                else revert("Time out time has not passed yet.");
            } else {
                disputes[_disputeID].ruling = _ruling;
                disputes[_disputeID].status = DisputeStatus.Appealable;
                appealDisputes[_disputeID].rulingTime = now;
                emit AppealPossible(_disputeID, disputes[_disputeID].arbitrated);
            }
        }
    }

    /* Public Views */

    /** @dev Gets the cost of appeal for the specified dispute.
     *  @param _disputeID The ID of the dispute.
     *  @param _extraData Additional info about the appeal.
     *  @return The cost of the appeal.
     */
    function appealCost(uint _disputeID, bytes _extraData) public view returns(uint cost) {
        if (appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator != Arbitrator(address(0)))
            cost = appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator.appealCost(appealDisputes[_disputeID].appealDisputeID, _extraData);
        else if (disputes[_disputeID].status == DisputeStatus.Appealable) cost = arbitrator.arbitrationCost(_extraData);
        else cost = NOT_PAYABLE_VALUE;
    }

    /** @dev Gets the status of the specified dispute.
     *  @param _disputeID The ID of the dispute.
     *  @return The status.
     */
    function disputeStatus(uint _disputeID) public view returns(DisputeStatus status) {
        if (appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator != Arbitrator(address(0)))
            status = appealDisputes[_disputeID].arbitrator.disputeStatus(appealDisputes[_disputeID].appealDisputeID);
        else status = disputes[_disputeID].status;
    }

    /* Internal */

    /** @dev Executes the ruling of the specified dispute.
     *  @param _disputeID The ID of the dispute.
     *  @param _ruling The ruling.
     */
    function executeRuling(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) internal {
        require(
            appealDisputes[appealDisputeIDsToDisputeIDs[_disputeID]].arbitrator != Arbitrator(address(0)),
            "The dispute must have been appealed."
        );
        giveRuling(appealDisputeIDsToDisputeIDs[_disputeID], _ruling);
    }
}



contract MultipleArbitrableTransaction is IArbitrable {

    // **************************** //
    // *    Contract variables    * //
    // **************************** //

    uint8 constant AMOUNT_OF_CHOICES = 2;
    uint8 constant SENDER_WINS = 1;
    uint8 constant RECEIVER_WINS = 2;

    enum Party {Sender, Receiver}
    enum Status {NoDispute, WaitingSender, WaitingReceiver, DisputeCreated, Resolved}

    struct Transaction {
        address sender;
        address receiver;
        uint256 amount;
        uint256 timeoutPayment; // Time in seconds after which the transaction can be automatically executed if not disputed.
        uint disputeId; // If dispute exists, the ID of the dispute.
        uint senderFee; // Total fees paid by the sender.
        uint receiverFee; // Total fees paid by the receiver.
        uint lastInteraction; // Last interaction for the dispute procedure.
        Status status;
    }

    Transaction[] public transactions;
    bytes public arbitratorExtraData; // Extra data to set up the arbitration.
    Arbitrator public arbitrator; // Address of the arbitrator contract.
    uint public feeTimeout; // Time in seconds a party can take to pay arbitration fees before being considered unresponding and lose the dispute.


    mapping (uint => uint) public disputeIDtoTransactionID; // One-to-one relationship between the dispute and the transaction.

    // **************************** //
    // *          Events          * //
    // **************************** //

    /** @dev To be emitted when meta-evidence is submitted.
     *  @param _metaEvidenceID Unique identifier of meta-evidence. Should be the `transactionID`.
     *  @param _evidence A link to the meta-evidence JSON that follows the ERC 1497 Evidence standard (https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/1497).
     */
    event MetaEvidence(uint indexed _metaEvidenceID, string _evidence);

    /** @dev Indicate that a party has to pay a fee or would otherwise be considered as losing.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     *  @param _party The party who has to pay.
     */
    event HasToPayFee(uint indexed _transactionID, Party _party);

    /** @dev To be raised when evidence is submitted. Should point to the resource (evidences are not to be stored on chain due to gas considerations).
     *  @param _arbitrator The arbitrator of the contract.
     *  @param _evidenceGroupID Unique identifier of the evidence group the evidence belongs to.
     *  @param _party The address of the party submitting the evidence. Note that 0 is kept for evidences not submitted by any party.
     *  @param _evidence A link to an evidence JSON that follows the ERC 1497 Evidence standard (https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/1497).
     */
    event Evidence(Arbitrator indexed _arbitrator, uint indexed _evidenceGroupID, address indexed _party, string _evidence);

    /** @dev To be emitted when a dispute is created to link the correct meta-evidence to the disputeID.
     *  @param _arbitrator The arbitrator of the contract.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute in the Arbitrator contract.
     *  @param _metaEvidenceID Unique identifier of meta-evidence. Should be the transactionID.
     *  @param _evidenceGroupID Unique identifier of the evidence group that is linked to this dispute.
     */
    event Dispute(Arbitrator indexed _arbitrator, uint indexed _disputeID, uint _metaEvidenceID, uint _evidenceGroupID);

    /** @dev To be raised when a ruling is given.
     *  @param _arbitrator The arbitrator giving the ruling.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute in the Arbitrator contract.
     *  @param _ruling The ruling which was given.
     */
    event Ruling(Arbitrator indexed _arbitrator, uint indexed _disputeID, uint _ruling);

    // **************************** //
    // *    Arbitrable functions  * //
    // *    Modifying the state   * //
    // **************************** //

    /** @dev Constructor.
     *  @param _arbitrator The arbitrator of the contract.
     *  @param _arbitratorExtraData Extra data for the arbitrator.
     *  @param _feeTimeout Arbitration fee timeout for the parties.
     */
    constructor (
        Arbitrator _arbitrator,
        bytes _arbitratorExtraData,
        uint _feeTimeout
    ) public {
        arbitrator = _arbitrator;
        arbitratorExtraData = _arbitratorExtraData;
        feeTimeout = _feeTimeout;
    }

    /** @dev Create a transaction.
     *  @param _timeoutPayment Time after which a party can automatically execute the arbitrable transaction.
     *  @param _receiver The recipient of the transaction.
     *  @param _metaEvidence Link to the meta-evidence.
     *  @return transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function createTransaction(
        uint _timeoutPayment,
        address _receiver,
        string _metaEvidence
    ) public payable returns (uint transactionID) {
        transactions.push(Transaction({
            sender: msg.sender,
            receiver: _receiver,
            amount: msg.value,
            timeoutPayment: _timeoutPayment,
            disputeId: 0,
            senderFee: 0,
            receiverFee: 0,
            lastInteraction: now,
            status: Status.NoDispute
        }));
        emit MetaEvidence(transactions.length - 1, _metaEvidence);

        return transactions.length - 1;
    }

    /** @dev Pay receiver. To be called if the good or service is provided.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     *  @param _amount Amount to pay in wei.
     */
    function pay(uint _transactionID, uint _amount) public {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        require(transaction.sender == msg.sender, "The caller must be the sender.");
        require(transaction.status == Status.NoDispute, "The transaction shouldn't be disputed.");
        require(_amount <= transaction.amount, "The amount paid has to be less than or equal to the transaction.");

        transaction.receiver.transfer(_amount);
        transaction.amount -= _amount;
    }

    /** @dev Reimburse sender. To be called if the good or service can't be fully provided.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     *  @param _amountReimbursed Amount to reimburse in wei.
     */
    function reimburse(uint _transactionID, uint _amountReimbursed) public {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        require(transaction.receiver == msg.sender, "The caller must be the receiver.");
        require(transaction.status == Status.NoDispute, "The transaction shouldn't be disputed.");
        require(_amountReimbursed <= transaction.amount, "The amount reimbursed has to be less or equal than the transaction.");

        transaction.sender.transfer(_amountReimbursed);
        transaction.amount -= _amountReimbursed;
    }

    /** @dev Transfer the transaction's amount to the receiver if the timeout has passed.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function executeTransaction(uint _transactionID) public {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        require(now - transaction.lastInteraction >= transaction.timeoutPayment, "The timeout has not passed yet.");
        require(transaction.status == Status.NoDispute, "The transaction shouldn't be disputed.");

        transaction.receiver.transfer(transaction.amount);
        transaction.amount = 0;

        transaction.status = Status.Resolved;
    }

    /** @dev Reimburse sender if receiver fails to pay the fee.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function timeOutBySender(uint _transactionID) public {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];

        require(transaction.status == Status.WaitingReceiver, "The transaction is not waiting on the receiver.");
        require(now - transaction.lastInteraction >= feeTimeout, "Timeout time has not passed yet.");

        executeRuling(_transactionID, SENDER_WINS);
    }

    /** @dev Pay receiver if sender fails to pay the fee.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function timeOutByReceiver(uint _transactionID) public {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];

        require(transaction.status == Status.WaitingSender, "The transaction is not waiting on the sender.");
        require(now - transaction.lastInteraction >= feeTimeout, "Timeout time has not passed yet.");

        executeRuling(_transactionID, RECEIVER_WINS);
    }

    /** @dev Pay the arbitration fee to raise a dispute. To be called by the sender. UNTRUSTED.
     *  Note that the arbitrator can have createDispute throw, which will make this function throw and therefore lead to a party being timed-out.
     *  This is not a vulnerability as the arbitrator can rule in favor of one party anyway.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function payArbitrationFeeBySender(uint _transactionID) public payable {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        uint arbitrationCost = arbitrator.arbitrationCost(arbitratorExtraData);

        require(transaction.status < Status.DisputeCreated, "Dispute has already been created or because the transaction has been executed.");
        require(msg.sender == transaction.sender, "The caller must be the sender.");

        transaction.senderFee += msg.value;
        // Require that the total pay at least the arbitration cost.
        require(transaction.senderFee >= arbitrationCost, "The sender fee must cover arbitration costs.");

        transaction.lastInteraction = now;

        // The receiver still has to pay. This can also happen if he has paid, but arbitrationCost has increased.
        if (transaction.receiverFee < arbitrationCost) {
            transaction.status = Status.WaitingReceiver;
            emit HasToPayFee(_transactionID, Party.Receiver);
        } else { // The receiver has also paid the fee. We create the dispute.
            raiseDispute(_transactionID, arbitrationCost);
        }
    }

    /** @dev Pay the arbitration fee to raise a dispute. To be called by the receiver. UNTRUSTED.
     *  Note that this function mirrors payArbitrationFeeBySender.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function payArbitrationFeeByReceiver(uint _transactionID) public payable {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        uint arbitrationCost = arbitrator.arbitrationCost(arbitratorExtraData);

        require(transaction.status < Status.DisputeCreated, "Dispute has already been created or because the transaction has been executed.");
        require(msg.sender == transaction.receiver, "The caller must be the receiver.");

        transaction.receiverFee += msg.value;
        // Require that the total paid to be at least the arbitration cost.
        require(transaction.receiverFee >= arbitrationCost, "The receiver fee must cover arbitration costs.");

        transaction.lastInteraction = now;
        // The sender still has to pay. This can also happen if he has paid, but arbitrationCost has increased.
        if (transaction.senderFee < arbitrationCost) {
            transaction.status = Status.WaitingSender;
            emit HasToPayFee(_transactionID, Party.Sender);
        } else { // The sender has also paid the fee. We create the dispute.
            raiseDispute(_transactionID, arbitrationCost);
        }
    }

    /** @dev Create a dispute. UNTRUSTED.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     *  @param _arbitrationCost Amount to pay the arbitrator.
     */
    function raiseDispute(uint _transactionID, uint _arbitrationCost) internal {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        transaction.status = Status.DisputeCreated;
        transaction.disputeId = arbitrator.createDispute.value(_arbitrationCost)(AMOUNT_OF_CHOICES, arbitratorExtraData);
        disputeIDtoTransactionID[transaction.disputeId] = _transactionID;
        emit Dispute(arbitrator, transaction.disputeId, _transactionID, _transactionID);

        // Refund sender if it overpaid.
        if (transaction.senderFee > _arbitrationCost) {
            uint extraFeeSender = transaction.senderFee - _arbitrationCost;
            transaction.senderFee = _arbitrationCost;
            transaction.sender.send(extraFeeSender);
        }

        // Refund receiver if it overpaid.
        if (transaction.receiverFee > _arbitrationCost) {
            uint extraFeeReceiver = transaction.receiverFee - _arbitrationCost;
            transaction.receiverFee = _arbitrationCost;
            transaction.receiver.send(extraFeeReceiver);
        }
    }

    /** @dev Submit a reference to evidence. EVENT.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     *  @param _evidence A link to an evidence using its URI.
     */
    function submitEvidence(uint _transactionID, string _evidence) public {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        require(
            msg.sender == transaction.sender || msg.sender == transaction.receiver,
            "The caller must be the sender or the receiver."
        );
        require(
            transaction.status < Status.Resolved,
            "Must not send evidence if the dispute is resolved."
        );

        emit Evidence(arbitrator, _transactionID, msg.sender, _evidence);
    }

    /** @dev Appeal an appealable ruling.
     *  Transfer the funds to the arbitrator.
     *  Note that no checks are required as the checks are done by the arbitrator.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     */
    function appeal(uint _transactionID) public payable {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];

        arbitrator.appeal.value(msg.value)(transaction.disputeId, arbitratorExtraData);
    }

    /** @dev Give a ruling for a dispute. Must be called by the arbitrator.
     *  The purpose of this function is to ensure that the address calling it has the right to rule on the contract.
     *  @param _disputeID ID of the dispute in the Arbitrator contract.
     *  @param _ruling Ruling given by the arbitrator. Note that 0 is reserved for "Not able/wanting to make a decision".
     */
    function rule(uint _disputeID, uint _ruling) public {
        uint transactionID = disputeIDtoTransactionID[_disputeID];
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[transactionID];
        require(msg.sender == address(arbitrator), "The caller must be the arbitrator.");
        require(transaction.status == Status.DisputeCreated, "The dispute has already been resolved.");

        emit Ruling(Arbitrator(msg.sender), _disputeID, _ruling);

        executeRuling(transactionID, _ruling);
    }

    /** @dev Execute a ruling of a dispute. It reimburses the fee to the winning party.
     *  @param _transactionID The index of the transaction.
     *  @param _ruling Ruling given by the arbitrator. 1 : Reimburse the receiver. 2 : Pay the sender.
     */
    function executeRuling(uint _transactionID, uint _ruling) internal {
        Transaction storage transaction = transactions[_transactionID];
        require(_ruling <= AMOUNT_OF_CHOICES, "Invalid ruling.");

        // Give the arbitration fee back.
        // Note that we use send to prevent a party from blocking the execution.
        if (_ruling == SENDER_WINS) {
            transaction.sender.send(transaction.senderFee + transaction.amount);
        } else if (_ruling == RECEIVER_WINS) {
            transaction.receiver.send(transaction.receiverFee + transaction.amount);
        } else {
            uint split_amount = (transaction.senderFee + transaction.amount) / 2;
            transaction.sender.send(split_amount);
            transaction.receiver.send(split_amount);
        }

        transaction.amount = 0;
        transaction.senderFee = 0;
        transaction.receiverFee = 0;
        transaction.status = Status.Resolved;
    }

    // **************************** //
    // *     Constant getters     * //
    // **************************** //

    /** @dev Getter to know the count of transactions.
     *  @return countTransactions The count of transactions.
     */
    function getCountTransactions() public view returns (uint countTransactions) {
        return transactions.length;
    }

    /** @dev Get IDs for transactions where the specified address is the receiver and/or the sender.
     *  This function must be used by the UI and not by other smart contracts.
     *  Note that the complexity is O(t), where t is amount of arbitrable transactions.
     *  @param _address The specified address.
     *  @return transactionIDs The transaction IDs.
     */
    function getTransactionIDsByAddress(address _address) public view returns (uint[] transactionIDs) {
        uint count = 0;
        for (uint i = 0; i < transactions.length; i++) {
            if (transactions[i].sender == _address || transactions[i].receiver == _address)
                count++;
        }

        transactionIDs = new uint[](count);

        count = 0;

        for (uint j = 0; j < transactions.length; j++) {
            if (transactions[j].sender == _address || transactions[j].receiver == _address)
                transactionIDs[count++] = j;
        }
    }
}