// Vulnerability label: IOU1
pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that revert on error
 */
library SafeMath {

    /**
    * @dev Multiplies two numbers, reverts on overflow.
    */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b);

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Integer division of two numbers truncating the quotient, reverts on division by zero.
    */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b > 0); // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Subtracts two numbers, reverts on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a);
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Adds two numbers, reverts on overflow.
    */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a);

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Divides two numbers and returns the remainder (unsigned integer modulo),
    * reverts when dividing by zero.
    */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0);
        return a % b;
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol

/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
interface IERC20 {
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    function balanceOf(address who) external view returns (uint256);

    function allowance(address owner, address spender)
    external view returns (uint256);

    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    function approve(address spender, uint256 value)
    external returns (bool);

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    external returns (bool);

    event Transfer(
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256 value
    );

    event Approval(
        address indexed owner,
        address indexed spender,
        uint256 value
    );
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/SafeERC20.sol

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for ERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {

    using SafeMath for uint256;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20 token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    )
    internal
    {
        require(token.transfer(to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    )
    internal
    {
        require(token.transferFrom(from, to, value));
    }

    function safeApprove(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    )
    internal
    {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require((value == 0) || (token.allowance(msg.sender, spender) == 0));
        require(token.approve(spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    )
    internal
    {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender).add(value);
        require(token.approve(spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    )
    internal
    {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender).sub(value);
        require(token.approve(spender, newAllowance));
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol

/**
 * @title Helps contracts guard against reentrancy attacks.
 * @author Remco Bloemen <remco@2π.com>, Eenae <alexey@mixbytes.io>
 * @dev If you mark a function `nonReentrant`, you should also
 * mark it `external`.
 */
contract ReentrancyGuard {

    /// @dev counter to allow mutex lock with only one SSTORE operation
    uint256 private _guardCounter;

    constructor() internal {
        // The counter starts at one to prevent changing it from zero to a non-zero
        // value, which is a more expensive operation.
        _guardCounter = 1;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Prevents a contract from calling itself, directly or indirectly.
     * Calling a `nonReentrant` function from another `nonReentrant`
     * function is not supported. It is possible to prevent this from happening
     * by making the `nonReentrant` function external, and make it call a
     * `private` function that does the actual work.
     */
    modifier nonReentrant() {
        _guardCounter += 1;
        uint256 localCounter = _guardCounter;
        _;
        require(localCounter == _guardCounter);
    }

}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol

/**
 * @title Crowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale is a base contract for managing a token crowdsale,
 * allowing investors to purchase tokens with ether. This contract implements
 * such functionality in its most fundamental form and can be extended to provide additional
 * functionality and/or custom behavior.
 * The external interface represents the basic interface for purchasing tokens, and conform
 * the base architecture for crowdsales. They are *not* intended to be modified / overridden.
 * The internal interface conforms the extensible and modifiable surface of crowdsales. Override
 * the methods to add functionality. Consider using 'super' where appropriate to concatenate
 * behavior.
 */
contract Crowdsale is ReentrancyGuard {
    using SafeMath for uint256;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;

    // The token being sold
    IERC20 private _token;

    // Address where funds are collected
    address private _wallet;

    // How many token units a buyer gets per wei.
    // The rate is the conversion between wei and the smallest and indivisible token unit.
    // So, if you are using a rate of 1 with a ERC20Detailed token with 3 decimals called TOK
    // 1 wei will give you 1 unit, or 0.001 TOK.
    uint256 private _rate;

    // Amount of wei raised
    uint256 private _weiRaised;

    /**
     * Event for token purchase logging
     * @param purchaser who paid for the tokens
     * @param beneficiary who got the tokens
     * @param value weis paid for purchase
     * @param amount amount of tokens purchased
     */
    event TokensPurchased(
        address indexed purchaser,
        address indexed beneficiary,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 amount
    );

    /**
     * @param rate Number of token units a buyer gets per wei
     * @dev The rate is the conversion between wei and the smallest and indivisible
     * token unit. So, if you are using a rate of 1 with a ERC20Detailed token
     * with 3 decimals called TOK, 1 wei will give you 1 unit, or 0.001 TOK.
     * @param wallet Address where collected funds will be forwarded to
     * @param token Address of the token being sold
     */
    constructor(uint256 rate, address wallet, IERC20 token) internal {
        require(rate > 0);
        require(wallet != address(0));
        require(token != address(0));

        _rate = rate;
        _wallet = wallet;
        _token = token;
    }

    // -----------------------------------------
    // Crowdsale external interface
    // -----------------------------------------

    /**
     * @dev fallback function ***DO NOT OVERRIDE***
     * Note that other contracts will transfer fund with a base gas stipend
     * of 2300, which is not enough to call buyTokens. Consider calling
     * buyTokens directly when purchasing tokens from a contract.
     */
    function () external payable {
        buyTokens(msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @return the token being sold.
     */
    function token() public view returns(IERC20) {
        return _token;
    }

    /**
     * @return the address where funds are collected.
     */
    function wallet() public view returns(address) {
        return _wallet;
    }

    /**
     * @return the number of token units a buyer gets per wei.
     */
    function rate() public view returns(uint256) {
        return _rate;
    }

    /**
     * @return the amount of wei raised.
     */
    function weiRaised() public view returns (uint256) {
        return _weiRaised;
    }

    /**
     * @dev low level token purchase ***DO NOT OVERRIDE***
     * This function has a non-reentrancy guard, so it shouldn't be called by
     * another `nonReentrant` function.
     * @param beneficiary Recipient of the token purchase
     */
    function buyTokens(address beneficiary) public nonReentrant payable {

        uint256 weiAmount = msg.value;
        _preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);

        // calculate token amount to be created
        uint256 tokens = _getTokenAmount(weiAmount);

        // update state
        _weiRaised = _weiRaised.add(weiAmount);

        _processPurchase(beneficiary, tokens);
        emit TokensPurchased(
            msg.sender,
            beneficiary,
            weiAmount,
            tokens
        );

        _updatePurchasingState(beneficiary, weiAmount);

        _forwardFunds();
        _postValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
    }

    // -----------------------------------------
    // Internal interface (extensible)
    // -----------------------------------------

    /**
     * @dev Validation of an incoming purchase. Use require statements to revert state when conditions are not met. Use `super` in contracts that inherit from Crowdsale to extend their validations.
     * Example from CappedCrowdsale.sol's _preValidatePurchase method:
     *   super._preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
     *   require(weiRaised().add(weiAmount) <= cap);
     * @param beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
     * @param weiAmount Value in wei involved in the purchase
     */
    function _preValidatePurchase(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 weiAmount
    )
    internal
    view
    {
        require(beneficiary != address(0));
        require(weiAmount != 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Validation of an executed purchase. Observe state and use revert statements to undo rollback when valid conditions are not met.
     * @param beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
     * @param weiAmount Value in wei involved in the purchase
     */
    function _postValidatePurchase(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 weiAmount
    )
    internal
    view
    {
        // optional override
    }

    /**
     * @dev Source of tokens. Override this method to modify the way in which the crowdsale ultimately gets and sends its tokens.
     * @param beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
     * @param tokenAmount Number of tokens to be emitted
     */
    function _deliverTokens(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 tokenAmount
    )
    internal
    {
        _token.safeTransfer(beneficiary, tokenAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Executed when a purchase has been validated and is ready to be executed. Doesn't necessarily emit/send tokens.
     * @param beneficiary Address receiving the tokens
     * @param tokenAmount Number of tokens to be purchased
     */
    function _processPurchase(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 tokenAmount
    )
    internal
    {
        _deliverTokens(beneficiary, tokenAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Override for extensions that require an internal state to check for validity (current user contributions, etc.)
     * @param beneficiary Address receiving the tokens
     * @param weiAmount Value in wei involved in the purchase
     */
    function _updatePurchasingState(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 weiAmount
    )
    internal
    {
        // optional override
    }

    /**
     * @dev Override to extend the way in which ether is converted to tokens.
     * @param weiAmount Value in wei to be converted into tokens
     * @return Number of tokens that can be purchased with the specified _weiAmount
     */
    function _getTokenAmount(uint256 weiAmount)
    internal view returns (uint256)
    {
        return weiAmount.mul(_rate);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Determines how ETH is stored/forwarded on purchases.
     */
    function _forwardFunds() internal {
        _wallet.transfer(msg.value);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/crowdsale/validation/CappedCrowdsale.sol

/**
 * @title CappedCrowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale with a limit for total contributions.
 */
contract CappedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    uint256 private _cap;

    /**
     * @dev Constructor, takes maximum amount of wei accepted in the crowdsale.
     * @param cap Max amount of wei to be contributed
     */
    constructor(uint256 cap) internal {
        require(cap > 0);
        _cap = cap;
    }

    /**
     * @return the cap of the crowdsale.
     */
    function cap() public view returns(uint256) {
        return _cap;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks whether the cap has been reached.
     * @return Whether the cap was reached
     */
    function capReached() public view returns (bool) {
        return weiRaised() >= _cap;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Extend parent behavior requiring purchase to respect the funding cap.
     * @param beneficiary Token purchaser
     * @param weiAmount Amount of wei contributed
     */
    function _preValidatePurchase(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 weiAmount
    )
    internal
    view
    {
        super._preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
        require(weiRaised().add(weiAmount) <= _cap);
    }

}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/crowdsale/validation/TimedCrowdsale.sol

/**
 * @title TimedCrowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale accepting contributions only within a time frame.
 */
contract TimedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    uint256 private _openingTime;
    uint256 private _closingTime;

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if not in crowdsale time range.
     */
    modifier onlyWhileOpen {
        require(isOpen());
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Constructor, takes crowdsale opening and closing times.
     * @param openingTime Crowdsale opening time
     * @param closingTime Crowdsale closing time
     */
    constructor(uint256 openingTime, uint256 closingTime) internal {
        // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
        require(openingTime >= block.timestamp);
        require(closingTime > openingTime);

        _openingTime = openingTime;
        _closingTime = closingTime;
    }

    /**
     * @return the crowdsale opening time.
     */
    function openingTime() public view returns(uint256) {
        return _openingTime;
    }

    /**
     * @return the crowdsale closing time.
     */
    function closingTime() public view returns(uint256) {
        return _closingTime;
    }

    /**
     * @return true if the crowdsale is open, false otherwise.
     */
    function isOpen() public view returns (bool) {
        // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
        return block.timestamp >= _openingTime && block.timestamp <= _closingTime;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks whether the period in which the crowdsale is open has already elapsed.
     * @return Whether crowdsale period has elapsed
     */
    function hasClosed() public view returns (bool) {
        // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
        return block.timestamp > _closingTime;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Extend parent behavior requiring to be within contributing period
     * @param beneficiary Token purchaser
     * @param weiAmount Amount of wei contributed
     */
    function _preValidatePurchase(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 weiAmount
    )
    internal
    onlyWhileOpen
    view
    {
        super._preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
    }

}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/FinalizableCrowdsale.sol

/**
 * @title FinalizableCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale with a one-off finalization action, where one
 * can do extra work after finishing.
 */
contract FinalizableCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    bool private _finalized;

    event CrowdsaleFinalized();

    constructor() internal {
        _finalized = false;
    }

    /**
     * @return true if the crowdsale is finalized, false otherwise.
     */
    function finalized() public view returns (bool) {
        return _finalized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Must be called after crowdsale ends, to do some extra finalization
     * work. Calls the contract's finalization function.
     */
    function finalize() public {
        require(!_finalized);
        require(hasClosed());

        _finalized = true;

        _finalization();
        emit CrowdsaleFinalized();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Can be overridden to add finalization logic. The overriding function
     * should call super._finalization() to ensure the chain of finalization is
     * executed entirely.
     */
    function _finalization() internal {
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Secondary.sol

/**
 * @title Secondary
 * @dev A Secondary contract can only be used by its primary account (the one that created it)
 */
contract Secondary {
    address private _primary;

    event PrimaryTransferred(
        address recipient
    );

    /**
     * @dev Sets the primary account to the one that is creating the Secondary contract.
     */
    constructor() internal {
        _primary = msg.sender;
        emit PrimaryTransferred(_primary);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if called from any account other than the primary.
     */
    modifier onlyPrimary() {
        require(msg.sender == _primary);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @return the address of the primary.
     */
    function primary() public view returns (address) {
        return _primary;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers contract to a new primary.
     * @param recipient The address of new primary.
     */
    function transferPrimary(address recipient) public onlyPrimary {
        require(recipient != address(0));
        _primary = recipient;
        emit PrimaryTransferred(_primary);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/payment/escrow/Escrow.sol

/**
 * @title Escrow
 * @dev Base escrow contract, holds funds designated for a payee until they
 * withdraw them.
 * @dev Intended usage: This contract (and derived escrow contracts) should be a
 * standalone contract, that only interacts with the contract that instantiated
 * it. That way, it is guaranteed that all Ether will be handled according to
 * the Escrow rules, and there is no need to check for payable functions or
 * transfers in the inheritance tree. The contract that uses the escrow as its
 * payment method should be its primary, and provide public methods redirecting
 * to the escrow's deposit and withdraw.
 */
contract Escrow is Secondary {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    event Deposited(address indexed payee, uint256 weiAmount);
    event Withdrawn(address indexed payee, uint256 weiAmount);

    mapping(address => uint256) private _deposits;

    function depositsOf(address payee) public view returns (uint256) {
        return _deposits[payee];
    }

    /**
    * @dev Stores the sent amount as credit to be withdrawn.
    * @param payee The destination address of the funds.
    */
    function deposit(address payee) public onlyPrimary payable {
        uint256 amount = msg.value;
        _deposits[payee] = _deposits[payee].add(amount);

        emit Deposited(payee, amount);
    }

    /**
    * @dev Withdraw accumulated balance for a payee.
    * @param payee The address whose funds will be withdrawn and transferred to.
    */
    function withdraw(address payee) public onlyPrimary {
        uint256 payment = _deposits[payee];

        _deposits[payee] = 0;

        payee.transfer(payment);

        emit Withdrawn(payee, payment);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/payment/escrow/ConditionalEscrow.sol

/**
 * @title ConditionalEscrow
 * @dev Base abstract escrow to only allow withdrawal if a condition is met.
 * @dev Intended usage: See Escrow.sol. Same usage guidelines apply here.
 */
contract ConditionalEscrow is Escrow {
    /**
    * @dev Returns whether an address is allowed to withdraw their funds. To be
    * implemented by derived contracts.
    * @param payee The destination address of the funds.
    */
    function withdrawalAllowed(address payee) public view returns (bool);

    function withdraw(address payee) public {
        require(withdrawalAllowed(payee));
        super.withdraw(payee);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/payment/escrow/RefundEscrow.sol

/**
 * @title RefundEscrow
 * @dev Escrow that holds funds for a beneficiary, deposited from multiple
 * parties.
 * @dev Intended usage: See Escrow.sol. Same usage guidelines apply here.
 * @dev The primary account (that is, the contract that instantiates this
 * contract) may deposit, close the deposit period, and allow for either
 * withdrawal by the beneficiary, or refunds to the depositors. All interactions
 * with RefundEscrow will be made through the primary contract. See the
 * RefundableCrowdsale contract for an example of RefundEscrow’s use.
 */
contract RefundEscrow is ConditionalEscrow {
    enum State { Active, Refunding, Closed }

    event RefundsClosed();
    event RefundsEnabled();

    State private _state;
    address private _beneficiary;

    /**
     * @dev Constructor.
     * @param beneficiary The beneficiary of the deposits.
     */
    constructor(address beneficiary) public {
        require(beneficiary != address(0));
        _beneficiary = beneficiary;
        _state = State.Active;
    }

    /**
     * @return the current state of the escrow.
     */
    function state() public view returns (State) {
        return _state;
    }

    /**
     * @return the beneficiary of the escrow.
     */
    function beneficiary() public view returns (address) {
        return _beneficiary;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores funds that may later be refunded.
     * @param refundee The address funds will be sent to if a refund occurs.
     */
    function deposit(address refundee) public payable {
        require(_state == State.Active);
        super.deposit(refundee);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows for the beneficiary to withdraw their funds, rejecting
     * further deposits.
     */
    function close() public onlyPrimary {
        require(_state == State.Active);
        _state = State.Closed;
        emit RefundsClosed();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows for refunds to take place, rejecting further deposits.
     */
    function enableRefunds() public onlyPrimary {
        require(_state == State.Active);
        _state = State.Refunding;
        emit RefundsEnabled();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Withdraws the beneficiary's funds.
     */
    function beneficiaryWithdraw() public {
        require(_state == State.Closed);
        _beneficiary.transfer(address(this).balance);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether refundees can withdraw their deposits (be refunded).
     */
    function withdrawalAllowed(address payee) public view returns (bool) {
        return _state == State.Refunding;
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/RefundableCrowdsale.sol

/**
 * @title RefundableCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale contract that adds a funding goal, and
 * the possibility of users getting a refund if goal is not met.
 * WARNING: note that if you allow tokens to be traded before the goal
 * is met, then an attack is possible in which the attacker purchases
 * tokens from the crowdsale and when they sees that the goal is
 * unlikely to be met, they sell their tokens (possibly at a discount).
 * The attacker will be refunded when the crowdsale is finalized, and
 * the users that purchased from them will be left with worthless
 * tokens. There are many possible ways to avoid this, like making the
 * the crowdsale inherit from PostDeliveryCrowdsale, or imposing
 * restrictions on token trading until the crowdsale is finalized.
 * This is being discussed in
 * https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/issues/877
 * This contract will be updated when we agree on a general solution
 * for this problem.
 */
contract RefundableCrowdsale is FinalizableCrowdsale {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    // minimum amount of funds to be raised in weis
    uint256 private _goal;

    // refund escrow used to hold funds while crowdsale is running
    RefundEscrow private _escrow;

    /**
     * @dev Constructor, creates RefundEscrow.
     * @param goal Funding goal
     */
    constructor(uint256 goal) internal {
        require(goal > 0);
        _escrow = new RefundEscrow(wallet());
        _goal = goal;
    }

    /**
     * @return minimum amount of funds to be raised in wei.
     */
    function goal() public view returns(uint256) {
        return _goal;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Investors can claim refunds here if crowdsale is unsuccessful
     * @param beneficiary Whose refund will be claimed.
     */
    function claimRefund(address beneficiary) public {
        require(finalized());
        require(!goalReached());

        _escrow.withdraw(beneficiary);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks whether funding goal was reached.
     * @return Whether funding goal was reached
     */
    function goalReached() public view returns (bool) {
        return weiRaised() >= _goal;
    }

    /**
     * @dev escrow finalization task, called when finalize() is called
     */
    function _finalization() internal {
        if (goalReached()) {
            _escrow.close();
            _escrow.beneficiaryWithdraw();
        } else {
            _escrow.enableRefunds();
        }

        super._finalization();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overrides Crowdsale fund forwarding, sending funds to escrow.
     */
    function _forwardFunds() internal {
        _escrow.deposit.value(msg.value)(msg.sender);
    }

}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol

/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20.md
 * Originally based on code by FirstBlood: https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 */
contract ERC20 is IERC20 {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    mapping (address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) private _allowed;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    /**
    * @dev Total number of tokens in existence
    */
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
    * @param owner The address to query the balance of.
    * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
    */
    function balanceOf(address owner) public view returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * @param owner address The address which owns the funds.
     * @param spender address The address which will spend the funds.
     * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
     */
    function allowance(
        address owner,
        address spender
    )
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
    {
        return _allowed[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer token for a specified address
    * @param to The address to transfer to.
    * @param value The amount to be transferred.
    */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
        _transfer(msg.sender, to, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
     * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
     * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
     * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
        require(spender != address(0));

        _allowed[msg.sender][spender] = value;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
     * @param from address The address which you want to send tokens from
     * @param to address The address which you want to transfer to
     * @param value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    )
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        require(value <= _allowed[from][msg.sender]);

        _allowed[from][msg.sender] = _allowed[from][msg.sender].sub(value);
        _transfer(from, to, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * approve should be called when allowed_[_spender] == 0. To increment
     * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
     * the first transaction is mined)
     * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(
        address spender,
        uint256 addedValue
    )
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        require(spender != address(0));

        _allowed[msg.sender][spender] = (
        _allowed[msg.sender][spender].add(addedValue));
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, _allowed[msg.sender][spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * approve should be called when allowed_[_spender] == 0. To decrement
     * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
     * the first transaction is mined)
     * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(
        address spender,
        uint256 subtractedValue
    )
    public
    returns (bool)
    {
        require(spender != address(0));

        _allowed[msg.sender][spender] = (
        _allowed[msg.sender][spender].sub(subtractedValue));
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, _allowed[msg.sender][spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer token for a specified addresses
    * @param from The address to transfer from.
    * @param to The address to transfer to.
    * @param value The amount to be transferred.
    */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        require(value <= _balances[from]);
        require(to != address(0));

        _balances[from] = _balances[from].sub(value);
        _balances[to] = _balances[to].add(value);
        emit Transfer(from, to, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that mints an amount of the token and assigns it to
     * an account. This encapsulates the modification of balances such that the
     * proper events are emitted.
     * @param account The account that will receive the created tokens.
     * @param value The amount that will be created.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        require(account != 0);
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(value);
        _balances[account] = _balances[account].add(value);
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that burns an amount of the token of a given
     * account.
     * @param account The account whose tokens will be burnt.
     * @param value The amount that will be burnt.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        require(account != 0);
        require(value <= _balances[account]);

        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(value);
        _balances[account] = _balances[account].sub(value);
        emit Transfer(account, address(0), value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that burns an amount of the token of a given
     * account, deducting from the sender's allowance for said account. Uses the
     * internal burn function.
     * @param account The account whose tokens will be burnt.
     * @param value The amount that will be burnt.
     */
    function _burnFrom(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        require(value <= _allowed[account][msg.sender]);

        // Should https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/zeppelin-solidity/issues/707 be accepted,
        // this function needs to emit an event with the updated approval.
        _allowed[account][msg.sender] = _allowed[account][msg.sender].sub(
            value);
        _burn(account, value);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/access/Roles.sol

/**
 * @title Roles
 * @dev Library for managing addresses assigned to a Role.
 */
library Roles {
    struct Role {
        mapping (address => bool) bearer;
    }

    /**
     * @dev give an account access to this role
     */
    function add(Role storage role, address account) internal {
        require(account != address(0));
        require(!has(role, account));

        role.bearer[account] = true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev remove an account's access to this role
     */
    function remove(Role storage role, address account) internal {
        require(account != address(0));
        require(has(role, account));

        role.bearer[account] = false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev check if an account has this role
     * @return bool
     */
    function has(Role storage role, address account)
    internal
    view
    returns (bool)
    {
        require(account != address(0));
        return role.bearer[account];
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/access/roles/MinterRole.sol

contract MinterRole {
    using Roles for Roles.Role;

    event MinterAdded(address indexed account);
    event MinterRemoved(address indexed account);

    Roles.Role private minters;

    constructor() internal {
        _addMinter(msg.sender);
    }

    modifier onlyMinter() {
        require(isMinter(msg.sender));
        _;
    }

    function isMinter(address account) public view returns (bool) {
        return minters.has(account);
    }

    function addMinter(address account) public onlyMinter {
        _addMinter(account);
    }

    function renounceMinter() public {
        _removeMinter(msg.sender);
    }

    function _addMinter(address account) internal {
        minters.add(account);
        emit MinterAdded(account);
    }

    function _removeMinter(address account) internal {
        minters.remove(account);
        emit MinterRemoved(account);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Mintable.sol

/**
 * @title ERC20Mintable
 * @dev ERC20 minting logic
 */
contract ERC20Mintable is ERC20, MinterRole {
    /**
     * @dev Function to mint tokens
     * @param to The address that will receive the minted tokens.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to mint.
     * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
     */
    function mint(
        address to,
        uint256 value
    )
    public
    onlyMinter
    returns (bool)
    {
        _mint(to, value);
        return true;
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/crowdsale/emission/MintedCrowdsale.sol

/**
 * @title MintedCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale contract whose tokens are minted in each purchase.
 * Token ownership should be transferred to MintedCrowdsale for minting.
 */
contract MintedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
    constructor() internal {}

    /**
     * @dev Overrides delivery by minting tokens upon purchase.
     * @param beneficiary Token purchaser
     * @param tokenAmount Number of tokens to be minted
     */
    function _deliverTokens(
        address beneficiary,
        uint256 tokenAmount
    )
    internal
    {
        // Potentially dangerous assumption about the type of the token.
        require(
            ERC20Mintable(address(token())).mint(beneficiary, tokenAmount));
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Capped.sol

/**
 * @title Capped token
 * @dev Mintable token with a token cap.
 */
contract ERC20Capped is ERC20Mintable {

    uint256 private _cap;

    constructor(uint256 cap)
    public
    {
        require(cap > 0);
        _cap = cap;
    }

    /**
     * @return the cap for the token minting.
     */
    function cap() public view returns(uint256) {
        return _cap;
    }

    function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        require(totalSupply().add(value) <= _cap);
        super._mint(account, value);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Burnable.sol

/**
 * @title Burnable Token
 * @dev Token that can be irreversibly burned (destroyed).
 */
contract ERC20Burnable is ERC20 {

    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens.
     * @param value The amount of token to be burned.
     */
    function burn(uint256 value) public {
        _burn(msg.sender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens from the target address and decrements allowance
     * @param from address The address which you want to send tokens from
     * @param value uint256 The amount of token to be burned
     */
    function burnFrom(address from, uint256 value) public {
        _burnFrom(from, value);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Detailed.sol

/**
 * @title ERC20Detailed token
 * @dev The decimals are only for visualization purposes.
 * All the operations are done using the smallest and indivisible token unit,
 * just as on Ethereum all the operations are done in wei.
 */
contract ERC20Detailed is IERC20 {
    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;
    uint8 private _decimals;

    constructor(string name, string symbol, uint8 decimals) public {
        _name = name;
        _symbol = symbol;
        _decimals = decimals;
    }

    /**
     * @return the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view returns(string) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @return the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() public view returns(string) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @return the number of decimals of the token.
     */
    function decimals() public view returns(uint8) {
        return _decimals;
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/access/roles/PauserRole.sol

contract PauserRole {
    using Roles for Roles.Role;

    event PauserAdded(address indexed account);
    event PauserRemoved(address indexed account);

    Roles.Role private pausers;

    constructor() internal {
        _addPauser(msg.sender);
    }

    modifier onlyPauser() {
        require(isPauser(msg.sender));
        _;
    }

    function isPauser(address account) public view returns (bool) {
        return pausers.has(account);
    }

    function addPauser(address account) public onlyPauser {
        _addPauser(account);
    }

    function renouncePauser() public {
        _removePauser(msg.sender);
    }

    function _addPauser(address account) internal {
        pausers.add(account);
        emit PauserAdded(account);
    }

    function _removePauser(address account) internal {
        pausers.remove(account);
        emit PauserRemoved(account);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/lifecycle/Pausable.sol

/**
 * @title Pausable
 * @dev Base contract which allows children to implement an emergency stop mechanism.
 */
contract Pausable is PauserRole {
    event Paused(address account);
    event Unpaused(address account);

    bool private _paused;

    constructor() internal {
        _paused = false;
    }

    /**
     * @return true if the contract is paused, false otherwise.
     */
    function paused() public view returns(bool) {
        return _paused;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        require(!_paused);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        require(_paused);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev called by the owner to pause, triggers stopped state
     */
    function pause() public onlyPauser whenNotPaused {
        _paused = true;
        emit Paused(msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @dev called by the owner to unpause, returns to normal state
     */
    function unpause() public onlyPauser whenPaused {
        _paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(msg.sender);
    }
}

// File: contracts\Zion.sol

contract Zion is ERC20Mintable, ERC20Detailed,  Pausable {

    // define initial coin supply here
    uint256 public constant INITIAL_SUPPLY = 1000000000 * (10 ** uint256(decimals()));

    /**
     * @dev Constructor that gives msg.sender all of existing tokens.
     */
    constructor () public ERC20Detailed("Zion", "ZION", 18) {
        _mint(msg.sender, INITIAL_SUPPLY);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens.
     * @param value The amount of token to be burned.
     */
    function burn(uint256 value) public {
        _burn(msg.sender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens from the target address and decrements allowance
     * @param from address The address which you want to send tokens from
     * @param value uint256 The amount of token to be burned
     */
    function burnFrom(address from, uint256 value) public {
        _burnFrom(from, value);
    }

    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public whenNotPaused returns (bool) {
        return super.transfer(to, value);
    }

    function transferFrom(address from,address to, uint256 value) public whenNotPaused returns (bool) {
        return super.transferFrom(from, to, value);
    }

    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public whenNotPaused returns (bool) {
        return super.approve(spender, value);
    }

    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint addedValue) public whenNotPaused returns (bool success) {
        return super.increaseAllowance(spender, addedValue);
    }

    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint subtractedValue) public whenNotPaused returns (bool success) {
        return super.decreaseAllowance(spender, subtractedValue);
    }

}