TheVixhal/Indian_Constitution huggingface dataset:
Article 213. power of governor to promulgate ordinances during recess of legislature: (1) if at any time, except when the legislative assembly of a state is in session, or where there is a legislative council in a state, except when both houses of the legislature are in session, the governor is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require:

 

   provided that the governor shall not, without instructions from the president, promulgate any such ordinance if —

 

(a) a bill containing the same provisions would under this constitution have required the previous sanction of the president for the introduction thereof into the legislature; or

 

(b) he would have deemed it necessary to reserve a bill containing the same provisions for the consideration of the president; or

 

(c) an act of the legislature of the state containing the same provisions would under this constitution have been invalid unless, having been reserved for the consideration of the president, it had received the assent of the president.

 

(2) an ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an act of the legislature of the state assented to by the governor, but every such ordinance —

 

(a) shall be laid before the legislative assembly of the state, or where there is a legislative council in the state, before both the houses, and shall cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the legislature, or if before the expiration of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the legislative assembly and agreed to by the legislative council, if any, upon the passing of the resolution or, as the case may be, on the resolution being agreed to by the council; and

 

(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the governor.

 

   explanation — where the houses of the legislature of a state having a legislative council are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause.

 

(3) if and so far as an ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not be valid if enacted in an act of the legislature of the state assented to by the governor, it shall be void:

 

   provided that, for the purposes of the provisions of this constitution relating to the effect of an act of the legislature of a state which is repugnant to an act of parliament or an existing law with respect to a matter enumerated in the concurrent list, an ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the president shall be deemed to be an act of the legislature of the state which has been reserved for the consideration of the president and assented to by him.
Article 214. high courts for states: there shall be a high court for each state.
Article 215. high courts to be courts of record: every high court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
Article 216. constitution of high courts: every high court shall consist of a chief justice and such other judges as the president may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
Article 217. appointment and conditions of the office of a judge of a high court: (1) every judge of a high court shall be appointed by the president by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the chief justice of india, the governor of the state, and, in the case of appointment of a judge other than the chief justice, the chief justice of the high court, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting judge, as provided in article 224, and in any other case, until he attains the age of sixty two years:

 

   provided that —

 

(a) a judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the president, resign his office;

 

(b) a judge may be removed from his office by the president in the manner provided in clause (4) of article 124 for the removal of a judge of the supreme court;

 

(c) the office of a judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the president to be a judge of the supreme court or by his being transferred by the president to any other high court within the territory of india.

 

(2) a person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge of a high court unless he is a citizen of india and —

 

(a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of india; or

 

(b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a high court 3 or of two or more such courts in succession; 

 

   explanation. — for the purposes of this clause —

(a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of india, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office, during which the person has been an advocate of a high court or has held the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the union or a state, requiring special knowledge of law;   

 

(aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a high court, there shall be included any period during which the person has held judicial office or the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the union or a state, requiring special knowledge of law after he became an advocate;

 

(b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of india or been an advocate of a high court, there shall be included any period before the commencement of this constitution during which he has held judicial office in any area which was comprised before the fifteenth day of august, 1947, within india as defined by the government of india act, 1935, or has been an advocate of any high court in any such area, as the case may be. 

 

(3) if any question arises as to the age of a judge of a high court, the question shall be decided by the president after consultation with the chief justice of india and the decision of the president shall be final.
Article 218. application of certain provisions relating to supreme court to high courts: the provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a high court as they apply in relation to the supreme court with the substitution of references to the high court for references to the supreme court.
Article 219. oath or affirmation by judges of high courts: every person appointed to be a judge of a high court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the governor of the state, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the third schedule.
Article 220. restriction on practice after being a permanent judge: no person who, after the commencement of this constitution, has held office as a permanent judge of a high court shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in india except the supreme court and the other high courts.

explanation — in this article, the expression “high court” does not include a high court for a state specified in part b of the first schedule as it existed before the commencement of the constitution (seventh amendment) act, 1956.
Article 221. salaries, etc, of judges: (1) there shall be paid to the judges of each high court such salaries as may be determined by parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the second schedule.

 

(2) every judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under law made by parliament and, until so determined, to such allowances and rights as are specified in the second schedule:

 

   provided that neither the allowances of a judge nor his rights in respect of leave of absence or pension shall be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
Article 222. transfer of a judge from one high court to another: (1) the president may, after consultation with the chief justice of india, transfer a judge from one high court to any other high court.

 

(2) when a judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after the commencement of the constitution (fifteenth amendment) act, 1963, as a judge of the other high court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance as may be determined by parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory allowance as the president may by order fix.
Article 223. appointment of acting chief justice: when the office of chief justice of a high court is vacant or when any such chief justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other judges of the court as the president may appoint for the purpose.
Article 224. appointment of additional and acting judges: (1) if by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a high court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the president that the number of the judges of that court should be for the time being increased, the president may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional judges of the court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify.

 

(2) when any judge of a high court other than the chief justice is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act temporarily as chief justice, the president may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a judge of that court until the permanent judge has resumed his duties.

 

(3) no person appointed as an additional or acting judge of a high court shall hold office after attaining the age of sixty-two years.
Article 224A. appointment of retired judges at sittings of high courts: notwithstanding anything in this chapter, the chief justice of a high court for any state may at any time, with the previous consent of the president, request any person who has held the office of a judge of that court or of any other high court to sit and act as a judge of the high court for that state, and every such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such allowances as the president may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a judge of that high court:

 

provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as aforesaid to sit and act as a judge of that high court unless he consents so to do.
Article 225. jurisdiction of existing high courts: subject to the provisions of this constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that legislature by this constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in, any existing high court, and the respective powers of the judges thereof in relation to the administration of justice in the court, including any power to make rules of court and to regulate the sittings of the court and of members thereof sitting alone or in division courts, shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this constitution:

 

   provided that any restriction to which the exercise of original jurisdiction by any of the high courts with respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered or done in the collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this constitution shall no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction.
Article 226. power of high courts to issue certain writs: (1) notwithstanding anything in article 32, every high court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by part iii and for any other purpose.

 

(2) the power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs to any government, authority or person may also be exercised by any high court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such government or authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories.

 

(3) where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause (1), without —

 

(a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of the plea for such interim order; and

 

(b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard,

 

makes an application to the high court for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of such application to the party in whose favour such order has been made or the counsel of such party, the high court shall dispose of the application within a period of two weeks from the date on which it is received or from the date on which the copy of such application is so furnished, whichever is later, or where the high court is closed on the last day of that period, before the expiry of the next day afterwards on which the high court is open; and if the application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as the case may be, the expiry of the said next day, stand vacated.

 

(4) the power conferred on a high court by this article shall not be in derogation of the power conferred on the supreme court by clause (2) of article 32.
Article 227. power of superintendence over all courts by the high court: (1) every high court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.

 

(2) without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the high court may —

 

(a) call for returns from such courts;

 

(b) make and issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating the practice and proceedings of such courts; and 

 

(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts shall be kept by the officers of any such courts.

 

(3) the high court may also settle tables of fees to be allowed to the sheriff and all clerks and officers of such courts and to attorneys, advocates and pleaders practising therein:

 

   provided that any rules made, forms prescribed or tables settled under clause (2) or clause (3) shall not be inconsistent with the provision of any law for the time being in force, and shall require the previous approval of the governor.

 

(4) nothing in this article shall be deemed to confer on a high court powers of superintendence over any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the armed forces.
Article 228. transfer of certain cases to high court: if the high court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case and may — 

 

(a) either dispose of the case itself, or

 

(b) determine the said question of law and return the case to the court from which the case has been so withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such question, and the said court shall on receipt thereof proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgment.
Article 229. officers and servants and the expenses of high courts: (1) appointments of officers and servants of a high court shall be made by the chief justice of the court or such other judge or officer of the court as he may direct:

 

   provided that the governor of the state may by rule require that in such cases as may be specified in the rule no person not already attached to the court shall be appointed to any office connected with the court save after consultation with the state public service commission.

 

(2) subject to the provisions of any law made by the legislature of the state, the conditions of service of officers and servants of a high court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the chief justice of the court or by some other judge or officer of the court authorised by the chief justice to make rules for the purpose:

 

   provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries, allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the governor of the state.

 

(3) the administrative expenses of a high court, including all salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of the court, shall be charged upon the consolidated fund of the state, and any fees or other moneys taken by the court shall form part of that fund.
Article 230. extension of jurisdiction of high courts to union territories: (1) parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a high court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a high court from, any union territory.

 

(2) where the high court of a state exercises jurisdiction in relation to a union territory, —

 

(a) nothing in this constitution shall be construed as empowering the legislature of the state to increase, restrict or abolish that jurisdiction; and

 

(b) the reference in article 227 to the governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or tables for subordinate courts in that territory, be construed as a reference to the president.
Article 231. establishment of a common high court for two or more states: (1) notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this chapter, parliament may by law establish a common high court for two or more states or for two or more states and a union territory.

 

(2) in relation to any such high court, —

 

(a) the reference in article 217 to the governor of the state shall be construed as a reference to the governors of all the states in relation to which the high court exercises jurisdiction; 

 

(b) the reference in article 227 to the governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or tables for subordinate courts, be construed as a reference to the governor of the state in which the subordinate courts are situate; and

 

(c) the references in articles 219 and 229 to the state shall be construed as a reference to the state in which the high court has its principal seat:

 

   provided that if such principal seat is in a union territory, the references in articles 219 and 229 to the governor, public service commission, legislature and consolidated fund of the state shall be construed respectively as references to the president, union public service commission, parliament and consolidated fund of india.
Article 233. appointment of district judges: (1) appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any state shall be made by the governor of the state in consultation with the high court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such state.

 

(2) a person not already in the service of the union or of the state shall only be eligible to be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the high court for appointment.
Article 233A. validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc, delivered by, certain district judges: notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court, —

 

(a) (i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a state or of any person who has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader, to be a district judge in that state, and

 

(ii) no posting, promotion or transfer of any such person as a district judge,

 

made at any time before the commencement of the constitution (twentieth amendment) act, 1966, otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void by reason only of the fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the said provisions;

 

(b) no jurisdiction exercised, no judgment, decree, sentence or order passed or made, and no other act or proceeding done or taken, before the commencement of the constitution (twentieth amendment) act, 1966 by, or before, any person appointed, posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge in any state otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal or invalid or ever to have become illegal or invalid by reason only of the fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the said provisions.
Article 234. recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service: appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a state shall be made by the governor of the state in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after consultation with the state public service commission and with the high court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such state.
Article 235. control over subordinate courts: the control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a state and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be vested in the high court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking away from any such person any right of appeal which he may have under the law regulating the conditions of his service or as authorising the high court to deal with him otherwise than in accordance with the conditions of his service prescribed under such law.
Article 236. interpretation: in this chapter —

 

(a) the expression "district judge" includes judge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions judge;

 

(b) the expression “judicial service” means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.
Article 237. application of the provisions of this chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates: the governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions of this chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be fixed by him in that behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the state as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the state subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.
Article 238. application of provisions of part vi to states in part b of the first schedule: omitted by the constitution (seventh amendment) act, 1956, s. 29and sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
Article 239. administration of union territories: (1) save as otherwise provided by parliament by law, every union territory shall be administered by the president acting, to such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such designation as he may specify.

 

(2) notwithstanding anything contained in part vi, the president may appoint the governor of a state as the administrator of an adjoining union territory, and where a governor is so appointed, he shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his council of ministers.